The Tufts Daily - Tuesday, November 27, 2018 by The Tufts Daily

Trump administration’s new proposed definition of gender worries transgender, non-binary students, allies see FEATURES / PAGE 4

WOMEN’S CROSS COUNTRY

Jumbos cap season with 12th-place finish at Nationals

The Met shines a spotlight on ‘Armenia!’ in first major US exhibition of Armenian art see ARTS&LIVING / PAGE 8

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VOLUME LXXVI, ISSUE 51

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Tuesday, November 27, 2018

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Dark Money at Tufts, Part 2: University donors support discriminatory, discredited scholarship by David Nickerson

Executive Investigative Editor

Editor’s note: This is the second part in a four-part series from the Daily’s Investigative Team. Part 1 was published Monday and can be found online. Part 3 will be published in print and online Wednesday, followed by Part 4 on Thursday. The seven organizations featured in this investigation, all of which have donated to Tufts since 1985, have funded highly provocative and academically controversial research and publications at universities across the United States. These foundations’ funding efforts supported racially and religiously inflammatory media campaigns and scholarship. John Templeton Foundation (Donations to Tufts: $6,699,828) The John Templeton Foundation funded the now-closed Cultural Change Institute at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, founded in 2007 by former Fletcher adjunct

professor and senior research fellow Lawrence Harrison, who has a history of racially divisive scholarship. In his 1985 book, “Underdevelopment is a State of Mind: The Latin American Case,” Harrison argued that black slaves in Barbados benefited culturally from their enslavement due to the ‘noble’ acts of their British masters, leading to greater economic development, especially when compared to countries like Haiti. “The [Barbadian] slaves were beneficiaries of significant acts of English noblesse oblige starting early in the eighteenth century,” Harrison wrote. In an email to the Daily, former Fletcher professor Miguel Basáñez, who was named director of the Cultural Change Institute following Harrison’s retirement in 2010, refuted Harrison’s analysis of Barbados’ contemporary success relative to Haiti, saying he failed to consider the U.S. blockade of Haiti, which occurred after the country gained its independence from France in a slave rebellion.

Richard Lerner, a professor in the Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development, directs Tufts’ Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, which receives funding from the Templeton Foundation. Lerner, who has intermittently served as a member of the Templeton Foundation’s Board of Advisors since 2003, called Harrison’s views “abhorrent” if true but ultimately unrepresentative of the Templeton family. “Let me say this in their defense: Knowing the late Jack Templeton, knowing the staff that still is there and knowing the Templeton family, they have not a bone of racial animosity or prejudice in them, and I’ve seen them in numerous contexts defending racial diversity … that being said, I find [Harrison’s] ideas more than objectionable — I find them abhorrent, frankly,” Lerner said. The Templeton Foundation also funded Harrison’s 2013 book, “Jews, Confucians, and Protestants: Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism,” in which he wrote that “black subculture, not racism and discrimination,

was the principal cause of black underachievement.” In a 2008 Christian Science Monitor opinion piece, Harrison identified the “Anglo-Protestant cultural tradition” as a way to create “homogeneity” to promote social progress. Basáñez said that Harrison was a long-standing academic collaborator and a personal friend of Samuel Huntington, who was the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard University and shared Harrison’s views on Latin Americans in the United States. “What that [collaboration] made them both is to become very much anti-migrant and very much despising Latin people and Latinos in the U.S.,” Basáñez said. When asked about Harrison and the Cultural Change Institute, Templeton Foundation’s senior vice president of programs, Michael Murray, told the Daily in an email that the foundation values “open-mindedness” in all of the fields it supports. see DARK MONEY, page 2

Registrar launches new degree audit system by Daisy Hu Staff Writer

JoAnn Jack, registrar of the Schools of Arts and Sciences and Engineering, announced in an Oct. 31 email to students that the first phase of the new academic advising tool and degree audit system is now available for students and advisors on SIS. Students can access the new degree audit system under the “Academic – Student Degree Audit” tab on SIS. Clicking on the “Student Degree Audit” tab leads to a login page. After logging in, students can look at audit options, submit a comment and check exceptions to requirements and sub-requirements. According to the email, phase one of the academic audit system has encoded general requirements for all undergraduate students and major requirements for engineering students. Phase two of the system will include major and minor requirements for students in the School of Arts and Sciences. Jack said that phase two will include planners, notifications to students and advisors and registration from the degree audit system. Jack said that her office hopes to release phase two of the system in fall 2019. According to Jack, the old degree audit system was taken down due to the change in

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credit system, with the adoption of semester-hour units (SHU). Jack said that feedback on the old system was not positive, and as a result, the registrar made a change. Tricia Sheehan, the project manager of the new degree audit system, said that the vendor of the new system is CollegeSource. Tufts purchased the application from CollegeSource and encoded its degree requirements into the application, Sheehan said. According to Jack, the registrar has worked closely with the School of Engineering when preparing phase one of the new degree audit system, which focused primarily on engineering degree requirements. Sergio Fantini, a professor in the biomedical engineering department, said that the registrar has requested information from the Outcome and Assessment Committee (OAC), which consists of faculty members in the School of Engineering. Fantini, a member of the OAC, said that the committee provided the registrar with information about degree requirements. The registrar also presented the OAC with a working sample of the new degree audit system before its official rollout to solicit feedback and make adjustments, according to Fantini. David Pearl, a junior double majoring in science, technology, and society

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as well as anthropology and minoring in entrepreneurship, said the new system does not support double majors or minors. For Pearl, the new degree audit page only displayed his first major under the “Run Declared Program” section. Pearl also said that he had heard from other students that the new degree audit system counted some requirements incorrectly. “Why not just wait and release it all at once? … It’s not effective for most people unless it has the major requirements [for Arts and Sciences degrees],” Pearl said. “There’s already a distribution requirement sheet that’s one page.” Charlotte Warne, a senior majoring in mechanical engineering, said the tool is useful in tracking Advanced Placement credits, course selections and course planning. Warne said that the new degree audit system is a “comforting confirmation” as it shows the requirements yet to be fulfilled for graduation. “It’s just very comprehensive and simple to understand,” Warne said. “They don’t add stuff that you don’t need to know about … I would say that simplicity is the best feature [of the new degree audit system],” Warne appreciated the prioritization of engineering students in developing the system, but noted that the system in its

full rollout would be useful for students pursuing multiple majors and minors. “It is especially difficult for engineers to keep track of all their requirements since there’s so many so it’s been really helpful on that aspect, but I am sure people [in the School of Arts and Sciences], especially with double majors or minors, where you try to keep track of everything, it could be really helpful,” Warne said. According to Jack, since engineering degrees are accredited by both the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the university’s accrediting body, the New England Commission of Higher Education, they have more restrictions than liberal arts counterparts. Jack said that this means that engineering majors have a more streamlined course selections, which the registrar was able to encode. She said that for liberal arts majors the general requirements are more complicated and the registrar “felt it was important to get a tool out to all students as soon as we possibly could.” Jack said that the registrar will be soliciting feedback from students, faculty and staff. Jack added that since the rollout the registrar has been able to “make the necessary tweaks based on student and advisor feedback” and that the overall feedback was “very positive.”

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Charles Koch Foundation among Tufts donors with history of supporting controversial scholarship DARK MONEY

continued from page 1 “We truly believe in the values of open-mindedness, humility, and civil, informed dialogue across disciplines,” Michael Murray said. “To that end we fund cutting-edge research from physics to philosophy, on complexity, genetics, and consciousness, and within different faith traditions around the world.” Lupita Ervin, an administrative coordinator at Fletcher who worked as an assistant to Harrison, did not respond to the Daily’s request for comment. In addition to funding racially divisive research at Fletcher, the Templeton Foundation has also supported controversial research led by Herbert Benson, director emeritus of the Benson-Henry Institute at Massachusetts General Hospital. Benson’s research investigated whether prayers can heal the sick even if patients are unaware that they are being prayed for, according to a simplified copy of the study’s trial report published in the American Heart Journal in 2006. The trial ultimately concluded that prayers had no direct effect on patient recovery. “Intercessory prayer itself had no effect on complication-free recovery from CABG [heart surgery], but certainty of receiving intercessory prayer was associated with a higher incidence of complications,” the study found. The study cost $2.4 million and was largely funded by the Templeton Foundation, according to a 2006 article published in the Scientific American magazine. Lerner said he was unaware of the organization’s funding of intercessory prayer research. The Templeton Foundation has also supported college classes and conferences in which intelligent design was debated as scientific theory, according to a 2011 Nature article written by former Nature editor Mitchell Waldrop. “Other Templeton grants supported a number of college courses in which intelligent design was discussed,” Waldrop wrote. “Then, in 1999, the foundation funded a conference at Concordia University in Mequon, Wisconsin, in which intelligent-design proponents confronted critics.” After these conferences concluded, the Templeton Foundation asked proponents of intelligent design to submit research proposals, but no proponents took the foundation up on its offer according to statements made by the organization’s former senior vice president Charles L. Harper Jr. to The New York Times in 2005. “They never came in,” Harper said. “From the point of view of rigor and intellectual seriousness, the intelligent design people don’t come out very well in our world of scientific review.” Harper added that other members of the Templeton Foundation were initially intrigued about funding research of intelligent design but ultimately became disillusioned with the subject. Waldrop pinpointed the onset of the foundation’s waning interest in such research to the early 2000s, when it became evident that intelligent design is a politically informed, unscientific theory. “Disillusionment set in — and Templeton funding stopped — when it became clear that the theory was part of a political movement from the Christian right wing, not science,” Waldrop said. Academics who argued in favor of intelligent design on college campuses

were already being discredited by their peers, according to The New York Times’ national religion correspondent Laurie Goodstein. “On college campuses, the movement’s theorists are academic pariahs, publicly denounced by their own colleagues,” Goodstein wrote. “It has gained little support among the academics who should have been its natural allies.” Lerner told the Daily that he believed the Templeton Foundation funded research to counter intelligent design’s “anti-scientific view of evolution,” not to support research in favor of it, when he accepted money from the organization. Waldrop highlighted the changes that the Templeton Foundation made to its peer review process in the years before it began donating to Tufts, specifically the foundation’s assignment of program officers to oversee each of its major topics of focus. “It remains to be seen how reassuring these changes will be for scientists still sceptical of the foundation — although Marsh notes that last year’s inaugural announcement of 13 funding priorities drew some 2,500 submissions,” Waldrop wrote in his 2011 Nature article. The Templeton Foundation funded Harrison’s racially provocative scholarship until 2013.

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Jack Templeton, former chairman and president of the Templeton Foundation, is pictured at the Science and Secularization Symposium on Oct. 17, 2012. Jack Templeton, chairman and president of the Templeton Foundation from 1995 to 2015, also donated $900,000 out of his own pocket to support the National Organization for Marriage and ProtectMarriage.com during the 2008 California Proposition 8 campaign, according to the state’s campaign finance records. These groups ran anti-LGBTQ ads during the campaign that argued in favor of banning same-sex marriage in California. Lerner said that he was unaware of Jack Templeton’s involvement with these groups. When asked what he thought of these funding efforts, Lerner added that the donations were made from Jack Templeton’s personal account rather than from the foundation. Charles Koch Foundation (Donations pledged to Tufts: $3,000,000) The Charles Koch Foundation’s purchase of a large electronics company that produces technology for drones and other unmanned military vehicles raises questions about the foundation’s motives for donating $3 million to establish Fletcher’s Center for Strategic Studies (CSS). The Koch brothers acquired the company Molex in 2013 for $7.2 billion. Molex develops and manufactures a multitude of defense technology, including aircraft radar and communications systems, mis-

sile guidance systems and unmanned vehicle monitoring systems, according to the company’s 2015 product report. Included in the CSS’ stated mission is the exploration of strategies to “enhance US security, sovereignty, prosperity, and territory” and to “question the utility of military intervention given its potential perils and long-term unintended consequences; including but not limited to, the loss of life, civil liberties, and resources.” CSS Director Monica Toft said she was unaware of Koch Industries’ 2013 acquisition of Molex and added that she believes her research is “extraordinarily important” and saves lives, regardless of donor intent. Ralph Wilson, co-founder of UnKoch My Campus, said that the Koch brothers’ support of the CSS suggests that the Charles Koch Foundation is funding research that advances its own private interests. “Considering [the Koch brothers’] profit motive in unmanned aerial vehicles … to me, the ‘Occam’s razor’ cheapest, easiest explanation would be they’re advocating for what might be foreign intervention with less of a human cost that would also profit them,” Wilson said. The Koch brothers have also funded a network of organizations engaged in efforts to reject climate change scholarship. As a result, Robert Brulle, professor of sociology and environmental science at Drexel University, identified the Charles Koch Foundation as a supporter of the “climate change counter-movement” in a 2010 study. “The efforts of the [climate change counter-movement] span a wide range of activities, including political lobbying, contributions to political candidates, and a large number of communication and media efforts that aim at undermining climate science,” Brulle wrote. From 1987 to 2015, the Charles Koch Foundation donated nearly $350,000 to the Atlas Economic Research Foundation (AERF), according to Greenpeace. AERF, now known as the Atlas Network, co-sponsored an event in 2010 that was dedicated to the idea that global warming “is not a crisis,” according to its website. The Charles Koch Foundation has also provided tens of thousands of dollars to the John Locke Foundation, which has consistently lobbied against climate change-related policy efforts, according to a 2010 report written by Sue Sturgis, editorial director of the Institute for Southern Studies. “The Locke Foundation distributed to all members of the [North Carolina] state legislature the Michael Crichton novel ‘State of Fear,’ a work of fiction that promoted the views of Dr. S. Fred Singer, a prominent climate skeptic,” Sturgis wrote. Brulle also identified The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, Earhart Foundation, Sarah Scaife Foundation and Smith Richardson Foundation as donors to the “climate change counter-movement,” based on their funding of the AERF, among other organizations. These four foundations have donated a total of nearly $10 million to Tufts since 1985. Brulle added that all of them, with the exception of the Smith Richardson Foundation, have donated millions of dollars to the Heritage Foundation, which picked data out of context from a 2010 Royal Society report to argue that scientists are uncertain about the existence of anthropogenic climate change, according to Greenpeace.

see DARK MONEY, page 3

N I ews

Tuesday, November 27, 2018 | INVESTIGATIVE | THE TUFTS DAILY

Fletcher donors fund discriminatory materials targeting LGBTQ people, racial minorities DARK MONEY

continued from page 2 Smith Richardson Foundation (Donations to Tufts: $1,193,017) The Smith Richardson Foundation has directly contributed to racially provocative research at Tufts. Marin Strmecki, senior vice president and director of programs at the Smith Richardson Foundation, suggested that Lawrence Harrison establish the Cultural Change Institute at The Fletcher School, according to Harrison’s 2013 book, “Jews, Confucians,

and Protestants: Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism.” The Smith Richardson Foundation also contributed funding to Harrison’s book, which contained racially divisive statements. The Smith Richardson Foundation has funded discriminatory publications at other universities. In the 1980s, the Smith Richardson Foundation teamed up with the Earhart Foundation and the John M. Olin Foundation to fund the Dartmouth Review, which outed members of Dartmouth College’s Gay Student Alliance

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Lawrence Harrison, former director of the now-closed Cultural Change Institute at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, is pictured on Nov. 20, 2015.

after obtaining the correspondence files of several of the alliance’s members, according to a 1981 article in The New York Times. Tufts has received $1,413,008 from the Earhart Foundation and $1,626,051 from the John M. Olin Foundation. “One student named, according to his friends, became severely depressed and talked repeatedly of suicide,” the article said. “The grandfather of another who had not found the courage to tell his family of his homosexuality learned about his grandson when he got his copy of The Review in the mail.” The Dartmouth Review also mocked black students in an editorial written in Ebonics, according to journalist Jane Mayer in her 2017 book, “Dark Money.” The Smith Richardson, Sarah Scaife and John M. Olin foundations all continued to indirectly support the Dartmouth Review after these incidents through their contributions to the Collegiate Network, which provides funding for the Dartmouth Review to this day, according to the network’s website. The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation (Donations to Tufts: $1,018,250) Outside of Tufts, the Bradley Foundation has also supported scholars and publications accused of promoting discredited and racist research.

In 2016, the Bradley Foundation awarded a Bradley Prize worth $250,000 to Charles Murray, the F.A. Hayek Emeritus Chair in Cultural Studies at the American Enterprise Institute, whose 1994 book, “The Bell Curve,” also funded by the foundation, proposed that black people might have inherently lower IQs than white people due to genetic differences. “Another line of evidence pointing toward a genetic factor in cognitive ethnic differences is that blacks and whites differ most on the tests that are the best measures of … general intelligence,” Charles Murray said. The Southern Poverty Law Center stated on its website that Charles Murray uses “racist pseudoscience” to support discredited academic research. “Charles Murray … has become one of the most influential social scientists in America, using racist pseudoscience and misleading statistics to argue that social inequality is caused by the genetic inferiority of the black and Latino communities, women and the poor,” the center’s website said. The Daily repeatedly reached out to Richard Shultz, director of the International Security Studies Program at Fletcher, to discuss the Bradley Foundation’s continued funding of Charles Murray and the program’s acceptance of the foundation’s donations, but Shultz declined to comment.

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Students, administrators respond to Trump administration’s proposed definition of gender by Mark Choi Staff Writer

The Trump administration is reportedly looking to introduce a narrow definition of gender “as a biological, immutable condition” determined at birth, according to an Oct. 21 New York Times article. The Times explained that the new definition can eradicate federal recognition of an estimated 1.4 million transgender and non-binary Americans which could lead to implications in legal, education and health systems as well. Hope Freeman, director of the LGBT Center, released a statement on Oct. 24 to condemn the administration’s proposal while reaffirming the institutional commitment to support trans and queer community members at Tufts. “While this policy has not been officially announced or implemented, we feel compelled to call out what would be a gross misuse of power if such a change were implemented,” Freeman wrote. “We recognize that trans and non-binary people deserve protection, assurance, and respect … We recognize that educating ourselves and others is critical to combating misinformation and intolerance.” Associate Provost and Chief Diversity Officer Robert Mack reaffirmed Freeman’s remarks and said that the university will continue to advocate for trans and queer community members at Tufts. “If the Trump Administration were to revise the definition of gender, it would be a major setback for the community nationwide and at Tufts. But as always, Tufts would be there to support its students and to give them safe spaces … Tufts would continue to support these students in the many ways the university has supported them,” Mack told the Daily in an email. Karen Richardson, dean of admissions and enrollment management, said that the university will continue its current admissions policies of encouraging students to express their gender identities and expressions on their applications, regardless of the Trump administration’s policy changes. “We believe that diversity in its various forms is important to fostering a dynamic climate that encourages learning, transformational experiences and respectful conversations,” Richardson said. “While I can’t speak to the legal implications of the potential Trump administration changes and their potential national impact, I can confidently say that we would continue to do what we have always done: evaluate the whole applicant to discover and appre-

ciate the person they would be in our campus community.” The news was especially difficult for many transgender and non-binary students at Tufts, including sophomore Hayden Wolff, who identifies as trans masculine. “I cried. I was really frustrated and upset,” Wolff said. “It was particularly upsetting because I could not understand what the purpose of that announcement was. Was it to gauge people’s reaction right before the midterm? Was it to rile up people? When someone says that my identity is not real and I do not exist, what should I make of that?” Wolff said that for him, the news exacerbated an already strenuous week, as Question 3 was soon to be voted on the 2018 Massachusetts ballot, which would uphold or repeal a law that protects transgender and genderqueer people from discrimination in public spaces. “You know that things are getting serious when your friends start texting saying that they care about you and that you are valid. Reading my friends’ texts, I decided to put up a sign on my door [from the transgender rights rally] to remind myself that my existence is not a debate,” Wolff said. Thomas Chan, who identifies as genderqueer, similarly said that they are afraid of the potential policy change. “I was very sad, angry and scared. It is a weird combination of emotions that, sadly, have become more common for me in the current political climate … We had to fight for Yes on 3, and we still have to worry about this. And I’m scared because this paves the road for discrimination [at a federal level],” Chan, a junior, said. Freeman said that she believes the administration’s effort to redefine gender is a political strategy. “When we speak of the LGBTQ community as a whole, they make up a relatively significant percentage of population in the United States, roughly around four to five percent. However, when it comes down to the transgender, non-binary people alone, it gets much, much smaller than that, less than one percent of the population. So, why is the administration honing in this particular group that faces a lot of adversity and is already marginalized historically?” Freeman said. Freeman added that she feels the Trump administration is unfairly targeting transgender and non-binary communities. “It feels like some politicians are trying to find another group to target. Some politicians are trying to find scapegoats for the country’s existing tensions and

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problems, when in fact, these targeted groups are just trying to live their lives and get through their days just like any of us,” Freeman said. “I think it is extremely unfair that a marginalized community within an already marginalized community is being targeted.” Sean Murphy, a junior who volunteered for and organized the Yes on 3 campaign on campus, said that Tufts should take steps on an institutional level to ensure that transgender and non-binary students feel protected. “As transgender students find it increasingly difficult to rely on the federal government for their basic human rights, Tufts University needs to put an extra effort so that students can feel safe within that jurisdiction and make up their lost ground,” Murphy said. Murphy added that if the federal government were to redefine gender, Tufts University should reject that definition. “While Tufts University’s main role is to provide quality education to its students … the university is also responsible for investing in its students’ well-being and health. That is why the university has the Department of Health and Wellness and Tufts Mental Health Counseling services in place,” Murphy said. “Tufts, [as a leading national research university] with powerful financial and legal resources, is capable of and should protect its trans and queer students against the federal government … through concrete actions. Trans and queer students at Tufts do not have such resources to fight against the federal government.” Wolff also said that more can be done to make transgender and non-binary students feel welcomed and included at the university. “I originally applied to Tufts not only for its academic excellence but also for its reputation of supporting [the] queer and transgender community along with its commitment to diversity and inclusion,” Wolff said. “Even though I made great friends here and have support from the LGBT Center, things turned out to be very different at Tufts from what I thought it was going to be like.” In particular, Wolff said that the university could have done more to support the Yes on 3 campaign. “Question 3 on the midterm was a very important issue for me, and I was even thinking about transferring to a school out of Massachusetts if the people were to vote ‘no’ on three. I did not want to attend a school in a state where my safety in public is not guaranteed just because of who I am,” Wolff said. “Even though the university joined the coalition to stand for ‘yes’ on three with other universities in Massachusetts, I was largely disappointed by the lack of concrete institutional support on the issue.” Murphy echoed Wolff’s sentiments. “[Freeman] was there throughout the process for the community, but the university could have done much more to support the cause … They could have posted the issue on their Facebook or Instagram account to inform the student body and even alumni. [University] President [Anthony] Monaco could have joined the phone banking event to galvanize support the transgender community,” Murphy said.

Tuesday, November 27, 2018

Henry Stevens The Weekly Chirp

Crazy extinct birds

here’s no doubt that the avian biodiversity that exists today is absolutely breathtaking. From the sword-billed hummingbird in the Andes to harpy eagles in the Amazon and colonies of emperor penguins in Antarctica, the list of amazing birds truly never ends. If you think you’ve seen it all, check out the birds of paradise in Papua New Guinea — they will change your life forever. All this magnificent diversity begs the question: What were birds like a century ago? Five centuries? Millennia? It’s a hard question to answer, but paleontologists and evolutionary biologists are putting together some pieces of the puzzle. And as it turns out, there were a fair number of awe-inspiring birds flying around the Earth before we ruined it. They were also enormous. Let’s take a look at some of them. Pelagornis sandersi — the largest bird to have ever existed according to current knowledge. In ornithology, a “large” bird means they have a long wingspan, not that they weigh a lot. However, wingspan and weight tend to change together for obvious reasons. The largest bird alive today is the royal albatross, which has a wingspan of up to 11 feet. Pelagornis sandersi, on the other hand, had a wingspan of 20 to 24 feet, which makes the royal albatross look like a shrimp in comparison. It was so big that a backhoe had to excavate its fossil out of the ground. Like the royal albatross, Pelagornis sandersi was likely a pelagic bird, meaning it spent most of its life gliding over the sea and snapping up fish from the surface. It went extinct about three million years ago, and we don’t how it happened, but fortunately we can add this species to the very short list of species we did not drive to extinction! Hieraaetus moorei — also known as Haast’s eagle, this New Zealand species was the largest raptor to have ever existed. Unfortunately, humans drove this powerful hunter to extinction back around 1400. I don’t know how they pulled that off, considering the fact that the Haast’s eagle weighed up to 35 pounds and had a wingspan of up to 10 feet. That might not sound impressive compared to Pelagornis sandersi, but that’s huge for an eagle. These guys hunted moas, which were enormous, flightless birds that weighed over 500 pounds and are also extinct due to humans. How’s that possible? Well, imagine a 35-pound raptor with two-inch, razor-sharp talons diving at you at over 50 miles per hour and then blasting you right in the head. That’s a force comparable to a cinder block falling on you from the top of a building twice the height of the SEC. New Zealand legend has it that Haast’s eagles were known to kill humans, but this was never confirmed. To be honest, I’m rattled that we don’t get to experience these beautiful birds today due to the mistakes of our ancestors. Bird species extinctions have skyrocketed in the last century, and there’s no doubt we’re the culprits, either through hunting them or destroying the habitat they need to survive. Birds are cool; let’s make sure we keep them around for our grandchildren. Love, Henry Henry Stevens is a senior studying biology. He can be reached at henry.stevens@ tufts.edu. Interested in birds? Email Henry at tuftsornithologicalsociety@gmail.com.

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James Ray The Starving Aesthete

Metropolitan Museum of Art’s ‘Armenia!’ takes r/me_irl: Bastion hard look at representation in art history of progress

n the front page of the subreddit r/me_irl today, we see a touching scene; as user jmk2017 so helpfully transcribed: “Two Golden Retriever puppies, a white one and a yellow one, on a road. The yellow puppy (with a black leash) is sitting, while the white puppy (with a purple leash) is holding its front paws on the yellow one’s shoulders. What’s more, the white puppy is resting its head on the yellow puppy’s one. They look at you with a somewhat sad expression. Yellow puppy: me White puppy: literally nobody” The internet has been engaged in the great project of reducing millennial despair into its most fundamental forms for some time now. This inchoate yearning, which some years ago crept fitfully on stage, has assumed its correct and urgent position at the forefront of the American digital consciousness; the frontier of human conflict spirals ever more spiritual, and we have reached in these past decades a new plateau of development — social organization via online platforms. The well-justified destruction of face-toface social “institutions” — the church barbecue, the company picnic, the block party — has ushered in a great new age of ennui, as individuals are left without the means of fulfilling their needs. Progress is development from implicit to explicit patterns of organization — first, a dark age, in which the logistical complexity of ensuring that each person can fulfill their needs presents itself as intractable; then, enlightenment, in which society has amassed the computational and communicative power to address scientifically the matter of fulfilling one’s needs. We have just exited a period of enlightenment — beginning with the printing press and ending with the internet — in which the art of emotional fulfillment was codified into a science. Not, of course, a complete science, no more than the discovery of cause and effect was a complete physical science — but a first significant refinement of the relationship between means and ends. What are civil rights, after all, but the fuller codification of the patterns of behavior best suited to the fulfillment of the human need for love? That is to say, how and how not to treat people — but not when to treat them. The dilemma which faces us today presents itself in the sad eyes of the golden retrievers gracing the front page of r/me_ irl: given that we know how to recognize what a person is and we know to construct mutually beneficial relationships with them, how do we know when it is appropriate to approach them in the first place? Relationships in the past were founded on circumstantial interaction — shared work, proximity of homes, subjection to the same feudal lord — but the internet by virtue of its shrinking of space has exposed the arbitrariness of all this. Why should one settle for any old friends, any old lovers, when the world has grown small enough that any manner of person may be found? This is the problem of our era, perhaps of our generation, and the answer will be found the same way it always has been: conversations about cute animals and deep-seated despair. James Ray is a senior studying political science. James can be reached at james_m.ray@tufts.edu.

VIA THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART

‘The Nativity / Presentation in the Temple,’ folios 5v-6r of manuscript object ‘Four Gospels in Armenian’ featured in the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s ‘Armenian!’ exhibition, is pictured. by Libby Langsner Arts Editor

The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s current exhibition, “Armenia!,” is the first major exhibition of Armenian art in the United States. An exhibition at the New York institution is no small feat and surely legitimizes the art it portrays by launching it into the art history canon. Looking at the rare and beautiful objects on display, it is hard to understand why Armenian art has not featured more prominently in art history’s texts and scholarship. The exhibition, open until Jan. 13, brings together several types of objects such as manuscripts, sculpture, textiles and even church architectural models, showcasing the unique style of Armenian art while highlighting the talent of Armenian craftspeople. The exhibition is held in its own special space, tucked between the Greek and Roman art and European sculpture halls of the Met. And while some may take issue with the exhibition’s positioning, one can also see it as a way of inserting art that has been overlooked into the same space as art that has been revered for centuries. The exhibition’s location prompts visitors to ponder: How is one

more artistically valuable than the other, and why do we see it that way? “Armenia!” also takes into account the various influences of other cultures in Armenian art, as Armenians were often intermediaries between different cultures due to their location in Asia Minor. What is so interesting about Armenian art — and one can see this through the various objects on exhibition — is how it can take on different influences but still remain utterly unique. The exhibition is a ‘palette’ refresher to the cynical art historian and art lover, as it is a departure from many of the special exhibitions one may expect to see at the Met. It is also a departure from the Met’s permanent collection as well — the museum is separated into wings based on geography and time (Asian, American, modern, etc.), which leaves artworks that fall in between these categories completely out of the picture. Another important takeaway from the show is how it challenges notions of what is and is not considered important art. It provides visitors with the perfect starting point to go back to their art history textbooks and ask what is missing. Art history has a tendency to get rid of people’s national identities and heritages in order to produce a streamlined understanding of art and its

context, but in the process, one loses the richness of the history of a work and the person who created it. For a few examples from outside the world of Armenian art, the author of the “Dada Manifesto,” Tristan Tzara, was a Romanian-Jewish artist; the great surrealist Man Ray’s birth name was Emmanuel Radnitzky, born to Russian-Jewish immigrants; and the list could go on. Particular fervor has also been put into promoting the history of women artists, who have also been omitted and sorely overlooked or tokenized by art historians. Contemporary art activist groups such as the Guerrilla Girls attempt to challenge the severe underrepresentation of women artists in major art institutions. Exhibitions like “Armenia!” show how institutions can feature art histories that have not previously been given proper thought and rigor. The show is successful in how it displays its objects with respect and does not treat the subject as insular. Viewers leave the exhibition resoundingly sure that Armenian art deserves even more attention and scholarship than the art world currently provides. They too may be inspired to learn more about Armenian art or look into who has been erased from art history — and more importantly, to find out why.

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Aneurin Canham-Clyne Red Star

Building socialism, Part 1 of 2

Opinion

Tuesday, November 27, 2018

CARTOON

This year, I am thankful for RBG’s three healed ribs

he socialist movement, though stronger than at any time in the last 40 years, lacks centralized direction. To build power, socialists must decide which fights offer us the chance to challenge capitalism in an economic and political way right now. One area of struggle is housing. Rising rent combined with overdevelopment in the suburbs has triggered a unique crisis. Suburbs are fundamentally unsustainable, and many cities have zoning laws against higher density housing in areas that need it the most, while landlords and suburban homeowners resist changes to rent and zoning laws. The socialist solution is a combination of rent control, large scale construction of high quality, high density public housing and investment in public transportation to make cities livable. The second major sphere of class conflict in the United States is the fight for police demilitarization and prison abolition. The police, infiltrated on a large scale by self-conscious white supremacists, kill, brutalize, search and imprison people, particularly black people, with no accountability. The FBI, NSA and other agencies that Tufts students will go on to work for are part of this unaccountable armed state. Cops who are armed like soldiers and taught to torture are toxic to democracy. The police, from the local to the federal level, are an armed reactionary political force. In many places, police serve simply to fill prisons, where slave labor is rampant and people are treated like animals in the hundreds of thousands. It is impossible to be a democracy and have the largest carceral state in the world. Socialists should push for government to commute hundreds of thousands of non-violent sentences, spend lavishly to reintegrate people stolen from their communities, ban private prisons and keep the few remaining incarcerated people in facilities focused on rehabilitation. The effective and rapid abolition of prisons as well as mass investment in quality public housing stock would challenge the power of white supremacy and the military state at its root. These are issues we can fight for on the local level as we continue to build the base necessary for mass revolutionary change. The third area of strategic importance is climate policy. While the Green New Deal is gaining popularity among Democrats and socialists alike, it has yet to take concrete shape. Any change that comes from Washington will be hamstrung by America’s reactionary Constitution. We simply don’t have time to fight it out in election cycles. We have about 12 years to stop this capitalist apocalypse. We need to make available huge sums for direct state investment in renewable energy, sustainable agricultural practices and industrial processes. This fight looks an awful lot like the housing fight on a local level, where sustainability will have to start with infrastructure and local ownership of the grid. Paying corporations to pollute slightly less won’t work, and a carbon tax is only part of the solution. These areas are vital struggles, but we shouldn’t forget two other fights, which I will discuss next week: the struggle for socialized medicine and the fight against imperialism. Aneurin Canham-Clyne is a senior studying history. Aneurin can be reached at aneurin.canham_clyne@tufts.edu.

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Sports

Tuesday, November 27, 2018 | Sports | THE TUFTS DAILY

Special teams struggles plague Jumbos in 1–3 start

David Meyer Postgame Press

ICE HOCKEY

continued from back Cardinals but were unable to capitalize on any of them. Nonetheless, Tufts’ defense and goaltending looked strong against Wesleyan, as Hotte saved 28 of 29 shots. The Jumbos’ penalty kill stifled the visitors’ power-play unit on three separate occasions, but a second-period goal from junior forward Spencer Fox while the Cardinals were on the man-advantage was all they needed in a 1–0 victory. Tufts opened the season on Nov. 16 against the No. 10 Trinity Bantams (4–0–1), a consistently powerful team that boasted the best regular season record in the NESCAC last year. The Jumbos struggled against a superior Bantams side, as they were outshot 40–20 and outscored 3–0. Tufts found itself on the power play twice against Trinity but was again unable to find the back of the net on either occasion. Meanwhile, the Bantams opened the scoring with junior defenseman Andy Chugg’s power-play goal just over five minutes into the first period. Despite being outshot 30–12 in the first two periods, Tufts held its own into the second frame, staying within one goal of the Bantams. The Bantams secured the victory with two goals in the first six minutes of the final period, however, with goals from junior defenseman Nick Fiorentino and junior forward Barclay Gammill that consigned the Jumbos to defeat in their opening game. Despite its 11 power-play opportunities this season, Tufts remains the only NESCAC team without a goal on the man-advantage. The Jumbos’ penalty kill has also struggled, as they have successfully killed nine of their opponents’ 13 power plays, good for a 69.2 percent penalty kill rate — the second-lowest mark in the conference. With the team’s difficulties in manup and man-down situations, it was obvious to coach Pat Norton what Tufts must improve on moving forward. “I think the No. 1 goal for all of our games … for us, [is] getting our power

Thanksgiving tradition

ALINA STRILECKIS / THE TUFTS DAILY ARCHIVES

Junior defender Cory Gottfried anticipates the puck in Tufts’ 3–0 home loss to Colby on Feb. 17. play to find some production and improve and tighten up on our penalty kill,” Norton said. “I think if we do both of those things, I think 5-on-5 we’ll find our opportunities.”

The Jumbos will look to start a winning streak on Tuesday night when they face the St. Michael’s Purple Knights (1–6–1) team at home. Tufts will then travel to Williamstown, Mass. on Friday to take on Williams (3–1).

Bettez places first again in final cross country race for the Jumbos who took over the mantle as Tufts’ most impressive runner after Brittany Bowman (LA ’18) graduated last year, will too be sorely missed when she graduates from the program. This, however, would not be the last time that the senior class competed for the Jumbos, as many of them also compete for the track and field team in the indoor and outdoor track and field seasons. “Even though I still have two seasons left of track in the spring, cross country is where it all started for me, so I’m pretty sad that it’s all over,” Tierney said. “I’m not much of a crier, but I talked with my high school coach on the day of Nationals and definitely shed a few tears. It was pretty tough to have my last season be essentially ruined by my first injury, but I’m excited [for] track and more motivated than ever now that my time is almost up.”

While the NCAA Championship marked the end to a successful season for the women’s cross country team — including fourth at NESCACs and fifth at the NCAA Regionals — Tierney said that the team could still do a lot more to improve as many runners transition into the track season starting Dec. 1. “We all would have liked to have placed better than 12th as a team at Nationals, but once a race is over, it’s over, so I try to never get worked up about a result,” Tierney said. “In economics terms, it’s ‘sunk cost,’ and if anything I think we’ll all use it as motivation for the upcoming track season. Overall, Nationals is always a fun experience, and aside from being a competition, it’s also a great weekend to just have fun and celebrate all of the hard work it takes all season to qualify.”

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NATIONAL A SS

WOMEN'S CROSS COUNTRY

continued from back sure if I’d be able to step on the starting line of a single race in my final season, so I’m happy that I was able to help the team qualify for Nationals and get a chance to compete at all.” For Bettez and Tierney, the competition was their last race as co-captains of the team, which was a bittersweet moment. “We went into the meet ranked around 15th, so it was nice to rank above that in the final scores,” Bettez told the Daily in an email. “Nationals is a very competitive, tough meet, so the best you can do is give it your all, and I saw all my teammates do just that. I feel very honored to have been able to end my Tufts cross country career alongside my teammates, especially my fellow seniors, and I will definitely miss running with them. I am very grateful to have had the opportunity to race as a [Jumbo] for the past four years; it is an experience that has really shaped my time here at Tufts and I would do it all again.” Bettez ends her Tufts cross country career as one of the programs most decorated athletes. During her time at Tufts, Bettez has earned three consecutive All-NESCAC honors, numerous Athlete of the Week nominations and has been Tufts’ first-place finisher in every meet this season. Bettez,

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hanksgiving is a holiday about food, family and — since 1876 — football. Those three things are great and all, but sometimes numbers one and two are lacking in appeal. I am lucky enough to have had all three be good this year, but there is often one that is not up to par. I give thanks that the other two can often make up for it. Food can be bad, but good family time and good football can get you through. The turkey may be burnt, but if your family is happy, healthy and does not fight too much, you can probably make it. You can most definitely make it if your team wins too. On the other hand, the football can be bad — as it has been on-and-off throughout my life — with the Bears losing some big Thanksgiving games and winning others. Luckily, I mostly remember the more recent wins. Shoutout to Davante Adams. On the days of a bad loss, like the Lions’ win in 2014, I had good food and good family time to get me by. Here it is though: Football can get you past it all at Thanksgiving. If that food is bad? You’ve got your quarterback to eat up defenses. No cranberry sauce left in the bowl? Maybe a shot at the Super Bowl instead. When football is on, your stomach can be filled with joy instead of a poorly-made green bean casserole. More importantly, football is huge for families with divisions. An uncle pries too much about your love life? Oh, look, the game is on! Someone decides that now is the perfect time to make a stump speech about their favorite political party? Ref, make a good call! Somehow still angry about when your cousin did not call to check in about that issue your grandma had three years ago? Let’s go Bears! I am not saying I had these things at my Thanksgiving — I was lucky to have a great one and have historically had fantastic Turkey Day meals with even better company. I just know a lot of people who have bad Thanksgivings saved by football being on. Your team may only play once that day, but there is a reason they have games going on throughout the entire Thanksgiving holiday. From 11:30 a.m. until the 7:20 p.m. game ends (I was in the Midwest, my home, so the games are an hour earlier than Eastern Time), there is a game on to distract whomever necessary from whatever they were talking about and save your holiday. Football is great as-is and Thanksgiving can be as well. It just has to be acknowledged that the American tradition of tossing the pigskin on the most family feasting-oriented holiday is a brilliant diversion and a possible holiday-saver. So, on this past Turkey Day, as with all others, I give thanks for so much in my life. This is not even close to the top of my list. But, for the sake of this column, I have to say: Thank you, football. Now let’s eat.

David Meyer is an assistant sports editor. He is a junior studying film and media studies. David can be reached at david. meyer@tufts.edu.

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Sports

Tuesday, November 27, 2018

Women’s cross country places 12th at NCAA Championship

MADELEINE OLIVER / TUFTS CROSS COUNTRY

Senior co-captain Kelsey Tierney strides strong at the NCAA Div. III National Cross Country Championship in Winneconne, Wis. on Nov. 17. by Liam Finnegan Sports Editor

The Jumbos competed in the NCAA Championship held at Lake Breeze Golf Course in Winneconne, Wis. on Nov. 17. The team qualified for the championship through an at-large bid after garnering fifth place at Regionals on Nov. 10. In their sixth straight championship race, the Jumbos finished 12th out of 32 teams, with a total of 370 points.

Washington University in St. Louis claimed the championship with a points tally of just 98, inching past second-place and two-time defending champion Johns Hopkins by a single point. Washington University junior Paige Lawler led the way with a time of 20:55.0, one of just three runners in a field of close to 300 who finished sub-21. Senior co-captain Natalie Bettez finished first for the Jumbos, which was unsurprising due to her highly consistent

form over the season. She raced a time of 22:06.1 for 45th place at the meet. Fellow senior co-captain Kelsey Tierney came in second for the Jumbos, clocking in with a time of 22:31.4, good for 95th. Meanwhile, seniors Olivia Barnett and Julia Noble placed 116th and 126th, respectively, with times of 22:40.5 and 22:44.4. First-year Anna Slager ran a 22:51.6 in her NCAA Championship debut, which was good for 142nd place. Rounding out the Jumbo roster were junior Lydia Heely and

senior Jennifer Jackson, who ran times of 22:54.2 and 23:33.1 to finish 149th and 224th, respectively. Tierney described her mixed post-race feelings. “I’m not thrilled with how I did as an individual, but it was my best placing at Nationals over three years so I didn’t let myself get too disappointed,” Tierney said. “About seven weeks ago, I wasn’t even see WOMEN'S CROSS COUNTRY, page 11

Ice hockey shuts out Saint Anselm in first win after dropping opening three games by Noah Stancroff Staff Writer

The Jumbos got off to a slow start in their 2018–19 campaign, losing their first three games to tough opponents. Tufts finally got into the win column in its fourth game of the season with a 3–0 victory over Saint Anselm that it hopes will kicks the season into gear and provide some momentum. The Jumbos traveled to Goffstown, N.H. on Friday to take on the Hawks (6–5). Tufts was able to find the offense it had been lacking in its first few games, capitalizing on several chances to notch a comfortable 3–0 win against the Hawks.

Tufts only narrowly edged Saint Anselm in shots on net, 25–21, but the hosts were unable to get the puck past Tufts sophomore goaltender Drew Hotte. First-year defenseman Rune Kirby recorded the Jumbos’ first goal of both the game and his young college career just over 12 minutes into the first period. Tufts padded its lead a little more than two minutes later when junior forward Anthony Farinacci potted his first goal of the season. First-year forward Nick Schultze put icing on the Jumbos’ cake late in the second period, netting his first goal in a Tufts sweater to spot the visitors a 3–0 lead. The win ended a three-game losing start to the season, which Schultze hopes

will propel the team into the remainder of its schedule. “We are definitely heading in the right direction,” Schultze said. “I think as a team, we’ve just got to stay consistent and put in a solid 60 minutes every game — I think that is what we need to focus on from here on out.” The Jumbos traveled to Wellesley, Mass. to take on the then-No. 13 Babson Beavers (7–2–1) on Nov. 20. Tufts scored its first goal of the season when first-year forward Justin Brandt netted the first goal of his career to put the team up 1–0 early in the second period. From that point on, however, things turned decidedly in Babson’s favor. Less than a minute after

Brandt’s goal, Babson first-year forward Matt Wiesner found the back of the net for his seventh goal of the season, tying the game at one apiece. Babson tacked on three more goals over the final two periods of play, with two coming on the power play, to hand Tufts a 4–1 loss. Three days earlier, the Jumbos took on the Wesleyan Cardinals (2–2) in their second game of the year. Tufts’ offensive struggles were again clear, as the team was ultimately unable to get the puck past Wesleyan junior goaltender Tim Sestak (19 saves). The Jumbos earned three power-play opportunities against the see ICE HOCKEY, page 11