Cultivating Design Through Environmental Ethics Ilana Judah, Int’l Assoc. AIA, OAQ, LEED AP Director of Sustainability, FXFOWLE March 22 2011
The Role of Architecture and Design
“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.�
“My cabin in Cap-Martin is even smaller than my luxury [ship] cabin.” “I have a castle on the Riviera,measuring 3.66 by 3.66 meters. It’s extravagantly comfortable and generous.”
Footprint and Boundary It’s not so simple anymore...
Redefining dwelling
Redefining dwelling
Utilitas, Firmitas, Venustas, Sustenare
Creating architecture and a better planet
Architecture as advocacy
Framing Environmental Concerns through Architecture
Utilitas - Ability to function well and efficiently
Single Family Residence: 44,000 lbs CO2
2 Cars: 22,000 lbs CO2
Multi-family Residence: 17,000 lbs CO2
NYC Subway: 7 lbs CO2
2008 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Proportional by Country
Million metric tons of CO2 emitted in 2008: United States 5,833 (19%) China 6,534 (22%) Europe 4,662 (15%) India 1,612 (15.5%) Other 11,936 (28.5%) World Total 30,577
Metric tons of CO2 emitted per capita in 2008: United States 19.2 China 4.9 Europe 7.8 India 1.8 World Average 4.5
Sources: SASI Group (University of Sheffield) and Mark Newman (University of Michigan)
0
Source: The World Bank Group 2060
2050
2040
2030
2020
(in Tens of
Billio ns)
6
2010
2000
W orl dG DP
4
1990
1980
)
ns illio B n i n( tio a l u op P d l Wor 1970
1960
1950
1940
1930
1920
1910
1900
2
1800
1500
1000
500
0
World Population vs. World GDP
12
10
8
World 2030 Prediction—Energy Mix
n
60%
se
I
ea ncr
nsu
o yC
rg
ne in E
tio mp
Renewables 14% Oil 34% Coal 22%
Renewables 14% Oil 35%
Coal 23% Gas 25% Gas 21%
Nuclear 7%
2008
Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development
2030
Nuclear 5%
Firmitas - Ability to endure and withstand
Credit: NASA/USGS, www..ocregister.com
Venustas - Delight, Beauty and Joy
Translating Environmental Values into Design
Process, Research and Analysis
Integrated Design
Environmental Impact Studies
10
1. High-performance HIT Photovoltaic Module
11
2. Recycled HPDE Planter Box with Growing Medium, Drainage Layer, Mesh Stabilizer 3. Water-jet Milled Aluminum Brackettruss, Powder Coated 4. Hanger Rod and Hasp Assembly, Stainless Steel 8 5. Triple Insulated Glazed Unit with Low-E Coating 6. Automated Exterior Venetian Blind System, Perforated Stainless Steel 7. Raised Floor
9
8. Displacement Ventilation Diffuser 6
5
9. Gypsum Board Soffit 10. High Efficiency LED Lighting , tied to Daylight Dimming System 11. Lay-in Acoustic Ceiling 12. Corrugated Aluminum Spandrel Panel, Powder Coated 4
13. Spandrel Insulation
7 15
14
13
12
2 3
1
14. Continuous Firestopping 15. Structural Slab
EXPLODED AXONEMETRIC 2010 FXFOWLE ARCHITECTS, LLP
AIA: INNOVATIVE CURTAIN WALL DESIGN EXHIBIT
Environmental Performance Modelling
5
Summer Solstice - Base Case
Summer Solstice - No Solar Shading
Summer Solstice - 50% Solar Shading
Summer Solstice - 100% Solar Shading
ECOTECT CURTAIN WALL STUDY Š 2010 FXFOWLE ARCHITECTS, LLP
Environmental Performance Modelling
AIA: INNOVATIVE CURTAIN WALL DESIGN EXHIBIT
9
Environmental Performance Modelling
BIODIVERSITY AND THE GREEN NETWORK IN THE URBAN AREA
Basic road network
Other types of vegetation
Boundary of Collserola Park
Forest environment
Linear axes and digitations
Farmland
Open construction
Maquis and brushwood
Marshland
Meadows
Proposal of green roofs
Vacant and bare
Current and future urban parks, riverside spaces and artificial reefs
Environmental Mapping
THE CURRENT ENERGY MODEL
GY
SYSTEM: DIFFUSE CITY
s and programmes that have been approved at a f levels affect mainly some aspects of energy manaHowever, they take a sectoral approach, failing to ematically with the management of companies and e failing to modify the reality of energy generation, on and consumption.
cern about the systems focuses mainly on climate The initiatives for reducing the emission of greenWATERonCYCLE asesTHE concentrate the energy cycle rather than on cts that could lead to athe new metabolic based Water is probably most limitingregime factor of the developuction disturbance i.e.regions on entropy mentinofthe Catalonia and of thesystems, semi-arid of Spain. It is consumption mainly renewable therefore aofstrategic liquid for energies. Barcelona. The policies
far by local, regional andtherefore national governments ngeapplied in thesometabolic regime, and the not been based on the limitation the of water use. n inhave the disturbance of systems-including atmosThey have continued to treatthrough urban development, ystem-can only come about a change inindustry, farming, etc., as if water were not a scarce ulture, whichtourism, involves profound changes in the way resource and Spain planning, had a surplus of it. This is particularly the rstand regional urbanism, architecture, case management, in the regionalwaste, planning policiesi.e. set everyup thirty years water mobility... ago, which andi.e. encourage the spread of singleated to the usepromote of energy, everything.
DIFFUSE URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODEL INEFFICIENT IN CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES
HEAT TREATMENT
BIOCOMBUSTION
The lack of a conservation and management policy to deal with the demand forproduction water and include it in the general planning poliservices single-family dwellings activity mobility other basins or to desalinate seawater. This is a reckless measure that has cies leads to the urgent need to convey water from refinery serious ecological, economic and/or social impacts. The decision to convey water from the Rhone would also involve an additional risk, because it first goes past five nuclear power plants, one of which reprocesses plutonium. A leak would at least ruin the channelling and therefore the investment. It does not seem very wise to adopt such solutions, or to continue with the policy of biomass coal wasting such a strategic resource. The strategy that must be adopted is therefore related to the programmes of conservation and management of demand that take into account at all times the role of water and the fact that it is a scarce resource. energy After the application of the proposals for conservation and management of the demand for water, some of which are presented here, one must ensure the supply of water to oil all the municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. The supply sources (desalination and/or conveyance) would only be energy increased when it has been demonstrated that the initiatives of conservation are insufficient. ENVIRONMENT
family dwellings with swimming pools and gardens with lawns and water-hungry plants; in the tourism and ecoDE CALOR URBAN MANAGEMENT OFISLA WATER. THE CURRENT MODEL nomic promotion policies that foster the proliferation of THE FUTURE ENERGY MODEL (tendency) golf courses with Scottish turf; in the intensive farming poliHEAT ISLAND cies that have ruined and continue to ruin the aquifers of entire counties; and in the water policies (water conveSYSTEM: CITY SYSTEM: CITY yance, channelling...) that spoil the fishing in large areas of the territory and increase7 the speed of rainwater runoff towards the sea. EVAPOTRANSP. HEAT BIOCOMBUSTREATMENT TION
COMPACT CITY MODEL TECHNOLOGICALLY EFFICIENT DWELLING
TERTIARY
CONSUMPTIVE USE INCORPORATION IN THE PRODUCT
PURIFICATION PLANT refinery
DRINKING WATER NETWORK housing and mobility
biomass
tertiary
efficient and compatible production activity
services
coal
7 . The La tendencia current tendency actual deof ocupación occupation y artificialización and artificialisation del territorio of the
oth diagrams, the thickness of the arrowsrainfall is proporhace queprogressively territory aumente sinincreases parar la velocidad the rate ofde lluviarunoff caída from en cualany l to the flow of basin energy andsea, pollution. quier point of punto the de la to cuenca the hasta reducing que llega the recharging al mar, haciendo of aquifers que and the provision disminuya la recarga of water de acuíferos for the earth's y la dotación ecosystems. de H2O para los ecosistemas terrestres.
*
In diagrams, the size of the arrows the tubes Enboth ambos esquemas, el tamaño de las and flechas y los is proportional to the water flow tubos es proporcional al flujo de H20.
SEWERS LOSSES
H2O FROM WWTP
SLUDGE
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
oil
URBAN MANAGEM
.
EVAPOTRANSP
CONSUMPTIVE USE INCORPORATION IN THE PRODUCT
COMPROVAR TEXTS BEN SITUATS EN GRÀFICS
DRINKING W
NON-D
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
SLUDGE
GROUNDWATER
ENVIRONMENT
CONSERVING AND MANAGING DEMAND FOR WATER IN THE CEN BASINS OF CATALONIA
energy
wells
63
BASIN
EXTERNAL BASINS
H2
O
H2O FROM WWTP
POLLUTION
B A R C E L O N A , A C O M PA C T A N D C O M P L E X M E D I T E R R A N E A N C I T Y. A M O R E S U S TA I N A B L E V I S I O N F O R T H E F U T U R E .
HEAT ISLAND
ED US RE
ENVIRONMENT: HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN
Environmental Mapping
ENVIRONMENT
Analysis of Resources and Materials
Balancing Tradition and Innovation
Ecotopias??
City Regenerative: Connect/Extend/Weave Sustainable Planning Competition
City Regenerative: Connect/Extend/Weave
·· 495 acre/ 200 hectare development in Copenhagen ·· 40,000 residents, 40,000 jobs, 40,000 bicycles ·· 50 year masterplan ·· Net-positive, carbon-neutral development ·· 370 new acres of habitat created ·· Wetland water treatment ·· 57% open space ·· 90% rainwater collection ·· 60% potable water reduction ·· District energy, water treatment and waste recycling systems
City Regenerative: Connect/Extend/Weave Sustainable Design Strategies District Sea Water Thermal Exchange
Compact Development Land Preservation
Mass Transit Wind Turbine Energy
Vertical Farms Rainwater Collection Greywater Treatment
Habitat Creation
Onsite Prefabricated Construction
Urban Networks
Nodes & Neighborhoods
Open Spaces
Building Program
Bicycle Circulation
Water Circulation
Vehicle Circulation
Water Systems
Filtration Ponds
Daily Water Demand
Each low and mid-rise building has 1 or 2 corresponding filtration ponds. Taller towers have larger filtration pools. The larger system allows for containment of stormwater surges. Tertiary stormwater filtration circles through small pools in interior courtyards.
Gardens, lawns, and walkways are raised above the grade of the water filtration in order to provide for dry occupiable space. Filtration ponds are filled with vegetation. Water is alternately visable at the surface or obscured by plants.
Water Use Types
Non-Potable
Outdoor
The linkage system is a combination of porous and permeable paving, water channels, and lush vegetation. Many of the links align with circulation, allowing for daily pedestrian interaction with the water system.
Potable
Block and Building Water Cycles
Rainwater is first filtered through the building green roofs. It is then pumped to the green tower and undergoes primary and secondary treatment in the DeWaTS (Decentralized Water Treatment Site) before being piped to landscape filtration ponds. There the water undergoes tertiary treatment. This filtered water is then pumped back out for use as treated greywater, with excess water being used for horticulture and agriculture use.
Building
The Water Cycle
Typical (m3/day) Showers & Baths 2048 Bathroom Sinks 188 Kitchen Sinks 423 Dishwasher 0 Other Potable 22 Toilets 2082 Cleaning 176 Laundry 717 Site Irrigation 0 Cooling 0
Efficiency Savings (m3/day) (m3/day) 670 1378 402 210 40 22 790 176 273 0 0
90% of rainfall collected 60% potable water reductions
-40 0 1292 0 444 0 0
Canal Towers
Vertical Community Farms
Water Storage
Sea Water Cooling/District Heating
Intensive local agriculture can be
Treated water from the wetlands and
District plants sitting within the canal will provide heating and
farmed by the community within the
treatment plant will be stored in the
cooling water to the Nordhavnen project by using sea water for
vertical greenhouses of the towers.
top of the towers to produce a grav-
heat rejection. Heat pumps will be used to extract or reject heat
High floor to ceiling distances will
ity pressurized hydraulic system to
to the sea water depending on the conditioning needs of the
provide total solar penetration into
pump water into the neighborhoods
district buildings.
the spaces, allowing for continuous
without electricity. The water will
year-round cultivation of local foods,
be pulled up to the storage tanks on
By utilizing heat pumps to produce district heating and cooling
crops and livestock. Potable water
power from on site turbine energy.
water, the Nordhavnen development will eliminate the need for
for irrigation will come from the
The wind turbines stretching be-
burning fossil fuels for building conditioning.
treatment plant below and wetlands
tween the towers will capture higher
within the neighborhoods. Excess
velocity winds from the vortex effect
water drained from the gardens will
created by the form of the towers.
Heating Mode
be further filtered by the plants. The
Sea Water In
foods and products grown within can be sold below at the farmer’s market
Sea Water Out
deck on the bridge, and distributed further outside the community on barges at the food distribution pier.
Heating Water Return
Heat Pump Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger
Heating Water Supply
Cooling Mode Sea Water In Sea Water Out
Heat Exchanger
FARMERS MARKET
PRESSURIZED-TREATED WATER OUT
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
GREYWATER IN BLACKWATER IN
WASTE/RECYCLING COLLECTION POINT
LOCAL HEATING (OUT)
FOOD DISTRIBUTION PIER SYS EXHAUST SYS INTAKE DISTRICT SEA WATER HEATING/ COOLING PLANT
Cooling Water Return
Heat Pump Heat Exchanger
Cooling Water Supply
Integrating Sustainability in the Academic Context
THE SUSTAINABLE INTERFACE POETIC AND PRAGMATIC DYNAMICS OF THE APERTURE
Course project - Overview of Warren Hall auditorium
The Sustainable Interface
Setting Environmental Design Goals
Energy Targets Buro Happ old Consulti ng Engine ers
Defining the Goals of Environmental Design
“That condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the internal environment” s
0RESCRIPTIVE DESIGN CRITERIA – – – – –
Acoustics Lighting Ventilation Heat / Cool Humidity
NC 35 35 Foot Candles 15 cfm/person 72°F ± 4°F 50% RH ± 15%RH
s
%NERGY TARGETS AND #ARBON 2EDUCTIONS ,%%$
s
7ASTE REDUCTION GOALS
s
7ATER MANAGEMENT
The Sustainable Interface
Environmental Analysis Sun Path Diagrams
Shading analysis from roof
3OLAR 3TRESS ON ROOF IN 7ATTS
/04)/. VS /04)/. %XTERNAL SHADING ANALYSIS WITH 6% - 7HOLE BUILDING
/04)/. 4RIPLE 0ANE 'LAZING n #OMFORT ASSESSMENT Patient room only)
81
106.0%
81
80
104.0%
80
79
1 03.3 %
79
78
1 00.0 %
100 .0%
0ROPOSED DESIGN WITH 6% -
98.0% 96.0% 94.0%
9 3.0%
0ROPOSED DESIGN WITH 6% - AND external shading in gym and multipurpose space
4EMP ERATURE —&
100.0%
78
77
Lower U value of triple pane glazing keeps the surface temperature higher in summer, thereby resulting in better comfort
76 75 74 73
73
71
70
70
68 00:00
69
06:00
12:00
18:00
Date: Wed 22/Jan -EAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE 37 PATIENT ROOM VE M.aps) -EAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE 37 PATIENT ROOM TRIPLE pane second.aps)
Chiller Energy
74
72
90.0%
Boiler Energy
75
71
69
86.0%
76
72
92.0%
88.0%
77 4EMP ERA TU RE —&
102.0%
Triple pane glazing loses less heat later during the day, thereby resulting in higher surface temperate in summer
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The Sustainable Interface
Assignments & Course Project Quantitative Thermal Using Ecotect undertake weather analysis, establish comfort criteria, baseline thermal criteria, and design thermal criteria. Test design options for auditorium. MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES - Ithaca, NY LEGEND Comfort: Thermal Neutrality Temperature
+VJCEC
Summer Mid-Day WInds
Cloud Cover
Ithaca, NY Weather Analysis
>);< 5)27:1<A 7. <0- ?16,; ;?--816/ <0:7=/0 <0)+) 7:1/16)<- .:75 <0- ;7=<0?-;< %0- 67:<0?-;< )4;7 +76<:1*=<-; ) +76;1,-:)*4- )57=6< 7. ?16, *=< <0- ?-;<-:6 .)D),- 7. ()::-6 )44 ?144 -6+7=6<-: <0- 5)27:1<A 7. <0- ?16,; <0:7=/0 7=< <0- A-):
Autumn Mid-Day WInds
HOURS
Spring Mid-Day WInds
=:16/ <0- ?16<-: 576<0; <0-:5)4 16;=4)<176 7. ()::-6 )44 =,1<7:1=5 ?144 *- +:1<1+)4 !+<7*-: <0:7=/0 ):+0 <0- <-58-:)<=:- >):1-; +76;1,-:)*4A *=< 1< :7=<16-4A :-;1,-; 8);< <0- .:--B16/ 8716< %01; 476/ ?16<-: 764A 8-:51<; ;-4,75 8-:17,; 16 ?01+0 <0- <-58-:)<=:- :-)+0-; ) +75.7:<)*4- 4->-4 =:16/ =6- <0:7=/0 $-8<-5*-: <0- )>-:)/- <-58-:)<=:- ?144 +76;1;<-6<4A 5--< )6, -@+--, +75.7:< 4->-4; 76;1,-:16/ <0- 4):/- 7++=8)6+A )6, ,1:-+< ;=641/0< 16 <0- )=,1<7:1=5 <01; <15- 8-:17, ->-6 <07=/0 1< 1; 67< 8--3 +4);; 8-:17, ?144 ;-- <0- )=,1<7:1=5 >-:A ?):5 #-4)<1>- 0=51,1<A 16 <0)+) ,7-; 67< ;-:>- ); ) ;->-:- 8:7* 4-5 *=< +7=84-, ?1<0 <0- *7,A 0-)< )6, 4)+3 7. >-6<14)<176 16 <0- )=,1<7:1=5 1< 5)A *-+75- ) 8:7*4-5 =:16/ <0- 51, ,)A 0=51,1<A ;<)A; 5)164A *-47? )6, ?144 .--4 +75.7:<)*4- 7=<;1,- . <0- )=,1<7:1=5 +)6 *- 0):6-;; <0- +)8)*141<1-; 7. 6)<=:)4 >-6<14)<176 <0-6 <0- :775 ;07=4, :-5)16 +75.7:<)*4- 16 <0- ;=55-: 576<0; 6 7++);176)4 07< )6, ;<-)5A +7=84- ,)A; 5)A ):1;- *=< <0- ;<=,-6<; +)6 ;=:>1>-
Relative Humidity -<-:51616/ <0- 47 >)4=-; .7: <0- )=,1<7:1=5 1; 9=1-< ,1C+=4< ;16+- <0-:- ?144 *- ) ?1,- >):1-<A 7. +47<016/ *-16/ ?7:6 16 <0- ;8)+- !6 )6A /1>-6 ,)A <0- :)6/- 7. +47<016/ *A <0- ;<=,-6<; )6, .)+=4<A ?144 :)6/- .:75 ;)6,)4; ;07:<; )6, ) < ;01:< )44 <0- ?)A <7 *77<; 2-)6; )6, ) ;?-)<;01:< 447?16/ .7: >):1-<A <0- :)6/- 7. 47 >)4=-; ?7=4, *- *-< ?--6 )6, 76 ) 67:5)4 ,)A ; ?16<-: )88:7)+0-; <0- >)4=-; ?7=4, :1;- +76;1,-:)*4A ;16+- 57;< 8-784- ?144 *- <:)>-416/ 7=<;1,- <7 /-< <7 <0- )=,1<7:1=5 $16+- <0- ;8)+- 1; 2=;< )6 )=,1<7:1=5 .7: 4-+<=:-; <0- ;8)+- ?7=4, *- ;1514): <7 )6 7C+- ;8)+- ?1<0 8-784- ?:1<16/ ;7 <0- -< >)4=- ?7=4, *-
The Sustainable Interface
MARCH 21
JUNE 21 71.2
SEPTEMBER 21 48.5
18 07
17
DECEMBER 21 24.1
08
13
12
10
11
Summer Solstice
Y
MA
JA
Feb
Mar
r
Spring Equinox
Spr me ing Se ster
Fall S em es te
Nov
NU
Jan Dec
Oct
Apr
Fall Equinox 0
Sep
May
12 24
Aug
Jun Jul
Winter Solstice
21
Y
14
25
Solar Geometry
09
15
AR
16
January 21
May 21
10am-4pm
10am-4pm
September 21
10am-4pm
February 21
June 21
October 21
10am-4pm
10am-4pm
10am-4pm
March
21
July 21
November
10am-4pm
10am-4pm
21
10am-4pm
April 21
10am-4pm
August 21
10am-4pm
December 21
10am-4pm m
Lux
600+ 540 480 420 360 300 241
1 81 1 21 61 1
Skylight Variation Testing
Louver System Daylighting Model The daylighting model was used on November 27, but model the lighting conditions associated with the Equinox (Sept/Mar. 21). The model was tilted 19 degrees in order to simulate the Equinox. The time span of the photography range from 12:00pm - 12:45pm. The model utilizes a variety of different louver systems as well as the fritted glazing units. The Roof portion of the model had a track system that allowed the louvers to be interchangeable. This allowed for quick and simple changes in the louvers and another variation with the aperture opening: sloped or straight walled.
Daylight Model Testing 800 700 600
LUX
500 400 300 200 100
Entry
Screen
Curved Louvers
White Louvers
Reflective Louvers
9:30AM
12:30PM
3:30PM
Existing Lighting Conditions
Louvered Lighting Conditions 9:30AM
12:30PM
3:30PM
Deep Active Learning
Dickinson College Treehouse- The Center for Sustainable Living
3 minute daily showers Cold water clothes wash, air dried
60-degree rooms - supplemented with Bio-fuel Personal goals: buying no new clothes, eating no meat, not driving a car
< 20 kWh/day in warm months < 35 kWh in winter = <1 kWh/ resident Average daily electricity residential consumption in US = 30 kWh.