Food security and climate change Exploring and Planning Mediterranean Sustainability International Workshop
Palais des Congrès, Marrakech, Morocco
9th June 2013
Programme Introduction a PAM delegate and Dario Padovan 10-11 a.m. Food security and safety: strategies for Mediterranean future The challenges of food security in the Mediterranean Damien Conaré; UNESCO Chair on World Food Systems, Institut des régions chaudes, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France; Sustainability, food security and climate change adaptation Eva Liliana Ardila Cortés; Jardin Botanico de Bogotà José Celelstino Mutis; Bogota, Colombia; The Mediterranean Diet for good governance and regional development Salvatore Alessandro Giannino, Delegate of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM) to UNESCO, Paris, France Food security in Sudan as a function of climate change adaptation Abdalla Mergheni Mohamed, UNESCO/Cousteau Ecotechnie Chair for Sustainable Development, Future University of Khartoun, Sudan 11-12 a.m. Desertification and Water governance: facing climate change mitigation policies Using Demand Side Management to Adapt to Water Scarcity and Climate Change in the Saiss Basin Ahmed Legrouri and Jack Kalpakian, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane, Morocco Sustainable management of marginal drylands: the SUMAMAD project Donald Gabriels; UNESCO Chair on Eremology; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Current state of anthropogenic impact on Lake Baikal: state of its ecosystem and water quality Eugene Silow; UNESCO Chair of Water Resources; Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia; COSWAND (Conservation of Soil and Water in Andes countries): a UNESCO/PHI/Flanders Trust Funds project Deyanira Lobo, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela and UNESCO Chair on Eremology, Ghent University, Belgium 12-13 a.m. Round Table Conclusions and Chairing Round Table Michel Ricard; UNESCO Chair Education, training and research for sustainable development; Université Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux, France; Participant Round Table: Mounir Temmam, Mohammed VI Foundation for Environmental Protection, Morocco Mario Salomone, WEEC Permanent Secretary Dario Padovan, UNESCO Chair in Sustainable Development and Territory Management, University of Turin, Italy Lamine Kadi, University of Mostaganem, Algeria Delegate of PAM
Les enjeux de la sécurité alimentaire en Méditerranée Damien Conaré Secrétaire général Chaire Unesco "alimentations du monde", Institut des régions chaudes, Montpellier SupAgro, damien.conare@supagro.inra.fr
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Telle que définie par la FAO lors du Sommet mondial de l’alimentation de 1996, « la sécurité alimentaire est assurée quand toutes les personnes, en tout temps, ont économiquement, socialement et physiquement accès à une alimentation suffisante, sûre et nutritive qui satisfait leurs besoins nutritionnels et leurs préférences alimentaires pour leur permettre de mener une vie active et saine ». En Méditerranée c’est au contraire une insécurité alimentaire croissante qui prévaut avec un risque élevé d’aggravation dans les vingt prochaines années. Certes, selon les critères de la FAO, fondés principalement sur le contenu énergétique de la ration, les pays méditerranéens ne se trouvent pas aujourd’hui en situation critique (moins de 5 % de la population se situe en dessous des 2 400 kcal/jour). Mais tous les exercices de prospective convergent pour annoncer une aggravation de leur déficit alimentaire. Par exemple, selon la prospective Agrimonde (INRA, CIRAD), la zone Afrique du Nord/Moyen-Orient risque de connaître une situation critique en 2050. En effet, ces pays concentrent toutes les grandes tensions agricoles de la planète : croissance de la population et concentration dans les zones urbaines et littorales conduisant à un étalement des zones bâties aux dépens des terres agricoles fertiles ; dépendance envers les marchés internationaux: avec moins de 5 % de la population mondiale, les pays du Sud et de l’Est de la Méditerranée importent plus de 12 % des céréales mondiales. Ce déficit commercial agricole extérieur, qui se creuse depuis cinquante ans, expose de manière aiguë les pays de la région à la volatilité des prix internationaux des denrées alimentaires de base. Ainsi, alors qu’en 2003, la couverture de la consommation par la production alimentaire dans cette zone était d’environ 65 %, en 2050, elle tomberait à 42 %. Ce qui en ferait la région la plus vulnérable au monde du point de vue de la sécurité alimentaire (avec la nécessité de dépenser toujours plus pour importer des produits alimentaires). De plus, les importations massives augmentent les risques sanitaires avec l’insuffisance des dispositifs de traçabilité et de contrôle ; transformation des habitudes alimentaires: avec ces importations, la région est en train de changer progressivement de mode d’alimentation vers des produits agroindustriels trop riches en lipides et sucres. Le régime type méditerranéen, ou crétois, est en passe de disparaître avec une généralisation de la « malbouffe », génératrice de problèmes de santé publique (diabète, maladies cardio-vasculaires, obésité, etc.) ; accélération des changements climatiques et dégradation des ressources naturelles: dégradation des sols, raréfaction des ressources en eau, chute des ressources halieutiques, réduction de la biodiversité, etc. Des stratégies pour parvenir à rétablir un niveau nécessaire de sécurité alimentaire existent. Elles passent par des accords commerciaux internationaux pour assurer des approvisionnements stables et à prix lissés en produits alimentaires stratégiques (cadre institutionnel euro-méditerranéen par exemple) ; la restructuration des filières agroalimentaires et le développement des échanges agricoles régionaux ; la mise en place de politiques alimentaires qualitatives basées sur le socle du régime alimentaire traditionnel permettant ainsi de revitaliser ou de créer des filières génératrices de développement local durable (par exemple protection et différenciation des produits typiques de la Méditerranée, en misant sur l’approche terroirs et la dynamique touristique) ; ou encore le développement de programmes éducatifs pour enrayer la malnutrition. Sources bibliographiques : Sébastien Abis, La sécurité alimentaire, un projet concret pour la Méditerranée, Le Cercle/Les Échos, 28 mars 2012. Sécurité alimentaire en Méditerranée à l’horizon 2030 : aspects qualitatifs et quantitatifs. Etude prospective du Comité scientifique et technique d’Agropolis International. Jean-Louis Rastoin, Foued Cheriet, Sécurité alimentaire en Méditerranée – Un enjeu stratégique majeur. Les notes de l’IPEMED, n° 6, janvier 2010
Sustainability, food security and climate change adaptation, an experience brought by the Botanical Garden José Celestino Mutis to the rural communities of Bogotá, Colombia Eva Liliana Ardila Cortés Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis, Colombia, evalilianaardila@gmail.com The Bogotá’s Botanical Garden, was established in 1955 and is a decentralized public entity according to the development plans of Bogotá City. This Garden has been articulated with different national and international strategies to fulfill the purposes established by the Botanic Gardens Conservation International. The Botanical Garden is working with clear goals: deterring the loss of plant species and their genetic diversity; prevention of further degradation of the soil; the increase of public understanding of the value of plants biodiversity and the threats they face; taking practical action for the benefit and improvement of the global environment; and promoting and ensuring sustainable use of the natural resources for present and future. Considering the social-geographic location of the entity, it has positioned itself as a center of scientific research and development with an emphasis on high Andean ecosystems and wilderness, which contributes to the conservation of the flora of the Capital District of Bogota, to the environmental sustainability of its territory and use of their genetic heritage through research, technology transfer and environmental education. The report shows a characterization of a rural zone, located on a protected area of Bogota, in a strategic ecosystem called Páramo de Sumapaz, exclusive of the tropical countries, located in South America. The purpose of the study was to identify the traditional knowledge of the inhabitants of the Sumapaz, and to recognize possibilities for enhancing the appropriation of the scientific knowledge generated from the Botanical Garden, in order to do a better use of the biodiversity of the zone. Over the course of five months, a process of social and environmental characterization had been developed based on different reports and documents, direct observation and semi-structured interviews to the inhabitants. So there were established several priorities for protecting agro-biodiversity, traditional crops and cultural practices, and the endangered species which still grow in the territory. Some small lectures about sustainability and use of the biodiversity were offered to different groups of persons with leadership potential, thinking of this as an opportunity for bringing the scientific knowledge produced in the Botanical Garden outside the physical space occupied within the city, approaching population groups, inhabiting rural areas that have not easy access to visiting the researching center; many of them without Internet service, with poor education quality and other low conditions of human development, and despite the fact of being relatively close to one of the largest and most important capital cities in Latin America. The purpose was always to consider the needs of the people and to concert with them about the contents of the topics to learn, especially because the territory has a long history of social conflicts about the use and tenure of land. As a result there are now a higher knowledge about the biodiversity of the Páramo and the importance of taking care of it and use it in an appropriated way.
The Mediterranean diet for good governance and regional development Salvatore Alessandro Giannino PAM Delegate to UNESCO PAM and UNESCO planed to establish a Mediterranean Task force within the UNESCO Chair network and several international organizations (FAO, UNECE, CIHEAM…) for developing North-South-South cooperation in the Mediterranean region. An international Task force will promote high-level interdisciplinary and scientific training and workshop in good governance to sustainable development in the Mediterranean region; the Task force will also organize an annual Forum to providing the PAM with scientific and technical assistance and reinforce academic exchanges among member countries. The Mediterranean is a hub of interdependent cultural, environmental, political and social dynamics. As a result, it is an ideal place to build the future, a microcosm of all of its societies’ major problems – revolving around North-South interaction, divides and interconnections – and seems to be a genuine twenty-first century laboratory, where the necessary resources can be harnessed and shared answers found. An international effort must enable the PAM to lay emphasis on the new universal model of “living together”, which the Mediterranean must adopt in order to support a “new Humanism” and a “new Mediterranean Renaissance” so that the dialogue of cultures and sustainable development can be set as priority goals on which the region’s future can be built inasmuch, as the challenges facing the Mediterranean are universal in scope and consequences. Most exemplary is the “Mediterranean diet”, which has been listed - in 2010 - by UNESCO as part of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity to promote in an integrated manner tangible and intangible Mediterranean heritage, environmental biodiversity and cultural diversity as key factors for a socioeconomic sustainable development of the Mediterranean region. The Mediterranean diet constitutes a set of skills, knowledge, practices and traditions ranging from the landscape to the table, including the crops, harvesting, fishing, conservation, processing, preparation and, particularly, consumption of food. The Mediterranean diet is characterized by a nutritional model that has remained constant over time and space, consisting mainly of olive oil, cereals, fresh or dried fruit and vegetables, dairy and fish, and a moderate amount of meat, and many condiments and spices, all accompanied by wine or infusions, always respecting beliefs of each community. However, the Mediterranean diet (from the Greek diaita, or way of life) encompasses more than just food. It promotes social interaction, since communal meals are the cornerstone of social customs and festive events. It has given rise to a considerable body of knowledge, songs, maxims, tales and legends. The system is rooted in respect for the territory and biodiversity, and ensures the conservation and development of traditional activities and crafts linked to fishing and farming in the Mediterranean communities which Koroni in Greece, Cilento in Italy, Soria in Spain, and Chefchaouen in Morocco are examples. The Mediterranean diet should also be associated with food security, food sovereignty and dependence on local and indigenous traditions and knowledge as well as with the conservation of natural resources and reduction of the use of non-renewable external inputs. Mediterranean food consumption patterns contribute to biodiversity conservation for at least two main reasons. First of all because they promote the use of a wide range of cereals, fruit and vegetables, not only cultivated products but also spontaneous and wild species, thus enabling them to be conserved along with the local, indigenous and traditional knowledge relating to these species. Moreover, by using less meat and fewer animal products, Mediterranean diets reduce the impacts of the livestock sector on biodiversity and natural resources. In fact, meat-based diets, such as those typical of northern countries, have higher environmental impacts (such as water footprint, ecological footprint, carbon footprint) than plant-based eating patterns such as the Mediterranean diets. Moreover, promoting the use of local and typical products can help to reduce environmental impacts (food miles and carbon footprint). What is more, not only food production but also the transport, distribution and consumption of foodstuffs and waste management are all issues that must be addressed appropriately if the sustainability of Mediterranean food consumption patterns is to be enhanced. All in all, measures to promote Mediterranean diets can contribute to sustainable land and water resources management and to the conservation of biodiversity, but they will not suffice alone.
The Mediterranean basin Biodiversity Hotspot (MBH) is the second largest hotspot in the world. It covers more than 2 million square kilometres and stretches west to east from Portugal to Jordan and north to south from northern Italy to Cape Verde. It is one of the greatest areas for endemic plants on earth and includes several epicentres of plant diversity. Three main circumstances have contributed to the high diversity of the MBH: (i) its location at the intersection of two major landmasses (Eurasia and Africa) and (ii) tremendous topographical diversity and huge differences in altitude. Its climate is unique, but rainfall ranges from 100 mm to 3,000 mm, resulting in high vegetation diversity within the region. Global and local strategies, and political actions – at national, European and international level - should be designed and implemented with the active involvement and participation of all relevant stakeholders, particularly small - holders, who are the main custodians of biodiversity, since it is they who manage natural resources directly and who possess the local knowledge pertaining to biodiversity and water and land resources.
Food security in Sudan as a function of climate change adaptation Abdalla Mergheni Mohamed UNESCO/ Cousteau Ecotechnie Chair, Future University-Sudan, teldream999@gmail.com; Sudan is typical of other least developed countries in Africa in being highly vulnerable to climate change and climate variability. The interaction of multiple stresses- endemic poverty, ecosystem degradation, complex disasters and conflicts, and limited access to capital, markets, infrastructure and technology -have all weakened people’s ability to adapt to changes in climate. Sudan's inherent vulnerability to climate change is captured by the fact that food security is mainly determined by rainfall, particularly in rural areas where more than 65% of the population lives. In the Kordofan Region, models predict that millet production will decline between 15% and 62%, and sorghum yield between 29% and 71% in the period 2030-2060. Until recently, most assessments of the impact of climate change on the food and agriculture sector have focused on the implications for production and global supply of food, with less consideration of other components of the food chain. However, the multiple effects that global warming and climate change could have on food systems and food security should be taken into consideration. Moreover, the strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change in several key policy domains of importance for food security are crucial. The potential impacts of climate change on food security must therefore be viewed within the larger framework of changing earth system dynamics and observable changes in multiple socioeconomic and environmental variables. People and food systems that are already vulnerable will be first affected by climate change, but over time the geographic distribution of risk and vulnerability is likely to shift. Nowadays, certain livelihood groups need immediate support, but everybody is at risk. The vulnerable sectors to climate change, namely, agriculture, water, and public health have been thoroughly discussed through the Eco-Sustainability Monthly Forum (ESMF) of UNESCO/Cousteau Ecotechnie Chair (UCEC) at Future University-Sudan. (http://ucec.futureu.edu.sd/)
Using Demand Side Management to Adapt to Water Scarcity and Climate Change in the Saïss Basin, Morocco Ahmed Legrouri and Jack Kalpakian Al Akhawayn University, Av. Hassan II, Ifrane 53000, Moroccoa.legrouri@aui.ma, j.kalpakian@aui.ma The project aim was to evaluate the use of Demand Side Management (DSM) to adapt to water scarcity and climate change in the Saiss Basin. It examined how DSM can provide a solid basis for adaptative capacity with regard to climate change and be used to reduce water use within the Basin contributing to the aquifer sustainability. This project proceeded on three tracks, a technical approach oriented towards testing the feasibility of and dissemination of drip irrigation techniques in disadvantaged contexts in the Saïss Basin, a part of the Sebou River Basin, in Morocco. We also conducted a KAP survey and its associated qualitative work that aimed to establish what the population knows about Climate Change and how it utilizes existing state efforts to mitigate the damage of Climate Change and excessive abstraction of water resources. The expansion of the farmers’ capacity to utilize the resources made available by the state through the formation of cooperatives and using the loans and grants provided for drip irrigation was the third locus of our project and it is the one that was most successful. This aspect was actualized through our Climate Change and Training workshops which directly led to the formation of the Zoubiya cooperative by local farmers. The cooperative’s members pooled their resources to create a water reservoir and drip irrigation systems for its members thereby increasing the adaptive capacity of the region in response to water shortages. Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank IDRC, Canada, and DFID, UK, for funding this project through the Climate Change Adaptation in Africa (CCAA) program. The contribution of our colleagues, Dr. F. Berrada, Dr. D. Kettani, Dr. A. Ouardaoui, Ms. F. Ejekki, and Mr. K. Dou Dou, is highly appreciated.
Sustainable management of marginal drylands: the SUMAMAD project Donald Gabriels UNESCO Chair on Eremology, Department of Soil Management, Ghent University, Belgium, donaldgabriels@gmail.com ,donald.gabriels@UGent.be The SUMAMAD project is funded by the Flemish Government of Belgium and by the participating countries. It is implemented by UNESCO-MAB (Man and Biosphere) in collaboration with the dryland ecosystems programme of the United Nations University-Institute for Water, Environment & Health (UNU-INWEH). The project started in 2002, and uses harmonized methodologies for 9 research sites allowing results comparing and knowledge sharing. In its second phase (since 2009), scientists from Belgium, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, China, Egypt, India, I.R. of Iran, Jordan, Pakistan and Tunisia collaborate on dryland research to combat desertification. The overall objectives of the SUMAMAD are: (1)Improved and alternative livelihoods of dryland dwellers; (2)Reduced vulnerability to land degradation in marginal lands through rehabilitation efforts of degraded lands; (3)Improved productivity through identification of wise practices using both traditional knowledge and scientific expertise; (4)Sharing of scientific knowledge among participating countries. SUMAMAD activities during Phase 2 (2009-2013) were: Fostering scientific drylands research: Improvement of dryland agriculture (crop and livestock production) through the sustainable use of natural resources focusing on sustainable water conservation and harvesting practices; Restoration and rehabilitation of degraded drylands focusing on biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural biotic resources. (2) Preparation of policy-relevant guidelines for decision-makers in drylands: Developing scenarios for land-use changes (also in the context of climate change) including the assessment of trade-offs and economic valuation of dryland services; Interfacing with relevant policy-formulation institutions and processes in the respective countries. (3) Promoting sustainable livelihoods in drylands: Encouraging alternative income-generating activities diversification of economic options, such as ecotourism, handicraft production, forages, herbal medicine, dietary diversification, in order to reduce dependencies on traditional dryland agriculture.
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Participating project sites and projects are: Managing sustainability of new quinoa production systems through farming systems management and market insertion in the Bolivian Highlands (Altiplano) (Bolivia) Promotion of alternative activities for sustainable agriculture and the conservation of the Hippopotamus Biosphere Reserve in Burkina Faso Sustainable Management of the Restored Hunshandake Sandland/Xilin Gol Biosphere Reserve (China) The Omayed Biosphere Reserve (Egypt) and its surrounding neighborhood Rehabilitation of degraded rangelands and stabilization of production in the arable arid western plain zone of Thar Desert (India) AQUITOPIA: An aquifer management-based utopia in the Gareh Bygone Plain (I.R. of Iran) The conservation of natural habitats and the sustainable use of grazing resources in Dana Biosphere Reserve (Jordan) Rehabilitation of degraded dryland rangelands through scientific management of land, water and vegetation resources and grazing systems in Dingarh/ Lal Sohanra Biosphere Reserve (Pakistan) Combating desertification and improvement of dryland agriculture and evaluation of groundwater recharge structures in the watershed of Zeuss-Koutine (Tunisia)
Current state of antropogenic impact on Lake Baikal, state of its ecosystem and water quality Eugene A. Silow, Aleksander I. Smirnov UNESCO Chair of water resources at Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia Five stages of human impact on the lake Baikal are characterised (since the middle of XIX century to present time). Physical influence on the lake caused by Irkutsk power plant and creation of hydropower station cascade causes the fluctuations of the lake level, erosion of coasts, changes in regional climate (winds and temperature regime). Chemical pollution due to navigation, tourism, settlements' waste water, waste discharges to water and atmosphere by Baikal Pulp and Paper Plant, waters coming from watershed, atmospheric transfer are viewed in details. The most of contaminants (>83 %) is coming with the waters of tributaries, the second role belongs to atmospheric precipitation (>15 %), the third place is occupied by pollution from Baikal Pulp and Paper Plant (<1 %), the rest â&#x20AC;&#x201C; contaminations from other enterprises and settlements at shores, tourism and navigation (together about 0.5 %). Pollutants according to decrease in volume of their input can be ranged as mineral salts, particulate matter, dissolved organic matter, sulphates - > 99%.0.36 % consists of mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus, oil products, sulfur containing organic substances, heavy metals and synthetic surface active substances. There is also influence in the form of fishing. Invasion of non-native for the unique lake species also represents some danger. Now we can observe some changes in the lake ecosystem â&#x20AC;&#x201C; increase of biomass of summer phytoplankton, share of small-sized algae, number of cladocera and cosmopolite forms of rotifers, together with negative trends for under ice endemic phytoplankton, share of large-sized algae, number of endemic rotifers. All these changes canbe explained by chemical pollution (and mathematical models, based on in situ experiments in mesocosms, prove it), as well as changes of regional or global temperature regime. From the other side these processes can be the result of some long term oscillations, generated by the life of ecosystem itself. We have only 65 years of regular monitoring of the state of ecosystem. Nevertheless, the Lake Baikal is the reservoir, containing 50% of available drinkable water of the Earth, and its quality is still excellent even in the points of local pollution. The self-purification ability (or ecological capacity) of ecosystem still allows the lake to remain extremely clean.
COSWAND (Conservation of Soil and Water in Andes countries): a UNESCO/PHI/Flanders Trust Funds project Deyanira Lobo(1) and Donald Gabriels(2) (1)
Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Central de Venezuela and UNESCO Chair on Eremology, Ghent University, Belgium lobo.deyanira@gmail.com (2) UNESCO Chair on Eremology, Department of Soil Management, Ghent University, Ganda Publi Productions, Belgium donaldgabriels@gmail.com
COSWAND is a short duration course/workshop for local communities, schools, farmers and their family members on COnservation of Soil and Water in ANDes countries’, as an activity of CAZALAC under the PHI/UNESCO Flanders Trust Funds organized within the CAZALAC (Centro del Agua para Zonas Aridas y Semiáridas de America Latina y el Caribe). The course is practical oriented with indoor and field demonstrations on soil hydrology, soil water for plant production, erosion control, irrigation systems, and use of compost to improve the physical and chemical fertility of soils The venue of COSWAND 2006 was Namza (Ecuador) with PROMAS (Programa de Manejo de Agua y Suelos) (University of Cuenca, Ecuador) as local organizing institute. The village of Namza, located between 1500 and 2600 meter asl.. Participants, farmers and their family members, in principle older than 14 years old (about 65), were selected from the village in the Chanchan watershed. The four local school teachers (maestros) were participating in the course. Demonstration fields on different irrigation systems were laid out on one of the farms. On another farm demonstration plots on ‘how to make organic compost’ were installed The COSWAND 2008 workshop was organized in the ‘social room’ of the Parroquia San Juan (Municipio Sucre) in Merida, in the Andean part of Venezuela, and brought together about 60 local farmers and family members, school youth and school teachers. Besides short introductory courses on ‘Physical and chemical soil fertility’, ‘Soil and water conservation’, ‘Importance of irrigation and drainage in sloped agricultural fields’ some practical demonstrations were organized on the effect of cover on reducing runoff and soil loss. Irrigation systems were visited and construction of infiltration trenches was demonstrated. Attention was paid to the use of compost and organic residues and local schoolboys organized the production and sale of compost for the use in tree and plant nurseries. The COSWAND 2012 workshop aimed at bringing together in a local school of Villa Patarani, Altiplano, Bolivia, about 40 local farmers, including members of woman union, and local politicians, and family members and some technicians and students, in a two-day’ workshop in order to disseminate and discuss the results of the experiments. Seminars were delivered about basic principles of the physical and chemical state of soils and on soil and water conservation as well as presentations of local participants. In cooperation with the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés and local farmers of Villa Patarani, a number of field and greenhouse experiments were set up to produce local compost in combination with manure and/or fertilizers to be incorporated in low fertile soils for improving yields of quinoa.