TYPO LOG IES (REFUGEE) CAMP
T WAN A G UL 路 415 647 1 路 TH I S D OC IS PART OF THE REFUG EE CIT Y ANALYSES
CONTENT INTRODUCTION
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CAMP LAYOUT TYPOLOGIES SHELTER TYPOLOGIES PERMANENT Transitional Community I-Beam Pallet House SEED Shelter 2.0 Uber Shelter Paper Log House Super Adobe Housing in N. Afghanistan PORTABLE Habihut Reaction Housing System Recovery Huts Shelter Box Shelter Frame Kit BOLD Global Village Shelters Paper Tube Emergency Shelters PodVille
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LIFE SPAN OF ALL SHELTERS LITERATURE 2
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INTRODUCTION
This document covers a variety of typologies within the boundaries of (emergency) shelters around the globe. The aim of this collection, which is retrieved from a range of literature such as Design Like You Give A Damn, is to manifest awareness of the current approaches. This analysis will help to comprehend the concepts of the camps and/or interventions. The typologies are segregated in Permanent and Portable branches, and will therefor allow the reader to consult a speciďŹ c target around the complex topic.
Refugees worldwide
51.200.000 As of September 2014
The UN High Commissioner for Refugees estimated over
3.200.000
displaced people in 2014 during the ongoing war on terrorism in the regions of kurdistan, iraq and syria
CONCLUSION 4
A exible, expandable and durable solution is required to accommodate the refugees. 4
CAMP LAYOUT TYPOLOGIES BASED ON WAR AND NATURAL DISASTER CONDITIONS
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PERMANENT
F R A M E W O R K , S TAC K I N G & M O N O L I T H
TRANSITIONAL COMMUNITY BY ELISABETH BABISTER
An extraordinary easy housing solution has been implemented in Sri Lanka using a timber construction framework and a cement block base. The ultimate requirement was to utilise local materials and labours (volunteers) as much as possible to compose the shelter. Due to this approach the price could be cut enormously per unit. TYPOLOGY
FRAME - STACK
$580 Per Unit
No Shipping Required NOTE: The cost Incl. labor is $9.860
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2005 Tangalle, Sri Lanka 6-8 People N.B.
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Machinary & hand Mix of Wood,Currugated Roof Sheeting, Cement Blocks and Mortar Local / Abroad
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I-BEAM PALLET HOUSE BY AZIN VALY & SUZAN WINES
According to I-Beam Design team, pallets are available all over the world, structurally stable, and most importantly aordable. The Pallet House could be transformed for each climate, e.g. by ďŹ lling up the pallets with insulation or rather creating more openings to ventilate a space. An important feature is the ability to ship a great load of pallets at once. While on the site the pallets could be implemented in a variety of ways. TYPOLOGY
STACKING
Price Unknown Shipping required
NOTE: All Pallets are stacked during transportation.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2010 Milan, Italy 4-8 People < 20 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Machinery & Hand Timber Pallets Local / Abroad
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SEED
BY STUDENTS OF THE SPRING 2009 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO
A shelter solution which evolves in time thanks to the owner of the space is the main idea of the SEED. The shipping container is a strong and weather-resistable object that could easily integrate a living space by modifying some features. The SEED resembles the notion of adaptable living based on the activity of the owner. TYPOLOGY
MONOLITH
Price Unknown Shipping required
NOTE: All containers are stacked during transportation.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2009 Clemson, South Carolina, USA 4-8 People 2.200 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Machinery & Hand Shipping Containers Local / Abroad
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SHELTER 2.0 BY ROBERT BRIDGES
All elements of the shelter 2.0 are developed through a free-touse program that creates the necesarry components digitally. The use of digital fabrication deliberates the user to alter the shelter to ones preferences. The whole shelter is generated using a CNC (Cutting) machine, and assembled piece by piece following the provided manual. Basically, the same way IKEA does. TYPOLOGY
STACKING
$2.900 Per Unit Excl. Shipping
NOTE: All components are generated through a CNC-machine and ďŹ&#x201A;atpacked for transportation.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2010 Atlanta, Georgia, USA 4-8 People < 20 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand Timber, Currogated Metal, 2 Sheets of transparent plastic Local / Abroad
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UBER SHELTER
BY R. SMITH, A. MULIN, B. PROCTOR, B. MILIUS, J. MESSMER, A. SMITH, M. PLANT, C. ALLEN, R. GUSTAFSON, D. TARDY, S. ELIAS, B. LEBEL, P. MENDELKING
The Uber Shelter, consisting of metal structure and plastic panels, is flat-packed into three separated packages. The shelter could be utilised temporary as permanent. All parts are assembled with only a wrench, ratchet, and screwdriver. The shelter can be expanded to two storeys. TYPOLOGY
FRAME - STACK
$3.200 Per Unit Excl. Shipping
NOTE: All components are flatpacked into three packages which could be transported separately to the site in different constructing phases.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2011 Port-au-Prince, Haiti 4-10 People 3 x 400 Pounds packs
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Machinery & Hand Metal and Plastic Local / Abroad
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PAPER LOG HOUSE BY SHIGERU BAN ARCHITECTS
A foundation consisting of beer crates, walls made of paper tubes and a roof of fabric are the main and only ingredients to developing the “naked” Paper Log House. Due to the strenghte of coated compressed paper the lifespan of this shelter exceeds 20 years. However it is necessary to maintain & replace the fabric of the roof every six to nine months. TYPOLOGY
STACKING
$2.000 Per Unit Excl. Shipping
NOTE: Shipping is required when this approach needs to be implemented outside of Kobe, Japan.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
1995 Kobe, Japan 4-8 People >100 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Machinery & Hand (Compressed) Paper tubes, Beer crates and Fabric Local (in case of Japan) / Abroad
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SUPER ADOBE BY NADER KHALILI & HAMID
Creating a structure and skin for a shelter using sand is not an easy task to accomplish. However Nader Khalili developed a method, using ďŹ re, to transform sand into a durable material. Eventhough his method seems rational, the shelters are completely made of local materials and resist diďŹ&#x20AC;erent weather conditions. Furthermore a lifespan of ten years could be managed easily. TYPOLOGY
STACKING
$625 Per Unit
No Shipping Required NOTE: All materials are retrieved from the site.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
1995 Baninajar Refugee Camp, Khusestan, Iran 4-8 People Unknown
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Sandbag-and-barbed-wire method (Machinery & Hand) Sand (Earth), Use of Fire for Three-Four Days to develop the sand Local / Abroad
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HOUSING IN N. AFGHANISTAN BY ROBERT BJERRE, HARRY VAN BURIK & LEGRAND MALANY
After an earthquake in 1998 more than 30.000 people were stranded without shelter. A small group of initiators designed a house concept consisting of adobe walls with several layers of roof materials for covering. All materials to develop the house were retrieved from the site. By processing the soil a ďŹ rm material could be achieved to create the ring of walls. TYPOLOGY
STACKING
$610 Per Unit
No Shipping Required NOTE: All materials are retrieved from the site.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
1998 - 2002 Baghlan, Afghanistan 4-8 People Unknown
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand Soil Brick, Cement Morter Mix & Timber Local / Abroad
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PORTABLE
F R A M E W O R K , M O N O L I T H , S TAC K I N G & F O L DA B L E
HABIHUT BY BRUCE STERLING
The Lightweight aluminium framework and the plastic panels results into an affordable, safe, durable and more importantly a weather-resistable shelter. It can be assembled under an hour of labour. The Habihut can resist heavy winds and are flat-packed to reduce space when transported. TYPOLOGY
FRAME - STACK
$2.500 Per Unit Excl. Shipping
NOTE: All components are flatpacked, which is preferable to reduce the shipping rate.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2011 Camp Jacmel, Haiti 4-6 People < 400 Pounds
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand Hard-sided plastic panels, Aluminium Framing Local / Abroad
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REACTION HOUSING SYSTEM BY FROG DESIGN
Based on the idea of the coffee cup, McDaniel designed the stackable shelter. His vision was to create a concept, which is rapidly transportable and could provide resistance against heavy weathers The Reaction housing system provides privacy, enough resistance against different weather conditions, portability and rapid assembly. TYPOLOGY
MONOLITH
$5.000 Per Unit Excl. Shipping
NOTE: Due to its stackable shape, a great amount of units can be deployed at once.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2011 Austin, Texas, USA 4-5 People > 100 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Machinery & Hand Foam insulated sandwich panel, Thermoplastic Composite, Aluminium Structure Local / Abroad
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RECOVERY HUTS BY HARRY SKINNER
A shelter consisting of four equal sections that snap together. Several openings provide natural light and a doorway. Four anchors keep the shelter in place. The fiberglass constructions allows this particular shelter to be reused and resist different weather conditions. If a section is damaged it could be replaced easily and obviously due to the recycle-capable-material, every damaged section could be given a new life. TYPOLOGY
FOLDABLE
$1.200 Per Unit Excl. Shipping
NOTE: All components are packed and nested together during transportation.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2006 Bellingham, Washington, USA 4-6 People ± 240 Pounds
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand without any tools Fiberglass Local / Abroad
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SHELTERBOX BY TEAM SHELTERBOX
A Shelter inside a small box, which is easy to store and ship. Eventhough the size of the small box is fixed, the size of the shelter could be easily modified to an extent. This is perhaps the most portable and qualified shelter ever, due to its low-price, size and flexibility. However keep in mind that the shelterbox is not for a longterm situation. TYPOLOGY
TRANSFORMABLE
$1.000 Per Unit Excl. Shipping
NOTE: Due to its particular state, a great amount of units can be deployed at once.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2011 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 10 People 110 pounds
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand All-Weather-Tent and a variety of tool to create and maintain the shelter Local / Abroad
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SHELTER FRAME KIT BY STEVEN ELIAS & BRUCE LEBEL
A plastic framework which embraces the fabric of the tent externally. Using this method resulted into an enhancement of the support and thus the lifespan of the tent. The main advantage of the Shelter Frame Kit is transforming an ordinary sheet into a shelter. TYPOLOGY
FRAMEWORK
$500 Per Unit Incl. Shipping
NOTE: Shipping can be half the cost of the manufacturing the units, if not more.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
1983-present Various 6-8 People 30 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand USAID Sheeting Material, Plastic Framework Local / Abroad
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BOLD
BY SCOTT MULROONEY & ISAAC BOYD
Building Opportunities and Livelihoods in Darfur (BOLD) provides an easy solution with the utilisation of a breathing material, woven mats, to accomodate people in Sudan. This rare design was the result of poor ventilation and light in standard tents. Due to the hot climate this novel innovation has been established. TYPOLOGY
FRAME - MAT
$90 Per Unit
No Shipping Required NOTE: Shipping can be half the cost of the manufacturing the units, if not more
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2004-5 Darfur, Sudan 4-5 People < 20 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand Woven Mats Local / Abroad
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GLOBAL VILLAGE SHELTERS BY DANIEL A. FERRARA, JR., MIA Y. FERRARA
The strenghte, ease and ďŹ&#x201A;exibility of cardboard are supporting this shelter design. Due to the foldability, a huge volume of shelters can be transported at once in a short amount of time. However the lifespan of this concept is rather short, eventhough the designers believe to extent its lifespan from one year to seven by maintenance. The issue is greatly apparent when manifesting this shelter for thousands of people. TYPOLOGY
FOLDABLE
$400 Per Unit Excl. Shipping
NOTE: Shipping can be half the cost of the manufacturing the units, if not more.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
1995-2005 Grenada 4-6 People >50 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand Laminated Currogated Cardboard (Waterproof) Local / Abroad
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PAPER TUBE EMERGENCY SHELTER BY SHIGERU BAN ARCHITECTS
In 1994 Shigeru Ban proposed to create emergency shelter in Rwanda with his innovative paper tubes, which are not only durable but also portable. Unfortunately due to the limitations of the framework, which is quite costly for two million people, UNHCR rejected this particular design to further develop the camp. TYPOLOGY
FRAMEWORK
± $100 Per Unit No Shipping Required
NOTE: The cost of labor is not defined.
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
1998 Rwanda 6-8 People < 50 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand (Compressed) Paper tubes, Fabric Sheet Local / Abroad
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PODVILLE BY SANFORD PONDER
By stacking components a comfortable house could be erected using this method. A couple of triangular shaped segments “click” and “slide” into each and another , and therefor results into a strong shelter. The most unique feature of the Podville is that the shelter has more than enough natural light. A feature which is not really supported in most emergency shelters. TYPOLOGY
STACKING
$1.175 Per Unit Excl. Shipping
NOTE: Shipping can be half the cost of the manufacturing the units, if not more
SPECIFICATIONS Date Location Occupancy Weight
2001 Nevada, USA 4-5 People < 20 kg
Assembly Method Materials Collect
Hand Woven Mats Local / Abroad
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LIFESPAN O F A L L S H E LT E R S
26 25
HOUSING IN N. AFGHANISTAN
SUPER ADOBE
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PAPER LOG HOUSE
50>
UBER SHELTER
SHELTER 2.0
SEED
I-BEAM PALLET HOUSE
TRANSITIONAL COMMUNITY
AMOUNT OF YEARS
HOW LONG AN ESTIMATION / PREDICTION
50 50>
30 25
20 10
5
1
1
PODVILLE
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PAPER TUBE EMERGENCY SHELTERS
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GLOBAL VILLAGE SHELTERS
BOLD
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SHELTER FRAME KIT
SHELTER BOX
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RECOVERY HUTS
REACTION HOUSING SYSTEM
HABIHUT
OF ALL LIFE SPANS
IS MY LIFE?
SHELTER TYPES
MY GOAL
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5
0.8
0.5
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THE GOAL AND WHY?
The approximate stay of refugees based on a temporary conflict or disaster is roughly between 5 - 10 years. In some cases the amount of time is unknown and a “permanent” solution has to be ready. The goal is to seek, design and develop an architectural plan for a “Tempo-Permanent” situation of 20-25 years. The ultimate notion is to be prepared for a longer term in stead of changing the shelter completely after a period of time. Taking this in mind, it is essential to create the opportunity for upgrading and adapting the shelter easily to one’s need. There are two scenario’s possible for this interventions, and this is as follows: Scenerio One The owner of the shelter is the refugee. He/she can adjust and upgrade the shelter by collecting / buying the designed materials/elements. After the conflict, the owner is allowed to take the complete shelter to his/her region or country. Scenario Two The UNHCR is the owner of all shelters on the site. The refugees can upgrade and adjust the shelter once when arriving at the camp. They can utilise the designed materials/elements provided by the organisation. With a small fee the refugees are allowed to adjust the shelter later on. All shelters and materials remain the property of the UNHCR. This method could be compared to a rental property.
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LITERATURE
UTILISED TO COMPOSE THIS REPORT
Camps: A Guide to 21st-Century Space, 30 April 2009 C. Hailey (Author) Design Like You Give a Damn: Architectural Reponses to Humanitarian Crises, 10 Jul 2006 Achitecture for Humanity (Author) Design Like You Give a Damn 2: Building Change from the Ground Up, 1 May 2012 Achitecture for Humanity (Author) Earth Architecture, 5 July 2010 R. Rael (Author) From Camp to City: Refugee Camps of the Western Sahara, 25 November 2012 M. Herz (Editor) New Portable Architecture: Designing Mobile & Temporary Structures, 30 September 2014 W. Shaoqiang (Author) Urgent Architecture: 40 Sustainable Housing Solutions for a Changing World, 5 April 2013 B. Meinhold (Author)
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Notes
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T WAN A G UL 路 415 647 1 路 TH I S D OC IS PART OF THE REFUG EE CIT Y ANALYSES