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Spelled either No:ia or Nu yah depending on family preference it is the time of year to exchange baked goods on Six Nations. Its basically like a morning version of trick or treat but Six Nations community members have been doing this for many, many years. An ode to the history of Six Nations we at the TRT have compiled a special history edition for our readers. Happy New Year to everyone! PHOTO BY JAYSON KOBLUN PM42686517

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DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

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DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

What frauds lie beneath Brantford land titles By Jim Windle

BRANTFORD – The debate over whether certain Six Nation lands in Brantford were legitimately surrendered for sale or lease has brought polarized opinions, but what were the terms of those transactions as agreed to between John Brant on behalf of the Six Nations Chiefs and the Crown? That is where to begin. There were terms and conditions the Crown itself put in place for the surrender of Indian Lands. That is another misunderstanding that has been perpetuated through false education. When a question arrises over which history is true, the start point is the terms and conditions. Sale or lease, transaction approved by Six Nations or not, a survey and map created and included in the transaction, were these sales and leases actually paid for, did that money ever get to the Six Nations Trust Fund.

Since so many frauds were conducted by the Crown and government officials, just having a government stamped deed is not enough. According to the Canadian Archives document, these were the terms of sale: Sale of Indian Lands at Brantford 25th day of August 1835

We the undersigned persons do hereby agree to pay to the Honorable Commissioner of Crown Lands the sums of money set opposite the respective parcels of land in the following account of the sale of Indian Lands, as designated and described to have been sold to us, and to the account of which we have severally? Subscribed our resources — and according to the following conditions of sale. Condition of sale 1st – the highest bidder to be the purchaser, and in

case a dispute shall arise respecting any bidding, the lot shall be immediately again put up and resold. No bidder shall be permitted to retract, or to assign his or her bidding to another. 2nd – The purchase to be paid to the commissioner of Crown Lands at his office in the City of Toronto by the following instalments, viz. one quarter on or before the expiration of one week from the day of sale, and the remainder thereof by three annual instalments with interest at the rate of six percent per annum from the day of sale and no transfer of any purchase will be permitted until the full amount of purchase money and interest had be discharged.?? 3rd – The purchasers to reside on the lot purchased within six Calendar months from the date of sale and the bonafide and ____ (too dark) ____ shall be shown? to the _____ Trustees of the Six

The casino and many other buildings in downtown Brantford are built upon unsurrendered, unceded Six Nations lands. FILE PHOTO Nations Indians for the time being, before the patents from the Crown shall be issued to the purchaser. 4th – In cases where land shall be purchased on which there are improvements (as well those made by Indians as by others) the purchaser shall pay for the same upon their value being ascertained, (in case the parties differ) by arbitrators, ______ by every party interested; and if they shall disagree, by an ___ to be appointed by such arbitrator or a ___ of them, before they

shall proceed to ascertain the value of such improvements whose decision shall be final and conclusive -- the amount thereon to be paid by the purchaser to the party or parties declared to be entitled to the same, by the _____ to be made in writing of such arbitrators of them ____ at or before the expiration of one week from the day of sale. The parties in possession of such lands with improvements thereon, shall, by signifying their desire (either personally or by an agent appointed by writing), to the auc-

tioneers when the lands are put up and before the bidding commenced but not otherwise be entitled to the right of ____ of such lands as against any other person not _____ and bidding for the same. And lastly, if any purchaser shall fail to comply with all or any of the foregoing conditions, that purchasers money shall be forfeited, and the sale void, and the lands shall be liable to be re-sold at such prices and in such manner as he Trustees of the Six Nations for the time being shall deem most expedient.” Most of the original 807 acre Brantford lot sales and leases were recorded properly but, were they ever paid for? To whom? Was it a lease or a sale? These are the questions that lie beneath the Brantford Casino, Civic Centre, Earl Haig Water Park, and certain lots along South Colborne Street now under construction for the new YMCA complex.

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By Jim Windle

BRANTFORD – Joseph Brant has been accused of selling off land for his own enrichment, usually by people who have no historical anchor to attach the accusation to. By meticulously going through the Canadian Archives, it becomes clear that between 1784 and the death of Joseph Brant in 1807, deeds of sale do exist for portions of the original Haldimand Tract. The following letter was sent to Brant by the President of Canada at the time, Peter Russell. Rather than interpret the intent of this transaction through the eyes of 21st century understanding, we take you back to 1797, a time when the Crown's original intent was more clearly seen. The following document is housed in the Canadian Archives, in Ottawa.

York Government House July 3, 1797

Sir, Agreeable to the promise I made you in my letter of the 26___ I lost no time in laying before a full council the request you made to me in your letter of that Date. And I have now the pleasure to inform you that it was their unanimous opinion that the request of the Five Nations (as signified to me by you) respecting their having permission to dispose of the Lands on the Grand River agreeable to their own pleasure shall be immediately complied with, without my waiting for answers from the secretary of state to the letters I had written to him on this subject. You will therefore be pleased to inform the Five Nations in my name, that they may consider themselves at liberty in

consequence to dispose of such parts of the Land which they now possess on the Grand River as they may judge proper, for the purpose of securing an annuity to be a future provision to themselves and their posterity for ever, And that I shall be ready from time to time agreeable to their desire as signified by you to confirm by the Kings Grants under the Great Seal of this Province the free possession of any parts there of to such persons as they may dispose of them to, upon the Five Nations surrendering the same to His Majesty by such a legal instrument as the Kings Attorney General shall approve and the persons who may be Authorised by the Five Nations or their Constituted Agent to receive the Deeds therefore, paying the Fees of Office thereon, and ___ the Declaration

and taking the oaths of allegiance as proscribed by law. Having ___ the Provincial Parliament this afternoon the Chief Justice and the Members of the two Houses leave 1Athis DESIGN FILE tomorrow. But the quantity of Business I have to attend to p___ting my accompanying them, it may be some days before I can have an opportunity to return to Newark. Upon my arrival there, I shall have the pleasure of writing to you again And I have the honour to be in the mean time with regards. CONCEPT

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What’s NuYah without this Indian Cookie recipe? By Nahnda Garlow There is nothing more synonymous than Midwinter and the new year than the Indian Cookie. Its a Haudenosaunee tradition to give out these cookies to your family on the new year. Old folks say that these were made into little doll shaped cookies and given out to your fathers relatives at the New Year aka NuYah when visiting. Nowadays we just whip up a batch when we want to get fed! Happy NuYah Kahonwe! 1 cup butter or lard, softened 2 cups brown sugar 1 egg, well-beaten 1 cup buttermilk 4 1/2 cups flour 1 tsp baking powder 1/2 tsp baking soda 1/4 tsp salt 1 tsp nutmeg

‘Nu-Yah’ is fast approaching and is synonymous with Indian Donuts here on Six. This is one I am settled on although I have been known to add raisins much to my family’s dismay. This is the most basic recipe I’ve found — give it a try!

First, in a large bowl mix together:

– 2 eggs – 1 cup buttermilk – ½ cup melted butter – Next, in a smaller bowl mix together: – 1 cup sugar – 4 teaspoons baking powder – 1 ½ teaspoons salt – ½ teaspoon nutmeg

Now add the dry sugar mixture to the wet egg mixture in the large bowl. Mix it all together

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These lovely "Indian" Cookies are made with love and with raisins, the way it should be. PHOTO BY JAYSON KOBLUN In a large bowl mix together the butter, sugar, and egg. In a separate bowl, mix dry ingredients together. Add dry ingredients to butter mixture 1/2 cup at a time alternating with buttermilk. Add a little flour to make the dough workable. Transfer to a floured surface and knead a little until dough is no lon-

nice and good. Slowly mix in 4 cups of flour, ½ cup at a time (give or take ½ cup depending on how sticky the dough comes out). The dough will come together similar to scone dough. It should be tough enough to roll out but still soft. Stick the dough in the fridge for an hour. This lets all the flavours become ace. Heat about 2 inches of grape seed oil, sunflower oil or lard in a deep stainless steel frying pan or skillet on medium to medium high. Some people use canola oil, but I think it stinks. Regardless, make sure you are using a higher heat oil to fry in. If you like to use thermometers, that is about 360 F. Roll out the dough on a floured surface to about 1/2” thick. Then cut up

**stop in New Year’s Day for tradionally home made cookies and donuts until noon

ger sticky. Roll dough to about 1/2 inch thick and cut into shapes with cookie cutters. Bake at 350°F for 10-15 minutes.

NOTE: You can add raisins if you want to but usually everybody complains when you do this. I saw someone once add chocolate chips which would be delicious. Just don't add weird things like cranberries or pecans because that is too "extra" for the NuYah Indian Cookie. 892 Highway 54, Ohsweken

A good old fashioned Indian Donut recipe By Nahnda Garlow

that dough into whatever shape you want. Some people like rectangle donuts, some like circles with the holes in the middle, the old folks even used to make donut dolls. Carefully slide donuts into the oil, cooking them in small batches of about 3 or 4 at a time. When they get nice and puffy and brown on one side (which takes about a minute or two), flip them over. Make sure you are only using metal or wooden utensils. Don’t use plastic. It will melt and ruin everything. Everybody makes that mistake once I think! After both sides are done, remove from the oil and set those babies on some brown paper bags or paper towels to drain of the excess oil. Let them cool for a bit, get yourself a cup of coffee and enjoy! Nu-Yah! Nu-Yah!

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TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

Got a thought to share? Send us your letters: tworowtimes@gmail.com

OPINION

Ode to Six: In this together EDITORIAL

This year’s close is fast approaching.

2017 has covered many lives within our community in conflict, tragedy and crisis — but it has also given rise to heroes, support and togetherness. These months have offered head rushes of emotions and all we could do was hold on for the ride as a newspaper. And behind our computers we tried to cut through our own emotions to reach the real stories without losing ourselves within them.

As a newspaper we have watched this community change and alter, grow and evolve much like the seasons within the year. The world of media has evolved within this span of 12 months as well, so we too have changed in the same way. And sometimes, we have to cover stories that we wish we weren't assigned to and other times we get the chance to share stories that resonate strength within us.

But the one thing that remains constant is that we are here with you, the people of our community. And what we are thankful for is that while we watch this community and read and write about it, the community doesn't get to ask us how many cups of coffee we've had.

Or why there are pens and papers scattered all about our desks and on the floor. Or why our eyes are so red from staring at our com-

puter screens on production day.

Or how many hours of sleep we didn’t get because we needed to meet a deadline.

Or why there are so many chocolate bars hidden in our drawers for a quick sugar fix. Perhaps our line of work isn't the prettiest of all, but we sure hope that when you see it and read it that it looks pretty darn close. We're in this together.

This year has also taught us that our relationship to this community is more than symbiotic – we learn from these stories as we experience and write them. And for things that we feel are needed to be common knowledge within this community that happen within Indian Country, we try to stitch together for you so that you can become aware as we have.

letters

No Hustle, No bustle By Quin Staats

We all live under pressure. In one way or another, each one of us is bound to feel an obligation to something that must be fulfilled. Whether we do these things willingly while not wanting to, or robotically without knowing why — humans hustle and bustle most days of our lives, and especially every winter. ''Tis the season!” Running around, rushing to meet deadlines, preparing for end of year, and often putting everyone else's needs before our own as we shift to the final cycle of the year and a fresh start to the new year. Maybe not all do this hus-

tling and bustling against their will, but there's no debating or escaping the season of “giving”. We cannot forget to give to ourselves as well, and really dissect the lines that define what giving really means. In my eyes, were sitting in the season of No Hustle No Bustle (though I fall victim to the giving as well). Simply put: we are a part of Nature! Too often I have to remind myself to constantly observe the Natural World around me, and to follow her lead. During this time of year I feel overloaded mentally, physically and financially. Although I'm “obligated” to a

certain amount of hustle and bustle myself, my emotions seem to be the biggest job to do during this time. I began to wonder — is it the overload that has me stressing? Or is it the disconnect with Nature? Perhaps I need to take cue and sync my energies to the ones all around me. Rest. Reflect. Just put it all on hold for a little while. Keep the spirit of giving but also make like a tree; just chill out until it's time to start moving again. The snow won't stop until Nature decides, and spring won't come any quicker — so bundle up and hunker down.

We have a TV winner!

And as a part of the community, do not second-guess yourself.

Many times we wish that we did not have to have the barriers of a word count, just so that we could reiterate your story in the best of ways, but your stories are more often than not inspiring to those around you and we are thankful to be chosen as a vessel in which you shared them.

PHOTO: Miranda Hill filled out a ballot at the Six Nations Marketplace for the 65" TV and won! Her sons name is Abel and they were very happy to win.

Thank you for 2017, Six Nations.

TRT PHOTO

Volume 5, Issue 19

Publisher: Jonathan Garlow News Editor: Jayson Koblun Arts & Culture Editor: Chezney Martin Oneida Business Park Suite 124 Senior Writer & Sports Editor: Jim Windle Outreach Editor: Nahnda Garlow Web Manager: Benjamin Doolittle 50 Generations Drive, Box 1 Head of Production: Dave LaForce GRAPHIC DESIGNERS SEND RESUMES TO TWOROWTIMES@GMAIL.COM Ohsweken, ON N0A 1M0 Advertising Sales Co-ordinator: Marshall Lank Advertising Sales: Tiff Thomas Advertising Sales: Rachel Binek Make advertising cheques payable to:

Garlow Media

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Main office: (519) 900-5535 Editorial: (519) 900-6241 Advertising: (519) 900-6373 For advertising information: ads@tworowtimes.com General inquiries: tworowtimes@gmail.com Website: www.tworowtimes.com

DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

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For all of the Word of the Week submissions this year. Here are a few of our most popular submissions and the Two Row Times is looking forward to learning with you again in 2018!

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My name is Rod Whitlow. I am a seventh-generation grandson of Haudenosaunee Pine Tree Chief, Thayendanegea, (Captain Joseph Brant). I am a member of the Kanien'kehá:ka and citizen of the Six Nations Indian reserve near Brant’s Ford, Ontario, Canada. On this day, Human Rights Day 2017, I respectfully bring your attention to the water crisis in my home community, Six Nations Indian reserve. Despite being situated in the heart of the largest freshwater basin in the world, that being the Great Lakes, the majority of households in Canada’s largest First Nations community encounter third world conditions when it comes to access to clean potable drinking water. The vast majority of homes rely on dug wells which go dry throughout the year. Warmer summers and dryer winters have become the norm and climate change predictions signal a dire future when it comes to water security. Many households must rely on trucked water year-round to fill dry wells and cisterns. Still other households rely on untreated rainwater to fill cisterns to flush toilets, and sadly to bath. Many families in the community have spent a lifetime of hardship when it comes to access to water, a basic human right. Sadly, water poverty has become a way of life. The politicians are quick to refer a state of the art water treatment plant which takes water from the Grand River and pipes potable treated water to a very small portion of community homes, only those located in the village of Ohsweken. Between 2015 and 2016, Human Rights Watch (HRW) conducted a study primarily specific to water quality issues in 5 Ontario First Nations. Six Nations

was one of the communities. The study examined poor water quality impacts to health, hygiene, sanitation, at-risk cohorts, caregivers, low-come families, culture, and housing. The 2016 HRW Report, “Make it Safe: Canada’s Obligation to End the First Nations Water Crisis”, is available on-line. So, while the focus of this and other studies has been on water quality, long-standing water quantity issues are rarely discussed. The government of Ontario continues to allow commercial water bottling companies, some with an expired permit, to draw millions of litres of groundwater across Ontario. Further, the province conveniently renewed bulk water-taking permits to multi-national, conglomerate, commercial, for profit, water companies before implementing a two (2) year moratorium, (with but one year remaining). Ontario has been forthright about scientific, hydro-geological, climatic uncertainty, yet their water permit policies continue to allow for groundwater exploitation. One of these commercial companies continues to operate within the Grand River watershed, thereby impacting the water rights of the Six Nations people, as per the Haldimand Deed of 1784. The UN Human Rights Council Resolution 15/9 of September 2010 states that the right to sanitation entitles everyone, without discrimination, to “have physical and affordable access to sanitation, in all spheres of life, that is safe, hygienic, secure, and socially and culturally acceptable and that provides privacy and ensures dignity.” As with the right to water, the right to sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living. As such, it is UNACCEPTABLE that generations of residents of Six Nations have had to endure health, hygienic,

sanitation, socio-cultural and economic hardships relating to water security that other mainstream societies in Ontario have never had to encounter. In the 2002 Walkerton Inquiry Report, Chapter 15, Part II, Justice O’Connor stated, “There is no justification for permitting lower public health standards for some residents of Ontario than those enjoyed by others. Members of First Nations are also residents of Ontario. There can be no justification for acquiescing in the application of a lesser public health standard on certain residents of Ontario than that enjoyed by others in the province. This is especially true when there is ample evidence that the water provided in First Nations communities falls well short of the standards of safety and adequacy that are considered acceptable in other parts of the province. So sadly, 15 years later, the struggle continues. The community is no closer to a barrier-free solution for equal access for all residents to the basic human needs for water. The pursuit of equality, justice, righteousness and survival marches on. Nia-wen kowa to the United Nations, Human Rights Watch and other environmental justice groups for support and solidarity in keeping the global, regional and local water security crisis realities faced by Indigenous communities in the forefront of all local, regional and international discussions. In peace and friendship, skennen Rod Whitlow Rakshótha, Thayendanegea Kanien'kehá:ka Six Nations

DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

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sixnations.dpil@gmail.com

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DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

Mush hole Letter: Education meant to even the road By Jim Windle with files

The residential school system was a terrible period of time in Canada’s history and a lot of people are now becoming aware of it. But there was a time when Joseph Brant may have may not have been aware of the abuses. Although the objective was always the same — total assimilation and the cultural genocide of a recognizable people — most of the allegations of the many abuses and atrocities against Indigenous children came later. The following is a report from 1845. The word "Indian" is used in its historical (racist) context. Open letter published in a Canadian paper — maybe the Currier June 1845 A Visit to the Indian Institute, Mohawk, Near Brantford this morning, accompanied by Mrs. Nelles, I visited this interesting institution, which occupies what was the

site of the Mohawk Village. It is pleasantly seated, a structure capable of containing 100 children of both sexes, with accommodation for Superintendent and family and teachers, and will, when the out-buildings are completed, from quite an imposing building. At present there are upwards to 60, of both sexes, training for future usefulness; ; the boys as farmers and mechanics; in age varying from 17 to 7. The system of education is the manual labour. Each inmate in rotation as at the plough, or in the workshop, or in the school; whilst the time of the girls is divided between the labours of the house and mental improvement; there, the refining, elevating power of music is brought to bear, and some are studying the piano. This, however, is after labour, and is held as the reward if industry. I saw a youth, of perhaps 15, ploughing, which

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would not have discredited a man, his furrows were straight and well laid. I noticed this and he seemed pleased. Er enter the building from the front by a flight of steps, and are introduced to the comfortable apartments of Mr Ashton by Mrs. A. After a while we visited the senior school, under the charge of Mr. Barefoot, himself an Indian, but a student of the Normal School. All are engaged, some writing, others studying geography. Here is nothing different from what would be seen in a well-organized white school. Order and diligence prevail. Mr. A., the General Superintendent, meets us here, and courteously shows us the working if the school. Mr. A. Has a devoted life — now about 40 years — to the teaching and training of youth at home, and has been sent out by the Company which has now so long been a friend of the Brit-

ish North American Indian. Evidently the choice is a wise one. Mr. A. is the right man in the place. He seems to have discovered the peculiarities of the Indian mind, and to have applied his former experience of youth in this case with a success quite equal to the four years of his incumbency of the office. His object, plainly, is to raise the red man’s to an elevation so that he may successfully compete with the white in the struggle of life. Here is duty. It is not for nought; mush less is it for the selfishness of the prevailing white that these children of theorist remain among us, seeming dependents where once they were masters. Provinces have left them to test our discharge of duty, whist weighing our obligations to the God and Father of the red and white alike. The question must be met and answered: “Shall our Indian brother and sister be a weakness or a

strength in our social system? Does not their and our best interest points to the path of wisdom, as seen in efforts like this Institute? We will not let you sink. We need your help in working out our national destiny. We will use you as an integral portion of the materials to your hands; and you, together with us, shall enjoy the rewards of success.” I put it to Mr. A. And his answer was — “I find the Indian mind quite equal to the white, except in energy.” Here is fails; and surely a remedy can be discovered. What has made the once painted Briton physically and mentally what he is; can in fullness of time, change the red man into a very different being from what he is. You may not take an essential change; but what long civilization and religion has done for the one must greatly influence the other. And, judging from the effects already produced, the In-

dian’s friend has struck out a course suited to his present state — a composite education, having regard to body and mind — that roving body, that listless mind — which, if diligently pursued, will end in success. The Indian must be taught self-reliance. He must be made to feel that to be always in the nursery — always fed from the Whitman’s table — is good for neither the one nor the other. He must feel that he is a man among men, and must no longer be a child; but, as a recognized man, to take upon himself the responsibilities of station and discharge them like any other in the same condition. And if he fail, and that failure is attributable to myself and not to [unreadable] circumstances beyond his control, he must be [unreadable] to consequences. The pampering and [unreadable] must cease in the Indian is not to be a thing or a chattel, but a man, like

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DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

Red Jacket’s speech to President Peter Russell From Canadian Archives

The following is a manuscript originally hand written but later typed and rechecked by government typists before being filed in the Canadian Archives in Ottawa. In reading old documents there are a few hints to help understand the intent. For reasons we are still trying to understand, there is a government style of capitalizing the first two letters of some words. Below is verbatim including these double capitals and even spelling errors are as they appear. (Sic). To underscore each point being addressed, a wampum, or beaded string, was given the listener as a memorial of what was discussed. Of the FIve Nations to His HOnor Peter Russell Esq. President in answer to His Speech delivered to them in Council on THursday the 27 July

1797. Thagoyeghwatha, called Red Jacket Of the Seneca Nation Speaker Brother – We have listened to what you said to us Yesterday and considered it seriously. Brother – YOu was pleased to give us a full explanation concerning the new arrangements of the Indian Department in answer to our speech delivered by the Farmers Brother last month, that might remover our doubts and uneasiness on that subject. Brother – YOu said that when the two Canadas formed but one Province the INdian concerns in this part were managed by the officer commanding His Majesty's Warriors in it, and the SUperintendants. Brother – YOu also stated the tedious delays business met with this in this arrangement on account of the great distance from Head Quarters, where all matters of

importance were obliged to be carried and which might cause disappointments, and that our Father the King having taken into consideration this inconveniency which it had been long wished to remedy, has now made the new arrangement that you are commanded to take charge of the whole Indian concerns in this quarter; and you also said that he King our Great Father by so doing, as it even brought us nigher (nearer??) to his person, as ___ ___ __ in a manner fact to face, and that we could have an answer to any thing without sending to so great a distance as formerly, as in your person we saw the representative of the King. Brother – For this cause, and that we might remover all uneasiness, and not listen to bad Birds, you said the King is too well satisfied with the conduct of our Friend SIr JOhn Johnson for to have him removed and

the SUperintendents under him; and you said the council fire is still to be kept up in the old place, and also the … ____ Brother – Your assurances that the King regard and Friendship for us will never cease. That his friendship will be always clear and the COvenant Chain kept bright; and that the only difference we will experience in this change will be in the attention and pleasure you will have in listening to whatever we might propose. Brother – We give you thanks for the candid information you have given us A large Bunch of Wampum. Brother – We are happy to find by the whole tenor of your speech that the Covenant Chain will be brighter than ever ___ ___ ___ ___ Face to Face with the King our Father; any ___ we may have to do or any thing we may have to say will now be decided and settled in a moment.

Brother – As we ever have been well satisfied in every respect what __ with our Friend John JOhnson, as well as with his Father SIr WIlliam JOhnson, and this more particularly as His Father and himself ever fought the same Battles with us, and always shared the same fate as ourselves, we could not help but feel ourselves much hurt when we heard of a change and we supposed if this should be true, there would be an end to the pursuing our old Customs, as well as to our Friendship and regard. Brother – We hope however that matters are not so settled that there will in future be no occasion to say, we must wait to sent or hear across the Great Waters, and we have good reason from your explanation to think that we will be happier as business will now be carried on immediately at our own fires, which must be more to

our satisfaction. Brother – We cannot help repeating that as all our business will be settled here (however satisfied we may have been heretofore) that every thing will be done now to much the more to our satisfaction _(and the)__ delays will be removed and we are now as it were immediately in the presence of the King our Great Father He therefore cannot but expect that any thing to be done for us now must exceed what has been done heretofore, when he was at so great a distance as across the Great Water. Otherwise the change will not be considered by us in so favorable a light Brother – We hope you would not supposed that we would interfere with the MOvements or Arrangements of his King our Great Father, but as they immediately relate to ourselves. Brother – The dividing CONTINUED ON PAGE 21

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DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

But who was J.C. Hill? By Jim Windle

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SIX NATIONS — After 35 years in education, Dr. J.C. Hill retired on February 11, 1974, from his position as District Superintendent of Schools on the Six Nations Reserve. Dr. Hill is credited with a great advance in educational techniques and results for Indian children. His work led to the development of a curriculum based on the experiences and backgrounds of the children themselves. Born on the Six Nations Reserve in 1914, Dr. Hill received his first education there at No.9 School, then completed the elementary grades in Hamilton. He returned to the reserve to finish his high school education in Hagersville. After a year at Normal School in Hamilton,

Dr. Joseph C. Hill. FILE PHOTO Joseph Hill came back to teach on the New Credit Reserve, and then, after four years, became Principal of No.11 School on the Six Nations. Dr. Hill received the honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Western Ontario in 1976 and the Ontario Education Association

Centennial Award in 1980. He was honoured by his own people when they made him an honourary Chief of all the Six Nations Tribes. In June, 1973, Dr. Hill was named a member of the Order f Canada, which was presented by Governor General Roland Mitchner at Rideau Hall.

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TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

Mush hole letter from page 10 other men. But I return to my impressions from what I saw. So far as such a passing visit would enable me to judge, the habits of neatness, order and self-respect inculcated (sic) were received with equal aptness as in the like class of whites. In the school there answering was quite equal. So, in writing. The ease with which they caught the meaning of a question of address was great. They delight in singing, have naturally sweet, harmonious voices. Mr. Ashton has adapted the Hullah system to his pupils, and with a good measure of success, judging from the specimen given. Two or three hymns were very accurately rendered and with much affect. Whether the growing practice of Indian concerts is calculated to advance him in morals, and in self-respect, is a question for his best friend to consider. Doubtless their professed object is good, but has it answered; is it likely to answer its profession! We visit the boy’s dormitory—it is neatness

and comfort combined. The rooms without doors, so as to give the freest currency to the air. Each boy with his own bed made the apartment the very home of healthy sleep. I visited the dining room. The hour of the day, which, to hungry youth, is associated with sensations, best understood by youth, is near, the tables are spread with weapons of war, soon to be skillfully handed, which into reduce plenty to scarcity, by changing hunger to satiety. It was soup day; and the boiler on the eve of his last duty, showed anything in preparation but soup meagre, not having received an invitation to dine I am not able to speak from experience. After our visit to the main building we are to the manufactory of “hurdles.” This mode of fencing the farm has been rendered necessary, from parts of it lying along the Grand River and its periodical floods. But as timber becomes scarce and consequently dear, this or some other mode of the kind, will be rendered necessary. The boys are

taught by an experienced mechanic to put them together; from the quickness, with which they acquire the art, may be argued the taste of the Indian for mechanics. I will only add, lest I should occupy too large a space; and weary your readers, that Miss Fisher has a secondary education department. As we enter she is teaching some 20 of both sexes of an age ranging from 15 to five r six, simple addition and multiplication, they are tried in, and acquit themselves far better than what I would have expected; Since figures is not the Indian’s forte. However, I saw nothing of any peculiar difficulty, which cannot bereaved by persevering study and application. In the department of numbers, as well as in any other branch of science, the Indian youth now, having a fair field without favour, may compete except it be his own fault, with his equals of every nationality for the prize of this Dominion with every hope of success.

By TRT staff

ment of Indian Affairs was common practice here at Six Nations and at other reserves across Canada. This document allows Edward Yahyahkee Root (or Koot), Indian number 125, of

the Beardy’s Band the permission to leave the reserve for a two-week hunting trip to feeds family. PHOTO FROM CANADI-

File no. DSCF5334.

Off-reserve passes were a real thing apparently

It may be hard to believe for younger generations but there was a time when leaving the reserve without the specific direction of the Depart-

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DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

We hope you love a little bolder, laugh a little louder, stand a little taller, be a little braver, dream a little bigger, and make the world a little brighter. HAPPY NEW YEAR FROM THE STAFF AT TWO ROW TIMES. WE APPRECIATE ALL OUR READERS AND WISH YOU NOTHING BUT THE BEST IN 2018!

TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

NatioN News all our relations.

Indigenous woman's liver Results of Nunavut cannabis assessed after outcry over survey released to public earlier transplant refusal By TRT staff

The Canadian Press OTTAWA — A young Inuk woman suffering from acute liver failure is being assessed at an organ transplant centre in Toronto after her family from Labrador launched a campaign to overturn earlier refusals to put her on a transplant waiting list. According to friends and family, doctors had told Delilah Saunders she was not eligible to go on a waiting list in Ontario because the advocate for Indigenous rights had not abstained from alcohol for a minimum of six months. However, her younger brother said Friday she was transferred from The Ottawa Hospital late Thursday to the University Health Network, where she is undergoing tests at the transplant clinic. Garrett Saunders said his sister's condition seems to be improving, and he said doctors told him they are assessing whether her liver is showing signs of recovery. ``Basically ... they are going to do a couple of tests to see where she's at and see how necessary it would be for a liver transplant and see if she's eligible,'' said the 22-year-old younger brother, who was with her at the hospital. Garrett Saunders said doctors have told him ``the liver is not signifi-

cantly better, but it's seeing improvement.'' The 26-year-old women was admitted to The Ottawa Hospital on Saturday, and friends and family members have said during the early days of her treatment they were told she didn't meet criteria for the transplant program as she hadn't remained sober for the previous six months. Transplant physicians have said the six-month abstinence policy is widely applied in Canada and abroad, in part because there is research showing that some alcoholics resume drinking after a transplant, leading to liver failure or damage. Dr. Atul Humar, director of transplantation at the University Health Network, has said that up to 30 per cent of those on the waiting list for a liver typically die while waiting for a donor. He said an acute shortage of organs is one of the reasons that doctors need to determine if a patient can stop drinking before they enter the waiting list. ``There's a huge shortage of livers here and across the country,'' he said. The doctor has also said that livers are resilient organs, and if a patient can abstain from alcohol, the organ may recover to the point where a transplant isn't necessary.

He said he was speaking in general, and was not referring specifically to the Saunders case. Garrett said if the transplant remains necessary, the abstinence policies shouldn't exclude his sister from the list. The sibling said his sister has made concerted efforts to stop drinking, and had been sober four months before a relapse that occurred after she delivered difficult testimony before the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. ``She was on a waiting list to be accepted into another treatment program to deal with all the stuff she was going through and as a result of sitting on that list for so long, she had nobody to turn to and it all spiralled out of control for her,'' he said. ``It feels incredibly wrong. ... It feels criminal.'' Amnesty International issued a statement supporting Delilah's Saunders' inclusion on the waiting list, and praised her for her work advocating for the human rights of Innu and other Indigenous women. Saunders began advocating for the rights and missing and murdered indigenous women following the murder of her sister Loretta in 2014 in Halifax.

NUNAVUT – Minister of Finance David Akeeagok released the results of the Government of Nunavut (GN) online cannabis survey on December 15. “Our newly elected government must make important policy decisions in the next few months, before the Government of Canada legalizes the recreational use of cannabis in July 2018,” said Minister Akeeagok. “The survey responses helped us understand what

Nunavummiut think about the issue, and will guide us in our work to regulate cannabis in Nunavut.” Between August 22 and September 22, 2017, more than 1,400 Nunavummiut responded to the 26-question survey. The survey’s key findings show that respondents: – mostly favor legalizing cannabis – have different views on how smoked and nonsmoked cannabis products should be used in public – have different views on

who should distribute and sell cannabis – think the GN should set the legal age at 19 – want the GN to focus most on fighting the illegal market and researching the impacts of cannabis use – want to be more informed about the impacts of cannabis use The GN will continue seeking input from Nunavummiut on cannabis legalization in early 2018 through public consultations in all three regions.

grass reserve and in town for decades and are well known for their work with the local minor hockey team, she said. They go to Canadian Tire often to shop for gardening supplies or things for their vehicle and have never had an experience like this. Gordon Albert said the suggestion that he would steal makes no sense. ``I make enough money that I can buy whatever I want. I don't have to go that route,'' he said. Canadian Tire said in a statement that staff asked to inspect Albert's belongings, as they normally would when an alarm goes off. They determined that the sensor was triggered by something they had bought elsewhere. ``Recent conversations between the store and Mr. Albert and his family have been positive and productive, and the store considered the matter to have been resolved,'' the company said. Albert said the store manager called to apologize the next day. ``He said 'sorry, sorry sorry.' I said 'that's not going to help,''' he said.

He said he told the manager that Canadian Tire had been one of his favourite stores in North Battleford. Albert said he won't shop there again. But he said he can also understand why the store would want to crack down on theft. Deryk Albert said he got a call from the manager, too. ``He said, 'It wasn't a race thing' and I said, 'It was a race thing,''' he said. It was embarrassing to have everyone in the store looking at them, he said. ``It just offended me ... I was pretty upset all that day.'' The Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations, which represents 74 First Nations in Saskatchewan, said the retail industry needs a wake-up call. ``The family is still considering their options, but at the very least, I am recommending that they file a human rights complaint,'' said Chief Bobby Cameron. Gordon Albert said he's not keen on doing that. ``I'm kind of forgetting about it,'' he said. ``Why cry over spilled milk?''

Indigenous elder humiliated The Canadian Press

NORTH BATTLEFORD, SK — A First Nations elder says he was humiliated when an employee searched him at a Canadian Tire store in Saskatchewan earlier this week. ``They really, really embarrassed us,'' said Gordon Albert, 78, of the Sweetgrass First Nation Thursday. ``They thought that since we're native we'd steal something.'' Albert was in North Battleford shopping for a gift with his wife Marlene and son Deryk on Monday, but they didn't find what they were looking for. The anti-theft sensor by the door beeped as they left and an employee stopped them and asked him to take off his coat, his wife said. ``That lady took his cigarettes out, took his phone out. She was just going through his pockets,'' she said. ``He said, 'What else do you want me to take off? My clothes?''' The employee never explicitly accused her husband of stealing, but the encounter was upsetting, she said. The couple have been driving buses on the Sweet-

TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

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DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

SPORTS

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Canadian ref chosen for World Indoor Lacrosse Championship By CLA NEW YORK – The Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL) has selected veteran Canadian men’s lacrosse official Brent McCauley to be the referee in chief (RIC) for the 2019 FIL World Indoor Lacrosse Championship (WILC). Canada will host the quadrennial event Sep. 19 to 28, 2019, at the Langley Events Centre in Langley, British Columbia. “I would like to thank the FIL for the tremendous honour to be chosen as the RIC for the 2019 FIL World Indoor Lacrosse Championship. I’m looking forward to working with my colleagues to provide the best, fairest officiating we can at this championship,” McCauley said. The referee in chief is responsible for guiding all FIL referees and assessors in all officiating matters regarding performance before and throughout a championship event requiring extensive understanding and demonstrated application of FIL indoor rules and interpretations as well as strong practical and theoretical knowledge to evaluate and advise the event referees and assessors in real time. “Brent brings a wealth of experience to the

McCauley, 55, served as assessor for the 2011 FIL World Indoor Lacrosse Championship in Prague, Czech Republic and the 2015 WILC hosted by the Onondaga Nation in Syracuse, New York. WILC,” said Tom Sutton, chair of the FIL men’s officiating committee. “Being involved in the last two World Indoor Championships will greatly assist Brent transitioning to RIC position for the 2019 games. I look forward to working with him.” McCauley, 55, served as assessor for the 2011 FIL World Indoor Lacrosse Championship in Prague, Czech Republic and the 2015 WILC hosted by the Onondaga Nation in Syracuse, New York. He has officiated junior through major box lacrosse in Canada for more than 25 years including, three Founder's Cups (Canadian

Jr. B Championship), three Minto Cups (Canadian Jr. A Championship), two Presidents Cups (Canadian Sr. B Championship), one Mann Cup (Canadian Sr. A Championship) and the 2007 World Indoor Lacrosse Championship in Halifax, Nova Scotia. McCauley served as the RIC for three Founder’s Cups, three Minto Cups and two President’s Cups. He also was chair of officiating for the CLA for six years through 2016. Steve O’Shaugnessy, CLA director of domestic development, was delighted by the FIL’s decision. “The Canadian Lacrosse Association is

very pleased that Brent McCauley has been selected by the Federation of International Lacrosse as the referee in chief for the world indoor championship in Langley,” said O’Shaughnessy. “Brent’s vast experience at the national level, where he has served as both an official and as the referee in chief at multiple national championships, combined with his involvement as an official and assessor at the past three world championships, make him the ideal candidate for this position.” According to Andrew Corbould, CLA chair of officiating, “Brent has a breadth of experience at all levels of box lacrosse. He has officiated for many years, and his work behind the scenes as a clinician and supervisor at the national and international level are key reasons he was recommended for the position. We know that he will continue the strong leadership presence Canadians have contributed on the international stage in leading the officiating team in Langley. On behalf of all Canadian lacrosse officials, I would like to congratulate Brent on being selected as RIC.” McCauley grew up and resides in Brampton, Ontario, with his wife, Lori. He has a daughter, Payton.

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As busy on the ice as the Anaheim Ducks have been this month, they still find time to visit as many kids at the Anaheim Six Kids Hospital as the can. Brandon Montour and a few of his friends had gifts for the kids, posed for hundreds of selfies and autographed all kinds of things as well. SUPPLIED PHOTO

Montour making a difference on and off the ice By Jim Windle ANAHEIM – It’s been a little while, but Six Nations defenceman Brandon Montour broke a mini-skid of four games without a point, by earning an assist on Richard Rakell’s goal at 18:45 of the third period, which tied the game and sent it into overtime. Montour got one of his blistering snapshots off with John Gibson on the Ducks bench for an extra man, and down 4-3. Rakell pounced on the rebound the game was tied at 4-4.

Then, at 4:03 of the extra square, Hampus Lindholm completed his first NHL hat-trick with the game winner. The Ducks have a lot of work to clean up before the New Year. Next up for Montour and the Ducks will be the Pittsburg Penguins, Saturday afternoon before taking a short 3-day Christmas break and coming back for Wednesday Dec. 27 to host the Vegas Vikings and the Calgary Flames Friday, Dec. 29th and Arizona Coyotes, Sunday afternoon, Dec. 31st.

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DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

ACE

Answering unasked questions about slavery By Chezney Martin Indigenous people aren’t often the first to come to mind when talking about slavery. For a long period of time Western society has more or less pinned Native American nations and tribes as people that lost their land through colonization, and today try to pick fights and protests. To top it off, when thinking about slavery it is even easier to think of cotton fields and confederates in the U.S., and to think of Canada as the saving side of the Underground Railroad. But slavery in Canada isn’t as untainted as many would like to think. It’s hard to count just how many Native American people were enslaved by Europeans, as many accounts of Native enslavement in the colonial period were left without a paper trail for being illegal. But, historians have come up with estimates. Between 1670 and 1715, more Native Americans were exported into slavery than Africans were imported through Charleston, South Carolina. It is estimated that roughly two to four million Native American people from the North and South may have been enslaved over the centuries that slavery took lead — this is a much larger number than previously thought. But, even though it is not at the level of African enslavement — which brought 10 million slaves to the Americas — if the late 1600s are looked over it is easy to see that there had been more enslaved Native Americans than enslaved Africans in the Americas at that time. However, this isn't a contest of who had more;

Illustration by Lisa Larson-Walker. Photos via Library of Congress and Wikimedia Commons. the numbers simply allow a perspective. There was a much smaller percentage of enslaved people in Canada, be they Native American or African, than there were in the U.S. The U.S. had such a dependence upon slaves that the country also caused an influx of some of the worst treatment for them — selected “breeding,” abusive overseers and much more. But this is not to say that the treatment of slaves in Canada

was better. Unlike any slavery amongst Native American and African people prior to European contact, none can compare to the separation, alienation and dehumanization of the exploitative nature of European slavery. European slavery was also based upon race, and troublesome slaves were often met with severe punishment including physical and sexual abuse. But Native American

people are not exempt either. In the prime of slavery and trade as well, it was common for more powerful Native American nations and tribes to be persuaded to hunt other nations and tribes to be traded into slavery in exchange for food, goods and wares — especially in the winter months. Slaves often escaped slavery themselves by running away from “masters” and assisting others to do the same. By 1777 a number of former slaves

escaped Canada by fleeing to Vermont, which had abolished slavery in the same year; as by the end of the century attitudes towards slavery among the free population had begun to shift. In 1833, human enslavement was abolished by the entirety of the British Empire, making it illegal to sell, trade or buy human beings and thus ending the transatlantic trade. Some jurisdictions in Canada had already taken measures

to restrict or end slavery by that time, by 1833 British Colonies in North America had become a safe haven for escaped slaves in the U.S. The complexity of Native American slavery and it's influence upon Canadian and American history will never be black and white – just as no two distinctive Native American nation or tribe will ever be the same. But it should also not be excluded.

TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 27TH, 2017

Red Jacket speech from page 11 the INdian Department is a matter opposite to our customs, and by that means our chain of correspondence may in the end be broken; it is therefore against our interest, as we are in a manner separated from our Brethren in Lower Canada. Brother – You have expressed to us in the clearest manner that our Brother Sir John JOhnson is not removed from us, nor are the Deputy Super-

intendants in which case we shall pursue our Former Customs and Transactions ANd therefore we will now send Deputies?? down to Sir John JOhnson concerning the business of this new arrangement, and our wishes to have a COnference with the Lower Canada Indians. Brother – We hope that you would listen to the many wicked Birds that may fly round your Ears, and we would have you

to believe that our forefathers ever were and that we ourselves are capable of acting for ourselves, and that we are even true to our Engagements; --We therefore hope you will put confidence in our speeches, and we will always be as candid to you that when we have any thing to say we ourselves will make it known to you. A Bunch of Wampum.

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22 34

TWO ROW TIMES TWO ROW TIMES

HEALING NATIONS

Naturally...

DECEMBER 27TH, 2017 DECEMBER 20TH, 2017

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Interesting facts in old documents Frank Oliver, a journalist who became Superintendent of Indian Affairs, stated in the House of Commons of Canada in 1914 what his Liberal Government at the time felt about its relationship with Six Nations, when he said: â&#x20AC;&#x153;But there are band of Six Nations Indians located on the Grand River in Ontario who, I maintain, are in a different legal position from any Indian bands who are native of this country. These Indian bands on the Grand River had their original home in the United States. At the close of the war of the revolution they emigrated to Canada and were given lands under

Frank Oliver, Superintendent of Indian Affairs during early 20th century.

a special treaty, not as subjects of Great Britain, but as allies of Great Britain, and I maintain that the holding of theseSix Nations Indians on the Grand River is of such a kind that this parliament has no right to interfere with it. I admit that parliament has the power to interfere with the rights of Indians under treaty made with this government, but I say that this parliament has not right to interfere with a treaty made between the imperial government and Six Nations Indians.â&#x20AC;? The same statement was re-quoted years later in the House Commons in 1951. That was not a mistake

or an off the cuff remark. Oliver made this statement to the Chiefs of the Grand River years earlier in 1909 after being asked for a definitive position on their land and relationship to the Crown.

Dear Sir: The letter of the Council of the Six Nations dated February 23, 1909 which was read to me in the presence of the Deputy Super Intendant-General on March 25th by Chief A.G. Smith, is before me, and I beg to reply in the terms of our conversation of that date so that my reply can be recorded. It is the policy of the Canadian government, as I understand it to rec-

ognize the relations with the Sis Nations of the Grand River as being on a different footing from those with any the other Indians of Canada. The Six Nations Indians of the Grand River came came to Canada under Special Treaty as the allies of Great Britain, and the policy of the Canadian government is to deal with them having that fact always in view. It is no part of the intention of the Department to take any official action except through the recognized tribal authority of the Six Nations. Frank Oliver

TWO TWO ROW ROW TIMES TIMES

DECEMBER DECEMBER 27TH, 27TH, 2017 2017

CLUES ACROSS 1. Sharp pain 5. Military hats 11. Software app on a network (abbr.) 14. Genus of freshwater mussels 15. Continent 16. Afghani monetary unit 17. Recovered 19. Ribonucleic acid 20. Refers to end of small intestine 21. Ethiopia’s largest lake 22. Hostelry 23. Defunct American automaker 25. Denotes origin by birth or descent 27. Part of a watch 31. Stare with mouth open wide 34. Found in granite 35. Competing 38. Stone film “__ Given Sunday” 39. Junction between two nerve cells 41. Greek goddess of the dawn 42. Fight 44. Thin, narrow piece of wood or metal 45. Ribosomal ribonucleic acid 46. Type of kitchenware 49. Specialty of The Onion 51. Major Mexican river 55. Kilometers per hour 56. Species of mackerel 60. Bones 61. Interest rate 62. New York Mets legend 64. 19th letter of Greek alphabet 65. Shawl 66. Gracefully thin 67. Type of deciduous tree 68. Not classy 69. Taro corm or plant CLUES DOWN 1. Jewish festival 2. Anoint 3. More pleasant 4. Type pf painting 5. Witness 6. Harm

23 23

ARIES – Mar 21/Apr 20 You may be operating on some false information, Aries. It’s better to get the facts before going forward in the coming days. You may end up changing directions midweek.

TAURUS – Apr 21/May 21 Taurus, if you are feeling upset because someone is getting more attention than you, you may need to focus your thoughts elsewhere. Think of what makes you special. GEMINI – May 22/Jun 21 Your emotions may be all over the map in the coming days, Gemini. The secret is to surround yourself with people who will guide you in the right direction.

7. Builder of Arantea (Greek myth.) 8. City in India 9. Used to unlock cans 10. Induces sleep 11. More bouncy 12. A branch of Islam 13. White (French) 18. Legal term 24. Covered with frost 26. Hengyang Nanyue Airport 28. Wash 29. Disorder of the scalp 30. North American tree 31. Helps cars run 32. Mandela’s party 33. Aromatic plant of the daisy family 36. Negative

Answers for December 27, 2017 Crossword Puzzle

CANCER – Jun 22/Jul 22 Cancer, there is a time for joking around and a time for being serious. This week you may have to lean toward the latter. Others may not share your joviality right now.

37. College student educator (abbr.) 39. Most rare 40. Harm with a knife 43. Folk singer DiFranco 45. Return to 47. One who repairs 48. Eastern England river 49. Hockey players need two 50. Dismay 52. Rebuke 53. Plant of the arum family 54. Fish genus 57. Plant of the mallow family 58. Amounts of time 59. 11th letter of the Hebrew alphabet 63. One of Napoleon’s generals

SUDOKU

LEO – Jul 23/Aug 23 Running yourself ragged, especially early in the week, will cause all of your energy stores to fizzle out, Leo. You need to learn to pace yourself better for the long haul.

VIRGO – Aug 24/Sept 22 You are always one to lend a helping hand, Virgo. But now you may need to call in some favors of your own. Don’t be afraid to ask for help this week.

LIBRA – Sept 23/Oct 23 Libra, think financial decisions through before acting. Patience is a friend when making important financial decisions, and it’s time to take such matters more seriously.

SCORPIO – Oct 24/Nov 22 Scorpio, try something outside of your wheelhouse in the coming days. You have a knack for teaching yourself new skills, and you are a fast learner. SAGITTARIUS – Nov 23/Dec 21 Sagittarius, you might be seeking answers in the wrong places. Refine your parameters and look in a new direction, especially if a resolution is taking awhile.

CAPRICORN – Dec 22/Jan 20 Capricorn, if family life is taking over and tiring you out, shift your gears in another direction. You need to recharge and let your other interests take over for awhile.

AQUARIUS – Jan 21/Feb 18 Aquarius, words shared at work may have you worried you’ve burned some bridges. It’s not the case. Others still look to you for help and guidance and value your input.

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1979 4th Line Road, Ohsweken, Ontario N0A 1M0 P.O. Box 187, Six Nations of the Grand River Tel: (519) 445-4133 • E-Mail: innkeeper@thebearsinn.com www.thebearsinn.com

PISCES – Feb 19/Mar 20 It’s common to make life assessments throughout the year, Pisces. Jot down some easy changes you can make for the future.

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TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 27TH, 2017