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e ee n Fr ke O Ta

Free Take One

This year Two Row Times (TRT) decided to do something quite different for our year-end edition.

We recognize that some of our regular readers may not be aware about the rich history of Six Nations and the central role their people played in the creation of Canada (Kanata – Iroquoian word for village).

Free Take We produced this historical guide that covers a short One look at our shared history.

That past includes, nation

to nation treaties, European settlers, the early Colony of Upper Canada, Brantford, and Brant County within the Haldimand Tract – 945,000 acre tract of land pledged to the Mohawks and such others of the Six Nations in 1784.

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The map of the Grand River valley that was understood to be the land area designated under the Haldimand Pledge for the Mohawks and others of the Six Nations. In the Haldimand Proclamation the lands between lakes Erie, Huron, and Ontario was recognized as a Tract of Country for the Indigenous allies of Britain such as the Chippewas, Delawares, Tuteloes, and Nanticokes. See story on Grand River Valley on page 8. THOMAS RIDOUT MAP OF GRAND RIVER INDIAN LANDS, 1821 PM42686517

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TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

Kawanohston Kanienkehaka Sa'tekariwateronon Akoiiane (Alma Green Turtle Clan Mother):

Mission Statement of the People of Grand River Country Ne kati iakwanonhionni:ton iakwataewenha:wi ne’ iakwaianenha:wi tsi ni:ioht tsi iethihsotshera’kenha wahatihwake:ron ne wahi ne:’e ionkhiia:wi ne iakwahwatsirake:ron.

The Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) People are a free and Independent people who are governed by covenants made in very Ancient times by our Forebears and handed down to us their Children.

And these covenants protect our right and freedom to govern over our own affairs in our own way.

Ne:’e iakwanonhstatonhatie tsi sken:nen tsi iakwarihwahtentia:tha onkwarihwa’shon:’a tsi niionkwariho:ten.

Kano:ron tsi iakwaia’torehtha ken’i:ken. iethiien’okon:’a tahnon shatikonhsatonnontie rotiiena:’onh, ne kati iah onhka’ok thahatikwe:ni aionhkhi’nikonrha:ren.

Ne iethiien’okon:’a o:nen ronatohetston, ne iethiien’okon:’a she:kon ronataten:ron. tahnon tehatikonhsatonnontie. ne raotihentenhson e’tho ni:ioht iakwawenninekens.

IN 2017...

Come the new year, the Two Row Times will continue publishing stories that link Brant County, Brantford, Haldimand, and Six Nations (B6).

In 2017 we begin with a series of local narrative history written by legendary Six Nations Clan Mother Alma Greene.

Greene describes the local knowledge of the rights and freedoms of Six Nations people guarenteed by treaties and international law.

The four part series begins in the January 4th, 2017 edition of the Two Row Times.

And we consider these covenants to be a precious inheritance of our Children and Future Generations with which no one can interfere.

And we say these words before the Iroquois children who have gone before us, the Iroquois Children who are with us yet and before the Iroquois Children who yet to be born.

– Ta onen etho Kawanohston (Alma Greene Turtle Clan Mother) Kanienkehaka Sa’tekariwateronon Akoiiane

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TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

Brant’s Ford was the first “whiteman reserve”

By Jim Windle BRANTFORD/SIX NATIONS – Six Nations Haldimand Tract lands were being gobbled up at an alarming pace following the death of Joseph Brant on Nov. 7th of 1807.

It had begun long before that with the 1793 Simcoe Patent. The Crown illegally cut a piece of pie for themselves – 230,000 acres of the decreed Haldimand Tract (see page 1 photo).

Following Brant’s death and after countless pe-

titions put forth by the League of the Five Nations Confederacy Chiefs to order non-native squatters off their land, William Hepburn made steps to correct this growing problem and ordered that anyone with a purported Brant Lease should gather their lease agreements and supporting papers to prove it in fact was a Brant Lease or a fraud.

Some leases produced were dated after Joseph Brant’s death, and still others were not presented at all. In fact, out of 172

claims of having a Brant Lease only nine could actually produce any supporting documentation.

Two more calls to squatters for proof of their alleged Brant Leases went out from Hepburn’s office in the form of posters nailed to trees and post offices and general stores throughout the area.

These notices went out January 1, 1835 and again February 1, 1835.

The notice was issued to all claimants to either produce a valid lease with Joseph Brant’s signature or forfeit the land and its improvements and move on.

But where would they go that wasn’t part of the Haldimand Tract of Indian lands? (Ed. Note: the I-word is used here in historical context) John Brant, the distinguished son of Joseph Brant, inherited his father’s standing with his white neighbours and the British Crown, business savvy, and political sense.

Also, like his father, John saw action in a war not of his people’s making between 1812 and 1814.

“John Brant (Ayon-

A Brantford map dated from the 1800s showing the Rawdon, Henry, West, Colbourne Street boundaries of the White Man's Reserve (one square mile).

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whehs), Mohawk Grand Chief (kasenahonwe ronwatikonwanen) and Indian Superintendent, was born near Brantford, Ont., 27 Sep 1794 and died there 27 Aug 1832.

John Brant followed in the foosteps of Joseph Brant, who was also Mohawk Grand Chief (kasenahonwe ronwatikonwanen) and the first Mohawk to receive a commission in the British Army as a captain in 1757. John was also the nephew of Robert Johnson Kerr, who was the son of Major General Sir William Johnson and brother-in-law of Joseph Brant. John Brant was a loyal friend and supporter of John Norton (c.17601824), who was chosen

by Joseph Brant as a War Chief. At age 18, Brant and Norton led the Mohawk at the Battle of Queenston Heights during the War of 1812, where the Mohawk counter-attack proved decisive. During the battle, John Brant captured the later renowned American officer, Colonel Winfield Scott.”

But also, like Joseph, he saw the cultural climate change caused by this white tsunami of pale skinned intruders and tried to make the best of a very troubling time not only for the Haudenosaunee, but all indigenous nations of Turtle Island.

To accommodate the displacement of the squatters, Brant accepted the government’s suggested town plot surrender of what would be 807 acres to accommodate those settlers displaced by the eviction orders.

This was not a gift, but rather an investment in both the development of Brantford and in creating the funding necessary to make improvements within the various Six Nations communities in and around Brantford.

Proceeds from the sale of these lots which

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3 were surveyed with John Brant’s assistance, were to go to the Six Nations Trust Fund. However, many lots were never paid for, others only partially but still others were found to be legitimate but the proceeds did not go into the Trust Fund.

There were other lots sold, paid for and deposited in the right account.

That sets the background to what you are about to read: “Highlights and Lowlights from the Early Years.” This issue contains examples of the documented history of the relationship between Brantford, the Mohawks and the Six Nations.

“In 1821, Brant and his brother-in-law William

Johnson Kerr successfully campaigned for land rights (Haldimand Proclamation) for the Grand River Mohawk and other Six Nations.

The British Indian Department appointed John Brant Resident Indian Superintendent for the Grand River Mohawk in 1828. Brant was elected to the Upper Canada Legislative assembly in 1830, the first Aboriginal to sit in the Upper Canada assembly as a member. His election was challenged the following year, and he lost his seat to John Warren.

In 1831, John Brant was named as Grand Chief of the Grand River Mohawk (Tekarihoga), succeeding his deceased maternal uncle Henry Crogan.”

Author: D.S. Davis

Two Row Times Glossary

These are complex concepts which sometimes have multiple interpretations and teachings that should be explained by a cultural elder.

Onkwehon:we (Ohgway-ho-way) – Original people or complete person. An indigenous word for “Indian” does not exist but this could be considered the most accurate replacement.

Haudenosaunee (Hohden-oh-show-nee) – people of the longhouse also known as League of Five Nations, Six Nations Confederacy or Iroquois.

Politically similar to the modern United Nations, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations unified in purpose while maintaining autonomy and diversity. The Tuscarora nation was added to the council in 1720.

Wampum Belts – Channelled whelk and Quahog shells crafted into beads used for important political purposes among the Haudenosaunee and other eastern woodland nations.

Because the oral traditions and histories

of indigenous peoples were so important these belts embodied a living agreement and served as a memory device for successive generations to interpret.

Two Row Wampum Belt, 1677 – the relationship agreement or “Prime Treaty” of North America between sovereign nations of the Haudenosaunee and the British.

A belt of white wampum symbolizes the peaceful path or river of life and two parallel rows of purple wampum represent non-interference between Haudenosaunee and British vessels. This wampum was also used before contact between indigenous societies and nations.

Turtle Island – the land of North America but the 13 segments of the turtle shell has also been interpreted to represent the continents of the entire earth.

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TWO ROW TIMES

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Last man hanged in Brant County was from Six Nations Special to the TRT The 1932 hanging of Six Nations’ Joe Bomberry was described by the late John Maracle as an act to control Six Nations people.

Maracle, a Mohawk worker, said he was in jail with Bomberry in 1932. Also in jail was a young white man who was accused of murdering his grandmother.

Bomberry was accused of shooting his commonlaw-wife Lily Johns in the back with a shotgun.

There were no witnesses. According to Maracle, a fluent mother-tongue Mohawk speaker, Bomberry himself didn’t know what happened and why the gun went off.

According to Maracle that didn’t stop the outside law from turning what might have been an accident into a manhunt for a murderer.

Reports at the time describe that provincial police Ben Milligan and Herbert Langton left Brantford for the Six Nation to investigate Bomberry’s guilt for the murder of his commonlaw-wife Lily Johns. They were accompanied by Inspector John Miller, of the criminal investigation department of the provincial police from Toronto headquarters.

They were able to locate Bomberry.

Six Nations eyewitnesses at the time say the police stripped Bomberry to the waste. They handcuffed and shackled Bomberry. And on horse-back they paraded Bomberry through the reserve.

Maracle said that Bomberry was accused of murdering his wife “but it was never clear if it was an accident or what happened. He

wasn’t good at speaking English. His lawyer wasn’t trying too hard to get his story.”

Bomberry was convicted of murder and sentenced for execution.

Reports say that the “final chapter in a tragedy of eight months ago was recorded in the Brant County Court House at 12:10 a.m. today when Joseph Bomberry, 38 years old Six Nations indian, was executed for the murder of his common law wife, Lizzie Johns, at their home on the Six Nations reserve. Displaying the same indifference which had characterized his demeanour since the time of his arrest on April 4.

“At 12:09 a.m. Bomberry was led quietly to the execution chamber.

While the 23rd psalm was recited by Rev. Mr. Loveday the black cap

was placed by Hangman William Edwards and the trap was sprung within one minute. At 12:19 a.m. Bomberry was pronounced dead by Dr. H.I. Palmer, jail physician.”

Jailed for “fighting with 15 RCMP” at a dance at the Old Community Hall in Ohsweken, Maracle said the young white man was charged with bludgeoning his grandmother with a hammer.

The young man’s lawyer got him off.

“They were showing us what would happen if we resisted the police,” Maracle said, pointing out that eight years earlier 50 RCMP threw out the traditional government at gunpoint.

“If they could get them, they could get anyone.”

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TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

THE FUTURE IS MATRILOCAL Some may respond to this issues' deluge of historical accuracy with "What's wrong with Canada?"

Don't get us wrong, we like you.

Six Nations helped make you guys.

As a matter of fact, we might be the most pro-Canadian, non-Canadians in the world.

As you read this collection of articles you will see that the Six Nations has been here all along, surviving through the generations to make it here to this day when someone may finally listen.

And now that the time is upon us we have to say, boy we had a really great thing going for us here before all this crazy Columbus stuff happened.

It's not that indigenous people hate the conveniences of modern living such as Instagram, general anesthesia and air travel but we are trying to say that we had a society of total freedom and peace.

American author Charles C. Mann wrote that in the year 1491 Haudenosaunee society was better than European society in every way and spends 465 pages proving it.

As the findings of that award winning book filter down into common Canadian spaces, words such as decolonization will spark new conversations that can build into cultural movements.

Unpacking 400+ years of colonizaion is a daunting task. Where can we even begin?

If the Jesuit records can be trusted, indigenous societies were completely matrilocal in ancient times.

This means that a newlywed couple moved into the multi-home apartment building called a longhouse after marriage, a house that belonged to the woman's family.

Just think of how modern North American society demonizes the "dreaded in-laws." Coincidence or patriarchal propaghanda?

Well back in our times a young groom would have no choice but to live with his mother-in-laws family, or until they split up (which also happened according to the evil Jesuits).

This verifies local oral history

and tradition that says we were and are a matrilineal people. We traced our heritage and our clan from our mothers family. The recent obsession with blood quantum is a decidedly European invention.

Historian and author Eleanor Burke Leacock wrote that when women completely controlled the house, society benefitted. Control may not be the best word here, but the result was much equality and much peace and harmony.

"The authority structure of egalitarian societies where all individuals were equally dependent on a collective larger than the nuclear family, was one of wide dispersal of decision-making among mature and elder women and men, who essentially made decisions— either singly, in small groups, or collectively—about those activities which it was their socially-defined responsibility to carry out," Leacock says in her work "Myths of Male Dominance."

Listen men, we messed everything up lets admit that first.

So what can we do about it now?

Well for one thing, Six Nations Housing can apply decolonial techniques to the housing list and give preferential treatment to single mothers.

Every woman should have her own home. That's decolonization.

That is true Haudenosaunee.

We lost our power when we agreed with our European brother that the man makes the bucks so he owns the home.

It's A Man's World is a nice tune but James Brown got it all wrong.

Just look at how many women work in positions of authority in Elected Council, Chief Councillor Ava for example! This is a good thing.

So enjoy this historical issue of the Two Row Times, we open with a special statement recorded by the late Alma Greene.

Dr. Michael Doxtater says that this opening was said before official matters in the old times like an ancient pledge of allegiance to the forgotten Grand River Country.

Volume 4, Issue 20 657 Mohawk Road (RR6) Six Nations of the Grand River Territory, Ontario, N0A 1H0 Make all cheques payable to: Garlow Media Printed at Ricter Web, Brantford ON

Keep your letters short, preferably under 300 words and in response to an article in the Two Row Times. We sometimes must edit letters to correct typos, grammar, or shorten. The opinions within letters to the editor are those of the writer and not necessarily those of the Two Row Times.

Muzzling, control, and oppression at Six Nations Re: An open letter from Cayuga Chief Sam General, Dec. 21, 2016 In reading Cayuga Chief Sam General’s letter about his supposed “dehorning” and what led up to it is disappointing for two reasons.

Firstly, there is obviously not only a major division on the HCCC bench and somewhat of a dysfunction but also with the clan mother and the clan family. Secondly, if Chief General hadn’t written his letter we would never have known about the supposed “dehorning”. The HCCC as usual is cloaked in secrecy.

Chief General believes he was targeted after questioning Haudenosaunee issues. Kind of seems that way to me too. I was at the HCCC meeting when Chief General raised concerns about the HDI and banned Aaron Detlor from the territory. I knew some of the chiefs weren’t too happy about that. After is when we started hearing rumblings about Chief General getting dehorned.

And whatever happened to bench warmer Steve Hill?

Remember he got in trouble as well with some of the chiefs for speaking out against Detlor and the HDI. We haven’t seen or heard from Hill since then. I don’t know if he got kicked off the

bench or left willingly..

Chief General and I are a lot alike. In his letter he says he’s not a “yes” man and never will be. I’m not a “yes” woman either and never will be. I can tell you over the past 12 years I’ve had my run-ins quite a bit with the different elected chiefs and councillors because I wouldn’t toe the line or put up with any monkey business. Or because I told the people what I thought they should know.

Or for doing whatever I could to help people.

I do have a lot of emotional and mental scars. My kids will tell you I was stressed to the nines. Getting raked over the coals isn’t a pleasant experience but good thing I’m a strong Mohawk woman. I’ve since learned to handle my stress level by simply turning the other cheek. I remain strong in my belief that I am there to help our people and our community and I will do that with whatever means is available to me. I am also a firm believer that people have a right to know.

Back in the day an elected council developed a document called the Roles & Responsibilities of Council.

As a person who has always been a free spirit and never cared what people thought I find this document not only stifles a councillor’s indi-

Publisher: Garlow Media Editor: Jonathan Garlow Senior Writer: Jim Windle Outreach Editor: Nahnda Garlow Production: Dave LaForce Local Reporter: Jayson Koblun Arts & Culture: Chezney Martin Advertising Coordinator: Marshall Lank Web Manager: Benjamin Doolittle Contributing Writer: Danielle Be Advertising Sales: Tiff Thomas Main office: (519) 900-5535 Editorial: (519) 900-6241 Advertising: (519) 900-6373 For advertising information: ads@tworowtimes.com General inquiries: tworowtimes@gmail.com Website: www.tworowtimes.com

viduality but it’s muzzling, controlling and oppressive.

I have to say, like the Indian Act, the document does have its good points.

When I was campaigning I promised people I wouldn’t be bullied into being the kind of councillor some people want me to be. That I would not sit at the council table like a good little Indian. I am who I am and people can either accept that or not accept that. District Four re-elected me for a fourth term because they think I’m doing a good job and I will continue doing a good job in my own way not the way some other people think I should be.

Anyway the whole mess with Chief General seems suspect which has wavered my trust and confidence in the leadership of the HCCC. I’m aware that Chief General was against the HCCC having anything to do with the elected council. That was always my feeling at the few meetings the two councils had together. But he was a chief who spoke his mind and I always respected Chief General for that even if I didn’t agree with what he said.

Councillor Helen Miller 2251 Chiefwood Rd, Ohsweken 519 717 4565

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TWO ROW TIMES Colour Code Map Index. Orange - McGill Tract-Mt.Pleasant not-surrendered, Light Yellow - Eagles Nest not surrendered, Dark Green - Brantford Town Plot not surrendered, Purple - Oxbow-Cainsville not surrendered, Blue - Six Nations Indian Reserve No. 40C, Light Green - Burtch Tract not surrendered, Red - Martin's Tract not surrendered, Pink - Johnson Settlement not surrendered, Dark Yellow - Onondaga Township not surrendered. To see the full map online https://goo.gl/KWAASF

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

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A primer on the Grand River Valley since 1784 Special to the TRT Following the American Revolution the remnants of the Five Nations Rotinohsyonni Confederacy took refuge in the Grand River Valley, 70 miles south of Toronto, Canada.

Also known as the League of the Five Nations, the confederacy’s historical status was enshrined as those “Indian savages” described in the American Declaration of Independence — arguably the savages at whom the revolt was aimed.

While there is some dispute about the actual Rotinohsyonni land claims, the Confederacy is regarded in the Nanfan 1701 and Fort Stanwix 1768 treaties as controlling underlying land title to a vast territory, which includes southern Ontario, New York State, northern Ohio, and northern Pennsylvania. Rotinohsyonni land falls within the land base described in Nanfan — the Great Lakes watershed. Some historians have written that the Five Nations Confederacy’s influence ranged from the Mississippi to Manhattan before smallpox and other diseases ravaged their society.

After the American Revolution Rotinohsyonni lands between Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron south of the Niagara escarpment were defined under the Haldimand Proclamation of 1784.

The Rotinohsyonni and other tribes loyal to the British ‘Haldimand’ land base evolved over time.

Originally, the tract ranged from Burlington, Ontario, along the Niagara escarpment verging on Georgian Bay. Later, the land area was identified by its amended Thames River and Grand River boundaries, extending to Lake Erie. And in 1801 the Crown unilaterally re-defined the territory as six miles on each side of the Grand River from its mouth to its source.

This area is approximately 900,000 acres beginning near Dundalk, Ontario,

and ending at Dunnville, Ontario. During the early 1800s the Rotinohsyonni 900,000 acre Grand River Valley territory reduced in size through suspicious land leases and forced removal. The Rotinohsyonni now live on 48,000 acres bounded by Brantford, Ontario, and the Plank Road between Caledonia and Hagers-

1800 map of Grand River Country and Upper Canada. SUBMITTED PHOTO

ville, Ontario.

In 1924 the Canadian government seized the Rotinohsyonni League’s holdings on Six Nations Indian Reserve No. 40.

Operating under section 74(1) of 5 the Indian Act, the Canadian government installed an ‘elected council’ while refusing to recognize the Confederacy in subsequent years.

Canada’s relationship to Rotinohsyonni people can currently be described as fiduciary in nature. For example the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, a religious sect within the League, holds sanction under Canadian law to conduct funerals and weddings.

In the late 1700s colonization began in the Grand River watershed by immigrants of primarily English and Dutch ancestry.

The use of dams to divert water and the use of the Grand River as a waterway improved the feasibility of developing the region's forest industry.

From Dunnville on Lake Erie, to Dundalk near Georgian Bay, the oak and maple savanna was largely strip forested in

the 1800s. This forestry practice reduced the Ontario whitetail deer herd and opened Ontario to farming.The farm industry ranged from cattle ranching to large-scale production of cash crops and silage. Rotinohsyonni farmers were visibly important participants in southern Ontario farming in the late 1800s. These farmers sold their goods to Settlers, such as the trade centre called Market Square near the Settler reserve in present-day Brantford, Ontario. Fruit production and tobacco became mainstays of the agricultural industry.

Concomitant with the rise of agriculture in the Grand River Valley was the move toward resource development.

Primary industries included gypsum, limestone, natural gas, and petroleum. Also, a large manufacturing and commercial sector became prominent along the Grand River waterway. Secondary industry included farm machinery production, textiles and garments, and mills.

Economic development in the 1900s featured industrial and commercial cultures created in the 1800s. However, wartime-production secondary industries on the Grand River included chemical producing facilities. The service industry also increased with the population. Farming and its ancillary industries were still a driving force in the region. By the 1900s indigenous farming had diminished although Rotinohsyonni transient farm labor was a pre-dominant vocation up to the 1970s. Reduction in the tobacco industry and farm machinery production, and the desire to develop a wider economy, were outcomes of limited secondary industry development. Today, in the Brant region — an area particularly hard-hit by plant closures global economic pressures — tourism remains an important economic engine.

TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

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James McGill tips his hat to the original owners of the downtown campus. PHOTO

BY HERITAGE CANADA

Special to the TRT The use of Six Nations’ trust funds links to a federal debt owed to the Six Nations of the Grand River for funding other higher learning entities like Upper Canada College, McMaster University, Osgoode Law School, and McGill University.

In the mid-1800s faced with closure amidst a financial crisis, the pre-Confederation government of the Province of Canada loaned money to what was called McGill College at the time. Students calculated the value of the debt at $173 million in 2009.

The colonial government funded the loan with money taken from what was called “uninvested trust funds” of the Six Nations and other First Nations.

The Crown government

TWO ROW TIMES

Six Nations’ fund CDN colleges and universities and never repaid

was considered the fiduciary trustee. The native people were the wards of the Crown. The transfer of money was made without the permission of Six Nations. According to Canada’s national archive staff, records shows that $40,000 was used from various Indigenous People’s trust funds in 1864.

McGill paid back this loan and a subsequent loan by 1881 to the Canadian government, but the Crown never reimbursed the Six Nations’ Trust Funds. By the mid-1970s the Six Nations Trust Fund was reduced in total from $175 million to $1.5 million. Band Councillor the late Mitchell Sandy said in 1978 that the Canadian government billed the Trust Fund for infrastructure costs, education, and health care. The Six Na-

tions band council restructured the trust as a housing loan trust at that time.

McGill administration said that the loan was contracted from the government, which was managing First Nations’ lands and the proceeds derived from such lands, including rental and sale. McGill University claims it repaid its debts and “owes nothing to the Six Nations.” However, the outstanding claim includes a tract of land in Hawkesbury, Ontario, and the McGill Tract near Mt. Pleasant, Ontario. The McGill campus in downtown Montreal sits on the old Mohawk Hochelaga town site which is still under claim.

In 2016 McGill University recognized the last vestige of Six Nations’ claim on Hochelaga by moving what was called the Ho-

chelaga Rock from near Sherbourne street to the entrance of the downtown campus. Indigenous staff at McGill pointed out that the statue of James McGill pays homage to the original people, who seems to tip his hat at the rock.

This led to the decision by the University to move the rock closer to the entrance.

The Six Nations elected council filed a statement of claim in 1995 against Canada and Ontario regarding the Crown’s handling of Six Nations property, money, and other assets before and after the Confederation. In 2004, the Six Nations council put this action on hold, hoping that discussions with the government would be successful. They were not, and the 1995 litigation was reintroduced in 2009.

was incorporated on January 18, 1832, but financial instability slowed the completion of the canal project down, alarming the settler investors of the expensive project. Six Nations was approached for money under the guise of investment.

The Six Nations Chiefs said “no” to several overtures from government officials and speculators for Six Nations investment in the canal. Desperate, the board of directors found a way to access Six Nations Trust Funds and purchased on their behalf, 6,121 shares of GRNC stock to keep the company solvent for a time knowing it was a lost cause, but hoping to share the loss with an unwilling Six Nations.

The entire canal system was not completed and opened until 1848.

To accomplish this task, 360 of the 551 acres taken to build locks, erect dams and other support system, belonged to Six Nations.

Settlers who sold their land in favour of the Canal were paid quite nicely while Six Nations received nothing. Timber needed for the project was also cut from Six Nations Territory with no compensation. But the biggest farce of justice is that the promoters of the Canal arbitrarily used Six Nations Trust Funds, without authorization or knowledge, to keep afloat this money-loosing venture.

This unauthorized use of Trust Funds has never been explained or dealt with by Canada or Brantford and remains on file today. In essence, the Township of Brantford had purchased stolen stocks from the GRNA and

using those bogus stocks as authority to sell off the real estate, alienating the people of Six Nations from 360-acrea of their land and all future revenues, which could have been derived from this land had it not been stolen.

This claim has been registered several times in Six Nations petitions addressed to the Crown, but as of today, some 180 years later, there is still no settlement.

In closing, to say the Grand River Navigation Company was essential to the growth and establishment of the City of Brantford would be a true statement and even an understatement, but it most certainly is not a proud moment in Brantford/Six Nations relations and remains a stumbling block today.

11

The remaining artifact of Indigenous title to McGill's downtown campus - the Hochelaga Rock. PHOTO BY HERITAGE CANADA

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Brantford Canal system built on Six Nations bucks

By Jim Windle

SIX NATIONS — The story of Brantford, its growth and the importance of the Grand River Navigation Company in establishing it and a number of other communities along the Grand River between Brantford and Duncanville, goes without saying.

The idea of connecting the Grand River in a more direct path to the Lake, cutting off 12 miles, made all the sense in the world in the 1830’s when rivers were the main highways of travel and commerce.

For a time there was prosperity and enormous growth as Brantford began gobbling up more and more land beyond the 7-8 square miles agreed to by John Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.

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The Hiawatha Belt is made of 6,574 wampum beads – 38 rows by 173 columns and has 892 white and 5,682 purple beads. One teaching says the purple represents the sky or univer Nihohnowhentsyake (League of Five Nations) from west to east in their original pre-colonization territories: Seneca (keepers of the western door), Cayuga (People of the Swamp), On door)—by open squares of white beads with the central figure signifying a tree or heart. The white open squares are connected by a white band that has no beginning or end, repre meaning that each nation is supported and unified by a common bond and that each is separate in its own identity and domain. The open center also signifies the idea of a fort prote

rse that surrounds us, while the white represents purity and Good Mind. The belt symbolizes the Wisk nondaga (Keepers of the Fire), Oneida (People of the Standing Stone) and Mohawk (keeper of the eastern esenting all time now and forever. The band, however, does not cross through the center of each nation, ected on all sides, but open in the center, symbolizing an open heart and mind within.

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TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

Six Nations honours alliance with the Crown

By Thohahoken

In 1913 Arthur the Duke of Connaught travelled to Ohsweken.

At the now “old” council house on the Six Nations territory, the Duke received the honour of the Condolence ceremony.

He’d been at Six Nations in 1869 as the teenaged son of Queen Victoria.

The chiefs gave him the condolence because his mother had died in the mean time.

There was a difference in 1913 — Arthur was Governor General of Canada.

The condolence has direct importance for the role of the Six Nations in the First World War. This act renewed the alliance for mutual defence. Six Nations declared war on the Kaiser. Officials and friends in Brant County accepted Six Nation’s role as vital to their shared history.

Six Nations’ veterans like the Montours talked about the role Indig-

king send them home.

Not only were Six Nations people demonstrating their honour of the alliance, but women also understood Six Nations place as an international people.

In 1919 Canadian government officials used the First World War veterans

to agitate for the overthrow of the confederacy chiefs. The main focus of the veterans protest was the nepotism used locally for hiring people for government jobs. The call to return to what was called “our old form of democracy” began in the 1800s with petitions to Canada.

Veterans like Tom Longboat fought in Europe, and returned to Six Nations as part of local unrest over the lack of democratic process in local government. CANADIAN ARCHIVE PHOTO enous soldiers played in key battles in Europe such as Vimi Ridge. Wes Doxtater described how British commanders used Six Nations people in the first tanks — tanks the commanders didn’t know would work. But when Six Nations soldiers drove German forces from their trenches in the first tank offensive British com-

manders quickly shuttled the Indians out of the way for pictures taken using white soldiers.

The Six Nations contingent was from all across the territory and cut across religious and political lines. Buck, Longboat, Green, Montour, Miller, and many more. There was unity to combat a common foe. This unity

was demonstrated in a letter to the British king in 1915 where Clanmothers told King Edward that the Two Row and Friendship treaties made it necessary for men to fight as allies of the Crown. In the letter the Clanmothers said that among the Six Nations men who went were two 15-year-old boys and asked that the

The style of tank used were enormous death machines that Wes Doxtater said he could stand inside as a gunner.

December 1922: 1st

By Jim Windle

SIX NATIONS – Anyone who has any knowledge of the political history of Six Nations will have heard when the RCMP invaded Six Nations and illegally overthrew the existing traditional government and installed their own known now as the Elected System in 1924.

But what about the December 1922 raid?

The following article appeared in the New York Times, which brings the grievances of the Six Nations of the Grand River Territory to the mainstream in the early 1920s: Using bootlegging as their excuse, 18 North West Mounted Police raided homes in the Six Nations Community at random supposedly looking for stills and moonshine. Random, it might be said, except for one address near Frog Pond, Third Line Road. Deskaheh was in Europe at the

Cayuga Chief and activist from the 1920's Levi General who carried the title of Deskahe and lawyer George P. Decker. time of the raid and Canada desperately wanted to undermine the success Deskaheh was having at the League of Nations and among his own people by painting him as a drunkard, which anyone who knew him denied was even remotely true.

It was said that booze was found in his vacant house when the NWPM (soon to become the RCMP) broke in and searched it. It is certainly easy to surmise that booze was not the only thing they were sent to find. Confiscating papers, treaties, historical documentation and any other

damaging information was likely the real reason for the raid.

The net result of the raid was the finding of one small and very crude still and a bottle of moonshine in the house yard of another Indian.

“In the first instance, no arrest was made,” argues Deskaheh. “In the second, one Indian was captured without the slightest resistance, at his (home). A few days after, in Brantford, he was convicted and sent to prison for 10 days. (On Thursday) as he pleaded ignorance of any knowledge of how the same (bottle of booze)

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

TWO ROW TIMES

15

in WW1 but later raided by RCMP years later

CAPTION: Six Nations understood the commitment made by treaty to mutual defence as central to the Two Row and Friendship cited in this letter to the King.

raid on Six Nations came into his home yard,” Deskaheh complained in his letter to Ottawa and to the diplomats throughout Europe he had been in conversation with, ironically, while the raid was taking place.

The only result was an excuse for permanent RCMP presence on reserve.

Deskaheh wrote a desperate letter to the League of Nations through the Netherlands channel seeking immediate help and political intervention for the bogus raid on his home and that of his people, calling it “an invasion and unprovoked attack on his country by the Canadian Military.”

Attempts to seek help from the British government also fell on deaf ears.

In the 1920’s the Minister of the Colonies was a young Winston Churchill who would only refer the situation back to the Canadian government, and Minister Duncan Camp-

bell Scott.

Scott is the one quoted as saying: “I want to get rid of the Indian problem. [...] Our objective is to continue until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed into the body politic and there is no Indian Question and no Indian Department.”

Further interference from Prime Minister Mackenzie King and the obstructive power of the English Crown sealed the issue further and the complaints Deskaheh had against the Canadian and British governments were never heard at the international level.

The same complaints and inquiries into the vanished Six Nations Trust Funds have existed since before the death of Joseph Brant at age 64, in 1807, yet there are still no answers from Ottawa and Deskaheh’s quest for justice for his people continues today.

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TWO ROW TIMES

December 28th, 2016

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

TWO ROW TIMES

17

Six Nations made Canada a Nation under the Great Law

Prince Arthur condoled at Mohawk Chapel Special to the TRT

"If it wasn't for your people Canada would not be a nation today," said the late-Sylvannus General (d.2004) to younger members of the indigenous rights working group called the Mohawk Workers (Kanyenkehaka Ratiyotens).

An Elder activist, he was the brother and contemporary of 20th century activists like Emily C. General, Sophie Martin, and Clinton Rickard who were founders of entities like the Mohawk Workers and the Indian Defense League of America (IDLA).

Sylvannus referred to an event that took place between the Queen of England and the Mohawk People in Brantford, Ontario on October 1, 1869.

On this day at the Mohawk Chapel in Brantford the Rotinohsionni Indigenous peoples made Canada a legal nation. Here's how the Rotinohsionni made Canada a nation as Sylvannus General said.

By custom the Rotinohsionni people hold an important role among the Indigenous peoples of North America. The Mohawk people were usually the first to tell Europeans how Indigenous peoples governed their relations.

The best way they knew was to describe the entire continent as one Long House.

"Where the sun rises is the eastern door," the Old Ones would say. “And where the sun sets is the western door. The blue sky over our heads is the roof, and living in that long house is one family."

The depiction of the Long House meant that Indigenous peoples (Onkwehonwe) considered themselves to be One Family, the origin of the idea "all my relations" (akwekon akenkwe:to).

Rotinohsionni Indigenous people have many customs for helping each other cope with change.

For example, people cope, when some time in the future, the law changes or a new "rafter" (invention, adaptation or innovation) seems to be good

or needed. The wanted change will be decided by the People and called "adding (moving) the rafters" (the Old Ones would say: "...enkaka'enionke tahnon tokat eniohetston, ne'e enthonwanatonkkwe' "thikate sontewanahsaren").

Moving or "extending the rafters" included not only making the Long House bigger, but also adding to the family. When a Rotinohsionni family or person thought highly or strongly of

in the creation of Canada.

In 1867 the British Crown enacted legislation called the British North America Act (BNA) that formed colonies north of the medicine line (the border created in 1760 by the Rotinohsionni to separate the English and French) into the Dominion of Canada.

However, Queen Victoria understood that the preemptive right of the Indigenous people needed to be affirmed. Conferring membership on

Relations.

Usually when Rotinohsionni people hear the Mohawk Workers tell the story the Old Ones are accused of making a mistake. However, the story of how the Rotinohsionni people made Canada a nation-state has many subtleties that help us understand that only 150 years ago the Old Ones had a strong sense of their Indigenous international rights as a People. Adding the Canadian rafter meant a need to adopt a man to

Prince Edward was made a Chief by the Six Nations Confederacy in 1919. Prince Edward later became King Edward VIII. John Buck condoled the royal Prince and gave him the name "Teyehonseyah" they are photographed together here in Victoria Park. SUBMITTED PHOTO

someone, a family, or families and wanted to adopt them, they took the matter to their Chief to confirm to the other clan families (the Old Ones would say: "... etho niienhatiriwenhawe tsi nonwe enthatika'enion ne Rotiianer tahnon onen ok tsi enthatiriwahnnirate tahnon enhonnohetse ne Rotiianer").

Adoption and "extending" the rafters in the Great Law (Kaiianereserakowa) gives Rotinohsionni Indigenous people a model for other Indigenous peoples living in the continent-wide Long House, but also is a colour-blind model that was used for Europeans since the 1600s.

The model was also used

the Rotinohsionni Indigenous people in the British Commonwealth in the late 1800s demonstrated the lofty position she accepted. So, Queen Victoria sent her son Prince Arthur the Duke of Connaught to the Rotinohsionni in Brantford, Ontario at Her Majesty's Chapel.

On that Friday the 19-year-old Prince was given the condolence ceremony by Chief John Buck, made a chief (Rotiianer), and was adopted into the Long House with the name "Kar-a-kow-dye" which is the Mohawk wolf clan name Karakontie.

It was on that day Canada was added as a rafter to the Long House of Many

be their chief. This custom began in the 1600s with the Dutch and was repeated in 1869.

But it didn't end there.

In 1913 Arthur was given the condolence ceremony again at the Old Council House in Ohsweken, Ontario on the Six Nations Indian Reserve Number 40 because his mother Victoria had died since he'd been there in 1869. The difference in 1913 was that Arthur was Governor General of Canada.

And it didn't end there.

After World War I — when Rotinohsyonni people had again kept their Two Row Treaty promise to the Crown for "mutual defence" by declaring war

on the Kaiser and sent 400 soldiers to Europe — Prince Edward was also given the condolence ceremony. Addressed by Asa Hill, Prince Edward was adopted by David John at Victoria Park in Brantford.

The throng gathered there witnessed the Canadian rafter's new chief named Taionhense'iah (spelled "da-yon-hen-se-ia" at the time).

Taionhense'iah became known around the world as King Edward VIII. Why did they do this?

Was it their chance to be in the spotlight? Were they grabbing at something from back in the day?

The Old Ones knew their place in the world as a People. They had stated the Two Row Treaty for all Indigenous land in America. All treaties in Canada sit on an Indigenous Conception of the Good Life of mutual obligations for friendship, aid, and defence. Sitting on the Two Row is the Gunshot Treaty to regulate European travel. And for the Rotinohsyonni sitting on the Two Row is the 1701 Nanfan Treaty that covers the 320,000 square-mile economic zone now known as the Great Lakes watershed. The Haldimand Proclamation covers all of southern Ontario from the Niagara escarpment and the land between lakes Erie, Huron, and Ontario--the Grand River valley set-aside specifically for the Rotinohsyonni through the Haldimand Pledge. The 1701 Treaty of Montreal provides the land base for the Laurentian Iroquois—the Mohawks of Kanehsatake, Ahkwesahsne and Kahnawake.

The Old Ones did not make a mistake. They knew precisely what they were doing. Here’s what they did.

Canada’s rafter was raised inside the Long House of Many Relations when the Rotinohsionni told the Crown “we stood you up in our land”: Iakorakowa…ionkiiari Wisk Nihohnnowentsiake ahensenonni atewatiteshstohn nera ohnwentsiate.” The agreement would last “as

the long as the sun rises, the grass grows and the waters flow” (the Old Ones say: “…tsi nikariwes enkahhwatsiratatie tahnon ent karak w inekenseke, ohente entkeniohseke, nok ohnekanos konnes…”).

The Long House is governed by the Indigenous peoples’ law-of-the-land, which means so is Canada.

Indigenous peoples’ law is called the Great Law, the Sundance and the Potlatch.

Also anything created

by Canada is under the Indigenous people, including the Indian Act and by consequence the Band Councils. On June 21, 1880 the Rotinohsyonni chiefs voted to accept the Indian Act. The Indian Act braces the Canadian rafter to the other rafters in the Long House—from the Mi’kmaq rafter in the east to Haida rafter in the west. Arguably, this is why Governor General Romeo Leblanc recognized June 21 when he dedicated the day as National Aboriginal Day. This day commemorates when Canada was braced to the Indigenous rafters through the Indian Act. Indigenous governance is about balancing power.

There might be a billion Canadians but they only have one voice. There might only be a thousand Abenakis, but they also have one voice. Each rafter has one voice no matter how big or small. What happens when someone acts badly, such as Canada’s refusal to uphold the honour of the Crown when Canada overthrew the Great Law, Sundance, and Potlatch laws?

If an adoptee acts badly the Old Ones gave their children another option.

When the adopted individual, family, or nation misbehaves they can always be expelled. The People could disown and remove the adoption (… onenkati sakwatka’we nok oni saiiakwarihsi tsi ionkwatekwe’tarakwenh, tahnon kati sewathahisaks ka’niiaonsesewe…).”

Canada could have its nation-status revoked by Indigenous People.

18

TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

Originally appeared in the Northeast Indian Quarterly, Fall 1987

Not British subjects; not Canadian citizens

By Jonathan Garlow A rare document called History of the Six Nations Settlement on the Banks of the Grand River cites the Treaty of Ghent as circumstantial evidence of supreme Haudenosaunee autonomy.

“It should be noted that at that time (1815) the Six Nations already occupied the Banks of the Grand River in virtue of the Haldimand Act of 1784; and that nevertheless the British Government still considered them as independent as it had not included them in the Treaty of Ghent and had left them at liberty to make peace independently, directly — which in International Law; is an indisputable sign of independence and Sovereignty.

Since that time the situation of the Six Nations has not changed.

The Iroquois prove their complete sovereignty after their establishment to the North of Lake Erie, in virtue of the Haldimand Act; it lies with the Canadian Government to prove that their Sovereignty has ceased to exist. The Sovereignty of the Six Nations could only be terminated by an Act of submission on the part of the Indians (sic) or else by conquest, neither of which can be proved by the Canadian government.”

If there was a single clear example of the Six Nations being defeated in a nation to nation war, none of these historical commentaries would matter.

But in fact the complete opposite happened, where Six

Nations regularly ensured the British colonies' very survival.

Despite this example and many others, Canada went on to argue in 1890 that the Simcoe Deed and the newly formed Indian Act gave them the authority to interfere with the nationhood of the Six Nations.

After that time, Canada began unilaterally passing laws that continues to this day. In 1909 then Minister to the Interior Frank Oliver wrote of the unique political status of the Six Nations Haudenosaunee of Grand River Country who he mistakenly refered to as “Indians.”

“It is the policy of the Canadian Government to recognize its relations with the Six Nations Indians of the Grand River as being

on a different footing from those with any of the other Indians of Canada. The Six Nations Indians of the Grand River came to Canada under special treaty as the Allies of Great Britain, and the policy of the Canadian Government is to deal with them having that fact always in view.

The Canadian Government recognizes that the Six Nations established themselves in the Grand River Territory in virtue of the Haldimand Treaty: it recognizes that the Haldimand Treaty is a treaty of alliance and that the Six Nations must be regarded as the Allies of Canada, as they had been the Allies of the British Government.

Canada recognizes that the political organization of the Six Nations, their sys-

tem of tribal government is satisfactory; it recognizes that they have a right to go on living under that system and to modify it if such is their pleasure. It must be noted that the political organization of the Six Nations is quite different from that of Canada; it consists in a special system: a regime of communism, of feminine electorship, and of other customs many of which are different from Canadian institutions. How then is one to explain the fact that — if the Six Nations are really on the same footing as the other inhabitants of Canada — the Government should tolerate their customs which are often in conflict with the fundamental laws of Canada from the point of view of public as well as private

law? How indeed? It can only be explained by the fact that as the Canadian Government is obliged to recognize in the document which has just been quoted, the Six Nations are not British subjects; they are not Canadian citizens but they form an independent State allied to the Canadian Government.”

Perhaps after they read this report, the decision makers in the Queen's Privy Council for Canada decided to send in the goon squad to Ohsweken.

Could the 1922 and '24 raids qualify as the act of conquest or submission that Oliver wrote about in 1909?

Six Nations was also illegally raided by RCMP again in 1959.

The story continues.

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

TWO ROW TIMES

19

Sr. B Champs Brantford Supertest Warriors '68

Front Row: Cap Bomberry, Ron Thomas, Claude Sault, Jim Squires (captain), Charlie Thomas, Jack Hill, Ray Hill, Judy Garlow (trainer), Jim Muth (equipment mgr.) Back Row: Keith Martin (secretary), Ray Simpson (publicity), Sherwin Maracle (trainer), Scot Burnham, Vic Generoux, Gil Bomberry, Bob Harris, Cec Martin, Joe Montour, Brian Cavan, Wayne Smith, Ivan Thomas, Seymour Johnson, Russ "Beef" Smith (coach), Harvey Longboat, Stan Ignatcyzk, Singe Ludlow (manager).

The Creator’s Game

By Jim Windle The game of lacrosse began as a method of conflict resolution between two rival brothers.

According to Harvey Powless when he travelled to Standing Rock recently, there was a pick up match with the Lakota Sioux who also have a similar traditional game (See photo right).

Disputes between tribes were often settled on the outcome of a single match, but the sport was also used as a means of training young warriors for battle.

Early settler reports wrote: The games could involve nearly a thousand players, with tribal villag-

es serving as field boundaries and play lasting for days. Injuries and even deaths were not uncommon during these mass contests. Not surprisingly, the Chippewa word for it is "baggataway" which literally means "the little brother of war.” In Mohawk it is known as “Wateroserohni”, which means, “making friends”, strange for what sometimes could be a rather violent endevour.

French missionary Jean de Brébeuf, wrote about the game being played by the Huron Indians in 1636 and it was he who named the game “lacrosse” after the stick which looked like a Bishop’s crosier, hooked staff.

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Casual TBD December 28, 2016 Part Time TBD December 28, 2016 Full Time TBD December 28, 2016 Contract TBD December 28, 2016 Full Time TBD December 28, 2016 Full Time $43,680. yr December 28, 2016 Full Time $37,440. yr December 28, 2016 Part Time $15.00 December 28, 2016 Full Time $27,300. yr December 28, 2016 Full Time TBD December 28, 2016 Casual TBD December 28, 2016 Contract Part Time Full Time Full Time Full Time Contract Contract Contract

TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

December 28, 2016 December 28, 2016 January 4, 2017 January 4, 2017 January 4, 2017 January 4, 2017 January 4, 2017 January 4, 2017

Phone: 519.445.2222 • Fax: 519-445-4777 Toll Free: 1.888.218.8230 www.greatsn.com

Bill 39, Aggregate Resources and Mining Modernization Act, 2016 The Standing Committee on Justice Policy will meet to consider Bill 39, An Act to amend the Aggregate Resources Act and the Mining Act.

The Committee intends to hold public hearings in Toronto on Thursday, February 23, 2017 and Thursday, March 2, 2017.

NEED HELP? CALL NOW

MOBILE

CRISIS RESPONSE Toll Free 1-866-445-2204

or 519-445-2204 24 hours a day | 7 days a week

Interested people who wish to be considered to make an oral presentation on Bill 39 on Thursday, February 23, 2017 should provide their contact name, mailing address, phone number, and email address to the Clerk of the Committee by 12:00 noon on Tuesday, February 21, 2017.

Interested people who wish to be considered to make an oral presentation on Bill 39 on Thursday, March 2, 2017 should provide their contact name, mailing address, phone number, and email address to the Clerk of the Committee by 12:00 noon on Tuesday, February 28, 2017.

Those who do not wish to make an oral presentation but wish to comment on the Bill may send a written submission to the Clerk of the Committee at the address below by 6:00 p.m. on Thursday, March 2, 2017.

An electronic version of the Bill is available on the Legislative Assembly website at: www.ontla.on.ca.

Shafiq Qaadri, MPP, Chair Christopher Tyrell, Clerk Telephone: (416) 325-3883 Facsimile: (416) 325-3505 TTY: (416) 325-3538 E-mail: ctyrell@ola.org Room 1405, Whitney Block, Queen’s Park, Toronto, ON M7A 1A2 Collect calls will be accepted.

Ces renseignements sont disponibles en français sur demande.

TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

21

Two Row Times

CLASSIFIEDS Obituaries

Obituaries

Obituaries

HILL: ALLAN WAYNE Passed away peacefully at the St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton on Thursday December 22, 2016 at the age of 77 years. Beloved partner of Barb. Loving father of Justine Hill (Jeffrey), Chivonne Hill (Randel), and Christopher (Patti). Loving stepfather of Connie (Matt), Catherine (Arn), and Cindy (Blaine). Dear grandfather of Jonelle (Brandi), Guy (Raven), Adam, Kelli, Marlli, Jessica, Kyla, Chris Jr., Shawnee, Sierra, Kaitlyn, Steve, Ashlee, and Lexus.

Dear great grandfather of Brianna, Kaila, Giyana, Zackarya, Zayden, Aryana, Clay, Ashton, Charlie, and Mason. Brother of Jim (Gerri), Wanda, Dave, Brenda, Lonnie, Roger (Charlene), Brian “Mutt”, and Pam (Gary). Brother-in-law of Sharon, and Hazel. Also survived by many nieces and nephews. Predeceased by his wife, Carol; daughter, Valerie; son, Kyle; parents, Aubrey and Elma; sister, Blanche (Mitch); and brothers, Hubert (Penny), Cam, Dick, Gerald, and Tony. Resting at Hyde & Mott Chapel, R.H.B. Anderson Funeral Homes Ltd., 60 Main Street South, Hagersville after 5 p.m. Monday.

Evening Service 7 p.m. Monday. Funeral Service will be held in the chapel on Tuesday December 27, 2016 at 11 a.m. Interment Stumphall Cemetery. www. rhabnderson.com

Language Classes

Language Classes

Language Classes

Seven FREE Sessions Introductory Language Classes for adults, 19 and older Cayuga - Mondays and Wednesdays, beginning January 9th, 2017 Mohawk - Tuesdays, beginning January 17, 2017.

For more information or to register, please call the Achievement Centre at: 519.445.0023 ext. 231 or email: angel@snpolytechnic.com

NUYAH!

NUYAH! FROM THE TWO ROW TIMES!

ADVERTISE YOUR BUSINESS! 519-900-5535

The Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy (Wisk Nihohnowhenstyake) was overthrown in 1924. The principal reason for the coup d'etat was the movement by the people of Grand River to pursue claims against the homelands in New York State. From 1919 to 1922 funds were raised to "prosecute the New York claim" with individuals paying $1 as part of the fundraising campaign. The League also issued bonds to raise funds for the land claim. The New York State Everett Commission traveled to many Iroquois communities in New York, Ontario and Quebec as leases created in the 1800s began to expire. The Everett Report confirmed the League stand that land title still rested with the Iroquois People. From 1922 to 1924 the United States and Canadian governments collaborated in orchestrating the overthrow of the old League in 1924.

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CLUES ACROSS 1. Isodor __, American Nobel physicist 5. One a day keeps the doctor away 10. Extents 12. Noticing 14. Scriptural 16. Star Trek character Laren 18. “The Crow” actress __ Ling 19. Not good 20. Measures gold 22. TV network 23. Wasting 25. Money in Ghana 26. Young girls’ association 27. Title of respect 28. High schoolers take this test 30. Crunches federal numbers 31. Wild or sweet cherry 33. Celestial bodies 35. Fruit of the oak tree 37. Royal Navy ship during WWII 38. Of cherished symbols 40. Satisfy 41. 5th. day (abbr.)

42. Swiss river 44. Royal Albert Hall (abbr.)

45. Cool!

48. Flat metal shelves 50. Enclosed 52. A way to pass 53. City in Iraq 55. Printing speed measurement 56. Twitch 57. Indicates position 58. Made lawful 63. Took down 65. A way to travel on skis 66. North winds 67. Tunisian metropolis CLUES DOWN 1. Seafood 2. Incan god of mountains 3. Ritzy LA neighborhood __ Air 4. Line that connect points of equal pressure 5. Audience-only remarks 6. Chest muscle (slang)

TWO TWO ROW ROW TIMES TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

27

ARIES – Mar 21/Apr 20 Aries, emails and texts might fill your week as everyone wants to speak with you in the coming days. Schedule a break from your devices if you find yourself overwhelmed.

TAURUS – Apr 21/May 21 Career progress is more complicated than you had originally thought, Taurus. You might need to take a step back and reassess your career path.

GEMINI – May 22/Jun 21 Gemini, doors are opening for you all over the place, but you don’t know which one to choose. Speak with someone you trust who can serve as an advisor and mentor.

CANCER – Jun 22/Jul 22 Cancer, you have a need to be emotionally connected to others at this time, but you also want to exert your independence. You might have to make some decisions.

7. Pointed top 8. Lavender 9. Linear unit 10. Knifes 11. 2016 World Series champs 13. A way to arrange 15. Talk 17. Serving no purpose 18. Container 21. Breathes new life into 23. Beloved dog Rin Tin __ 24. A bag-like structure in a plant or animal 27. Yemen capital 29. Sacred book of Judaism 32. Make a mistake 34. Wrestlers wrestle here 35. Respiratory issue

Answers for Dec 28, 2016 Crossword Puzzle

36. In league 39. Resinous insect secretion 40. Unhappy 43. Turbulent area of a river 44. Neglectful 46. Sours 47. Calendar month (abbr.)

49. Grooves 51. Sony Pictures Television

54. Monetary units 59. Command right 60. 1,000 cubic feet 61. Expression of triumph 62. Dinner jacket 64. The first two

SUDOKU

LEO – Jul 23/Aug 23 Leo, others are on your mind this week. You feel a need to help in any way you can, so use this week to explore volunteer opportunities in your community.

VIRGO – Aug 24/Sept 22 You may need an adjustment period to tackle a new assignment, Virgo. This is not something to rush, so take your time even if the results are slow to come along.

LIBRA – Sept 23/Oct 23 Prior commitments this week may prevent you from doing something you’ve long wanted to, Libra. Keep your head up and another opportunity will present itself.

SCORPIO – Oct 24/Nov 22 It could be now or never, Scorpio. You want to make your mark but are cautious in keeping your intentions to yourself. Eventually your master plan will come to light.

SAGITTARIUS – Nov 23/Dec 21 Sagittarius, you’re increasingly busy this week, but things are not what you expect. You could be running around for all of the wrong reasons. Reexamine your plan, if necessary.

CAPRICORN – Dec 22/Jan 20 Capricorn, your focus may be on personal gains this week, but you might want to shift it to something else. An unforeseen opportunity awaits if you can recognize it.

AQUARIUS – Jan 21/Feb 18 Aquarius, it’s difficult to contain your excitement the next few days. But keep your cool so others do not start to look at you strangely. Your time to shine is coming.

PISCES – Feb 19/Mar 20 You have a secret to share, but you must wait to do so, Pisces. Do your best to avoid spilling the beans before the time has come.

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CONGRATULATIONS KURT! TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

23

BRANTFORD NISSAN'S We were looking through our records and believ

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We were looking through our records and believe your 2011 Altima qualifies you for our limited time Christmas Upgrade Event in Brantford. We will make you an offer to exchange your 2011 Altima on the purchase or lease of any new vehicle.

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We were looking through our records and believe your 2011 Altima qualifies you for our limited time Christmas Upgrade Event

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Get84 an additional Boxing Month BonusWe will make you an offer to exchange your 2011 Altima on the purchase or lease of any new vehicle.

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a new vehicle, over a new term! up to $2,000 on new 2017 models!* • Or, get finance rates from 0% APR up to 84 • Get up to $15,000 in Total Standard Rate months on select remaining 2016 models!* • Get an additional Boxing Month Bonus • Finance Or, get finance ratesonfrom 0%models!* APR up to 84 Incentives select up to $2,000 on new 2017 models!* 7213208 months on select remaining 2016 models!* • Get up to $15,000 in Total Standard Rate

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• Get up to $15,000 in Total Standard Rate As anFinance added bonus we are a $1,000 Customer Loyalty Bonus youin upgrade from your existing vehicle to a new • Getwhen up to $15,000 Total Standard Rate Incentives on offering select models!* DON'T WAIT! Finance Incentives on select models!* vehicle. Book your appointment online to receive an additional $200 Appointment Bonus with purchase. If you can’t take advantage an added bonus we are offering $1,000and Customer Loyalty you upgrade yourso! existing vehicle to a new of this offer we authorize you to give thisAscard to a family member orafriend we will pay Bonus you awhen referral fee forfrom doing

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2016 Nissan Titan DON'T WAIT!an additional $200 Appointment Bonus with purchase. If you can’t take advantag vehicle. Book your appointment online to receive Try-It Offer.

of this offer weSales authorize you to give this card a are family member or friend andBonus we when will payupgrade you a referral fee vehicle for doing As an added bonus we offering a $1,000 Customer Loyalty to a newso! savings call at 519-756-9240 ortoyou visit your personal website at you As an added bonus weTo areactivate offeringyour a $1,000 Customer Loyalty Bonus when upgrade from your existing vehiclefromtoyoura existing new vehicle. Book your appointment online to receive an additional $200 Appointment Bonus with purchase. If you can’t take advantage vehicle. Book your appointment onlineWEEKLY to receive an additional $200ofyour Appointment with Ifyour you can’t advantage To activate savings call Sales at this 519-756-9240 or visit website at for doing so! + HST this offer we authorize youBonus to give card to a purchase. family member or friend andpersonal we will pay take you a referral fee of this offer we authorize you to24 give thisWITH card a family member or friend and we will pay you a referral fee for doing so!

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Brantford WWW.NISSANSALE.CA/WALL.A34HDT Nissan 338 King George Road, Brantford, ON N3R 5M1 Mike

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Brantford Nissan 338 KingNissan George Road, Brantford, ONONN3R 5M1 Brantford 338 King George Road, Brantford, N3R 5M1

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Brantford Nissan 338 King George Road, Brantford, ON N3R 5M1

24

TWO ROW TIMES

DECEMBER 28TH, 2016

S I X N AT I O N S B I N G O

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