AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (ASA) CITATION GUIDE
I. IN-TEXT CITATIONS ONE AUTHOR: •
Paraphrasing: According to Allen (2012), a surprising number of selfidentified evangelicals are participating in public protests.
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Direct quotation: Allen (2012:460) found that “approximately 15 percent of self-identified evangelicals reported being involved in a public protest in the past year.”
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Direct quotation: “Approximately 15 percent of self-identified evangelicals reported being involved in a public protest in the past year” (Allen 2012:460).
TWO AUTHORS: •
Paraphrasing: Allen and Boyd (2012) posit that gender stereotypes are significantly more prominent in reality television programs than in sit-coms and dramas.
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Direct quotation: “Gender stereotyping occurs twice as often in reality television programs than in sit-coms and dramas combined” (Allen and Boyd 2012:550).
THREE AUTHORS: •
First reference: Allen, Boyd, and Smith (2012) posit that . . .
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Subsequent references: Allen et al. (2012) posit that . . .
FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS: •
First and subsequent references: Williams et al. (2012) surveyed . . .
II. REFERENCE LISTS The references list follows the paper and footnotes and is entitled References. Double-space both between and within entries. ARTICLES: Blee, Kathleen M. 1998. “White Knuckle Research: Emotional Dynamics in Fieldwork 512-245-3018 • ASB North, 1st Floor • Monday-Thursday: 10 a.m.-7 p.m./Friday: 12-5 p.m./Sunday: 6-10 p.m.
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with Racist Activists.” Qualitative Sociology 21(1):381-406. (In the above entry, Blee published this article in volume 21, issue 1, of Qualitative Sociology. The article appeared on pages 381-406.) Emerson, Michael O., Christian Smith, and David Sikkink. 1999. “Equal in Christ, But Not in the World: White Conservative Protestants and Explanations of BlackWhite Inequality.” Social Problems 46:398-417. (In the above entry, Emerson, Smith, and Sikkink published this article in volume 46 of Social Problems, a publication that did not include an issue number.) Emerson, Michael O. and David Sikkink. 1999. “Equal in Christ, But Not in the World: White Conservative Protestants and Explanations of BlackWhite Inequality.” Social Problems 46(2). Retrieved July 11, 2012 (http://www.fakeURL.org/publications/moreletters.html). (In the above entry, the article was accessed via the Internet.) Emerson, Michael O. and David Sikkink. 1999. “Equal in Christ, But Not in the World: White Conservative Protestants and Explanations of BlackWhite Inequality.” Social Problems 46(2). Retrieved July 11, 2012. doi:10.1136/48405631170873109. (In the above entry, a Digital Object Identifier (doi) is available and preferable to a URL.)
BOOKS: Smith, Lucy, Frank KeBob, and Julie Hudson. 2012. Generation Z. New York: Pendleton Books. Williams, Geraldine D. and Herman Babcock, eds. 2011. The LGBTQ Community and Marital Quality. Stanford, CA: Lighthouse Books. (In the above entry, Williams and Babcock are the editors of this book.)
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CHAPTERS IN BOOKS: Lee, Robert. 2010. “Busing in Oklahoma City: A Case Study in Racism.” Pp. 99120 in Desegregation in America. Vol. 2, Southern States, edited by S. O’Connor, T.P. Newcomb, and L.S. Dee. New York: Heavensgate. (In the above entry, Lee’s article appears in a collection edited by O’Connor, Newcomb, and Dee. Use only initials for editors’ names.)
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