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Waste: Landscape to Urban Blurredscape This Final Project is presented to The Faculty of the School of Architecture by Tyler Anthony O’Brien In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Southern Polytechnic State University, Marietta, Georgia Spring Semester 2015
Department of Architecture School of Architecture and Construction Management Southern Polytechnic State University Tyler Anthony O’Brien Waste: Landscape to Urban Blurredscape The intent of my thesis will be focused on “un-used, un-safe, forgotten” post industrial areas that have been re purposed for different functions. These sites can now attract the pedestrian from their homes as a destination and become a link to the
community. The post industrial artifact becomes the focal point which distorts and blurs the function of the neglected enclave.
Student Signature ________________________________Date___________ Approved by: Internal Advisor 1 ________________________________Date___________ Professor Michael Carroll Internal Advisor 2 ________________________________Date___________ Professor Elizabeth Martin-Malikian
Thesis Coordinator ________________________________Date___________ Professor Elizabeth Martin-Malikian
Acknowledgment I want to thank my parents, Kevin and Lou O’Brien, for the endless physical, mental, and financial support. Without them I would not be the man I am today. I would also like to thank the faculty at Southern Polytechnic State University for the constant push to becoming a better architect and designer.
Section I: Theorem
Section II: Practicum
Chapter 1.0 Design Theorem
Chapter 3.0 Design Process
1.1. Design Hypothesis 1.2. Relevance of the Design Hypothesis in Literature: Case Studies 1.2.1 Competition 1.2.2 Competition
1.3. Relevance of the Precedent Analysis to the Proposed Project (minimum 3 case studies) 1.3.1 Built 1.3.2 Built 1.3.3 Built 1.3.4 Built
Chapter 2.0 Design Analysis 2.1. Site Context
2.1.1 Site Selection and Significance to the Proposed Project 2.1.2 Documentation of Existing Site Conditions 2.1.3 Topological Survey(s) and Applicable Zoning 2.1.4 Geographical, Natural and Historical Patterns 2.1.5 Pedestrian and Vehicular Patterns and Connections 2.1.6 Site Potentials and Constraints to the Proposed Project
2.2. Site Analysis
2.2.1 Site Plan: Physical Character Studies 2.2.2 Contextual Analysis 2.2.3 Figure-Ground Relationship and Usage Patterns 2.2.4 Boundaries, Connections, Relations and Emerging Patterns
3.1. Site: Context 3.2. Program: Space 3.3. Study Models 3.4. Environmental Systems: Technique and Tectonics 3.5. Systems Integration: Skin & Bones and Service Core 3.6. Comprehensive Design Integration
Chapter 4.0 Design Synthesis 4.1. Preliminary Documentation 4.2 Final Documentation
Chapter 5.0 Critical Response to Design Theorem
5.1 Reflections by Student/Author (not Faculty Thesis Review Documents) 5.2 Summary
Section III: Bibliography
Section IV: Appendices
Chapter 1.0 Design Theorem
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1.1 Design Hypothesis
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The intent of my thesis will be focused on “un-used, unsafe, forgotten” areas that have been re-purposed for different functions. How this site can now attract the pedestrian from their community. The spaces between the “new space” and community becomes a buffer and has to transition from one space to the next. The boundaries of the new site create an edge that has to be addressed from the neighboring sites. The question becomes, how can this edge become a soft transition?
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1.2 Relevance of the Design Hypothesis in Literature: Case Studies
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After visiting Fresh Kills Landfill located in Staten Island, which is in the process of converting into a park, I became interested on how this conversion could affect the area. The landfill was once one of the largest landfills in the United States. A landfill creates this distinct hard edge that surrounds its perimeter. Kevin Lynch defines ‘edge’ as a boundary between two areas, including shores, walls, wide streets, breaks between buildings, and open spaces. These edges can distinctively separate two areas creating different zones that do not interact with each other. Looking into case studies of the conversion of a landfill to understand: how the polar opposite programs can seamlessly exist on the same site? how the edge of the landfill can be addressed? Learning this information will help make design decisions in the project to come
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Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
COMPETITION CASE STUDY #1 (archdaily.com) Active Edge / 2A+B
http://www.archdaily.com/200684/active-edge-2ab/image_01-2/
Active Edge _2A+B
Since the beginning, it has been very interesting to discover how, despite the fact that we have reached such an advanced state of urbanity (meaning the way we produce our more or less shared space), it is still possible to scrape the bottom of the barrel and find residual urban spaces, with enormous, unexpressed potentials. In a world where design contaminates every possible field of technical knowledge and theoretical thinking, landfills still represent and exceptional void of intentions. The strategy of the Active Edge by 2A+B embodies Grønmo’s landfill as an urban organism able to constantly re-produce its own components (soil, landscapes, trash) and the relative network of socioeconomic processes behind it. We stop treating landfills as invisible contradictions and enhance them in the Active Edge: a radical strategy that addresses the spatial and biological unity of every landfill, retracing it in order to visualize and nurture its presence. http://www.archdaily.com/200684/active-edge-2ab/maserplan/
Competition Case Study
Border Strategy First fundamental strategy of Active Edge is the re-definition of boundaries as basic component of all spatial species, an edge which is at the same time built presence and first instrument of mutual acknowledgment between the designed realm and the outer one. So, we reconstitute the morphological edge of the landfill, through time, to its present state (including the northern golf course).
http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/1326785308-image-03.jpg
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The landfill’s border is re-configured to generate a space of friction (of denser exchange) that filters external energies through a self-contained artificial landscape. Meaning that outside forces (people – recyclable trash) can be involved in the production of the edge which is enforced by renewable energies (such as solar passive system or the landfill’s gas), rainwater control and trash itself.
Energy storage
Gas collector
Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
Solar panel
Compost Clay Ordinary waste
Slug from incineration plant http://www.archdaily.com/200684/active-edge-2ab/section_eco/
Active Edge _2A+B
The complex of nominal activities defines a double hierarchy of spaces on the edge in order to optimize the integration with surrounding infrastructures and access points. Primary hot-spots: on the western entrance, the ECODESIGN CENTER and relative co-generation plant are connected to waste collection and research facilities; on the southern entrance, a new multi-functional building for wellness center, spa and residences is related to storm water treatment and leisure activities; on the north-eastern edge, the double layered parking and the lookout tower facilitate sightseeing and leisure time. Secondary but not less important amenities, spread along the edge: equipped spaces in open setting and equipped covered spaces, toilettes, rest facilities and info points.
Water filter
Leachate collector tank
Competition Case Study
Compost Clay Ordinary waste
Constructed wetland
http://www.archdaily.com/200684/active-edge-2ab/section_water/
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Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
existing golf course
educational landscape (agoras + gas paths)
7 8 EAST edge
1 2 WEST edge
forest landscape
Active Edge _2A+B
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SOUTH edge constructed wetland
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productive landscape (composting + cultivation http://www.archdaily.com/200684/active-edge-2ab/axonometric-8/
Landscapes
Competition Case Study
The second strategy of Active Edge is that of “protect by development”, exploiting internal resources to activate both surrounding spaces and the edge itself. What the system aims at is an upgraded social consciousness of landfills and trash potentials, toward the production of energy to redistribute and toward new-stronger-better concepts for the future of waste making. Four landscapes pop out in response to the new built border, acting like complementary agents: the Productive Landscape in the west (with cultivated glasshouses and composting collection facility); the Forest Landscape on the eastern edge; the Constructed wetland at the southern entrance; the barycentric Educational Landscape informed by 2 main squares and “gaspaths”(as underground pipes are metaphorically projected on the surface to define the pedestrian level) 16
Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
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equipped space in open setting
4 experimental housing Active Edge _2A+B
covered belvedere spa and wellness center
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waste collection
look out tower
EcoDesign Center cogeneration plant
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info point
http://www.archdaily.com/200684/active-edge-2ab/components_edge/
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equipped and covered space
toilettes and service facilities
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Competition Case Study
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double layered parking 17
Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
2011 1969-1978
1990-2009
Hazard!
1978-1990 berms + terraced parterres
STEP ONE Reconstitute the morphological edge of the landfill
Active Edge _2A+B
multi-layered composting storage
“gas path”
STEP TWO Built edge program versus New landscape morphologies
vegetable plots (glass houses)
“accelerated” morphology
gas pipe
Competition Case Study
access to composting facilities
STEP THREE Network of slow mobility derived from existing gas infrastructure panoramic promenade http://www.archdaily.com/200684/active-edge-2ab/diagrams-39/
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STEP FOUR
Edge’s passive energy implementation + Controlled storm water runoff gas collection points photo-voltaic panels wind strings
Competition Case Study
http://www.archdaily.com/200684/active-edge-2ab/image_02-2/
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Active Edge _2A+B
Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
COMPETITION CASE STUDY #2 (archdaily.com) Infrastructural Archaeology/ Map 13
Competition Case Study
Active Edge _2A+B
Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
Landfills are areas of great potential which are but a mere evidence of the uncontrolled consumerism of this extreme society. They understand that waste should be buried and isolated, and not be forgotten and abandoned. It is thus an open project, where the definite plan of its pieces is not the main interest, but rather the definition of its systems and their development in time.
http://www.archdaily.com/209939/infrastructural-archeaology-map-13/08-aereal-view/
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Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
The negative waste volume under our feet is restored through a new wired surface as a result of joining the top parts of the level poles.
Open air activity area
Instead of an imposing colonization of alien structures of the surroundings, the proposed development lines are generated by the infrastructures that keep the landfill alive main Courses
The path geometry and the drawn networks, additionally to the linear and low vegetation arrangement of the waste level stone LEDs illumination indicator poles, leave room to yellow brick road opportunity areas that will through Evolution of the natural ground between poles and paths the years be occupied with new activities. The “Waste Ground” becomes the “Place”
Open air activity area
Recycling point Composting facility
Active Edge _2A+B
incineration facility
secondary courses
2015 Open air activity area 2020
The GRS will be used as solar energy spots, changing the exterior appearance with a new facade skin
Composting Facility
The composting facility will be kept on its current location rearranged to cohabit with the waste level indicator poles. An open space attached to the surface of the proposed esplanade.
Competition Case Study
GRS; Gas Registration Station
2030
http://www.archdaily.com/209939/infrastructural-archeaology-map-13/cdocuments-and-settingsadministradormis-documentos00-pablo/
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STRATEGIES TO BOOST THE HIDDEN MAN-MADE LANDSCAPE ON THE TERRITORY
Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
A- 3mill m3 waste B- 1 mill m3: hazardous waste (hydroxide muds) and demolition waste C- 2, 5mill m3: household waste, commercial waste, asbestos, slightly contaminated soil, ashes coming from incineration plants
225m 190m
:3milm3
:1millm3
... “Trash” is that which does not have a place, that which is misplace and, therefore, that which has to be moved to another place hoping that it might disappear as trash there, that it might be reactivated, recycled, extinguished: it is that which searches for another place where to make progress...
:2,5millm3
75m 0m :2,5millm3
original state 200x200m
200x200m
... it is all about finding a place - somewhere else - for that which does not have one - here -. Therefore, the assumption of this circular movement is that everything has its place and there is a place for everything...
200x200m
:1millm3
waste accumulation
former land
Never was trash so beautiful Jose Luis Pardo
current land
:3millm3
proposed intervention
http://www.archdaily.com/209939/infrastructural-archeaology-map-13/01-waste/
Waste. Strategies to boost the hidden man-made landscape on the territory
Active Edge _2A+B
As we worked on the analysis of the site, we observed that the waste accumulated, 8 million cubic meters, had completely erased the original topography of the site. If such volume were to be stacked it would reach the height of the Eiffel Tower! It was extremely important for us, to physically show these hidden large quantities of accumulated waste. For this we used an abstract mesh of poles. The height of each pole would be determined by the amount of waste that lays underneath them. Therefore obtaining a topography that creates a new identity in the territory, which can be read as the inverse of the volume of garbage buried below.
LINEAL BOUNDARY STRATEGY; CONSTRUCTION OF A BELT LINKING DIFFERENT LEVELS AND ACTIVITIES IN THE “SAFE AREAS” OF THE ARTIFICIAL TOPOGRAPHY The “safe areas” will be located in the places where able to proceed without damaging the waste cells. They will be joined through a belt, defining the boundary between the wood and the operated land.
summer skate park viewpoint winter sleigh slope playground sliding zip line sleigh slope viewpoint entrance golf park safe zone
waste
safe zone. public facilities growth
entrance hall information point services coffee
terraces
viewpoint
summer stage open-air cinema
summer camp class/workshop camping, bivouac
clear esplanade “walk under the trees”
Competition Case Study
elderly gymnastics spot
viewpoint
secret path golf spying golf parking
summer vegetable garden
viewpoint elderly gymnastics spot
parking area
elderly gymnastics spot welcome centre
http://www.archdaily.com/209939/infrastructural-archeaology-map-13/02-perimeter-belt/
Perimeter Belt. Linear Boundary strategy: construction of a belt linking different levels and activities in the “safe areas” of the artificial topography To complete all the elements of the structural base lines, we create a perimeter belt, a path that zigzags between the park and the forest, sewing the proposal. It works as a promenade, the place of all places, which connects the different activities and program proposed, allowing to visit the park understanding its spatial condition. reading the territory as a continuous addition of its historical traces. 22
ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE FORMER STRUCTURES IN THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURES FOR THE GROWTH OF THE TERRITORY
Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
Buried infrastructures “reappear” in the park outlines of the paths, landscape lines, posts,...
The landfill is a living organism that needs a number of infrastructures in order to avoid collapse such as gas, electricity, water canalization, ect.
buried infrastructure untouched areas, wasted ground main paths
archaeological land research
secondary paths landscape line path waste level indicator poles
new infrastructure
http://www.archdaily.com/209939/infrastructural-archeaology-map-13/03-buried-infrastructures/
Buried Infrastructures. Archaeological transformation of the former structures in the new infrastructures for the growth of the territory This “erased” space is a living organism in the process of decomposition, which needs a number of infrastructures in order to avoid its collapse, such as gas, electricity, water canalization, etc. This fascinating buried network goes by unnoticed by the eyes of bystanders. Not loosing these traces, and revealing its footprint in the surface, is fundamental in a proposal which seeks to reveal the problem of garbage and its correlated mass consumption.
Active Edge _2A+B
Tracing these infrastructures into the surface allows us to create new lines in the landscape, which added to the mesh of poles, together, form a structural base which serves as the means of support for the development of the park throughout time.
ARTICULATED STRATEGY OF THE USE AND ACTIVITIES IN OPEN SPACES WITH HIGHER STRUCTURAL STABILITY
01_recycling centre
03_sport facilities
05_tribune/terraces
07_vegetable garden
09_bater flea market
11_astronomical observatory
13_kids area/ playground
02_drive-in cinema
04_campsite
06_parking area
08_picnic area
10_compost area
12_winter sports
14_territory viewpoints
Competition Case Study
Those safe areas with very low sinking rates will be occupied with many different outdoor activities
http://www.archdaily.com/209939/infrastructural-archeaology-map-13/04-open-spaces/
Open Spaces. Articulated strategy of the use and activities in open spaces with higher structural stability The “Safe Areas” will be located in the places we are able to process without damaging the waste cells, these spaces are ideal for recreational uses and open air facilities which can be complemented with small scale construction for complementary services. Following this system new areas could be developed, such as sports facilities, parking, drive-in cinema, vegetable garden to rent, viewing points, camping, open air stage, and more services. 23
TEMPORARY LAND COLONIZATION STRATEGIES TO ITS USE OCCUPATION TEMPORAL STRATEGY
year 2015
SUN
SUMMER
year 2020
SUMMER
SEPTEMBER
DECEMBER
JUNE
WINTER
WIND
year 2030
FEBRUARY
WINTER
http://www.archdaily.com/209939/infrastructural-archeaology-map-13/05-temporary-schedule/
Temporary Schedule. Temporary land colonization strategies to its use and occupation. How to deal with a big scale project? What tools could we use for landscape design? We understand that a project of this size and characteristics can´t give response to a closed design in which everything is pre-established from the very beginning. On the contrary, we believe in it as a living organism. Nonetheless, base lines should be traced. A grid which articulates the territory but gives way to the uncontrolled and unfixed systems for the development of the park. Involuntary acts such as the pollination, the wear of the human use, the rains, the winds, which will characterize and give form to the place.
opportunity areas
http://www.archdaily.com/209939/infrastructural-archeaology-map-13/06-section-3/
As we can see, the design of the park responds to the buried infrastructures, some of these landscape lines eventually become walking paths, but other just remain visible as traces in the territory, which can be materialized as lines of light, vegetation axis, a series of rocks. The poles which generate the new topography are planted on top of the gas shafts and serve as information poles, light poles, small wind turbines, all of them connected by the perimeter platform belt which plays with the levels and gives access to the different activities. Systems which generate a mesh which reveals the functions and history of the place and that have the clear intention of establishing an interaction between the visitor and the park. A cultural landscape as a sum of the layers which are built up in time and that allow the organization of this space, crucial for debate in the dawn of this new era.
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Competition Case Study
http://www.archdaily.com/200684/active-edge-2ab/diagrams-39/
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Active Edge _2A+B
Infrastructure Archaeology _Map 13
1.3. Relevance of the Precedent Analysis to the Proposed Project
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Understanding how the edges can be addressed is important but it is also a necessity to see how it actually works. Following are four built projects that involve hybrid programs. The interaction between an industrial context and pedestrian is the focus for the next series of case studies.
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#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
BUILT CASE STUDY #1 (archdaily.com) Waste-to-Energy Plant (Copenhagen, Denmark) BIG
The main “function” of the facade is to hide the fact that factories are having a serious image/branding problem. We want to do more than just create a beautiful skin around the factory. We want to add functionality! The ambition of creating added value in terms of added functionality does not stand in contrast to the ambition to create beauty. It does not have to be either/or – it can be both! We propose a new breed of waste-to-energy plant, one that is economically, environmentally, and socially profitable. Instead of considering Amagerforbraending as an isolated object, we mobilize the architecture and intensify the relationship between the building and the city – expanding the existing activities in the area by turning the roof of the new Amagerforbraending into a ski slope for the citizens of Copenhagen. Now is time to re-brand the factory. http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-the-international-competition-to-design-a-new-wasteto-energy-plan/amf_image-by-big_11/
Built Case Study
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
Located in an industrial area near the city center the new Waste-to-Energy plant will be an exemplary model in the field of waste management and energy production, as well as an architectural landmark in the cityscape of Copenhagen. The project is the single largest environmental initiative in Denmark with a budget of 3,5 Billion DKK, and replaces the adjacent 40 year old Amagerfor- braending plant, integrating the latest technologies in waste treatment and environmental performance.
http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-the-international-competition-to-design-a-new-wasteto-energy-plan/amf_image-by-big_09/
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http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-the-international-competition-to-design-a-new-waste-to-energy-plan/amf_image-by-big_02/
http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-the-international-competition-to-design-a-new-wasteto-energy-plan/amf_image-by-big_02/
Administrative + Visitor Center The envelope of the building expands to accommodate an administrative and visitor center. We anticipate that coordinating design work between the facade and plant designers will allow for an integrated design approach to avoid the transmission of noise and vibration.
#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
Context The site is situated in an industrial area just outside the center of Copenhagen, and which is being actively re purposed for recreational and residential developments. Within minutes from the site it is possible to engage in physically challenging sports such as cable skiing, go-carting, sailing, and rock climbing.
http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/1296138115-amf-image-by-big-05.jpg
Smokestack One end of the building is lifted to integrate the smokestack into the overall architecture of the plant.
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
Public Connection Pushing down one end of the building minimizes the overall volume and allows for the possibility a public connection.
Built Case Study
http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-the-international-competition-to-design-a-new-waste-to-energy-plan/amf_image-by-big_03/
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
Alpine Skiing in Copenhagen We propose to turn the roof of the new Amagerforbraending into an artificial ski slope for the citizens of Copenhagen and its neighboring municipalities. The tall height of the internal volume of the plant means that this could be achieved with an average addition of 10m of vertical structure across the roof. The slope will be ecological and usable all year round, upending the convention of the energy intensive indoor or alpine ski resort.
http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/1296138126-amf-image-by-big-07.jpg
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#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
2. Smoke storage begin While the smoke ring rises Upper gate is closed Lower gate is open Smoke storage chamber starts refilling Piston begins to rise Pressure compensator compresses
3. Smoke storage continues Storage chamber keeps filling And the piston keeps rising
4. Smoke ejection begin Storage chamber is full and the piston at it’s highest level Upper gate opens Lower gate closes Piston starts moving downward to push smoke out The pressure compensation chamber is ready to expand The complete cycle takes about 30 seconds
Built Case Study
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
1. Smoke ejection finish Piston pushes smoke out Upper gate is open Smoke ring forms As the lower gate is closed, surplus smoke can enter the pressure compensation chamber
http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-the-international-competition-to-design-a-new-waste-to-energy-plan/0001gu/
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#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
The smokestack is modified to puff smoke rings of 30m in diameter whenever 1 ton of fossil CO2 is released. These smoke rings which are the brainchild of Germany-based art studio realities:united will form due to the condensation of water in the flue gases as they as they slowly rise and cool, serving as a gentle reminder of the impact of consumption and a measuring stick that will allow the common Copenhagener to grasp the CO2 emission in a straightforward way - turning the smokestack traditionally the symbol of the industrial era into a symbol for the future. At night, heat tracking lights are used to position lasers on the smoke rings into glowing artworks.
Built Case Study
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
A chimney will extend up from the top of the slope and will emit a smoke ring every time a ton of carbon dioxide has been released, intended to remind local residents of their carbon footprint. These rings will be illuminated by lasers at night.
http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-the-international-competition-to-design-a-new-waste-to-energy-plan/amf_image-by-big_10/
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#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
Built Case Study
http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-the-international-competition-to-design-a-new-waste-to-energy-plan/
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#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros #2 Erick Van Egeraat #1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group Built Case Study
http://www.archdaily.com/107183/big-wins-the-international-competition-to-design-a-new-waste-to-energy-plan/amf_image-by-big_04/
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#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
BUILT CASE STUDY #2 (archdaily.com) Incineration Line (Roskilde, Denmark) Erick Van Egeraat
http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/5406bdafc07a801b04000139_incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_ilr330-jpg/
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
The plant will incinerate waste, from nine surrounding municipalities and from many places abroad to produce electricity and heat power for the whole region of Roskilde. To provide the huge new incinerator line, planned in a relatively flat landscape and next to the relatively small city of Roskilde with a suitable appearance, an international design competition was organized. In 2008 the jury unanimously selected the design proposed by Erick van Egeraat. The design presents an iconic expression for the otherwise functional architecture of the local waste management company Kara/Noveren’s next generation incineration line. The facade consists of two layers: the inner layer is the skin which provides the actual climatic barrier, allowing the second skin to be treated more freely – raw umber-coloured aluminium plates with an irregular pattern of laser cut circular holes. The aluminum plates are treated to give them the desired colour and patina at day time. At night, the programmable lighting, installed between the two facades, gives the building an additional metaphor.
http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/5406bf65c07a801b04000140_incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_ilr1147-jpg/
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
Built Case Study
For the illumination of the facade it was important that only the light and not the light sources themselves are visible. This has been realized by reflecting the light on the inner facade, which allowed the light glowing decently through the perforated skin. All luminaries can be programmed individually and in colour. Nevertheless the lighting is not intended to brighten the sky or dominate the surroundings, but rather serves to underline the buildings’ industrial character and above all to give it poetic meaning and experience at night.
http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/ 5406be88c07a80371300014d_incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_ilr631-jpg/
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http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/5406bf7bc07a80ae2200010b_ incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_ilr1160-jpg/
The design is based on simple construction details combined with cutting edge manufacturing technology for the production of the aluminum facade panels and clever processing and repetition. Due to its large scale, the incinerator is destined to become an outstanding structure in the wide and open landscape of the Roskilde area and represents a hyper-modern and sustainable energy plant, where waste will be turned into power.
#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/54088410c07a80d6f10000c3_incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_plan_01png/
http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/54088401c07a80022f0000cf_incinerationline-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_east_elevation-png/
Erick van Egeraat states about his design: ‘‘At night the back light perforated facade transforms the incinerator into a gently glowing beacon – a symbol of the plant’s energy production. Several times an hour a spark of light will gradually grow into a burning flame that lights up the entire building. When the metaphorical fire ceases, the building falls back into a state of burning embers.’’ 35
Built Case Study
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/54088435c07a80d6f10000c4_incineration-line-inroskilde-erick-van-egeraat_section_aa-png/
#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
Built Case Study
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
http://www.archdaily.com/544175/ incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/5406bfa3c07a801b04000141_incineration-line-in-roskildeerick-van-egeraat_ilr1222-jpg/
http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/5406c019c07a80ae2200010f_ incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_ilr1497-jpg/
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http://www.archdaily.com/544175/ incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/5406be69c07a80371300014c_incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_ilr569-jpg/
http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/5406beb5c07a80371300014e_incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_ilr687-jpg/
#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros http://www.archdaily.com/544175/incineration-line-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat/5406bea0c07a801b0400013d_incinerationline-in-roskilde-erick-van-egeraat_ilr673-jpg/
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Built Case Study
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
The new incinerator in Roskilde is created specifically to add value to an otherwise purely industrial complex. Enriching the skyline of this small Danish city, once the Danish Capital, the silhouette of the incinerator also provides an historic comment. The lower part of the building resembles angular roofs of surrounding factories, but the impressive 97-meter spire and its materialization is the modern counterpart of the city’s prime historical monument, the Roskilde Cathedral.
#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
BUILT CASE STUDY #3 (archdaily.com) Waste Treatment Facility (Barcelona, Spain) Ballet & Roig Architects
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
http://www.archdaily.com/191295/waste-treatment-facility-batlle-roig-architects/mainimage735-02_03_sc_v2com/
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
The Waste Treatment Facility (CTRV, in Spanish) is located on a hillside overlooking the Coll Cardús massif in the municipality of Vacarisses, in the district of the Vallès Occidental. This site is currently taken up by a controlled waste landfill site nearing its capacity limit. This fact has caused its managing body to consider regulating the closure of the facility and to study possible future uses for the area. The choice of the location of the CTRV has also taken into account different criteria of logistical and economic suitability, as well as the minimization of the environmental impact resulting from the installation and operation of waste management-related activities.
Built Case Study
http://www.archdaily.com/191295/waste-treatment-facility-batlle-roig-architects/735-02_05_sc_v2com/
http://www.archdaily.com/191295/waste-treatment-facility-batlle-roig-architects/735-02_01_sc_ v2com/
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#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
http://www.archdaily.com/191295/waste-treatment-facility-batlle-roig-architects/735-02_09_sc_ v2com/
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
The activity of the landfill site has led to unfriendly topographical alterations and modifications in the natural environment. For this reason, we decided to establish the facilities in those areas where the activity of the landfill had already damaged the natural environment. Despite the size of the plant facilities, it is intended to achieve the highest landscape integration with the environment. In order to achieve this goal, we pursue a high topographical adaptation, where the impact from roofs and facades is minimized by the subsequent landscape restoration.
Built Case Study
http://www.archdaily.com/191295/waste-treatment-facility-batlle-roig-architects/735-02_07_sc_v2com/
http://www.archdaily.com/191295/waste-treatment-facility-batlle-roig-architects/735-02_11_sc_ v2com/
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#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
The project involves the construction of two large treatment areas under a large roof. These areas, separated by a driveway, are different in height and they sit at different levels. That is the reason why the roof changes its geometry according to the programs and dimensions of each precinct. The roof will cover a variety of requirements: forced air vents, skylights, etc., and they will blend together by the use of a graphic structure that may be transformed into a landscape roof. The different circles contain earth, gravel, and native ground-covers and shrubs. Over time, they will balance the impact of the facility without resorting to camouflage or mimicry.
Built Case Study
http://www.archdaily.com/191295/waste-treatment-facility-batlle-roig-architects/735-02_08_sc_v2com/
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http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/1323484264-exploded-axon.jpg
http://www.archdaily.com/191295/waste-treatment-facility-batlle-roig-architects/735-02_02_sc_v2com/
Built Case Study
http://www.archdaily.com/191295/waste-treatment-facility-batlle-roig-architects/735-02_04_sc_v2com/
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#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
BUILT CASE STUDY #4 (archidose.org) Recycling Plant (Madrid, Spain) Ablos and Herreros
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
http://estudioherreros.com/en/project/planta-reciclaje/
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
Situated in the Valdemingómez area of Madrid, Spain, this Recycling Plant for urban waste is part of a larger plan to improve both the social and environmental aspects of the Southeast Region. Designed by Madrid’s own Abalos & Herreros, the Plant is only part of a group of projects to create a system for waste treatment and recycling, while also transforming the area to achieve the regional plan’s goals.
http://archidose.org/wp/tag/abalos-herreros/
Built Case Study
The project unifies the typically separate components - including selection, processing and treatment facilities, offices, workshops and storage space - under a single, sloping, green roof (click here for plan). In the architect’s words, the roof echoes “the gravitational character of the process as it does the original hillside upon which it sits”. Aside from the roof, the other major exterior feature is the polycarbonate panels - appropriately recycled. The translucent panels admit light during the day and reverse the process at night, as the Plant admits a soft, yellow glow to the surroundings.
http://archidose.org/wp/tag/abalos-herreros/
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#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros #2 Erick Van Egeraat
http://estudioherreros.com/en/project/planta-reciclaje/
#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
Intended to act as a recycling plant for 25 years, the building will either become a service building or dismantled with the parts recycled or re-used. Hopefully at that time the building will successfully change uses, because even though it is essentially an industrial container, it has been designed and built with such care that it would enhance its region, even if it exists as something else.
http://archidose.org/wp/tag/abalos-herreros/
Built Case Study
A unique aspect of the Recycling Plant is the incorporation of a museum and a route for visitors to watch the recycling process. In addition to the actual working conditions of the Plant, it also tries to educate the public by putting itself on display. In a way, then, the polycarbonate panels allude to the exhibition of the working processes. With the structure and interior finishes showing environmental sensitivity, the overall project - both building and program - goes beyond other “green� buildings.
http://estudioherreros.com/en/project/planta-reciclaje/
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Built Case Study
http://estudioherreros.com/en/project/planta-reciclaje/
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#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
Built Case Study
http://archidose.org/wp/tag/abalos-herreros/
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#1 Bjarke Ingelcs Group
#2 Erick Van Egeraat
#3 Ballet & Roig Architects #4Ablos & Herreros
Chapter 2.0 Design Analysis
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2.1. Site Context
Georgia 48
Fulton County
Sandy Springs
Morgan Falls is an important historic site because it’s associated with S. Morgan Smith. S. Morgan Smith is best known as the inventor of “Smith’s Success Turbine.” Smith was born in Davie County, North Carolina in 1830. He spent his early years on a farm and became interested in machinery. After the Civil War, he became associated with the York Manufacturing Company in Pennsylvania.
That company failed, but Smith began building his own water-powered turbines for use in local grist mills. Ultimately, the S. Morgan Smith Company became one of the largest builders of water turbines in the world. By the late 1890s, attempts to harness water power were already underway on the Chattahoochee River, northeast of Atlanta. Smith learned of a good site on the river called Bull sluice.
He bought the land and water rights and formed the Atlanta Water and Electric Power Company. Construction of a hydroelectric plant at Morgan Falls began in 1902. To build the dam, a type of building method called “Concrete Cyclopean Masonry” was used to construct the facility. In this method, large pieces of uncut stone were set far apart and the gaps were filled with cement. Morgan Falls began generating electricity in October 1904.
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Chattahoochee River
Chattahoochee River
Steel Canyon Golf Course Chattahoochee River
Orkin Lake
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Morgan Falls
Steel Canyon Golf Course
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Residential
48% 52
Recreation
15%
Land Use
Office
5%
Retail
2%
Institutional/ Government
3%
Primary Streets Secondary Streets Tertiary Streets Landfill/ Golf Course
Streets
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Morgan Falls Overlook
Chattahoochee River
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Green Spaces
Chattahooche River
Morgan Hills Dam
Steel Canyon Golf Course
Steel Canyon Golf Course
Orkin Lake
Big Trees Forest Preservation
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Image 4
Image 3
Image 2
Image 1
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Image 5
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Image 6
Transformed Golf Course
Image 7
Image 8
1 Morgan Hills Dam 2 Sandy Springs Dog Park
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3 Morgan Falls Overlook Park 4 Edgewater Apartments 3
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5 Laurels at Overlook Park 6 Harbor Pointe Apartments
8 17 13
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7 Sandy Springs Recycling Center 8 Cambridge Town homes 9 Morgan Hills Athletic fields
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10 RBM of Atlanta 16 9
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11 Classic Cadillac 12 Igreja Batista Lagointa Atlanta
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13 World pay 14 The Fountains at Morgan Falls
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15 North Springs United Methodist 11
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16 Public Storage 17 Fed Ex
Building Functions
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Artifact
Chimney
Metal Decking
When the hydro-plant was built (1902-04) trees were cleared to make room for a large temporary camp for workers. The remnants of the old road bed can still be seen. After construction of the dam, the operating village grew up around the site, so that at one time, the bluff was covered with small homes.
77 J.R. Power
Mrs. Margaret Stroup 279 Fractional Land Lot 83: W.H. Power 83 W.H. Power S. Morgan Smith
ith
280 P.J. Power
m Da
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281 P.J. Power
Land Lot 77: J.R. Power
S. Mo rga Smith n
As part of their Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) license renewal process, Georgia Power sponsored a history study of the Morgan Falls hydroelectric plan. In cooperation with the Georgia State Historic Preservation Office and FERC, the Georgia Power Company determined that Morgan Falls was a significant historical resource. Morgan Falls is important because of its architecture, its associations with the early development of hydroelectric engineering, and S. Morgan Smith, who is famous for inventing the water turbine. Morgan Falls was built during a time when hydroelectric power was new and still an experiment. Plants like Morgan Falls helped with the invention and experimentation of long electrical transmission systems, dam construction, and the creation of efficient power generation. Morgan Falls was one of the first hydroelectric plants in the state of Georgia. It provided the first hydroelectric power for the City of Atlanta. With the opening date of 1904, Morgan falls is the oldest hydro-engineering facility still operating in Georgia.
Mrs. Margaret Stroup 287
S. Morgan Smith
Morgan Hills Dam
The Overlook Trail at Morgan Falls was constructed as a gift to the City and its residents by the Sandy Springs Conservancy. It winds through a typical Piedmont hardwood forest. The Piedmont region of rolling hills is between the Appalachian Mountains and the Fall line of the Coastal Plain. This forest is primarily deciduous, meaning the trees lose their leaves in the winter. When European immigrants and American pioneers, like the Power family, came to this area, they cleared most of the forest for timber or crops. They also brought with them many plants we refer to today as “exotic invasive.� These include bamboo privet and Chinese wisteria, which can be seen today Today, the forest is growing back, with a mixture of pines and hardwoods, native plants and invasive species. The forest can be made healthy again by removing the invasive and leaving felled trees to decompose and nurture the soil naturally. This allows the native plants and trees to thrive once again and provides an important habitat for the birds and wildlife.
339 P.J. Power
288 P.J. Power
S. Morgan Sm
Morgan Falls Overlook
Land Lots 339, 288, 280 and 281; P.J. Power
P.J. Power
The standing chimney dates from the mid to late 1830s. It is constructed of local field stone. The size of the stones played an important role in the design. The larger, flatter field stones were stacked tightly and braced with smaller field stones, known as shims. The Shims allowed the chimney to stand on its own. Local clay mortar was used to bond and weatherproof the chimney. It stands 16.5 feet tall with a 6 feet width at its widest point.
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84 W.H. Power Land Lot 84: W.H. Power Land Lot 84: W.H. Power Balls Creek
1903 BULL SLUICE PROPERTY CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER 400 ft
GEORGIA
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2.2. Site Analysis
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Morgan Falls is a great example of early attempts at harnessing hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric power is created by the force of falling water. Hydro-power plants store the needed water in reservoirs. To create electricity, stored water is sent through powerhouse gates and goes into pipes. The water then turns the blades of a turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator. The generator spins and produces an electrical current. The current is sent to a transformer where the voltage is increased. Transmission
lines then carry the electricity over long distances to homes, businesses, and communities. Hydroelectricity was developed in 1880 when it was used by the Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company in Michigan. They used a water-powered turbine to provide electricity for arc lighting. In Georgia, many early hydro plants were built to provide power to textile mills and other industries. Most of these hydro plants were eventually bought by the Georgia Power Company.
Hydro-power reached its peak in the 1940s. Forty percent of the nation’s electricity was generated through hydro-power. Today, the United States gets only about six percent of its electricity through hydropower. Hydro-power plants are being explored as a source for clean energy. They do not pollute the air because they do not burn fuel. Rainfall provides the water needed to operate the plants, so they are durable and inexpensive.
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Chattahoochee River
Chattahoochee River
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Sandy Springs, Morgan Falls area
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Steel Canyon Golf Course Landfill
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Site Plan (macro)
340°
350°
330°
N
10°
20° 30°
10°
320°
40°
20° 30°
310°
50°
40°
300°
60°
50° 290°
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80°
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E
260°
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110°
250° 240°
120° 130°
230° 140°
220° 210°
150° 200°
190°
S
170°
160°
Sun Analysis
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Steel Canyon Golf Course Landfill
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Experience
Big Tree Preservation
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Park at Johnson Ferry
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Experience
Gold Branch Trail
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Sandy Springs Dog Park
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Experience
Morgan Falls Overlook
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Steel Canyon Golf Course
Because this golf course was once Morgan Hills Landfill, the ground had to be prepared before the transformation could occur. The ground could not be excavated due to the trash beneath the surface. 750 cubic yards of dirt was used to cover the trash. There is a 48� gas pipe that runs in the ground. A methane hut stands on the golf course and converts the methane to a useful energy. Even though dirt was added to the site to make it safe, no large structure can be added due to the unstable ground.
Morgan Falls Road
Morgan Falls Road intersects Roswell Road and dead ends into the Chattahoochee river. The road has sidewalks on both sides until the Steel Canyon Golf Course. After the golf Course there are only sidewalks on the opposite side of the golf course. As soon as the sidewalk reaches Laurels at Morgan Falls (last residential development before the dam) There are no sidewalks on either side of the street. The street then becomes extremely narrow which two small cars can barely fit.
Methane Hut
Steel Canyon Golf Course
Chattahoochee River
Chattahoochee River
Morgan Falls Overlook Park
One of the sustainable strategies used to convert this landfill into a golf course was focused on local construction. The neighboring construction projects were given permission to dump their excavated dirt onto the Morgan Hills site. It took a little more than 100 dump trucks to get the required dirt to bury the trash and create a safe environment for the Sandy Spring golfers.
Chattahoochee River
The Sandy Springs area is 48% residential and has several parks to visit. In the Macro Analysis of Sandy Springs, the Chattahoochee River divides the residential with no means to get from one side to the other. On the Eastern side of the river there are 2 locations designated to view the river: Morgan Falls Overlook Park and the Morgan Hills Dam where a metal decking stands in the water and fisherman can fish along the shore.
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Constraints
Morgan Falls Overlook Park
The Morgan Falls Overlook is a 27 acre Park that overlooks Bull Slice Lake and the Chattahoochee River. The park consists of a playground, picnic pavilion, open lawn, river overlook, parking, and kayak storage. Envisioned in 2003 the park was opened to the public in 2005. The most common way to get to the park is to take Morgan Falls Road. It becomes difficult to navigate after passing Laurels at Morgan Falls because of the narrow winding path.
Morgan Falls Overlook
Section 3
Section 3
Section 2 Section 1
Section 2
Section 1 73
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Electric Corridor
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Electric Corridor
Edge Conditions 77
Morgan Falls Dam
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Chattahoochee River Dams
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The Beginning: Chattahoochee Gap
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Nora Mill Dam
3
Buford Dam
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Morgan Falls Dam
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West Point Dam
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Langdale Dam
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Crow Hop Dam
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Riverview Dam
Thirty-five hundred feet high into the Blue Ridge Mountains at Chattahoochee Ga. Thus begins the Chattahoochee River, a small trickle that quickly picks up speed as it tumbles 1,580 feet to Helen Valley.
The first dam constructed on the Chattahoochee. Built in 1824, it powered John Brown’s grist and lumber mill. In 1876, Englishman John Martin built the present Nora Mill and then replaced Brown’s original dam in 1893. Today. This log dam, which is the northernmost dam on the river is one of the only 40 or 60 in the United States still operating a water-powered mill.
Construction began in 1953. To keep costs low, they were built of raw earth instead of concrete. 192 feet high and 2,360 feet long. The Powerhouse was constructed in a depression excavated from solid rock. Completed in 1956, the Powerhouse contains the machinery necessary to produce electricity and to regulate the flow of water released from the lake back into the Chattahoochee River.
When completed it produced Atlanta’s first hydroelectric power, playing an important role in the city’s early industrial growth. The plant was the South’s largest hydroelectric installation. The majority of its 10,500 kilowatt outputs was initially used to run the Atlanta streetcar system. The Georgia Power Company owns Morgan Falls.
97 feet tall and 7,250 feet long the concrete structure includes the non-overflow section, the intake-powerhouse and the spillway. Congress authorized the project in 1962 for flood control, hydroelectric power, navigation, fish and wildlife development and general recreation. It was the first Corps project in the southeast to be constructed with recreation as one of the prime benefits.
The stone masonry dam is 15 feet high and spans 1,400 feet across the river. The reservoir covers 152 acres of surface water, the crest elevation of which is 548 feet. The open spillway bends in the middle, making a V with the point facing downstream. The powerhouse is located on the Alabama bank.
The stone masonry dam has a free-flow spillway. The dam was built after Riverview and is 15 feet high and 944 feet long, extending from Hills Island to the eastern bank of the river. The function of this dam is to push the river to the western channel around Hills Island to provide more water to the generators.
A stone masonry dam with free-flow spillway that create scenic, long waterfall drops. 10-feet high and extends 200 feet from the Alabama bank to Hill Island. The 1918 powerhouse located at the west end has two units that still produce 500 kilowatts. The dam and plant are directly behind the Riverview Mill, as is a small day-use Georgia Power park with a footbridge to a small island next to Hills Island.
9
Bartletts Ferry Dam
Named for Rev. Simpson Wilson Bartlett, a 19th-century minister and doctor who operated a ferry on the Chattahoochee here, this hydroelectric plant dwarfs the others in the vicinity. This red brick plant began delivering 30,000 kilowatts to Columbus in 1926. The 120-feet high and 1,900-feet long concrete dam impounds Lake Harding.
Rock Dam 10 Goat Goat Rock’s concrete dam and red brick powerhouse on the Alabama bank remain essentially
unchanged since their construction at the beginning of the 20th century. The original two units put out 6,000 kilowatts, but by 1956 a total of six pumped out 26,000 kilowatts for the Georgia Power plant. Its open spillway dam is high, long and straight over the entire river, making an unbroken waterfall 68 feet high and 1,300 feet across.
Oliver Dam 11 Lake Oliver Dam develops the first completely automatic, remote controlled hydroelectric plant in
Georgia. Completed in 1959, its four generators on the Georgia bank produce 60,000 kilowatts. The concrete dam, 70-feet high and 2,000-feet long, has about 30 blue iron spillway gates with sloping lift buckets underneath.
Highlands Dam 12 North Built in 1899, the first large dam in the South powered the Bibb Cotton Mill in Columbus, A
1901 flood almost destroyed North Highlands, the oldest dam in the Columbus area. But the original stone masonry dam, 33 feet high and 728 feet across, remains in use. The reservoir, Bibb Pond, has only 131 acres of surface water and three miles of shoreline.
Mills Dam 13 City The original dam was wooden, but in 1907 the City Mills Company replaced it with stone. The open spillway makes a 10-foot waterfall spanning the river, bent slightly in the middle like the letter V, the point facing downstream.
& Phenix Dam 14 Eagle The second oldest dam on this stretch of the Chattahoochee, a small, straight spillway across
the river, powered the Eagle Mills. Union raiders during the civil war torched the mill in April of 1865, a week after the war officially ended. Rebuilt a year later, it became the Eagle & Phenix Mills to signify its rise from the ashes. Within 15 years it became the largest textile mill in the South.
F. George Lock and Dam 15 Walter 13,585 feet in length and 132 feet in height the massive navigational lock, built for transporting
huge river barges carrying fuel and fertilizer, is 82 feet by 450 feet. It slowly drops, or lifts, its passengers the 88 feet between the Walter F. George lake level and the river bed below the dam. The dam, operational since 1963, is open seven days a week from 8am to 4pm.
Woodruff Lock and Dam 16 Jim Completed in 1957, this southernmost lock and dam on the Chattahoochee, that forms Lake
Seminole, was built to improve navigation on the river and provide a source for the generation of electricity. The lock is 82 feet by 450 feet with a maximum lift of 33 feet. A channel nine feet deep and 100 feet wide is maintained to allow commercial traffic to Columbus on the Chattahoochee and Bainbridge on the Flint.
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Site Location
Vehicular Bridges
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82
Time line 1901 1904 1924 Landfill Opened
1897
Working Dam
Land Surveyed
1890 1950 1957
Raised Dam
Increased Power
Dam Construction
Water Powered Turbine
1997 2003 2003 Chimney Restoration
1988
Golf Course Opening
Temporary Closing
1975 2009 2011
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Park Opening
Park Discussion
Gas Collection System
Municipal Solid Waste
Chapter 3.0 Design Process
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85
3.1. Site: Context
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Large Power Lines
Two-circuit, single-voltage power transmission line; Bundled 4-ways
Morgan Falls Hydroelectric Dam
Powerhouse
Chattahoochee River
Parking
Parking
Transmission substation
Metal Decking
Sub transmission line Parking
Parking
Parking
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Site Plan
Cross Section drawing of the original 1902 powerhouse design
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3.2. Program: Space
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