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Table of Contents Abstract ______________________________________________________ 4 Streszczenie __________________________________________________ 5 1. Introduction _______________________________________________ 6 1.1 Topic Choice ______________________________________________________________ 6 1.2 Purpose of Paper __________________________________________________________ 8 1.3 Methodology ______________________________________________________________ 9 1.4 The Stadium ______________________________________________________________ 11 1.5 Why sports? ______________________________________________________________ 19 1.6 Baseball in Poland ________________________________________________________ 21
2. Architectural Solutions ____________________________________ 31 2.1 The Site: _________________________________________________________________ 31 2.2 Form Finding: ____________________________________________________________ 34 2.3 Phasing __________________________________________________________________ 50 2.4 Architectural Uses: ________________________________________________________ 53 2.5 Additional Uses: __________________________________________________________ 57
Conclusion- _________________________________________________ 60 References __________________________________________________ 62
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Abstract This thesis will focus on the importance of culture through team sports resulting in a shared society in Warsaw, Poland. The architectural outcome is a multi-purpose stadium with baseball being the primary sport used for the program. Baseball is considered an American past time but potentially has roots in Polish culture through the well-known game Palant . Baseball is played in Poland, yet is quite niche and underdeveloped. This situation creates an opportunity for the thesis to explore what the Polish baseball culture might be like in the future while simultaneously raising awareness on the culture of the game. The idea of the future stadium will also be challenged since in recent history many stadiums only have had a life span of approximately 35 years, making them wasteful both ecologically and economically. This was not always the case, as stadiums used to have usable lifespans lasting many generations, a prime example being the Coliseum in Rome, but newer stadiums have a shorter life span and are overwhelmingly underutilized day in and day out. It is therefore imperative that future stadiums are sustainable, socially integrative, non-stagnant, and adaptable. Implementing new building technologies such as advances in timber framing offer a unique path for sustainability and adaptive reuse while plausibly being a cheaper alternative building method. Parametric design tools within Grasshopper, (a plugin for Rhinoceros 3d) are implemented heavily into the final product of the thesis design and are focused on in detail within the thesis. Its unique capabilities to optimize environmental results like maximum solar radiation absorption for solar panels help define creative rules for the design outcome. A stadium is a place for social interaction, whether it is from the fans to the players or from the players to the game itself. The human psyche has an inherent need to play during all stages of its life making it ever the more important to create a sufficient space for creative freedom of sports play for all levels.
Keywords: Baseball, stadium, timber construction, parametric design, solar optimization, computational design, social integration
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Streszczenie Niniejsza praca magisterska ma na celu wzmocni znaczenie kultury poprzez sport zespo owy w tworzenie wi zi spo ecznych w Warszawie. Efektem jest stworzenie obiektu architektonicznego jako wielofunkcyjny stadion, którego podstawowym sportem jest baseball. Baseball jest uwa any za ameryka sk rozrywk , ale ma odzwierciedlenie w polskiej kulturze dzi ki grze Palant . W Polsce równie gra si w baseball, ale jest ma o popularny i s abo rozwini ty. Dzi ki temu istnieje potrzeba zbadania tematu, jak mo e wygl da polska kultura baseballu w przysz o ci, jednocze nie podnosz c wiadomo spo eczn na temat tego sportu. Pomys przysz ego stadionu mo e budzi w tpliwo ci, poniewa w historii wiele stadionów istnia o tylko oko o 35 lat, co mo na uwa a za marnotrawstwo zarówno pod wzgl dem ekologicznym, jak i ekonomicznym. Oczywi cie s wyj tki od tej regu y, takie jak Koloseum w Rzymie. Obecnie stadiony istniej krócej i s w wi kszo ci niewykorzystane ka dego dnia. Dlatego te konieczne jest, aby przysz e stadiony by y zrównowa one ekologicznie, integracyjne spo ecznie, stale si zmieniaj ce i przystosowywane. Wdra anie nowych rozwi za w technologiach budowlanych, takich jak post p w konstrukcji drewnianej, oferuje mo liwo zrównowa onego rozwoju i ponownego wykorzystania, b d c jednocze nie ta sz alternatywn metod budowania. Narz dzia do projektowania parametrycznego w Grasshopper, jako wtyczka dla Rhinoceros 3d, s mocno zaimplementowane w ko cowej fazie projektu i s szczegó owo omówione w pracy magisterskiej. Jego unikalne mo liwo ci optymalizacji wyników rodowiskowych, takich jak uzyskanie maksymalnego promieniowania s onecznego przez panele s oneczne, pomagaj uzyska kreatywny ostateczny obraz projektu. Stadion jest miejscem interakcji spo ecznych pomi dzy kibicami czy graczami, czy podczas samej gry. Ludzka psychika ma nieod czn potrzeb rozrywki na wszystkich etapach naszego ycia, co sprawia, e coraz wa niejsze jest stworzenie przestrzeni dla swobodnego uprawiania sportu na wszystkich poziomach.
s owa kluc owe: Baseball, stadion, konstrukcja drewniana, projektowanie parametryczne, optymalizacja s oneczna, projektowanie obliczeniowe, integracja spo eczna
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1. Introduction
1.1 Topic Choice
The significance of sports and culture within a globalizing country is essential for the country to efficiently prosper. Poland will continue its efforts to become a more globalized nation since it significantly increases the annual GDP percentage annually as shown by the National Bank of Poland (Gradzewicz, 2008). As the trend continues, Poland is bound to be a host for a myriad of immigrants who will make it their home. This trend can already be seen through immigration statistics and the rise of international students in the country (Sas, 2019). Poland being the tenth-most monoethnic culture at 96.9% Polish ethnicity may make assimilation for said immigrants much more difficult especially if they do not speak Polish. English is only spoken by 37% of the Polish population (this is double the amount of what it was in the late 1990s), which also can make assimilating into the culture and country not so appeasing (How Widely Spoken, n.d.). At the same token, it is vital that immigrants assimilate without impeding on the already established Polish culture. People can easily be torn apart by conflicting ideologies, political beliefs, religion, and class structure but join in comradery to attend a football match or play on the same pitch as their teammates. Having said comradery helps stitch together society and without it nations are easily divided. Poland benefits immensely by being a mono-ethnic society in this regard. Its people have a common ethnic background that ties them together, however the same cannot be said about all immigrants living in the country. Sports, notably team sports can help in making the transition for first generation immigrants more fluid and manageable as shown in the study by the University of Illinois Department of Leisure Studies in the United States (Stodolska, 2004). This concept was 6
also supported by Pierre de Coubertin who was considered to be the father of the Modern Olympic Games : "Participation in sport can promote human rights through generating shared interests and values and teaching social skills that are necessary for democratic citizenship" (Council of Europe, n.d.) Sport is a universal language. Just like music, it does not require spoken language to understand and can be understood by all if the pre-existing rules are established. This is the reason why the FIFA World Cup is such a large global event. The Olympics bring the world together every four years so the world s best athletes can compete for their home country while immersing themselves in the host-country s society for the minimum time of the competition. While there are sporting facilities and stadiums within Warsaw, their reach is quite limited to only the most popular sports such as football. Sports such as baseball, which are quite unpopular according to physical education statistics from 2017 and 2018 by GUS (GUS, 2019) do not have adequate facilities of their own. Architecture should not just be thought of as a means for developing for the vast majority of people (even though this is an important aspect of the design), but also for individuals and the minority at the same time. A multi-purpose stadium designed for the purpose of bringing people together through sports is the solution for the problem of assimilation within a homogeneous mono-ethnic society is the intended design outcome of the thesis. This paper will focus on the importance of culture through sports through a shared learning process. The idea of the future of the stadium will be challenged as well since in recent history many stadiums only have had a life span of approximately 35 years. Of course, there are
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exceptions to this such as the infamous Coliseum, but newer stadiums have a shorter life span and are overwhelmingly underutilized day in and day out. A stadium is a place for social interaction, whether it is from the fans to the players or from the players to the game itself. The human psyche has an inherent need to play at all stages of our lives making it ever the more important to create a sufficient space for creative freedom of sports play. In sociology, a minority group refers to a category of people who experience relative disadvantage as compared to members of a dominant social group. (Healey, 2014)
1.2 Purpose of Paper
The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness to particular issues such as minority groups within the community and to evaluate the importance that sports will contribute to society s everchanging needs in the future. Specifically, Warsaw and Poland s baseball associations are the prime focus in this particular thesis with the hopes of getting them their own space which can be specifically used for the game they love, baseball. Baseball is becoming more popular in Poland as time goes on with new stadiums and facilities being constructed in cities such as ód , Katowice, and Wroc aw. Warsaw has four unique clubs of their own and Poland has over twenty with more than three respective leagues, including a national team. The thesis project takes a look at sociological problems that are faced and creates an architectural solution based on said problems. The architectural design is meant as a solution to help tackle the problem at hand while also challenging the idea of what a stadium might look like in the future. Architecture has a direct impact on how people interact with society, so it is important to design to accommodate all people in society for their needs to be adequately met.
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1.3 Methodology This paper is divided into two sections: a theoretical analytical study focused on stadiums and culture, and the architectural design solution that is proposed for the theoretical study at hand. The theoretical analytical study section will look at sociological problems such as lack of exercise in a Optimization design tools are an important component for establishing the architectural form of the building through genetic algorithm solvers and will be commonly used throughout the analysis portion of this paper. This way environmental factors such as sunlight can be used in order to create the optimal form of the building. Primarily the architectural design study will be broken down into the construction phases of the project explaining how and why each phase could be adapted into a real project. This part is essential for the possibility of creating a field or stadium for the intended users of the site (the Warsaw baseball teams). In the eastern part of the Mokotów District in Warsaw there is a neighborhood named Augustówka which is near the river. There are many residential homes in this area and paths for urban walking to greenery. Overall, the area is underdeveloped in terms of recreational activity with the exception including walking, cycling, and gardening (which is more apparent just north of the neighborhood in the adjacent Siekierki neighborhood). Right on the edge of these two neighborhoods is a historic fortress, Fort X. This fort is a modern park and the proposed site for the baseball facility and stadium is directly east of the fort. The proposed site is illustrated in FigureX, the main area being the part highlighted in a red-orange color. The orange and yellow-orange colors indicate how the site is currently being used through their respective recreational 9
activities. In the northwest is the fortress, where it is now being used for practicing sharp shooting primarily through bow and arrows and airsoft rifles. In the southwest there is an area of hills for BMX bikers to perform bike jumps and tricks. The two dichotomies of the recreational activities make the site idealistic for a program for additional recreational sports in the area. The methods used for choosing the site are briefly explained in this section and are important concepts for understanding the reasoning behind design decisions. Before any design work could be done the site needed to be chosen with key characteristics which would make having a baseball complex not only logical, but desired.
Figure 1: Proposed Site
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1.4 The Stadium Historic Stadiums The idea of the stadium is not a new concept. It has been around for thousands of years with the oldest know existing example being that of the Stadium at Olympia in Greece where the ancient Olympic Games were participated in in 776 BC. The games were a significant component to Ancient Greek culture and tied in heavily with religion. Some events that the Ancient Greeks partook in were wrestling, running, discus throwing, equestrian related events, and jumping (The International Olympic Committee, n.d.). The Romans, inspired by the Greeks built the most influential architectural monument for the history of stadia, the Flavian Amphitheater, also known as the Colosseum, in Rome where construction began in 69AD. Still to this day it stands after various natural disasters such as earthquakes and fires. The Colosseum has been renovated a handful of times thanks to said disasters and it is still being renovated since it is a UNESCO heritage site. The main use of this iconic monument in ancient times was more gruesome than present day sports. Here is a list of just a few ways the Colosseum was used during its tenure: Gladiator fights Naval and aquatic displays (see figure) Animal hunts Parades Executions and torture Theatre
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The most important information in regards to this thesis dealing with the Colosseum is not that it set a framework for a millennia of stadia to come but its innate characteristics of providing entertainment in a variety of forms. Although many of these events were quite brutal and otherwise unorthodox in the mind of the modern sport s fan, they were socially adaptable since The Colosseum was not just used for one particular kind of event (Sightseeing Tours Italy, n.d.). The use of water was undeniably one of the greatest technological achievements of the Romans. The aqueduct systems that were prevalent in ancient Rome were unlike anything else seen in history at the time. This technology was also used in the Colosseum where the entire field could be flooded with water thanks to the help of the aqueducts (John, Sheaard, & Vickery, 2007).
Figure 2: Roman Colosseum today Figure 3: Roman Colosseum used for Naval display
The Modern Stadium The fall of Rome meant a halt on stadium design during the Middle Ages and would not come back until the 19th century with the first modern day Olympics which began in 1896 in Athens, Greece and has now been a long running tradition in the sport s world only stopping for war and now for a worldwide pandemic in 2020 because of COVID12
19. The host country for the Olympics has an on-going tradition of building an Olympic stadium for the games. The birth of the modern stadium followed shortly after the first Olympic games, most notably at the fourth Olympiad in London, 1908 with the White Field Stadium. The two previous Olympiads (Paris and St. Louis) were a part of the world s Fair and had competitions on fields. The White Field Stadium was also used as a venue for the 1966 World Cup.
Figure 4: The White Field Stadium, London, England
The failure of the Oakland Coliseum Maybe most noteworthy for its appearance in the blockbuster hit film Moneyball , a story based on true events about the Oakland Athletics, the professional baseball team in Oakland, California, the Oakland Coliseum was a multi-purpose stadium which 13
functioned both as a Baseball stadium and American Football stadium. The film, Moneyball, dives into the logistics on how to sign players to a professional team, most notably the Athletics, who did not have a large salary cap at the time in order to compete with the big name teams like the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox who both have incredible sums of money. The easiest way to explain the film is that it follows the A s and their management behind how to sign players and who to sign. In order to pick the best player, Peter Brand, an Ivy League graduate created an algorithm that looks at all baseball statistics and simulates them in a way that can produce an estimate of how many wins a team can get. Therefore, traditional scouting methods for players were tossed aside because only teams with a lot of money could afford the super stars. The outcome was that the A s signed a bunch of players for next to nothing in price and on the surface seemed lackluster in skill and appearance, but they were highly successful in their endeavors for a span of 6 years (2000-2006) going on to contend in the playoffs. Although the A s did not win any significant championships during this run, they did become some of the greatest teams in the club s history. The stadium is still used today for baseball games, being the oldest of the 1960s era dual purpose stadiums in the United States. Even though it has been around since 1966, outperforming many stadiums in average life span, it is a failure in regards to attendance rankings. Using the ESPN s (Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) MLB attendance reports the demographics of the Oakland A s can be tracked back to 2001. The Oakland Athletics average at 26.9 out of the 30 professional baseball teams in ranking for average attendance per home game in Major League baseball over the past 10 years. The NFL did not do much better with the announcement of the Oakland Raiders moving their team to Las Vegas in 2020. The average capacity filled for the stadium is only 43% meaning that approximately 57% of 14
the stadium s seats are not being used despite being the 8th largest stadium for seating capacity. In fact, the highest attendance average percentage that can be analyzed from 2001 until 2019 has the Oakland Athletics only filling 58% of their maximum in 2003, at 27,365 average attendees. Naturally, this is the year after the events of the movie Moneyball happened which has arguably been the A s best team ever, so consequently more fans came to the ballpark (ESPN, 2001-2019).
Oakland A's Attendance
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
56,057 Max Capacity for Football 47,170 Max Capacity for Baseball 47170
Avg. Attendees Total Attendees Ranking Percentage of Capacity 17,511 1,418,391 29 37.12317151 18,232 1,476,792 30 38.65168539 20,728 1,679,013 27 43.94318423 22,337 1,809,302 23 47.35425058 25,045 2,003,628 24 53.09518762 21,829 1,768,175 27 46.27729489 18,784 1,521,506 29 39.82192071 18,446 1,475,721 29 41.18507526 19,427 1,573,616 27 43.50434598 20,521 1,662,211 24 N/A
20,286
1,638,836
26.9
43.43956846
Figure 5: Oakland Athletic s Attendance Attendance from 2010 to 2019
The field orientation simply does not work in the Coliseum. During baseball games the fans are too far away from the field that it is hard to feel the interaction between the players and the fans. Another important aspect to cover is the quality of play. Baseball players want to play on the best quality dirt which can be a hinderance for the Oakland Raider s games. It is an important rule of thumb to remember After the spectator the next most important person in the stadium is the player or athlete. (John, Sheaard, & Vickery, 2007)
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Figure 6: The Oakland Coliseum
Justin Forsett, a former NFL football player for the Seattle Seahawks, used to play a lot in the Coliseum against the Raiders. He had this to say about the experience playing there: If anyone wants to know what it feels like to fall on that dirt in Oakland Coliseum: Go outside right now, sprint as fast as you can in the middle of the street, once you get to full speed jump up as high as you can and belly flop on the pavement The colossus of a ball park did not help the urban development in the surrounding area. Areavibes, an online resource that monitors neighborhoods in the United States based on livability factors, employment, cost of living, crime, schooling, and housing rank the Coliseum neighborhood in Oakland as the 12th most dangerous part of the city with 2,115 crimes per 100,000 people in the year 2020. The crime rates in Oakland strangely coincide with the development of the Coliseum. Towards the end of the 1960s is when crime began to spike in Oakland where the murder rate per capita soared higher than that of New York City and San Francisco. The rise in crime is often accredited to racial 16
tension that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s between the African American community and the white police force, where police malfeasance was commonly practiced. (Areavibes Inc., 2021). The future of baseball is however not entirely lost in the city of Oakland, where efforts are being made to construct a new stadium. The world-renowned architect Bjarke Ingels from BIG submitted a design proposal for the new ballpark. What is impressive about this design is the rooftop park that is made as a means to bring fans and the community together, which is accessible not only when there are no sporting events going on, but while they are as well. To grow a larger fandom to the sport this seems like a good idea, but also for the idea that a baseball stadium is a ballpark primarily before a stadium. This idea incorporates the park aspect before that of the stadium and they mesh together nicely (designboom, 2019).
Figure 7: BIG s Proposal for new Oakland A s stadium, Figure 8: Minnesota Twins turns baseball field into football field Figure 9: failed recreational approach to orient football pitch on baseball field. 17
Both of these examples have the same major flaw as Oakland s Coliseum, they are oriented on the dirt of the infield. The first example is a strategy that was implemented as a means to play American Football in the existing Target Field, which is home to the Minnesota Twins, a Major League Baseball (MLB is the American professional league, similar to the level of play that of the NBA, FIFA, and the NFL) for a one-time only event. This field altercation was successful in theory for its ability to keep spectators close to the playing field, but is not desirable because of the amount of work that needs to be done in order for the form to work practically. The biggest blunder being that the dirt from the infield of the baseball field (shown on the right side of the image) is in the area of play for the football game. Longevity Factor Another problem plaguing stadia today is the average life span of the stadium, which aforementioned is approximately 35 years. Some last longer, while others such as Turner Field, the Major League Baseball stadium in Atlanta, Georgia only lasted 22 years before the Atlanta Braves moved to their new stadium, Truist Park in 2017. In an article by the USAToday, the question is pondered whether or not 20 years is the new average life span of a stadium. Why is that the case? The article explains that there are complications with land leases that used to average around 30 years, but are now around 20 in the United States which make it easier for the most part for owners to just up and leave to build a new stadium. This problem can lead to an abundance of gentrification issues, where a group of people with money goes and invests a lot of money into an area where most people are not so well off. The result yields in the area becoming a lot more well off in the process which can impoverish the existing tenants even more. Large stadiums add to this affect since they need a lot more space than a small Minor League Baseball stadium (Ortiz & Glier, 2016).
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1.5 Why sports? Poles are on average spending 40PLN more per year than 4 years ago on sports and leisure (The First News, 2019) Even though people are spending more money monthly on sports, overall physical activity is declining in developed nations. London, after hosting the Olympics, the largest sporting event in the world, reports numbers are declining for overall physical activity for the public (Hammond, 2016). The Olympics should be an inspiration for the public to engage in sports activities and live a healthy lifestyle, but they have been proven to do nothing for society in that regard. Society needs motivation to live a healthy lifestyle. Events like the Olympics do not do much for the public except provide entertainment, they do not engage on the average Joe who spends free time playing video games, they focus on the best of the best athletes. Physical activity and sport are two important characteristics along with a healthy diet which helps combat against obesity, and unfortunately, Poland, like the rest of the developed world has an increasing problem with it. From 1997 to 2016 there has been a steady 2.51% annual increase in obesity relevance in Poland. In 1997 the rate was 14.8% but in 2016 it increased to 23.7%. This equates to 1 in every 4.22 persons being obese. (knoema, n.d.)
Figure 10: Obesity growth in Poland in men 18+ 19
One way to get more people to be more physically active is through recreational sports since being physically active can help people lose weight or maintain a healthy weight. Consuming a high amount of calories and not exercising help lead to obesity (Bleich, Cutler, Murray, & Adams, 2008). Participating in sports can help balance overall energy consumption. It can reduce appetite and also be a helpful way to burn off additional calories. Can a stadium provide this type of support for normal people? Encouraging sports on all levels, not just professionally can be an answer to this serious design conundrum. It is ironic because the obesity rate is steadily increasing and the same is true for the average amount of money spent on sports and leisure per month.
Figure 11: Average monthly expenditure on sport and Leisure in Poland Figure 12: Percent obesity rate per EU country in 2018
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Figure 13: Percent of adults who do not practice sport in Poland
Competition and health: Recreational sports can also benefit one s mental health. A study conducted in Norway concluded that children who partook in sports had overall better mental health than those who did not. The research method examined over 9,000 junior high and high school students and divided them into 3 categories: those who played in competitive sports, those who played in noncompetitive sports, and those who did not partake in sports. The students who competed in competitive sports were shown to be mentally the healthiest of the three groups followed by the students who played noncompetitive sports (Breistøl, Clench, Van Roy, & Kjærsti Raanaas, 2017).
1.6 Baseball in Poland The main program of the sports recreation facility is primarily designed to be a baseball field for the Warsaw baseball teams. Throughout Poland there are many cities/villages such as Kutno, Dzia dowo, Wroc aw, Rybnik, Osielsko that already have baseball complexes. ód and Katowice are in the process of creating their own field as well. In Warsaw, the nation s capital no such place exists. Both the Warsaw Dragons and Centaury Warszawa play in less than ideal fields that are not meant for baseball. Baseball
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is supposed to be played on a dirt diamond shaped field with fresh cut grass, not on an artificial turf designed to be a football pitch. The Warsaw Dragons can vouch for that statement since they play on a hard turf football pitch where balls are frequently hit over the wall separating the field and a parking lot. Automobiles in the parking lot are occasionally hit by these balls and can deal significant damage to the body or to the windows. For children this may be suitable since they are not able to hit the ball as far, but for teens and adults it can hinder the overall experience of play.
Figure 14: Warsaw Dragons Existing Field Figure 15: Baseball player watching a pitch being thrown at Dragon s field
Baseball, unlike football is unique since the dimensions of the field are different for almost every field. There are a couple of necessary dimensions that are essential such as the distance and angle between the bases and the distance from the pitching mound to home plate. Everything else is up to the designer to define. There are some basic guidelines of course so play is not altered such as not having trees or shrubbery in the play boundary, however these are just guidelines. For example, Atlanta Georgia s first baseball stadium had a large magnolia tree in play in center field. The tree was so old and magnificent that the owner did not want to remove it. Many years have passed since
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the eventual deconstruction of this old stadium and yet the magnolia tree still remains. This detail made the stadium unique, however it was never implemented again because it interferes with play.
Figure 16: Various dimensions of Major League Baseball fields. All having unique outfield perimeter shapes. Interview with Grzegorz Bia as: Grzegorz Bia as is the founder of the Baltycka Liga Baseballu (BLB), a growing baseball league in Poland. He had the idea of creating the league since 2008 while being the technical manager of the Polish National Team at the time. The main focus of the league for him is to raise awareness about the sport and get as many Poles interested in the game as possible. He goes to gymnazium (middle schools) and makes guest appearances in the Physical Education classes in Poland to introduce the game to young students, many of which really enjoy the experience. People in Poland are open to new sports and are interested in them. He is also working closely with the Katowice baseball team since they are making a complex of their own and Bia as has a lot of previous experience making baseball fields in Poland (see figure…). His home, W adys awowo, is where he made his first field. At first he 23
had to get the mayor s permission to get 9.5 hectors of land for 25 years and waited a long period of time to get the opportunity to get the field, but once he did he brought the mayor to show him the game of baseball and once there
Bia as believes that Warsaw has the possibility to have at least 10 or more baseball clubs in the future, noting the growing popularity in American football that is being played in the city. A baseball stadium in Warsaw he says could be a cultural meeting point for American Culture and jokes further explaining that McDonald s, Burger King, and KFC are all you Americans have . He further explains that Polish people believe that baseball is That American Game even though there are theories that suggest that it may have originated in Poland. It is also important to mention that there are some Polish-Americans who became some of the best baseball players to ever play the game and have their names glorifies forever in the Hall of Fame (Bia as, 2021).
Figure 17: Barons Wroc aw field constructed in 2017
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The initial plan of the project is to not end up with a stadium that acts as a place for spectators to come and just interact with the athletes, but to build a complex where a abundant number of people can come to experience sport and culture. The program adjacent to the proposed stadium ties in that notion through recreational sports which are played at a more amateur level.
Figure 18: Katowice Proposal for baseball complex
PALANT: Baseball, although considered an American past time can be potentially traced back to Poland. Although this is not proven to be fact, there is speculation that baseball has evolved from Palant which is a similar game since it also involves striking a ball with a bat which comes from the Medieval Ages as explained by culture.pl. The theory goes that in the beginning of the 17th century when the first colonists arrived to the New World there were Polish artisans aboard the Mary and Margaret, a ship which made its way to the settlement of Jamestown. Jamestown was the first established settlement in North 25
America, in the year 1608. It is theorized that during these events the Polish artisans played the first game of baseball within the US. The famous Polish historian, Norman Davies wrote about this phenomenon within his book God s Playground which goes over 1000 years of Polish history, so there may be some merit to the claims however it is uncertain whether this is the main inspiration for the game of baseball. Palant is a sport used with a stick and a rubber ball. The ball is stricken with the wooden bat which is 60-88cm long. The two teams are set between either heaven or hell respectively for the duration of the match. The team that is in heaven tries to remain in heaven and finish the race to score points. Points can also be scored by those in hell who catch the ball in mid-air. The field dimension size is a rectangle (25m x 60m) and is played from 5 to 15 players depending on the rules. Rules such as how points are scored and how long the game is played may vary too depending on where and how the game is played. Palant and baseball undoubtedly share a lot of similar characteristics such as striking the ball with a wooden bat, running to bases in order to score points, catching the ball in order to stop the opponent, and having a limited number of tries swinging the bat in order to advance. Palant s rules are vaguely similar to that of baseball however they are not so cut and dry as that of baseball since the details vary depending on where and who is playing (K pa, 2019).
Figure 19: Palant poster 26
Katowice complex
Proposal
Figure 20: Evolution of Baseball for
baseball
Katowice complex
Proposal
for
baseball
Figure 20 may appear comical at first but it has roots in truth. Throughout human evolution man had to make sure that his skills were sharp. Darwinian theory implies the survival of the fittest, the weak will be left behind. Throughout the evolution of man, man had the innate ability to craft and use tools to his advantage. This can be traced back to that of even chimps who can use stones as hammers or even throw them. Over time the tools may have changed, such as Neanderthals wielding clubs and then spears to the modern man who can use firearms to disengage a threat, but the inherent evolution of play comes from a place of survival. Sport is a primal instinct Grzegorz Bialas explains during an interview.
Baseball and Culture: As already stated, there are countless theories on the inspiration on where the game originally was inspired by, however it is noted to have been invented by Abner Doubleday in 1839. This makes it the oldest professional sport created in the United States. Baseball throughout the past 180 years has been a pioneer for culture in the United States. Through times such as the civil rights movement baseball was right at the forefront of social justice and culture. Before the civil rights movement in the United States in the 1960s baseball was breaking the color barrier. Jackie Robinson, broke out into the major leagues to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1945 and became the fundamental hero for change in major league baseball. Although he was not the first African American to play baseball, he became the face for change which led to other baseball players from the Negro Leagues to come play in Major League Baseball. Since then baseball became a sport for anyone to play in. Before Jackie Robinson s breakout into the big leagues, during World War II many famous professional baseball players hung up their cleats and took up rifles. Yogi Berra, Joe DiMaggio, Stan Musia , Hank Greenberg, and many other famous baseball
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superstars gave up their lives as a super star athlete and helped the military out during World War II. The people back in the United States needed baseball more than ever to get through the hard times of war, but Major League Baseball was not prospering because of the war. A League of Their Own Starring Tom Hanks, a historical fiction tale is about how the All-American Girls Pro Baseball League (AAGPL) emerged as a solution to this problem. While the men from major league baseball went to war, women were given a chance to play America s past time professionally. In 1943 the AAGPL emerged in the US and with it a push for progress in the world of women s sports. Unfortunately, the league only lasted until 1954, but it was still a push in the correct direction for female athletes. Many Poles on the street might even wear a famous baseball team s hat without even understanding the context. The infamous New York Yankees cap is a staple worldwide and can be found worn almost anywhere in the world with its infamous intersecting NY logo. Basic rules for understanding baseball: The object of baseball is to score more runs than your opponent. The idea is to hit the ball thrown at you as far as you can before running around 4 bases to complete a run. Once a player manages to get around the four bases before being tagged out, then another batter steps in.
(Rules of Sport, n.d.)
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Social Integration via Sports: A study was conducted in Chicago, Illinois, USA in 2004 to determine how adaptable Polish and Korean immigrants were through recreational sport. In other words, how the immigrants were able to adapt into American society via recreational sports The study suggests that Polish immigrants were not susceptible to partake in sport based on cultural upbringing that favors an improved professional status over exercise. However, after immigrating to the United States, they were more likely than not to partake in sport for a duration of time. The study s conclusion is that Polish immigrants who partook in recreational sports had either an easier time becoming a part of the subculture they were assimilating into or they found similar people who helped strengthen their ethnic identity. Football in France is also an interesting place to look at when it comes to social integration from sport. The men s team won the 2018 FIFA World Cup over Croatia. The team showed the world what a diverse group of people can do together. Out of the 23 players on the squad 19 were immigrants or the children of immigrants. 7 players come from a Muslim background while 15 have ties to Africa through their ancestry. The topic of immigration in France is a controversial one with many opponents and supporters alike. Regardless of one s political beliefs on immigration the country of France was able to come together to celebrate that they were champions of the world (News 18, 2018). This is the power that sport has on people. Political differences, racial differences, and economic differences can be cast aside when it comes to being a part of the team. It goes back to the idea that man is competitive yet also cooperative.
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Figure 21: 2018 French men s FIFA world championship team
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2. Architectural Solutions 2.1 The Site: Augustówka, a neighborhood in the Mokotów district of Warsaw is the site for the thesis project. In the recent past there have been proposals in the bordering neighborhood, Siekierki, to add things such as a technology park. In 2005 said proposal was made and ultimately rejected by the planning committee for not following the municipality s city guidelines (Wojtczuk, 2009). This, however was not the first time that a park was proposed to be designed in the Siekierki neighborhood. In 1916 there was a plan to build the Great National Park which would eventually become an Olympic village. Figure 22 shows the location and proposal for the park which is directly west of the location of the site.
Figure 22: Great National Park Siekierki, Warsaw, 1916
proposal for urban development,
In 1934 there was an attempt to make Siekierki into an Olympic village off of the initial proposal from the Green National Park project.
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Currently, the site is used for recreational activities including sport shooting and BMX Bike jumping, both of which are minority sports within Poland according to GUS (GUS, 2019). Augustówka is known for the Siekierki Power Station (Elektrociep ownia Siekierki) which was constructed in 1958 is a coal powered plant and a constant reminder of Poland s pollution problem. According to a 2018 report from the World Health Organisation (WHO), 36 of Europe's most polluted cities are in Poland.
Figure 23: Biking hill for BMX jumps near Fort X Figure 24: All power plants owned in Warsaw
How to tackle the problem with air pollution? Society must simply produce more efficient ways to build its buildings since 39% of global energy-related carbon emissions are attributed to buildings (World Green Building Council, n.d.). This means that standard construction methods will continue to add to the problem. The desire for this project to be sustainable is ever the more important since the power plant is in the same vicinity as this site and can be seen on the horizon.
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FORT X: The historic fort structure was made entirely from the earth because it is close to the river for construction of brick and wood. The biggest concerns for building on such a site is the water level underneath the ground. The field for the proposed site has nothing but ragweed and field grass. This site is far enough away from a large developed urban area that it will not hinder its surroundings but may in fact help strengthen those from other recreational sports.
Figure 25: Ragweed on the proposed site Figure 26: View of the field adjacent to Fort X with a view of the power plant in the background
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2.2 Form Finding: For the program to make sense it was rational to add a football pitch as the base for other sports since it can then be an adaptable base to play other sports and host events. The pitch s symmetrical balance can work with the baseball field.
Figure 27: Process algorithm with genetic solutions in Galapagos
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Steps taken to get to the final field outcome: 1. A Line is created from home plate (where all measurements for the back walls for a baseball field are) down to each of the foul poles which are placed in the corners of the length of this line becomes the variable that the genetic algorithm changes. 2. A surface for the outfield is created by the foul pole lines and an additional horizontal line in center field. These lines are all connected by two more lines which make a closed polygon See Figure 27 for reference. 3. The size of the American Football field (120 yds x 53 1/3 yds) (91.44m x 48.8m) is then placed on the previously made surface with the evaluate surface component. In European football there is no standard size for a pitch nevertheless this size is not the standard for European football which has the same length, nevertheless the minimum length of the pitch must be 90 meters and a minimum length of 45 meters (Government of Western Australia, n.d.)This minimum The decision to reduce the European pitch size was made in order to preserve a playable baseball field. With the additional 18 meters the grass part of the field would be too large and be rendered obsolete for baseball matches. Therefore, it is possible to play European football on the American football pitch, however the lines must be reconsidered. 4. The Galapagos component runs using the length of the longest distance from home plate to the edge of the outfield. Galapagos is a component inside vanilla Rhino for Grasshopper. It is an evolutionary solver which searches for optimal solutions based on a given fitness function This number is used as the fitness function which searches for the minimum length for this number. Figure 27
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demonstrates similar scripts that outline the longest line from home plate to the end of the outfield in green. The genomes that the evolutionary solver change are the foul pole lengths, the orientation of the football field on the surface via rotation and position. Basically the output length for the longest distance from home plate to the back wall is measured then divided by 0 or 1. In order to get the output 0 or 1 the component Brep inside points is used. This component checks whether or not a set of points in contained within a brep, the result being a boolean list. Booleans are simply understood as a 0 or a 1; 0 being false and 1 being true. The desired outcome is to make all values True (1) because the component mass multiplication takes the list of Booleans as its input and gives a result of either 0 or 1. If there is even one false item in the list then the result will be 0. The length of the longest line from home plate to the back wall is then divided by the result of the mass multiplication. If the component is divided by 1 then it will be the same result as the length, however if divided by 0 the result will be a null item. With a null result the component replace nulls is then added, so if a result has even one false output from brep inside points then the output can be changed to whatever is desired. Since the desired result is to have the minimum length for the longest distance from home plate to the back wall the null item is replaced with a ridiculously large number like 999999 which will never be shorter than the expected length outcomes. Galapagos searches for the minimum or maximum of the fitness function which in this algorithm is the length of the longest line from home plate. Using Galapagos genetic algorithm solver solutions can determine the shortest dimension of the longest line if it fits the conditions.
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Figure 28: Final Field Form
Once this outcome has been established the entire field must be rotated 45 so that home plate faces towards the Northeast, which is the optimal positioning for a baseball diamond. Ladybug Tools in Grasshopper weather (epw) files can be imported from a project s site and used to analyze geometry with weather data such as solar radiation and amount of sunlight hours, shadow studies, and wind analysis. It is imperative to use these tools with a Rhinoceros and Grasshopper model that uses metric units, specifically in meters. Since this project was mostly constructed with imperial units, a handy User Object, which is basically a self-made component which acts as a plugin was created to get around this issue. Ladybug and Honeybee tools do not have a way to convert imperial distance measurements so it was essential to create said tool instead of researching what the unit
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conversions are every time an analysis is performed.
Figure 28: Inches conversion component
The User Object is created by the component Value List. In Grasshopper this can be located under Params, Input, Value List. Double-clicking on the Value List where the default input is located (directly to the left of the drop-down arrow) will open up the Value List Constants. Here is where the conversions can be added based on the units that are being modeled in Rhino. Below is an image showing the conversions from inches.
Figure 29: Inches conversion component opened up
Once the Value List is all set and created then the User Object can be created by first selecting the newly formed component and then navigating to file in the windows menu bar. The last step is to select C ea e U e Objec
and follow the steps in the pop up
window. After adding this new user object in the Special Folders, User Objects folder then
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the user object is now ready to be used by easily searching for it or clicking and dropping it down from Grasshopper. If the model was designed using inches then the steps in the image below can be applied to prep the model for a unit conversion.
Figure 30: Grasshopper script on what the conversion looks like Once the model is prepped to be used for analysis (preferably in one welded mesh) then ladybug tools can be used. In particular, solar radiation was needed to be measured on the surface of the exterior panels. Ground Level: The Ground level is mostly designed for the functionality of the stadium and for more intimate architectural moments. The public is granted access to this area however only in limited spacing. There is a lobby that the public can enjoy and a large educational center/room which is intended to help people learn about new sports, relax and watch sports, and to immerse themselves within Virtual Reality and Augmented reality sports experiences. The space is also used as a place for training referees/officials of sporting events and a place for foreigners to come and learn the Polish language helping them assimilate into Polish society through language learning and sports entertainment/learning.
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Figure 31: Interior Rendering of Learning Area highlighting ground floor
First Floor: The First floor is where the public can interact through the stadium by means of circulation around the concourse. The concourse was the primary design motive for the overall boundary of the design. This key architectural component is the element that gets people to come to the building as shown in Figure 33. Here is where the visitors can meander around, go shopping in markets, eat at a restaurant, and sit down to enjoy a cold beer. Toilets The number of toilets in the project was calculated by the number of maximum capacity attendees, 5000 people, dividing it up by gender (which happened to be 1 woman for every 1.75 men) and running it through a simple equation. The outcome of the ratio makes 2857 Male Attendees and 2143 Female Attendees. For every 60 female attendees there must be 1 Bathroom stall according to … Furthermore, for every 80 male attendees there must be 1 urinal and 1 stall for every 225 male attendees. The result yields:
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36 Female Stalls 36 Urinals 13 Male Stalls
Taking into consideration that there might be more than the allocated 5000 persons in the stadium for other activities such as shopping in the markets and going to the restaurants the final count for toilets was as following:
50 Female Stalls 61 Urinals 30 Male Stalls The design of the bathrooms was done in a fashion to reduce the need of opening doors as much as possible in order for there to be a larger flow of people while avoiding accidents such as hitting people with doors.
Figure 32: Shell Boundary form outline developed for concourse
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Figure 33: Exploded Axonometric showcasing circulation
Photovoltaics One of the main focuses for this project is solar radiation absorption on the exterior of the stadium. Too much direct solar radiation in the summer months while playing baseball is not only dreadful for athletes, but for spectators as well. Outdoor thermal comfort helps make the fan experience more enjoyable the form of the building acts as a shading device primarily for spectators. During the initial design phase of the baseball stadium the idea to shelter spectators from intense sun in the summer to comfort while not hindering the play experience on the field created an opportunity to design a shell-like design to block 42
creating an enclosed structure that acts as a boundary between the recreational sports landscape area and the professional field of play. A solution was construed using shading panels that block the sun from direct exposure to spectators. Not only does this solution help with glare in the field of play (which should not be significant in the first place since the field was placed in a northeastern orientation) but it can be used to collect solar energy through photovoltaic panels and harness it for use for the electricity within the field. A sustainable design solution for the diploma was to harvest electricity from the sun through solar panels. Using ladybug tools within grasshopper this is possible.
Figure 34: Photovoltaic on CLT Panel example
Fi di g
de f
m cha
With the configuration of how the solar panels are made through surfaces in grasshopper, the next step is to determine how to place the panels onto the CLT shell which is done through creating a pattern on the existing surface. The method that was most appealing
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was using Lunchbox s Random Quad Panels which subdivides a surface into a given amount of divisions in the U and V coordinates. Taking the subdivided surfaces and culling 15% of them for windows the next step is to determine the amount of solar radiation that hits the subdivided surfaces. The total radiation, 74,656.43kw/h2 in this particular circumstance is calculated using the radiation analysis tools in the ladybug plugin for grasshopper and then using Galapagos evolutionary solver the maximum radiation is calculated by changing the seeds of the random pattern.
Figure 35: Optimization for shell framework absorbing solar radiation The following step is to pick and choose where to place the solar panels. Having the solar panels occupy every CLT frame piece Simply cull the lower half of the panels that do not receive optimal solar radiation. Figure 36 highlights what this process looks like with the solar panels occupying the red squares absorbing a higher amount of solar radiation than the result in blue.
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Figure 36: Optimization for shell framework absorbing solar radiation
Timber Construction Wood was the primary material chosen for the project for its circular economy. It is a renewable material that can be grown and cultivated all within Poland, especially now since there is an annual growth in Poland s forests. For a stadium project timber can be beneficial in multiple different ways. In the worst-case scenario, if the idea of a baseball stadium is not appealing to the community after it is built then it can be disassembled, and the material can be reclaimed for another project without causing too much of an ecological burden to the planet. Laminating the wood increases the material s strength With Poland s afforestation rates increasing annually using timber might finally be a possible choice for building.
Figure 37: Poland afforestation diagram
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Figure 38: Circular economy of wood
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Structure:
Figure 39: Constructed axonometric diagram
The glulam timber columns were developed in Grasshopper after the shell frame form was established. The thicknesses of these columns vary based on how long they span. The rule of thumb that was used was to find the length of the column using grasshopper s length component then using this number the width and depth can be calculated. The formula for the width is 𝑊
𝐿/15 and the formula for depth is 𝐷
𝐿/96.
In between every 7 sets of columns is a cross bracing system made of metal to support the roof structure panels. The span between columns is 27 or 8m.
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Landscape Design:
Figure 40: Proposed Site Plan
The idea behind the site design was to make a green line through recreational sports to draw in the user to the site. Ideally, they would enter from the northwestern axis and make their way towards the stadium as the site opens up revealing the landscape and stadium. There are three distinct paths that one can go on to get to the stadium: one from the northwest going southeast, another from the existing pedestrian walkway along the northeastern boundary, and the last one from the existing park space from the west. Large 10m tall maple trees engulf the area to match the scale of the stadium. Water is used as a means to surround the site as well with a retention pond used for gray water systems is added in the southeastern part of the site.
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Figure 41: Aerial Perspective of site
Urban Gardening Urban Gardening is not only a great recreational activity that is ecologically friendly, but it can also help bring people together just like sports. In Africa it is the citizens who have gardens. The foreigners do not have gardens. Now I have a garden, I feel like a citizen. said one refugee who was interviewed by the Sigma Iota Rho Journal of International Relations about his experience urban gardening with others in the United States (Sigma Iota Rho, 2016). Urban Gardening given the site conditions is a perfect fit for the program of the building and the concept behind bringing people together through recreational activities. There are three distinct places on the site where urban gardening has been utilized. In front of the main entrance of the stadium in
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the large plaza, behind the stadium adjacent to the retention pond, and in the northeast corner next to the existing forest area.
Figure 41: Urban Gardening Render
2.3 Phasing In order to capture the most important parts of the project, it is broken down into phasing. This is an experimental design so it is designed with the intention of possible failure. The project, however has an underlying goal and that is to get a baseball field for the Warsaw baseball clubs. Therefore, the phasing is used a way to make this goal a reality.
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Figure 42: Existing Conditions
Existing Conditions: In the image above the existing conditions are diagrammatically laid out. There is a large open field with trees surrounding it. The trees are unaltered throughout the following phases. See Figure () for additional site context.
Figure 43: Phase 1 Implementation of baseball field on site
Phase 1: This phase implements laying the foundation for the project which is the field itself. The ragweed plants that are in the way on the site are discarded and the field is flattened for a level playing surface. All maintenance at this stage will be worked on by the four respective Warsaw clubs.
Figure 44: Phase 2 adding additional sports program
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Phase 2: This phase keeps the built baseball field from the previous phase and starts to build the urban fabric around it. New paths are built for encouraging visitors to walk around the complex and the existing park A new baseball field is designed here with the intended users as softball players and little league baseball players. Alongside the additional baseball field there is a football field and tennis courts to further expand the recreational sports connection. The size difference for baseball and softball fields are shown in Figure 45 below.
Figure 45: Difference between softball and baseball
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Phase 3: Phase 3 is the final development phase and would occur some time after the success of Phase 2. The entire stadium will be constructed along with a new clubhouse for recreational sports and plazas for urban maneuverability.
Figure 46: Phase 3, final phase
2.4 Architectural Uses: Necessary Baseball Architecture: The process of designing the field is mentioned in the previous chapter, however there are a myriad of support architectural features that need to support the baseball field both directly on the field and off of it.
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1. Dugouts: The dugout is the space where the teams sit while not on the field. If the team is up to bat they will send one representative from their team to try and hit the ball and advance on the base path, however the remaining team mates need a space to occupy while not being on the field. This is where the dugout comes in. The space is called the dugout because it is slightly below the grade level so that it does not obscure the vision of the spectators who are seated right behind it. The dugout is located on the edge of the field so that in between innings (there are nine in total) players can easily get on and off the field. There are two dugouts, one for each team and they are the barrier between the private areas such as the locker rooms
Figure 47: Dugout photo and diagram
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2. Bull Pen A bull pen is a space used for warming up the pitchers before they come into the came so their arms do not get significantly injured. It also is a space occupied by the majority of pitchers during the game. Since there is a forty-man roster in Major League Baseball many of the pitchers opt into hanging out in the bullpen during the game so that if they are called on during the game to get ready to pitch then they are ready for action. Bull pens are generally located along the far edges of the field near or on the outfield walls so that they do not interfere with play. There are two bull pens, one for each team.
Figure 48: Bull pen diagram and photo
3. Batting Cages A batting cage is a place where hitters can hone their skills and practice to make mechanical adjustments to their swings. It is often said that hitting a baseball is the hardest thing to do in all of sports with maybe the exception of trying to save a penalty kick. The reasoning behind this thinking is because a baseball player 55
needs to successfully hit a ball approaching him at 90 mph (145 kph) from 60 6 (18.4m) away within three tries all while keeping the ball within the foul lines without having it be caught in the air by one of the nine fielders out in the field or beating him to the base before he can successfully run to it. Many balls can be hit but if they are weakly hit to a fielder who is near a base then there is hardly any chance for the batter to advance through the bases. The best players in all of baseball are only successful with this feat 3 out of 10 times. That is why it is vital for the hitters to practice their craft in order to be prepared for the game. A batting cage is an area dedicated for the hitter to do just that, so he can easily pick up the balls that he has hit and not break anything. A mesh netting material surrounds the area which helps stop the trajectory of the ball. Most batting cages are located on the exterior of a field away from the dugouts on a recreational size field, however in stadiums there is tunnel that leads players from their locker rooms to the dugout. In between this space is usually a hitting tunnel which is designed so a player can go retreat into the hitting tunnel whenever he feels the need to do so in order to get some more swings in before or even during the game.
Figure 49: Batting cage diagram and photo
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4. Locker Rooms Locker Rooms are another example of a necessary architectural element hidden from the public eye during a match. This is where the players change into their uniforms from their street clothes. It is important in a locker room to add areas such as showers, sofas, weight rooms, and saunas. This is the space where physical trainers can assess the athlete if they get injured during a game and where they can relax after their match. Locker Rooms are private spaces and need to be in an area that the public cannot access.
2.5 Additional Uses: The stadium is multipurpose for the intention of not only just being used for baseball, but various other sports for all levels and entertainment. Events such as small concerts and outdoor expos might also be implemented when no events are going on. Some examples of sports that can be played in the stadium are American football, football, and hockey. Seating Arrangements for various sports:
Figure 50: Different sports usage diagram
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Figure 51: Rendering of outdoor hockey game played in the winter Gate entrances: The design of the three entrance gates into the stadium pay homage to three of the most famous Polish-American baseball players: Carl Yastrzemski, Stan the Man Musia , and Ted Kluszewski. Since the site is located in Poland, it would be great for Polish people who come to the stadium thinking that baseball is that American Game and be shocked to find out that these incredible players have Polish ancestry. Carl Yastrzemski was the last winner of the highest batting title, the Triple Crown (being the league leader in hits, Runs Batted in, and Homeruns) in 1967. It took 45 years for this to feat to be replicated again by Detroit s Miguel Cabrera in 2012. Yatrzemski was a no doubt hall of famer born in 1939, the son of Polish immigrants. His gate entrance is in the south and can be seen in Figure 52 and includes a statue of him to remember and commemorate his achievements.
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Figure 52: Rendering of space after you enter the Yastrzemski gate
Stan the Man Musia played for the St. Louis Cardinals for all 22 of his years in the MLB from the 1940s to the 1960s. He was an astounding player and has a baseball complex named after him in Kutno, Poland. He was the son of a Polish father so officially he was Stanis aw at birth and his name changed when he went to school. He won the most valuable player title and was also a three-time World Series champion. (Broeg, 1964) Musia has the honors of having the main entrance named after him. Ted Kluszewski was inducted into the Polish-American Hall of Fame in 1974. Like the other two players who were previously mentioned he was also an incredibly skillful and talented baseball player who had his own creative flare when it came to playing the game which can be seen how he used to wear his uniform on the field, showing off his muscles like a bodybuilder. His gate entrance is located in the northeast corner of the stadium.
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ConclusionAlthough there is not a radical influx of people immigrating to Poland, it could easily be attractive to do so in the upcoming future with the rise in the Polish economy. With the challenge of assimilating into a mono-ethnic society sports, particularly team sports can help immigrants, people with different political beliefs, different socio-economic statuses, and different backgrounds come together to put aside their differences in order to play or watch their favorite sport. The multi-purpose stadium looks like they are a thing of the past from the destruction of almost every large box stadium from the 1960-70s, and the new shift is to that of the new single sport stadiums with a short life span. Both are not reliable and have deep flaws. Large stadiums have a tendency to destroy the surrounding urban environment while also being ecologically hindering towards a sustainable future and having various single sport stadiums does the same thing just at a smaller scale. Instead of focusing on the size and quantity of stadia society should direct its attention towards the quality of said stadium. The stadium designs of the future should bring people closer together and be an aspiration for all different kinds of athletes from all different play levels while being adaptable to its environment. The Warsaw Dragons deserve to play the game they love in a big stadium just as much as a professional football star. Make the fans feel like superstars when they are at the game. Stadiums such as the Colosseum, Fenway Park, the Melbourne Cricket Ground, and Wrigley Field have stood the test of time (some more than others) because they accomplished this feat of making their fans feel important, marking them as the treasures 60
of society. A small scale multipurpose stadium has the innate ability to do this by providing a more intimate atmosphere for the fans, without being ecologically as harmful to the environment especially when using adaptable and reliable materials.
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