Advanced Building Construction with Julia Koerner

Advanced Building Construction UCLA A.UD 437 - Julia Koerner M.Arch I - 2nd Year - Spring 2020

Teaching Assistant: Jiajie Wang

Special Thanks to: Lecture Guests Kais Al Rawi (Walter P Moore Engineers) Neil Smith (Composites One) Kevin Daly (Kevin Daly Architects / UCLA AUD) Gordon Stott (Connect Homes) Vincenzo Reale (Arup London UK) Stan Su (Morphosis Architects) Goswin Rothenthal (Vienna, Austria) Review Jury Stan Su (Morphosis Architects) Kais Al Rawi (Walter P Moore Engineers) Neil Smith (Composites One) Heather Roberge (Murmur / UCLA AUD) Kevin Daly (Kevin Daly Architects / UCLA AUD) Todd Lynch (Sharif Lynch Architecture / UCLA AUD) Tyson Phillips (UCLA AUD) Vincenzo Reale (Arup London UK) Goswin Rothenthal (Vienna, Austria) Gordon Stott (Connect Homes)

01

Advanced Building Construction Overview / Facade Types Construction Lecture - Membranes Guest Lecture: Kais Al Rawi (Walter P Moore Engineers LA)

02

Construction Lecture - Composites & Case Study Presentations Diller And Scofidio, The Shed (Manhattan, New York) / Cullen FU, Mei WU, Yuqi ZHANG Populous, Allianz Field (Saint Paul, Minnesota) / Annabella ROSA, Sana JAHANI Vehovar & Jauslin Architektur, Aarau Bus Station (Switzerland) / Yuemeng ZHAO, Yixuan ZHANG, Yufan WANG Guest Lecture: Neil Smith (Composite One)

03

Construction Lecture - Glass & Concrete & Case Study Presentations Foster & Partners, Haramain High Speed Rail (Madinah, Saudi Arabia) / Andrew GONZALES, Morgan JACOBS, Nathan WADDELL Benthem Crouwel Architects, Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam, Netherlands) / Guannan WANG, Beibei HU, Chaoran LIN Guest Lecture: Kevin Daly (Kevin Daly Architects LA)

04

Construction Lecture - Timber & Case Study Presentations

Agenda

OMA, Galleria In Gwanggyo (South Korea) / Yixiao WEI, Yulu WANG, Casey KNUDSEN Safdie Architects, Jewel Changi Airport (Singapore) / Sonali KHANNA, Tomasz GROZA, Qetuwrah REED, Jean-Paul PREVIERO Johnston Marklee, UCLA Margo Leavin Graduate Art Studios, (Los Angeles, California) / Morgane COPP, Gibson BASTAR, Marina ARCHANGELI David Benjamin Of The Living, Mushroom Tower (PS1 Moma, New York) / Jennifer PETERSON RUIZ, Amy ROBLES, Markus RUSSELL Guest Lecture: Vincenzo Reale (Arup London) 05

Construction Lecture - Metal / Brick & Case Study Presentations Herzog & De Meuron, 40 Bond Street (New York, US) / Phoebe WEBSTER, Hannah HORTICK, Phillip BROWN Safdie Architects, Jewel Changi Airport (Singapore) / Sonali, Tomasz, Qetuwrah, Jean-Paul Kuma & Associates, GC Prostho Museum Research Center (Kasugai-Shi, Japan) / Yick Shun Nickson CHAN, Andrei SHARYSHEV, Austin NG, Sunghoon LEE Lever Architecture The Nature Conservancy’s Portland Office (Portland, Oregon) / Artin SAHAKIAN, Bernard KAZMIERSKI, Maha BENHACHMI Guest Lecture: Gordon Stott (Connect Homes)

06

Mid Review

07

Case Study Presentations Zaha Hadid Architects, The Kensington Billboard (London, UK) / Lauren MITCHELL, Tianyuan FAN, Justin CARSON Calatrava, WTC Transit Hub (Manhattan, New York) / Kaiwen WU, Xueying, ZOU Chiwoo BACK Studio KO, Musee Yves Saint Laurent Marrakech, (Marokko) / Christina RODRIGUEZ, Samantha RADICE, Shabnam ABTAHI Do Design Group , Jinlin Royal Park (Nanjing, China) / Yiwen QIAN, Ziyi YANG, Yiwei SONG Guest Lecture: Stan Su (Morphosis Architects LA)

08

Guest Lecture: Goswin Rothenthal (Vienna, Austria)

09

Final Presentations

Membranes

Composites

Concrete

Glass

Timber

Metal

Brick

Diller And Scofidio, The Shed (Manhattan, New York) / Cullen FU, Mei WU, Yuqi ZHANG Populous, Allianz Field (Saint Paul, Minnesota) / Annabella ROSA, Sana JAHANI Vehovar & Jauslin Architektur, Aarau Bus Station (Switzerland) / Yuemeng ZHAO, Yixuan ZHANG, Yufan WANG

Foster & Partners, Haramain High Speed Rail (Madinah, Saudi Arabia) / Andrew GONZALES, Morgan JACOBS, Nathan WADDELL Benthem Crouwel Architects, Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam, Netherlands) / Guannan WANG, Beibei HU, Chaoran Lin

Johnston Marklee, UCLA Margo Leavin Graduate Art Studios, (Los Angeles, California) / Morgane COPP, Gibson BASTAR, Marina ARCHANGELI David Benjamin Of The Living, Mushroom Tower (PS1 Moma, New York) / Jennifer PETERSON RUIZ, Amy ROBLES, Markus RUSSELL

Content OMA, Galleria In Gwanggyo (South Korea) / Yixiao WEI, Yulu WANG, Casey KNUDSEN Safdie Architects, Jewel Changi Airport (Singapore) / Sonali KHANNA, Tomasz GROZA, Qetuwrah REED, Jean-Paul PREVIERO Herzog & De Meuron, 40 Bond Street (New York, US) / Phoebe WEBSTER, Hannah HORTICK, Phillip BROWN

Kuma & Associates, GC Prostho Museum Research Center (Kasugai-Shi, Japan) / Yick Shun Nickson CHAN, Andrei SHARYSHEV, Austin NG, Sunghoon LEE Lever Architecture The Nature Conservancy’s Portland Office (Portland, Oregon) / Artin SAHAKIAN, Bernard KAZMIERSKI, Maha BENHACHMI

Zaha Hadid Architects, The Kensington Billboard (London, UK) / Lauren MITCHELL, Tianyuan FAN, Justin CARSON Calatrava, WTC Transit Hub (Manhattan, New York) / Kaiwen WU, Xueying, ZOU Chiwoo BACK

Studio KO, Musee Yves Saint Laurent Marrakech, (Marokko) / Christina RODRIGUEZ, Samantha RADICE, Shabnam ABTAHI Do Design Group , Jinlin Royal Park (Nanjing, China) / Yiwen QIAN, Ziyi YANG, Yiwei SONG

Membranes

Our case study is the shed in Hudson yard New York, designed by Diller Scofidio. The main facade system is the ETFE membrane system. The obvious benefits of ETFE are – constructions opposed to glass, regarding weight, and flexibility, have generally to be traded in by inferior properties and options regarding thermal behavior. Because for those reasons, it allows the facade of the building moves smoothly without any issues in exterior conditions.

“Modulap Pillows” The Shed

DLR SCFDO+RN, New York, United States, 2019

Cullen Fu, Mei Wu, Yuqi Zhang

The shell consist of primary and secondary diagonal steel elements. From the steel explode diagram, from outside to inside, it has diagnol ele, primary construction, I-beam which is also part of primary construction and the most inner part is the caldding for ventilation ducts.

A three-layer ETFE foil, a 3D foil is sandwiched by two ETFE foil in between, and For the unshaded case, passive solar gains (SHGC) enter the building via the transparent ETFE foil cushion resulting in considerable high cooling energy loads and the risk of thermal- and visual discomfort (glare effects) in the summer case.

The Dots on ETFE are called Frit: Fritting (or printing) which means a regular pattern of shapes is printed onto the underside of the top layer of ETFE foil. By using silver ink, allows the pattern to reflect light, and therefore heat before it permeates through the ETFE cushion roof and into space below.

Image Credits: New York Times

Steel Frame

ETFE foil

3D foil

ETFE foil

Exploded ETFE Cushion Assembly

Cladding for Ventilation Ducts

I-Beam

Primary Construction

Secondary Diagonal Element

16”

17”

Exploded Steel Frame Assembly

9”

7.4’

36”

Full Envelope Assembly

Case Study: The Shed, Case Study: [TheHudson Shed,Yards Hudson

Horizontal Section through Vertical Structural Element

Yards]

Processing-3: Pattern Typology

w: 10 h: 30 ellipse

w: 50 h: 50 ellipse

w: 5 h: 5 ellipse

w: 100 h: 5 liner

w: 5 h: 100 liner

w: 100 h: 100 ellipse

High pressure air tube for operating flap

Solar sensor

High pressure air tube for operating flap

Proposal: Pattern/ Pressure Operation

“Glowing Membrane�

Allianz Field, located in St. Paul, Minnesota was designed by Populous and completed in 2019. The primary exterior of the stadium is a tensile membrane facade that stretches across the entirety of the stadium. The membrane is composed of three main layers that create the shimmery facade.

The primary steel column system supports the secondary armature (aiding in the curvature of the exterior), which then holds the outer most layer, the thin exterior fabric laminated in PTFE. During the day the facade is relatively transparent, and at night LED lights illuminate the facade and allow the entire stadium to glow.

Allianz Field

Populous, St. Paul, Minnesota, US, 2019

Bella Rosa & Sana Jahani

Moving forward with a membrane facade, we are interested in using the PFTE laminated fabric in alternative ways. Understanding the connection methods between the fabric and the armature allow for possibilities that involve more extreme curvatures. Pushing the PTFE mesh to it's full capability, it's double curvature allows it to not only be stronger but also create new and innovative forms.

Image Credits: Populous

20"

34"

OUTRIGGER 18"

9"

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

EXTRUSION CHANNEL FOR FABRIC ATTACHMENT

16"

9"

GUSSET PLATE

58' - 6"

SPLICE

33' - 0"

LOOP

RAKER STRUT

"

18 PTFE FABRIC 16"

PRIMARY VERTICAL ROUND HSS COLUMN

16' - 8"

PRIMARY CONCRETE FOOTING

24

"

Case Study: Allianz Field

Proposal: “Curvature Investigation Through Membranes”

“Cloud Tent” Aarau Bus Station

Vehovar & Jauslin Architektur, Aarau, Switzerland 2014

Katty Yuemeng Zhao & Yixuan Zhang & Yufan Wang

Architects Vehovar & Jauslin with engineering firm formTL, have constructed a large floating structure that stands over the town’s bus station in Aarau, Switzerland. The mainframe, steel structure, supports the curve edge where the membranes are fixed and reshaped by the cable system. The transparent canopy is made from an upper blue and lower clear ETFE-foil, printed with a bubble pattern that together creates a sinuously formed air-tight cushion that is butt-welded without visible repetition.

The necessary utility lines for drainage, lighting, recirculating air, and measurement technology run invisibly inside the construction. This cable-supported pneus is the world's largest inflated cushion built very airtight and energy-efficient.

Given the weather consideration in winter Aarau, Switzerland, and the pitched roof happens on most of the European buildings， the new construction solution is aiming for improving the performance of bearing more snow load in other cities where it snows a lot. The canopy keeps the upper ETFE-foil and necessary infrastructure pipes within the columns but manipulates forms by extruding the columns. The façade structure simplifies the double-layer pneumatic inflatable cushion to a single-layer tent system, supported by an exposed steel structure and tensile wires. The logic of drainage, warming, and lighting systems are still the same as origin. By doing this, the snow load could be effectively reduced by oblique membrane structure rather than planar “cushion”. This tent system keeps the energy-efficiency, improves the load-bearing system, and still gives passengers a bright waiting environment.

Image Credits: archphoto.com

Steel structure

Cable&Stabil

Membrane

Membrane Assembly Chunk

Cable&Stabilizer

Case Study: Aarau Bus Station

Steel structure

Membrane

WATERTIGHT COVER

STEEL COLUMN

Membrane Assembly Chunk

FOIL FIXATION CLAMP

SINGLE-LAYER ETFE FOIL

Fixation clamp& watertight cover

Proposal: “[Cloud Tent]”

Composites

“Sandwich Revisited�

Haramain High Speed Rail Foster + Partners, Saudi Arabia, 2019

Andrew Gonzales, Morgan Jacobs & Nathan Wadell

The Haramain High Speed Rail is a network of stations along a 400 kilometer route in Saudi Arabia.

Each station consists of 27x27 square meter modules, and this module can be reconfigured as the cities and network grow. The use of lightweight composite roof enclosure systems (Fiber Reinforced Plastic composite Panels and PTFE membranes) allow the vaulting steel columns and beams to span these great lengths while providing deep sun coverage and natural ventilation in Saudi Arabia's harsh climate.

While the current layout of the composite membrane, screens, and setback of the curtain wall are successful in combating the extreme temperatures of the Arabian Peninsula, this technology can provide equally as performative in more temperate and even extreme cold climates. The proposed system introduces massive operable louvers, north-justified openings, and a relayering of the composite sandwich, improving the interior insulation while reducing the dependence on additional mechanical systems. Simultaneously, the FRP composite roof can support heavy snow packs, and reduce the loads of a traditional roofing membrane by over 75 percent.

Through these subtle adjustments the composite technology proves to be dynamic and adaptable for a myriad of climate conditions.

Nigel Young / Foster + Partners Haramain High Speed Rail Image Š Nigel Young

FRP Sandwich Panel Steel Edge Connection Plate FRP Composite Terminal Roof

Secondary Support Strut

PTFE Membrane Platform Enclosure

Sun Screen

Glass Curtainwall, Weather Barrier

PTFE Membrane C-Channels PTFE Seam Triangular Connection Plate

Case Study: Haramain High Speed Rail Stations

FRP Operable Composite Roof

1 & 5: Flame Retardant and Multi Chemical Finish 3: Extruded Structural PET Core 2 & 4: Spabond Structural Adhesive

Additional Secondary Structure for Hinge + Sensors

New Modular Sun Shading Northern Rainscreen

Proposal: Sandwich Revisited

“Continuous Surface�

Steidilijk Museum

Benthem Crouwel Architects, Amsterdam, Netherland, 2012

The doors of the Stedelijk Museum remained closed to the public for a total of eight years. In this period of time, the most important museum for modern and contemporary art in the Netherlands was completely renovated and extended by a spectacular new building. The most striking feature is a floating, completely closed structure of gleaming white synthetic material, fondly referred to by the architects as the "Bath Tub". Accommodating the actual exhibition areas inside, the construction aims for the biggest possible contrast with the original historical brick building on the outside.

Beibei Hu, Guannan Wang, Chaoran Lin Our propsal is to develop the possibility that the other feature constructed in the building could be articulated by the polymer skin to ultimately demostrate the potential of the continuity that polymer material could articulate.

Image source: Archdaily

primary&secondary structure steel structure

triangle truss

3mx11m polymer panel metal beam connection

seamless aircraft painting material

Case Study: Stedilijk Museum

triangle truss

3mx11m polymer panel

seamless aircraft painting material

metal joint

steel structure

Proposal: Continuous Surface

Concrete

[Re]formed Work Margo Leavin Graduate Art Studios Johnston Marklee, Los Angeles, United States, 2019

Marina Archangeli, Gibson Bastar & Morgane Copp

The Margo Leavin Graduate Art Studios designed by Johnston Marklee includes of three types of concrete construction: shotcrete, cast-in-place walls, columns and beams, and tilt-up panels.

Originally intended to be constructed solely of tilt-up panels, the site constraints did not accommodate that type of construction and the three different types resulted in multiple concrete finishes. The tilt-up process included formwork with styrene vacuum formed to high density foam backing panels that were joined together using cast-in-place elements.

The proposal views the technique of tilt-up construction in a new way, by coupling it with an advanced design strategy to create a more complex and diverse facade. Using Grasshopper as a tool, panel randomization was studied in order to analyze the amount of material and cost that would be associated with the various levels of randomization.

By reducing the scale of the randomized portion from an entire panel into three vertical segments of one panel, the potential for diversity of the facade is exponentially increased, producing a wider variety of shadows.

Image Credits: The Architect’s Newspaper

POLYCARBONATE SHEET

WOOD FRAME

CAST IN PLACE BEAMS

TILT-UP PANELS CAST IN PLACE STITCH COLUMNS CONC. STEM CONC. FOOTING Case Study: Margo Leavin Graduate Art Studios

CONC. TILE COPING GUTTER CAST IN PLACE CONC. BEAM

4”

10”

TYP. TILT-UP-WALL CONC. SLAB

1” GROUT CONC. STEM WALL CONC. FOOTING 1’-2” 3’-0”

4’-0” 2’-6”

1’-9”

4”

2’-0”

10”

1’-6”

1’-2”

1’-10” 3’-0”

6’-0”

Case Study: Margo Leavin Graduate Art Studios

CIP RING BEAM

CORNER COLUMN

2’-0”

1’-9”

CIP STITCH COLUMN

2’-4”

2’-4”

TILT-UP PANEL 1’-10”

2’

30’ VARIES

Case Study: Margo Leavin Graduate Art Studios

ONE MODULE THREE MOLDS

TWO MODULES SIX MOLDS

THREE MODULES NINE MOLDS

THREE MODULES NINE MOLDS

Dimension: Material qty:

2’ x 30’ 1.5 pieces of foam

4’ x 30’ 6 pieces of foam

2’ x 30’ 4.5 pieces of foam

8’ x 30’ 12 pieces of foam

Dimension: # molds:

2’ x 10’ 3

4’ x 10’ 6

2’ x 10’ 9

8’ x 10’ 9

Highly irregular

More regular

Proposal: [Re]formed Work

“If the 20th century was the century of physics, then the 21st century is widely seen to be the century of biology.” - David Benjamin

“Mycelium as Building Material: Proposal for a Bio 3D-Printed Facade” Hy-Fi Tower

David Benjamin, New York, USA, 2014

Jenn Peterson-Ruiz, Amy Robles, & Markus Russell

The Hy-Fi Tower utilizes mycelium bricks as the main structural element, introducing a novel building material which was only made possible through computer-aided design. The project relegates to a somewhat constrained, simple brick facade assembly; opting for innovation in materiality rather than construction. In this way, the case study explores the advatages of combining natural materials and processes of growth with the specificities of digital design.

Our proposal seeks to take this idea further by implementing a method of digital fabrication with mycelium. Rather than controlling the mycelium-growing process to produce singular, isolated building components, we are proposing facade construction that uses mycelium-based fillament to create the initial framework for then bio growth processes to take over. There are a handful of precedents in 3d printing with this material, but none at a large scale. As well, there are a number of existing projects that grow mycelium from a framework late in the stage of construction, without using digital fabrication. We seek to combine these two methods.

Image Credits: Daivd Benjamin, The Living

Brick Growing Process

7XVYGXYVEP %WWIQFP] Complete Tower Form

1: Formwork Simple brick mold

2: Add Material Mycelium + Corn Husk

,] *M 8S[IV (EZMH &IRNEQMR 8LI 0MZMRK

4IXIVWSR 6YM^ 6SFPIW 6YWWIPP

Construction Detail

3: Growth Biological regeneration (3-5 days)

MYCELIUM BRICK:

4: Outgassing

A COMBINATION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE AND THE VEGETATIVE PART OF MUSHROOM FUNGUS WHICH ARE ALLOWED TO “GROW” INTO EACH OTHER WITHIN THE DESIGNED CONFINES OF A FORMWORK

Apply pressure of 100 psi

34” WOOD FORMWORK:

IN ORDER TO MEET THE ZERO ENERGY AMBITIONS OF THE PROJECT, THE WOODWORK FOR THIS STRUCTURE IS RECLAIMED FROM OTHER CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

5: Drying Cure at high heat to terminate growth

14”

SHEET METAL STAKE:

AT THE BASE OF THE FORMWORK, SMALL METAL TABS ARE INSERTED INTO THE GROUND TO PROVIDE LATERAL PINS FOR THE STRUCTURE. THEIR DEPTH IS UNKNOWN AS IT IS ONLY PHOTOGRAPHED.

9”

Case Study: Hy-Fi Tower

3”

24”

3D PRINTED MYCELIUM:

BEGINNING BY UTILIZING A ROBOTIC ARM TO 3D PRINT A MYCELIUM CYLINDRICAL TOWER, THE LAYERED ORGANIC MATERIAL IS THE FIRST PART OF THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION.

BIO-PLASTIC SCREEN:

MYCELIUM REQUIRES COMPRESSIVE FORCES FOR REGULATED GROWTH, SO THE FRESHLY PRINTED WALL IS FITTED WITH A TIGHT FITTING BIO-PLASTIC ENCASEMENT.

Proposal: “3D-Printed Mycelium Facade”

WOODEN RIBBING:

A GRID OF ORGANIZED WOODEN MEMBERS ARE FITTED INTO THE CONCAVE FACE OF THE WALL, ENSURING THE BIO-PLASTIC SCREEN IS HELD CLOSE TO THE MYCELIUM, WHILE ADDING LATERAL RESISTANCE TO THE TOWER.

Proposal: “3D-Printed Mycelium Facade”

Glass

The store in Gwanggyo—a new town just south of Seoul—is the sixth branch of Galleria. Located at the center of this young urban development surrounded by tall residential towers, the Galleria’s stone-like appearance makes it a natural point of gravity for public life in Gwanggyo.

Smart Bubble Galleria Gwanggyo

The store is located between the Suwon Gwanggyo Lake Park and ubiquitous buildings in the city: an intersection between nature and the urban environment. The store has a textured mosaic stone façade that evokes nature of the neighbouring park.

Appearing as a sculpted stone emerging from the ground, the store is a visual anchor in the city.

OMA, Gwanggyo, South Korea, 2020

Yixiao Wei & Yulu Wang & Casey Knudsen

The public route has a multifaceted glass façade that contrasts with the opacity of the stone. Through the glass, retail and cultural activities inside are revealed to the city’s passers-by, while visitors in the interior acquire new vantage points to experience Gwanggyo. Formed with a sequence of cascading terraces, the public loop offers spaces for exhibitions and performances.

A place where retail and culture, city and nature collide, Galleria in Gwanggyo offers a get away from the predictability of shopping.

Image Credits: ArchDaily

Steel Column

Glass

I-Section Steel Concrete coating

12mm Heat-Soaked

Stone Curtain Wall Light Metal Framework Triangulated Stone Panel Colored Panel style

Steel I-Beam I-Section Steel Concrete coating

Drainage Gap

Directs Water-Shedding

Steel Window Frame Rectangle Section Steel 3D printing Smart Node White Refined Paint Coating

Steel Spacer Holds Glass Creates Air Gap

Glass Curtain

Silicone Sealant

Double Glazed Glass Water Drainage System

Fill seams around Glass

Glass Barrier Double Glazed Glass Metal Railing

Steel Window Frame Rectangle Section Steel 3d Printed Smart Node White Refined Paint Coating

Smart Node & Connector 3D printing Smart Node White Refined Paint Coating

Primary Structure

Detail Chunk

Smart Node & Connector

Fritting

Reflect Light Printed onto ETFE

Double Layer ETFE Semi transparent Pneumatically Pre-stressed

Lightweight Frame Hollow Aluminum Ribs

Lightweight Frame Hollow Aluminum Ribs

Double Layer ETFE Semi transparent Pneumatically Pre-stressed

Protective Gasket High-Grade Rubber Soft on ETFE

Single Layer ETFE Windows Mechanically Pre-stressed

Fritting

Reflect Light Printed onto ETFE

Single Layer ETFE Windows Mechanically Pre-stressed

“Safer in Frames�

Jewel Changi Airport

Safdie Architects, Changi, Singapore, 2019

Sonali Khanna, Tomasz Groza, Jean-Paul Previero & Qetuwrah Reed

Jewel Changi Airport is a steel and glass gridshell structure in a shape of a deformed torus with an off-center oculus which necessitated large sections of the structure to be in tension. The construction was conducted from top down and an enormous amount of temporary scaffolding was needed to complete the steel frame. Because of the eccentric shape, in part necessitated by a central waterfall feature at the oculus, the each member and piece of glass had to be custom fabricated. The size and complexity necessitate thorough parametric modeling and QR code part identification of all parts of the project We propose to improve on the glass installation by proposing a slightly concave hexagonal prefabricated unit with six standardized double glazed panes set in an aluminum extrusions. These prefabricated panels are attached to the gridshell structure with a steel spider mount that sets their angle. The standardized panels overlap in order to allow for variability of the gridshell structure and are sealed to each other with pneumatic inflatable gaskets.

Image Credits: Supanut Arunoprayote CC BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Typical Gridshell: Compression 350 mm 120 mm

750 mm

Compression Ring: Compression

120 mm

250 mm

Inverted Cone: Tension

120 mm

Sealant

Triple Low-E Glass

Metal Framing

Steel Member

Case Study: Jewel Changi Airport

Steel “Spider ” Connection to Gridshell Aluminium Extrusion Frame Pneumatic Gasket on panel edge

Proposal: “Safer in Frames”

“40 Bond Half Off” 40 Bond Street

Herzog & de Meuron with Handel Architects, New York, USA, 2007

Phillip Brown, Hannah Hortick, Phoebe Webster

40 Bond Street is a high-end residential building designed by Herzog & de Meuron with Handel Architects as Architect of Record. The 10-story building’s reinforced concrete structure is situated at the perimeter of the plan, creating unobstructed unit plans and the modular facade system for which the building is known. Columns and floor slabs are covered with an applied mirror finished stainless steel to achieve variable lighting effects during daytime. Curved, laminated glass mullions are applied over the stainless steel covers and aligned flush with the outermost pane of the conventional turn-tilt insulated window. Both the stainless steel covers and glass mullions are bonded to an aluminum backing frame which is screwed into the concrete columns.

Screen-Printed Cridecor is a proprietary curved glass with screen-printed graphics designed and manufactured

by Cricursa, a Spanish glass manufacturer. Blackened copper sheets are applied to the rear/North facade and curved to mimic the geometry of the glass in front. Over time the copper will oxidize and become a verdigris hue, again similar to the front/South facade.

This study is concerned with the assumed cost of imported specialty glass and other material choices made to achieve the facade. We were curious if local glass suppliers could deliver the bell-shaped mullions at a lower cost and if design changes would result from different production capacities. Unable to work with local suppliers in Los Angeles, we concentrated on “value engineering” instead. By lowering the cross-sectional amplitude of the glass mullions, we reduced total surface area significantly. Columns and slab edges are rounded and painted with a metallic coating, obviating the stainless steel covers. The aluminum backing frame extrusions are adjusted to allow a more aligned seam between the glass mullions and the operable windows behind.

Image Credits: ArchiExpo

VISION GLASS

CONCRETE SLAB SEALANT

LAMINATED GLASS COLUMN COVER

MIRROR POLISHED S.S. COVER ALUM. WINDOW

INT FINISH ALUM. BACKING FRAME

BLOCKING

ALUM. WINDOW

INT. FINISH S.S. COVER BEYOND

RADIATOR

INT. FINISH

CONCRETE SLAB

MIRROR POLISHED S.S. COVER LAMINATED GLASS COLUMN COVER

ALUM. WINDOW VISION GLASS

INT. FINISH RADIATOR BELOW ALUM. WINDOW VISION GLASS SEALANT

10”X10” CONC. COLUMN MIRROR POLISHED S.S. COVER

Case Study: 40 Bond Street

LAMINATED GLASS COLUMN COVER

VISION GLASS

CONCRETE SLAB SEALANT

LAMINATED GLASS COLUMN COVER

ALUM. WINDOW

INT FINISH ALUM. BACKING FRAME

BLOCKING

ALUM. WINDOW

INT. FINISH RADIATOR

INT. FINISH

CONCRETE SLAB

LAMINATED GLASS COLUMN COVER

ALUM. WINDOW VISION GLASS

INT. FINISH RADIATOR BELOW ALUM. WINDOW VISION GLASS SEALANT

10”X10” CONC. COLUMN LAMINATED GLASS COLUMN COVER

Proposal: “40 Bond Half Off”

Timber

“Insulated Joint”

In the design of Prostho Museum, Kengo Kuma's source of inspiration stemmed from the assembly system of cidori, a traditional Japanese building set for children. Cidori is a collection of wooden sticks that can be notched together and aggregated to compose longer or shorter components. It functions without metal hinges or nails. Together with structural engineer Jun Sato and craftsmen from Takayama - the region in which cidori originated - Kuma applied the principles of the toy building set to a fully-fledged architectural construction.

GC Prostho Museum Research Center Kengo Kuma, Kasugai-Shi, Japan, 2012

Nickson Chan, Sunghoon Lee, Austin Ng, Andrei Sharyshev

Kengo Kuma is astute in how he calibrates the Chidori Joint to address various design decisions throughout the project. From utilizing the joint on the facade, to the implementation of it in smaller scale elements such as rails, furniture or shelvings. We seek to modify the wooden members in order to incorporate thermal insulation in areas where the facade utilizes glazing to provide better thermal conditions. We also intend to expand the implementation of the Chidori to support Kengo Kuma’s admiration of the system by modifying it to allow for the rotation of the members.

Image Credits: © Daici Ano [via ArchDaily]

40

m

m

352mm

352mm

352mm

20mm

20mm

40

m

40mm

m

20mm

40

40mm

m

m

Wood Members

Module

Zelkova Connector

Module to Module Connection

Steel Connector

Case Study: GC Prostho Museum Research Center

Concrete Topping Slab

Module to Concrete Connection

40mm

20mm

20mm

40

40

m

m

352mm

352mm

352mm

Steel Members for Stairway Structure

40

m

40mm

m

20mm

m

40mm

m

40mm

Typical Wood Member

Wood Veneer Rigid Insulation Rubber Sealant

Inset Glass Panel

Knuckle Hinge

Knuckle Hinge Connection for Operable Members

Insulated Members at Glazing Facade Operable Members at Door Entry Typical Members

Rotatable 180 Degrees

Proposal: “Insulated Joint�

“Timber Wave” Oregon Conservation Center Lever Artichture, Portland, USA, 2019

Maha Benhachmi, Bernard Kazmierski & Artin Sahakian

The Oregon Conservation Center is a renovation of the existing Nature Conservancy’s Portland Office three story building, as well as a one-story addition.

The client, a non-profit environmental organization, advocates for sustainable practices and the protection of natural resources. Thus, the architect’s focus was to implement sustainable design and construction practices to reflect on the organization’s mission. As a result, the previous building’s structure was re-fit with a new glulam post-and-beam system, locally sourced timber cladding, and a corten rainscreen that serves as an exterior barrier and thermal insulator.

In the one-storey extension, glulam columns and CLT panels act together, forming a holistic mass timber structural system. The interior climate is moderated through the use of high performance glazing, rectractable sunshades and cantilevering perforated sunscreens. In combining the use of locally sourced sustainable materials with the different facade and building systems, the project becomes an energy efficient building both during and after construction.

Our proposal seeks to utilize non-standardized and curved glulam frames and CLT panels to explore the potential of more intricate surface geometries within timber construction. 8 prefabricated bent glulam frames serve as both beam and column, supporting the CLT panels that form a rooftop terrace above.

As a result of this construction approach, the one story pavilion becomes a unique addition with an undulating timber ceiling and rooftop terrace landscape.

Image Credits: Lever Architecture

B

Facade Section Detail

C

Sunscreen Exploded Assembly

Rigid Insulation Air Gap Corten Sheet

Air & Moisture Barrier Sheathing Glulam Column

Roof Assembly Steel Frame Corten Sun Screen

A Exploded Assembly

Decking Cedar B

CLT Hung Ceiling Douglas Fir C

Growing Medium Jeffries Soil Primary Glulam Beam Douglas Fir Steel Facade Framework Cladding Panels Juniper Perforated Sunscreen Corten Steel

Oregon Conservation Center

A

A Exploded Assembly

Cedar Decking 2x4 Pressure Treated 4 x 4 Doug Fir @ 2’-3” O.C.

Glu-lam to Glu-lam Connection

CLT Panel to Glu-lam Connection

Pedestal Steel 6” x 5” C-Channel Waterproofing Membrane

Cross-laminated Timber Panel 2’ x 6’-10”

Glu-laminated Curved Beam 2’ x 2’ A

Glu-laminated Bracing Beam 2’ x 1’ Cladding Panels Juniper - 4” x 1” Steel Screen Framework Perforated Sunscreen Corten Steel

Proposal: “Timber Wave”

Metal

The Kensington Billboard is a small-scale project by Zaha Hadid Architects constructed in London between 2014-2018. It is a steel monocoque structure with an integrated digital screen that displays advertisements and is intended to activate public space along the adjacent sidewalk and highway. It was constructed by welding custom-made double-curved steel panels that were pre-formed to a steel frame. The finished assembly acts as a single continuous form, both structurally and visually, and achieves a seamless effect by incorporating various types of interior welds and brushed metal polishing.

“Automated Double Curvature” The Kensington Billboard

Zaha Hadid, London, England, 2014-2018

Lauren Mitchell, Tian Fan, and Justin Carson

Instead of custom cutting every panel to a unique shape and then forming it into a double-curved surface by hand as in Zaha Hadid’s project, we propose using a standardized 2’x2’ flat metal panel that is formed by programming an automated robotic arm to operate an English Wheel, allowing for mass customization of discrete doubly curved panels. To assemble the design we use a similar method of construction by welding a panelized skin to a multi-directional frame in a quilt-like pattern. This process allows for the intricate and complex forms seen in The Kensington.

Our proposal is made possible through parametric panel geometry tracking that a Kuka robot can be programmed and operate with, as researched by Zahner. This advanced automated production removes skilled labor from traditional hand crafted manufacturing processes of mass customized panels and reduces material waste, lowering the often prohibitive cost of producing seamless double-curved forms without limiting formal possibilities.

Image Credits: JCDecaux

3/8” Plate Steel 2” Rib 1/4” Plate Steel 1” Rib

Tee Joint Weld 3’ TYP

P TY 2’

10mm Stainless Steel Sheet Panel

Case Study: The Kensington (Billboard)

Inside Corner Joint Weld

Secondary Structure: 10" Stringers

A Primary Structure: 24" Formers

B

B

A

C

D Skin: 10mm Stainless Steel Panels

2’

2’

Double-Curved Steel Panels

C

D KUKA Robotic Arm + English Wheel

Proposal: “Automated Double Curvature”

“Skeletal Opulence” (title describing assignment 2) World Trade Center Transportation Hub Santiago Calatrava, New York City, USA, 2016

Chiwoo Back & Xueying Zou & Kaiwen Wu

Santiago Calatrava has reffered to World Trade Center Transportation Center as a “Piazza for New York,” where people will gather or sit with a cup of coffee, in addition to circulating through on their way to the train. With this perspective acknowledged, question about how the transportation hub archeves its effects remain fascinating. Its oculus, the elliptical transit hall named for its signature feature is a column free, self supporting composition of steel ribs. All of steel member that form the oculus are customized and pre-facbricated from several company all over the world. Each steel rib is divided into four parts; lower portal, upper portal, transition arch, and Rafter. Total Steel structure weighs approximately 11,500 tons and consists 588 pieces. All the steel member on the oculus is welded only limited part is bolted. Total length of welding is 52 miles. It painted bright white with two part epoxy intumescent fireproof coating which is the material that derived from the aerospace industry.

Early on in the design, it was contemplated that Calatrava wanted to use concrete, because steel is really difficult to facbricated especially parametric shape. The many changes since the initial 2004 design included a doubling of number of ribs; it reduced 11’ modules to 5’ 5”. Even though number of the ribs are increased, there is no fake structure.

Image Credits: [editphoto.net]

Center Frame Glass Operable Glass

Connector Driven Pulley Conveyor Belt I-Beam Support Drive Pulley

Motor

Rubber Gasket

Bolted and Welded

Beam

Welded Concrete Floor Column Case Study:[Case World Trade Center Transportation Hub Case Study: Study Name]

Butt Weld Strut Arch Segment

Rafter Fillet Weld Segment Arch 1 Fillet Weld Segment 2

Upper Portal Fillet Weld Segment

3 Arch Fillet Weld Lower Portal

Proposal: “Skeletal Opulence”

Brick

“Brick Play” Musée Yves Saint Laurent

Built in homage to the late designer Yves Saint Laurent, the Musée YSL incorporates various characteristics relative to the work of the designer as well as a keen eye to carry on with the traditional Moroccan style of building. The building carries a duality in its envelope that has been described as akin to the construction of a couture jacket from the fashion house, with an elaborate threading of bricks on the exterior and a stark white interior. The materiality of the Musée is a highly complex assemblage of different brickwork, adapted and designed to catch light and shadow in particular ways. There is an honesty in the materiality of the project.

Studio KO, Marrakesh, Morocco, 2017

Christina Rodriguez, Sam Radice, Shabnam Abtahi

We are very fascinated by the subtle and highly articulated use of technology to generate complex and rich layers of texture, light play, and transparencies -- all done no less with a singular modular brick.

We would like to continue this exploration but without the use of concrete -- which is not sustainable -- and only using terracotta clay, which by using byproducts (waste oil ash), can be very sustainable and abundant.

Brick Play is the manipulation of the notion of a modular brick to create one module that replicates not only the different substrates construction requires, but also different modules of brickwork that is found within traditional Moroccan architecture.

Image Credits: Nicolas Mathéus

Brick Play

brick pattern 4

TECU brass wall cap cast in place concrete insulation wool

brick pattern 3 thermafiber rainbarrier clip brick pattern 6 brush hammered raw concrete (integrated with structure) insulation wool CMU brick TE IN R

O

RI

air barrier terrazzo wall tile (3’10 x 5’-0) air barrier terrazzo wall base terrazzo flooring - poured in place (1-3/16in thick) TE EX O RI R

TECU BRASS TECU wall WALL cap CAP

red terra cotta brick (produced w/ RED TERRA-COTTA BRICK burned olive waste ash) (PRODUCED W/ BURNED OLIVE WASTE ASH) brush-hammered concrete BUSH-HAMMERED RAWraw CONCRETE (INTEGRATED INTO STRUCTURE) (integrated into COLUMN column& &BEAM beam structure) TERRAZO PANELS X 5’-00”) terrazzo panels(3’-10” (3’-10” x 5’-0”) stained glass DOUBLE doubleGLAZING glazingW/with STAINED GLASS SOLARprotective PROTECTIVEcoating COATING solar cast place CONCRETE concrete CAST in IN PLACE

CMU brick CMU BRICK

CMU brick CMU BRICK masonry anchor MASONRY ANCHOR mineral insulation MINERAL wool WOOL INSULATION thermafiber THERMAFIBER rainbarrier RAINBARRIER clip CLIP air AIRgap GAP terrazzo TERRAZZOwall WALLbase BASE terrazzo in PLACE place(1-3/16” THICK) TERRAZZOflooring FLOORING- -poured POURED IN (1-3/16” thick) Brick Play 4” CONCRETE 4” wall baseBASE

Chunk Axonometric

Brick Play

1'-0"

1'-10"

0'-10"

10"

TOP VIEW

1'-1 0"

FRONT VIEW

10"

CLAY INSULATIVE STRUCTURAL WEBBING

1'-1 0"

ORIGINAL BRICK MODULE RELIEF

MASONRY ANCHOR FOR TERAZZO PANEL ATTACHMENT

1'-1 0"

1'-1 0"

1'-1 0"

1'-0 "

3D PRINTED RED TERRACOTTA BRICK BLOCK MODULE PRODUCED WITH BURNED OLIVE WASTE ASH 1'-1 0"

Brick Play

“ Tradition Meets Modern�

Jin Lin Royal Park By Go Design Group Nanjing, China Ziyi Yang, Yiwei Song, Yiwei Qian

The general layout of traditional buildings in Nanjing is characterized by front hall and backyard, showing a space with rites preceding nature. We adopt this spatial layout: the front yard highlights a modern sense of rites by layered space, formal symmetry and tranquil setting; the back yard shows a space of nature and harmony by modern landscape. This is the very new user experience we want to add to traditional space.

The building delicately channels Chinese traditional artisan culture with modern construction concepts by employing multiple bricklaying methods like Staggering, Concave-Convex and hollowing.

Image Source: Arch Daily

Concave-Convex Layering

Hallowing Laying

Traditional Layering

Case Study: Jin Lin Royal Park

Super White Glass

Orange Light

Hollowing Layering

Polished Granite Cladding

Super White Glass

Concave-Convex Layering

115mm 5mm

Black Polished Granite Cladding Waterproof Reef

55mm

240mm

Concrete Slab

5mm 240mm

One Unit of Bricks

Case Study: Jin Lin Royal Park

Flemish Bond

Orange Light

Bricks

Steel sub-Structure

Reimagining traditional brick structure