Istanbul Stories - Unit 5 - 2011 by Spaceagency

MArch UD

Unit 05 Peter Feldmann - Sarah Manning

STUDENTS Woong Heo Jia Ji Alejandro Lairet Xiaoqing Qian Yu Suzuki Qunqun Tang Wei Wang Ting Ting Wu Evgeniya Yatsyuk

PHOENIX RISING Force of Imagination. We have used “Scenario planning”, a method used by global organizations to make flexible long term plans, which combines different factors such as demographics, geography, politics, and natural resources, with plausible alternative social, technical, economic, environmental, political and aesthetic trends, to model potential future scenarios for a city that “could be”. We have used urban fictions to create a unique pattern of unfolding events within the city of Istanbul. The nature of the event was left to the student and used to reveal underlying relationships

between the political, social, economic and technological domains within it. Within the prism of scenarios, this unit has identified and researched the vital structures that comprise the city: transport, open space and public realm strategies, density, built morphology, land use, urban agriculture, water supply, energy distribution, communication. We have viewed the city as an agglomeration of interconnected systems, even if some these structures have no materiality, but exist only in our hearts, minds and virtual space. Hands-on research and observation were employed to

analyse and understand how these structures work and how they fluctuate at different times.

Reinvention of Community. Student teams proposed alternative solutions for future inhabitation which negotiate the systems studied and fundamentally rethink the way we live together and how we create sustainable forms of community. We investigated associated social and political implications as well as technical solutions. As the trend toward urbanization intensifies around the world, our objective is to find inventive solutions to both imminent and long-term challenges.

FROM INTERFACE TO INTERACTION FOLDED CITY. EMERGENT STRUCTURE.FLOCKS AND PARTICLES

EVGENIYA YATSYUK_2011

FROM INTERFACE TO INTERACTION FOLDED CITY. EMERGENT STRUCTURE. FLOCKS AND PARTICLES.

EVGENIYA YATSYUK UCL BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE MARCH URBAN DESIGN 2010/2011 UNIT 5 TUTORS:

SARAH MANNING PETER FELDMANN 3

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I, Evgeniya Yatsyuk, confirm that the work presented in this report is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the report.â&#x20AC;? 4

“The time has come to approach architecture urbanistically and urbanism architecturally” Alison Smithson. Team 10 Primer (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968)

FOREWORD Cities are undergoing constant changes due to permanent movement and people migration. Emergent urban systems consists of many different processes, some of them are visible such as growing development, public space, and community areas and growing of population, some has invisible character, such as social and economical processes, which have a considerable influence on city forming and are tightly connected to physical changes of the cities. Social and economic processes can be associated with movement and interaction as emergent elements, which form this unseen urban layer. Integration and movement is a reflection of various urban factors of the area such as: its inhabitants’ age, occupation, income, social stability, climate, and cultural features. Each city has a different proportion of these elements, and, as a result, the urban fabric is unique in every part of the world. Different urban patterns can be in one city, sometimes the border between urban patterns prevents smooth interaction and movement, which leads to considerable changes in unseen social and economical urban layers. Analysis of the site and exposure of the main algorithms of existing development can be the base for a new urban layer, which could help to moderate the border line, bridge the invisible gap between patterns, and provide free movement and interaction as a sustainable platform, which allows for balanced and sustainable living conditions. “Extra Layer” can contain spatial architectural and invisible elements and should be different in each particular area according to the characteristics of the place and its functions. It might be flexible and easily transformable as a joint element between the existing elements. An urban approach coupled with an architectural approach would provide the city with higher urban quality.

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HISTORICAL PART

IMAGE.NASA. Earth Observatory 7

IMAGE.NASA. Earth Observatory 8

CONTENTS 1.Foreword

2.Introduction. Methodology

3.City as an Emergent Structure

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Emergence Emergency and Urbanism (sustainable issue, benefits of emergent urbanism) Emergency and Istanbul

4.Sustainability • • • •

Sustainable Urbanism Sustainability in Emergency Sustainable Movements Sustainable Movement in Istanbul

5.Unseen Borders • • • •

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Interaction-Erasing the Borders Interaction in Nature: Intelligence, Random Predictable Self-organisation, Selfurbanism Behavior. Tools of Measurements Analysis of Istanbul (Levent).Simulation of Interaction Urban Functions of Emergent Grid in Istanbul. Social and Economical Aspects

7.Scale • • •

Unseen Borders of the Urban Space Unseen borders in Urban Fabric Borders in Nature Istanbul within Invisible Borders

6.Interaction • •

Scale of the Cities Scale of Movement Scale in Istanbul. Quality of the Space

8.Conclusion

9.References. List of Images

INTRODUCTION From Interface to Interaction . Cities always developed gradually year by year, layering design experience which reflects in urban patterns. Technical innovation, ways of living, number of population are factors which influence on how city looks like. Obviously, changes are constant and urban structure changes continuously, sometimes changes help to improve the city well being, sometimes they slow down the process of sustainable development. In my project I would like to take one of the areas in Istanbul, Levent, where constant changes in urban development cause problems with interaction and accessibility. Area developed gradually according to different people and urban needs. Lack of urban integration on the site led to separation which has negative effect on social and economical sustainability. Proposed concept is an extra Urban Layer which shows possible ways of the development, it is flexible and emergent based on analysis of the site. Starting to form small public centers in the points of the most people concentration and then slightly growing in the city, adding functions and linking areas. The structure growth and arrangement along the site is following by set of rules which were extracted from the site analysis. The code of the Levent area allows the urban system to grow spatially in two and three dimensions which give more possibilities for site improvement in social and economical terms, because it adds new functions to place. Set of rules which were used in proposal are applicable only to particular site because it was designed regarding special characteristics of the site and algorithmic analysis. The idea of the new Urban Layer was to solve the problem of interface in Levent area and provide the area with interaction. At the same time to add sustainability to the place. Methodology I used research which was made in natural world and try to layer it in urban scale. There are similarities in organism behavior in nature and people movement which help to understand the way of people interaction and ways of space changing and organisation. In order to have a long term living structure, urban system should be sustainable and flexible. Ability of reproduction and adaptation are the key factors in sustainable urban development. Natural world is a good example which demonstrates the sustainable system in action. Detailed analysis will allow applying similar rules of natural beahvior to urban system and seeing how it works in urban scale. In report structural analysis of natural examples will be followed by particular site analysis and see how the system works or if it does not work and which possible solutions can be applied.

City as an Emergent Structure

IMAGE.Spime. A blog by Peter Horvath

Emergence “Emergence is what happens when an interconnected system of relatively simple elements self-organizes to form more intelligent, more adaptive higher-level behavior”1 .Emergent systems reacting on changes that happening around and organise flexible adaptive structure. Systems that seem to be very different and complicated such as flocks of birds or colonies of ants are usually have set of simple rules that turns simplicity into complexity.

“Emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence

IMAGE 1.SnowflakesWilsonBentley

Emergence and Urbanism (sustainable issue, benefits of emergent urbanism) Emergence in urbanism is an important issue that provides cities with flexibility to change over the years, adapted to new conditions, and should be sustainable. “Systems that at first glance seem vastly different – ant colonies, human brain, cities, and immune systems – all turn out to follow the rules of emergence. In each of these systems, agents residing on one scale start producing behavior that lies a scale above them: ants create colonies, urbanities create neighborhoods”1. Each urban system has a code of development, and the city grows following these rules. “Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or Develpment of Levent area

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1. Steven Johnson. Emergence. The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software.2001 14

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zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city” 1. As urbanization develops faster and denser, new buildings appear at different times and cities are divided into zones with various urban patterns. This causes conflicts between the inhabitants in terms of social and economical communication and interaction and therefore makes it less sustainable. Some areas, such as shanty towns, develop spontaneously. In these cases, one building is built after another without a clear planning system, but following the rules of self-organized emergent systems. Some towns are planned according to planning systems and have rigid structures, as was the case for New York. “From ancient times, towns and cities have been classified into those which grow ‘naturally’ or ‘organically’ and those which are ‘artificial’ or ‘planned’” 2. Each type of development could exist and has advantages and disadvantages. However, when they meet together, as can be seen in the Levent area in Istanbul (IMAGE 2), it may cause serious problems in terms of further development of the area and its social and economical sustainability because of the borders of the urban patterns. Movement can smooth the line between different patterns and provide the area with urban quality using function exchange. It can also be beneficial in terms of social sustainability. People would socialize and communicate with each other not only in particular areas, but also in other areas that would allow forming community groups and providing interaction, which would create safety and economic benefits for the city. Emergence and Istanbul Some parts of Istanbul have been developed in different times. Spontaneous development and planned structure appeared due to various circumstances. The planned historical city centre, a naturally walkable city, has an emergent structure, which allows for modifications to the city and adding extra functions. Even when the population is growing the historical centre remains flexible and adaptive to changes, it can be compared to organic growth, which is transformable and adaptable to any changes. Planning in the middle of the twentieth century gives new quality to urban space. New inventions and technologies, such as cars and the subway system, brought new requirements to the area and demanded new planning logic. High density development with all possible functions was no longer an issue because of rapid development of transportation and ability to find these functions in other areas. The development for people with high-income was located along the transportation hubs in order to provide people with best service (Levent area). “Within the development process of the metropolitan area, old peripheral informal housing areas became more central and accessible areas due to developing road and transportation systems” 3. People were more interested in having private houses with private gardens; hence, a new structure appeared which is different from the organic structure as was the case for the historical city. A grid of streets separates each private property from each other. This urban pattern can be extended to the next areas, but it can not be changed and adapted to growing population, as the basic rules which were initially set was for private single houses. Also, all possible functions that exist in the development of the historical city, such as commercial, retail, and leisure activities were not included here, as the area was created for people with high incomes who could access these functions in other places using their car. At the same time, the population grew and people needed to settle down quickly. As a result, they began to spontaneously fill the gaps between areas of planned development, forming self-organized shanty towns without a predefined set of rules. Its development resembles the chaotic structure of buildings which were built one after another. “Industrialization process of the city together with the deficient economic and social policies of central governments led to informal settlements around industrial areas, which lack of urban quality”3. Emergent development with spontaneous structures does not allow planning areas that are functional and sustainable. The location isolates these areas from the city and they are developing inside themselves without integrating qualities of the surrounding areas. Thus, all existing urban patterns in Istanbul can be developed individually and have local sustainable qualities, but they can not work all together as one system. Istanbul is developing gradually but lack of communication and social and economical stability between all its urban patterns makes the whole city less emergent and less flexible.

1. The Self-organizing Economy, Oxford: Blackwell (1996) Krugman, Paul 2. Alfredo Brillembourg, Kristin Feireiss, Hubert Klumpner. Informal City. Caracas Case.2005 3. Crisis of Urban Form: re-visiting the urban (perimeter) block critique of ongoing proces production of urban fabric in Istanbul. urban age _ Istanbul.2009 15

Urban Transformations Bus Stops The Bus Stops Distance Proposed roads

Emergent Boundary changes through the years, the position of the roads are remainng the sme while the areas with private living zones varies according to growing and decreasingrates of population.

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Urban Transformations Existing Development Bus Stops The Bus Stops Distance Proposed roads

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Urban Transformations

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Urban Transformations Green Areas Green areas with private living zones varies according to growing and decreasingrates of population. It can be either shrinked or expanded in order to provide more space fore built-up.

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Sustainability

Sustainability. “The concept of sustainability is the result of seeing a world with limited resources and limited capacity to absorb waste, where every act involves future consequences.”1 Sustainability is a capacity of environment to remain the same and be flexible for a long period of time. Sustainable long-living structures are easily modified and transformed without damaging and destroying existing environment. For humans sustainability means a well being and flexibility in such aspects as: economy and sociology. However, the city can be called sustainable if there is a social sustainability, whereas social sustainability means the presence of public spaces. The term of sustainability has a broaden definition based on living conditions where basic rights of existence are respected. The world nowadays undergoing serious changes and modifications. First of all it’s connected with growth of population and shortage of natural resources which we use daily. We have to consider reasonable usage or replacement of the planet resources in order to prolong its existence, to think about alternative ways of organizing space due to increasing number of people each year and shortage of place. Sustainable life it is not only recycling and usage of alternative recourses which have to be preserved but also it relates to social aspect of life which has to be kept in mind as one of the basic factors on the way of creating successful sustainable city. Human beings are those who inhabit the planet and their wellbeing proportionally dependent on world’s prosperity. Sustainable Urbanism

Sustainable Urbanism

Public places 400 m

400 m

The term of Sustainable Urbanism could be presented as “the state a metropolitan community reaches once it is able to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” 2 Sustainable Urbanism is a set of answers on questions which are about city growth, people movement, and people living. The answers should be helpful to the next generation to keep the cities in a sustainable way and prolong its life by using sustainable resources and creating sustainable ways of extending the life of the environment. “A small but fast-growing number of leaders are now beginning to recognize the power of thoughtful urbanism to induce people to voluntarily live a more human-powered and less resource-intensive lifestyle (...), to enhance the inherent sustainability of a walkable, diverse urbanism integrated with high-performance buildings and infrastructure.” 3 One of the main issues of sustainable urbanism enhances communication strategies-social sustainability and designing a walkable city which provide health environment for humans’ well-being. Usage of recyclable energy, materials, which can absorb energy from the sun and keep the heat using innovative materials, would safe the natural resources and let the planet live longer. According to the Douglas Farr’s principles of Smart Growth it is necessary to “Create walkable neighborhoods, mix land uses, provide a transportation choices” 3 ”Sustainable Urbanism is walkable and transitserved urbanism with high-performance buildings and high performance infrastructure ” 3

1. Manuel Gausa, Vincente Guallart, Willy Muller, Federico Soriano,Fernando Porras, Jose Morales. The Metapolis Dictionary of Advanced Architecture.City, Technology and Society in the Information Age. 2003 400 m 2. Model for Sustainable Urban Design With Expanded Sections on Distributed Energy Resources. Prepared by Sustainable Energy Planning Office Gas Technology Institute for Oak Ridge National Laboratory.February18, 2004 3 Sustainable Urbanism. Urban Design With Nature. Douglas Farr.2008 22

400 m

“Sustainable Movement”

Swarm of flies. Self-Organisation examples in Nature IMAGE 5.Artificial Life

Infrastructure

400 m

Living facilities

“Walkable City” DOUGLAS FARR

“Sustainable urbanism is not achievable at low densities below 7-8 dwelling units per acre. The sites should be dense enough to set the place walkable and provide the place with public traffic system”.1 Dense development is more sustainable in terms of accommodation, due to growing population, public facilities such as commercial areas and recreation zones should be planned with accordance to pedestrian accessibility. Sustainable urbanism has to be shown also through ecological urbanism to demonstrate the importance and necessity of consideration the environmental issue. “The importance of density as a determining criterion of ecological urbanism [] an increasing number of private development companies, for ethical as well as financial reasons, are now espousing the values of sustainability, their concerns are often focused on the technical performance of individual building rather than on the larger scale”.2 Ecological urbanism is a set of practices which organized absolutely new sustainable environment and helps to design differently from the point of view of health environment. . Sustainable Movements. “Movement. The space of the contemporary city has not only changed quantitatively, but also qualitatively, and this quality is not only what is seen, but also what is hidden. Hiding is a way of resistance and defense. “3 Movement is a sustainable factor which allows city to grow and develop, adapting and modifying by surroundings. Movement allows designing the space according to people requirements. People choose the place where to gather together using advantage of the area (comfort or accessibility). Thus the public areas appear. In order to make a responsive environment the following factors should be studied carefully before making a proposal: the designed area, climate, the people occupancy, theirs age, gender, interest, distance from their home, time, people spend to reach their final destination, historical background and traditions. As all these factors are different and individual for each city, the map of movement will be unique for each town. Map of movements is a flexible emergent structure which is constantly undergoing changes and modifying. For instance, European map of movements differs considerably from Arabic and Asian map of movements, because of different cultures and different people behavior. At the same time, several basic principles remain similar in all countries, no matter to which tradition they belong, such as need in public spaces. In different countries the meaning of these places is different but the general idea is the same.

1. Sustainable Urbanism. Urban Design With Nature. Douglas Farr.2008 2. Edited by Moshen Mostafavi with Gaterth Doherti. Harvard University. Graduate School of Design.Ecological Urbanism 2010 3 Manuel Gausa, Vincente Guallart, Willy Muller, Federico Soriano,Fernando Porras, Jose Morales. The Metapolis Dictionary of Advanced Architecture.City, Technology and Society in the Information Age. 2003 23

SPACE SYNTAX

ISTANBUL Levent

Levent area Choice 200m

SPACE SYNATX ANALYSIS

Levent area Choice 400m

Levent area Choice 1000m

Levent area Choice 2000m

Levent area Choice 5000m IMAGE 6.

Zooming in into different parts of the city development shows how different the city parts are due to local movements and movements within the city. It is a complicated structure with certain rules and different types of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement behavior. The map of people movements in shanty towns, business centers and city centers is different because of various sociological and economical aspects. In shanty towns and historical centre of Levent the movement is chaotically which reminds the movement of particles, multiple functions of these areas are the main reasons of such movement. Residential area is more structurised, and movement is not so intensive and more predictable. Business centre have also predictable map of movement, office-bus stop or car-parking. Space Syntax Analysis is one of the tools which are used in site research. It analyses the movement of people within the city using different parameters such as number of steps and distance, in other words, Space Syntax can test the accessibility of the site for people who walk and people who use cars, and define areas with most possible people concentration in order to design public space, commercial zone or business centre. Thus it shows how often people use one or other routes to reach certain place. This data is beneficial in designing the area. In other words, movement plays essential role in urban design as well as in architectural. It helps to understand the functions of objects that should be built in particular area. Simple analysis can show problematic zones which should be improved. Sustainable Movement in Istanbul. Istanbul is a good example of the city which has different types of development and various urban structures which make people move differently within the city. Sometimes, the planning diversity in urban fabric makes the communication less efficient because of different functions of the patterns, for example, private area and business centre. People do not walk from one area to another and creating local communities inside each pattern. As a result, the overall urban structure becomes less sustainable in terms of movement and development. The area is divided into several pieces, each has own character and function, this determines difference in movement along the whole area. Levent might be a good example of the area with diverse urban patterns. Historical part is a highdense development, with narrow streets and big squares, naturally grown walkable city. The main goal was to provide maximum comfort for people to live in and provide easy accessibility to the most important places where people come together: mosques and markets. Through the years with transportation infrastructure the meaning of closeness and common places

IMAGE 7.Arabic Geometry

“Pattern Hierarchy”

Turkish Pattern

IMAGE 8.Arabic Pattern

“Сity Hierarchy” Mosque structure 00

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has been transformed, as a result the people movement has been changed. Business district (Levent) has less dense development in comparison with historical centre and has much taller buildings. It can be explained by the high price for the square meter of land and wish to accommodate more people. Squares and mosques are located on further distance within car accessibility rather than pedestrian, because it does not play such important role in people communication in particular urban pattern as it was in historical part. In this case, the concentration of people is mainly located around business centers and transportation hubs: bus stop and subway station. Next area is shanty towns which formed between the gaps of already planned development and creates a city within the existing city with its own rules and movement behavior. The rules are similar to those which has historical center, however the building development has more chaotic, selforganized system. “Forms of urban ‘molecularism’ are based on analogous principles of spatialising behavior. The underlying conformity to laws can be considered as dependent on a prevailing system;[…] The self-governed sphere of influence of each element refers to place, materialization and neighbors.”1 The shanty towns organized by people mainly, density varies according to people needs, there is no any special requirement, and development appears spontaneously following people behavior. But as well as in historical centers, mosques are the places where people come together. Each piece of urban fabric has its own character and system of movement, each is sustainable as it can be transformed, modified and adapted to a new living condition. However, each piece is a separated pattern with boundaries; borders definitely limit the freedom of transformation. Proposed urban layer will unite all urban pieces in the set of various urban patterns attached to one urban spine. This will help to make provide areas with smooth movement and add social and economical sustainability to the whole city. Space has hierarchy structure. One piece is dependent from another, whereas one is main which subordinates the rest. This method organizes the space and set rules of behavior. In Istanbul this hierarchy method is very evident. The centre of the system is a mosque around which accumulating with second row: residential area; around residential are and along the roads concentrate the third row, markets and commercial facilities. Zooming in this structure shows the same hierarchy in Mosque itself which contains the core of the mosque, place where people pray,

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1. Alfredo Brillembourg, Kristin Feireiss, Hubert Klumpner. Informal City. Caracas Case.2005 IMAGE.Arabic Geometry

and dependant areas such as courtyard where people gathering together. The Turkish pattern shows similar structure, one big centre usually surrounded by little ones, which are surrounded by another circle of elements. Moreover, the organization of Arabic pattern has a strong mathematical background, which on one hand is flexible and allows obtaining any pattern out of similar shapes, but on the other hand set of rules does not allow the pattern to become disordered and chaotic. Proposed Layer is overlapping all exiting urban patterns, penetrating slightly in each area. Using the existing method of space organization (hierarchy of the place) the new urban layer will bring a new quality to existing urban structure and will allow it to be more sustainable and could provide the perspective in future continuous development.

Unseen Borders

Unseen Borders of the Uban Space. City consists of different number of different urban patterns. In one case urban patterns connected to each other without integration, for instance, Istanbul (Levent), in another case patterns are slightly integrated between themselves (Hamburg, Amsterdam (Borneo)). In situations when the urban structure changes into completely different one without integration appear unseen borders which have a great influence on people interaction. Unseen borders also affect sociological and economical sustainable development of the area. The difference between urban patterns doesn’t allow interacting with each other. More successful areas separated from the less successful, people have different interests and needs in each area, new local communities appears within each area with different financial and social abilities. Territory divides in to poor and reaches that causes sociological and economical tensions. Different social layers, unseen borders, divide city into small communities with local hierarchy and self-organized structure. Unseen borders in Urban Fabric Borders divided or separated area. It can separate countries and areas within one city. Together with physical borders there are also unseen borders which appear constantly in the city and divide it into zones with different qualities: areas with people with low- and high-incomes, adults and children and business and residential zones. Unseen borders do not allow the space to have fluid interaction and movement between different parts of the city. There is no people exchange, one of the features of successful urban development. Constant movement and interaction erases the boundary, make it smooth so that difference between different zones are not meaningful. Situation with “poor” and “rich” remains but there is no considerable stratification as it is a case with unseen boundaries, because areas have constant people exchange. People can live in one area and work in another, providing a constant movement between areas and erase the border between them. It is important to keep the space between the two frontier zones in order to create an exchange buffer of successful sustainable development. Being in different social levels is inevitable, but it is possible to shorten the gap between two social groups and create middle class, which will serve as a buffer between two zones. Similar method can be applied to areas with different age people. It is necessary to create something in-between these two areas to compensate the difference in age. Interaction allows smoothing over the difference between people income and sociological variety. It brings equal opportunity to people and freedom in interaction and movement. Movement creates different pattern. It penetrates from one urban piece to another and transforming into a completely different structure. Freedom from unseen borders improves the city life, as it can be considered like a live organism which needs to be constantly changed and developed. It can not be developed within borders it needs to be expanding into different direction; this will bring sustainability to urban development.

SITE ANALYSIS

AVERAGE DENSITY PRIVATE GREENERY MOSQUES-PUBLIC SPACES

HIGH DENSITY NO GREENERY MOSQUES-PUBLIC SPACES

HIGH DENSITY NO GREENERY NO PUBLIC SPACES

AVERAGE DENSITY PRIVATE GREENERY MOSQUES-PUBLIC SPACES

NO BALANCE SUSTAINABLE

LOW DENSITY PRIVATE GREENERY MOSQUES-PUBLIC SPACES

2-DIMENSION DEVELOPEMNT ONE DERECTION 10 YEARS-DOUBLED?

DOUBLED IN SIZE

BALANCE LESS SUSTAINABLE • HIGH DENSITY • LACK OF GREEN SPACES • SOCIAL COMMUNICATION

DEVEL 2-DIMENSION DEVELDEREC OPEMNT TWO DERECTIONS 100 YEARS-? NO SPACE FOR • PUBLIC ZONES • GREENERY • NO SPACE FOR PARKING

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Different Urban Fabric Levent Area

non-walkable structure

walkable structure

0001 Residential Area Development. Urban Pattern

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Borders in Nature Borders in Nature such as mountains and oceans separate area into pieces; it is visible but has almost the same characteristics as unseen city frontiers. It also influences on movement and people interaction and change the map of movement considerably, it transforms the area and makes people and transport moves differently in order to have a chance to get from one point to another. In nature it is always a curve line, there is no straight borders, which allows choosing as many options to move as possible but not go through. Likewise, unseen borders offer a lot of different options for people to walk around except interaction option which causes main problems in the city. However, in nature there is no rigid border, even if it is a chain of mountains it always has a pick and slope, it is never in one line one, this system allows to optimize the interaction and intersect two areas, separated by the obstacle. This method of space arrangement can be applied to the city but in a smaller scale, when two different urban structures exchange their features by means of function intersection. Istanbul within Invisible Borders. Istanbul has a lot of different urban patterns which determine complex urban fabric. Each part has own features and characteristics, the city is divided into different zones with individual urban grain which exists as separated independent piece of the city, with local centers, commercial zones and public areas. Levent is a good example of various types of development. Huge projects as Levent Development changed the area completely.” The social and physical disintegration that can be created as a result of urban development through projects unrelated to one another”.1 Former Industrial zone was converted into commercial centre. The existing highway separates development in two parts. One part with historical development and commercial zone, and other one with high income development and shanty town. The most expensive area is located along the highway; also it has more infrastructures such as business and shopping centre.

Highway Huge projects as Levent change the area Concentration of development andDevelopment peocompletely.” The social and physical disintegration that can ple with high-income is around the high be created as a result of urban development through projway because initially all settlements ects unrelated to one another” were grouped closer to transportation net. The land is more prestigious and more expensive.

Locals 6

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Concentration Concentration of of people People general (generaloverview overview) 127 159 54 28

Historical populletion Histrorical popullationofofIstanbul Istanbul 13.120.596

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1. Role of Urban Projects as a Tool in urban Integration and Disintegration 42-nd ISoCaRP Congress 2006 // People concentrate mainly around the highway Concentration () 34 {

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Historically, the area along the highway was considered as the most expensive place due to closeness of the subway stations and transportation hub. Areas around HISTORY this territory was built –up with housing, owned by people with high income. At the same time, housing next to rich residential area, has been appearing spontaneously, WORK without rules which were set in rich area. Due to population growth, people with low-income were trying to fill the “gaps” in urban development. Shanty town located much further from the main road TOURISM and people do not have possibilities to use all advantages of being close to the centre. That’s why the price for this area is much lower and there is an unseen border between SHOPPING these two zones, as the result the gap between people with high income and low income become wider, hence less interaction and finally no social and economical FAMILY integration. Unseen economical and social border divide the area and people into zones, which are independent from each other and are not sustainable. Even though the aerial map UNIVERSITY looks like it is one territory it is exploded into pieces. Similarly the business area has an unseen border with historical development. Business area has been build later SCHOOL and does not integrated into old development, different height, different urban grain cause the unseen separation of these pieces. Each part has its quality, positive and negative sides, however, there is noMARKET exchange which prevents the raise of quality of this place and provides sustainable existence. Nowadays the area is divided vertically. In order to CHILDREN connect the area, proposed urban Layer should have the opposite direction, to penetrate through all urban fabric and connect them with a new urban spine and bring the quality to this space.(IMAGE 10)

business

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STUDYING

Interaction

IMAGE 15. FLIGHT 404

Interaction-Erasing the Borders Grouping

SELF-ORGANIZING SYSTEM

Isolated Individuals with partly groupng

“Interaction is (inter (change) and (inter) relation. Interaction is the Influence of two systems on one another. A system is to be understood as a real project, a part of the latter, or its environment. Living organisms interact with their environment, interchanging on three main levels: matter, energy and information. Isolation, with respect to any of the latter, may be fatal to the organisms.” 1 Interaction between people and countries helps to understand better each other and obviously beneficial in terms of getting new information and skills or obtaining new experience. Communication helps to develop faster and find more rational and clever ideas. It creates more possibilities for all participants involved in this process. Exchange of skills and information helps to avoid unseen borders and overcome social contradiction and can be a next step in society sustainability. Interaction between people from different part of the city will erase unseen economical, social and information border, thus the city will not be considered as a patchwork filled with various types of living, but have one strong spine going through all urban patterns and connect different variations of city development.

“The city is a pattern in time”

STEVEN JOHNSON Isolated Individuals with partky groupng

Group with isolated parts

Linear ditribution linear organisation IMAGE 16

Interaction in Nature: Intelligence, Random, Predictable, Self-organisation, Self-urbanism “Self-organisation is a final phase in the process of relations between systems that allows solutions for adaptation. It is a form of dependant, inconstant grouping, fluctuating according to variables in the system in which it is implanted or to which it responds as a stimulus.”1 Everything and everyone in the world is a part of a self-organised system, which has unique rules. There is no center in the group. The group is a centre. The organization is achieved by similar behavior, there is no leader and all participants of the group act at the same time. A good example is a swarm of birds, a cloud of birds forming a system which is chaotic from the first sight but it has well-organised entire structure. As Scott Camazine said :”In biological systems self-organization is a process in which pattern at the global level of a system emerges solely from numerous interactions among the lower-level components of the system. Moreover, the rules specifying interactions among the system’s components are executed using only local information,

without reference to the global pattern.” Flocking behavior is a good example describing the intelligence of the crowd. Self-organisation in math describes a complicated behavior and way of organization. For example, cellular automata, is a grid which has a number of cells with certain definition, each has a number of states “off” and “on”. Each cell has neighborhoods, each generation change according to a rule, mathematical function until all cells are in a order that set in function. “ “Organised complexity” proved to be a constructive way of thinking about urban life.” 2”The primary mechanism of swarm logic is the interaction between neighboring ants in the filed[…].” 2 Organisation is a constant interaction and exchange. This rule can be applied to urban scale. Urban structure has an emergent system due to constantly changing rules and behavior. Self-organising group of people create shanty towns, setting there own rules, and behave like a swarm. Spontaneous built-up reflects emergent behavior. Regular grid of streets can be defined as self-organised structure, similar to cellular automata, which in spite of it’s regularity has “on” and “off” cells, the urban regularity is created by planners. But self-organisation fills the cells with buildings, and parks. Behavior and interaction in nature is reflected in human life. People use similar method groping and creating swarms, settling down in a certain place as a group and create cities or centers of the cities.

Cellular automata progression on 1 till 50 generations IMAGE 17.Processing - Creative Coding and Computational Art Foundation - Ira Greenberg

IMAGE 18. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com

However, the swarm has intelligence, due to this capacity the changes are flexible but at the same time remain curtain rules which were set initially. There are features which can characterise intelligence: “a. Responding very flexibly to situations (Elastic -Adaptability) b. Getting the most out of chance circumstances (Opportunism-Ingenuity) [...] d. Recognising the relative importance of the different elements in situation (Combinatoriality-Diversity) e. Finding similarities between various situations, despite the difference which might separate them (Interconnection-Interlinkage)[...] g. Synthesising new concepts upon the basis of old concepts that are seen and reassimilated in new ways (Interchange-Synergy) h. Erupting-and emerging-with innovative ideas (Singularity-Indiscipline).” 1 Several city areas have similar features to swarm behavior. The development is flexible and feeling the “gaps” in already planned city. Flexible intelligent structure of this development allows adapting to every urban condition and creating new quality to the area. Shanty towns are good example of the well organised system which are spreading and organising itself continuously following the rules which people set initially when they settled down in the area. The method of creating place is remaining the same to those which was applied in planned areas, but it is modified and converted into different way, according to the rules of the given society. Each square and each building is a micro-city and have rules of behavior similar to a big city, building is a scaled down model which works individually but it is a piece of the whole dependant system, if something changes within the small pattern, the whole system will be affected and adapted to these changes. The process might be called “self-urbanism regarding as individual action.”1 Appearance of shanty towns and unplanned settlement can be regarded as a process of self-urbanism. ”They are self-organised structures that should be regarded without prejudice and with attention to the internal 1. Manuel Gausa, Vincente Guallart, Willy Muller, Federico Soriano,Fernando Porras, Jose Morales. The Metapolis Dictionary of Advanced Architecture.City, Technology and Society in the Information Age. 2003 2. Steven Johnson. Emergence. The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software.2001 39

Flock of birds

IMAGE 19. UC Santa Barbara. Department of Geography

Leaf structure_Hierarchy

Shanty town_Hierarchy

IMAGE 20.Roice Bair

IMAGE 21

Algorithmic tree IMAGE 22.Wiley.Algorithms.for.Visual.Design. Using.the.Processing.Language.May.2009

logics of this kind of spontaneous growth. The process of spontaneous growth arises from a mutual interaction between self-planning and self-organisation and leads to complex functional configurations that in no case convey an impression of disorder or arbitrariness.â&#x20AC;?1 Complex pattern of self-organised development might be compared with structures that exist in nature, such as leaf structure, vessels, antâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s families. Despite the irregular system it has a strong hierarchy of development and a set of rules or generic patterns, which can be analysed as dynamic patterns. This analysis can be applicable to the city analysis as the logic of organising the structure is pretty similar.

Neuron map IMAGE 23.Free association Design. Network Clouds and Relational Mappings

Behavior. Tools of Measurements There are different ways of analysing the character of the movement and make a recording. One way is to do calculation on site. Calculating the number of people passing by and their profession, make interview, ask the same question and later make a diagram using obtaining results. Other way is by using simulation software which can show all possible ways of movements and interaction by setting different parameters and limitations, for example, number of people, directions, openness and closeness of the areas. As the simulation has unpredictable area and changes simultaneously it mirrors the natural behavior of the people, who moves chaotically around the city. However, choose certain streets and ways of movements. Space Syntax software helps do define the areas in the city which are mostly used by people and the opposite, areas, which people do not use and they become isolated parts of the city. Such analysis helps to understand the global situation of the

“New urban landscapes, information landscapes, invisible landscapes. New ways of understanding space around us. Will making invisible spaces, rooms, buildings, connections, visible help us navigate? Navigate what? Our lives? Our cities? Is it actually condensing the overload of information that floats around us, creating an architecture to understand it? Or is it better to be oblivious, have all that float past us without a blink, or synapse snap?” 1

Map of tweeting IMAGE 24.Urbantick.Fabian Neuhaus

city and define zones which have to be either improved by adding extra facilities or the opposite in quite area, reduce amount of people by removing streets or closing partly the areas. Particle simulation can represent a possible people movement, so that this analysis can help in space organising and influence on future design of the space. It is a way to identify the impact people can do to improve the area and build environment and how people can design the space using their own movement. Constant changes of the built environment led to constant changes in human behavior and interaction which influences on functional, social and economical aspects. Another way to track people movement is by using electronic devices and social networks which are recording each person’s movement. Tweeter and Facebook can help to record each stop person make during the day by checking in. It allows understanding main destinations and reasons of making journeys in particular places. At the end of each week, the tracking map would IMAGE 25.www.facebook.com show the priorities of movement www.twitter.com and reasons of doing these movements; analysis of the map will show the current up to date information about movement. Fabian Neuhaus in his urban research shows how effective the system is and how beneficial in terms of getting information.” Social network analysis is probably the biggest and most obvious branch of network analysis. Since the concept of social connection is part of our everyday experience this is the area easies accessible for a general audience.[...]The overwhelmingly massive amount of detail could potentially provide a different understanding of social mechanisms”.2 Collecting date from different sources obviously help to understand and analyse the character of the movement. Digital simulation can

Parcticle simualtion. Swarms IMAGE 26

1. Urbantick a blog by Fabian Neuhaus 2. Stan Allen. Points+Lines. Diagrams and Projects for the City.1991 43

predict all possible options of movement based on mathematical algorithms and calculation, which is very precise and helpful. Every piece in the world is acting by means of using certain rules and parameters, that’s why digital method can be applied and can be regarded as a reliable source of information. Social networking analysis based on real situation and data changes constantly, this source is also reliable as it mirrors the current situation in the world. There is no the best way to measure human behavior and interaction, all methods should be used in order to obtain a full live picture by means of using different techniques and avoid data missing. Analysis of Istanbul (Levent).Interaction Simulation Istanbul as many other cities have its own movement code and parameters which makes place unique and individual. It is possible to apply both tools mentioned above for area analysis. Simple calculation shows the places with the highest people concentration: there are business area, bazaars, mosques and historical part of the city. Analysing the output data we can see that the majority of people choose places which are connected with their culture and tradition to a certain extend, for example, mosques and bazaars. Thus, a city has an invisible layer of net of mosques and spots of bazaars. The mosque distribution resembles particle simulation: a flexible, emergent structure with defined distance which can be changed according to necessity. In Istanbul distance is a walkable parameter ¬-- 450 meters between mosques. Another parameter is amount of people which influences on distance parameter. Number of people influences on number of mosques in the area. Thus the behavior of mosque arrangement can be analysed and designed by means of using particle simulation. Cohesion, alignment and separate parameter can change the system and show different result. The diagram on the next page demonstrates how digital simulation can help to understand the existing mosque pattern, connecting points with IMAGE 27 the shortest distance; a new generated pattern shows clearly the current situation of the area, the mosque concentration on the left side, historical part, and a few mosques on the right. Considering mosque as a community centre it is obvious that the right part of the site has lack of community spaces. It is mainly a private area with private gardens and houses. However, the development on the left side separated by the highway has lack of greenery. Proposed Layer could help to provide an interaction between two parts of the site and link them by using missing functions. Grid helps to understand the behavior of elements on the site and gives flexibility to the possible changes.” Grids are configurations that are resolved on orbit of a possible hybridisation between architecture and infrastructure replace, in effect, the idea of outline with what network and that of reticule with that of mesh:[...] Grids create an effect of operative interconnectivity favored by the interlinked logic of episodes and events themselves. What is interesting in such configurations is their flexible and infrastructural, rather than pure and rigidly structural nature.” 1 First step from interface to interaction is to analyse the system of arrangement of existing mosques, and set a rule in order to apply it to the right side of the site.(pic.xxxx) The main parameter is a distance between the mosques-450-500 meters, this rule can be applied to the right side of the site with the lack of community centers, the points of intersection of the new walkable distances, allow to define new public centers and create new urban mesh which is different from the current one but have the advantage of having new social centres. Second step is to generate the new structure which allows to penetrate greenery from one site to another and also to bridge the highway. Zooming in and adding more points to the structure and application the 1. Manuel Gausa, Vincente Guallart, Willy Muller, Federico Soriano,Fernando Porras, Jose Morales. The Metapolis Dictionary of Advanced Architecture.City, Technology and Society in the Information Age. 2003 44

Mosque arrangement

New structure

New structure with new centres

New structure

IMAGE 28

MOSQUE ARRANGEMENT

MOSQUE ARRANGEMENT calculating the distance

existing mosques distance between the mosques

existing mosques distance between the mosques (appx.450m) distance for new centres (appx. 450 m)

existing mosques distance between the mosques (appx.450m) distance for new centres (appx. 450 m) points of intersection (new centres)

existing mosques distance between the mosques points of intersection (new centres) bus stops

MOSQUE+NEW CENTRES new centres (circle intersections)

MOSQUE+NEW CENTRES

IMAGE 29

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IMAGE 30

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Diagram based on SPACE SYNTAX analysis The most important points

IMAGE 31

SKIN urban + MESHmesh, which is flexible and changeable. set of rules defined earlier allows creating a new emergent OPENED AND CLOSED SPACE (SAHN, RIWAQ, ZULLA) Triangulation grid allows changing the distance parameter between the points according to the particular need. Flock of birds In some spaces it is necessary to have 100 meters in order to achieve the small community group, some spaces requires bigger distance to unite bigger amount of people. Thus the triangulation rule is flexible in terms of functions and generating new layer on the top of existing one. Another advantage of the system it to create a flexibility of the urban development and make it more emergent and adaptive to possible changes which are also makes it more sustainable. Space Syntax analysis helps to understand the hierarchy of the importance of obtaining points and show the order of its appearance on the site. by means of the distance calculation from each point of circle intersection.

Urban Functions of Emergent Grid in Istanbul. Social and Economical Aspects Having the triangulation system as a set of rules which is a result of detailed analysis of Levent it is very

L CENTRE

BROAD STREETS

“Quality of the space”

CHARACTER OF THE markets CENTRE Streets/Open

POPULATION LESS SQUARES LESS MARKET PLACES

Public places/comunities PLACE FOR TABLE GAMES Streets

IMAGE 32. Photos.igougo.com

Highway

Commercial/ Public area

Highway

Non-Commercial/ Public area Commercial/ Public area

Highway

Commercial/ Public area

No greenery

Highway

Greenery

Greenery IMAGE 33

important to think about the quality of the space it can have, the advantages and possibilities of this structure in terms of social and economical interaction. Also it is important to imagine the character of the structure, what it can represent in real life and how it can be distributed on the site, how it can help to connect two sides of the site in order to provide smooth communication. “One principle emerges ubiquitously... This ubiquitous principle is the need of cities for a most intricate and close-grained diversity of uses that give each other constant mutual support, both economically and socially... Unsuccessful city areas are areas which lack this kind of intricate mutual support.” 1 1. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Jane Jacobs. London :Penguin Books in association with Jonathan Cape, 1993. 50

Development of the grid in z direction

Grid

Grid+skin

IMAGE 34

Fucntions of the skin Streets/Social activity DAY ACTIVITIES

OPEN MARKET

DAY ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITIES

Public spaces/commercial acitvity

BAZAAR

DAY ACTIVITIES

OPEN MARKET

DAY ACTIVITIES

BAZAAR IMAGE 35. Photos.igougo.com

Urban functions of the new Layer should include the characteristics of the spaces which should be borrowed from the area where these functions work well. For example, in Levent, the characteristics of the old city on the left side such as commercial areas and public spaces should be brought in the area on the right side to make equal opportunities for people to live in both parts. At the same time the greenery on the right side should appeared on the left side When the functions are defined, they should be distributed along the triangulated system as it is a basis of a new urban layer. The system can not be necessarily distributed in 2 dimension, it might be developed in 3 dimension to provide more variations a options for the new structure. The volume of the mesh can be covered partly with the set of surfaces in order to provide more complex spaces where new functions can be located. The distribution of the new system on the Levent site. Grand Bazaar could be a good example for understanding the development of the commercial structure which emerged in the centre of the historical city. It appeared as a single element in the middle of the historical city, and year by year grew inside the urban fabric, spreading along the existing roads and enlarging its size, creating a new urban structure which is flexible and continuously changing. Similar method of structure distribution can be applied on Levent area; new urban Layer can start to develop continuously from a small size to big, penetrating gradually into existing urban fabric, but not ruining the existing development. It will add functions to the area but not ruin it. The diagram on the next page shows the case study of the area and possible structure distribution. Growing inside the site, the structure adds functions to the area: community area, commercial and public zones, landscape and leisure activities.

Distribution on the site GRAND BAZAAR (phases of development)

1946

1966

LEVENT (phases of development)

52 PHASE I

PHASE II

1982

now

PHASE III

PHASE IV

IMAGE 36. Google Earth

53 IMAGE 37

Land Use. Existing

USE_EXISTING MOSQUE EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES NOTARY HOSPITAL PHARMACY LIBRARY CONSULATE SHOPS BANKS MANUFACTURE FACILITIES COMMERCIAL FACILITIES BUSINESS FACILITIES PUBLIC FACILITIES ACCOMODATION

RAM OF FUNCTIONS

ESTRIAN ACCESSIBILTY AREA

RESIDENTIAL

TIAL

ERCIAL

URE ACTIVITIES

TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILTY NEW AREA

RESIDENTIAL

SCHOOLS

COMMERCIAL LEISURE ACTIVITIES

SCHOOLS MOSQUES

Land Use. Proposal

USE_PROPOSED

MOSQUE EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES NOTARY HOSPITAL PHARMACY LIBRARY CONSULATE SHOPS/MARKETS BANKS MANUFACTURE FACILITIES COMMERCIAL FACILITIES BUSINESS FACILITIES PUBLIC FACILITIES ACCOMODATION TEMPORARY OPEN MARKETS TEA-HOUSES

RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS

CIAL

MOSQUES

E ACTIVITIES

ANKS

MOSQUES

HIGHWAY

CES

RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS MOSQUES

IMAGE 38

People Movement Within New Urban Layer WORKING DAY Shopping Areas, Markets

LOCAL BUSINESS

56ECONOMICAL SUSTAINABILITY

WEEKEND Children Playground. Parks. Open Markets

LEISURE ACTIVITY

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

WORKING DAY Restaurants, Lighted squares.Open Markets

NIGHT ACTIVITY

IMAGE 39. Photos.igougo.com

SUSTAINABLE LAND USE

New Urban Layer/Functions

ADVANTAGES of the Proposed Urban

Structure ADVANTAGES

• • • • • •

KEEPING EXISTING DEVELOPMENT • Keeping existing developement • Shopping Area /Working Area SHOPPING AREA(WORKING PLACES • Communities CREATING COMMUNITY • Greenery BRING • GREENERY Public Spaces ADDING PUBLIC SPACES • Sustainable Land Use SUSTAINABLE USE OF AREA

ZOOMING IN

EXISTING FUCNTIONS Commercial Restaurants/Cafe/Tea Houses Public Transport PROPOSED FUCNTIONS Commercial Restaurants/Cafe/Tea Houses IMAGE 40

Scale

IMAGE 41. FLIGHT 404

Scale “ Scale it is neither measure nor dimension (both univocal), but capacity for relation (ambivalent).”1 Scale gives a sense of the place and provides people with feeling of the space. Surroundings can either enlarge the space or make it smaller. It is a very sensitive parameter that could influence considerably on human’s perception of the objects he sees around. Scale of the Cities Each city is unique and has own scale of the development. The scale determines the number of function and the level of activity. Cities with intensive traffic and people movement are always associated with high-rise business centers, big stores and big public places, whereas, light traffic is relates to a small cities or private areas with private houses, small gardens and small local markets. The core of the city is usually a high-dense development with intense movement; gradually the scale goes down to the periphery. “Recent research, however, suggests that cities are complex systems that mainly grow from the bottom up, their size and shape following well-defined scaling laws that result from intense competition for space.”2 However, the best places for the integration are small scale pieces of the cities, because they always have a perspective to grow up and let use different a big range of scales, from small to big. “Despite agglomeration effects that relate to size, there is a strong suspicion that the best places to locate new growth are in smaller rather than larger cities, reflecting the tradeoff between economies of scale and congestion, which both increase as cities get bigger.”2 Scale of Movement Movement within the city is a complex structure of the network. It ranges from the small scale of local movement, pedestrian accessibility to a large scale, car accessibility. City scale determines the scale of movement and also influences on the number of functions it has. For example, in areas with walkable distance, with small scale of movement, all functions are concentrated within a short distance, creating a small communities and more sustainable social situation, whereas the private areas are mainly served by private cars that allows to locate commercial areas outside the development, this the scale of the movement enlarged, also it led to lack of communication between social groups and lack of interaction. The social interaction, economical and social sustainability depends from the scale of movement. This aspect should be considered in order to provide the place with more sustainable qualities, Scale in Istanbul. Quality of the Space Istanbul has different scales of the urban development and different scales of movement. The Levent area has various types of development which determine the scale variety in terms of movement and interaction. In spite of the fact that the area has big variety of functions and urban scales, it does not work self efficient, the border between different patterns is so considerable that the scale difference between pieces does not allow unifying the area and living as one organism. In order to provide the area with best quality it is necessary to integrate alternative scale in between the existing urban patterns to smooth the separation line. “Where the focus is on interactions between cities in terms of trade or migration, and within cities in terms of commuting, shopping, and other social movements, scaling has recently been discovered with respect to such networks.”2 A new urban Layer could help to change the existing system by means of inserting additional urban qualities to the site, which could help to optimise the existing scale and add qualities to the area. Triangulated system of the new urban layer, based on site research could be easily adapted to required scale and due to it’s flexibility it can form a scale optimization between the scale. For example, one element can be either a landscape, or a bench, or a roof, or bridge or a playground for children. One language of the structure is help to avoid too many different elements which can break the area into pieces. On the contrary, one urban structure will unite all pieces of urban fabric together. The catalogue of the elements show possible options of using triangulated urban mesh and demonstrates what kind of urban functions it lets to achieve in order to get high urban quality in terms of social and economical sustainability, what sort of spaces can be created using this system. The folding structure of the proposal gives the opportunity to use similar urban language along the whole site, no mater

what function it has, either a bench or roof of the market. Self-emerged system is growing from the algorithm of the city, growing from flat surface to 3-dimensial. It is an integrated structure which contains the information which was extracted from the site and reworked into a spatial multi functional urban element.

New Urban Layer/Functions/Scale Simple shape #1

Different options

Different materials define the purpose of the element and quality of the space

GREEN ARES SMALL GARDENS, PARKS

PUBLIC AREAS PLAYGROUND FOR CHILDREN PLACE TO WALK

SHADED AREA COVERED RESTAURANTS COVERED PARKS

SHADED AREA COVERED MARKET

DIFFERENT MATERIALS-DIFFERENT SCALES

LANDSCAPE

BASIC SHAPE

PDESTRIAN WAY SHADED AREA

1 TYPE

2 TYPE

3 TYPE RESTAURANTS SHADED AREA

IMAGE 42 PEDESTRIAN ZONE

MARKET ZONE

PEDESTRIAN ZONE

Catalogue of used elements SHOPPING/COMMERCIAL ZONE

LANDSCAPE

NIGHTLIGHT

PEDESTRIAN RAMP

OPEM RESTAURANT/CAFE

LANDSCAPE ROOF

LANDSCAPE

BUS STOP 小HANGE THE HEIGHT=LANDSCAPE

BUS STOP OPEN MARKET

RESTAURANT

STAIRS LANDSCAPE

CAFE+LANDSCAPE

LANDSCAPE

CAFE

LAYERS

Catalogue shows possible combination of basic elements and how different materials and different geometry can change the fucntion of one type of elements. Such system will be useful in sensitive urban developement such as Levent area in Istanbul. It does not modify the existing urban structure but very careful and gentle penetrates inside the develpment adding fucntions and creating a sustainable urban spine which unite all urban patterns of the site. IMAGE 43 65

Different Materials.Different Activities Central Concentration TYPE 4; TYPE 5

TYPE 5

TYPE 4

GROUND LEVEL

SMALL RESTAURANTS, OPEN ROOF (SMALL AREAS) MARKET, SHADED AREAS (BIG AREAS)

STAIRCASE, RAMPS PEOPLE FLOWS

IMAGE 44. Photos.igougo.com

IMAGE 45. Photos.igougo.com

TYPE 5

SMALL RESTAURANTS, OPEN ROOF (SMALL AREAS) MARKET, SHADED AREAS (BIG AREAS)

STAIRCASE, RAMPS PEOPLE FLOWS

IMAGE 46. Photos.igougo.com

IMAGE 47. Photos.igougo.com

MASTERPLAN Pedestrians Vehicles Metro Main Entrances Mosque

Restaurants/Cafe/Tea Houses Commercial Public Spaces

“All space would be intermidiate space, “between””

IMAGE 48

ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT TIME_Upper level of the surface

ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT TIME_Inside the surface

IMAGE 49

Conclusion The following proposal is only a case study based on site research and analysis. The basic elements which were driven the project were traditional features of the Istanbul and Levent area, spatial analysis of the place based on different kinds of researches and wish to connect urban structure with architectural approach. Urbanism and architecture always have a tight connection and influence on each other. Traditional Turkish algorithm based on geometry which defined the structure of the proposed Urban Layer. Geometrical forms and the logic of its construction shows how simple the rules might be to create such magnificent compicated structure.Triangulated sysyem of the New Layer which has only two simple basic elements reflects the charachterisctic feature of existing urban structure based on mosque arrangement and people movement. The logic of the spatial organisation was borrowed from Turkish culture and tradition. Open markets on the streets, bazaars, street activity, turkish food,smell and sounds, tea houses,small communities, turkish religion, turkish pattern, night markets and turkish delights all these inspired me to create a structure which can contain all these features in different propotion and fill the area with tradition and spirit of Istanbul with its shiny and bright colours. Urban quality of the area will be improved by implementing a real spirit of Istanbul, it gives more possibilities for people who are living there to develop further this area and add functions. It is beneficial in terms of social and economical sustainability. Market will always attract people and provide them with working places, open spaces will be always used by children, families and tourists and restaurant will always attract people to spend evenings together.

IMAGE 50

References

List of Images

1. Manuel Gausa, Vincente Guallart, Willy Muller, Federico Soriano,Fernando Porras, Jose Morales. The Metapolis Dictionary of Advanced Architecture.City, Technology and Society in the Information Age. 2003 2. Stan Allen. Points+Lines. Diagrams and Projects for the City.1991 3. Craig A.Langston, Grace K.C. Ding. Sustainable Practices in the Built Environment. 2001 4. John Fazer. An evolutionary Architecture. 1993 5. Rem Koolhaas. Delirious New York. 1994 6. Steven Johnson. Emergence. The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software.2001 7. Michael Batty., Paul Longley. Fractal Cities. 1994 8. Alfredo Brillembourg, Kristin Feireiss, Hubert Klumpner. Informal City. Caracs Case.2005 9. Manule de Sola-Morales. The Matter of Things. 2008 10. Bill Hillier. A theory of the city as object: or, how spatial laws mediate the social construction of urban space. URBAN DESIGN International (2002) 7, 153â&#x20AC;&#x201C;179 11. Michael Batty. The Size, Scale, and Shape of Cities 12. Ricky Burdett. Wolfgang Nowak.Istanbul City of Intersections. The London School of Economics and Political Science. 13. Instant Cities. Emeregent trends in Architecture and Urnabism in the Arab World. editors, Amer Moustafa, Jamal AlQawasmi, Kevin Mitchell.2008 14. . Douglas Farr . Sustainable Urbanism. Urban Design with Nature 15. Model for Sustainable Urban Design With Expanded Sections on Distributed Energy Resources. Prepared by Sustainable Energy Planning Office Gas Technology Institute for Oak Ridge National Laboratory.February18, 2004 16. Alfredo Brillembourg, Kristin Feireiss, Hubert Klumpner. Informal City. Caracas Case.2005 17. Sustainable Urbanism. Urban Design With Nature. Douglas Farr.2008 18. Edited by Moshen Mostafavi with Gaterth Doherti. Harvard University. Graduate School of Design.Ecological Urbanism 2010 19. Urbantick a blog by Fabian Neuhaus 20. The Size, Scale and Shape of the City. Michael Batty.2008 21. The Self-organizing Economy, Oxford: Blackwell (1996) Krugman, Paul 22. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Jane Jacobs. London :Penguin Books in association with Jonathan Cape, 1993. 23. Crisis of Urban Form: re-visiting the urban (perimeter) block critique of ongoing process production of urban fabric in Istanbul. urban age _ Istanbul.2009

p.6-7. IMAGE.NASA. Earth Observatory p.8 IMAGE.NASA. Earth Observatory p.12-13 IMAGE.Spime. A blog by Peter Horvath p.14 IMAGE 1.SnowflakesWilsonBentley p.14. IMAGE 2.Project p.16-17. IMAGE 3.Project p.17-18. IMAGE 4.Project p.23 IMAGE 5.Artificial Life p.24-25 .Arabic Geometry p.24. p.16-17. IMAGE 6.Project p.25 IMAGE 7.Arabic Geometry p.25 IMAGE 8.Arabic Geometry p.25. IMAGE 9.Project p.30. IMAGE 10.Project p.31. IMAGE 11.Project p.32-33 IMAGE 12.http://tvil.ru/register/staty p.34. IMAGE 13.Project p. 35 IMAGE 14.Project p.36-37 IMAGE 15. FLIGHT 404 p.38 IMAGE 16.Project p.39 IMAGE 17.Processing - Creative Coding and Computational Art Foundation - Ira Greenberg p.39 IMAGE 18. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry. com p.40-41 IMAGE 19. UC Santa Barbara. Department of Geography p.42 IMAGE 20.Roice Bair p.42 IMAGE 21.Project p.42 IMAGE 22.Wiley.Algorithms.for.Visual. Design.Using.the.Processing.Language. May.2009 p.42 IMAGE 23.Free association Design. Network Clouds and Relational Mappings p.43 IMAGE 24.Urbantick.Fabian Neuhaus p.43 IMAGE 25.www.facebook.com,www..twitter. com p.43 IMAGE 26.Project p.44 IMAGE 27.Project p.45 IMAGE 28.Project p.46-47 IMAGE 29.Project p.48 IMAGE 30.Project p.49 IMAGE 31.Project p.50 IMAGE 32. Photos.igougo.com p.50 IMAGE 33.Project p.51 IMAGE 34.Project p.51 IMAGE 35. Photos.igougo.com/Project p.52-53 IMAGE 36. Google Earth p.52-53 IMAGE 37.Project p.54-55 IMAGE 38.Project p.56-57 IMAGE 39. Photos.igougo.com/Project p 58-59 IMAGE 40.Project p.60-61 IMAGE 41. FLIGHT 404 p.63 IMAGE 42.Project p 64-65 IMAGE 43.Project p.66-67 IMAGE 43.Project p.66 IMAGE 44. Photos.igougo.com p.66 IMAGE 45. Photos.igougo.com p.67 IMAGE 46. Photos.igougo.com p.68. IMAGE 47. Photos.igougo.com p.68-69 IMAGE 48.Project p.70-71 IMAGE 49.Project p.73 IMAGE 50.Project.Picture from the Model p.75 IMAGE 51.Project

NOTE: Please find the direct references in the text

IMAGE 51

FROM INTERFACE TO INTERACTION FOLDED CITY. EMERGENT STRUCTURE.FLOCKS AND PARTICLES

EVGENIYA YATSYUK_2011

Urban Design for overcoming the social divisions (The integration plan through the cultural consensus) Woong Heo

UCL The Bartlett School of Architecture March Urban Design 10-11 SN: 1046586 UD5 - Tutors: Sarah Manning / Peter Feldmann

Introduction Development of the modern city pace is enormous. The developer or the city leaders of many cities are shouting to become a global city, and development-oriented plan is pouring in now days. However, in this way of urban development could lead to the potential social division. For instance, a neighbouring region is extremely poor compared to other region, or when

the

difference

seriously,

people who are from the poor region shall be marginalized. Especially when they are young, it is more severe. In film ‘Tomorrows Joe’ Figure 0-1 (‘Tomorrows Joe’ - 2011, Japan)

(2011, Japan), these problems have

been described more acutely. In the film, the city shows extremely different two areas which has been separated by a river. People who live in poor area are living day to day even forget their hope. A Bridge exists between them, as they symbolically depict the distance. This shows that physical connection alone cannot solve the problem fundamentally. This is the reason why we need to develop city more carefully and cautiously. Furthermore, balanced development which has not cause social disruption is necessary. If there is a region where already has got such a potential problem, urban integration through structural changes are required. Diversity of the city is one of important urban design elements, but if this causes a variety of social discrimination should be eradicated. Reconciliation and communication in our society is one of the important virtues. There are many places which are totally separated naturally for example by river, mountain, and so on. Furthermore, some places are divided by human civilization (factories, highway, wall, etc.). These areas are needed to be connected and integrated if they have a potential social problem, especially. Most obviously, artificially separated by the heterogeneity between the two groups compared to naturally separate the two groups are subject to more social problems. These are able to be solved by giving a new networking between two different areas. However, when one group and another group meet each other, you may need to mitigate the conflict. Therefore, it need to be given not only the networking system such as roads or bridges but also public space which is able to be attractive both sides. Through this way, both groups have met each other and communicate naturally can be done. If so, those are already filled in the city and how the new networking system will be applied? There are no investors who invest huge amounts of money for solving potential social problems. Therefore, the networking system should be designed to meet social desire. For instance, it may be depended on the local culture, tastes, and the natural environment rather than simple connection. For this, this essay is going to mainly talk about a new urban design through the merging of the morphological structure with new networking system in Istanbul. In order to do this, the area in the form of a city with real meaning and value must be analyzed dispassionately. Then, through morphological integration and communication will establish measures and benefits.

Patchwork City In modern society, the city has an administrative boundary. Furthermore, internally, the city administrative has been divided into respective districts. However, regardless of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s administrative district, they have various types of urban form. The distinction between urban forms, sometimes it appears more widely than administrative districts, sometimes it is found with breaking up into smaller units. However, different types of urban form are mostly found based on administrative boundaries. First, in order to gauge the shape of the city, certain areas in city are randomly picked (Figure 1-1). In this essay, these operations were taken place in Istanbul. Look at Figure 1-1, each district has a different urban form according to background of their life style, value of region, or density of city.

Figure 1-1 (selecting the regions randomly)

Secondary, it was making groups according to similarity of each urban form to analyze the forms. (Figure 1-2) To do this job, urban density was concerned at first cause that is the first impression of their urban footprint and structure was the second step of distinction. In this essay, they have been separated into four groups according to their shape. Figure 1-2 (grouping the urban forms)

In the first group, the streets and density of the built form

are

considerably

narrower

and

denser,

respectively. Furthermore, the shapes of the blocks are more flexible in comparison to the other parts of the City analyzed. This layout has been adopted throughout Western Europe. (Figure 1-3)

Figure 1-3 (Unit 1)

In the second group, the layout in this part of the City has adopted the block pattern. Each building footprint is less dense in relation to ‘Figure 1-3’; furthermore it is apparent that this area contains residential uses. This kind of pattern often appears in suburban areas or in towns or villages that neighbour dense urban areas. (Figure 1-4)

Figure 1-4 (Unit 2)

In the third, this area shows having a radial pattern, whereby there is a central point in the urban form that is the main focus of the layout. Central points are usually classified has containing uses such as transport hubs, markets and places of worship. This type of layout is also evident in ‘Figure 1-4’. (Figure 1-5)

Figure 1-5 (Unit 3)

Finally, the urban fabric represented above is generally seen in agricultural and countryside areas since it follows the characteristics of being lowdensity and having a large inventory of open space for farming purposes. (Figure 1-6)

Figure 1-6 (Unit 4)

Through these operations, city has been able to read more analytical according to urban footprints. Furthermore, based on this work, expanding the urban footprints and stepping through a patchwork that has the whole city will be able to find any small rough appearance. (Figure 1-7)

Figure 1-7 (patchwork in Istanbul)

Levent, Istanbul For analyzing the urban form more detail way and for achieving a lager goal which is reconciliation and communication with urban design, it is needed to zoom in specific site where has been social division by difference of urban type or inequality of life quality. In Istanbul, for example, Levent which is one of main business districts of Istanbul, Turkey has been chosen. The Levent area has five different urban forms including greenery. Each area has the characteristic feature. (Figure 2-1) First of all, in the middle income local area, the urban form was quite similar with Figure 1-3. The street and density of the built form are considerably narrow and denser, respectively. However, the urban

Figure 2-1 (urban footprints in Levent, Istanbul)

structure form has been affected by the terrain and the land use. Secondary, look at the low income local area, this area urban structure has turned out to be the similar type with Figure 1-5. These two areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban forms which are middle income and low income has related deeply with their religion Islamic. Third type in this area where is high income area has been discovered as Figure 1-4. The layout in this part of the city has adopted the block pattern, and it follows the characteristic of being low-density and having a large inventory of open space. Look at these three different patterns of the urban form, all of them are strongly related with the terrain. However, without considering the terrain to draw the shape, they have discovered the value of the city to morphological expected to be here. Prior to that, it is needed to understand how Islamic culture put mosque in their city. According to ethnomusicologist Scott Marcus, he asserts that Islamic communities are traditionally characterized by acoustic space within which the call to prayer can be heard from anywhere within the city. A sense of sound diagram was produced to analyze the extent of which the sound of the call to prayer can be

Figure 2-2 (diagram of the sound)

heard within the historical Islamic city. In the Figure 2-2, the first circle (radius 80m) diagrams the area where the call is the loudest, where the second circle (radius 160 m) diagrams the area where the call can be heard and the words be understood clearly, while the third outermost circle (radius 320 m) diagrams the limits to where the call is heard. Figure 2-2 can be using the mapping for Figure 2-3.

Figure 2-3 (mapping diagram with the mosque sound)

Compare with between these diagrams and Figure 2-1, it is fully understood why their local areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban form has been set like that. Throughout this, it is discovered what their value of urban fabric except the terrain is. Furthermore, it is able to be drawn the real urban form what they really want to make. In the result, the first two types of urban form mentioned above (middle income and low income areas) are been able to describe as centralize structure according to their acoustic space with mosque sounds. Follow these rules to the way to expansion of the city also can be envisioned as Figure 2-4. Given the structure of these regions, social community is more high value than privacy and convenient. On the other hand, high income areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban structure is based on the grid. It means privacy and convenient are much high value than community in this area. Their structural difference of these regions is a good element for the diversity of the city. However, the problem is that between these different urban form has social gap such as one side is rich and Figure 2-4 another side is poor. Moreover, in this area, site has been (Imagination of expending Islamic urban form)

separated by wide car road. The wide road has the highest

status in Levent area. This road is connected to Taksim on the south, and is linked to Maslak on the

north side. The skyscrapers are located along this vertical road on the south part, and there is a possibility of extending the business district to the north part. Based on this main road, this area is divided into western and eastern regions. As a result, urban form and life style are completely different between west side and east side. Furthermore, there are only few connections between both sides. (Figure 2-5) According to French architect and urban planner, Theodore Paul de Kim, he said that the worst city is that urban space has been separated according to social class. This area shows exactly what he wanted to say and cautioned. Therefore, to resolve this social inequality problem, structure integration is required. The way of the integration should be performed not only the physical connection but also cultural consensus. For this cultural consensus, it is needed that merging urban structure and sharing the spatial benefits from both areas.

Cultural consensus As

mentioned

consensus,

above,

merging

for

urban

the

cultural

structure

and

sharing the spatial benefits from the both sides. At first, the way of sharing the spatial benefits is going to be explained. Prior to that, it is Figure 2-5 (main road in Levent, Istanbul)

needed to know what the benefits of both sides

are first. First of all, there has strong community in left side with mosque. These mosques exist not only for the pray, but also for the meeting place around people. These could be community centre, meeting point, and local cultural centre. In the same time, they support to stimulate in the local culture. This is the advantage of a unique city configuration in Islamic culture which is not found in other culture areas. However, in the right side (high income area), there are only few mosques compare with left side. The reason why when they develop as modern city in right side, the developers were concern only the religious value of mosque. According to the testimony of members of the Islamic culture, basically they do not need

anymore

build because

mosques of

the

spread of the clock, no longer need

the

sound

the

mosque. However, mosque has

meaning

than

religious value. So, it should be present even in other form such as small community centre. The small community areas

will

occupied Figure 2-6 (proposal of exchanging) 7

another side, namely mosque. In this case, take only the function of community instead of a real physical mosque. In the same time, new small community centre will make centralized urban structure by merging the both urban structure. On the other hand, right side has full of greenery and many open spaces. This can be extended into left side along the main road to improve the quality of urban life. While the exchange of each areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s advantage such as small communities and greenery, at the same time extending the four commercial lines which exist in the left side to the right side. These extending commercial lines can lead to wider cultural exchange in this region. Figure 26 describes these three main exchanging proposals which are small communities, greenery and commercial lines.

Zoom in It was needed to zoom in to design more detail way in this project. According to the earlier proposal, there are four extending commercial lines. One of them has supposed to be chosen for detail design. However, to choose one of them, it was needed to understand and clarify which line has

Figure 2-7 (general proposal in Levent)

more potential to be developed. In the southern end of the line, there is skyscrapers area. Since 1990, Istanbul government has supported this area to become new urban zone with international status. Furthermore, the next line to northern side, it has more recently advanced skyscraper zone with the highest building â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sapphireâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. These two lines have made many social issues because of the relation between local area and skyscraper

area.

However both two lines have connection roads between both side and metro

stations

each

Levent

and

Levent4.

Furthermore,

potential area is wanted to find. To do this, chose map of space syntax was used at first. (Figure 3-1) According Figure 3-1 (chose map of space syntax)

to this chose map, centre line has high potential to be grown up compare with other area around main road. The reason why there are many roads from inside local area toward main road. These many accesses from local area have made more high value

grown

up.

Secondary, it was necessary to understand the growth direction of the whole of Figure 3-2 Istanbul. Look at the Figure (growth direction of industry and population each district in Istanbul)

3-2, industrial area has been

spread from city centre to sub urban area. Actually, Levent area has been included in the first term of the industrial area. Furthermore, looking at the census of each district, population has improved in Levent area since 1990. The Levent area has been belonged to the quite high population growth for last three decades. Compare with these two, the

growth

direction

industry

and

population growth, it was quite obvious that Levent area will more grow up on the existing industrial area. According to these researches, the third line from the southern part has been chosen for this project. Before starting this detail design job, it was necessary to find activity happening in this area and to see how separated this area is by main road. For this, making the list of activities and mapping the activity map according to time line. To assist with understanding, it has made not only be along the time line but also distinct week day and weekend. (Figure 3-3) At first, activities have been distinct each areas as mosques,

schools,

residences,

commercials, and business & industry. With this diagram, it has been discovered that this area has been divided with the activity

Figure 3-3 (activity diagram with time line)

happening as well. It shows and proves how they are really separated within their living. Moreover, this kind of division has made them different life style and potential social conflicts. When this proposal suppose to be occupied this zoomed in area, it has been found there are not only main road between left side and right side but also military region. The end of the edge part in military region has reached to this area with golf courses. Furthermore, there is long retaining wall between military region and main centre road. It is up to ten meter. As it is going to be mentioned later, the military area containing the historical trail of Levent area is an important place. However, when concerning the urban growth trends and quality of life next to military region, it is needed to be moved away. Furthermore, this military region helps to divide city with wide road between two regions, it has been recommended strongly to be moved. For this reason, south part of military region include main road will be site of this project to be connecting point of both side. As mentioned above, cross over the existing retaining wall will be challenge of this project.

Proposal The objective of proposal is that making integration between both side which have totally different urban quality and life style. The proposal will suppose to reduce inequality by not only simple physical connection but also cultural consensus in many different ways such as putting small communities, extending commercial line, and putting some greenery. The proposal will be described into five topics to help to understanding. First, method of treating retaining wall is going to be explained. Second, the network system will be described. Third, it is going to talk about land use. Fourth, open spaces such as greenery will be discussed. Finally, transportation system is going to be illustrated. Method of treating the retaining wall and wide road

Between both sides, there is a wide road and military region with retaining wall which is up to ten meter. The wide road contains connection

six

lane

road

of which

city is

connected to Taksim on the south and linked to Maslak on

Figure 4-1 (view from overpass in the site)

the north side. It also includes two lane of local road which is connected into west side. These two different types of roads are existed in same place with quite wide gap between them. Actually, that is the reason why this road is performed very widely. The width of this road reaches up to approximately eighty meter. Therefore, if the road is only cleanup can make a lot of space. For example, it could arise more than forty meter width space if the local lane was Figure 4-2 (diagram of crossing over)

Figure 4-3 (section of the proposal of crossing over)

alternated to other lane which is not on this main road site. Distinction between local road and city road which are existed same place and translocation of the local lane are the one idea about the wide road to overcome the physical distance between both sides. In the same time, in order to overcome the retaining wall, making the cover on the road from left side to right side with extending terrain line. Istanbul is the one of the city which is famous about their terrain variations perpendicularly. This region also has hill terrain. This retaining wall has made because of this main road, when they constructed this main road builders pared the hill artificially. So, this cover could bring back to their original appearance of this area. Figure 4-2 and 4-3 show the method of these work simplify.

Network system

To create new network system, it was necessary

research

about

existing

network system. Because of connecting existing road from the both side according to similarity of their status or value is the base of the new network system. Look at the left side of the roads in Figure 4-4, there are many access to main road in vertically. One of them is the existing commercial line which is marked in red colour in the Figure. This is going to be linked to right side road which has a weekly market. The blue line in the Figure is the local lane which is located next to six lane main road. This is linking industrial area and business area, so keep respecting its linking value; it becomes transferred to on the military region. Other roads also connected according to their Figure 4-4 (process of network system) value. For instance, the road which has high

potential value from the space syntax is connected to other side road which has also the greatest potential because it could be linked to the high way to go to Asian side if military region was opened. Working through these connections between similar values of the roads, it can produce a higher effect. Basically, these linking system are vehicle connection. Pedestrians are going to be designed according to terrain or existing urban structure from the original both sides. Look at the proposal of the

network system map, there are well connected mainly pedestrian except south-east part. It is going to be explained in the following land use part, but the simple explanation is that the north-east and the south-west parts are residence area. To give more walk-able area, parking area is occupied on the basement instead of the car road. The reason why there are more vehicle roads on the south-east part is that this area is going to be set as business area. Land use

In this part, many attempts have been made about cultural consensus. Furthermore, the way of merging urban fabric is also explained in this part for residential area. First of all, a large frame of the land use proposal is that extending commercial line to be linked both side and growing up high

Figure 4-5 (proposal of network system)

rise building from the south to this site. Based on this framework, cultural facilities, residence area, and greenery will be occupied as patchwork. Each patch such as business area, residence area, cultural zone, and commercial line will be connected with new route according to the new network system described above. The connection attempt with these small patches could be a manual of connecting system with route. Because, look at the existing skyscrapers area of the Leven, between skyscrapers and residential area has created a serious crack. Although the construction of high rise building, it is the fact that adjacent residential area should not be overlooked. To describe the

Figure 4-6 (proposal of land use)

proposal of land use, it will be discussed with three catalogues. They are cultural zone, residential area, and business area. The three quite huge building in blue colour in the Figure 4-6 are the cultural area. These three make

Figure 4-7 (proposal of library)

a circle and main point of transportation of this area with monorail station is located in the centre of the circle. This ring make more various place in this area and synergy, in addition, it is going to be easy connection with whole this area because of the centre point transportation. In fact, their functions have been designed more care and attention for the left side. Because, this kind of cultural facility are more required for the poor area than rich area. That is the reason why educational facilities are put here. In my opinion, educational facilities are the best choice to reduce inequality. To overcome discrimination is that giving more educational opportunities and credited to children. The blue building on the north-west is the library. It has been located near the adjoining elementary school. In addition, it is going to be used with transforming the industrial facilities to library. The second blue building on the south-west in the figure 4-6 is the social educational centre and art gallery. This function has been decided same reason with library for left side mainly. It is well connected to a mosque. As mentioned in the cultural consensus section, mosque has more function than pray. It also includes an educational function. Children can be easily found in the local mosques, and they can learn the teachings of natural life by meeting with adults in the mosque. The social education centre is that emphasizing and making lager than this educational function of mosque. It contains vocational education and liberal arts education. This function can provide wider communication between the elderly and young people. New common space will be generated between the mosque and the social educational centre. Moreover, the arts gallery will make synergistic effect with these. Finally, the last blue building on the middle-east in the figure 4-6 is the war museum. It has named as war museum, but it could be historical museum for Levent or information centre. To understand why this is the war museum, it is needed to know historical background of Levent area. To summarize the historical background, before 1947, this area was military barracks. In 1947, Istanbul municipality began the public housing project in Levent district. After this project completed in 1960, many housing projects and sites that were built in Levent district and the region began to rapidly develop. The Faith Sultan Mehmet Bridge, also known as the second bosphorus bridge was completed in 1988. After this, new road has constructed through the east side of Levent area to connect to connect with highway which is extended from the bridge.

Figure 4-8 (proposal of social education centre)

As a result, many skyscrapers and

Figure 4-9 (comparison between the past and the present)

business centres were built in Levent. Therefore, military barrack was the start point of this area, and the second bosphorus bridge was the growing point of this area. If looking at the Figure 4-9, although Levent is one of the main business districts of Istanbul today, there was nothing except military facility in 1946. Therefore, this last blue building has historical value of this area. Respecting the historical background of local and developing it to cultural contents evoke affection about their local for residents. In addition, this content is to provide common ground for local residents, which means integration and reconciliation can lead naturally. The yellow tone in the Figure 4-6 represents residential area. Basically, these two areas are reflecting building form and road system of both sides. To design this urban form, both side urban fabrics were merged. The reason why this kinds job are needed that when one group and another group meet each other, you may need to mitigate the conflict Urban structure is the same reason. If do not concern this and create totally new type of urban structure, it will make strong crack between old area and new area. The crack between skyscrapers and local residential area in south part of Levent has been proved this fact. The method of merging is that mixing between building form of one side and road system of another side. Look at the Figure 410; you can see the process of this job. Throughout this process, new urban fabric is created with keeping similarity with the original region. Furthermore, small community centre was occupied on the right side with left side road system. It helps that people make community easier than original urban fabric on the right side. In the same time, wider pedestrian was put on the left side with right side road system. Because, according to their cultural characteristic, they have strong street life. Therefore, the pedestrian is the main part of local activity, so it is needed to improve the quality of street. In that

Figure 4-10 (process of merging urban fabric)

regard, road system of right side help them, because of convenience was the high value of right side road system as mentioned Levent, Istanbul section. As a result, region of both sides could get what they needed before from each other. Finally, design of high rise building which is business area is going to be discussed. To design high rise building, height of building was more concerned than other conditions. Since this high rise building zone is adjacent to residential area, it is treated very carefully. Moreover, there is a bad precedent in the Levent. Observing the existing skyscrapers, it is easily found that surrounding residential areas were not considered at all. Although height of the building for high rise building area is base of the base, it is drawn with shadow diagram in Figure 4-11 due to their existing mistake. To decide the height of the buildings, open space in the building forest was considered during the summer, and new residential area on the north side was concerned in the winter according to sun path graph in Istanbul. Open spaces

Basically, open space with greenery will mainly be set along the main road. In addition,

contains

street

market,

autorium, book cafe, and restaurant queue

Figure 4-11 (shadow diagram according to sun path graph)

such as a galata bridge because of that activity open space is their cultural trend. By adding a description of autorium, when the main road is covered as mentioned proposal to overcome retaining wall, wide glass will be put between vehicle road and open space. By this, people can see

moving

car

through the glass in the open space as aquarium.

This

autorium is expected to inject vitality into open space.

Figure 4-12 (atmosphere of open space with autorium)

Transportation

For this, main issue was how to make connection between local size and city size of transportation. Existing typical example of city size of transportation is metro and city bus, and local size is mini bus. By the way, in 2023 the city plan includes the construction of the three monorail lanes on the left side only. According to this plan, they are going to be constructed along the commercial line. However, every monorail is going to be halted on the meeting point with the main road. It shows that urban planner in Istanbul was thinking separately this area into two. So, the proposal of this is that extending monorail which has been planned by the Istanbul city plan into right side. Furthermore, the vertical monorail lane is added to

link

planned

these

three

monorail.

some point, this vertical line will meet with metro line to connect between local size and city size transportation.

Figure 4-12 (proposal of transportation)

Effect There is a need to verify the above proposal that what sorts of effect and changes happens into this region. At first, new activity map with time line has been drawn again which already has been drawn before in the zoom in section. To redraw this, new element is required to add

which

illustrates

cultural

activity.

Because of the proposal contains that putting many new cultural facilities. Look at the Figure 5-1 and compare with prior activity diagram, connection of both sides has

changed

beyond

recognition.

particular, there are more changes in the evening hours on weekdays and weekend. These happening are related to cultural exchanges. Therefore, it proves that these changes have taken effect by physical connection, as well as the impact of cultural consensus.

Figure 5-1 (new activity diagram with time line)

Conclusion This essay has shown the way of integration both sides which has totally different urban shape and quality with proposal in Levent, Istanbul. To treat the city, various researches are required advanced designing the city, because of a lot of proposal will be done in combination within urban scale. To make integration, it has to be discussed and concerned that not only physical connection but also cultural exchange. Both of them are very important and same status, but it is easy to forget about considering cultural consensus. This is why urban integration strategies with cultural resources are important. The development strategies for urban integration in accordance with the value of cultural resources, trend of the residents, current situation of the region, and social requirement. For consensus, there are many different accesses which have done in the proposal such as exchanging advantage points each other, merging urban fabric, and sharing open spaces. In fact, there are more accesses which has not discussed in the proposal. Furthermore, some of them which have talked in the proposal will not be needed in other regions; it always depends on their cultural background and trend. On the other hand, in any other site, different way of consensus may be needed according to their characteristic of the region. This proposal was an attempt to encourage integration in multiple ways. Through these theoretical proposals, urban development strategies can be established in division area, especially having a potential social problem such as inequality.

Reference JaeIn, Moon. 2011. The Fate. S.Korea: gagiobook. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2006. Manufacturing Industry employment, payment, produnction 20042005. Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2003. General Census of Industry and Business Local Units Provinces 2002. Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute. Abdurrahman Geymen and Ibrahim Baz. 2007. Monitoring urban growth and detecting land-cover changes on the Istanbul metropolitan area. Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media B.V Turkish Statistical Institute. 2006. Address Based Population Registration System Population Census. Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute. Ayse Yonder, Pratt Institute, NYC. 2006. Informal Settlements in Istanbul, Turkey: From shacks to high rises. Austria: SCUPAD Conference in Salzburg. State Institute of Statistic Prime Ministry Republic of Turkey. 2001. Annual Manufacturing Industry Statistics. Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute. Pelin, Alpkokin, Yoshitsugu Hayashi, John Black, and Haluk Gercek. 2005. Polycentric Employment Growth and Impacts on Urban Commuting Patterns: Case Study of Istanbul. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. M Ocakci. 2000. Commuting pattern of industrial laborers in the Istanbul metropolitan area. The UK: Elsevier Science Ltd. Nur Esin, Altas and Ahsen, Gzsoy. 1998. Spatial Adaptability and Flexibility as Parameters of User Satisfaction for Quality Housing. The UK.: Elsevier Science Ltd. Khalid S. Al-Saleh. 2004?. How Loud Should the Sound Level be in the Mosque?. Saudi Arabia: King Saud University Architecture: music, city, and culture. Sound of Cairo http://riadmusicarchitecture.blogspot.com/ Turkish Statistical Institute http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?tb_id=40&tb_adi=Konut İstatistikleri&ust_id=11 Istanbul City guide http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=9&cx=54613&cy=97856&ap=harita&lng=en Homepage of Kagithane district http://www.kagithane.bel.tr/kagithane_hakkinda/detail.aspx?SectionID=o4%2Br7aOycalO3t4aQJZr Tw%3D%3D&ContentID=JlHRf56wxF1ogMn5A4i4kw%3D%3D Homepage of Turkish embassy in South Korea http://tur-ankara.mofat.go.kr/kor/eu/tur-ankara/information/website/index.jsp Great Istanbul http://www.greatistanbul.com/index.htm

CONNECTION AND TRANSITION -GOLDEN HORN WATERFRONT REGENERATION

JIA JI UCL BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE MARCH URBAN DESIGN 2010-2011 UD5-TUTOR SARAH MANNING & PETER FELDMANN

Acknowledgement My gratitude goes firstly to my tutors Sarah Manning and Peter Feldmann for their great help and encouragement. Great thanks also due to Prof. Colin Fournier. Miss Graciela Moreno and other staff in Bartlett School of Architecture, who organize the March Urban Design programme. I would like to also thank my parents for giving me invaluable support. Finally, thank you fellow Urban Design students, as we have shared a wonderful time in London.

Declaration I, Jia JI, confirm that the work presented in this report is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the report. This work has been completed under the guidance of Sarah Manning and Peter Feldmann at Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London.

Contents Abstract

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Golden Horn Waterfront Development Review 2.1 History Review 2.2 General Site Analysis 2.3 Design Concept and Research Methodology

10 11 12 16

Chapter 3 Barcelona Case Study 3.1 Moll de la Fusta 3.2 BesĂ˛s-Forum Project

19 20 21

Chapter 4 Extension from Urban to Nature 4.1 Zoom In Site Introduction 4.2 Detailed Design Proposal

23 24 30

Chapter 5 Future Vision of the Waterfront

Chapter 6 Conclusion

References

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Abstract The waterfront is one of the most complicated and challenging areas in cities as it provides an interface between a city and water. Istanbul, a city defined by water, is naturally closely connected with its linear waterfronts. However, the conventional approaches to urban planning and design have failed to provide the city with functional and accessible waterfronts, as well as attractive spaces along the waterfront. This report focuses on the accessibility, local and citywide influences and the uniqueness of waterfronts. It examines the quality of waterfronts in terms of their accessibility, function and uniqueness in the wider context of history, culture, religion, urban planning and design. This report aims to offer a new answer for waterfronts in future cities.

Key Words Golden Horn waterfront, regeneration, accessibility, Istanbul, history, religion

Chapter 1 Introduction

Water, an important natural resource, has various influences on the growth of urban areas. Locations along the waterfront, especially natural and defensive ports, have been favourable sites for the foundation of cities since ancient times. There has been a close and integrated water-city relationship throughout history. Waterfronts, as the edge between a city and water, between a production site and its transport base, were the most intensely used zones in the 19th-century city. However, the longestablished symbiosis between city and water was broken during the twentieth century. Cities became more multifunctional and lessened their dependence on ports. Structural economic changes weakened the traditional relationship between cities and ports (van der Knaap and Pinder, 1992). The development of transportation and the decline of traditional industries also deteriorated the city-port relationship. Hence, the relationship between water and city changed. Typically, the waterfront areas were left as extra spaces in the city and barriers between the water and the city. Istanbul, a city defined by water, is naturally closely connected with its linear waterfront and its waterfront has also experienced significant transformation throughout history. Several regeneration projects were established along the shores of Istanbul; however, the conventional approaches to urban planning and design have failed to provide the city with functional and accessible waterfronts, as well as attractive spaces along the waterfront. Therefore, it is critical to understand the changing nature of Istanbul’s waterfronts, which present several challenges in their integration with the existing urban fabric. Also, functional waterfronts are becoming a desired and up-market area after being dominated by defence and trade functions for centuries. This paper will focus on the accessibility of waterfront regeneration and also the integration with the urban fabric and the city. It also gives some successful regeneration examples from other projects to guide the future development of Istanbul’s projects. Furthermore, there are two meanings of Istanbul’s waterfront regeneration: not only do the projects convert inconspicuous areas into attractive and fascinating public places, but they also regenerate the economy of the waterfront area or even the local zones as well. Therefore, the waterfront and the city will be re-imagined by the introduction of new functions and accesses. Also, architects or urban planners need to use urban design methods to renew existing infrastructure, rearrange land use and to reconsider the connections of waterfronts and cities, so that the potential of waterfronts and the whole city can be developed harmoniously in economic, social and environmental aspects. Several methods can be seen as effective ways to implement waterfront regeneration, such as providing new employment opportunities by renewing existing factories, creating new urban facilities for both citizens and visitors and transforming existing transport systems to enhance accessibility to the waterfronts. By considering these methods and conducting multiple experiments, the aim of this study was to indicate how Istanbul’s waterfront can be improved with easy access, multiple functions and sustainable development.

Chapter 2 Golden Horn Waterfront Development Review

2.1 History Review Most of Turkey’s industrial centres are situated near waterfronts; therefore Turkish port cities experienced a different evolution than other world cities. The majority of Turkey’s port cities did not experience a desertion time that lead to city problems. It can be stated that a new trend in Turkey is waterfront regeneration. Istanbul, as a significant port city in Turkey, has undergone an impressive port and waterfront revitalisation process. Water has been a leading factor in Istanbul’s daily life as a form of transportation, protection, trade function and a foundation of industrial activities. Therefore, the regeneration of the waterfronts has become an important issue in Istanbul. There are two important waterfronts in Istanbul: the shores along Bosporus and the shores along the Golden Horn. Compared with Bosporus, the Golden Horn has a longer history, more local characteristics and has more salient conflicts between the city and water. Therefore, the Golden Horn waterfront was chosen as the research object and the site was analysed from both general and detailed perspectives. The Golden Horn, a 7.5km defensive bay, is a port before the main city and the location of the top commercial harbours in the Mediterranean. It is the main foundation of the city in the historic peninsula. By the mid-19th century, quickly developed industrial structures began to rise along the Golden Horn waterfront. Particularly, in the early 20th century, factories and storehouses spread all over the water’s edge. Industrial development dominated the Golden Horn waterfront until the 1980s. From the early 1980s, industrial facilities, all storehouses, factories and also some ancient neighbourhoods, were removed from the Golden Horn waterfront. In an area 50-100 meters widths from the coastline, all the existing facilities were removed and the area was transformed into an empty green area. This led the Golden Horn waterfront to become an empty urban corridor in the very heart of the city.

Figure 1

2.2 General Site Analysis The Golden Horn coastline was redrawn by large land-fill areas in the 1980s. These areas are now used as vast green spaces without infrastructures and a programmatic planning.

Figure 2. The change of the Golden Horn coastline Source: Milan Sijakovic, 2009

Figure 3. Section view of Golden Horn coastline change Source: Milan Sijakovic, 2009

Figure 4 Land use map

Figure 5 Site Location

Figure 6. Site Photos

After the 1980s, the Golden Horn waterfront became a space that is ignored by the rest of the city due to its single function, homogenised land use and difficult access. The pedestrian routes are mainly cut off by the motorway along the waterfront and sea transportation is very infrequent: approximately only twelve times a day.

Figure 7. Current Road System

Summary Golden Horn’s water edge regeneration is the most remarkable example of Istanbul’s waterfront revitalisation, costing large amounts of money but disappointing the society after its completion. From a sustainability point of view, this project can be criticised from several angles. First, the construction ignored the differences between different zones, which meant that the project plan treated the whole area in the same manner. The same models and similar land uses were implemented throughout the entire district. The waterfront turned into an entirely green linear edge but lacked variety and was used passively. Second, after finishing the project, the Golden Horn’s water edge did not develop as expected at the beginning of the process. The waterfront did not transform into a high use area due to the lack of accessible routes from local neighbourhoods. Third, the new waterfront did not match with the existing urban fabric. Briefly, the project did not change the waterfront sustainably in terms of the loss of its unique features and lack of response to society’s needs.

2.3 Design Concept and Research Methodology Concept: Connection and Transition According to the problems mentioned above, the waterfront along the Golden Horn presents unique characters and needs from the local neighbourhoods. Therefore, the design concept emerges as it is needed. Considering the aspects of â&#x20AC;&#x153;connection and transitionâ&#x20AC;?, the Golden Horn waterfront can be formulated as a coherently planned and managed multi-function zone that would serve locals as well as the general public of the city. The main function of the waterfront would be like a zipper that connects the city and the water, as well as transforms the land use from urban to nature. In order to transform the Golden Horn waterfront into an accessible functional zone, it is important to develop a number of interaction zones between the empty green space and local urban fabric, which make the connection between the water and the city much stronger. An interaction zone should be established to: - Create a pedestrian flow from the neighbourhood to the waterfront. - Revitalise the waterfront and enhance waterfront use for local people; provide an open space for the local neighbourhood. - Diversify the functional layout of the waterfront, which will attract more people and serve as a more coherent extension of the urban fabric. (Sijakovic, 2009)

Figure 9. Interaction Zones Source: Milan Sijakovic, 2009

Figure 8. Design Concept Figure 10. General Plan of Golden Horn

Source: Milan Sijakovic, 2009

The number of these interaction zones with local urban fabric can be increased to enable a stronger continuity along Golden Horn.

Research Methodology After reviewing the history of the Golden Horn waterfront development, two important problems were noted. First, the conventional approaches to urban planning and design have failed to provide the city with functional waterfronts, as well as attractive spaces along the waterfront. Second, the waterfronts are cut off by the motorway and the low accessibility prevents both local and citywide movements. Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfront has a strong relationship with its city but understanding the relationship is difficult owing to the various unique circumstances of this city. Considering the nature of its waterfront, it was necessary to analyse the waterfront by evaluating its accessibility, functions and uniqueness. Moreover, in order to understand its complexity, a case study was also required. A series of Barcelona waterfront regeneration cases are provided to illustrate the integration of urban and nature and the relationship between city and water in future cities.

Chapter 3 Barcelona Case Study

Barcelonaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s old waterfront was isolated from the city because the old industrial area along the shore was cut off from pedestrians by a highway. However, the face of Barcelonaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shore was changed by Mayor Pasqual Maragall during his term of office from 1982 to 1997. Historically, the waterfront of Barcelona was ignored by the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban planning department until the city plan for the 1992 Barcelona Games. This plan changed the waterfront by putting the highway underground and recombining the city with its waterfront. On this redeveloped land, the beaches, parks and neighbourhoods were renewed and fashioned. Comparing the site today with the 1970s, the series of projects on different scales and within different contexts make the sea accessible to the city.

3.1 Moll de la Fusta The series of projects began with the regeneration of the first dockland of the Moll de la Fusta in 1983. Pedestrian access to the old timber wharf was created and the space was given a two-level section by Manuel de Sola-Morales. Car parking was put on the lower level and pedestrians were allowed to go through the historic city to the port. This project successfully addressed the infrastructure with the revitalisation of the city by combining traffic control and enhancing prime public space. The clarity and the success of the project led to the introduction of a new approach to long-distance traffic in the form of Barcelona’s Ronda ring roads that run the length and breadth of suburban Barcelona, which enabled the large-scale reorganization of the port. The change introduced by the project served to focus on the ambitious restructuring of the waterfront from La Barceloneta to the river Besòs, on the basis of four systems of infrastructural intervention: - “Changing the layout of the railway line inland from the coast by means of a false tunnel. - Reorganizing the city’s drainage system which until then had emptied its sewage into the Mediterranean via the Bogatell, and creating an interceptor and a treatment plant beside the river Besòs. - Drawing up a coastal strategy to create five kilometers of urban beaches, protected by perpendicular breakwaters that adopt the modular system of Credo’s grid. - Providing new access for private mobility and public transport. The former comprised the integrated mixed model used in the Moll de la Fusta. The latter promoted the competition of streets and avenues in this sector, such as the Diagonal and Avinguda Icaria.” (Capell, 1992) This approach combined the waterfront with the city and provided more opportunities for the inland areas in many aspects, like real estate. In addition, the redeveloped waterfront displayed its potential to attract more investment and visitors.

Figure11. Moll de la Fusta

Figure12. Master plan of Moll de la Fusta

3.2 Besòs-Forum Project As a result of political, cultural and real estate strategy, great redevelopment has taken place in a large waterfront area with an international investment of more than 3200 million euro. With a regeneration that stretched over 200 hectares, the area between Vila Olimpica and the mouth of the Besòs was reformed from a suburban area with natural features and big metropolitan infrastructures into a place that combined former functions with new residential, business and leisure activities. This waterfront space around the mouth of the river Besòs, which was designed in the 1980s as an "area of new contrality", used to be a deprived urban edge of Barcelona. After connection with the orbital motorway of Barcelona that was built for the Olympic Games in 1992, Diagonal Avenue finally reached the seaside (140 years after Cerda's plan). Promoted by the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures, large-sca le environmental upgrade and regeneration programmes that focused on commerce and leisure took place there. In spite of this, widespread argument occurred in Barcelona because some critics stated that this mega-project became a socially exclusive district. “This project set six basic objectives for the Besòs area: - recovery of the shoreline (parks, facilities, marina, bathing areas, and coastal ecosystems); - incorporation of existing installations (sewage treatment plant, waste incinerator, and power plant) in the scheme; - creation of an interface between the sea and city (square and esplanade); - creation of a new central urban area (Convention Centre, hotels, university, offices); - development of new residential areas and renovation of existing ones; - restoration of land and marine environments (new energy saving criteria, restoration of the river and marine biotopes, etc.).” (Roig, 1996)

Figure13. Master plan of Besòs-Forum

Several new features were included in this new urban planning project: Barcelona Marine Zoo, a new urban sub-centre, Sant Adria Marina, a shopping centre, seaside parks and bathing areas, Forum Building and plaza, Barcelona International Convention, new housing areas and facilities, La Mina, Llull-Taulat Universitat and a large esplanade that links the central area with the shoreline. Comprised of land redevelopment and public facilities construction, this new project included deep urban regeneration to make the seaside more accessible. Continuity along the waterfront linked to the rest of the northern shore was provided in this project. For this purpose, the technical facilities in this district had to be regenerated: the power plant now operates a more efficient and less polluting electricity power station and the high voltage power cables in this area were buried, which were previously standing pylons. The Power Corporation endorsed these conversions: the incinerator station was regenerated and a waste separation and methane gas extraction plant was constructed as an eco-park; the sewage plant was completely regenerated as a combined biological treatment system. Also, the plant was hidden underground so new public spaces that link the city and seaside could be created on top.

Summary The success of Barcelona’s waterfront regeneration should be attributed to the close cooperation of the government, experts and the public of the city. The series of regenerations on different scales and within different contexts changed the face of Barcelona’s shore mainly in three aspects: - Changed the highway routes and reconnected the city with its waterfront. - Renewed and fashioned the neighbourhood, beaches and parks to meet the needs of future waterfront functions. - Integrated the urban fabric with the waterfront. Respected and used the local character to innovate the use of the shores. In conclusion, Barcelona’s waterfront regeneration succeeded in enhancing the accessibility from the urban area to the sea, providing new functions to the waterfront and integrating local activities and urban fabric with the shore. These achievements have great guiding significance for Istanbul’s projects and provide future cities waterfront regeneration with a meaningful answer.

Chapter 4 Extension from Urban to Nature

After the general analysis of the Golden Horn, a specific design site in Eyup was chosen. The detailed proposal will be made in this site and the design concept will be implemented by the proposal.

4.1 Zoom In Site Introduction Site Background Eyup, established in the Ottoman period, was Istanbul’s first Ottoman Turkish settlement. The district is located beyond the city walls on the south bank of the Golden Horn. Eyup began to develop shortly after the Ottoman period and developed most intensely during the Sultan Suleyman period in the 16th century. As well as the mosques, schools, neighbourhoods, etc. that suddenly appeared, a series of mansions and pavilions began to line the shores. One of the most important places in this area is the Eyup Sultan Cemetery situated on a mountain next to the Golden Horn, which has a religious quality and serves to recall the significance of the new sultan’s standing. This cemetery has changed little over the years and still occupies as central a place in community life today as it did in the past. In addition, a cable car brings prayers from the waterfront of the Golden Horn up the mountain and visitors to the very famous café (Pierre Loti), a popular spot located beneath the cemetery offering a view of the Golden Horn. Another crucial place in Eyup is the Eyup Sultan Mosque, which was the first mosque established in Istanbul. The mosque is situated outside the corner where the land walls meet the walls along the Golden Horn and it is considered a sacred site to Muslims. On Fridays (religious holidays), thousands of prayers and visitors come to the mosque, especially in the holy month of Ramadan. Although they may need to wait in traffic for hours due to the overcrowded street, they still keep coming. It has been a tradition for centuries for Muslims to visit the mosque as well as the cemetery that surrounds it. In general, the growing population and the continuous flow of prayers encouraged the bussiness boom of the local neighbourhood. Meanwhile, the decay of industry and the construction of the motorway along the Golden Horn have isolated the waterfront from the city in recent years.

Figure 14. Eyup Sultan Mosque

Figure 15. Eyup Sultan Cemetery

Site Analysis The chosen site is located on the south part of the Golden Horn, just outside the city wall and beneath the highway. The site is situated close to the central part of Eyup and has important connections to the city. Moreover, the local neighbourhoods have strong cultures and religious characters. Therefore, the site has great potential and should be carefully designed and well developed.

Figure 16. Zoom In Site Location

Figure 17. Waterfront Accessibility Map

The site was analysed from several aspects as follows. (i) Transportation System The transport situation in the site is complicated. Several citywide roads meet the motorway that runs along the waterfront. The current situation involves using a giant traffic island to lead traffic here. The traffic island helps to guide motor vehicle circulation and to some extent fulfils the traffic needs. However, the huge traffic island has also become an obstacle to pedestrians due to it being difficult to cross. Obviously, it is hardly possible to cross a four-lane, three-direction junction without any pedestrian route. As a result of the lack of consideration for pedestrians, the waterfront, despite being situated in a great location, has become hard to access and little used.

Figure 18. Current Traffic Island Situation

Figure 19 Current Road System

Although the motorway cuts pedestrian access to the waterfront, it is actually well connected with the city networks. The motorway mainly assumes the east-west direction citywide movements and it is well connected to other important roads. Using the motorway, it is easy to go in any direction of the city and also to go to the local neighbourhoods. There are quite a few bus stops along the motorway but it is hard for pedestrians to be dropped off. Therefore, the key issue here is to provide pedestrians with easy access to cross the motorway and a traffic island, so that the waterfront would become accessible. Parallel to the motorway, a narrow pedestrian route was built along the waterfront edge. However, almost no people use the route because of the unpleasant environment and low accessibility of the waterfront. In addition, the Eyup ferry port is also located in the site. It is the terminal of the Golden Horn ferry line and is used by both the local people and tourists. However, the ferry port was built at the end of the narrow pedestrian route without a square or any facilities around it.

Figure 20 Site Photos

In general, to deal with the transportation problems in the site, several key issues should be considered in the design process: - Providing pedestrians with easy access to the waterfront. - Extending the pedestrian route along the waterfront further and wider. - Integrating neighbourhood routes to the site. - Moving the location of the ferry port and ensuring the site becomes more accessible by this movement.

(ii) Land Use and Functions The existing character zones image shows that the site is mainly occupied by green space and a large parking lot. Feshan, the only building on the site, was a factory and is now used as an exhibition centre. This building was built in the 1880s and is now mainly used to hold exhibitions, as well as some activities in the holy month. The huge block looks like alien in the site, as it has no communication with either the site or the neighbourhood and it cuts off the connection between the neighbourhood and the waterfront. Next to the site is a group of mosques, including the first mosque in Istanbul. As mentioned before, this mosque has significant influence on Istanbul and the surrounding areas are also occupied by other mosques. These mosques have made the area become the cultural and religious centre of Eyup. According to the existing land use, it is easy to conclude that the function of the site is simplex and the land use lacks communication and integration with the neighbourhood. Therefore, several points should be marked during the process of the design: - Providing the site with multiple functions to fulfil the future waterfront development needs. - Integrating neighbourhood activities and functions with the site. - Partly opening the exhibition centre and allowing it to communicate with the site and the neighbourhood.

Figure 21. Site Photos

Figure 22. Local Activity Map

Figure 23. Existing Character Zones

4.2 Detailed Design Proposal (i) Connect the City With Its Waterfront To deal with the problems mentioned above, several transport models were made to test which is better to deal with the transportation problems in the site. First, space syntax was used to test the current traffic situation around the site. The image shows how the current transportation system works.

Figure 24. Space Syntax Map of Current Road System

Figure 25. Space Syntax Map of Model One

Model One: The four-lane motorway was reduced to two lanes and the traffic island was also reduced. After this, the motorway was elevated to become an overhead driveway.

Figure 26. Plan of Model One

Figure 27. Perspective of Model One

Figure 28. Space Syntax Map of Moedl Two

Another test involved shrinking the four-lane motorway by half and making the huge traffic island into a simple triangle traffic island.

Figure 30. Plan of Moedl Two

The results of the space syntax analysis show that the simple triangle proposal is easier for pedestrians to cross and the site space would also become more pedestrian-friendly.

In order to understand the neighbourhood route system and create access to the waterfront, a framework diagram was drawn that extends the local pedestrian routes to the site. Choosing the main routes that this diagram shows and continuing the existing urban fabric, a new pedestrian system was created that extends from the local neighbourhood to the waterfront. With this system, pedestrians can easily cross the motorway and go to the site. Moreover, a wide boardwalk would go through the site and extend to other areas. The boardwalk would provide people with a comfortable walking environment along the waterfront.

Figure 31. Framework Map

In addition, a tramway was added that goes through the mosque group and runs along the waterfront. The tramway would improve the citywide movement along the waterfront, as well as connect and serve the local area. Moreover, the ferry port was moved from the edge to the centre of the site so that it would better serve the site. Furthermore, also people who are dropped off at the ferry port would have the chance to go through and enjoy the site.

Figure 32. Proposed Transport Accessibility Map

In general, the new transportation system focuses on providing pedestrians with easy access to the waterfront, extending both local and citywide connections and integrating the urban fabric with the waterfront.

(ii) Integrate the Urban Fabric and Function to the Waterfront The site is heavily influenced by its neighbourhood. Therefore, understanding the user group and the local people’s needs are crucial elements in identifying the site’s character. The user group map shows that there are mainly four groups of people who would use the site: residents, prayers, businessmen and tourists. The site function should meet these different groups’ needs. However, the site has nearly no facilities for the users now except the exhibition centre. Consequently, the exhibition centre function was exploded into the site. The building mainly has four functions: exhibition, entertainment, market and café and restaurant. The site was provided with some new facilities to separate the functions from the exhibition centre. In this way, the site would have multiple functions. Meanwhile, developing in this mode would help local people get more support from the citywide area by selling their local products and traditional skills in the site.

Figure 33. User Group Map

Figure 34. Site and Building Function

Figure 35. Economic Viability

By implementing the design concept of â&#x20AC;&#x153;connection and transitionâ&#x20AC;? and combining the analysis results, proposed character zones for the site have been created. The new proposed character zones show the integration between the urban and nature, as well as the multiple functions that a future waterfront should have.

Figure 36. Proposed Character Zones

Chapter 5 Future Vision of the Waterfront

Master Plan After analysis and design, the master plan was finally created. The design shows its characteristics by the following points: - Provides a network pedestrian route system that comes from the local neighbourhood to the waterfront and extends further along the waterfront. - Optimises the current transport situation by shrinking the motorway to ensure easy access for local people, as well as adding a tramway and moving the ferry port to serve citywide movements. - Opens half of the exhibition centre by only maintaining the structure and roof of it and inserts a newly built open market into the building. Creates communication between the old and new architecture. - Builds the market format following the network format and provides the public with new commercial and communication spaces. - Creates artificial garden and water pulls between the city and water as a transition area, which transfers the urban to nature. - Integrates the urban fabric into the waterfront. The historical boardwalk shows the history and culture of this unique area.

Future Vision of the Site After design and construction, the waterfront site would present its new look. The site future vision is presented by the images as follows. This development mode would provide the city with a more accessible and thriving waterfront. Also, this mode could be introduced to other waterfront projects in the future.

Figure 37. Master Plan

Figure 38. Future Vision of the Exihibition Centre

Figure 39. Future Vision of the Open Market

Figure 40. Future Vision of the Artificial Garden

Figure 41. Future Vision of the Site Entrance

Figure 42. Future Vision of the Artificial Water Pool

Chapter 6 Conclusion

In recent years, under the dominance of globalisation, waterfront regeneration has become a key focus in urban planning. Technological and economic changes have stimulated waterfront regeneration. Specifically, the post-industrial economic change encouraged new functional waterfront development, such as culture-led waterfronts and leisure use waterfronts. Turkish port cities have also been influenced by the global trend of waterfront regeneration. Istanbul, as the largest port city in Turkey, revitalised its waterfronts in two main attempts: “First one is short-term projects that were planned by the construction of a highway and green areas parallel to the water on a land gained by landfills. Revitalization of Haliç’s waterfront is the most remarkable example of this approach. Many coastal towns in Turkey experienced a similar process to Haliç. The second attempts are long-term revitalization projects. In early 2000s, authorities realized the advantages of waterfront revitalization and began to develop large-scale and long-term waterfront projects for several port zones of Turkish cities” (Milan, 2009). In this context, the Golden Horn waterfront example has been provided, which changed the former port into an entirely green space but lacked infrastructure and interaction with the inland area. In general, Istanbul’s waterfront regeneration projects have focused on removing former factories, creating a better environment and attracting investment only for the port area and have not considered the inland area; therefore, these projects cannot promote sustainable social development and also cannot provide long-term economic development. In this context, two successful waterfront regeneration examples of Barcelona were given in this essay. Barcelona implemented its waterfront regeneration by putting the highway underground and recombining the city with its waterfront. In addition, Barcelona’s waterfront regeneration consisted of a series of projects on different scales and within different contexts that provide access between the city and the sea. Each project had its own characteristics and these projects, as a whole, promoted the entire city and the waterfront areas were developed sustainably. The design in this project focused on breaking down the barriers between the city of Istanbul and its waterfront, creating access to the water, as well as providing the waterfront with multiple functions to meet the needs of local people. In addition, the project respects the local religion and culture by integrating local activities and history into the site, so that the project could maintain its uniqueness from others. Furthermore, the development of the waterfront would reimagine the city and water relationship by stimulating the waterfront’s economic development and feeding it back into the city. In conclusion: “New towns in towns are rising on the sites of decaying piers. Upscale shopping is replacing abandoned warehouses. Parks are greening the old concrete shorelines and ferries… are using waterways that were once the realm of cruise ships” (Bender, 1993). This is the global trend of waterfront regeneration. In addition, following this trend would be better for Istanbul if it could fully use its unique waterfront, which embodies its unique history and culture, and if access could be created from the inland to the sea so that the whole city could be connected and developed as a whole.

References Bas Butuner, Waterfront Revitalization as a Challenging Urban Issue, 42nd ISoCaRP Congress 2006 Bender, Richard “Where The City Meets The Shore”. in R. Bruttomesso, 1993 Charlesworth, E. City Edge: Case studies in Contemporary Urbanism, London, Architectural Press, 2005. De Torres i Capell, La formacio de la urbanistica metropolitan de Barcelona, L’urbanisme de la diversitat, Area metropolitana de Barcelona, 1992. Erkok,F. Waterfronts: Potentials for improving the quality of urban life, Istanbul, Ellin, N. Postmodern Urbanism, New York, Princeton Architectural Press, 1999 Gene, A. Curell, J. Roig, M. Barcelona, La segona renovacio , Ajuntament de Barcelona, Barcelona 1996. Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Architecture, 2009. (eds.),Waterfronts- A New Frontier For Cities On Water, Venice: International Center Cities on Water, 1993, 32-35 İstanbul BüyükŞehir Belediyesi Projeler Daire Başkanlığı, Kadıköy Meydanı Haydarpaşa-Harem, Yakın Çevresi Kentsel Tasarım Projesi Yarışma Kitabı, İstanbul, 2001. Meyer, H. City and Port - Urban Planning as a Cultural Venture in London, Barcelona, New York, and Rotterdam: changing relations between public urban space and large-scale infrastructure, Rotterdam, 1999. Milan, S. Between the city and sea: urban waterfront regeneration, 2009 Yücetürk, Eser, Haliç Siluetinin Oluşum-Değişim Süreci, İstanbul: Haliç Belediyeler Birliği Yayınları-1, 2001 Internet references http://www.arkitera.com/haberler/2002/03/12/istanbul2.htm

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMUNITIES INTEGRATION Joining uses and diversifying neighbourhoods

Alejandro Lairet UCL The Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Urban Design 10-11 UD 5- Tutors: Sarah Manning / Peter Feldmann

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMUNITIES INTEGRATION Joining uses and diversifying neighbourhoods

Alejandro Lairet UCL The Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Urban Design 10-11

UD 5- Tutors: Sarah Manning / Peter Feldmann

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I, Alejandro Lairet, confirm that the work presented in this report is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the report.â&#x20AC;?

ABSTRACT Human settlements around the world have, with accelerating pace, been depleting natural resources and farm lands surrounding them. At the same time, an increasing proportion of the population is living in a suburban typology. This proposal develops a compact city model to help to stop this trend. The project merges different urban functions and integrates new ones into a self-sustained settlement. It integrates an industrial area with the surrounding communities, creating synergies and urban frictions. Additionally, vertical farms will be used to incorporate food production within the city, helping to reduce the strain on the surrounding farm land and improving the sustainability of the city. Different concepts are used for merging both; green corridors are instrumental to reduce spatial segregation between different functions. They also provide a space for social interaction, attracting people from different backgrounds and promoting communal life and exchange. Functions are interlocked vertically and horizontally, to create a compact and integrated community.

TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

Introduction

Preliminary thoughts

Some ideas to consider

General Approach

Defining some premises

Site selection

A different place

Regional approach

Undercover intentions

Metropolitan approach

Urban roles

Local approach

Places to consider

Green issues

Addressing sustainability

First approach

Experiment I

Place reinterpretation

Changing the strategy

Constraints

Something is missing

New scopes

Changing direction

Form speculations

Experiments II & III

Conclusions

References

TABLE OF IMAGES

Image 01

General Location

Image 02

Historical Map

Image 03

Sections and main streets

Image 04

General Issues

Image 05

Urban Location

Image 06

Regional View

Image 07

Metropolitan Opportunity

Image 08

Metropolitan location

Image 09

Missing uses

Image 10

Local challenges

Image 11

Topography and Hydrography

Image 12

Squares and places for the community

Image 13

Green areas of the sector

Image 14

Second approach to the site

Image 15

Sections and main concept

Image 16

Schemes and diagrams

Image 17

Land use approach

Image 18

Urban Analysis of the proposal

Image 19

Third approach to the site

Image 20

Vertical farm solution

Image 21

Proposal phases

Image 22

Urban Proposal

Image 23

Closer View

INTRODUCTION Main ideas

The topic selected to develop is directly related to the urban design proposal for the course and the concept of compact cities used during the year. This idea was developed as an overall concept to work with towards sustainability, and it addressed most of the decisions made for the proposal. The proposal selected is about the integration and the incorporation of new and different uses on the same site, in order to reduce green land depletion, and increase synergy in areas with very low density and intensity of use. The work done focuses on the implementation of these ideas, in any of the expressions they may have in the urban spaces. To develop the work a site was selected characterized by the model of separation of uses, where a city design with different activities separated by areas generates different schedules for use and zones in the city. The urban design exercise was done in order to avoid derelict and wasteful areas, with a very low intensity of use.

The proposal was developed through three different phases, following the general structure of the course. The first one was dedicated to survey data as a first approach to the city to start finding a site to work with for the proposal. This step facilitated the collection of data to gain an understanding of some of the social and cultural issues that might be related to the site. The next phase was dedicated to collecting more data through groundwork on the site, and to merging and analysing both groups of data collected. The third part involved developing the design for the site selected considering the main concepts and issues defined as premises for the proposal. The report is divided into four parts. The first one focuses on the main considerations and general thoughts used to address the proposal. The second part describes the analysis done in relation to data collected and explains all the main results and premises for the design. The third part explaines the main results obtained from the design process, while the last part is dedicated to some reflections and conclusions related to the processes used for the design.

Considering the above ideas, it was a challenge to work with the idea of industrial and community integration. Given the problems that these two elements of a city usually have, the aim is to speculate on this topic using the proposal to search for solutions and integration between these two elements and other uses. The reason for working with this set of ideas is to investigate the concept of compact cities that has been suggested by several authors as a practice that may lead to sustainability. Human settlements around the world have been depleting much faster natural and farm lands, with increasing numbers of people being allocated to a scattered model of development.

05 Introduction

Compact City Model (Synergy + Intensity)

CHAPTER I. General approach

PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS More ideas to consider

A settlement that is characterized by a broad accumulation of places, as well as a broad range of events throughout history, creates a more complex city by enriching its spaces and developing the potential for urban social life. Spaces and places are continuously being reinterpreted and reinvented due to changing situations and circumstances.

ements may also play a role in people’s perceptions. Even if ideas do not exist in the physical world, they can have an influence, considering the gap that may exist between our senses and our perceptions, where our understanding of the world can play a role. Since citizens are involved, a collective perception of a place should be considered as a hidden element of the urban space.

Moments or events maintain their presence through culture, architecture and urban spaces, together with the presence of their creators, as much through what is not done as what is done in a place. Both cases can reveal how a culture expresses its own point of view by selecting or letting changes happen. Situations are to be understood as a set of factors or circumstances affecting someone or something at some point.

Crossing scales is another important element to consider. Places are influenced not only by local situations, but also by larger scale conditions. An increasing number of people, new regional infrastructure, as well as changes in society, can influence the situation of a space. For instance, increasing number of people using the same public place, or a change of habits and uses, could change the way a space is used that could even imply a change in its physical form.

The city selected to work with is Istanbul in Turkey. After a week-long trip to the city, it was possible to adopt a detailed approach and to understand images found during the research done before the trip. Several places started to have meaning for me after seeing the urbvan context and people interacting within the space. During the trip, spaces seen in images started to show their real scale. There was a sense and a dynamic that even with the changes that have occurred over time places nevertheless retain an impression of their past. The present and the past, both continuously interact to define of a place, but more difficult to understand is the presence of a future that even without existing could also modify the people’s perception of a place. Both intentions and no intentions to change a place, have the capacity to modify the way that people perceive a place. When a situation is considered to change, different positions may appear in the same place, making it even more difficult to understand the real character of an urban space. Influences from other places, relations and many other el-

When all the elements mentioned above are considered together, it is possible to understand the complex situation that a place can represent. On the one hand are the physical elements of a place, represented by existing natural conditions (topography, hydrography, etc.) and humans’ creations defined by the built environment. But, on the other hand, there are other elements that indirectly influence the urban space, defined by society through their culture, economy and political situation. On a detailed level, it is important to consider the physical elements in the urban space. There are several important elements to discover from a site. Depending on its size and the amount of places selected to analyse, such as the scale of an intervention, it is important to identify the elements present for each scale of an intervention. For smaller scales, uses, facades, streets, materials, and any kind of details present in an urban space, it is important to understand the qualities and potential of their presence, as much as the reasons for their existence.

08 Preliminary thoughs

Before making any proposal for a place it is important to identify elements from the physical environment as much as the social presence and their determinations. It is then possible to find how different systems influence each other, making them reveal their expression from the local level where people meet each other. One aim may be to find the potential and advantages of these relations and its issues, to make them show up, to solve them when possible or to create new situations or changes to places.

tion as much as create a new one for a place. But, in any case, it is always important to consider the real situation of a place, including its physical and social dimensions as much as the fact of creation. Being conscious of the change being proposed is an important issue to be considered given that the urban space is usually a place that belongs to the public realm and is thus a place to share with others and not for individual points of view.

If the built environment is not yet defined, another aim may be to start the process of creation and design. When there are no social elements to consider, it is possible to speculate and make proposals to develop new settlements. But in these cases, more than having social and physical situations made by people, there is a natural environment to deal with to define new places and situations for people to live and define a new essence for a place. Speculation and proposals may also bring about new forms, ideas or situations, for people to change paradigms, or to incorporate new elements for their environment. However, it should be always possible for people’s to have the freedom to determine if changes are to be made or not, in their local areas as much as in larger-scale ones. It is possible to lose any efforts related with the implementation of any sustainable initiative, if the proposal did not considers how the city works in terms of its culture, society, facilities, services, commodities, and other issues. To bring about a new intervention for the city is not only about the intervention itself, but mainly about to understand how a city works and how could be improved its current situation, by identifying its qualities and defects. Thus, sustainability requires different approaches for each city, which it may be seen as a living system that requires incomes and produces outcomes to survive. To summarize, a proposal can modify an existing situa-

09 Preliminary Thoughs

GENERAL APPROACH Defining some premises

The work done to develop the proposal includes research based on a mixture of a groundwork survey of the site selected and some data, mainly from the internet and some bibliographical sources. The research started by investigating available information about historical, cultural and physical qualities of the city. Then a site was selected to practise with different scenarios for bringing new situations to the chosen city. The next step was to visit the city from where it was possible to carry out some groundwork to understand impressions previously found from the survey data, and to understand the site selected for the proposal. Finally, all the information collected was analysed and initiatives were devised to develop a proposal for the site. The general aim of the analysis was to define some premises for the definition of the proposal to address some physical and social issues from a local and larger scale perspective. On the other hand, the analyses focus on the representation of the city as a complex system of interrelated elements, as much as to identify some sustainable initiatives that could be proposed for the site. In addition, some urban issues were identified and a proposal or approach for the site was defined. The information was then used to develop some representations developed by topic. The analysis describes a large-scale approach, including regional and metropolitan influences. Then, there is a set of representations and analysis on a more local scale, which addresses issues of sustainability.

10 Preliminary Thoughs

11 General Approach

SITE SELECTION A different place

Before visiting the city, several researches conducted in order to establish a criterion for selecting the site. This approach was made possible mainly by using internet sources, for instance, maps from the Istanbul Municipality web page, and many other historical maps browsed on the internet. Both historical and current maps helped to identify historical areas of the city, new developments built during the last century, and the natural borders that define the current boundaries of the city. The first criterion for the selection was to find a place to develop an urban design exercise for the proposal. For instance, large areas around the city that are not being used need to be defined as their role has not being assigned or developed. For instance, large spaces currently being used as car parks or big improvised metallic structures for warehouses are usually characterised as derelict and deteriorated urban spaces, with a lack of urban elements that recognise the human scale. The second criterion was to avoid central and historical areas of the city. These areas usually have great potential and valuable conditions to enhance, or sometimes just to improve, but at the same time these areas are usually protected by several restrictions and constraints that often make it difficult to propose any change in form. Modifications are therefore mostly directly related to enhancements made to clarify the reading of spaces or to improve the situation of inhabitants. The third criterion was to avoid spaces along the boundaries of the city. The reason for this was mainly a practical consideration related to the distance and the difficulty of getting to these places. In addition, these places are usually characterised by a lack of development in the surroundings, and thus a greater effort is required to develop not only the site but also the environment that define it. The area selected and visited is located in the European side of the city, out of the historic centre and to the south of the Golden Horn. The site is located mainly in the Eyup 12 Site Selection

Image 1: General Location

Municipality, around the historical ruins of the Rami Barracks, originally used for military purposes, but currently in ruins. The site is located between one and two kilometres from the historical wall of the ancient city. The surveys made during the trip were mainly dedicated to the area selected, but there was an opportunity to visit several other places around the city. This additional survey was made in order to find the role of the main areas of the city, so as to gain a better understanding of the role that the selected area might have for the city. After much analysis and several proposals, the writer was requested to expand the size of the site, in order to address issues of connectivity between neighbourhoods around the site. Although it was not possible in the time available to survey enough data from the site, this expansion was undertaken in consideration of deprived nature of the areas included. Some of the issues are explained in the next section of this chapter, related to the possibility of stimulating the relocation of industries out of the city, which may necessitate a change to the site. In addition, industrial areas usually have a big potential to develop when they are surrounded by wellestablished neighbourhoods. When these spaces are 13 Site Selection

developed for residential and commercial uses, they can very easily incorporate new communities and integrate them with the people in the surrounding area.

Image 2: Historical Map

14 Site Selection

Image 3: Sections and main streets

15 Site Selection

REGIONAL APPROACH Undercover intentions

There are several issues that need to be addressed continuously by the regional authorities of a country. Transport systems, energy, water and food supply, are usually the main issues that are considered essential to update. All of these aspects of infrastructure usually respond to increasing numbers of people within a region. In particular, it has already been predicted that during the next ten years the population of Istanbul City will increase from the twelve million people who currently live in the city, to nineteen or even twenty million people. If the regional and national authorities do not manage to decentralize this growth, most of this increase will occur in the city. For this reason, it was proposed for the site to introduce as a problem how to incorporate new groups of communities and other uses, decreasing the amount of land used for warehouses and factories, and using the remaining areas to cater for the new demand to come.

With regard to the perception of the urban space, it is important to be aware of the influence that regional and other larger scale matters may have on the site, as much as the influence that local and daily life may have on it. The growing number of people in the city increases the synergy between people and the intensity of use of already busy places in the central areas, while reducing space available within the city. Considering that the site selected currently has a very low intensity of use and the fact that many of the lands have not been developed yet, it may be appropriate to propose a change of use for the site.

As a strategy to stimulate growth in other cites of the region, it has been proposed to promote the growth of industrial uses in these. The aim of this is to allow other cities in the surrounding area to grow, meanwhile diminishing population the growth in Istanbul. Considering the increasing demand for land for residential, commercial and warehouse uses within the city, it might be appropriate to propose spaces for different uses within the same area.

16 Regional Approach

17 Regional Approach

Image 4: General Issues

Image 5: Urban Location

18 Regional Approach

Image 6: Regional view

19 Regional Approach

METROPOLITAN APPROACH Urban roles

Several places around the city have already defined their roles, as tourist attractions due to their historical qualities and traditions. Other spaces have been defined as commercial areas or for business districts. Even though there is not usually a sharp distinction between the uses made of different areas, there is always a certain distinction that allows each area to be identified with a particular role for citizens. Currently, all the areas surrounding the site selected have bigger or smaller areas dedicated mainly to industrial use, which may suggest the role played by many areas in the west of the city. In addition, there has been a big extension of residential use all around the industrial areas, which could also suggest their role for people to live. However, considering the low development around the site, and the premises mentioned in the previous section, it is possible to suggest a role based on all the historical values that have accumulated in the surrounding area. For instance, if they are preserved the Rami Barracks could be shown as a historical piece of architecture, representing a potential site for leisure and a tourist attraction.

Image 7: Urban Gap

20 Metropolitan Opportunity

Image 8: Metropolitan location

21 Metropolitan Approach

LOCAL APPROACH Places to consider

It is important to consider several elements for their relation with the site selected. These include a group of physical elements and a group of social situations that could define the type of place that the site currently represents. On the other hand, it is also important to distinguish that the site it is composed by two different and separate areas. The first one was the original site selected for the proposal, and it is located in the surroundings of the Rami Barracks, which is been used currently for car parks, small green areas for leisure and a wholesale market. Meanwhile the second location is partially occupied mainly by some warehouses, factories and car parks. Among the physical characteristics defined by nature it is possible to point out the hilly topography of the site and its surroundings. In particular, it is important to mention that the historical site is located almost on top of the hill which suggests a privileged location. It is also possible to speculate that this situation exists because it was the barracksâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; role to watch and protect the city from its west front during previous centuries. With its location, the site could represent a vanishing point, where the topographic depressions of the surroundings end their path. This may be used as a part of the proposal. In addition, there are other elements in the surroundings that define the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s physical quality. However, they are probably not as important as the topography recently described, given that they may be too far from the site, like the Golden Horn, or do not have relevance the inhabitants. For this reason, the analysis of the site focuses on its topographic situation and the far location of the Golden Horn, as important elements to be considered in the proposal. On the other hand, there are several elements of the built environment that currently describe the qualities of the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s qualities. The most important are the current typologies of the site and its close surroundings. The site has mainly warehouses, workshops, some factories and land

used for car parks around the area. Considering it was not possible to conduct a detailed survey of the industrial area, with the main concentration being on the historical area, it is not possible to describe each of the constructions developed on the site. However, it was possible to observe from satellite images that many of the places are used for car parks, or had metallic structures for warehouses and a wholesale market located around the historical site. If a decentralization strategy to develop other cities of the region is being developed, it is possible to propose a scenario where many of the areas with factories and industries in the surrounding area are going to be left without any use. The aim of the design is to propose an alternative vision for the site, where different uses, including warehouses and factories, have a place and share the same public spaces around the site. However, this scenario can only be proposed considering the premises mentioned above. The reason for this is that right now it is not possible to make any design proposal for the site, considering the uses currently being made of it. On the other hand, the satellite images reveal some buildings that though in a derelict condition could be used for housing solutions as well as for offices and other commercial uses. With regard to the existing urban fabric of the surroundings, it is possible to identify three main typologies. In front of the historical area, on top of the hill, there is a historical grid that was developed during the nineteenth century, with a square block typology and sometimes this defines an internal courtyard for a semi-private use. On the other hand, the typology developed in the newer residential area located in the west section of the site, has an elongated shape with residential buildings on both sides and a short space between them. The third typology is defined by some free forms scattered all around the site, with big dimensions that have an industrial use. In general, all the buildings developed around the site are

22 Local Approach

Image 9: Missing uses

23 Local Approach

three to five stories in height and the most have a concrete frame structure, almost all of them from the second half of the twentieth century. It is also important to point out that it was found that residential use accounts for around 85% of the buildings in the sector. In addition, 10% of buildings are dedicated to industrial use and only 5% for commercial and office use. In order to avoid segregation of uses, and to stimulate a more integrated model of development, the proposal is to develop a site with a more diversified model of uses, bringing together offices, with commercial and residential areas. Image 10: Urban challenges

24 Local Challenges

Image 11: Local Topography and hydrography

25 Local Approach

GREEN ISSUES

Addressing Sustainability

By using the maps and the survey data during the visit to the city, it was possible to find green areas and open spaces for leisure existing around the city. After calculating the area of these spaces, it was found that only approximately 2% of the entire area of study was dedicated to this use. This finding was then used to develop another aspect of the proposal, in order to increase the amount of green space and leisure areas for the sector.

proach to the food production process, makes it possible to use this topic for different sustainable matters. Sustainability is also about social, political and economic balance to allow inhabitants to coexist in an urban settlement. Image 12: Squares and places for the community

By analysing the urban fabric it was possible to understand the model of the built environment that was developed around the area. Most areas are for residential use, and with some exceptions they were almost entirely developed in a very fit disposition, with one building next to the other almost entirely occupying each parcel, and a very well developed network of roads for traffic. This model has led almost no space for green areas among the sector, which it was therefore included as a topic for the urban proposal to address some sustainability issues as well as a topic to improve the quality of the urban spaces in the sector. With regard to sustainability issues, it was proposed to incorporate one additional use for the site. Considering the idea of compact and self-sustained cities that has been described by several authors as good urban design practice, one of the proposals was to incorporate the idea of a Vertical Farm for the site. The presence of a wholesale market in the area, suggests a relation between the site and food production in the countryside, where different products need to be continuously transported to the market. If the population is going to increase by several million during the next decade, more food production is going to be necessary, thus requiring greater amounts of natural land for food production. Instead, this new idea of vertical production that has just recently been built for the first time might be a solution to this problem. This idea, in addition to the reduction of space use, allows the type of uses and social presence to be diversified in the city. This could also be used to attract people to the site, thereby increasing the economic potential of the area. Considering this idea in the architectural design of the building, with the aim of allowing people to have an ap26 Green Issues

Image 13: Green areas of the sector

27 Green Issues

FIRST APPROACH Experiment I

At the end of the second term of the course, the first design proposal was made for the first site selected. The place chosen was located initially around the ruins of the Rami Barracks, with an area of approximately 250,000 m2. The boundaries were defined by residential buildings of 5 to 6 stories height on the east and south sides, and industrial areas on the north and west sides of the site. The first proposal was to transform the car park areas and the wholesale market, both made with metallic structures improvised around the ruins, also to improve the spaces inside the ruins which are presently being used for open car parks, a small park and a soccer field. All these places are in a very run-down and derelict state that is wasting large amounts of land.

oped within and surrounding the historical site. The park was intended to bring new spaces for leisure and to show in the open spaces new topics and elements about sustainable practices. Meanwhile the spaces inside the ruins were assigned for galleries, with the aim of bringing some cultural facilities to the sector. Before finishing this proposal, it was requested to expand the size of the site in order to address the wider issues of connectivity between the neighbourhoods as much as to propose a new configuration of the industrial area. For this reason, the following proposals were made for the same site but incorporating a bigger area, which was increased to approximately 1,000,000 m2.

The proposal was initially to design a new building for the wholesale market, in order to improve the conditions of the market with a building more appropriate for that use, and to release the areas surrounding the facades of the ruins. The administration of a market that manages large amounts of food could require facilities adapted to that use rather than improvisations built as temporary constructions. Regarding the areas facing the old residential facades, the aim was to transform the open car parks into a new mixed use development. This place was supposed to articulate the urban blocks with the historical area of the site. The volumes were supposed to suggest a sense of permeability between the existing buildings of the residential areas and the new park around the historical site. The aim was to show the new development as a transition between the two existing situations. On the other hand, the use was supposed to be a mixture between commercial and residential use, as well as a few buildings for offices use. The last intervention was the proposal for the preservation of the ruins, in order to make the most of the historical value and role of the building. This element was supposed to be used as a main topic for a thematic park to be devel28 First Approach

Image 14: Second approach to the site

29 First Approach

CHAPTER II. Proposal for the site

PLACE REINTERPRETATION Changing the strategy

A not develop site with several urban gaps could suggest the necessity of something different to stimulate the environment. When the current urban elements are not having enough synergy between them usually communities does not feel any attraction to these places, producing very derelict areas that are not attended by its own inhabitants. In a scenario where an urban element is being introduced to stimulate the environment, it is possible to speculate with different possibilities to incorporate more activities to the area in order to attract people to the place. This element could incorporate new uses but also should link and articulate the existing ones in order to enhance the potential already develop in the area.

32 Place reinterpretation

Image 15: Sections and main concept

33 Place reinterpretation

CONSTRAINTS TO CONSIDER Something is missing

Given the change in the size of the site for the proposal at the end of the second term, it was necessary to define a new scope for the proposal, considering the information available for the site. The survey of photograph made during the visit to Istanbul did not include the additional areas, and it was possible to find just a few images on the internet that do not address the most of the issues or qualities of the urban spaces. A detailed proposal that considers and follows the qualities already developed on the site requires information about elements of the overall physical form. For instance, buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; facades, heights, typologies and uses are elements required for the design in order to create continuity or to respond to existing conditions that may determine certain features of the proposal. In addition, impressions about the dynamics of the place, as well as information about the way the people use and interact in urban spaces, may also be important to determine the criteria for the proposal.

34 Constraints to consider

Image 16: Schemes and diagrams

35 Constraints to consider

NEW SCOPE

Changing direction

In the light of the new situation, it was necessary to find new elements from the environment to design a new urban form. The topography and the urban fabric were the only two important elements available from the physical environment. Both elements were available from maps about the area and satellite images that describe in general the way that these two elements work and connect the area with other areas of the sector analysed for the proposal. On the other hand, the aspects about the area that were defined during the analysis phase were also considered for the new proposal. For instance, population growth, green areas, uses and sustainable issues were elements that would play an important role in the new proposal. Even if it is not possible to adopt a very detailed approach, it is important to address all of these factors as they also have a considerable influence on the urban space.

Image 17: Land use approach

36 New scope for the proposal

Image 18: Analysis of the proposal

37 New scope for the proposal

FORM SPECULATION Experiments II & III

The most important element used as a concept to drive the general form of the proposal was a central corridor proposed to respond to a topographical condition defined by a central depression that was selected as a main axis for the site selected. This element was used to connect the old historical site with a new park to be defined at the end of the depression. The strategy was to use this element to link and articulate streets and roads with different directions that come from the different urban grid forms of the surroundings. The corridor was also used to create a new axis for social integration through the design of a boulevard defined by commercial and office use, in order to bring different activities to the space. The creation of a new thematic park at the end of the axis as much as the intervention to revitalise the historical site, are two key interventions for the proposal. Both give a sense to the corridor by the definition of the beginning and the end of the corridor, from where other paths could continue or cross their routes. The commercial and offices buildings where allocated in order to protect the residential areas in the centre space between the urban corridors. In addition, there is another residential area defined in the upper side of the site in front the parks proposed initially to surround the historical site. Considering that this residential area is facing another residential areas and a park, it was considered to keep that use for the buildings. For the existing factories, warehouses and workshops of the area the proposal offers a space on the area in front of the motorway in order to protect the rest of the areas from the noise of that area and to define a suitable use to face the existing infrastructure. With this, the workers from the surroundings may continue to have spaces to continue their work, in a more compact configuration of

this use. In addition, the final area of the main corridor is divided in two different levels. The upper level is going to continue the boulevard and the social areas; meanwhile the lower level is going to be dedicated for workshops. In this case, considering that this use usually have difficulties to be merge with the rest of the areas, it was thought that could be appropriate in this case to separate this use. However, it is going to be integrated with the other uses as it is separated from the other uses by just one level of structure, instead of isolating the use in an separate area usually located miles away from the site. On the other hand, it is also important to consider the premise mentioned in the analysis of a strategy to decentralize factories to other cities, while keeping warehouses and workshops in the site. This could allow releasing some key areas for the redefinition of the site. In addition, it was thought to enhance some uses already existing in the place for the wholesale market and for a primary school. The first one, as it was mentioned before during the first stage of the proposal, requires allocating users to a new place designed for that purpose on the east front of the historic site. This will empty the surrounding of the historical site allowing to develop the proposed uses also mentioned during the first proposal, enhancing the historical building and creating a new metropolitan park. On the other hand, the primary school is allocated in the west front of the site in a group of houses reinterpreted for that use. Instead it was also allocated in the south front of the site and merge with the new residential uses proposed for the site. The idea is to continue the link between this element and the historical side, as the students from the school are the main users of the facilities offer by the local authorities. Regarding sustainability, as it was mentioned before, there are two main elements that were proposed to address this topic. The first one refers to the green areas existing in the

38 Form speculations

Image 19: Third approach to the site

39 Form speculations

sector. This intervention is made with the purpose to increase the amount of green spaces available for the new and the existing inhabitants of the area where the site is located. This initiative is being addressed through the creation of a new local park for the existing neighbourhoods of the area as well as the creation of a main green corridor related with small corridors distributed among the site. On the other hand, the second proposal is to incorporate a new use by creating a vertical farm to introduce the concept of self-sustain settlements, considering the increasing amounts of people that are depleting green lands as a result of the expansion of settlements and the increasing amount of food the growing populations demand.

Image 20: Vertical farm solution

40 Form speculations

Image 21: Proposal phases

41 Form speculations

Image 22: Urban Proposal

42 Form speculations

Image 23: Closer view

43 Form speculations

CHAPTER III. Conclusions

CONCLUSIONS

With regard to the two areas selected for the proposal, it is important to mention two different positions for each one to improve its situation. The area surrounding the historical site could play a metropolitan role, with spaces for leisure and parks, considering its location in front of a large scale avenue and in front of a metropolitan underground line. It might require some landmarks like the wholesale market that already exists, probably relocated to a more prominent building. However, there should be some proposals in the surroundings for some mixed use buildings to address the demand for residential solutions that the city requires, as well as addressing some scale issues and to articulate the surrounding buildings with the site.

find a way to improve the quality of its roads and streets by adapting its design for use by people and not just traffic.

On the other hand, the second area selected in the industrial area could have a different situation. Once the built environment was constructed, it is more interesting to continue its definition by adding new episodes to the urban fabric than just making a new grid that will simply erase patterns and forms already cultivated in the area throughout history. Even if these traces are new, it is possible to understand how the effort of a diversity initiative has brought a broad set of urban spaces. It is also interesting how a city allows one to see what it has been during its history, with different sections and facades that compose a type of collage city. In this situation, the urban reading is not only about what it is but also about what it was. In this case, it is important to survey the site to identify the best places that were defined, as much as finding gaps that might require attention to improve their definition and situation. For this second area, it is possible to propose the completion or improvement of its grid, considering that many blocks are a large and may require some attention to incorporate other uses into them. The intervention should consider how to clarify the reading of its urban fabric, linking urban places and enhancing urban events. It should also

47 Conclusions

LIST OF REFERENCES

Reynolds, R. (2008). On Guerrilla Gardening. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Yeang, K. (2008). Eco Master Planning. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. Krasojevic, M. (2007). Spatial Pathology Floating Realities. Bern: Springer Wien New York. Rogers, R. & Power, A. (2000). Cities for a small country. London: Faber and Faber. Richardson, T. (2004). Avant Gardeners. London: Thames & Hudson

49 List of references

I, Qunqun Tang, confirm that the work presented in this report is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the report.

Abstract This urban design project mainly aims at dealing with deficiency of public space in the deprived neighbourhoods. To comprehend the current situation and establish a corresponding strategy, two levels of researches are carried on: the evolving history of the site and the social strata of the neighbourhoods. Based on these analyses, I propose a strategy which is composed of an integrated system: while the attractive pavilions constructed by training locals begin to stimulate the dilapidated neighbourhood, green space gradually takes up the relics of the decadent housings and ties those pavilions into a public space cluster, serving as a pacemaker to a cardiac patient. This is not only a process of upgrading physical environment, but also a solution to the social problems. Finally, I hope the methodology developed in this case can also be referential to homogeneous sites.

Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Istanbul outline 1.2 Site introduction

5 5 6

2 Evolving history 2.1 North 2.2 South 2.3 Conclusion

8 8 9

Proposal: recycle of buildings and cities

4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.3

Zoom in analysis Basic analysis Social analysis Tarlabasi Pangalti Scenario

14 14 15 15 19 19

5 5.1 5.2

Case study: EL Raval, Barcelona Serpentine Gallery Pavilion

21 21 23

Strategy

Design

Conclusion

Bibliography

1 Introduction 1.1 Istanbul outline

To clarify the background of my project, I must give a brief account on the migration history and policy diversion of Istanbul. As early as 7th century BC, a Greek colony was founded in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Istanbul. It had developed and served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, th Latin Empireand the Ottoman Empire. Galata and later Pera (Beyoglu) acted as the commercial centre for trade and overseas maritime commerce.Slavs, Greeks, Jews and Armenians were allowed to settle because of whose diverse skills. In 1900, under 50% of a million population were Muslim. However, there was a mass exodus of the Greek and Armenian population from Istanbul since Ankara became the new capital. After riots in 1955 the remaining fraction also departed. The 1950s was stood out as a critical decade of transformation from an agricultural society to a new industrial structure. Istanbul became a major pole attracting migrants from rural areas so that the population doubled and reached 2.2 million in 1970. Starting from the 1970s, the population of Istanbul increased sharply, as people from Anatolia migrated to the city in order to find employment. At the height of the conflict between the PKK and the Turkish state in the 1990's, millions of Kurds fled the war-torn southeast and settled in large cities, such as Istanbul. Istanbul of 2000s has shift from uneven, excessive urban growth to urban transformation that has been put implementation with urban revitalization initiatives. A series of present renewal projects have 2 characteristics at large: Investments are highly focused on downtown meeting the demands of the investors. With a one-sided physical focus on built environment, social problems are degraded to a spatial level, ignoring social policy programs of great importance but do not yield immediate economic returns. Despite these regeneration projects, lower income groups continued to reside in the dilapidated historical neighbourhoods in the inner city. Successive crises in 2001 and 2002 had brought about an amount of job losses in all sectors, increasing rates of female and child labour in informal sector, though services sector kept its importance in cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy.

Figure 1.1 Site introduction

1.2 Site introduction

My site is located on the European side of the Istanbul, opposite to the historical peninsula. Tarlabasi boulevard and Cumhuriyet road pass through my site and divided it into 2 parts. In the eastern site there are broad avenues, couples of skyscrapers of hotels, the city hub Taksim square, modern culture centre and theatre, whereas the western part is filled with narrow shabby lanes, dilapidated housings and low income people. The most typical symbol is the uneven distribution of green space. The east part contains a large area of affiliated green of museums, hotels, library in addition to municipal green space such as Taksim park, Macka Demokrasi park. However, in the populous residences in the west, there is not virtually green space for neighbourhoods except the tiny religion gardens, street green and small patches of sports fields. The evident discrepancy is the main pull factor for me to choose it as my site. Why the scenes are so different from one side of road to the other? What generates these differences? Are there any reasons underlying the phenomena?

Figure 1.2 Difference comparison

Figure 1.3 Green space distribution

Figure 1.4 Urban grain

In the following field investigation, I found that the topography fluctuated greatly from east to west. The elevation is really low in the east due to close to the beach. In the middle of the site, the location of Tarlabasi boulevard and Cumhuriyet road, the elevation rises to approximately 80 metres. Going across the streets, the elevation decreases to a low plateau at Irmak road before rising dramatically at the west boundary. Both the huge height difference and the rugged and tortuous east-west roads resulting from the terrain make the east green space unaccessible for residents living in the west. My first thought was to direct people to cross the street and take advantage of the existing parks by improving the transportation, adding promenade overbridges. Later I realized that it was not enough since some of green space on the other side only opened to certain groups or classes while some others could not supple small-scale intimate green space for neighbourhoods. What the residents need may be a variety of green space ranging from big squares to pocket parks near their home. However, in a historic central neighbourhood, there is no more blank space to accommodate green space. Besides, most buildings here is no less than 3 storeys, thereby making the removal and resettlement too expensive to afford even if demolition is permitted in historical neighbourhood. After being puzzled by these problems, I began to search for the history of this site, which would probably suggest some solutions to the shortage of expense and spare space.

Figure 1.6 Transport

Figure 1.5 Land use map

Figure 1.7 Contour lines

2 Evolving history My site can be divided into two portions; the northern part belongs to Sisli, while the southern part is located in the Beyoğlu.

2.1 North

The urban age of this site can be traced back to 1862, when a wide road between Taksim and the military school in Pangalti was proposed, which we now call it Cumhuriyet road. This tree-lined artery was completed 7 years later, being extended to Sisli soon. Since then, the suburban vineyard started the process of urbanism. In the first half of 20th century, this area was shifted to be a shopping and residential area in one of the most attractive regions. From 1960 to 1980, the population increased sharply because rural people moved in, boosting the development of neighbourhood. However, between 1992 and 2000, the construction of a major Istanbul Metro İnşaatı'nın caused a recession on exclusive shopping centres. Besides, large shopping centres opened up in new CBD also played a significant role in economic decline. This indirectly affected the housing market, making the housing to be rent by low-income residents.

Figure 2.1 District development

2.2 South

As early as the middle age, settlements had built up along the northern shores of the golden horn. Since 1800s, this site became prosperous because foreign merchants, embassies, handicraftsmen had taken up those outskirts and turned them into a dense colony. During this period, various shops and boutiques gradually clustered along the Grande Rue de P矇ra (Istiklal Caddesi ), which has became the most significant pedestrian shopping street in Istanbul. In despite of the booming scene, periodical fires ravaged this site, especially in 1831 and 1871. Hence there are few buildings more than 150 years old left in this area. By the end of 19th century, it had been inhabited by primarily Greeks, Armenians, and Levantines. Nevertheless, in the 1950s, most non-Muslims were compelled to leave Istanbul. In 1986, according to Beyoglu Restoration Plan, Istiklal Caddesi was planned to be a pedestrian street to enhance the commercial attraction, which meant a new transportation axis must be created. In addition, the project aimed at connecting the old city centre with the new CBD with more convenient traffic infrastructure. More than 300 historic buildings were demolished for the construction of the new axis, namely Tarlabas覺 boulevard. After being cut off from the social and economic centre of Taksim, the west part entered a phase of dilapidation, as socio-economic depression also aggravated physical decay. In mid-1990s, it became a low-cost living area for internally displaced Kurds, undocumented immigrants and marginalized groups.

2.3 Conclusion

The northern part of the site has shorter history than the southern one. Consequently the age of buildings in the former neighbourhood is generally younger than the latter. Despite the past heydays, this site now have to confront a series of tough problems: the physical decay of neighbourhood buildings as well as the economic and social decline, resulting from the transfer of the commercial centre and the construction of Tarlabas覺 boulevard.

Table 2.1 District development process

Figure 2.2 District evolution

3 Proposal: recycle of buildings and cities As mentioned before, this site has experienced a process of growth and decay in the past hundreds of years, which is widespread phenomena in the urban evolution. Likewise, buildings also have their own cy cle process, which can be divided into 4 phases: construction, maintenance, decline and rebuilding. As time goes on, the incubative deterioration will expose as well as the maintenance fees will increase acceleratively. Once the maintenance fees reach a certain point, for example, equivalent to rent new premises, the building will be scrapped or leased to low income people who can endure poor living conditions. In both cases, the building will speed up dilapidation and finally come to an end. In this case, I propose a daring thought that if the remains are replaced by tailor-made green space rather than new buildings as soon as they are out of use, the green lines can be introduced into the city without interfering local peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life heavily. A series of urban regeneration and innovation projects in Istanbul were resisted by citizens because they forced locals to lose their own shelter. This proposal, however, making use of useless premises, will not engender homeless problems and break the neighbourhood relationship. Based on this approach, green space can penetrate this site little by little, eventually tied up as green lines serving the whole area. Considering the service radius and accessibility, I plan 3 green lines rooting in the Taksim park and Macka Demokrasi park, getting across the Cumhuriyet road and stretching to west boundary. To provide some activities in the west part so that the green lines can attract people get into this area, I added a north-south commercial axis starting from the north end of the Istiklal Caddesi, trying to lead the tourists promenading in the shopping street get into this area. The adjustment of existing street system will facilitate the process. Since the green space plan should be put into practise after the decay of the existing buildings, the whole process must last a long period which can be divided into 3 stages. By 2020, all the clearing, vacant and industrial land will be converted into public green space for it is very easy to operate. In terms of the analysis of buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; age and quality, those low quality buildings built before 1920 will become unable to use in 2050, so the green space can take place of them. The last stage is approximately from 2050 to 2100, when the present intermediate buildings constructed before 1970 turn into scrape houses, the whole green lines will be implemented. At that time, each resident of this site can easily reach a patch of green space for relaxation, fitness, entertainment after walking for no more than 3 minutes from home. Table 3.1 Planning developing phases

Figure 3.1 Planning developing phases

Figure 3.2 Planning structure

Figure 3.3 Concept Proposal

In addition of the general plan, the design of green space should thoughtfully consider the character and situation of the site. According to these terms and conditions, I classify the transform modes into 6 types: green-roof buildings, street green belts, central street parks, pedestrian streets, street side park and green overbridge. As showed below, each type corresponds a type of situation.

Figure 3.4 Transform mode distribution Table 3.2 Planning developing phases

Figure 3.5 Transform mode collage

4 Zoom in analysis This analysis will just focus on the middle green line for it relates to both the passable northern neighbourhood and the deprived southern neighbourhood, which will diversify the corresponding design.

4.1 Basic analysis

This site has various urban images. On the east side of the Cumhuriyet road, there are ultimate luxury 5 star hotels, spacious Taksim parks, top class residence and gorgeous business buildings. On the west side, due to the golden location and the attraction of Taksim square, the neighbourhoods sited close to the street also gather plenty of hotels, banks and offices. But the rest west part is totally occupied by low-income residenceS. Those neighbourhoods belong to or close to Tarlabasi are in the most terrible situation. In addition, there are some traditional churches and mosques which act as the landmarks of this area. According to the detailed land use map, I find that almost all the functions other than residence are located along the transport streets. As I have planned to transform the clearing and industrial land into green space before 2020, the along-the-road layout ensure the accessibility and publicity of the green space. The analysis of density is also very important because it provides an impelling reference to the layout of green line. The higher is the density, the more expensive resettlement fees will be. Moreover, if a number of natives are forced to move out, the previous neighbourhood relationship will suffer a huge damage, which is unbearable for fragile neighbourhoods mixed with a large proportion of migrants. To avoid the potential mess and conflict, it is better to introduce green space at the least expense of removing locals. This implies that the green space is inclined to be laid out at the relatively low-density neighbourhood.

Figure 4.1 Basic analysis

4.2

social analysis

While the previous green lines plan generally involve the whole site, a complimentary strategy must be proposed just focus on the tangible situation of middle green lines as the social problems here are very serious and intractable. As a result of the difference between the north part and south part, I chose Pangalti and Tarlabas覺 as the representative of them respectively. Because Tarlabasi is the most deprived district in my site, I will concern about it most of all and use the census of Pangalti and average level of Istanbul to compare with it.

4.2.1 Tarlabasi

Among the 45 administrative neighbourhoods in Beyoglu, Tarlabas覺 is not a single one but consists of 8 quarters. I used the average data of 3 most adjoining quarters on behalf of Tarlabasi. Tarlabasi mainly consists of multi-storey residential buildings, ranging between 50 and 100 m2. As a historical conservation site, new constructions and demolitions are forbidden while all renovations are subjected to special authorization, which means the proposed program must sufficiently consider the context and reservation principle. In fact, a majority of buildings are suffered continuous dilapidation. The detailed data are showed as follows.

Table 4.2.1 Physical condition of buildings

Another related data is about the tenancy structure. It is clear that the tenant percent is really high, which indicates that this part is a migration ghetto. After 1990s, the armed conflict between PKK and Turkish army forced the Kurdish population to immigrate into large cities, for example, Istanbul. The highly dilapidated degree makes the owners either abandon their housings or rent out at a surprisingly low charge. Both the cheap rent level and central location, which mean affordable living costs and accessible to informal labour market, strongly attract these new migrants, Once the migrants take up the damaged buildings, they are not likely to maintain the housings since they neither have capability nor willingness at all. Consequently, the dilapidation will speed up, which will form a vicious circle.

Table 4.2.2 Household Ownership

As the table below depicts, the unemployment problem is very prominent, especially the female unemployment. The average employment percent of Istanbul is almost 2 times as much as the figure of Tarlabasi. For a low income family, this kind of financial structure will aggravate poverty. Table 4.2.3 Employment population

One of the reasons for the unemployment problem is probably the low education level. The illiterate population proportion is more than two times of Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average level, while the proportion of well educated people is obviously less than average. This destined that the residents can hardly get high income and steady jobs.

Table 4.2.4 Education level

Another proof of the effects education exerts to employment is the occupation structure. The professionalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s percent of Tarlabasi is definitely less than the average level. On the contrary the services employment is distinctively higher than the average, possibly due to the advanced location adjoining tourist destinations, such as Taksim square and Istiklal Caddesi. In addition to the widespread low paid, precarious and casual employment, child labour is ubiquitous in the workshop and street vending, verifying the severity of existing dropouts phenomenon again. When these dropouts grow up, they are not qualified to get better jobs due to the low level of education.

Figure 4..2.1 Social problems

Table 4.2.5 Active population employed by professional profiles

Tarlabasi is also famous for the concentration of crime and prostitution. The long term impoverishment resulting from unemployment and low education level has catalyzed a variety of illegal activities. Furthermore, as t some of the buildings are vacant and some are occupied by new migrants, it is unable to form natural surveillance, namely eyes on the street to limit the opportunity for crime. On the contrary, the dilapidated environment and indifferent neighbourhood supple a paradise for the drug dealer and prostitutes, not t mention, the proximity to urban entertainment hub offers a considerable potential customer source.

Figure 4.2.2 Social data comparision

2.2.2 Pangalti

Pangalti is a residence district mixed with small groceries, schools and industrial buildings. The questionary of Pangalti interviews 60 residents, 27 of who are natives, the rest 33 are immigrations. Divergent from the Kurds in Tarlabasi, The migrants are mainly from the Black Sea region of Anatolia. 60% of residents are house-owners, suggesting that most migrants have settled down for many years. The education level is not only much higher than Tarlabsi, but exceeds the average level of Istanbul. Accordingly, the job structure also surpasses Tarlabsi. When the interviewees were enquired about the disadvantage of this area, 20% of them mentioned Security Problem, 10% referred lack of green space as the key problems, while 8.3% thought the transvestites, a type of prostitutes in Istanbul respectively. It is notable that a majority of female residence considered the crime as the most terrible problem, and the neighbourhoods near the Tarlabais are crime prone area.

4.2.3 Conclusion

The low education level of Tarlabsi dwellers leads to widespread unemployment and low income, in a word, poverty. The vacancy caused by heavy decay of the neighbourhood associated with the conflict and isolation between different ethnic groups and migration groups induce the deprived people to take the risk of engaging in illegal activities. Despite the higher education, employment level and better building environment, Pangalti also suffered the crime from the neighbourhoods nearby. The effects of green lines will be reduced unless the further design does propose a tangible solution.

4.3

Scenario

Many years later, if the government funds the green space program so that a series of green space have been completed, what will the neighbourhood look like? In the daytime, it might serve as oases in the concrete jungle: The open air market covered by colourful canopies will be crowd by locals and tourists, who are bargaining loudly about the fresh fruits, vegetables and flowers picked from the nearby plant allotment a few minutes ago. The elderly beneath the grapevines leisurely take a cup of drink, casually catching sight of a couple of juveniles rehearsing the new drama on the stage. The young man who is reading the jobs adverts in the genial sunshine slightly frowns when some housewives sitting on the brim of flowerbed discuss the visa application, whose children are playing with the barking dogs in the paddling pool. This is really a picturesque scene except the shoe shiner children and the fraud for tourists.

However, when the night comes, this site becomes entirely different. Let us imagine a native woman has to get home along. She will pass through a night road as the sparse street lamps have been broken. She can hear the bargain voice of drug dealer from some corner, as well as an affected accent from a prostitute hidden behind a pillar. Suddenly, a strong wind blows, and then an awning falls down from a dilapidated roof, crashing against the rock near her feet. No sooner does she calm down than a transvestite with heavy makeup whistles at her. Finally when she gets to see the light of her own home, she relaxes her fist and puts it back in her pocket, unbelievably finding that her wallet has been stolen. This is just first few days after the completion of the green lines. As time goes on, the fountains will no longer spray, the drinkers will urinate against walls, trees will dry out and recreational facilities will get lost. If the plan and design just concern the physical environment improvement, the decay of the social situation will still remain. To make full use of the green space, there must be adequate public activities taking place, otherwise the illegal activities will take advantage of it.

Figure 4.3 Day and night scenario

Case study:

5.1

EL Raval, Barcelona

I choose EL Raval as my case study because it has a series of characters in common with my site. Firstly, both of they are historical neighbourhood of high density in the centre of the city. Before the regeneration, EL Raval also suffered heavy decay and hosted the concentration of impoverished emigrants, indirectly leading to crime and prostitution. Until 1986, the government started a huge regeneration project led by architect Oriol Bohigas, emphasizing on design in public places. The key principle of the project was that when a public space is built or rebuilt in a decay neighbourhood, it did not only create high quality space, but also generated spontaneous transformations. The Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, designed by the renowned architect Richard Meier, was an integral part of EL Raval renewal project. Nowadays, it is the most sought-after tourist destination of Barcelona. It not only attracts vistors all over the world to this neighbourhood, but hosts a variety of art studios, galleries and trendy bookshops. Although the upgrade is a long-term process, there is already some encouraging achievement: housing market is tending to rise; the crime rate has reduced to the average level of Barcelona; physical environment has been improved; Employment has increased significantly, though new employees are often from other districts due to the low qualifications of locals. In other words, EL Raval turns to be a vibrant fashionable multi-cultural neighbourhood

Figure 5.1 Common characters

Figure 5.2 EL Raval location

Figure 5.3 Location of MACBA

Figure 5.4 MACBA

Figure 5.5 New contrast old

5.2 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion

Serpentine Gallery is located in Hyde Park, London, committed to making art accessible to all sectors of the society. Since 2000, the committee has invited an international architect to design a pavilion on the galleryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lawn every summer. The pavilion, erected for relatively little money, provides a unique showcase for contemporary architecture other than a cozy cafe, salon and screening room. The Serpentine Gallery Pavilion attractS up to 250,000 visitors annually, regularly ranked in the top 5 most attended architecture and design exhibitions in The Art Newspaperâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s survey.

Figure 5.6 Serpentine Gallery Pavillion

5.3

conclusion

The EL Raval regeneration program and Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art signify what an outstanding architect can contribute to a renewed neighbourhood. The case of Serpentine gallery pavilion shows how to associate the activities and construction with the green space. If I can devise a new method to tie the construction, green space and activities together, then I can solve both the physical decay and social problems.

Strategy

As the scenario I depicted before, the green lines project must be complemented with other social strategy. The current key problems of the site can be outlined as decay, migration, unemployment low-education level and crime. The first four questions interact and lead to the last one. To resolve, I must propose a strategy referring to all of them, therefore I try to deduce the single solution in respect of each one and integrate them into a complete strategy. Decay: As the residents of the site are all low income people, they are not likely to afford professional works to maintain their buildings. So the most tangible way is to enable the locals to master construction skills Migration: conflict and isolation are a frequent result of migration. To solve this problem, the migrants must communicate with locals as much as possible. Unemployment & low-education level: Creating new job opportunities is an efficient way to improve the employment rate. Nevertheless, the case of EL Raval proves that low education level deprives dwellers of good jobs. Consequently, the provided jobs must be of relatively simple skills without intensive theoretical basis. Moreover, unless the parents get a middle-income job, their children have to be dropouts and cheap labour force. To sum up, the new strategy must offer construction skills, communication and job opportunities. Based on the case study of EL Raval and Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, I propose the strategy of temporary pavilion. This strategy can be decomposed into 4 steps. Firstly, the material companies and property developers sponsor this project as an advertisement of their products. Secondly, architecture students join the competition of temporary pavilion, the winner of which will have the chance to design. These two phases aim to attract public participation. Meanwhile, the local unemployed people are taking basic training of construction skill. Once they master these skills, they embark on the construction of pavilions on the green lines. Finally, these pavilions are exhibited in the green space, serving as information booths, cafĂŠs, stages. After utilizing these pavilions, they will be sold out, donated to charity or be recycled as material for other construction.

Figure 6.1 Strategy effects

Figure 6.2 Strategy procedure

Through this strategy, the locals can learn some construction skills and get some payment, therefore when the pavilion project finishes, they will be qualified to find a new job in other construction site. Moreover, collective work provides an opportunity for them to be familiar with each other in spite of different background. Hopefully, they will keep in touch with previous colleagues after the pavilion project, becoming virtually friends. The pavilion strategy supplies the green space with plenty of sparking points accommodating a variety of activities, which will active the whole neighbourhood and attract tourists. If the green lines can be made full use of, the crime will be drove out of the neighbourhood.

Figure 6.3 Green & pavilion

Figure 6.4 Strategy overlay

7 Design To ensure that there are abundant activities both day and night in my site, the planning land use will be multifunctional, but different function groups should be given a main function. Consequently all the new functions are set up according to the existing land use. For example, the open air theater is located next to the university, sports centre is close to existing sports field, the tourists facilities gather around those hotels, the open air markets, following the host plan of commercial line, are distributed on the east side of Irmak road. Furthermore, a green-roof shopping mall will be sited at the intersection of the green line and Cumhuriyet road, trying to attract citizens to get into this area. As mentioned before, the north part of the site used to be prosperous as shopping and residence district and the decay is due to the removal of the boutiques. The green-roof can supple relaxation venues for locals and customers as well as the underground parking provides facilities for car drivers. In addition, considering the social problems, a job centre, a primary school and a community library will be built prior to others using the existing building materials.

Figure 7.1 Function structure

Figure 7.2 Shopping mall mode

Figure 7.3 Primary school& library& career centre

In the detailed design, I do my best to absorb the essences and symbols of Istanbul urban life, inspired by an exhibit of pioneers of the New York downtown scene at the Barbican. The gorgeous Turkish lamps, the arches of Big Bazaar, the finely woven carpets as well as the brightly colored canopies of the markets, constitute the strong impression of Istanbul marketplaces. I carefully organize and reproduce these elements in my open air market, embodying my respect of tradition and context.

Figure 7.4 Reference

A similar design is the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground. I selectively preserve some elements of street life and reconstruct them in an unusual scene rather than piece together the copies of the seesaws, slides, teeterboards. The external spiral fire staircases, the colorful clothes hanging above the street, the graffiti of intensive visual impact compose the images of the streets.

Figure7.5 Children's playground

Figure 7.6 Open air market

The reuse of building relics can also be seen in the plant corridor, where I use the pillar of a house as a vine trellis. Even in the new-built buildings, the roofs are mainly left to be plant allotment for users. As a result of the particular topography, there are a large number of slopes and steps. To make full use of it, I designed a skateboard playground for youngsters to release of excessive hormones. The field associated with other sports venues such as swimming pool, is what I dedicate to solve the juvenile crime. Likewise, I design an open air theater taking advantage of the slope.

Figure 7.7 Church square

Figure 7.8 Plant corridor

Figure 7.9 Open air theatre

Figure 7.10 Skateboard field

Figure 7.11 Pocket Park

The implement of the design are divided into 4 phases. It is envisaged that by 2100, the patches of green space can be tied up as a green line.

Table 7.1 Project Phases

Figure 7.12 Overall collage

Figure 7.13 Current situation

Figure 7.14 Phase 1: 2015

Figure 7.15 Phase 1: 2020

Figure 7.16 Phase 3: 2050

Figure 7.17 Phase 4: 2100

Figure 7.18 Partial 3Dmodel

Figure 7.19 Panoramic3D model

8 Conclusion The starting point of my project is the disparate distribution of green space on both sides of Tarlabasi boulevard and Cumhuriyet road, which is representative phenomena for the uneven economic and social development. However, as a result of the high density of the historical neighbourhood, there is neither blank space nor public capital to support the demolition-rebuilt/ plant mode. So I traced the history of the site to 19th century, hoping to comprehend how it developed to inspirit a new method in order to depict what it will be in the future. The history of my site did not disappoint me. It reveals the footprints of the city, the expansion of built-up area. According to the maps I collected, I gradually pieced together the evolution phases, which led me to consider the cycle duration of buildings and neighbourhoods. To simplify this procedure, I supposed the envisaged useful age of residences is the same, for example, 120 years. A building will ruin after being used for so many years, therefore I can get a blank land without demolishing constructions and removing inhabitants. To conduct the construction of green space, I planned a structure consisting of 3 green lines from the existing green core in the east and a commercial line from the pedestrian shopping street. The process is composed of 3 stages, the first is to take up the limited vacant space whereas the next 2 stages mean conversion after the end of existing buildings. The buildings involved in the second step were built 50 years earlier than that of the third one. Likewise, the envisaged ruin of the former will be 50 years earlier than the latter. Considering the reservation and construction material, good quality buildings will last longer than average ones. This is just the general plan of the whole site. To complete the project, I catalogued a variety of detailed design for tangible situation. The next phase of my design was to choose the middle green lines to do further research, as I was interested in the diversion of the neighbourhood. As a typical portion of my site, it reserves all the sociospatial unevenness. In addition to the basic analysis, I focused on the social analysis of my site, especially Tarlabasi, the notorious slum in the north. After comparing the census of Pangalti, Tarlabasi and average level of Istanbul, I concluded 4 key problems and a core one: decay, migration, unemployment, low level of education and crime. Based on the unsatisfied situation, imagined a future scene that the green space was agreeable during the daytime whereas terrible in the night. I realized that the single green space plan was unable to rescue the neighbourhood unless it was complimented by other social project. Then I studied the case of EL Raval, which had similar problems before regeneration, suggesting that new attractions can create new jobs, improve localâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ownership, active the all neighbourhood. The next case is Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, implying that once the green space combines with some projects, it can release unbelievable energy. I added sparking points to green lines while proposed the strategy of temporary pavilion. This 4 steps cycle will attract outside participation, financial investigation as well as enable unskilled unemployed locals to do construction work and get payoff. Hopefully, the group work of constructing the pavilion will let them make friends and improve their ownership, therefore the social environment will be improved. The implement procedure comprises 4 phrases corresponding the plan for the whole site except decomposing the first one into two stages. In the detailed design, I extracted elements of the urban life and reproduced them with new organization.

All in all, the single improvement of physical environment is far from enough to upgrade a neighbourhood. A successful design should sufficiently consider the economic, social and political projects, which is a responsibility of architects. I realize perhaps my strategy is a bit unrealistic and naive, my process duration is a little long, my comprehension of the underlying social economic background is a bit superficial, but at least I proposed my plan, strategy and design to solve the unevenness in a moderate and careful way. If it can provide some reference to successors, I will be very gratified.

Bibliography Tim Marshall. Transforming Barcelona. Routledge, London. 2004. Matthew Carmona. Public places, urban spaces : the dimensions of urban design. Architectural, Oxford. 2010. Monica Montserrat Degen. Sensing cities : regenerating public life in Barcelona and Manchester. Routledge, London 2008. Jan Gehl .Life between buildings. Island Press, London. 2011. Ali Madanipour. Whose public space? : international case studies in urban design and development. Routledge, London.2010. Is the grass greener--? : learning from international innovations in urban green space management. CABE Space, london. 2004. Frank Eckardt, Kathrin Wildner. Public Istanbul : spaces and spheres of the urban. Transcript, Bielefeld. 2008. Deniz Göktürk, Levent Soysal and İpek Türeli. Orienting Istanbul : cultural capital of Europe? Routledge , London.2010. Zeynep Çelik. The remaking of Istanbul : portrait of an Ottoman city in the nineteenth century. University of Washington Press, ttle ; London. 1986 Nur Bahar Sakızlıoglu, Impacts of urban renewal policies: the case of Tarlabasi. Istanbul. 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608464/index.pdf Mimar Fatma Ceylan ELGİN. YILDIZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ. Istanbul. 2008 http://www.belgeler.com/blg/17iq/kentsel-donusum-projelerinde-kullanici-katiliminin-onemi-pangalti-ornegilocal-community-participation-in-urban-transformation-projects-pangalti-example Urban age newspaper. Istanbul city of intersections. http://www.urban-age.net/publications/newspapers/istanbul/ Nermin Saybasili. Tarlabasi:“Another World” in the City http://www.de-regulation.org/files/dereg/nsaybasili-tarlabasi1.pdf Alison Blake. Pocket Parks. http://depts.washington.edu/open2100/pdf/2_OpenSpaceTypes/Open_Space_Types/pocket_parks.pdf Serpentine gallery. http://www.serpentinegallery.org/architecture/ humanity architecture.http://architectureforhumanity.org/ PennPraxis. Green2015: An Action Plan for the First 500 Acres. http://issuu.com/pennpraxis/docs/green2015_full Space syntax.Trafalgar Square.

http://www.spacesyntax.com/en/projects-and-clients/urban-projects/trafalgar-square.html El Raval,http://geographyfieldwork.com/ElRaval.htm

Integrated Urban Settlement

Wei WANG

UD5

MArch Urban Design 10-11

Integrated Urban Settlement Social Sustainability, Equality, Concern for Disadvantaged People

Wei WANG UCL The Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Urban Design 10-11 BENVUD 4.0 Thesis Unit 5-Tutors: Peter Feldmann & Sarah Manning

Integrated Urban Settlement Social Sustainability, Equality, Concern for Disadvantaged People

Wei WANG UCL The Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Urban Design 10-11 BENVUD 4.0 Thesis Unit 5-Tutors: Peter Feldmann & Sarah Manning 1

I, Wei WANG, confirm that the work presented in this report is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the report.

ACRONYMS AKP Adalet ve Kalk覺nma Partisi (Justice and Development Party) NGO Non-Governmental Organisation TOKI Toplu Konut Idaresi (Mass Housing Administration) UT Urban Transformation programme operated by TOKI TL Turkish Lira

Abstract As Turkey is in the process of joining Europe, it needs a healthy environment to develop its biggest and most important city: Istanbul. However, a series of problems can be noticed in Istanbul’s current situation. It is said that the problems that impose restrictions on bettering Istanbul are conflicts between different ethnic groups, between disadvantaged groups and ruling/upper classes. The idea is based on several investigations of social problems accompanied with concern about particular neighbourhoods. For example, Sulukule in Istanbul was a famous old Romani community and this study intended to explore the people’s lives under the city development and social problems. The aim for this project was to mediate the conflicts by opening up opportunities between disadvantaged people and others through increasing integration of understanding each other, as well as providing a sustainable system to help disadvantaged groups get rid of poverty, prejudice, inequality and the high rate of illiteracy, which should be considered in order to make a healthy environment for city sustainability. This project proposes a unique but connected urban settlement for the people who lived in Sulukule with design strategies of exploring the urban grain based on its culture, lifestyle and social characteristics for further development. This would help these characteristics to become integrated within the whole society of Istanbul while improving the actual living environment, including reputation, education, social positions and living conditions, by encouraging the people to contribute spontaneously to their new urban life in this settlement. This report begins with a review of current social status in Istanbul and then an analysis of the two significant phenomena that describe how social circumstances can affect a citizen’s urban life and can harm social stability. Afterwards, a step-by-step detailed case study of one of the two phenomena explores Sulukule neighbourhoods’ characteristics in order to find a reasonable solution. Finally, it concludes with a design proposal and strategies, with supporting references and analyses.

Draft Sketch of Plan

Contents Chapter 1. DECIPHERING ISTANBUL: ANALYSIS OF ISTANBUL’S DEVELOPMENT 8 1.1 Political and economic instability - constitutional amendment 9 1.2 Social conflicts under instability - background 12 1.21 Demolishing Gecekondus in Istanbul 1.22 Urban transformation intensified unstable status Chapter 2. 2 EVALUATION OF THE UT PROGRAMME IN SULUKULE 14 2.1 Introduction: Sulukule and the UT programme 2.2 Comparison between housing of Sulukule and Taşoluk 19 2.21 Taşoluk 2.22 Sulukule 2.3 The negative situation of Sulukule 28 Chapter 3. 3 FINDING SUSTAINABLE CHARACTERISTICS FOR DEVELOPING SULUKULE 2.1 Findings from research above-call for proper education oriented settlement 2.2 Successful events of helping people in Sulukule 2.3 Developing Sulukule - positive features Chapter 4. 4 EXPLORING YEDIKULE: BARRIERS OR A POSSIBLE FEATURE FOR DEVELOPMENT 39 Chapter 5. DESIGN YEDIKULE SETTLEMENT: SEEKING BALANCE BETWEEN DISTINCTION AND INTERGRATION 46

...Sulukule after Demolition

Chapter One. DECIPHERING ISTANBUL: THE CURRENT BACKGROUND OF ISTANBUL’S DEVELOPMENT Being host to several civilisations and empires over the centuries, Istanbul’s silhouette is defined by spires, minarets, columns and increasingly taller buildings (Sudjic, 2009, p.3). It seems that Istanbul has successfully sped up its development as a new surging city. However, some hidden factors have appeared, showing the unsuitable status of this development. ‘Recent developments have shown how quickly political uncertainty can translate into economic disturbances. The most important areas to be addressed are well known to all of us, social security reform, for example, it is high priority. But there are others, for example, reducing the size of the huge Turkish informal economy, reforming the labour market to increase job creation to improve the business climate, and improving current operation system to make it more consistent to labour market demand, and to raise the quality of labour force.’ --- José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission (Istanbul: the Conflicts between Europe and Islam. 2008. Television programme. Japan: NHK Television, 19 June)

1.1 Political and economic instability - constitutional amendment Istanbul has experienced a decrease in foreign

of the recent success in constitutional amendment; the

investment (Diagram 1.1) due to concerns about

increasing number of people who wear turbans on the

its possible unstable political status (Istanbul: the

streets at present serves as a classic example (Photo

Conflicts between Europe and Islam. 2008. Television

1.3&1.4).

programme. Japan: NHK Television, 19 June.) However, it is said that the activity of changing the In 2002, an Islamic Party called AKP (Justice and

secularist constitution has been seriously argued

Development Party) emerged and finally took charge of

against by secularists (who form a major part of

Turkey. Afterwards, they constantly tried to increase the

large enterprises and the upper class in Istanbul),

position and power of Islam in every aspect of Turkeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

as this clause is the most important part that was

operation, such as law and economy. For instance,

set up by Mustafa Kemal AtatĂźrk. He was the

they encouraged citizens to support a constitutional

first president of the Republic of Turkey and is

amendment in 2003, which could be seen as the first

credited with being the founder of the country.

emergence of Islamic power. Moreover, it has affected

Being secular in this country is key for globalisation.

Turkish society and it has resulted in the start of conflict between different viewpoints of the polity (secularists

CONFLICTS

1.2

and Islamists, Pie Chart 1.2), as they suggest that people should raise the profile of traditional Islamic

DISADVANTAGED

features such as turban wearing in public spaces.

VS.

This had been forbidden by national constitution.

GROUPS RULING/UPPER

In Islamists

Furthermore, the clause of the prohibition was

CLASSES

unchangeable by law. Nevertheless, Islamists are now allowed to show their belief in public places as a result

DIFFERENT POLITICAL

POLITICAL+ECONOMICAL

STANDPOINTS

+EMOTIONAL+EDUCATIONAL GAPS

1.1

Economic / Trade Development Speed

Before Played a key role in world trade/between western & eastern counties Markets Increased exchange wide range of goods with its healty system.

15th/16th Century Ottoman Empire protected key seagoing trade routes Temporary Flourished economically thanks to its control of the major overland trade routes between Europe and Asia.

1980s

Decreased European powers were driven to find another way to the ancient silk and spice routes, because of Ottomans

Open Trade Policy Growth

2000-current Unbalanced Economic &Political Status

blockading sea-lanes to the

DESCREASE

East and South

1.1 Political and economic instability - constitutional amendment Considering the Islamic nations around Turkey,

DEMOGRAPHIC

1.3

secularists (mainly including elites in the areas of

OTHER 7%

ATHEISTS 2 %

THE KURDS 18%

CHRISTIANITY 0.6 %

economy, education and politics) argue that there is

THE TURKS 75%

OTHERS 0.1 %

no benefit to Turkeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development if Islamic power ISLAM 97.2%

increased with regards to its role in development (Istanbul: the Conflicts between Europe and Islam. 2008. Television programme. Japan: NHK Television, 19 June). However, adherents who would like to

ETHNIC GROUPS

RELIGION GROUPS

reveal their beliefs form a high percentage of Turkish society. Furthermore, it has been proposed that they should be allowed to wear Islamic style clothes in university campuses and government institutions; therefore, demonstrations and conflicts have occurred in Istanbul(Photo 1.5), which have resulted in its unstable status and probably affected the process of it becoming an official member of the European Union.

1.4 1.5

1.7

Photo 1.4 shows people wearing headscarves chanting slogans in front of istanbul university to protest against the headscarf ban at universities. Ap photo Photo 1.5 shows people supporting Secularism showing National Hero Ataturkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s picture. (Photo Capture, Istanbul: the Conflicts between Europe and Islam. 2008. Television programme. Japan: NHK Television, 19 June)

The conflicts between Islamists and secularists are

Gecekondu basically means mass housing settlements

also in relation to current social gaps among different

or squatter houses that are built at night illegally

races. According to research into Istanbul’s social and

because of the increasing number of immigrants during

demographic factors on Urban Age website, most

Turkey’s industrialization (Esen 2009, 49). At present, the

adherents of Islam achieve a low level of education and

population who live in Gecekondus are mostly people

are in the lower class. On the other hand, secularists

who support Islamic policy; in addition, the majority of

are mostly well educated and in the middle/upper

them face financial, living and social problems as they are

class. They seem to live in various different camps

on low incomes and have low social positions.

with barriers between them. Moreover, after years 1.2.2 Urban transformation intensified unstable status

of neglect of ethnic minorities such as Kurds and Romanies in Istanbul, or even in Turkey in general, these people are facing many difficulties in finding jobs and

In the process of upgrading Istanbul’s urban typology,

gaining social security, which can lead to increasingly

which the government thinks is an essential step in

unbalanced and intensified contradictions in Turkish

reaching the requirements of joining Europe, several

society. This kind of problem can be exemplified by the

strategies have been implemented in the urban areas of

findings detailed in the following sections.

Istanbul. Urban Transformation (UT) is one of them.

1.2.1 Demolishing Gecekondus in Istanbul

However, it is said that this programme seems like a slum clearance project because it planned to relocate poor

Over fifty per cent of Istanbul’s population live in

people who live in Gecekondus from the city centre to

informal settlements called Gecekondus (Istanbul

the urban outskirts. As a result, disadvantaged people

Report, 2008)[Diagram1.6& Photo1.7]. This kind of

are losing their homes under this programme, which

settlement was built between 1945 and 1985: a time

is managed by the head of TOKİ, the Prime Ministry’s

of flourishing industrial development in Istanbul.

Housing Development Administration. Whether in

People have normal or decent residence People live in informal settlements/ slums/ squatter residents Informal settlements Build-up Area Water Area

1.6 POPULATION IN ISTANBUL 50% LIVING IN GECEKONDUS (INFORMAL SETTLEMENT)

1.2 Social Conflicts Under Instability - Background Sulukule or in Süleymaniye within the

occupied by Kurdish people, and the

strongly against this government

historic peninsula, or in Tarlabaşı or

Sulukule area, populated by Romany

plan.

Zeytinburnu to the west of the city,

(gypsies) populations and Turkish

many areas are now subject to this

immigrants, are already targets for

This UT programme strengthened

urban transformation programme

the programme (Aksoy 2009, 48).

the inequality and conflicts between

i nvo l vi n g t h e ex p ro p ri at i o n o f

disadvantaged groups and other

private property in return for cash

In terms of Sulukule, it has now been

classes. This is not only because

compensation or relocation to new

demolished. TOKI reconstructions

Taşoluk is a place that lacks the

developments in the far periphery.

are ongoing with a new urban plan

essential infrastructure required

Thus, the historic Tarlabaşı district

for this area. The people who lived

for daily life but also because it

in Beyoğlu, with its abandoned

in Sulukule have been relocated to

has built a spatial barrier between

Greek Orthodox churches and its

Taşoluk at urban outskirts. However,

disadvantaged people and the rest

streets of dilapidated nineteenth-

before Sulukule was demolished

of the civilians. Further evaluation of

century houses that are currently

completely, the inhabitants were

UT is provided in the next section.

1.8 URBAN TRANSFORMATION RELOCATION

New high-rise project blocks of UT Informally developed build-up area will be demolished City centre area

DISTANCE OF RELOCATION

Now

Future

Photo 1.9 Demolishing Sulukule

Sulukule

TaĹ&#x;oluk

Chapter Two. EVALUATION OF THE UT PROGRAMME IN SULUKULE 2.1 Introduction: Sulukule and the UT Programme Sulukule Sulukule is a well-known neighbourhood situated in the historic part (the peninsula) [Diagram 2.2 ] of Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s European side; it is located alongside the Theodosian city walls [Photo 2.3], which were built in 447 AD. Though it is home to many different groups of people, the place was characterised by Romany people, who have lived in the area of Sulukule for numerous generations. They also have an intense relationship with social connections for their survival (Johnson and Adanali 2009, 13).

Photo 2.1

2.2

Sulukule

2.3

People Although there were vast numbers of non-Romany people who lived and worked there (Diagram 2.4), the strong Romany style(2.5) made this place remarkable and colourful. With proficient musicians, dancers and artists, Istanbul (even the Turkish Ottoman court) has been greatly influenced by Romany music. Furthermore, they formed an important part of the Ottoman military band and enabled it to become one of the top musical groups in the country. Also, many internationally recognised belly dancers come from Sulukule.

2.4

17% Romany (Gypsy)

Non-Romani People

2.5

Economy Sulukule was renowned for its entertainment performance houses. The number of this kind of house reached 35 at one time in the 1950s. They brought great amounts of tourists and amateurs, as well as increased economic benefits. The result of shutting down the entertainment houses in 1992 serves as a typical example of how Sulukule can affect Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy: there was a significant economic decrease as there were numerous industries that provided support services to the entertainment houses (Placing Sulukule 2007, 23)

‘Clearance’

2.6

In 2006, Sulukule was chosen as the first site for the UT programme in Istanbul in the process of preparing it to be the 2010 European Capital of Culture. The programme is being implemented under the control of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, the District (Fatih) Municipality and TOKİ. The plans for Sulukule involved resettling landlords onsite but evicting and relocating tenants offsite. This means that nearly 70 per cent (see table 2.6) of the residents who live in Sulukule could be affected by eviction and relocation offsite. Thus, the people living there will be evicted and required to leave their livelihoods and then demolitions will take place throughout the area. A new gentrification plan will take over in this area. The tenants will be moved from Sulukule and relocated to a

new housing block in Taşoluk 45km away from the historical peninsula, without essential infrastructures for living. It is said that the fast-built high rise blocks could completely change the previous neighbourhoods’ social networks, which could result in a slum area.

In addition, property owners would have the opportunity to stay in Sulukule if they could afford the price differentials between the current property valuation and the price of the new houses (Figure 2.8); however, most of them could not afford the difference and have sold to third parties (ÇİFTÇİOĞLU 2009, 27).

2.7

Reactions Following their relocation t o Ta Ĺ&#x; o l u k , m a n y f a m i l i e s experienced a second wave of eviction. They were forced to leave their apartments because they could neither adapt to the living conditions there nor afford to pay the monthly rent, building fees or other costs. Most of the evictees returned to areas near their old neighbourhood (Diagram 2.7 & 2.9).

2.8

Figure 2.8 For many of the owners, rental housing is a source of income that they will lose once they have moved to the new houses, as the design and size of the new houses will not allow them to keep renting out part of the building. On the other hand, the compensation for the value of their property is too low and the size of the houses are too large; therefore the final price of the property is too high for the payment capabilities of the inhabitants.

ISOLATION

Most of the evictees returned to areas near their old neighbourhood

For owners of registered buildings, the situation is not favourable either. The cost of the restoration is out of reach for most of the inhabitants of the area.

2.9

People in Sulukule Against URBAN TRANSFORMATION

Chapter Two. 2.2 Comparison Between Housing of Sulukule and Taşoluk planned metro station will be

Secondly, it is said that there

located twenty minutes’ drive

are some textile industries

This section provides an analysis

from the relocation site (Stories

and a significant amount of

of the physical as well as the

behind the Wall 2008, 128).

construction sites that could

2.2.1Taşoluk

offer jobs to residents (Stories

socio-economic aspects of the high rise settlements in Taşoluk

Furthermore, the residents, as

behind the Wall 2008, 128).

(Photo 2.10).

mentioned in a prior section, are

However, it is known that

mostly suffering from poverty

the residents have skills such

The site and social housing for

or low incomes, so it is obvious

as music, dance and arts.

resettlement

that they could not afford a

While these opportunities can

private car for daily travelling.

provide jobs, it seems that the

To begin with, the location of

2.10

relocation seems inappropriate

residents do not have enough options to develop in terms of

area for urban life. This is

their advantages, especially to

because according to a local

reveal their identity and unique

planner’s opinion, Taşoluk is in

features that made Sulukule a

the metropolitan region and

distinct place in Istanbul.

not the metropolitan area of Istanbul; it is considered as in the

In addition, considering the

urban outskirts approximately

social housing types and

45km away from the historical

payment, affordability could be

peninsula. Additionally, it is not

an issue for the residents:

far from a forest conservation and water catchment area

In the Taşoluk blocks, TOKI

(Stories behind the Wall 2008,

provided two sizes of

127). Moreover, there is only

apartment: 83 m² and 118 m².

a bus line from Taşoluk to the

The costs are as follows.

city centre and this journey usually takes 50 minutes by car

For selling prices, they have

on weekdays. Though Fatih

several grades of prices (without

Municipality promised that it would build a new metro line within six years to serves the residents in this area, the

taxes particular to the UT programme residents) (Stories behind the Wall 2008, 131):

The market price: 1,200 – 1,500 TL per m² The TOKI price for social housing: 1,000 TL (+ taxes) per m² The price for newcomers from the urban renewal area: 600 TL per m² Furthermore, the real price varies depending on the floor, orientation and views; therefore, the prices of new apartments for people in the UT programme are: The 83 m² apartment: 49,000 – 56,000 TL The 118 m² apartment: 70,000 – 80,000 TL Choosing the small apartment (83 m²) to calculate the lowest amount for monthly mortgage repayments (180 months) is 273 TL However, according to Sulukule Platform’s social survey in 2008 (Stories behind the Wall 2008, 132), 59.38% of families that lived in Sulukule paid less than 200T L monthly in rent (see chart 2.11). Moreover, in terms of the monthly income per family (see chart 2.12), it is obvious that 44.44% of the renter families earn less than 500 TL per month.

2.12

2.11

Rent (TL/M)

To conclude, considering the physical environment, the gap between previous rent costs (200 TL per month) in Sulukule and the new apartment mortgage in Taşoluk (273 TL/m at least, excluding travelling and daily expenses) and the average incomes of the families, it can be concluded that most of the people joining the UT programme are not likely to adapt to this area in terms of the living conditions or living costs of Taşoluk: this situation could result in homelessness. 2.2.2 Sulukule

Spatial comparison

consist of shops and residences;

On the contrary, Sulukule has

The physical environment in

the width of each building

been considered as an organic

Sulukule mainly comprises one

does not usually exceed six

area in the occupations it offers

or two-storey houses and three

meters. According to Jan Gehl

(Stories behind the Wall 2008,

or four apartments that have

(2010, 22), narrower storefronts

138). This suggestion can be

commercial ground-floor shops

could enhance the connection

attested by several explorations

around common courtyards.

between passengers and shops.

and analyses as follows:

The latter types of buildings

Thus, he indicates that the

design for a commercial street

2.13

should consider the vertical line appearance in order to build sociable feelings and afford pleasurable ease for customers(2.13). Therefore, in Sulukule, the spatial type and building form promotes the collective use of space and represents the hybrid of the built environment and social life. On the other hand, the design

Comparison of empty street and vertical street (Cities for people 2010)

Sight contacts

unfriendly and uncomfortable

of the relocation site (Taşoluk)

Sulukule is a place where

because they would wave their

is formal and symmetric and

residents spend much more

hands to say ‘Hello’ with warm

adopts the clear division of

time in the public space

smiles. Basically, it is said that

private, public and commercial

than in private rooms. It is

women can see their children

spaces. For instance, it has

revealed that one of the

and neighbours by watching via

more than ten metres of road

Romany characteristics is

a window or balcony (Stories

between each residential high

family control (figure 2.14).

behind the Wall 2008, 155).

rise building, which deepens the

When the researcher took

inhabitants’’ sense of distance:

pictures in some communities

Additionally, the balconies

every high buildings seems like a

that contain Romany families,

located on the 1st floor or

separate gate from others. This

it was found that women

above could be considered as

represents a typical suburban

quite liked to watch strangers

a functional design that could

area that promotes the social

through their windows,

build a grey space for daily chat

and cultural isolation of its

sometimes they using curtains

among neighbours, as well as a

inhabitants (Stories behind the

to partly hide themselves.

natural place for their control,

Wall 2008, 135).

However, they were not

participating in street life and gaining information directly. Also, buildings can be connected by this eye-sight contact; therefore people could enhance their social network, improving integration in Sulukule. This means that a harmonious and peaceful relationship could be constantly maintained.

2.14 Sight contacts by families 21

However, with regards to

First of all, courtyards brought

the relationship between

people to live and work together

residents in Taşoluk, it seems

as their lifestyles involve mainly

that residents experience a

outdoor activities, such as

completely different social life

talking, relaxing, housework,

due to the building form. More

etc. Furthermore, for both

specifically, high rise apartments

Romany and non-Romany

show a clear edge between

people, it involved their

the private and public. It has

everyday living and working and

a balcony for shaded talking

the sharing of experiences.

space and it maintains close eye contact not only between the street and rooms, but also between each building because of the wide distance. Moreover, the apartments do not have courtyards and they are located in a straight vertical line without

“I’ve been living in Sulukule my whole life (something like 50 years) and we have never had problems with Romani community, they are our neighbours and we can share spaces and live in peace”(Placing Sulukule2007, 60).

interlacing for the different

Besides, as Romany people

heights of family windows and

usually have strong family ties in

balconies, unlike Sulukule.

the community, they live around courtyards in order to stay

Communal courtyard It is obvious through this plan made by the Fatih Municipality that the new buildings in Taşoluk do not have communal courtyards (2.15). However, the courtyard in Sulukule was a crucial space for building relationships between different families.

connected. The extended form of their family serves as a typical example: on average, each family has two children; when the kids have grown up and got married, they still live spatially connected, like sharing an inner courtyard with their parents (Personal interview by author around Sulukule area, January and April 2011). “I live with my family and my aunt’s family in the same house, we share the kitchen, the living room, and each family has a room” (Placing Sulukule2007,

2.15 Plan of Taşoluk

60).

2.16 Collage of Communal Courtyard

The Function of Courtyard: neighbours meeting in Sulukule, 2007 2.17

The Function of Courtyard: neighbours meeting in Sulukule, 2007 2.18

The city wall’s neighbour

2.19 Sulukule behind the City Wall (Sulukule alternative urban plans 2009)

Romanies have a long history in in the community of Sulukule: they have been living in the areas along the Theodosian walls for more than 1000 years. In other words, the wall has probably formed a part of their family history. With the world heritage site next to homes, Sulukule’s residence has lasted many generations. Yet in Taşoluk, there are no such memories and connections with people’s previous lives for those who are relocated there. Balanced Romany culture in the Turkish social environment As mentioned above, high

“I’m not Romani but I’ve been

rise buildings could damage

living here for long time in a

the relationships between

good relationship, what the

people, thus between different

municipality is doing (UT)

cultures as well. Nevertheless,

right now is not right” (Placing

in Sulukule, the integration

Sulukule 2007, 60).

of Romany and non-Romany people is evident not only in the living area at a neighbourhood level but also in commercial activities. Sulukule is a wellbalanced example that shows that such integration leads to racial harmony while retaining a particular remarkable identity as a sign of this community.

The definition of Turkish

Furthermore, as the date of

Romanies in Istanbul

Romany people inhabiting

2.20

Turkey can be traced back 1,000 Eriksen defines ethnicity as: “an

years (Tait 2008), Romanies

aspect of social relationship

i n Tu r k e y h a v e a n a t u r a l

between agents who consider

place there that may differ

themselves as culturally

to other Romanies in Europe.

distinctive from members of

Furthermore, the race of

other groups with whom they

Romany people who are living

have a minimum of regular

in Turkey (meaning the Rom,

interaction” (Ethnicity and

Dom and Lom) are considered

Nationalism: Anthropological

sedentary Romanies rather

Perspectives, 12.).

than nomadic Romanies. The differences from nomadic

Before attempting to make

Romanies are various. Before

a number of observations on

the ethnicity of the two kinds

Romanies’ social situations and

of Romanies can be analysed, a

living conditions, it is necessary

definition of how ethnic groups

to identify the real Romanies in

can be clarified is essential:

Lazy Good UT*

Lack of Education 0%

20%

40%

Statistics of people’s attitude t * UT: Urban Transformation

Turkey. This group of Romany people is called sedentary

Kar lıd ağ and Mar s h ( 20 0 8 ,

Romanies, which differ from

p.147), suggest that It is

others, especially those

unnecessary to clarify an

considered nomadic Romanies.

ethnicity of a particular race by the ‘blood ties’ of its members.

To begin with, it is hard to

Moreover, it is said that people

provide definite boundaries

cannot determine an ethnic

between cultures in Turkey

group biologically within fixed

b e c a us e t he ethnic groups

boundaries. Thus, it is obvious

living in this country are closely

that the diverse Romany

interlaced and also cannot be

communities in Turkey may be

homogeneous and ‘racially’ or

identified as an ethnic group

even ‘culturally’ discrete: they

without considering their ‘blood

have profoundly influenced each

relations’. This is because of

other and share characteristics

several reasons, detailed as

(Karlıdağ and Marsh 2008, 147)

follows.

Therefore, regardless of the ethnic differences between

Marsh and Strand (2006, 102)

Romanies and Turkish people,

indicate that a “Romany in

their cultural overlap is obvious.

Turkey” has “the option of

2.21

Education statistics

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

Illiterate

2.21

PREJUDICE

2.22

COMMUNICATION REQUIRED

60%

towards Gypsies

80%

“They are lazy,illiterate and most of them have connections with crime. ” ---- A security of a school near Sulukule

100% 2.23

A 17-YEAR OLD BOY SELLING FLOWERS ON THE STREET IN ISTANBUL “Their children dropped out from school very early, the kids are born for work. They donot have enough education.” --- A Web Designer from Istanbul

Elementary Elementary High School Graduates Drop Outs Graduates

activating multiple identities”

identity is clear and distinct and

in this area have experienced

and point out that the character

has become part of Sulukule’s

these social problems, but

of Islam is a religion that crosses

identity, there are many other

also other vulnerable groups.

ethnic barriers and connects the

groups including Turks and

Additionally, even though

Turks and Romanies, despite

Kurds.

Romanies have integrated well within the communities,

the ethnic differences between them, as equals during prayer

2.3 The negative situation of

they still have little chance to

in the mosque. This is a trait

Sulukule

integrate with other groups

t h a t a t t ra ct s man y Tu rkish

Although it is obvious that

outside of Sulukule because of

Gypsies: “I believe that here lies

Sulukule shows its unique and

prejudice such as bad reputation

the crucial difference between

sustainable features to the

relating to crime and informal

the Romany of Turkey and the

public and it seems like a natural

activities. Regardless of in which

Roma in Europe. A Muslim

habitat for mixing Romany

part of Turkey they live, which

Romany identifies more with a

and Turkish culture, as well as

majority culture dominates them

Turkish Muslim, albeit he/she is

other ethnic groups, this area

or whether they lead nomadic

gadjo, and less with a foreign

has suffered a wide range of

or sedentary lives, the cultural

(Christian), yabancı Rom.”

prejudices and social stigma

pattern is still there. This leads

within Istanbul from the rest of

to the common experience

Demographics in Sulukule

the country’s citizens. Residents

of poverty and exclusion for

As far as demographics are

there also face serious problems

these groups as a direct result

concerned, it is evident that in

such as illiteracy, unemployment

of the social and economic

Sulukule, although the Romany

and a high rate of working

marginalisation that affects

children. Not only Romanies

these groups.

Employment statistics 2.24

30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

Artisans

Informal Jobs

Labouring Musicians Working Un Children employment

Chapter Three. FINDING SUSTAINABLE CHARACTERISTICS FOR DEVELOPING SULUKULE

The objective of this section is to map certain communities, such as Sulukule, that feature Romany culture in Istanbul with emphasis on their social situation within the general society, including education, accommodation, employment and health. This could be seen as a means to deal with the discrimination and exclusion that they face.

2.25 Education Issue can lead to various problems

Arts EDU Issues

Poverty

Unemployment

Bad Reputation

Strong Sense of Community 29

Roamni Festival in Sulukule 2009

3.1 Proper education-oriented

Also, in terms of the bar chart

Moreover, from bar chart

settlement

(2.24) that shows the main areas

2.24, it is obvious that there is

of employment and percentages

a high percentage of working

Besides the UT programme,

among the Sulukule community,

children (nearly 26%) within the

some other problems can be

what is most important to note

employment area. This could be

seen from the bar chart 2.21-

is that among local residents,

associated with the chart 2.21,

2.24. It is obvious that among

the rate of unemployment will

which indicates a high amount

the places in Istanbul, Sulukule

increase after the planned UT

of illiteracy, as well as the fact

is considered a dangerous and

project because unregistered

that around 18% of children drop

unsafe place.

small businesses (a proportion

out from school at elementary

of ‘artisans’ that is above 21%)

level among Sulukule residents.

This prejudice is not only

have no rights to commercial

towards Romanies in Sulukule

premises in the renewal plans.

In summary, it can be seen

but also involves the other

Moreover, plans to relocate

that most of the problems that

inhabitants there. Over 80

residents away from the site

Sulukule’s residents are facing

per cent of Istanbul citizens

(e.g. to Taşoluk) mean that the

are all due to severe educational

indicated that they are not

distance from residence to place

deprivation (Dots diagram 2.25).

friendly. For instance, during

of work will increase to such

Thus, developing education

the fieldtrip, bus drivers or local

an extent that regular income

may be a solution to addressing

Turkish people kept warning

will be compromised, as many

Sulukule’s problems. Some

the researcher that Sulukule

residents work in the Fatih

successful examples in the next

area was not safe and not to

area or the nearby commercial

section could probably prove

come alone. In fact, they usually

hub of Taksim (Stories behind

this conclusion.

connect crimes that occur in

the Wall 2008, 102). Also, as

Sulukule with Romanies as they

mentioned in 2.2.1, the job

know some of those who were

opportunities within Taşoluk

relocated to Taşoluk have come

do not suit their skills, such as

back to somewhere around

music and craftsmanship, which

Sulukule.

is considered negative for the Romanies living in Taşoluk.

Furthermore, a lack of essential education was thought to be the reason for the high rate of offence(Diagram 2.25).

3.2 Successful events of helping people in Sulukule 3.2.1 Turkeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Changemaker project This project is a successful experiment that

the Roma children's culture, 2011). The Romany

aims to empower Romany children through

children's orchestra has become famous

their remarkable music, which can be seen as a

throughout the country. It is also proved that this

vital element of Romany culture, and thereby

project increased the opportunities for Romanies

encourage them to pursue further education

to show their positive traits in performances at

in order to solve the series of problems within

various events, such as ceremonies and festivals.

Istanbul.

Recently, the orchestra was invited to perform in the Istanbul 2010 European Capital of Culture

As Romany people in Istanbul seem like a

Youth Arts Show.

marginalised group that are often denied their basic rights to education, shelter, sanitation,

It is said that Turkeyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Changemaker achievements

employment and social security (Turkey's

have created a brighter future for Romany

Changemakers: Ismail Gunduz adapts education

children. It has changed Romany perception

to the Roma children's culture, 2011), Ismail

of education and enabled them to pursue their

Gunduz, the Buyukcekmece District Governor,

aspirations to be talented and well-educated

intended to help Romany children to have their

musicians. In addition, the project clearly opened

basic rights. One of Gunduzâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first observations

a gate between Romany people and other

as administrator of the district was that

citizens: this can be seen as a beneficial attempt

there were numerous Romany citizens living

at integration and promoting the need to address

in Buyukcekmece. Similar to Sulukule in the

social problems.

Fatih District, a local survey revealed that low enrolment and a high percentage of drop-outs

"I think we succeeded in achieving our goal.

among Romany children can be seen there. Thus,

Even if we manage to prevent one child to

Ismail Gunduz began his intention of looking for

commit a crime through our project, we consider

a solution to this pressing educational problem

ourselves successful" says Ismail Gunduz (Turkey's

(Turkey's Changemakers: Ismail Gunduz adapts

Changemakers: Ismail Gunduz adapts education to

education to the Roma children's culture, 2011).

the Roma children's culture, 2011).

At the beginning, with the support of local philanthropists, Ismail Gunduz bought musical instruments and established a children's orchestra at a local school. The orchestra attracted approximately a hundred Romany children in three years. It changed some of the opinions common among Romany people, such as normal education is not good for their culture. Some children that once disdained school have become enthusiastic music students at Fine Arts Schools (Turkey's Changemakers: Ismail Gunduz adapts education to

3.3 Developing Sulukule - positive features Considering the analyses and conclusions of the various aspects of the environment and the people in Sulukule, some possible features can be integrated into the proposal for improving Sulukule. It can be concluded that education is the first breakthrough of this urban design project. The next section explains the Romany education characteristics that should be considered during the development of the design proposal.

3.4 Forming a new education system With the key findings on the right , the design should have the initial feature of transferring their needs into forms and functions. That would be based on Romani Style Education, which is Apprenticeship that enable particular skill could learning combined with actual practices in the area where in the student family 's control. Additionally, because of other features within Sulukule mentioned above, the design of the new settlement of Sulukule should follow the key aspects outlined below: 1. The Wall Keeping ‘wall life’, as it has existed in Sulukule for thousand years. Thus, the site choice should consider this aspect. 2. Accessibility Also, about the design project site, it is better that it has good conditions for living as well as not being too far away from Sulukule. 3. Romany Identities Although Sulukule is a hybrid place that has harmony among various groups, it was favoured for its Romany features. Considering these features would be a way to attract people and keep Sulukule’s identity. Also, the residents should be the original inhabitants of Sulukule, including Romanies and nonRomanies. 4. Integration The whole project should keep Sulukule’s previous social structure and encourage more openness in public, which would provide good opportunities for public integration.

Apprenticeship

5. Education mix with residential and other functions As per the analyses in the previous section, the street ‘sight contact’, ‘family control’ as well as ’ a different but professional education system which mixed other urban functions should be considered in the design proposal. Other considerations include: •

Suitably sized buildings and streets

•

Courtyard gardens with mixed families

•

Public streets for communicating

•

Narrow storefronts

•

Building connections

6. Operating the whole settlement with residence themselves As Sulukule represented Art feature such as performing music, dance and handcrafts being a renmarkable place, and experienced poverty life after Performance Houses were demolished, a sustainable system which can help people operating the community very well should be considered. To sum up, the aim of design would be education- oriented in order to address the key issue which led to various problems of Sulukule and residents. Therefore, designing an alternative urban settlement for Sulukule people, which meets these vital findings mentioned above could be the principal design methodology. With these 6 key aspects that can form the design theoretical framework, the following step is site choosing.

Chapter Four. EXPLORING YEDIKULE: BARRIERS OR A POSSIBLE FEATURE FOR DEVELOPMENT

The advantages of Yedikule to be a proper site of the design project are as follows:

Two main roads cross each other One city train line passed Standing right beside Heritage-The City Wall Seaside with many parks Site is looking for identity for developing Chose Yedikule because: It alongside the South Part of City Wall, it is kind of previous "Wall life" for Sulukule residents. Yedikule does not show remarkable identities as Sulukule. Sulukule area has already been reconstructed. Yedikule has natural conditions of development

Site status- Yedikule Bostan Garden-Natural resource for Romani's planting habit. Yedikule Museum- good place to holding events such as exihibition, balloon festival Abandoned Place- proper for new transformation

Reuse existing lands The various type of lands including parks, warehouse, playground and abandoned place which got potential to develop. To reuse land that not well-used currently, activating the space connection with identity, events and settlements.

FATIH MUNICIPALITY STREET DOGS HOSTING AND GUIDANCE CENTRE

ZEYTINBURNU MUNICIPALITY SCIENCE AFFAIRS

YOUTH SPORTS CLUB FACILITIES

Existing Functions Youth Club facilities in Yedikule

IETT bus warehouse is an

could connect with new

waste bus storage. This buses

settlement as the design is

could be repair and transfer to

educational orientated. The

recreational vehicle for seaside

play ground provides a proper

camping .

advantage for future students' Yedikule Museum could become

life.

events place as it always empty. ZEYTINBURNU MUNICIPALITY

It can be a catalyst for attracting

SCIENCE AFFAIRS could

people as it is a great heritage.

associate with planned NGO offices for holding events in order to collect money for future settlement.

IETT WAREHOUSE TURKEY NATIONAL RAILWAYS MANAGEMENT CENTRE ABANDONED PLACE Yedikule Residental Area Yedikule Museum (7-tower castle)

Chapter Five. DESIGN YEDIKULE SETTLEMENT: SEEKING BALANCE BETWEEN DISTINCTION AND INTERGRATION

The New Commercial lane Romanies and Non-Romani people are relocating in Yedikule. Yedikule New Settlement, With new buidling forms which meet their needs. live work type for skilled people; Residential building is now open up without losing ownership and private space. Romanies can affored life with their hands because of small training like apprenticeship can earn money. Additionally they can take performance on stages within settlement. More important, Children could find the way for future because of suitable education . Passengers will be attracted by this settlement's identity and flourishing atmosphere. ............

Conceptual Plan Yedikule Museum is the point that joining existing neighbourhoods with new settlement. To repair 4 damaged top of tower on Yedikule Castle (Yedikule Museum), redesigning them as step auditorium. The inner yard of YM for holding events. New settlement mainly contains 3 type of buildings: 1. Livework, that is mix living space on the top and apprenticeship on the ground-1st floor 2. Residential 3. Offices/ Public buildings such as theatre and stages near every blocks

Meet The Key Findings of Sulukule previous life Sight contacts Family control Balcoies and their shaped talk spaces small size of building and street Communal courtyard Mixed families in one building

LIFE STRUCTURE- STREET

SE PU

STREETPUBLIC

CHILDREN

PRIVATE

PARENTS ROMANY FAMILY EXTENDS

COUNTYARD

PUBLIC One building contains several family units,grow

EXTENDS WAY OF CONNECTION

FAMILY 1

EMI UBLIC

FAMILY 2

PUBLIC

PRIVATE COUNTYARD

BARRIER

FAMILY 3

The Main Two Types of building Which use semi-public yard

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Pedestrian Path Core Commercial Zone Square Restaurant Community Services Stairs Pave Farmland Stages Entertainment Building Small Business Loft Zone General Residential Area General School Area Green/open Space Carpark Caravan Tram For Tourists/ Residents Seaside Park (Existing) For Camping

STAIRCASE& CROSSING OFFICES OUTDOOR STAGES GREEN SPACE TRAIN STATION

References Reference Sudjic, D. 2009. The city too big to fail. Urban Age Istanbul City of Intersections 2009:3-4. Informit online. http://www.urban-age.net/conferences/istanbul/ (accessed November 16, 2010). Aksoy, A. 2009 Istanbul’s Choice: openness. Urban Age Istanbul City of Intersections 2009:48. Informit online. http://www.urban-age.net/conferences/istanbul/ (accessed November 16, 2010). Johnson, C., and Y. Adanali. 2009. Forced Evictions in Istanbul. Istanbul living in exclusion (13):24-27. http://reclaimistanbul.wordpress.com/2011/04/04/istanbul-living-in-exclusion (accessed December 15, 2010) ÇİFTÇİOĞLU, K. 2009. Sulukule-A Multi-Stakeholder Participatory Planning Process. Istanbul living in exclusion (14):26-27. http://reclaimistanbul.wordpress.com/2011/04/04/istanbul-living-inexclusion (accessed December 15, 2010) Esen, O. 2009. Istanbul’s Gecekondus. Urban Age-Istanbul City of Intersections 2009: 49. Informit Online. http:// www.urban-age.net (accessed November 16, 2010). Placing Sulukule. 2007. Istanbul report 2007: 22-23. Informit Online. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/ courses/masters/msc_building/Fieldwork/fieldtrips/sulukule (accessed December 15, 2010)

Tait, R. 2008. Forced gentrification plan spells end for old Roma district in Istanbul. The Guardian, July 22. Karlıdağ,M., and M.Adrian. 2008. A Study of Research Literature Regarding Turkish Gypsies and the Question of Gypsy Identity. Literature 17: 143-164. http://www.ceeol.com (accessed June 20, 2011) Gehl, J. 2010. Cities for people. Island Press. Marsh, A., and E. Strand. 2006. Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual, Constructed and Contested. Istanbul and London: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. Turkey's Changemakers: Ismail Gunduz adapts education to the Roma children's culture. 2011. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkeys-changemakers-ismail-gunduz-adaptseducation-to-the-roma-childrens-culture-2011-03-04/ (accessed April 26, 2011) Sulukule alternative urban regenaaration plans [image].2009 http://emrahkavlak.com/sulukulealternative-urban-plan/ (accessed July 20, 2011)

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rebirth of CITY WALL wall reparation and regeneration project in Istanbul

Tingting Wu Xiaoqing Qian UCL The Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Urban Design 10/11 UD05 Sarah Manning & Peter Feldmann 1

ABSTRACT

Historic wall is an unique asset for a city. During the ancient times, it was not only the most important defensive system to protect countries, but also the embodiment of urban hierarchy and scale. It often becomes the spiritual ballast for citizens. However, this basic standpoint no longer exists due to the social development. How to find new functions to fit in the modern world? How to revoke its attractiveness to become new city hub? How to establish correspondences between old and new? This report contributes to the answers to the above questions by utilizing an unique â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Rebirth of city wallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project in Istanbul. It develops, on a chain of theoretical sections in a design process on three different scales in order related to the topic. The way that it deals with the modern society may bring the wall new life possibilities as a new asset again for the city rather than being ignored as an obsolete antique.

We, Tingting Wu and Xiaoqing Qian, confirm that the work presented in this report is our own. Where information has been derived from other sources, we confirm that this has been indicated in the report. September 2011 2

table of contents

Materials Two systems juxtaposition and comparision functions CASE STUDY: MILL CITY MUSEUM IN MISSISSIPPI

Introduction 06-07 chapter I: City wall 08-13 08 09

DEFINITION diverse FUNCTIONS

chapter II: Approaches to historic remain reviving 14-23 RESTORATION AND REGENERATION INTEGRATION CASE STUDY: THE HADRIAN’S WALL

102 104 108 118

Conclusion 120-121 Reference list 122-123

17 18 19

chapter III: Rapid development of Istanbul City wall 24-29 ISTANBUL’S PAST AND PRESENT THE THEODOSIAN WALL IN THE BACKGROUND OF ISTANBUL

26 28

list of illustrations

chapter IV: Overview of the Theodosian Wall 30-39 HISTORY OF THE WALL SPATIAL CHARACTERS PRESENT SITUATION

32 34 36 Menges, A. ed. 2007. Old buildings looking for new use: 61 examples of regional architecture between tradition and modernity. Stuttgart: Reinhard Truckenmuller.

chapter V: Voices of the City Wall 40-65 SITE ANALYSIS regeneration of the Theodosian wall and surroundings Nodes: differentiated conditions Transportation system: cable car pedestrian paths Insert functions CASE STUDY: highline in New York

42 48 50 58 60 62 64

Mathieu, J. 2003. Reviving monuments: approaches to historic building re-use seen on 40 sites in Europe today. Paris: Le Moniteur. Dartington Amenity Research Trust, 1976. Hadrian’s Wall: a strategy for conservation and visitor services. Cheltenham: The Commission. Stephen R. Turnbull,The walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453. http://google.earth.cavey.org/images/hadrian’s-wall.jpg http://www.israelinphotos.com/

chapter VI: Sulukule Revival 66-93 SITE ANALYSIS Wall heritage – new city culture hub Three axes Growing branching system proposed landuse Compact traffic network DEVELOPMENT PHASING

68 76 78 82 83 90 92

98 4

http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubor:Constantinople_Mural_Fourth_Crusade.jpg http://www.mnweddingminister.com/sites/mplsnonmansions.html http://deistanbulabilbao.blogspot.com/2008/11/cruzando-el-bsforo-da-50.html http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/photos/herods-tomb/#/herodswestern-wall_24928_600x450.jpg

chapter VII: regeneration of the Theodosian Wall 96-119 WALL REPARATION

http://www.panoramikmuze.com/

http://www.cerezforum.com/osmanli-tarihi/61001-istanbulun-fethinin-buyuk-sirlari.html 5

INTRODUCTION

A GIFT FROM THE PAST

will be the main part of report.

“You can make a good contemporary design, but you cannot construct history. An appealing, multilayered existing building is like a gift from the past.”

It begins with examing the rapid development of Istanbul as the background to shock the wall which on behalf of traditions, from fashion culture and new technology. The consequences that the Theodosian wall need to be restored has been drawn from a number of feature analyses of the wall in terms of its physical spatial characteristics, damage levels and present situation, and are placed in the context of the surrounding areas through field investigation.

Why is monument important? A monument acts as a witness to the efforts made by people in different times to ‘live in their world’. This is what architects and urban designers want to emphasize. Contemporary historic remain re-use or reviving address not only the issues of technical functionality and material convenience, but also the symbolic: the complex relationship between man and the world he lives in as well as his efforts to adjust to it. A monument is a place redolent of memories, which encourages intellectual work and artistic creation, as well as the communication of knowledge and emotion. What the monument represents today will be the points of reference and anchors which help people to experience a deeper sense of the passage of time.

Contemporary metamorphosis of monument Reuse is an attempt to reinvest a monument as completely as possible with its historical, aesthetic, symbolic and functional meaning, while adjusting its significance to our modern standards.

Furthermore, the remainder of this report is organized as follows. After identifying the key of our project is to make the wall from a derelict ancient divider into a new asset for the city, be a magnetic culture hub to attract tourists as well as favor local communities, a series of strategies on the general design scale will be taken according to its functional orientation and traffic situation. The next section is on zooming design scale, focusing on the wall in Sulukule area, which is defined as a culture oriented node at last step. A framework of measures has been laid out regarding the wall: reparation and regeneration of the wall heritage and other monuments; breaking the barrier wall with proposed three axis: pilgrimage route –religious oriented street, Romani reviving –cultures oriented street, Sports paradise –sports oriented street; growing branching system to form direct and indirect connection; establishing compact traffic network, etc. The most suitable construction phase plan has been identified as the foundation for good management and clarifies. When finally comes to the detailed design section, the attention is mainly paid to the restoration way of the wall with principle of great comparison between old and new. In this phase, we specially design the new intervention as the fluid system which is juxtaposed and comprised with the grid wall system. The new language and old language confront, conflict, coordinate, finally merge into one – a third language with unique character steadily stand on the edge of remaining old and developing new.

The main theme throughout this research is to achieve successful regeneration of city monument in the background of urban booming, especially in the developing countries. This report will search, discover and learn about the significance of monument reviving in all its physical and symbolic dimensions. This report uses historic walls, a unique asset for cities as the breakthrough point to explore the relationship between urban development and historical monument. Taking Great Wall in China, Western Wall in Jerusalem and Berlin Wall in Berlin as illustrations to show variety of wall’s functions as defense, theology and ritual symbol, isolation. After exploring the monument’s impact on the urban development and city character in ancient times, the next chapter is to show the approaches to historic remain revival nowadays as a construction through time as well as a tool for local area regeneration. Particularly analyze the Hadrian’s Wall in UK as an example to show the typical attitude and measures in monument regeneration works, highlight the significance for maximizing the local benefit, strengthening the close ties with the community, motivating the sense of identity and sovereignty of local people. A detailed statement about our city wall design project in Istanbul ‘Reviving the Theodosian wall’ 6

Upon the City Ramparts, lit up CITY by WALLS sunset gleam, The Blue eyes that conquer, meet the Darker eyes that dream. The Dark eyes, so Eastern, and the Blue eyes from the West, The last alight with action, the first so full of rest. Brown, that seem to hold the Past; its magic mystery, Blue, that catch the early light, of ages yet to be. Meet and fall and meet again, then linger, look, and smile, Time and distance all forgotten, for a little while. Happy on the city wall, in the warm spring weather, All the force of Nature's laws, drawing them together. East and West so gaily blending, for a little space, All the sunshine seems to centre, round th' Enchanted place! One rides down the dusty road, one watches from the wall, Azure eyes would fain return, and Amber eyes recall; Would fain be on the ramparts, and resting heart to heart, But time o' love is overpast, East and West must part.

CHAPTER I CITY WALL : city memories 8

CHAPTER I: CITY WALL

CITY WALLS

DEFINITION

FUNCTION AS DEFENSE

City wall is originally defined as a fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors. Since ancient farming civilization, walls were built as protection from the enemy, to enclose settlements, to define city borders. Generally, there were also walls extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries, such as Great Wall of China, Hadrian's Wall.

Great wall, stretches for 8,851.8 km, refers to the generic term of vast scale of the military construction projects happened in different periods of ancient China to resist northern nomadic alliance scale invasion.

Beyond their defensive utility, many walls also had important symbolic functions. They manifested ancient city’s hierarchy, scale, structure. The shape of the wall is the basic shape of the ancient city. Ancient cities always have walls. Ever since a long time ago, the range delineated by walls is the urban area. Once city appeared, it became the dominant center from the central to local, built a complete set of governing institutions and the military presence. After delineation of the scope of the walls, the city basic size will also be determined. Therefore, from the scope and shape of the wall, we can conclude city’s political, economic and cultural status in ancient time.

In the main drag pass in and out of the Great wall, it usually establishes pass. Pass generally built in a narrow channel, such as the narrowest point between two mountains or between the mountains and rivers, as well as the intersection of streams and valleys. As the pass have importance meaning for military, walls in these part have a more solid, sound defense system. Normally, passes are comprised by square or polygonal walls, gates and Barbican. Some have wall built around a city wall and moat.

Great wall’s construction period, from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Ming Dynasty, lasted two-thousand years. In Great Wall's project, constructions are developed according to topographical conditions. Geographic natural barriers are used to resist enemies. Great Wall has never been an isolated wall, but a well-organized system consisting of a large number of buildings. Great wall system, which is made of large stone strips, mainly comprises walls, passes, watchtowers, castles, fortresses and beacons.

The construction of the Great Wall last for thousands of years, the significance beyond the warrior camp long ago and has become the symbol of Chinese civilization. Dynastic changes, nationality war, economy transforming, almost all the social and historical events happened in feudal society have their imprint on the wall. Besides, the Great wall also expresses the brilliant Chinese culture: the architectural composition of the wall, the caving and painting, the poetry, folk literature, drama and songs about the wall, etc. All of those are the most precious possession for China.

In more recent times walls have also been served as religious sacred place, pilgrimage place; city’s spirit and civilization symbol, memorials and structures built by art and architects. But no matter what purpose they serve, walls deeply impact the city landscape and city character wherever they stand.

CHAPTER I: CITY WALL

FUNCTION AS THEOLOGY AND RITUAL SYMBOL The Western Wall is located at the foot of the sacred place in the Old City of Jerusalem – the Temple Mount. It is the only remnant of the periphery wall surround the ancient Jewish State Second Temple. According to the legend, when the Holy Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, six angels were sitting on the temple wall and crying. Their ears bond stones, therefore the walls will never fall. The Jews also cry for the ruins of the Holy Temple, in consequence, it gets another name – ‘Wailing Wall’. In Judaism, the Western Wall is venerated as the sole remnant of the Holy Temple. It has become a place of pilgrimage for Jews. The wall is built by big stones, and is one of the most sacred sites in Judaism. According to the convention, Jews to the wall should weep to express condolences to the ancient temple and look forward to his recovery. For thousands of years, Jews who living in all corners of the world will return to the holy city of Jerusalem, they will come to the front of the stone wall and drone prayer, crying for the misery of exile. In recent history, especially during World War II, Nazi Germany brutally killed as many as 6 million Jews. This painful historical experiences, deeply engraved in the hearts of the Jews. After that, the Jewish Wailing Wall is regarded as the national symbol of faith and unity.

CITY WALLS

FUNCTION AS ISOLATION The Berlin Wall was a barrier wall constructed after the World War II by East Germany to completely segregate West Berlin from East Germany as well as to prevent the massive emigration and defection.It also cut off the association between civilian populations in two parts of Berlin. The Berlin Wall is more than 155 km long, about 3 to 4 meters high with 15 defensive layers, including: 302 lookout, 2-layer cement wall, chevaux-de-frise, wire railing, audible alarm, landmine, river, etc. During the segregation period, many East Germany people tried to use their life to brick this wall and left an unique history. In 1989, the demolition of the wall marked the end of the East-West cold war, and the unification of East Germany and West Germany. As a reflection of separation and isolation, the moral of ‘Berlin Wall’ is profound. It not only means the division of nation and state, but also a symbol of tense and isolation. Meanwhile, it presents a great gap between poverty and affluence, civilization and backwardness, or between people of different colors. The Berlin Wall is part of the precious heritage for Berlin and continually attracts large numbers of tourists to coming to visit every year. Although most of the Berlin Wall was torn down, but people realized its memorial significance and are trying to repair the existing sites in many places.

CITY WALLS

“Repetition and recollection are the same movement, only in opposite direction, for what is recollected has been: it is repeated background, whereas repletion properly so-called is recollected forward.”

--- Soren Kierkegaard, Gjentagelsen Quoted by Alain Robbe- Grillet in Repetition

CHAPTER II APPROACHES TO MONUMENT REVIVAL 14

CHAPTER II: APPROACHES TO MONUMENT REVIVAL

HISTORIC REMAINS

CITY WALLS

RESTORATION AND REGENERATIONS

The monument as a construction through time

Historic remains in the city tell stories about societies. Every piece of disused architecture evokes a collective memory and imagination that forms part of siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history.

Monument restoration and regeneration should be implemented based on the well understanding of site context as well as monumentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history data, such as its form, geometric character, function, structure, material and symbolism. Thus, these elements can be the reference throughout the whole process of repairing, developing and transforming. Both physical elements and historical elements need to be taken into consideration when formulate the restoration framework, so that a deeper understanding of the monument and an appropriate reuse is achieved.

However, in the process of urban rapid development, many cities are entering the stage of old city town reconstruction, especially in developing countries. Massive architectural complex is swallowing up the historic area. The exploitation in some historical and cultural heritage protection area has led to irreversible loss for archeology value and city identity. In order to meet the demand of high-speed and convenient transportation, some cities change their historical pattern, and even direct demolish or move the monument.

Successful monument regeneration always not only means conservation or reparation but massive reconstruction. In this process, the social and economic importance, technical and material selection, development phases and financing factors should also be taken into account. Ruins and abandoned monuments should be seriously treated as special aspects of historic remain restoration. How should ruins be dealt with when implement the project? Should they be preserved and maintained in a wrecked condition even the space they stand is unable or unsuitable to utilize? Or should they be completely reconstructed for contemporary use? Each case should be handled individually. If the ruins and abandoned monument with great value occupy the important space in the city or it may become the city neoplasm without carefully treatment, restoration should be carried out in different degree. Otherwise, the ruin situation can be simply kept without reconstruction. This approach is common to many sites where the abandoned monuments serve as a background for social activities. The Viller-la-Ville Abbey is a case in point for the no reconstruction re-use.

Thus, historic remain surviving and reviving should be our first imperative. The historic remain is not a dead object we merely want to preserve. Contemporary urban designer perceive restoration, regeneration and integration as the approaches to regenerate the monuments to make them fit for the future development meanwhile retain their unique characteristics.

Viller-la-Ville Abbey 16

CHAPTER II: APPROACHES TO MONUMENT REVIVAL

CITY WALLS

INTEGRATION

CASE STUDY

The monument’s revival as a tool for local development

A successful monument reviving project entails the heritages’ repositioning in contemporary time. The re-used monument will take root locally and regionally, and then serve as a tool for local development. Finally, it will function as a mediator, building connections among the past, present and future.

role like a magnet, attracting tourists and private investment. It will stimulate the local population’s enthusiasm for improving their own living condition by given a host of benefits and privileges, such as more convenient transportation, cleaner environment, annual feast activities in this site followed by the tourists’ coming and income raising.

After reviving the project, some monuments may represent as a sub center for the city as a center of historical, archaeological, cultural, symbolic and aesthetic assets. The local inhabitants, the citizens and the visitors will perceive it as a reference to the city identity. The financial investment for ruins will be minimal. If as the abandoned monument gradually deteriorates, it will finally lead to forming a social block, followed with economic, ecological, social security problems…

The Hadrian’s Wall

Hadrian’s Wall is one of the greatest ancient monuments in UK, an evocative reminder of the time when Britain was a province of the Roma Empire. From last century, many villages lived along this brilliant historic remain and it also has attracted large number of visitors to the wall every year. But this also followed by a series of problems as well as opportunities. The first is the value change of the monument. For centuries the wall’s value was military, now, it has been recognized for its archaeological and historical values which should be preserved, while an economic pole for the local region. Secondly, the Hadrian's Wall protection and management is complex and difficult because it is fragmented, uncontinuously crossover large part of the North of England. More than 90% of the regions are private property; the management involves 50 institutions and 700 private owners. So, different requirements are proposed during the wall regeneration project. The third point is the project itself is an amalgam of monument restoration and regeneration, public visiting, entertainment and education, but before the reviving project, little management effort has put on the district development guidelines. Due to this and the dramatically visitor growth, a heavily “peaked” in season and in wall region appeared, which caused monument ruins, social and environmental impact. Besides, it also lacked of giving basic information about the wall, the fascinating story of the Hadrian’s Wall is not told.

On the contrary, if we construct something new based on the history of these asset and site’s background by highlighting the past while insert new functions adapted present’s need, a new economic growth points will be generated. The historic remain revival project will then offer some job opportunities such as tourist guide, restaurant staff and construction workers, etc. These positions provide people with good opportunities for participating in the regeneration project at the same time promote their individual progress. The implement of reviving project will be the catalyst for social reintegration for people from different level. In terms of integration, reviving project will make particular effort to integrate monument with local community’s development. Once the project begins, it will play the 18

CHAPTER II: APPROACHES TO MONUMENT REVIVAL

CITY WALLS

Information service and interpretation According to these, there are several principles implemented in the wall reviving project. The first is to safeguard the archaeological sites and the unique natural and cultural landscape nearby. Nothing could be allowed to cover, replace and ruin the surviving remains. At the same time, promote the development of existing agricultural systems which compliance with the World Heritage policy. A prosperous and flourishing farming and animal husbandry which is also essential for the regions’ characteristic will be promoted. Secondly, the development of the Management Plan for Hadrian’s Wall was initiated by English Heritage which plays a leading role in coordinating the conservation activities. Date from 1880, the English government has involved into the Hadrian’s Wall’s protection work. Now days, several legislations such as “Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act” were formulated to protect the historic remain, the Hadrian’s Wall is also involved. Above all are some principles of management master plan which aims to get coordinated development with the local community.

A comprehensive and co-ordinate information service is provided. Several information centers and visitor center are created at each of the major site. Production and dissemination attractive pamphlet, posters are provided to publicize the wall’s main sections and the whole area. The interpretation plan in reviving project not only include the wall visiting sessions, but also introduce the landscape, customs, and other production activities in local community. This interpretation plan enhance the connection of world heritage conservation and local community development, sending some message about local land use, agriculture and some further project information. Through the guiding role of interpretation, the visitors will know where to go, not just sightseeing sites, but also to the where to stay, where to shopping, to eat in surrounding countryside and how to reach these places.

TOURIST INFORMATION MAP

CHAPTER II: APPROACHES TO MONUMENT REVIVAL

CITY WALLS

Maximize the local benefit The flourish of tourism industry in Hadrian’s Wall makes the benefit for district economic and local economic. One of the main object of Hadrian's Wall Tourism Partnership is promoting the development of local service industry, and make the benefit sustainably growth through popularizing tourist program in wider area. When the visitors flow into the wall region, local service industry and transportation will rapidly develop. Some access system will be founded. Local rail and bus systems have been extended, running the full length of wall. High-speed road connected with low-speed “wall road” will form a transportation network for visitor’s coming while be convenient for local people’s daily life.

Strengthen the close ties with the community, motivating the sense of identity and sovereignty of local people Regeneration and protection project on the wall definitely will have impact on the local people, meanwhile, local people will also have effect on the historic remain and its stand area. In this case, the manager believes the management agency should enhance the communication with local people. Letting them know the object of the every action. With the public participation, the local people will recognize their daily life is closely related with the historic background, then, a stronger sense of identity and sovereignty will be raised. Apart from the above, some cultural, educational even religious activities can be organized in the site. Because of their historic and symbolism significance, they will go beyond local boundaries to have national and international influence. An example for this case is the Royaumont project in France, which is a place open to the world during the Saison musicale summer festival and is well-known as a center of creative activity and dissemination. In 1228, Saint Louis decides to build Royaumont as an abbey. In 1936, its owner reused it to organize music festival and artists learning and then become to a international culture hub. It should also be highlighted that the project already has some impact on surrounding area. The first level is the benefit for local economic growth – the accommodation and restaurant service. The deeper level is it has attracted education institution and social-culture coordinators. More and more audiences will come here for enjoyment and study.

CITY WALLS

CHAPTER III RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF ISTANBUL 24

CHAPTER III: RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF ISTANBUL

CITY WALLS

TRAM

ISTANBUL’S PAST AND PRESENT Istanbul’s heritage predates from ancient civilization of three empires spanning the Roman, Byzantine and the Ottoman empires and established itself once under the name of Constantinople. It has developed and redeveloped itself, creating a colorful city along both side of the Bosporus Straits for the past 2500 years. However, following the decision to make Ankara the capital of Turkey in 1923 and the outbreak of world war, Istanbul suffered a major decline in population and would not reach one million again until the 1950s. Since then, in the last five decades, the city has been experiencing rapid urbanization, a shift from industrial economy to a provision-of-services economy, in accordance with the ideals of modernization and capital investment and become the home to nearly 13 million people with the area of unitary jurisdiction

FERRY

CABLE CAR

BUS

“Istanbul is Turkey’s passport into the European Union. It sees itself as part of a group of cities on an axis running from Dubai to St. Petersburg. If London is Europe’s first global city, Istanbul sees itself as its second. It’s a city whose influence is shaped by both culture and commerce.”

METRO

nearly triple from approximately 180,000 hectares to 530,000 hectares, creating a city of new styles, new densities and new urban geographies. The construction of new facilities like bridges over the Bosporus, roads and highways penetrating the city to improve traffic situation has been taken place. This help to consolidate its position as one of the largest metropolitan areas in Europe as well as Turkey’s industrial, commercial center and main tourist attractions. The process of Istanbul’s rapid urbanization has brought massive new opportunities in the fields of financial, commercial, industrial, culture and tourism, followed by corresponding problems. For example, va-

riety transportations not only mean convenient and swift connection, but also imply physical isolation and waste of resources. Istanbul is a global city, whose identity is strongly influenced by its geographic position. It not only geographically straddles the two continents (Europe and Asia), but also culturally assimilates the essence of art, national thoughts, habits and customs from these different districts. Therefore, as an important joint of Oriental and Occidental cultures, Istanbul has as many layers of history beneath the foundations of its buildings as any city in the world, followed by large numbers of monuments. It has vast or-

BRIDGE

Director of the Design Museum Deyan Sudjic urban age Istanbul, 2009

FERRY

HIGH WAY

thodox mosques, Christian churches and synagogues. It also has classical cisterns, plazas, palaces and ancient fortifications - city walls. However, it becomes amply clear that these monuments are being challenged by rapid development of the city. This trend runs so counter to our aspirations that we must ask ourselves whether it is even possible to make any traditional delicate urban grain that have been supplying the city throughout its long history manage to survive in the modern civilization and accommodate to the new environment.

CHAPTER III: RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF ISTANBUL

CITY WALLS

THE THEODOSIAN WALL IN THE BACKGROUND OF ISTANBUL limits the development of Istanbul. It seems no longer fits to the city as well as gradually being severely damaged. Therefore, the Theodosian Wall is in extremely urgent need of protection and regeneration.

As one of the greatest ancient monuments in Istanbul, the Theodosian Wall is an evocative reminder of the time when Istanbul was the capital of Byzantine Empire. With its linear feature, the Theodosian Wall has an irreplaceable position in the urban spatial pattern. It is also a complement to Istanbul since the wall came along with the formation of the city for defense requirements during various periods. As a matter of fact, it is the wall that avoided the city being fallen to the gunfire, which has played an important role in urban construction. In the meantime, since the Theodosian Wall is the precious tangible cultural heritage of Istanbul, ancient cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hierarchy, size, structure and character could all be reflected in. With the rapid expansion of urban size, however, the wall has been treated as a shackle that obstructs transportations and

CITY WALLS

CHAPTER IV OVERVIEW OF THE THEODOSIAN WALL 30

CITY WALLS

CHAPTER IV: OVERVIEW OF THE THEODOSIAN WALL

Wall of Byzantium --- 7th century BC

Wall of Blachernae--- 626

HISTORY OF THE WALL

Severan Wall --- 193

Sea Walls --- 439

Constantinian Wall --- 324

Existing Walls --- Present

Theodosian Wall --- 413

Existing Walls --- Present

The Theodosian Wall locating on the European (Western) side of Istanbul is an important component of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city. The first phase of Theodosian Wall was completed in 413 under the direction of the Prefect Anthemius, located around 1500m to the west of Constantinian Wall (the previous one). But then since Istanbul is located on an important seismic zone, in 447 a series of severe earthquakes badly damaged the fortification, destroying large parts of the Theodosian Wall as well as its fifty-seven defense towers. This happened at a critical time that the city was threatened by Attila the Hun. As a result, reconstruction of the wall began immediately and within two months the wall had been rebuilt and was stronger than before, forcing Attila to redirect his invasion to other parts of the empire.

DEFENSIVE STONE WALLS 32

CHAPTER IV: OVERVIEW OF THE THEODOSIAN WALL

Sea walls

The Severan Wall

Defensive stone walls

The Theodosian Wall

CITY WALLS

SPATIAL CHARACTERS OF THE WALL The Theodosian Wall originally extended from the Sea of Marmara to the shore of the Golden Horn, a length of approximately 6.5km. Most part of the wall is consisted of two lines of fortifications as a way to improve the protection, the inner and outer walls, each distributed with massive defense towers. The major element in the defense system was the inner wall, which was 6 meters thick and rose up to a height of roughly 12 meters above the ground. It was guarded by 96 towers, which were divided into two floors and mainly used either as warehouses or guardhouses. Between the inner and outer walls, there was a terrace, varying from 15-20m in breadth, and whose level was above that of the inner city. The outer wall also had 96 towers, though the size of which was just 2 meters thick and 8.5 meters in height, much smaller than the inner ones. Beyond the outer wall, the land was covered by another terrace constructed with large area of moat in order to protect the city.

CHAPTER IV: OVERVIEW OF THE THEODOSIAN WALL

CITY WALLS

PRESENT SITUATION OF THE WALL Three different sections could be identified along the Theodosian wall. The first section is the northern part of the wall, going from the shore of Golden Horn to the border of Sulukula area. The second one continues to correspond with the big leisure park which goes along Topkapi. And the last one goes from the park to the Marmara Sea.

Section 3

Section 2

Section 1

leisure park

Marmara Sea

Sulukula area

Golden Horn

wall access to otherside of the wall damage damage damage 36

CHAPTER IV: OVERVIEW OF THE THEODOSIAN WALL

In the first section that we defined, most of the wall has been reconstructed instead of conserved, such as the edge tower adjacent to the main road, different stone layers of which are visible from its facade. A lot of activities related to entertainment have been created along the wall, open spaces and basketball courts with the entrance consisted of broken wall, small plazas with temporal cafes and leisure furniture are the common ones. However, there is no room between more than two thirds of the wall in this part and the housing nearby, which not only destroys the facade, but also makes the wall difficult to access. Inside the wall, some space is being used as carpentries, small workshops and time shelters, the decoration of which has also spoiled the heritageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s style and features.

CITY WALLS

Section 1: Collage of pictures presenting physical characters and exsting functions inside the wall

The second section of the wall presents mixed conditions. Some of it has been reconstructed; most part is kept as relict more than conserved. Generally speaking, the situation of the wall in this area is much worse than the other two parts. It goes along a Topkapi to Edimekapi Cadessi highway that makes it difficult to the physical approach to the wall there. Besides, the motorway behind it separates the wall and surrounding communities. Different cemeteries, industry areas and Romani settlement in Sulukule area, however, could be easily identified along this section. Section w: Collage of pictures presenting physical characters of the wall and highway nearby

Both traffic and physical situation of the last section that defined is much better than the others. Interesting functions have been discovered there, especially those related to urban agriculture which is located in the southern part of the Theodosian Wall between the two defensive lines. Besides, there is a peculiar pentagonal plaza at the south end of the wall.

In general, as the figure shows, the current situation of the Theodosian Wall is far from optimal, along which most of the fortifications are damaged to varying degrees. Apart from a small portion that has been rebuilt by the municipality in recent years, most part of the wall collapsed, remaining without any conservation efforts. In addition, there has been no strategy worked out yet regarding any part of the wall. 38

Section 3: Collage of pictures presenting physical characters and interesting function of the wall

The Theodosian Wall is unique in the city of Istanbul as cultural heritage and historic landmark which crosses the historic peninsula between the Golden Horn River and the Marmara Sea. Our general design is mainly focused on the Theodosian wall and the surrounding areas along it.

CHAPTER V VOICES OF CITY WALL 40

CHAPTER V: VOICES OF CITY WALL

CITY WALLS

SITE ANALYSIS Transportation There are varieties of transportation systems like metro, tram, rail and bus pass through the primary roads of the site. Many people choose to tour by ferry along both sides of Golden Horn, while by cable car for experiencing the scene of the mountains there. However, both the highway and the Theodosian Wall act as linear barriers in the city, making it difficult for public accessibilities, especially for pedestrians.

Topography Istanbul once had a name of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the city of seven hillsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. As the Theodosian wall locates in the border of these hills, the general topography around the wall is hilly with gradual descent to the waterfront, whose height difference from vertex to the sea level here is just 90m.

CITY WALLS

CHAPTER V: VOICES OF CITY WALL

CITY WALLS

SITE ANALYSIS Land use Urban fabric has made a great deal of difference on both sides of the wall, which are bounded on the east by small scale communities consisted of two or three stories housings that are bad in quality from the city center, and on the west by vast amount of deserted green areas, cemeteries, offices and industrial buildings. They are lacking in commer-

cial, culture, well organized park, etc. the relevant functions in this part of the city.

As mentioned above, the wall is abandoned at the moment, leaking, rotting, and cracking with isolated and lifeless periphery. It is now in need of rescue, of being nursed back to health. In listening to the wall’s gen-

tle whispers, there will be a question: ‘What does the Theodosian Wall want?’ The Ancient city wall contains a wealth of historic and culture information. It wants to be endowed with new functions such as culture hub to be an integrated element of everyday modern city life, rather than be simply protected as antiques for worship. The aim of our project is to make

the wall from a derelict ancient divider into an asset for the city. The wall will represent as a magnetic culture hub to attract tourists as well as a catalyst for social reintegration.

hospital sea

parking

sporting

wall

green area

mosque

cemetery

industry

education

commercial

housing

official 46

CHAPTER V: VOICES OF CITY WALL

CITY WALLS

REGENERATION OF THE THEODOSIAN WALL AND SURROUNDINGS Because of the frequently earthquake, rapid urban development and lack of proper conservation, the wall is badly in need of reparation. The first strategy is to rebuild the wall, including two line fortifications, terraces in between and canals, according to the typical sections and historical remains

to repair the skyline as well as make it clear and safe enough for later regeneration use.

Then, to seek for points along the site, including a lot of important ones on the wall with delicate towers or gates or view platforms, followed by gathering places nearby for both local residents and tourists such as landmarks, transportation joints, community centers and open spaces. Taking those points

as intervention sites, will open the opportunity for regenerating the Theodosian wall and surroundings with a network of new development and public spaces linking what was previously a fragmented fabric. This new system of organization of spaces will dissolve the boundary created by the

wall cable car traffic points residence monument culture area agirculture area green area

highway and wall, by connecting the wall with the surrounding significant joints.

CHAPTER V: VOICE OF CITY WALL

A c c o r d i n gCITY t o WALLS their differentiated conditions and spatial configuration based on their location, there will be seven sessions along the wall, all of which will be mixed land use with different emphasis.

NODES: DIFFERENTIATED CONDITIONS

CHAPTER V: VOICE OF CITY WALL

CITY WALLS

NODES: DIFFERENTIATED CONDITIONS NODE 1

NODE 2

Since Node 1 sits on the side of waterfront, it will have a more park oriented organization with green parks and entertainment facilities serving for both local residents and tourists.

As we discussed before, the Theodosian wall in Node 1 has been reconstructed instead of conserved. The exterior of the wall facing the highway looks delicate and beautiful. The surface facing the communities, however, is being covered by massive housings and disorderly green spaces, which need to be cleaned up immediately to make the wall have room to breathe.

Located in between the park, culture nodes and vast communities, the commercial oriented area is generated to make up for lacking of business centers in the whole site as Node 2. The wall in this area is in good condition, presenting also a lot of reconstructed parts such as the edge tower, whose layers of different stones are visible. This should be preserved as gift from time.

A series of exercise yards, green parks, and leisure infrastructures should be arranged along the waterfront. People could easily access the nodes through public transportations like ferry, bus and cable car (will be mentioned later). In order to link the end of wall, new functions along the wall, the squares nearby with the new public parks in waterfront, proper pedestrian routes will be generated to break the barriers created by the motorway.

It is a meeting point of linear park from waterfront to Sulukule area currently, which although is not being used intensively. Any activity is almost impossible to be carried out due to the inaccessibility of pedestrian caused by the enormous highway and the continuous wall. Horses are maintained well here as a distinctive picture, with some shelters and places both inside and next to the wall. Take new commercial and leisure center in this node as an important joint to attract people from both sides of the communities. Residents who live inside the wall are easy to get there through gates of the wall or an existing broken point; who stay on the opposite side could use the existing or new pedestrian routes to arrive the wall as well as the commercial center. Horses could be kept as tour itineraries.

CHAPTER V: VOICE OF CITY WALL

CITY WALLS

NODES: DIFFERENTIATED CONDITIONS NODE 3

NODE 5

Because of the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, churches, Sulukule Romani settlements and tea house, Node 3 is defined as the cultural oriented one, followed by new functions like museums, entertainment houses and exhibition platforms.

Node 5 is appointed as urban agriculture oriented areas with relevant functions like farmland, plazas and markets due to its current distinctive functions. The condition of the wall here is similar as that of Node 3, which is badly in need of reparation.

This node of the wall does not present visible reconstructed works. However, the situation of wall in this part is unpromising, reasonable measures should be taken to reinforce it in order to be safe and clear enough for future regeneration use. How to integrate new functions of the wall into residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; daily city lives? How to deal with the relationship between the new systems and the fabric of surrounding areas? How to handle the extensive abandoned green areas in between the highway and the wall? Answers to these questions will be discussed in detail the following chapters.

Urban farming here could be practiced not only for income-earning or food-producing activities as it was, but also for recreation and relaxation. It allows people in other parts of the city joining the practice and getting fresh vegetables, fruits and meat products in the near plazas and markets.

NODE 4 More concentrated tourism information related facilities will be assigned in order at Node 4 to supplement the existing scattered ones. The wall situation here is much better, with a few points need to be fixed. A continuous pavement from the area near the wall to a park with information center has already been achieved by setting highway routes underground. There are tram, bus, motorway and even cable car stations in the near future at this node. It is the most common destination and transportation centre for tourists travelling from city centre to have a visit of the wall. Tourism information should be prepared here with relaxing facilities, restaurant, and cafe.

CHAPTER V: VOICE OF CITY WALL

CITY WALLS

NODES: DIFFERENTIATED CONDITIONS

NODE 7

NODE 6 Since Node 6 locates closer to a pentagonal Fortress of Seven Towers, it will be a more religious oriented section with relevant activities regularly organized in the plaza there. The isolation problem caused by the highway and the wall is not that serious as the former ones. The wall here is in good condition. Beautiful scenery consists of urban agriculture, parks along waterfront and residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; life could be enjoyed on the wall.

The situation of Node 7 is like that of Node 1, a more park oriented section with green parks, commercial and entertainment facilities generated as a result of its particular location. The Theodosian wall in Node 7 has been well maintained with a few dehiscent towers, which will be cleaned up and reinforced soon. Large parking areas and vacant lands around the wall should be well designed with new functions in response to facilities along the waterfront both functionally and formally. It will become an important joint on the way along the main road of Istanbul. Proper routes will be generated along the water front and across the highway to reach the wall and the surrounding public areas as well as communities.

CHAPTER V: VOICE OF CITY WALL

CITY WALLS

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: CABLE CAR

Cable car will be created as the first hierarchy connection to link both sides of the wall as well as break the motorway controlled traffic situation. In the meanwhile, it is also follow the most important tourism routes in order to get the beautiful sceneries. The six stations are selected to combine with other transportation systems like ferry, bus, tram, metro and rail to generate compact and convenient transfer centers. It will connect with the existing small scale cable stops nearby, which is just two stops on the hill. This will help attract both local people and tourists having a great experience without interruption by highways. The routes of cable car along the Theodosian wall will act in accordance with ferry routes in the Golden Horn River. How to solve the investment of the cable car system will be discussed later in the zooming design part.

Cable CaR --- FeRRy Cable CaR --- bus FeRRy --- bus

Cable CaR --- TRam Cable CaR --- bus TRam --- bus

Cable CaR --- meTRo Cable CaR --- bus Cable CaR --- TRam TRam --- meTRo --- bus

Cable CaR --- moToRway way Cable CaR --- bus Cable CaR --- TRam TRam --- moToRway --- bus

Cable CaR --- RaIl 58

CHAPTER V: VOICE OF CITY WALL

CITY WALLS

PEDESTRIAN PATHS

Based on the popularity datascape, a new pedestrian system will be regenerated on the wall, along the wall as well as across the wall in order to assist in linking the points selected above, organizing the site and increasing accessibility to the wall as well as the sur-

rounding areas. The pavement on the wall will be a continuously main route. The system performs as a random branching system that grows in three phases. The first phase consists in connecting between one function point and another of the structure. The second

phase of growth consists in connecting the structure with existing road, adapting to the current urban fabric with some branching track. Finally, generate the structure in 3dementional to get pedestrian routes.

CHAPTER V: VOICE OF CITY WALL

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INSERT FUNCTIONS Relevant functions will be arranged accompanied by the pavement like museum, t h e a t e r, e n t e r t a i n m e n t house, shop, restaurant, etc. in response to the features of every different session. Climbing, skateboarding, dancing will be organized regularly as particular activities on the wall and the

place nearby to attract people of different ages and different regions.

CHAPTER V: VOICE OF CITY WALL

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CASE STUDY

highline in New York

The High Line was built in the 1930s as a linear infrastructure to lift freight traffic 30 feet above the ground. However, it had been a part of abandoned railway in West Side of New York since nearly three decades ago. After a long regeneration, it was reused as an elevated public park to re-fit this industrial conveyance into a post-industrial instrument of leisure at June 9, 2009. The inspiration of preservation and maintenance to the High Line could be drawn by our projects in different aspects.

is like a continuous waterfront board walk with various plants and rest facilities, lying so quietly by the side of the sea, a city constructed with brick, steel and glass, that people could enjoy the beautiful environment, calm and serene.

Public participation

Design principles The High Line project treats history with respect. Features of different historical periods are allowed presenting in the same space with new functions, which has been put forward to combine well with the modern city life. In the meantime, the new design draws elements from traditional environment to make itself as a combination of modern framework and traditional character. Thus, old and new are interrelated and interact on each other, infusing the High Line with a new life. High Line Park now

The public has played an important role in the High Line project. Friends of the High Line, a community-based non-profit group, formed in 1999 by local residents Joshua David and Robert Hammond when the historic structure was under threat of demolition. It helps the government raise funds from the neighborhood and private developers determine the design proposal and supervise the construction, even in charge of daily use. To a certain extent, public participation has become the key to success since it is favorable for meeting the interests and needs of surrounding communities. 64

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CHAPTER VI SULUKULE REVIVAL 66

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Sulukule, which is located along the Theodosian walls in the Fatih municipality of Istanbul, is regarded as culture orientated area in our general strategy.

SITE ANALYSIS WALL-culture heritage as well as a barrier The Theodosian Walls listed as UNESCO World Heritage are not only a tangible heritage for archeology and history value, but are also an intangible heritage which symbolic represent the close interactive relationship with local people in their daily life. The wall is the traditional entertainment and commercial place where leisure activities like playing music, dancing, chatting and economic activities normally happened there. Before the shutting down of the Romani’s entertainment houses, the walls also provide a space for the Sulukule’s festival activity. In terms of transportation, the walls offer the entry and exit points to the community, but due to the ruined situation of the open gates and the lack of pedestrian facility , the link between the inside and the outside of the community is very weak. The wall now actually has become a barrier to obstruct the exchanges between both sides.

anymore, the remains are broken badly, the terrain in-between the outer and inner wall is covered by wild grass and rubbish.

The wall’s typical pattern used to be doublelayered, which consisted of the main inner wall, separated from the lower outer wall by a 15-20m wide terrace. In a distance of about 20m from the outer wall, the moat used to serve as a first line of defense. Access to the outer wall from the city was provided either through the main gates or through small posterns on the base of the inner wall's towers.

Conclusion: The Theodosian wall is of unprecedented importance to Istanbul as it can form the history and culture oriented city hub which attract tourists to come. However, a variety of threats have leaded to its physical degradation. Local people also ignore its value as a potential tourism economic growth point and the symbol of their style. Thus, three objects should be included our project: a. Conservation and reparation of the wall. Keep it as the Istanbul’s historical landmark with great symbolist value.

However, due to the inevitable natural forces such as earthquake and human’s damaging activities like informal construction, the current situation of the wall in Sulukule area is especially far from optimal. Although a small part of the wall, referring the northern end near the Gate of Charisius and the Gate of Adrianople, which has been rebuilt by the municipality in recent years, most part of the remains deteriorated gradually without any conservation efforts and much has collapsed: The outer gate has vanished without a trace, nearly half of the tower gates are not exist 68

b. Breaking the barrier caused by wall, enhancing the exchange between the inside and the outside. c. Add new function for wall. Wall serves as the activator to promote the further integration and development of the local community. 69

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CHAPTER VI: SULUKULE REVIVAL

OPEN SPACE

ROMANI COMMUNITY Sulukule is widely acknowledged for the oldest settlement of the Romani people. The local people were well known throughout Turkey, for their rational music and dance, and natural ability for entertainment, so this area also used to be a prominent cultural and entertainment centre of Istanbul nightlife on Istanbul’s tourism map.

crime rate, Sulukule now is not only spatially isolated but also socially segregated from the rest of the city.

Conclusion: From this point of view, the Sarmasik Caddesi Street has great potential to attract tourists to come with the reorganization and well management of the entertainment activity. The gorgeous mosque and church in Prof.Naci Sensoy Street can be another exciting point contains local people’s memory. How to evoke these streets? How to connect the local livelihood with the wall’s regeneration? These are the second issue in our project.

The unique urban fabric and structure of the streets is well worth protection. Especially, the preservation and regeneration of Sarmasik Caddesi Street, Kücükcesme Street and Prof.Naci Sensoy Street, which have maintained their traditional street patterns and surrounding blocks, were requested as well as the monumental buildings (Land Walls, Mosque of Mihrimah Sultan, Mosque of Neslisah Sultan, Sarmasik Greek Orthodox Church).

The open space includes the empty space which is intensively used by the community for several activities and the large area abandoned green space. The biggest open market is located in between Prof.Naci Sensoy Street and Naiyazi Misri Street and it was previously used as the main space for market, trade and recreation activity. The abandoned green area mainly refers to the space under the highway. This area is enormous with boundless wild grass, easy to see but extremely hard to enter in.

Mosque of Mihrimah Sultan located in Prof. Naci Sensoy Street, which is the landmark for local people. It is the gathering point and lots of religious worships like praying and religious ceremony happened there. Sarmasik Caddesi Street is the arteries the most important space in whole area, which used quiet intensively for cultural, social and business activities. A large number of commercial establishments and small local services concentrate here, such as small retail stores, cafe, fast food stores, car repair shop, etc. Majority part of these shops are mixed use with residential. Specially, entertainment houses, which mainly located in this street, were the place where the Romani people performed music and dance to the visitors. They were crucial to sustaining of the area’s economy in the past. However, in 1991 the entertainment house was shut down by the government. Since that time, the social-economic condition of the community has seriously collapsed. With the poor employment rate and high 70

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CHAPTER VI: SULUKULE REVIVAL

Ozgur Streett K端c端kcesme Street Sarmasik Caddesi Street

Prof.Naci Sensoy Street

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BARRIER HIGHWAY LEAD TO INCOMPACT TRANSPORTATION Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n n e t w o r k h e r e i s n o t systematic. Although there are metro and tram going through and 3 stations in the whole area, it is still unconvinced for people to use these transportations. Many reasons lead to this situation, firstly is the incompact transportation which is obviously shown in the transferring between the metro station Topkapi-Ulubath and tram station on the north side of the highway. Similar situation also happened between the Edirnekapi tram station and the bus stations nearby. Secondly, it is weird that the highway acts as a barrier obstruct people approaching the metro and tram stations. Moreover, as mentioned in the general design, if the wall had a plan to become the new city hub, there is no direct and sufficient connection which link all the sessions of the wall and area nearby.

Conclusion: An approachable pedestrian system should be constructed to break the highway isolation and complete the compact transportation. Cable car should be added into this system which direct the tourism routes as well as be convenient for the exchanges between people inside and outside the wall. 74

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CHAPTER VI: SULUKULE REVIVAL

WALL HERITAGE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; NEW CITY CULTURE HUB

With the aims of reviving historic remains â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the Theodosian wall and promoting the development of Sulukule, a series of narrative strategies are proposed.

In our design, the Theodosian wall is carrying many kinds of meanings. On one hand, it plays the role as a barrier to be break by direct and indirect connection. On the other hand, it is heritage with incomparable value. Nowadays, some revolution on the wall is needed to help it find the new standpoints at the backdrop of fast social development. The process composes of wall reparation, new function insert, two system juxtaposition and comparation, which will be particularly exposited in next chapter.

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THREE AXES

According to the analysis before, we conceive three main axes with different characteristics: culture and business oriented axis – the Sarmasik Caddesi Street, religious oriented axis – the Prof.Naci Sensoy Street, sports and leisure oriented axis –the Ozgur Street. The three axes are not restricted inside the wall, b u t b r e a k t h e b a r r i e r, strengthening to the area on the northern side of t h e h i g h w a y, w h i c h i s best characterized by lifeless industry and residence without culture, entertainment, religious, sports or any other social life facility. Similarly with the general design strategy, the three axes play the role as the framework which connects all the nodes within the site.

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THREE AXES Pilgrimage route

Romani reviving

– religious oriented street

– cultures oriented street

Romani Gypsy’s nature of music and dancing is the great value for the culture hub. From the south end of the Uzun Yol Street, you can see the voice of playing drums, tambourine, bender…Following the sound, a scenario of folk daily life is on shown: the paving raise up, becoming the roof of local street market. Fresh vegetables and fruits are sold as well as the traditional handicrafts. Dancing and music are daily performed in the entertainment house in Sarmasik Caddesi Street. During festival, the gypsy dancers and musicians will go to the street to have a celebration. In the space between Sarmasik Caddesi Street and Kucuk Cesme Street, the Sulukule museum is constructed to show the long history of Romani Gypsy as well as the other ethnic groups also live in this field. Their culture, their customs, their further development are shown through books, images, movies and live demonstration. It also serves as the information center for the whole area, which will provide comprehensive and co-ordinate information of the wall’s tourism sections, transportation, hotels, restaurants and other facilities. Production and dissemination attractive pamphlet, posters are provided to publicize the wall’s main sections and the whole area. What’s more, the Sulukule education center is also set there, which

The scenario begins from the praying on the southern end of Prof.Naci Sensoy Street. Traditional Islam totem, religious symbolist paving and the small square as the concentrate points where ritual can be hold. The pilgrims pray along the pavement, looking up the mosque at the background of the gorgeous city wall. The Mosque of Mihrimah Sultan is the climax of the whole pilgrimage route, sacral and holy spaces arouse the faith in deep. A new light bridge is built to connect the wall with the platform on the second floor. The memory of historic wall and the sense of the sacred are merged together. The route cross the wall and the highway, have a stay at the cemetery square, finally strength into community center.

Sports paradise

will provide comprehensive and co-ordinate information of the wall’s tourism sections, transportation, hotels, restaurants and other facilities. Production and dissemination attractive pamphlet, posters are provided to publicize the wall’s main sections and the whole area. What’s more, the Sulukule education center is also set there, which provide some training of cultural skills. The Kurn Cinar Street is kept as a main route way inside the museum for remaining the original street pattern. A folded landscape is created as two public squares, one in front, and another in the back side of the museum. They also can be the public gathering points, where local celebration activities can be organized.

– sports oriented street

Some entirely new sports facilities including two basketball courts, one indoor swimming pool and one stadium stand on the west part of the site, which may bring the dynamic for the historical area. A route begins from Ozgur Street connects all these infrastructures, rising above the wall and highway, have a stay at the green space where abandoned place covered with wild grass are changed into the sports paradise. Swimming, skateboarding, climbing, doodling…A series of activities for young people could be held there. This axis integrates most part of the abandoned green space near the highway, finally end up in the community center mentioned before.

Another light bridge raises from the museum back square, connecting the accessible roof platform of museum, crossing the wall where some routes can approach the wall terrace. Following the bridge, the culture axis break the highway isolation, heading to the area on the other side of the highway, which is supposed to be the extension of Sarmasik Caddesi Street, mainly for the commerce and culture use. The route will end in another community center located near the Bayrampasa-Maltepe metro station, which is also our proposed cable car station.

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GROWING BRANCHING SYSTEM

POPOSED LANDUSE

Branching system is growing from the three axes according to the original urban fabric and street structure. Some local streets get development based on the three axis framework like branching from trunk. In this process, no matter direct or indirect connection with the wall are generated. Three bridges as mentioned in the three axes are constructed as the direct ones; the indirect ones refer to nine view corridors from nine branches to their corresponding wall towers.

CITY WALLS

Pilgrimage route

Romani reviving

Sports paradise

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MASTER PLAN

CHAPTER VI: SULUKULE REVIVAL

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COMPACT TRAFFIC NETWORK Cable car will be integrated into the exiting traffic system follow the most important tourism routes, meanwhile combine with other transportation like metro, tram, bus and pedestrian . The Topkapi-Ulubath as the Sulukule transportation center is a case for generating compact transfer point. The original street pattern of the area will be maintained with few changes. Most part of the Kaleboyu Street along the wall is set free from car, only one session near the museum connected with Sarmasik Caddesi Street and Cinarli Bostan Street will be kept, forming a circle as the main approach to the wall and sulukule center. Underground parking is offered within the museum. A new big road is created to connect two city roads on the boundary of our site with many important nodes on it: transportation center, sports facilities, entrance square of Sulukule museum, and open space in front of the entertainment house.

Chapter Vi: sulukule revival

city walls

Development phasing The wall project in Sulukule will be in progress over a long time. Three major development phases are envisaged, each of which when complete will be a stable stage of development.

Phase1 In this phase, works are only related to wall and several key points within our site: metro station as transportation center, sulukule museum as threshold of culture oriented street, mosque as threshold of religious oriented street. Three pedestrian bridges across the wall and highway will be constructed to break the isolation, planting a seed for further development of the periphery area. A new big road and the underground parking is built to meet the traffic demands. Emergency wall reparation and regeneration work should be organized as the starting point of the whole project. The construction work in this phase is mainly conducted by government.

Phase2

Phase3

Development is going on towards both city center and peripheral area. The prototype of the three axes is appearing. Entertainment house, public square, relaxing landscape park, open market, street market, sports facilities will be established along the axis. Information and interpretation service in key points such as wall, museum, and mosque will be provided. Paving and landscape will lead the tourists going through the nodes and identify the different characters of the streets.

In this phase, works are only related to wall and several key points within our site: metro station as transportation center, sulukule museum as threshold of culture oriented street, mosque as threshold of religious oriented street.

Traffic network will be completed in the area outside the wall, which will be convenient for people driving to the place through highway. Park and underground parking will also be established to meet the fast growing traffic requirement.

Three pedestrian bridges across the wall and highway will be constructed to break the isolation, planting a seed for further development of the periphery area. A new big road and the underground parking is built to meet the traffic demands. Emergency wall reparation and regeneration work should be organized as the starting point of the whole project. The construction work in this phase is mainly conducted by government.

In phase 2, with the financial investment from private investors, construction projects and economic activities begin to show a sound cycle. Local people also get benefits from this for the raising employment status, and gradually improved living environment. Segregation and discrimination will disappear and social security problems will also be solved.

ChAPTEr VII REGENERATION OF THE THEODOSIAN WALL 96

CHAPTER VII: REGENERATION OF THE THEODOSIAN WALL

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WALL REPARATION The point at which the wall becomes ruins is a philosophical question. When precisely does the wall cross the boundary which separates a need for repair from the requirement to do nothing? ruins obviously have their own charm and resonance. however, constructions are built for, and by, people; serving the needs of people is what they

do, and willfully turning the wall into a ruin is a reversal of its most fundamental purpose. As a result, in order to determine the repair plan for the Theodosian wall in Sulukule area, a damage level datascape was built by measuring the relationship between its historic remains and original shapes. This datascape gave as a result a differentiated condition of

In general, as the figure shows, the wall in this region is alarming with its present situation. The right part remains in good shape with a few ruined points needed to be fixed; the intermediate section, which is the main entrance to Sulukule area, stays in a bad status with large area of the wall collapsed, the whole canal and half the towers disappear.

wall that marked hierarchically which areas need to be intervened most.

OrIgInAL WALL STATUS

DAMAgE LEVELS

rEBUILD ThE SKyLInE 98

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The wall will be repaired according to the typical section and historical remains. great comparison will be shown between old and new, using light materials, such as glass and steels instead of stones, as well as choosing new fluid system to design the pedestrian bridges across the wall instead of recliner and rigid style. Besides, new functions like continuous pedestrian routes, exhibition platforms, landscape, viewing platforms, shops, auditoriums, museums, etc. will be inserted on and inside the wall with steps between the two fortifications to create relaxing spaces. Together with the new space created in the community, tourists there could enjoy different aspects of the wall.

moat

outer wall

TyPICAL SECTIOnS

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inner wall

street

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MATERIALS The resulting construction utilizes known efficiencies and is enhanced by the recognizable qualities of specific components: glass for transparency; steel for light and firm in structure to recall ideas about newness-value and age-value. Actually, compared with concrete, glass and steel is a more widely used performance language in old building reformation. The visual appearance, their surface texture and material properties of composites could be clearly distinguished and indentified from solidly masonry, weaken the conflict and cause little damage to the present body of wall during the connection between old and new. Different tunes rendered with equal skill could be achieved with modern material to constitute the ancient architectural symbols. Similar skyline could be rebuilt through it with different feelings from sense of closure and depression to bright and transparent. Perspex new towers are shimmering and transparent, blending well with the environment, through which the ancient monument is being highly respected and fully shown.

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TWO SYSTEMS JUXTAPOSITION AND COMPARISION In order to bring vitality to the dreary, undiversified site and show enough respect to the ancient monument, the newly- built construction is designed as a fluid rather than grid system, which could illustrates obviously great comparison between old and new through forms. Since the inner, outer walls and the terrain in between are rectangle-shaped, a pixel system is introduced to analyze their forms, namely to make them pixilation. Then, overlay the typography of site on the system to generate pixels in different height.

TRANSFORMATION: PIXEL AND FLUID INTERVENTION

ciation between the space of these platforms, the towers and the interior of the wall. It shows juxtaposition when the pedestrian bridges come across the wall. The path breaks the grid pixel pattern on the wall by rotating and twisting deformation the rectilinear and rigid paving pattern into a third language. As the intervention gradually gets further away from the meet points, the pattern keep intact. The above elaborates on how the fluid forms show off the distinction between the old and new.

After integrating them into a right scale for people use and in view of tower positions, a manual topography is formed as exhibition and leisure platforms in different levels with proper steps in the same system. There has always been a close asso-

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WALL PIxELATIOn

OVErLAy TyPOgrAPhy

PIxEL In DIffErEnT hIghT

PIxELS In DIffErEnT hIghT

MAnUAL TOPOgrAPhy

nEW TErrAIn

BrEAKIng grID PIxEL PATTErn WITh PATh

PIxELS rOTATE, TWIST DEfOrMATIOn

TWO SySTEMS InTErgrATIOn 105

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FUNCTIONS

‘Public balcony’ will be named as the park on the site that looks like a green ribbon wounding round halfway of environment, distinct from the usual ones, elevated, mounted on the ruined city wall, and recreating the imitative native ecological environment based on the farthest conservation of native. A three-dimensional mode of separating sidewalk from car lanes will be formed as a result. The beauty of landscape consisting largely in the style of masonry relic combined with plants will be preserved during the decoration of continuous pedestrian on the second fortifications. The kinds of flora grown in the park originated from the idea of colorful ‘self-plants’ that is the plants tenaciously grown on the deserted wall. however, the following issue need to be addressed after the set up of the‘public balcony’. how to connect it with the level of urban street including the space in the city center as well as the business streets, industry and community

CITY WALLS

PRINCIPLES: shape, material, function

center across the highway? In order to increase accessibility to the wall, three pedestrian bridges are designed to link these important gather points, exercise yard under the highway, sports center and sports street; industry center, cable car station, sulukule museum and culture street; community center, public square, mosque and religious street respectively. After completion of the project, there will be stairs and even elevators to make it convenient for the aged, children and the disabled people every two to three blocks as well as the four entrances of the wall in this section. Or tourists could pass through the inner wall and platforms to reach the pavement to get a different view of the wall. Leisure platforms, culture oriented functions and corresponding service facilities will be arranged in between the two layers of wall.

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MASTER PLAN

SECTION

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Pedestrain 1

Market

Mosque

Pedestrain 2

Museum

Leisure square

Pedestrain 3

Cable car station

Pavement on the wall

floating platform

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CASE STUDY

MILL CITY MUSEUM IN MISSISSIPPI Material

As the national historic Landmark in Mississippi, Mill City Museum built in 1878 is located on the historic riverfront, which was once the world’s largest flour mill. here, visitors of all ages learn about the intertwined histories of the flour industry, the river, and the city of Minneapolis.

here, glass used as the enclosure structure, to maximize the amount of weakening the new body and to preserve the original taste and flavor of historical remains.

Activities

however, it became ruins twice due to the explosion in 1928 and fire in 1911. In order to preserve this historic site, the project began constructing a steel-stabilization structure as reinforcements in the ruin walls with designed to contrast with the existing remains through its red color and nonorthogonal geometry.

Besides, the museum provides a variety of programs and exhibitions that help visitors understand the history of the milling industry and the impact it had on the city of Minneapolis.The building’s design gives the visitors a bird’s eye view of the Mississippi river and St. Anthony falls.

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CONCLUSION

The monuments in most developing countries have been suffering various degrees of damage due to rapid urban development and expansion for the past few decades as well as being neglected. These cultural heritages are irreversible national spirit carrier, like other non-renewable resources, once destroyed could not be completely restored. It is necessary to protect these outstanding historical and cultural heritages for avoiding the convergence of different urban characteristics and losing readability of city qualities brought by the rapid development of urbanization over the world. Therefore, taking actions that suit local circumstances, emphasizing the difference and exploring connotation of local history resources has

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become important means of increasing urban charming and preserving their distinct identities. These ideas have been well implemented and reflected in the project of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;reviving the Theodosian wallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in Istanbul. The surrounding areas, even Istanbul could be better known in relation with the Theodosian wall which has been generated there. In order to active this ancient monument, a lot of measures should be taken to achieve culture hub as its new position in modern society for both tourists and local communities rather than be simply protected as antiques for worship, which has been the main objective of this report and has run through every section of the design project. Through a

series of case studies and adequate analysis of existing conditions for the site along the Theodosian wall and the one zooming into one independent district Sulukule area where is well known for its culture features and romani community, proposals on different scales according to the wall status, site specifications and regional characters has been developed. Through analyzing various conditions of the wall and its context, it could be concluded that the current status of the Theodosian Wall is far from optimal, which is badly in need of reparation for further use as well as the basic problem is that both the highway nearby and the Theodosian Wall itself act as linear barriers in the city,

making it difficult for public accessibilities. relevant solutions have been put forward to figure out this issue. The new system help to active the wall, showing great comparison with the monument, gradually blend into the surroundings when penetrate the local communities and industry centers. The logic of project allow it to be built in three phases, with the successful of the first step, wall reparation, to convince the local residents and private developers of the feasibility of the project and that it is worth participating it, which help ease the burden of relevant departments and is beneficial for local development.

specific to the Theodosian Wall in Istanbul, could be implemented in any monument that suffer from similar problems. In essence, this project could be a typical model and a reminder for historic remains being conserved in a correct attitude especially in developing countries, a type that challenged by rapid urbanization. In this new vision, the future of the derelict monuments is bright, one in which provides historic charming to tourists as well as the opportunity for local development to its citizens.

Elements of this proposal, although in regards to the discussed sections are

IMPORTANT MONUMENTS IN THE WORLD

The Colossus of rhodes

The Statue of Liberty

The grand Canyon

Leaning Tower of Pisa

The Colosseum

The Taj Mahal

The Eiffel Tower

great Wall of China

great Pyramid of giza

Mount rushmore

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Yang, C.X. 2010. The imitative native ecological park floating on the elevated railway: the redevelopment and inspiration of the High Line Park, New York. Shanghai urban planning review: 90 (1) 55-59.

Buckley, W. F. 2004. 1925-2008: The fall of the Berlin Wall. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.

National Register Information System. 2006. National Register of Historic Places. http://nrhp. focus.nps.gov (accessed September 1, 2011).

Cramer, J. 2007. Architecture in existing fabric: planning, design, building. Basel: Birkh채user GmbH.

China's Great Wall far longer than thought: survey, 2009. http://www.physorg.com/ news159425818.html (accessed September 2, 2011).

Dartington Amenity Research Trust, 1976. Hadrian's Wall: a strategy for conservation and visitor services. Cheltenham: The Commission. Freely, J. 2004. Byzantine monuments of Istanbul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Friends of the High Line, 2008. Designing the High Line: Gansevoort Street to 30th street. New York: Friends of the High Line. Harman, G. 2008. A history of Palestine: from the Ottoman conquest to the founding of the State of Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Holod, R. ed. 1980. Conservation as cultural survival: proceedings of seminar two in the series architectural transformations in the Islamic world, held in Istanbul, Turkey, September 26-28, 1978. J채ger, P. F. ed. 2007. Old & new: design manual for revitalizing existing buildings. Basel: Birkh채user GmbH. Lim, C. J. and Liu, E.D. 2010. Smartcities + eco-warriors. Abingdon: Routledge. Littlefield, D. and Lewis, S. 2007. Architectural voices: Listening to old buildings. Chichester: Wiley-Academy. Mathieu, J. 2003. Reviving monuments: approaches to historic building re-use seen on 40 sites in Europe today. Paris: Le Moniteur. Menges, A. ed. 2007. Old buildings looking for new use: 61 examples of regional architecture between tradition and modernity. Stuttgart: Reinhard Truckenmuller. Pamuk, O. 2008. Istanbul: memories and the city. Stuttgart: Vintage International. London: Faber and Faber. Schittich, C. ed. 2003. Building in existing fabric: refurbishment, extensions, new design. Munich: Edition Detail. Sudjic, D. 2008. The city too big to fail. Urban age Istanbul. London: London School of Economics and Political Science: 3-4.

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I, Yu Suzuki, confirm that the work presented in this report is my own. Where information has been derived from from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the report.

Abstract This thesis was performed to determine the factors that a new urban transportation system which is based on the research on a city would solve the economic gaps between undeveloped areas and developed areas. Since there are significant economic gaps between the undeveloped areas and developed areas which have been caused by between less transported and well transported. While some transportation systems bring a lot of people to one area, it causes that the other area has less people that could have made the area economically grown. At the same time, it is obviously almost impossible to spread those transportation systems, such as railway lines, underground lines and mejor roads, to cover a whole city as those systems would cost a lot of money. However, there are various differences in cities in terms of the purpose of places such as residential areas, commercial areas and business areas. All of those differences make the places so unique by making its own character which have a potential to attract people even though the area is not normally recognized as attractive place. If there is a emphasized character of the places and a transportation system to bring people there, each of the places in a city will be able to reach to the economic growth without causing a lot of economic gaps in between. Therefore, there is in need of emphasizing the character of places and creating a new low-cost transportation system in a city. At the same time, this whole system including emphasizing character has to sustain itself so the system would not rely on huge foundation in the future.

Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Istanbul

Chapter Two: Project Background 2.1 Economy and Transportation 2.1.1 Transportation Impacts on Economy 2.1.2 Benefits and Cautions 2.2 References 2.2.1 Reference: Shanghai 2.2.1.1 Rapid Growth and Transportation 2.2.2 Reference: Mumbai 2.2.2.1 Rapid Growth and Transportation 2.2.3 Reference: Mexico City 2.2.3.1 Rapid Growth and Transportation 2.3 Economic Gaps

Chapter Three: Contexts of Istanbul 3.1 Rapid Growing Economy 3.2 Insufficient Transportation

Chapter Four: Site introduction 4.1 Strong Transportation 3.1.1 Highways and Mejor Road 4.2 Highly Developed Area 3.2.1 New Projects and No Projects 4.3 Character Diferences Among the Site 4.3.1 Local Mixed Commercial Area 4.3.2 Business District 4.3.3 High Rise Condominiums 4.3.4 Expensive Commercial Area 4.3.5 Residential Area with Urban Quality 4.4 Predictable Economic Inequality

Table of Contents Chapter Five: Project Objectives and WorkMethodology 5.1 Project Objectives 5.1.1 Equal Economic Growth 5.2 Work Methodology 5.2.1 Emphasize the Character Differences 5.2.2 Create New Transportation System

Chapter Six: Propositions 6.1 New Transportation System 6.2 The Emphasized Characters 6.2.1 The Goods Exploration Street 6.2.2 The Urban Forest 6.2.3 The Community Park 6.2.4 The Luxury Shopping Walk 6.2.5 The Art Walk 6.3 Equal Economic Growth

Chapter Seven: Spread the System 7.1 Other Places in Istanbul 7.2 Other Cities

Chapter Eight: Conclusion 8.1 Conclusion

Chapter Nine: References and Images 9.1 References 9.2 Images

Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Istanbul Istanbul is a city of massive history and immigrants. With its long history, there is already an existing urban structure including a great number of mosques and remains in the ground which make the city difficult to change its structure radically. Also, with its massive immigrants, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is not able to afford enough amount of domiciles to cover all of them. Not only that, insufficient of providing transportation system is a significant problem which needs to be solved.

In order to solve those problems, Istanbul is trying to grow up the city by providing high rise condominiums and transportation lines such as expanding metro lines. However, the areas which can develop are the places where it can get benefit of well developed transportation. Therefore, while the government is attempting to solve the problems, it creates a economic gap between the areas of undeveloped transportation and well developed transportation. If the government continued only developing along the well transported area, this economic gap would make the city separate into two parts which are well developed areas and undeveloped areas.

Therefore, it is in need of taking some action in order to grow up the city equally in terms of economy avoiding the future of huge economic gap. Although it is tough to spread transportation system covering whole city, there is a way to grow up the city equally. For instance, people like to travel a lot of different countries as each country has its own character. Istanbul has a lot of different areas of different characters which are not currently regarded as attracting places. However, if the character of each area was emphasized to have its own attraction and if there was a low-cost transportation system which connect those areas, the whole city would develop equally.

The each area of emphasized character has its own economic circulation in order to sustain its area without depending on the government fund. Since the current mejor transportation systems in Istanbul such as metro and tram cost a lot of money to create and manage, it is not wise to expand those systems to whole city. Since buses and cars are causing significant trafic congestion, the system has to be modified to make it less congestion. Therefore, the new transportation system has to be one which doesn't cost a lot of money and reduces the congestion.

By taking those action, which are emphasizing character and low cost transportation system, to Istanbul, whole city will be able to grow up equally without creating economic gap and to sustain itself.

(a)

(b)

(h)

(g)

(c)

(d)

(f)

(e)

Chapter Two Project Background 2.1 Economy and Transportation 2.1.1 Transportation Impacts on Economy

Developed Transportation More Economy

Thanks to the great development of transportation since the industrial revolution, cities have been developing with its easy access from other places transporting not only a large amount of goods but also people who consume money for them. By accessing to other economies, it makes productivity grows and brings “higher wage”(*1). The areas without such accessing has difficulty to develop economically since the areas are isolated from other areas of economic main stream(*2). In addition to that, since those areas usually focus on “local needs”, there are very limited “demand for goods” they don't have chance to be developed(*3). Thus, it is significantly important to create access to those isolated areas to bring more economies and grow up them. However, it is always the issue not only for customers but also some industries which could bring base economies that they need to pay for transportation to access the places. As some of the isolated areas don't have attractive characters, enough competition or goods volume, it is significant issue especially for industries whether to decide to come to the areas(*4). Therefore, high transportation costs and lack of attractive character prevent not only people but also industries from coming to the isolated areas in terms of transportation.

Undeveloped Transportation Declined Economy 7

2.1.2 Benefits and Cautions According to the Economic Benefits of Transportation Investment written by Cambridge Systematics, Inc., there are, broadly, seven benefits caused by transportation(*5). Followings are those benefits.

Seven Benefits 1.Reducing costs to make products and distribute them

2.Enhancing the welfare

3.Making not only regional but also local economies strong

4.Creating activities and destinations for businesses and travelers

5.Reducing economic loss caused by accidents

6.Reducing economic loss caused by congestion

7.Creating jobs

These benefits can be divided into three types of benefits. The first type is a benefit which is caused by bringing things, such as people and businesses, to a local area. This benefit results in local economic growth by creating jobs for local people to deal with the people and businesses. The second type of benefit is for the local people to be able to access to other areas for variety of things that the area doesn't have. The third one is more about reducing economic losses rather than directly enhancing economies. As it is shown above, transportation surely enhances not only local economies but also broad economies. In addition to that, transportation also indirectly improves quality of of life of the area and activities with the strong economic base.

Cautions However, this is all about the area where there are some types of well developed transportation such as highway and mejor road, train lines or river transportation. Although these kinds of transportation affect to economies significantly for its great scale, it burdens a government with a lot of money to provide the transportation and to maintain. Therefore while some areas are able to have benefits of transportation, the other areas where there is no well-developed transportation will be economically declining. This will cause economic gap between each areas. It is also said that economic inequality has a possibility to increase crime rates especially at the low income classes (*6). Thus, while transportation system brings a lot of benefits to the areas, it creates a big gap between areas as long as transportation system only covers some certain areas of a city.

2.2 Reference (a) Shanghai

(b) Mumbai

2.2.1 Reference No.1: Shanghai 2.2.1.1 Rapid Growth and Transportation

Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China which has been developing rapidly since 1980's. Since 1980, Shanghai has increased the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Air Passenger Volumesâ&#x20AC;? to almost 22 times more in 1998 while the other two biggest cities, Beijing and Guangzhou, in 1980, has only increased its volumes to 14 times and 9 times until 1998(*7). In the over last 30 years, as the city grows, it has also grown its transportation systems inside the city especially underground metro systems which were supposed to cover many parts of the city in order to take an efficient action to the massive demand for economic growth (*8). As a matter of course, the growth rate of per capita GDP of Shanghai in 1995 was 368% compared to 1978 (*9). As the city grows, economic inequality of the city has been being increased. There is a still lot of shanty towns many of the places in Shanghai (*10). In Shanghai, since there are not enough public transportation systems to meet the gigantic demand including shanty town dwellers, most of the people use their personal vehicles as a mode for their travel (*11). However, this means that people who can't afford to have personal vehicles have very limited mode to travel. Therefore, the areas of shanty towns are isolated in terms of transportation as well as economic main stream. This causes negative

ap i

Ec o

no m

spiral in the city which will make the city be a city of economic inequality.

1980s 12

Problems with Transportation Systems Train Service

Over Crowded Expensive Small Mobility or Walk Personal Cars

Congestion Environmental Isuues

Isolated from Mainstream of Economy 13

2.2.2 Reference No.2: Mumbai 2.2.2.1 Rapid Growth and Transportation

Mumbai is also known as one of the biggest cities in the world, which is regarded as “Megacity” by five numbers of organizations (*12). There are only 18 cities in the world which are regarded as “Megacity” by all of the five organizations (*13). Mumbai has been developing radically since 1980s as the city has switched its main industry to health care and Information Technology from fiber industry and harbor trading. (*14). This changing main industries has spurred the population to grow even more. Between 1991 to 2001, the number of migrants who have come to the city during this decade has reached to over a million (*15). Whereas the city grows its population, infrastructure of the city has not been able to meet this on-going demand. One of the represented example of this problem is condition of dwellings. In 2001, the ratio of informal settlements in Mumbai occupied approximately over 50% (*16). Those settlements, for sure, must be isolated from a mainstream of the economy in terms of access to and from other areas not only for people but also goods transportation. Therefore, it is inferred that people in those areas have only local demands for them to work and provisions to access to goods. As a result, those areas lose its power to compete with the main economic stream. Thus, poor areas are not able to emerge from this situation of negative spiral.

Migrants

Mumbai One Million In the Decade

1991

2001

50%

Informal Settlements

2.2.3 Reference No.3: Mexico City 2.2.3.1 Rapid Growth and Transportation

Mexico City is one of the successful cities which has recovered from a tragic disaster. Uncounted number of buildings and nearly 300 high rises and big scale buildings were collapsed by the massive earthquake happened on 19th of September in 1985 (*17). Although the city's population decreased after the earthquake, the current population of the city has recovered its population to almost the same number as it was before the catastrophe (*18). As well as the other two cities, there are numerous numbers of low-income settlements in this city, namely â&#x20AC;&#x153;vecindadesâ&#x20AC;? which occupied approximately 10% of total housings (*19). Surprisingly, including formal settlements, the ratio of housings with inferior environment, to say slums, reaches to over 60% (*20). Since Mexico City is also known as a city of high-crime rates caused by poor people, those people in slums are probably one of the reasons to high crime rates. In addition to that, the metro underground systems and metro buses which are two main public transportation systems in the city only cover the very limited area where almost only the middle class or the higher live (*21). By the way of parenthesis, those who are the middle class or higher only occupy the 24% of total population in the city (*22). Therefore, it is obvious by what has been written above, most of the citizens are strongly isolated from the main economy of the city in terms of transportation. Thus, the crime rates of the city will not become low unless all of the citizens and goods have equal or similar conditioned access to transportation.

60% Slums High Crime Rates

Two Main Public Transportation Systems Metro line

Metro Bus

Only middle class or the higher live

24%

Middle Class or The Higher

2.3 Economic Inequality As it has been stated so far, less transportation systems are more or less related with the fact that there are economic inequality in rapid growing cities that has started developing especially in recent years. Those economic inequality could be a rasson for rising crime rates which makes cities split into two parts as it can be seen in some of the cities as gated community. Since all of the former three cities have around half of slum dwellers in total population, it is obviously significant problem which cannot be ignored. Unfortunately the population of those cities is still increasing even though cities' infrastructure is far behind to meet this demand. Therefore, there is in need of finding a way to let slum dwellers join the main economic stream to be able to have its power to compete with. Once they have a chance to do so, they would be no more slum dwellers. This action would decrease the economic gap between citizens. There are even more numbers of cities which have huge economic gaps in addition to the former three cities. One of the representative examples is a city of Europe and Asia, that is, Istanbul.

Less Transportation

Economically Declined Areas

More Transportation

Economically Grown Areas 19

Chapter Three Contexts of Istanbul

3.1 Long Developing History Istanbul is not an exception to the other cities which have huge economic inequalities. Moreover, Istanbul is one of the cities which have the highest possibility to have the strongest economic inequality. Istanbul, different from the other three cities, has been developing a lot with its great long history. Although it is not so well known, Istanbul has some very old transportation systems. Funicular which is known as the shortest and the second oldest underground metro line in the world opened in 1875 (*23). In 1871, although it was â&#x20AC;&#x153;horse-drawnâ&#x20AC;?, the city already had a tram line (*24). For those long-history transportation systems, Istanbul seems a well-transportation city. However, because of its short distance lines, those two systems didn't have power to compete with river transportation which were main transportation systems at the age as most of the population lived along the river(*25). For this reason, underground metro lines and trams didn't develop greatly.

Old Public Transportation Systems 1875 World Second Oldest Underground Line (a) Funicular

1871 Horse-Drawn Tram

(b) Horse-Drawn Tram

The Great Long History 1991

1667

1453

1023

754

537

196

BC200

BC3500

BC6700

3.2 Insufficient Public Transportation System Although the share of public land transportation reached to nearly 96% while the river based systems only occupied less than 5% in 1995, metro lines and trams are still not main modes of transportation systems (*26). Istanbul's unique condition makes the situation more difficult. Since there are complicated geography such as steep hills and a lot of remains in the ground, it makes the city difficult to provide enough trams and metro lines. Surprisingly, over 88% of the land transportation is occupied by busses while railway transportation systems such as metro lines and trams only occupy less than 8% (*27). In addition to that, 64% of the bus transportation service is informal service (*28). This means that 57% of all transportation modes are informal bus services. As it can be seen, over half of the people have to choose inferior and over crowded transportation modes for their trip. Since metro lines and trams mainly occupy the central area, those transportation modes are only for some people. As a matter of course, there is always new on-going development along those transportation lines. On the contrary, the rest of the places where transportation systems are not well developed are remained undeveloped.

Difficulties to provide public transportation

p e e

Share of land public transportation mode

8% Metro Lines & Trams

88% Bus Services

64% Informal Bus Services Among All Bus Services

s l l

Lots of Remains in the Ground 25

The length of the transportation systems

Highway Systems

320km

Railway Systems

138km 26

3.3 Commuting and Transportation Laborsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Dwellings

Commuting Area

Working Places

30km of radius

Working Spots

73%

27%

Europian Side

Asian Side

Labors’ Flow

Labors’ Flow to the Europian Side

Congestion Points

Only 2 Bridges across the Bosphorous

Chapter Four Site Introduction 4.1 Strong Transportation 4.1.1 Highways and Mejor Road The projected site is placed on the European side of Istanbul which is approximately 10km far away to the north from the historical central area. The place is called Levent where the government invests a lot of money. Around the site, there are two highways running horizontally on the both sides of the south and the north. One mejor road and a metro line along the road are running vertically connecting to the highways. This mejor road divides this whole area into two parts. Since Istanbul has only two highways in total, places such as the site which is surrounded by the both highways are quite differential from any other places in the city. What makes the site even stronger in terms of transportation system is a mejor road, which is connected with the highways, and a metro line. For those reasons, there is a lot of investments and new developments especially along those transportation systems. Although the historical area has a lot of transportation systems, there is, except the historical area, only one place like the site in Istanbul.

Transportation & Development

Big Scale Map Around the Levent

The Site Line

4.2 Highly Developed Area 4.2.1 New Projects and No Projects Since the government puts a lot of investments in Levent area, there are many new projects are in progress including high rise office buildings, mixed use buildings and shopping malls. Therefore, Levent is known as new development area while the central area is remained as the world famous historical area. Due to those facts, Levent has been developing remarkably in recent years. Except Levent, there is no such a place where there is this lot of new projects are in progress. As a result, Levent now brings a lot of people to its area. It will bring even more people in the future when on-going projects are completed. As it is stated so far, it seems Levent is going to the right direction for its development in order to sustain its area by itself by turning the area into the new generation. However, it is only Levent where a lot of projects are in progress. The other areas which are surrounding Levent do not have any new projects even though those areas are placed just next to Levent. Those areas are clearly different from Levent in terms of the buildings' scale and the land use. It goes without saying that those areas started to decline its economy and will be declining more in the future. Thus, the more Levent develops, the more declined the other areas become as long as the government only develops along the welltransportation areas, which is Levent, and as long as the transportation systems only cover the certain areas.

Investment in Levent

Sapphire

Zorlu Levent Office

Banks

Condominium

Levent Loft

Kanyon

Ozdilek Plaza

Metro City

Development of Istanbul In Istanbul, there is a lot of new projects moving on mainly along the well transported lines such as motorway and metros. In those new development areas, there is everything for people to live such as companies, condominiums and shopping malls. If the government only forcuses on along those lines, outside of the area will be declined in terms of economy. In order to keep the both types of areas economically close to each other, there is in need of making the undeveloped areas attractive.

4.3 Character Differences Among The Site There is surprisingly a lot of character differences among the site including Levent and the other areas. Character differences make the city rich in terms of diversity. Especially the site has various types of character differences. There are broadly five character differences among the site which is approximately only 2km long.

4.3.1 Local Mixed Commercial Area

On the left side of Levent, there is a local commercial area. One of the most representative feature of this area is mixed commercial shops which have a potential to be Istanbul's lively market like place. It is quite unique even in the whole city that this area has this variety types of shops. Although the buildings' scale is quite small, the height of the buildings varies broadly. Basically, most of the shops in this area are more like shops for necessity of life rather than luxury items. There are almost no cafes or restaurants here. The only places like restaurants here are only kebab fast food restaurants. In addition to that, there are not enough health care facilities such as pharmacy, optician or health care center. Needless to say, only a few office buildings exist, that could become one of the ways to bring people from other places. Thus, it can be said that this area is specified to the local peoples' life. With the current situation, since this area only brings the locals, the amount of demands and provision are very limited whereas Levent area brings more people from other part of the city thanks to the developed transportation systems. It is not difficult to predict that even the current locals would be attracted by Levent if this area kept this situation.

4.3.2 Business District

This area is on the left side of Levent where there are almost only office buildings even though the area next to this area is local commercial areas. Therefore, the buildings' scale is much bigger than the local commercial area. The ratio of office buildings in this area occupy approximately 60% of total land use. The two shopping malls are also placed in this area. The office buildings attract more companies and industries. The shopping malls attract more shoppers and goods. Since this area which is on the left side of Levent has the most number of on-going projects among the whole site, it means that it can be said this area develops the most in terms of economy. At the same time, it is expected that this area will attract the most number of people and goods in the future. However, since it will make other places' economy decline if only this area attracts most of people, goods or offices, this area should work as a leading area to bring outsiders to the whole area.

4.3.3 High Rise Condominiums and Banks

This area is placed on the right side of Levent. Since Levent is divided into two parts by the mejor road which is connected to the highways, Whole Levent doesn't have a similar character. The only one characteristic similarity is that the both sides of Levent have high rise buildings. The land use which occupies the most in this area is condominiums or few numbers of residences which share 53% of total land use here. Since these condominiums here already have some greenery inside the premises, these condominiums could be one of the places where there is high quality urban life. Since those greenery is not well utilized currently, they should be modified in order to be used more. Different from the left side, there are some shops on this side as there are customers who are from the condominiums. Although the number of shops are not various, types of shops have a significant difference from the local comercial area. For instance, there are three shops which are cafe, restaurant and stationary shop out of four shops in total. This means that the tendency of the shops in this area is not just necessity of life but also luxurious types of shops. The other unique land use is bank which attracts company and economy that brings. Therefore, this area has a potential to be a sophisticated high rise residential area with a lot of greenery which can be relaxation place even for office workers from banks.

(a) Banks

4.3.4 Expensive Commercial Area

This area is similar to the local commercial area in some way as there are various types of shops in this area. The different things is types of shops. While most of the shops are based on necessity of life, there are many numbers of cafes, restaurants and even bars and night clubs. And as a matter of course, there is a lot of health care facilities. A cultural centre, a hotel and a car dealer make here more unique as a luxurious commercial area. However, this compact commercial area is weak to attract a lot of people and outsiders. The other part of this area is mostly shared by rich residential houses. Although commercial facilities share 44% of this area, residences also share 33% of total land use. Therefore, the buildings' scale and the height of this area is generally small and low. Since there is also a lot of shops which are attractive to shoppers such as luxurious clothing shops, delicatessens and bakeries, it means that this whole area has not only small shops but also places to stay during shopping time.

4.3.5 Residential Area with Urban Quality

The right side from the mejor road is basically rich area. This area is not an exception. Although most of the land use here is residential housings, there are many institutions especially educational institutions such as library, schools and art school. In addition to that, this area has an even mosque and a large park which have a lot of greenery. Since most of the houses here also have greenery with them, this area is determined as educational facilities with greenery. On the contrary, there is no commercial facility which is one of the most important key to attract people here. Thus, it is somewhat difficult for this area to bring people. However, it wouldn't be a difficult issue if the area itself was next to a strong commercial area or large population and if the area itself had its own unique character. In this site, the unique character could be the educational facilities with greenery especially art school which never exists in any other areas on the site.

4.4 Predictable Economic Inequality As it has been stated so far, the site around Levent has variety types of character differences that each of them even has its own potential to bring more people. However, it is just a potential yet. Even though each of the areas has its own potential, it will be just a potential unless some action is taken to turn the potential into the possibility. With the current situation, each area doesn't have enough power to bring people from other areas. Whereas those areas are remain without investment, only Levent develops with a lot of investments. The issue of transportation is also a significant problem. Since metro line and mejor road run only along Levent area, there is no efficient way to access to those areas except busses and private cars. Due to the fact that most of the bus services are informal and only a little ratio of population can have a car, it is obvious that access to those areas are very weak. For those facts, the whole area will have huge economic inequality in the not so far away future.

ObjecChapter Five Project tives and Work Methodology

5.1 Project Objectives 5.1.1 Equal Economic Growth In order to let the city grow equally in terms of economy, it has to start from providing a new prototype to have the economic situation improved for the certain area which has the highest possibility having the strongest economic inequality. The first prototype area is to be the site mentioned above. The first aim is to bringing more people to every area of the whole site from other places in Istanbul by adopting two of new mechanisms which make the each area attractive and easy accessible. The first mechanism is to be about a thing to make the each area itself attractive. And the second one is to providing new transportation system. Since this first aim is the prototype, these two mechanisms have to be flexible for the future aim to spread it to the other places in Istanbul. Therefore, the whole Istanbul will be able to grow equally.

Predicted Future

Current Situation

Objectives

5.2 Work Methodology 5.2.1 Emphasize the Character Differences In order to make the each area itself more attractive, there is in need of emphasizing the character of the each area since each of the five areas has its own different character to be able to be attractive. In addition to that, this emphasizing character means preserving the existing shops and residences, which means flexible. By doing so, even though the new mechanisms spread to other places in the city, it can grow without demolishing existing characters. Since each of the areas is to be emphasized its character to make them different from any other places in the whole city, emphasizing characters shouldn't be making any similarity to the characters of the other areas.

5.2.2 Create New Transportation System Although each of the areas has attractive and different character, it is difficult to bring people there without an efficient transportation. The transportation system has to be flexible which can be spread to other places in the city. And this system shouldn't cost a lot to provide and maintain.

Chapter Six Propositions 6.1 New Transportation System The new transportation that is to be provided is completely new one from any other conventional transportation systems in terms of its flexibility and providing and maintenance cost. First of all, this transportation system uses electric vehicles for its network. There are five stations firstly provided as a prototype that customers can start their journey with the electric vehicles. These stations are called Switching Points as they switch mode of trip, energy and the character of streets. There are three types of electric vehicles provided which are rental electric cars, rental electric bikes and electric taxis. Each of the vehicle types is called E-Cars, E-Bikes and E-Taxis. All of the types are generally called E-Vehicles. People can use any types of E-Vehicles depending on their purpose from any of the Switching Points. E-Cars and E-Bikes are for people who have driving license. On the contrary, E-Taxis are for those who don't have driving license.

Electric Vehicles

Switching Points

Road Network

Central Junction

Every Switching Point is connected by one continuous road. E-Vehicles can only run on this road and park only at a Switching Point. Therefore, the cost for using E-Vehicles is very low since destinations of trips with E-Vehicles are limited only to Switching Points. In addition to that, with the feature of on-demand use of E-Vehicles, it is greatly different from other conventional transportation systems such as busses and trains which run constantly even though there are almost no passengers. Since the site is placed near the mejor road connected with two highways, it can be expected that some amount of people will come to the projected site by their personal cars. In order to provide enough space for those who use personal cars, three of five Switching Points which are placed at the three ends of the continuous road have parking lots. The personal car users park their own cars at any of the parking lots which are at the three ends of the road to change their mode of trip to E-Vehicles. Since the distance of each

Three Districts

point is approximately five minute walk, people walk the streets between Switching Points for urban activities such as shopping, park walk or art walk. It means that parking places are concentrated at Switching Points and walking places are clearly designed for pedestrians. As a result, traffic congestion of the site will be reduced even though the system uses vehicles. For providing this E-Vehicle system, since there is no need to provide rail lines as train nor to have time tables, it doesn't cost as much as rail line to provide and doesn't run without passengers as busses and trains do.

Switching Points in Plan and Perspective

Switching Point A (Plan)

Switching Point A (Perspective)

Switching Point B (Perspective)

Switching Point B (Plan)

6.2 New Shopping System E-Card

Points Earning System

E-Card Reader

E-Card Reader Equipped

E-Card Registeration

E-Card Register Stations

6.3 The Emphasized Characters

New Functions in Layer

All of the streets of emphasized characters are connected by Switching Points. Therefore, travel to other streets wouldn't be a problem. Switching Points would rather help all of the separated streets unite. Since each Switching Point is placed between two streets of different characters, pedestrians feel the character is to be changed when passing a Switching Point. Therefore, emphasizing characters to make the difference wouldn't be separating the whole site.

6.3.1 The Goods Exploration Street

Fast Shops & Backstreet Shops In this area, there are two mechanisms will be provided. Both of them are designed to attract more businesses, commercials and people. The first mechanism is Fast Shop. This Fast shop is temporary and very flexible shop. The system which is going to be provided is Quick Owner-Change System. This system allows people who like to have their own shop to be a shop owner as long as they like depending on owners need. As the Fast Shops are temporary shops, the maximum length of tenancy is expected to one year. There are three types of Fast Shops with three types of different functions depending on the length of tenancy and the types of shops. The first type has the simplest function only with walls and a roof. The length of tenancy is expected up to a week from one day renting. Therefore, the type of shops will be market like shops such as green grocery, clothing or mobile phones seller. The second type is expected to have longer length of tenancy with a door and a glass. The length will be from a week to three months. The expected type of the shops will be shops which need more security such as furniture or jewelry. The third type comes with everything that the other two shops have, plus an equipment such as kitchen. Therefore, the type of shops will be cafes or small restaurants. The length of tenancy will be up to one year from three months. The places of all the types of the Fast Shops are to be put is on a basis of the places of existing shops. It means that all of the Fast Shops will be placed in front of the existing shops which have similar function to the fast shops. Therefore, all of the shops will always have competition which makes the street more active. It is the first mechanism that has been stated so far. The second one is Back Street Shop. Back Street Shops work as secondhand shops or outlet shops. Back Street Shops buy left over goods from Fast Shops, existing shops and people. Since these shops sell products much cheaper than other shops and will be placed along the backstreets, customers who like to go cheaper go to these streets. Thus, this whole area will have more businesses, goods and people.

Fast Shops Advertisement

Three Types of Fast Shops

Mechanism No.1 Fast Shops

Quick Qwner-Change System

Along the Street

Three Types

Example Use

Mechanism No.2 Backstreet Shops

Secondhand & Outlet System

Along the Backstreets

Each Block

The Flow

6.3.2 The Urban Forest

The Mixed Use Building One mixed use building will be provided to this area since there are existing office buildings and shopping malls. The functions will be two types which are offices and commercials. Apart from those functions, one roof top open space will be provided for both of office workers and pedestrians. By providing an office center, more businesses will be brought to the area. The commercial center including cafes and restaurants which is mainly designed for office workers will bring more commercials and goods. The roof top open space will bring more pedestrians who have a possibility to purchase goods at the shops in the buildings. There is also a sky deck to be provided on the top floor of the forefront tower for the visiters to command the whole area. By doing these action, this area will attract more businesses, goods and people.

Access from the Inside

Roof Top Garden

Access to the Roof Top Garden

6.3.3 The Community Park

Public Open Space As currently there are only some high rise condominiums, this area only brings some residents who are to live there currently or in the future. Therefore, more high rise rental condominiums should be provided in order to have new residents at any time. Plus, the public open space is to be provided for both of the residents and pedestrians. As this area will be a new residential area with new urban quality of large green open space, pedestrians who visit this area have a possibility to be the future residents. Thus, this area will always have new people especially residents.

High Rise Condominiums & Vacant Space Phases of Development

6.3.4 The Luxury Shopping Walk

Linear Commercial Street One linear commercial street will be provided to the area. This linear commercial street makes the whole area stronger in terms of bringing more customers by turning its small scattered commercial area into larger linear street. This new shopping line also brings people to the existing shops since the linear shopping street includes existing shops on the line. In order to improve the urban quality of this area as a luxurious shopping walk, it is important to provide not only shops but also the open space for the shoppers to be able to enjoy their time for the outside activities. These open space will be placed between the shops. Since each open space is in-between, each of them will be used by two shops. Therefore, the way of use of the open space will be various depending the shops next to it. For instance, if there is a cafe and a cutlery shop next to open space, the open space can be a part of the restaurant outside where the cutlery that the cutlery shop sells are used for the restaurants. For the reason of this changing atmosphere of the open space, the open space is called â&#x20AC;&#x153;Flexible Open Spaceâ&#x20AC;?. As a result, these open space have always different atmosphere depending on what shops are next to the open space.

Mechanism of Action

Current Commercials

Action No.1

Action No.2

Actions in Layer

Flexible Open Space

6.3.5 The Art Walk

The Line of Art Along the spine of the area, works of art by young artists and art school students will be exhibit. There is a voting system to be provided to make the exhibition more active. Next to each work, voting machine will be provided for pedestrians to be able to vote for their favorite work. With this voting system, the best of the month can be decided by the vote. The work which became the best of the month can extend its exhibition for one more month. Therefore, the quality of works will be gradually better and better like natural selection. Since people use E-Card to vote, it wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be a lot of work for them to vote. In addition to that, since they can earn points by voting, many people will like to choose their favorite works. However, in order to avoid that people vote for a lot of works of art only to earn the points, the number of time they can vote is once in a month, which is each exhibition.

Exhibition Calendar

Voting System

Natural Selection

6.4 Equal Economic Growth As it has been stated so far, there are broadly two mechanisms to make the city grow equally which are emphasizing characters of areas and transportation system with Switching Points. Since there is a lot of various differences in Istanbul, it will make it possible to withdraw the each areas' appeal to its maximum level by emphasizing the characters. Plus, it will make it possible to bring people to those areas of emphasized characters by providing flexible, low-cost transportation system. Thus, the city will grow equally in terms of economy.

the Chapter SevenSpread System 7.1 Other Places in Istanbul With its flexible and low-cost features of the new urban system of character emphasizing and transportation system, it can be adopted to other places in Istanbul. Flexibility has an ability to fit the Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s complicated geography and remains in the ground. Low-cost makes it easier for the city to provide and maintenance. The projected prototype of the system will be spreading to other places in the city. It is not impossible that the system covers whole city. Thus, the economic inequality will be gradually reduced.

The First Proto Type

Spread Around The Proto Type

Covers The Whole City

7.2 Other Cities As the three other cities mentioned formerly also have a significant issue of economic inequality which has been caused by insufficient of urban infrastructure, the new proposed system can be adopted to those cities as well as Istanbul. The main similarities of those cities to istanbul are lack of transportation and its diversity which are caused by a lot of migrants. For those similarities, character emphasizing and new transportation system are able to be adopted.

Shanghai

Mumbai

Mexico City

Chapter Eight Conclusion 8.1 Conclusion Although the new proposed system can be adopted to other cities which have similarities to Istanbul, Istanbul is yet the most suitable city to provide this new system. Even though a city has an economic inequality, there is a way to reduce the inequality as those economic inequalities are mainly caused by lack of transportation. Therefore, if there is a lot of character differences in a city, it is possible to adopt the system.

Chapter Nine References and Images 9.1 References (*1-4) Robert A. Maestre, Vanitha Murthy, Lucia Ramirez, Michael Rock. OREGON TRANSPORTATION PLAN UPDATE Transportation and the Economy. Oregon: Oregon Department of Transportation, 2006.

(*5) (Unknown). Economic Benefits of Transportation Investment. Cambridge Systematics, Inc., 2002. (*6) Bruce Western, Meredith Kleykamp, Jake Rosenfeld. Crime, Punishment, and American Inequality. Princeton University, 2003.

(*7) Fengjun Jin, Fahui Wang, Yu Liu. Chinese Academy of SciencesGeographic Patterns of Air Passenger Transport in China 1980â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1998: Imprints of Economic Growth, Regional Inequality, and Network Development. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Northern Illinois University, (Unknown).

(*8) Zheng Wang, Chao Zhu, Xiaofang Shan. Cost Analysis of Public Transport in Shanghai. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Transportation Engineering, 2011. (*9) Shujie Yao. Economic growth, income inequality and poverty in china under economic reforms. Journal of Development Studies, 1999.

(*10) Tom. Chinese in Shanghai. PB WORKS, 2007. (*11) Qing Shen. Urban transportation in Shanghai, China: problems and planning implications. Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 1997

(*12-13) (Unknown). U.S. Census Bureau and Times Atlas of the World, Tenth Edition. Ministry of World Impact, Inc., 2005 (*14) (Unknown). Doing Business in India in 2009. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2009.

(*15) McFarlane, C. Sanitation in Mumbaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s informal settlements : state, slum and infrastructure. Environment and planning A., 2008.

(*16) (Unknown). Safety Guidance. Consulate General of Japan Mumbai, 2011. (*17) Elena Poniatowska, Aurora Camacho de Schmidt, Arthur Schmidt. Nothing, nobody: the voices of the Mexico City earthquake. Temple University Press, 1985.

(*18) (Unknown). Mexico City Population and Density by District (Delegacione) from 1950. Wendell Cox Consultancy, 2006. (*19-22) Priscilla Connolly. The case of Mexico City, Mexico. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, 2003. (*23) Grantham, Andrew. Getting into a reforming market. Railway Gazette International, 2007.

(*24-25) Zekiye YENEN. A WORLD CITY ON WATER: URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF ISTANBUL AND TRANSFORMATION OF TOWNSCAPE. Department of City and Regional Planning, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul,Turkey, (Unknown).

(*26-28) M Ocakci. Commuting pattern of industrial laborers in the Istanbul metropolitan area. Elsevier Science Ltd., 2000.

9.2 Images p.5-a http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?um=1&hl=en&safe=off&q=istanbul&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=49024l50476l0l51052l8l8l0l2l2l0l18 9l662l1.4l5l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1440&bih=739&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=il

p.5-b http://talkaboutturkey.blogspot.com/2011/04/new-taxi-regulations-to-ease-congestion.html

p.5-c http://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/resimler/eklenti//gecekondu.jpg

p.5-d http://www.istanbul-city-guide.com/Kanyon-Shopping-Mall-Istanbul/

p.5-e http://javed-sultan.blogspot.com/2011/03/blue-mosque-istanbul.html

p.5-f http://www.flickr.com/photos/jjjjjjj/129729700/ p.5-g http://www.world-city-photos.org/Istanbul/photos/Bosphorus/Bosphorus_Bridge_photo/

p.5-h http://blog.travelpod.com/travel-blog-entries/skipforward/1/1260025289/tpod.html

p.11-a http://www.kampus-asia.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Shanghai3.jpg

p.11-b http://www.indiatravelblog.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/mumbai.jpg

p.11-c http://v4.nonxt7.c.bigcache.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/original/12042302.jpg?redirect_counter=1

p.21-a http://www.flickr.com/photos/tramturk/548026784/in/set-72157600389605652 p.21-b http://maximos62.wordpress.com/2010/06/15/sydneys-trams-their-rise-decline-demise-and-rebirth/

p.35-a http://www.flickr.com/photos/here8now/287715664/