Drumchapel | Remould and Remake | Masterplanning

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Lisa Irvine

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Introduction :Site Problems Evident Why remould and remake?

In collaboration with Glasgow City Council, we have been tasked to look at Drumchapel in detail, to uncover its weaknesses in depth and to provide solutions that will remedy its issues and expand on its strengths.

Drumchapel is an area containing urban sprawl on the west periphery of Glasgow. Its populace experiences multifaceted social problems.

It is a complex site, with undulating topography, which reduces the accessibility of its neighbourhoods.

Much of its built fabric is run down. Its form contrasts massively with the compact, functional urban streets, composed in a grid structure experienced in central Glasgow and the West end. Neighbourhood areas within Drumchapel are separated by vast swathes of dereliction, buildings are extremely scattered and there is a lack of quality public realm and architecture.

Built as one of many ‘satellite towns’ erected in Glasgow, the ‘hamlet’ is primarily attached to Glasgow via a motorway.

The undulating topography makes walking in Drumchapel an unattractive prospect

It was built with the intention to be self sufficient, however what availed was ‘homogenized periphery housing, lacking social facilities, frequent bus links and the social capital of clubs + organisations that were critical to a functional civil society’ (Devine, 2012) .

Housing in Drumchapel was built thick and fast, in response to wartime induced housing shortages and an eagerness to decentralise the electorate.

Flimsy tower blocks, terraced flat blocks and poor quality detached homes were erected. Over the years, insufficiently built fabric has deteriorated, and inhabitants have left and continue to leave (Understanding Glasgow, 2018).

Unemployment levels and incidences of poverty are far greater in Drumchapel than the rest of Glasgow, and a higher level of vandalism is apparent. Furthermore, the numerous empty sites give Drumchapel a feeling of dereliction and hopelessness.

Run down fabric is abundant within Drumchapel.

Above; central shopping precinct in the area with the highest incidence of poverty within Drumchapel

There is a lack of high quality architecture and ‘distinctive place’ within Drumchapel Above; view from the square behind the current town centre

Huge unused, unkept sites separate residential areas from the town centre. Walking beside these areas en route to the town centre is unnerving due to them not being overlooked

Run down fabric is abundant within Drumchapel Above; unkept buildings within the town centre

Unloved, poorly formed and disused public space in the town centre of Drumchapel

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Introduction Why Intervene?

Previous investigative work has identified some key problems; Social Problems • Higher than average levels of unemployment • Anti social behaviour • Lack of demographic diversity • High levels of poverty and pockets of extreme poverty • Higher levels of ill health (Glasgow Indicators,2016) Physical Problems • Dilapidated and underutilized buildings within the current town centre give off the impression that Drumchapel is a failing, neglected place • Numerous disused and unattractive gap sites in the current town centre reduce the quality of the main central gathering place in Drumchapel • Numerous gap sites throughout the area which create indefensible space which people prefer not to walk through, which contributes to higher levels of car use • A lack of attractive and accessible pedestrian routes to transport hubs / commercial areas • Low density • Cul de sac areas poorly connected to major facilities and to the town centre • Hilly terrain throughout which would be costly to develop and which discourages walking activities

Run down shopping precinct

Great swathes of unused land bridging residential areas and key resources are not attractive to walk through, and are isolated and dangerous at night

In the past, authorities have ‘regenerated’ areas with similar social and physical problems, by demolition and the mass rebuilding of deteriorated housing, such as in Easterhouse. The initial ‘rebuild’ approach ** has been criticized as directing funding into the wrong areas, and has been described as ‘window dressing’ and ‘prettifying’ by prominent social commentators (Garcia /Holman, 2010), with negative life circumstances such as unemployment and poverty remaining.

Remake and remodels Approach

**, since the program has been underway, objectives have been developed to now encompass social regeneration alongside physical upgrade)

Remould and Remake aims to provide a holistic approach encompassing rebuild and social rejuvenation to repair the ills within the area.

Engaging with the Community and Social Initiative Funding (Barton, 2012) Remake and Remodel will firstly identify, fund and strengthen individuals and initiatives inciting positive change within Drumchapel. Groups teaching new skills, those curating social and physical events which improve the mental and physical well-being of those involved, and green initiatives will be the first to receive funding.

Participants of such groups will be encouraged to help form wider change strategies within Drumchapel.

Thirdly, we aim to renovate the town centre as it is currently in a state of disrepair, to help build a new, more positive image of Drumchapel, as a place of quality and cultural activity. By adding a rail link closer to the main centre of the area, we hope to rethread it back into Glasgow.

Remake and Remodel will also create a framework to support the continued growth of Drumchapel. This framework aims to nudge any future development in the right development direction, in terms of outlining specific sites which have the greatest potential to accommodate specified types of new fabric. The sites will possess spatial rules which outline the preferred forms and characters of new fabric to achieve sustainability and place-making objectives.

Our approach will entail four phases.

Firstly we will create a steering group in collaboration with anchor institutions and bodies able to oversee and direct the regeneration process. Phase two will involve carrying out measures with the aim to enhance Drumhapels popularity. Finding development partners who may be interested in carrying out private development within the area, should demand for new homes increase, will occur alongside the rejuvenation of key areas.

Secondly, this program aims to implement the renovation of existing facilities within Drucmhapel to provide entrepreneurial organisations with free, quality workspace.

Anyone who can prove they are doing good within Drumchapel, can enlist our help, be that in finding premises or by using us to help them access funding to grow their initiatives. Office space which currently exists within Drumchapel will be marketed more widely across Glasgow.

Any growth to quench housing demand will be guided.

It will be driven by the growth framework which earmarks appropriate sites for housing and new public facility development.

Phase four reviews activity, evaluates suitability of current proposals and edits the plans for the area as necessary.

Sustainable Ethos The desire for smart growth drives every move proposed

by Remake and Remodel. Our age requires us to be canny with our existing resources, and so we propose very little demolition within our plan and we don’t create any new major roads. We aim to rejuvenate what is there at present and to stimulate a natural growth within the area. Should our actions fail to result in attracting new populace to the area, our renovation measures will have not been in vein; they will have improved Drumchapel for its existing residents.

Our plan also •encourages walking and cycling through the creation of robust green networks •encourages growth on currently empty sites •only specifies demolition if the the facility is in a great state of disrepair / this enables its repositioning in a more strategic location which will foster greater community benefit The diagram shows the actions involved in each phase in detail.

2019

2020

2021

2022

PHASE 1 CREATE STEERING GROUP

WITH LOCAL COUNCILLORS/ COMMUNITY MEMBERS/ DEVELOPERS AND ORGANISE CONSULTATION EVENTS

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION WHAT DO THE COMMUNITY WANT? - EVENTS / WORKSHOPS/ COLLABORATION WITH CHARITIES, LOCAL INITIATIVES (CYCLING HUB, DRUMCHAPEL LIFE)

EXAMINING FUNDING ALLOCATION OPPORTUNITIES BEFORE REBUILD

STRENGTHENING LOCAL INITIATIVES (CYCLING HUB, DRUMCHAPEL LIFE) BY HELPING TO LOCATE AND ACHIEVE FUNDING STREAMS

FORMULATING ACTION PLAN WITH STEERING GROUP AND COMMUNITY WITH REGARDS TO DIRECTION OF REDEVELOPM

PHASE 2 RENOVATING TOWN CENTRE BUILDINGS AND DERELICT SITES THROUGHOUT RE CLADDING AND REPAINTING BUILDING A CREATING SHARED SURFACE PUBLIC REALM OUTSIDE BUILDING A AND ALONG HIGH STREET SOUTH OF CENTRAL PARK

ERECTING SHIPPING CONTAINER AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN SQUARE AND PAINTING PAVED CAR-PARK BEHIND TO CREATE PARKING BAYS FOR CINE INSTALLATION

REMOVING PAVING FROM DERELICT SITES AND GREENING THESE WITH MEADOW FLOWER SEEDS INSTALLING DRUMCHAPEL GATEWAY SIGN PLANTING FOREST FOR WOOD CHIP PLANT IN SITE C

INSTALLING SUDS INFRASTRUCTURE THROUGHOUT / PLANTING IN ‘GREEN FINGER’ SITES IN PREPARATION FOR THE ADDITION OF HOUSING AND NEW FACILITIES

PHASE 3

BUILDING AFFORDABLE HOUSING BLOCKS IN TOWN

HOUSING BUILT IN GAP SITES TH

PHASING

2023

2024

2025

2026 - 2050

MENT

EMA

CENTRE AND AT POINTS D + E

DECANT OF TOWER BLOCK POPULATION INTO NEW HOUSING DEMOLITION OF TOWER BLOCKS ROUGHOUT DRUMCHAPEL INCL. TOWER BLOCK SITE DECANT OF POPULATION IN CENTRAL COTTAGES TO NEW HOUSING DEMOLITION OF CENTRAL COTTAGES REBUILD OF LIBRARY AND PUBLIC SPACE IN CENTRAL AREA WHERE CENTRAL COTTAGES USED TO LIE

PHASE 4 REVIEW SUCCESS OF PROGRAM / RENEW AIMS / DEVISE FRAMEWORK FOR NEW GROWTH AND RENEWAL

Sustainable growth: not wasting precious resources by needless demolition, utilising gap sites with infrastructure before developing on gap sites without this

Strengthening social initiatives to improve life in Drumchapel

Reducing high levels of Unemployment + Anti-social behaviour by encouraging business growth to boost job opportunities Renovating dilapidated existing fabric

Making Drumchapel higher density/ adding housing and higher quality facilities Making Drumchapel a walkable place and encouraging active lifestyles by providing high quality green infrastructure

OVERARCHING

AFTER

BEFORE

OBJECTIVES

Fixing the physical and social problems

PHASE 1 Community Consultation and Strengthening existing Resources

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel SOCIAL: The problems in more detail: Unemployment Problem • High levels of unemployment The neighbourhood has a relatively low employment rate, and as a potential consequence of this, one of the highest levels of child poverty in Scotland (48%) Furthermore, the schools within Drumchapel are some of the worst performing in Glasgow (Understanding Glasgow, 2012)

Potential Solutions It is naĂŻve to think that a problem as large as this can be solved quickly and easily. Creating more learning and development opportunities within Drumchapel is a start; giving people have the opportunity to develop new skills which may result in their enhanced employability.

Providing the facilities to attract and home new organisations, such as charity shops, green initiatives, start-ups and community businesses would enhance the number of paid and voluntary positions available within Drumchapel.

In the past, community farms, pubs and cinemas have been set up by communities to improve the liveability of their area and to skill build (Hayton,1983).

If Drumchapel is to thrive, middle income and high income individuals need to be attracted to the area as-well. Higher income earners such as entrepreneurs need to be attracted to create new businesses and job opportunities and to support the improvement of the public realm through the creation of new shops and facilities which improve the aesthetic of the nodes. Making Drumchapel a more distinctive and vibrant place, with a reputation for entrepreneurship and style will go some way in attracting this demographic, as will providing the facilities for them to utilise.

Hugely important is to encourage the growth of social business initiatives. Precedents of social businesses which are run by the community have had hugely positive impacts on communities in the past. Some examples are explained below.

Stepney City Farm (powertochange, 2018).

This project was funded to create a city farm and allotment resource on an ex bombsite in Tower Hamlets, London.

Grant money funded the employment of one planter/project manager to oversee operations, The farm is now open six days a week and thanks to volunteers who help sell the garden produce, the project turns over 3 times as much community profit as it did when it was first opened.

Drumchapel has plenty of spare land and a need for more educational activities. Could a similar initiative be set up in Drumchapel?

Community Business Precedents Star and Shadow Cinema (powertochange, 2018).

This cinema was originally set up by the community in a neighbourhood in Newcastle, and was forced to move out of its leased premises when the building was sold for redevelopment. The cinema group secured a grant ofÂŁ40,000 and proposed a plan to self-build it in a more deprived community.

Drumchapel lacks high quality leisure facilities, and it does not currently house a cinema facility. Cinema’s are well used and popular resources and a community cinema in the area could hugely increase the attractiveness of Drumchapel.

As part of the phase one redevelopment of Drumchapel, the facility to create a drive in cinema will be built into the fabric surrounding one of the dilapidated car parks within Drumchapel. It will project its screen onto the newly erected shipping containers that will house affordable housing units. If it attracts a high number of users, tradespeople in the area could adapt their services to sell at these events, enhancing the profitability of their businesses.

The Star and Shadow Cinema is being built and operated by the community

Another opportunity to increase business growth in Drumchapel lies within the current shopping centre. A pattern of use visiting the town centre has been well established and so the area possesses the potential to be even more rigorously visited should the aesthetic improve and the facilities of the area increase,.

The current facility is underutilised and run-down, and areas could be renovated and leased for free to community businesses (Hayton, 1983) or charity shop organisations such as Oxfam, PDSA or Save The Children. https://www.powertochange.org.uk/ The numerous spare sites within Drumchapel, and the green leafy nature of the place, means Drumchapel also has the capacity to accommodate more extra care housing.

More of these will create jobs and improve the diversity of the population, offering intergenerational interaction opportunities.

The shipping container market in Brixton, London, is remarkably popular. Shipping containers are cheap and easy to assemble.

They could be erected in Drumchapels town centre and kitted out to create affordable housing units

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel SOCIAL: The problems in more detail: Anti-social Behaviour Problem • Anti social behaviour There are always instances of anti social behaviour in a place, and in the past Drumchapel has had problems entailing street drinking and vandalism. Stats from 2015 (Glasgow City Council), suggest vandalism was the most common crime taking place within Drumchapel (during survey period) however more research must be conducted to attain more conclusive evidence of the most prevalent crimes.

On the basis of the limited evidence, reducing incidences of vandalism and other anti social behaviours should be part of the overall agenda to improve life within Drumchapel.

It is not surprising that vandalism takes place. Many of the buildings within the town centre are dilapidated. If the bodies looking after the properties show little regard for their upkeep, why should everyone else? Increasing the quality of the place will help to instil greater civic pride within Drumchapels residents, which may enhance their motivations to pay more respect to their surrounds. Engaging the community to improve their surrounds may further enhance feelings of ownership and pride in place,potentially making residents feel more protective of their area and less likely to carry out / or repeal vandalism behaviour as a result.

Other forms of antisocial behaviour exist apart from vandalism. In 2005, a study was undertaken to identify the reasons and impacts behind the high prevalence of street drinking within Drumchapel (Ross, 2004). 67% of general service workers interviewed felt that street drinking was a problem in Drumchapel and that it had negative impacts such as; • it was a bad reflection on Drumchapel (eyesore, disgrace, adds to stigma, bad influence on children, bad language, brings place down, filthy); • a nuisance (street drinkers were perceived as abusive, begging, noisy); violence (intimidation, fighting).

• A few people mentioned negative effects on the drinkers themselves (vulnerable, misunderstood, youths pick on them).

100% of the street drinkers interviewed were unemployed.

Today, it is evident that street drinking still exists, alongside other anti social behaviour, such as speeding, fly tipping and littering.

Increasing the number of jobs in the area will help to decrease anti social behaviour by engaging those previously involved in this type of behaviour in employment instead.

Furthermore, more training facilities, summer holiday programs and social initiatives will engage younger chil-

dren, and may go some way to reducing street loitering by large groups of youths and vandalism carried out by them due to a lack of anything else better to do.

To specifically alleviate anti-social behaviour related to public drinking and drug use, targeted initiatives are suggested concerning; • outreach programs involving counselling or advice to help those who participate in street drinking to overcome the root causes behind their dependency, which may involve high levels of debt or homelessness, Reducing incidence of street drinkers will go some way to improve Drumchapels image and safety, and reducing vandalism and graffiti will improve the aesthetic of the area.

Social facilities offering help and advice should be prioritised to recieve funding before finance is directed into the development of new housing

SOCIAL: The problems in more detail: Lack of Diversity Problem • Lack of Diversity Drumchapel currently possesses an exodus of social diversity, and a growing level of young children.

In 2011, it was reported that Drumchapel housed 58% fewer individuals from an ethnic minority background than the rest of Glasgow, and 28% less people aged 75 or over. (http://www.understandingglasgow.com/profiles/neighbourhood_profiles/3_nw_sector/31_drumchapel) Evidence suggests that a ‘child growing up in a homogeneous environment is less likely to develop a sense of empathy for people from other groups’ and more likely to develop a fear of those who are different (Cabrera, 2013), In Drumchapel, the dominant and growing population is children under 15 years.

It is therefore imperative to provide a wide range of accommodation and public space as part of the growth framework, to cater for as many different needs as possible, to grow a diverse population within Drumchapel.

The main ways to facilitate diversity are; • providing groupings of mixed house-types; small family units, flats, town-houses and duplexes around commercial areas . Within the growth framework described in phase 3, a range of house types and facilities are clustered amongst commercial facilities to accommodate diverse needs • providing religious and public space within new development to cater for the cultural needs of different population groups ie; faith spaces, barbecue areas in parks etc

SOCIAL: The problems in more detail: High levels of Ill-health Problem • Higher than average levels of ill health The average age of death in Drumchapel is roughly three years lower than the Glasgow average for both women and men. With regards to the national average, life expectancy is significantly lower; almost ten years for men and four years for woman. (http://www.understandingglasgow.com/assets/0002/1246/Drumchapel.pdf) (https://www.holyrood.com/articles/inside-track/sideside-focus-bearsden-and-drumchapel) There are likely a number of reasons behind the lower life expectancy in Drumchapel. One of these reasons is poverty. Almost 48% of children growing up in Drumchapel, grow up in poverty. These households are unlikely to afford to purchase healthy fresh food, partake in well being activities such as yoga or be-able to afford holidays which boost relaxation and levels of happiness.

Increasing both the walkability of Drumchapel, and resident access to local high quality green spaces will help to improve fitness.

Studies have shown that creating walkable places decreases annual new cases of CHD, stroke, diabetes and hypertension by about 1-2%.

Access to fresh food and vegetables should also be en-

hanced by providing more allotment sites, by strengthening the allotment facilities that exist already and by improving walking connections to the new ALDI. Cycle lanes should be installed too, and cycle points added throughout Drumchapel to enable residents to easily and cheaply hire bicycles.

Incorporating food growing facilities into the green infrastructure will also give residents the opportunity to informally engage with the food growing process, without having to bear the responsibility of owning an allotment.

Herbs and scented flowers should be planted wherever possible to enhance relaxation, and abandoned green sites should be seeded with wild meadow flowers seeds to enhance their aesthetic.

Parks should be made more accessible; routes to them should be safe and terrain flat and even to suit people with mobility issues. Especially important is ensuring that routes to parks are overlooked by housing and facilities, making them safe to walk through. (https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1353829217302253/1s2.0-S1353829217302253-main.pdf?_ tid=527586d8-f13b-4eae-9dec-e70f61656d92&acdnat=1523368500_81fb4a994e3ad69291e71b776c4eacfb) Green spines will also be created throughout Drumchapel alongside proposed new development, to robustly connect new areas of housing an development with the park, the existing town centre and with the railway stations.

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel PHYSICAL: Dilapidated and Disused Sites

PHYSICAL: Inaccessible, hilly and unlit walking routes to main areas

Problem • Dilapidated and underutilized buildings within the current town centre give off the impression that Drumchapel is a failing, neglected place. They are eyesores and create the illusion that Drumchapel is a place of dereliction and decay. They are sites prone to vandalism as they aren’t looked after fully and are often not secured.

• A lack of attractive and accessible pedestrian routes to transport hubs / commercial areas

Phase 1 of the regeneration entails the ‘prettifying’ of these sites using low cost strategies.

• Within the town centre, paving in some of the derelict sites will be uplifted in Spring 2019. The soil will be turned and meadow seeds planted. By summer, the sites should be flowering. (a,b) • In the central disused car park space and adjoining square, affordable housing units will be created within shipping containers. and stacked to enclose what is left of the old square. The rest of the abandoned paved space (c) will be painted and used to host a weekly drive in cinema night • Other sites throughout Drumchapel will be included in the development plan framework as housing sites, as renewable energy production sites, or as allotments.

The aim is primarily to give disused spaces either beauty or a use.

The disused sites adjacent to main transport routes within Drumchapel discourage walking behaviour, and become threatening spaces due to the fact they are unobserved by others and are therefore more likely to be sites where crime occurs.

Walking along the edges of the disused sites is also unpleasant in terms of a lack of pleasant outlook.

The hilly terrain combined with walking routes along disused sites results in ugly and inaccessible routes through Drumchapel, increases isolation and car dependency.

PHYSICAL: Low Density and Large blocks Fabric in Drumchapel ‘sprawls’, compared to how fabric is designed in more enlivened areas of Glasgow

There are many disused sites and low density housing. The sprawling nature of Drumchapels fabric results in lack of mixed use place, with large areas of land solely dedicated to housing. This results in people having to walk large distances to reach resources, which are made even further away by the disused sites peppered between housing and the resources.

This means entire areas, such as the town centre, are unoccupied and unsafe at night, and this situation doesn’t create lively streets and places.

There are few disused site in the city centre and a higher density. The dense urban grid of inner city Glasgow creates lively streets, by encouraging mixed use.

People live side by side with shops and public facilities; there are many flat blocks dispersed within the area as well as flats above shops.

PHASE 2 Creating a Distinctive Central Heart Enhancing Job Opportunities by adding new enterprises

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel The Existing Town Centre Transforming the dilapidated town centre into a more distinctive, culturally vibrant place may attract more people to want to live in Drumchapel. New housing development which may occurr to support Drumchapels enhanced popularity may bring with it new commercial and leisure facilities; enhancing Drumchapel for all.

Existing buildings within the town centre were studied. Initially, all will be retained and their aesthetic upgraded, however in phase 3, some of the most run down facilities will be demolished and relocated in more strategic positions throughout Drumchapel. This is proposed to keep all the facilities from being clustered within one distinct area, which is currently severed from the rest of Drumchapel by ugly gap sites and hilly walkways. The following study outlines conclusions concerning the state of what is there at present.

2

5

6

10

9 3 7 4

1

8

1

1. Drumchapel Disabled Action Plan - Charitable Body Owned “Antonine is a community based organisation that provides day opportunities for people with a disability living in the West of Glasgow, east and west Dunbartonshire and any other adjacent local authority. The organisation provides an innovative programme of support based on the individual needs of service users. Through this programme of activity, the organisation seeks to promote independence, increase citizenship, empowering and challenging prejudice, and increase life skills through the provision of meaningful daytime pursuits and educational opportunities.” http://www.antonine.org/how-we-help/ This building was charity funded and so it is unlikely that this organisation would have the funds immediately to relocate elsewhere. Therefore, this building is protected within this masterplan during phase 1 and will only be demolished should planning gains enable it to be rebuilt within any new redeveloped fabric. Discussions will have to be undertaken with the organisation and reported back to the steering group with regards to their flexibility to relocate, should a proposition arise which provides them with a replacement facility, but not on their existing site.

During phase 1, it is crucial to improve the walking access from this building into the town centre.

Currently, the walking route to the shops and into Drumchapels residential fabric is completely unaccessible should someone be in a buggy / wheelchair as the pavements involve numerous kerb drops which haven’t been smoothed. The site is also elevated above the level of the footpath which leads most directly to the existing town centres shops. This must be mitigated and a new, improved, direct and accessible walking route to the shops from this building must be installed. This upgraded path also has the potential to be used by users from the other buildings in the surroundings.

Furthermore, the building does not present a welcoming facade to the public and as a corner building adds little to the street. The buildings exterior boundary should be opened up, the surrounding garden improved and the buildiing made to look more welcoming ad prominent as an edge.

ACTION: RETAIN AND RECONNECT, REMOVE FENCING, RENOVATE GARDEN, REPAINT ITS FACADE TO HELP CELEBRATE ITS PURPOSE

2

3

2. Social Service Building - Owned by the Council

3. OpenGate Office Facility - Owned by the Council

This office is incredibly run down, however it seems to be occupied. There are likely few barriers to re-providing a new and improved space for this facility within new build fabric developed in Phase 2/3.

During Phase 1 however, whilst the building is retained, its facade should be renovated to a certain extent; perhaps with graffiti, to give it more of a street presence.

This is currently used as an office facility composed of units which are rented out by the council to small businesses. In Phase1, exterior improvements to this building are necessary to improve the image and appeal of the town centre. The facade facing the town centre will be the focus of the improvement. The carpark attached to this building will be utilised as the pop up cinema carpark. It will be necessary to improve the apparance of this parking area; by painting the concrete surface with a pattern perhaps. Paving in the unkept areas surrounding this site will be uplifted, these spaces regreened and planted with meadow flowers or grasses. During phase 2/3, if a redevelopment of housing is installed throughout the town centre site, these units will be reaccomodated in the new building to the south of the new town square.

ACTION: REPAINT / GRAFFITI FACADES, REMOVE FENCING, TIDY UP ROAD FACING GARDEN AREA

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel The Existing Town Centre : Existing Fabric Analysis

2

5

6

10

9 3 7 4

1

8

4

4. Unoccupied Building - Formerly Social Work Building - Owned by the Council This building can and should be demolished during phase 1, unless a business / manufacturing facility is interested in occupying it. It is currently unoccupied and in a state of disrepair.

ACTION: DEMOLISH UNLESS REIN-HABITED / THEN ITS SITE GREENED

5

5. Post Office Building This building is currently occupied by the post office. This building should be retained throughout any regeneration, however its park facing carpark should be relocated to the west of the building so this prominent, park facing site can be released for flat block / office block redevelopment, as part of the aim to make the edge along the park more enclosed.

ACTION: RETAIN / RELOCATE CAR PARK

6

6. Drumchapel Community Library Whilst no developer remains willing to redevelop this edge during phase 1, this building should be renovated to celebrate its function within Drumchapel. Action should be taken to improve its permeability from all angles. Its fencing should be removed and areas around it paved. A new sign should be created which highlights the libraries presence to all around. Furthermore, an attractive route to this building should be created from the centre of the shopping area. Artists and the community should be involved in the redesign of the centres surrounds and facades, to alert them to the presence of, and function of the facility.

During phase 2/3, this library should be relocated to the area indicated within the framework, to create a new ‘heart of the community’.

ACTION : REMOVE FENCE / IMPROVE ACCESS TO / REPAINT / INSTALL PUBLIC ART / PAVE EXTERIOR SPACES / INVOLVE COMMUNITY IN ITS RENOVATION

7

7. Soft Play Centre

8. Police Station : New Build : Retained in all phases

This building is currently occupied by a private business. It is likely that the owner will not be willing to relocate to a more central premises, as the interior of the facility he owns is likely to have been redesigned to suit its purpose. Costs he may incur relocating may be more than he can afford. Therefore this building will remain. Its exterior will be improved, perhaps with a mural, and the greenery surrounding it will be improved.

9. B and M : Well used : Retained in phase 1, demolished and re-provided to south of its original site so that Arndale square can be restored

ACTION : IMPROVE EXTERIOR GREENERY AND ACCESS TO ENTRANCE / REPAINT / INSTALL PUBLIC ART / PAVE SOME OF THE EXTERIOR SPACES / ADD SIGNAGE

10. Shopping Centre : Retained until phase 4 and review of progress

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel The Existing Town Centre

2

5

6

10

9 3

7

4

1

8

Existing Buildings Existing Carparks

Dilapidated / Unattractive Green Space Private Green Space Unkept Paved Area Existing Roads Especially Unattractive Edges and Barriers to Access

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel The Proposed Town Centre

g

b c a

a

f

a d

Existing Buildings Existing Carparks Re-greened Space / Upgraded by Rubbish Clearance and Planting with Meadow Seeds Private Green Space Unkept Paved Area

Shared Surface High Quality Paving

a b c d f g

Shipping Container Affordable Housing and ‘Drive in cinema’ Space Renovated Town Centre Building Allotment Site on Disused Green Space Regreened Site and Site of ‘Drumchapel’ Sign New Lighting and Path to Connect Building 1 and Shopping Precinct Repaved Shared Surface

Existing Roads Especially Unattractive Edges and Barriers to Access

New Landmark Feature

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel In Detail a / Shipping Container Affordable Housing / Drive In Cinema

Installation of cultural resource and affordable housing development in currently underutilised town centre site to improve the aesthetic of, and cultural scene, within Drumchapel Initial regen will focus on the renovation of the town centre to attract entrepreneur/ charity set up in the area. Existing facilities will be painted and remodelled and the public realm will be enhanced through removal of accessibility barriers and by adding greenery. Local artists will be enlisted to help graffiti and mural key unsightly facades. Paving will be removed from various unused and unsightly paved gap sites and meadow and flower seeds sown to fill the void. A shipping container facility will be erected in a key central area, to create enclosure around a new ‘town centre square’ space, and to provide affordable housing and community cinema facility. This action will begin the transformational program of renewal.

b / Renovated Shopping Precinct Building

The proposed renovated and re-clad shopping centre precinct

Existing Building Renovations The demolition of usable fabric will be avoided as far as possible to lower the overall carbon footprint of the new masterplan.

The images below show the existing shopping centre in Drumchapel. Currently the upper floor is unoccupied. The space could be renovated and rented out cheaply to startups as it is relatively low quality space, but is in a good location.

With a lick of paint, some new signage and cladding and some public realm improvements, this building would be more appealing and usable.

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel In Detail c / Allotment Site

f / Path Upgrade to Link Disability Support Centre with Town Centre Shopping Precinct

Jan Gehl’s shared surface paving installation in Brighton

g / Repaved Shared Surface

d / ‘Gateway’ Site Improvement ’Drumchapel’ Sign

Signage and Greening There is generally low level of biodiversity throughout Drumchapel. To support the development of new ecosystems, gap sites like this one (in a gateway location into Drumchapel) will be seeded. Enlisting the community to help with these efforts in preparing the ground prior to seeding, will be educational and will aid the continuity of sustainable practice.

Low nutrient soil is ideal, which is likely to be found on this derelict site. It will be seeded with wildflower and grass seed. This type of soil is common in Drumchapel on sites that have had facilities demolished on them. Removing the top layer of soil is essential before sowing. Sowing occurs in March or April.

Good urban drainage systems are essential to prevent seeds from becoming waterlogged. Drainage allows nutrients such as nitrogen to escape, making the soil less fertile and protecting new seedlings from rotting.

This temporary measure will enhance the impression of the place as a visitor moves into Drumchapel along one of the main road routes. In phase three, this site is earmarked for housing and offices with a facade which actively engages with the street.

East Architecture’s Mural as part of Haringey Lanes regeneration program gives a sense of arrival at a destination, and helps to define sense of place and wayfaring (http://www.haringey.gov.uk/sites/haringeygovuk/files/ gl_a3_static_booklet_web_reva-2.pdf)

PHASE 3 Wider Growth Increasing Density Adding new Housing Relocating Public Facilities

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Why This Boundary?

Sprawl Repair Tachieva identifies Drumchapel as one of the three types of suburb; the pre war suburb, the post war suburb and the late twentieth century suburb ,and describes how the latter two were built primarily to support movement using the automobile, opposed to pedestrian movement (Hakim, 2011). Drumchapel is an outcome of such automobile centric approach. Movement throughout the area is only really convenient by car. This is due to both the topography, the distances between areas of housing and the public and commercial facilities, and the fact that areas around the places where people may want to go are baron, ugly, and unobserved. The fabric sprawls over the undulating topography.

Developing the disused sites to provide some of the new housing which Glasgow requires to be built in the next five years (Business insider, 2017), would hugely benefit Drumchapels existing residents, in terms of adding additional populace which results in improved public and transport services, as investment in these areas becomes more viable.

Furthermore, housing development on these sites would improve the overall quality of Drumchapel, in terms of adding frontages to currently desolate and ugly gap sites which litter the area, decimating any sense of place.

Overall, developing sites within Drumchapel will 1)add density and additional populace to make public ser-

vices and improved transportation more viable. “It will support the existing businesses, create the basis for new ones, and support mass transit.� (Tachieva, 2010) 2)is an environmentally friendly approach to accommodating growth in terms of using sites with the capacity already to support life, opposed to development on greenfield sites (which requires greater material and financial investment in new infrastructure, reduces biodiversity and degrades soil quality).

Primarily, these sites were chosen to accommodate new housing, over other sites, because the infrastructure already exists to support housing upon them. Development of these sites has also been earmarked as part of the councils growth strategy (Glasgow’s Development Plan), and they are within comfortable walking distance of the main secondary school in the area and the proposed new location of the train station.

Their selection is strategic in that they close up the gaps between the west part (which contains the majr commercial facilities) and the east part, which mainly contains housing.

The green corridors created to support the housing will improve the walking connection between east and west.

Utilising these sites also enables facilities to be more evenly dispersed throughout the area. For example, it offers a site to relocate the currently delapidated swimming pool building upon, moving it to within a comfortable walking distance of one of the most deprived areas in Drumchapel. This area of poverty is also currently severed from the main central facilities by the sprawling gap sites.

The diagram shows a cluster of gap sites and how they can be repaired to improve walkability and sense of place (Tachieva,2010)

Existing Blocks and derelict land

The site boundary includes many of the centrally located disused sites. It develops the sites to close up the gap between east and west. The gaps sites are barriers which prevent ease of movement between the areas.

Disused, empty land

Current blocks and housing Site boundary

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Views into the Gap Sites They are poor quality gap sites unoccupied and unsafe at night and unobserved throughout the day. They are not safe or interesting to walk through.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Existing blocks and vacant land

8 2 1

3

4

5 7

6

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Diagram shows existing and proposed blocks, and represents the Infill Strategy

Proposed blocks containing new housing (Infill) Current blocks and housing Major roads Minor roads

This strategy utilises the opportunity presented by the vacant land within Drumchapel. It ‘closes up the gaps’ and attempts to create a place with more ‘firmness’.

The paths alongside these vacant sites will become overlooked should housing development occur upon them.

This will increase walkability throughout Drumchapel.

The existing vacant sites possess characteristics which make housing development upon them possible and appropriate, such as gentle topography, natural swales to accommodate sustainable surface water drainage, pleasant outlook, as the proposed housing will be located in high areas. No contamination or mine workings exist beneath the sites and the land is mostly owned by the council who support growth.

(Ordnance survey, Glasgow City Council)

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Existing Edges, Landmarks and Blocks

Current blocks and housing Major roads Minor roads Existing Edges Existing Landmarks

Existing Green Landmarks Rail Line

Currently, landmarks are clustered in the west and there are a lack of street edges within the central area.

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Proposed Edges and Landmarks

Current blocks and housing Proposed blocks and housing Major roads Minor roads Proposed Edges Proposed Landmarks

Proposed Green Landmarks

The strategy creates ‘streets’ and places in the currently abandoned areas by adding edges, enhancing sense of place.

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Existing Road Network and Proposed Road Network

Current blocks and housing Proposed blocks and housing Major roads Minor roads New or resurfaced roads

A green approach has been adopted with regards to the road network, in that no new major roads have been specified to accompany any housing development (https://www.london. gov.uk/what-we-do/regeneration/regeneration-project-harrow-town-centre), The only new roads proposed are minor ones, which are incorporated only to support access to the new housing within the proposed blocks.

These roads will where possible will incorporate SUDS infrastructure by containing channelled swales, which carry water running off the roofs of the proposed new housing into infiltration ponds situated in low points of the development.

The character of the roads changes throughout. In some areas the roads will be narrow, to create intimate closes and mews streets, whereas in other areas the roads will be wider and grander to accommodate greater expected volumes of traffic than the residential roads, aswell as on street parking.

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Proposed new street types

Main Street

Residential Street

Mews Street

Major roads Minor roads

Movement Infrastructure The paving that will accompany new areas of housing will be higher quality than what exists presently.

Where possible, drives, backcourts and car parking areas will be installed with permeable paving. This permeable paving has a lower carbon footprint than conventional tarmac paving and is advantageous as it allows surface water to drain into the soil opposed to putting additional pressure on the existing sewage systems.

Residential Streets Main streets throughout will be paved with a tarmac composed of recycled aggregate. SUDS infrastructure will be integrated within the street environment and surface water run off will run along the edges of the streets in channelled swales. At certain points, the water will be discharged into water features and into retention ponds before being absorbed by the wetlands which surround these ponds. The wetland locations are positioned at low points on the site as shown in the masterplan.

The streets will be paved with a shared, level surface throughout the town centre, to discourage fast and dangerous driving and to give the pedestrian a feeling of priority. On residential streets and main traffic arteries, there will be pavements. Cycle lanes will be delinateated within the numerous green corridors and will give residents the opportunity to reach their destinations quickly in safety, but not on the main streets. Despite the aim to slow the traffic and to make the streets safer, cyclists must be seperated from vehicular pollution. Cycle lanes will therefore be positioned within the green corridor network opposed to on the main roads.

Precedents which have informed the character of the new roads Mews

Terrace Street

Main street

Moray Mews, Peter Barber Architects

Nightingale Estate Karakusevic Carson Architects

The Lays Estate Karakusevic Carson Architects

The width of these streets create intimate, homely spaces and the narrowness limits the speed cars are able to travel, creating pedestrian priority public realms and a safe spaces, where children can play safely, protected from busy traffic.

Mews streets within the masterplan will copy the attributes of these streets.

The width of this street is less intimate than Moray Mews. Cars have more room to travel freely, however the surface textures delineate the pavement areas from the car areas, unlike the level changes apparent in conventional streets between the pavements and the roads.

The width is also such that cars seem to not have that much priority in terms of the low difference in width between the bike lanes and the carriageway. These features combined create safer, less car dominated streets, more convivial to street life.

Characteristics of these streets will be adopted to create similar residential streets within the Drumchapel masterplan.

This is a wider street than the mews and the residential street. It is capable of handling large vehicular flows. Street parking will be present aswell a greenery to traffic calm.

These wideness and form of this street will be adopted to form the main arteries serving the highest density areas within Drumchapel.

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Dimensions and characteristics of proposed streets

Proposed main street form. left: 2 storey / right: 3 storey

Proposed mews street form. left: 2 storey / right: 3 storey

Proposed residential street form. left: 2 storey / right: 3 storey

The main streets within Drumchapel will incorporate green infrastructure (SUDS), trees, planters and street furniture

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Proposed Green Network

“Green corridors clean air and water and soil, they make urban environments healthier, they generate resources for food, energy, commerce, and habitat. In this way, they cultivate new kinds of urban landscapes, new kinds of urban experiences, and support a wide range of social interactions and relationships. They help build communities, they can be sites for job training and employment, and can even be economically productive.� (Desimini, 2013)

Park or forest areas

Proposed blocks / housing / development Green corridors

SUDS network

Existing Drumchapel (buildings / parks etc)

Green Walkways

Green corridors have been proposed alongside new housing to ensure that inhabitants can get to places via pleasant, leafy and safe pathways. Furthermore, the following facilities are included within the masterplan to encourage the areas inhabitants to lead active, healthy, outdoor lifestyles; play areas allotments playground and kickabout spaces parks playing fields major natural greenspace

SUDS

Main streets throughout will be paved with a tarmac composed of recycled aggregate. SUDS infrastructure will be integrated within the street environment and surface water run off will run along the edges of the streets in channelled swales. At certain points, the water will be discharged into water features and into retention ponds before being absorbed by the wetlands which surround these ponds. The wetland locations are positioned at low points on the site as shown in the masterplan.

Where possible, drives, backcourts and car parking areas will be installed with permeable paving. This permeable paving has a lower carbon footprint than conventional tarmac paving and is advantageous as it allows surface water to drain into the soil opposed to putting additional pressure on the existing sewage systems.

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Green Strategies Biomass Heating Plant

Solar Capturing Orientation

A biomass district heating network will be created alongside the new development to supply new homes and facilities with heat and hot water via an underground network of specialist pre-insulated pipes. Recycled woodchips will be burned to create the energy.

All new fabric will be orientated to receive as good daylighting as possible. For example, on Western facing slopes, the housing will be broader, with its west and east sides more glazed than its north elevation, so that in the evenings when the house is predominantly occupied, late afternoon and evening light can be used instead of electricity to light the dwelling. The larger gardens will be set on the East, South or West sides, never to the North.

A particularly hilly, awkward site in Drumchapel will be designated a sustainable forest, which will supply the plant with woodchips required to feed the biomass plant. Recycled woodchips from other nearby areas will also be used.

Locals will be encouraged to help maintain the forest and to learn about how the process works. This new green initiative will contribute skill development and employment opportunities to the area.

The new houses will also contain woodchip burners that can be used as hearths.

Photovoltaic panels will ne added to the roofs of the new housing to supply them with additional electricity.

A region in Aberdeenshire recently adopted the woodchip biomass system as part of a new development of 206 new homes, a business centre and old folks home. It now successfully supplies the area with low carbon heating. It’s energy output is cheaper than conventional energy to purchase for heating, and adopting this technology could have the same cost reducing impact for the many low income earners in Drumchapel.

New housing will incorporate energy saving technologies

Deciduous trees should be adopted to solar shade in summer. The buildings should be orientated within 25degrees of south.

Winds in Glasgow predominantly come from the south or south west, therefore, any buildings should be protected from the wind coming from these directions via shelter belts. Species should be native to the area.

1 4

3

2

5

6 7 3 8

Site sections showing SUDS infrastructure

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Proposed Sites and Typologies

A Broad Mix of Housing and Facilities will be incorporated within the masterplan A balanced community is promoted by providing a wide range of housing options within the masterplan. A greater diversity of population means a more diverse workforce to fulfil the needs of the area. Currently, a high number of low income people live in Drumchapel and a high percentage of young children. If Drumchapel is to thrive, middle income and high income individuals need to be attracted to move to the area

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Proposed Masterplan

Site Selection The framework for growth created has two main aims. The first aim is to ‘close up the gaps’ by using the numerous gap sites in Drumchapel as sites on which to develop new housing. The gap sites chosen within the framework and outlined as sites to develop new housing upon are appropropriate in terms of their natural and man-made characteristics. Their topographies are suitable; the steepest sites have been avoided and greened opposed to being earmarked for housing development; there are no mine workings under the sites allocated for homes and the geology underneath is stable. Soil structures underneath have been found to be suitable in terms of supporting the structure required to support the heights specified.

The gap sites are currently the sores of Drumchapel. They have an extremely low aesthetic quality, and the low density natures of the sites which are very close to the town centre threaten the town centres survival. An unoccupied area around the town centre, reduces the viability, and the element of persuasion to fund adequate high quality public spaces, transport networks, and community facilities to make a distinctive central heart in Drumchapel.

Enhancing Density

PROPOSED TERRACE HOUSE (2 STOREY)

PROPOSED MEWS HOUSE (2 STOREY)

PROPOSED TOWN HOUSE (3 STOREY) MIXED USE BLOCK (4-6 STOREY, FLATS/ SHOPS/ OFFICES) DETACHED, SIGNATURE HOUSES (3 STOREY)

SPECIAL USE BUILDING

COMMUNITY FACILITY (SCHOOL/ LEISURE CENTRE ETC)

EXISTING / PROPOSED GREEN SPACE

SUDS INFRASTRUCTURE (CHANNELS/SWALES/INFILTRATION PONDS)

SHARED SURFACE PAVING

COMMERCIAL BUILDING

INDUSTRIAL FACILITY

ROAD / PAVEMENT

PARK / GREEN CORRIDOR

GREEN SPACE / TREES

EXISTING BUILDINGS

The sites also have the advantage of being within 800 metres of the current town centre A population of 10,000 people within 800m of the central zone (the town centre), would make more commercial and social activity viable. Currently within 800m of Drum chapels town centre, 1427 dwellings exist (3283 people, given the average household size of 2.3 people).To ensure viability of the existing and proposed town centre resources, the 800m area around it has to be populated with an additional 6,718 people, equating to an additional 2920 homes. Within the growth framework, 36.39 hectares have been dedicated to providing new homes. On this basis, the average density of the new housing will have to be 80 dwellings/hectare on the new housing sites. Low rise apartments and town-houses will roughly produce 80 dw/hectare housing. The central areas of the masterplan will possess higher density than this; there will be flat blocks in areas which will have a density of around 100 dwellings per hectare. The increase in these areas will account for the lower densities included in ‘green’ areas of the masterplan boundary, where cottage type layouts will be adopted to fit the nature of the setting. This strategy is sensible as prospective town centre dwellers will expect to live in flats or town-houses, as these typologies are usual within central zones.

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Character Area - The Mound

• Houses positioned on flatter planes within the sites gentler topography • Sloping character of the site gives houses an excellent west facing outlook • Slopes offer excellent opportunity to incorporate sustainable urban drainage systems • Positioning of housing on different planes reduces overlooking and enhances privacy

Character Area - St Pius Walk

• View to church is framed • Houses enclose public walkway • On street parking

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel

Character Area - Clyde Promenade

Character Area - The Crescent

• Leafy outlook • Houses separated from the road by the green • On street parking

Character Area - Park Square

• Currently unused sites in the town centre in-filled with mixed use housing / flats / commercial and townhouses overlooking the park • Intimate mews streets created leading to the park • Back court / on street car parking

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel Character Area - Antoinine Court

• Intimate courtyard • Shared surface safe for children to play on • On street parking

Character Area - Cassius Theatre

Remould and Remake: Drumchapel New Typologies in Detail

Townhouse

Plan

1m 2m (scale bar)

Elevation

Mews

Plan

These typologies and their accompanying street characters are evident throughout Glasgow. Their depths, enclosure and height have been studied and have informed the character of the forms proposed to be incorporated within the growth framework

Terrace

Plan

Elevation

Bibliography WEBSITES http://www.susdrain.org/ (Downloaded 18/01/2018) Case Studies : Alma_road_rain_gardens_london Elvetham_heath_residential_hampshire Lamb_drove_residential_suds_scheme_cambourne Manor_ponds_sheffield (http://www.thames21.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Monitoring-of-Sustainable-Drainage-Systems-in-the-Salmons-Brook-Catchmen.... pdf) (Downloaded 5/02/018) http://gehlpeople.com/ (Downloaded 6/02/018) Case Study: Brighton shared surface www.arcdaily.com https://www.vitalenergi.co.uk/casestudies/hill-banchory/ (Downloaded 7/02/2018) Case Study: Himmerland Housing Estate Renovation / C.F. Møller | ArchDaily http://karakusevic-carson.com/work/dujardin-mews http://karakusevic-carson.com/work/the-nightingale-estate http://karakusevic-carson.com/work/bacton-low-rise-estate https://www.scottishcanals.co.uk/activities/cycling/forth-clyde-canal/glasgow-to-bowling/ https://antinuclear.net/2014/04/19/renewable-energy-city-produces-4-times-more-energy-than-it-consumes/ https://www.ecocampglenshee.co.uk/ https://www.ststephenparishcouncil.gov.uk/facilities/allotments/ Business Insider https://www.insider.co.uk/news/edinburgh-glasgow-outline-plans-build-11459758 World Habitat. 2003. Places to Live and Ways to ensure sustainable urban design. Retrieved from URL: https://www.world-habitat.org/publications/ places-to-live-ways-to-ensure-sustainable-urban-regeneration/ Forrest, 2017. We Need to Talk about Urban Regeneation. Retrieved from URL: https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/apr/10/urban-regeneration-affordability-communities-neighbourhoods Glasgow City Council City Development Plan https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/ The Glasgow Indicators Project.

(2016). Neighbourhood Profiles.Available: http://www.understandingglasgow.com/profiles/neighbourhood_profiles. Last accessed 17th Oct 2017 EBOOKS Huber, Jeff (2014) LID Low Impact Development. Online. Arkansas: University of Arkansas Community Design Center International Living Future (2010) Living Building Challenge 3.0. 5th Edition. Canada. International Living Future Institue Woods, Ballard (2015). The SuDS Manual.

London. CIRIA ARTICLES Morgan, R (2004) Stormwater resources development and management in Glasgow: two case studies. Pages 263-282 http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/abs/10.1080/00207230500034453.Published online: 26 Jan 2007 McLachlan, J. 2015. Exemplary Housing Estate Regeneration in Europe. The Architects Journal Shaw, A. 2014. Uk Urban Regeration Policies in the 21st Century. The Town Planning Review. 81 (2). 123-149.

Brown, A. 2014. London Journal. 42 (1). 70-92 Egan, M. 2016. Neighbourhood demolition, relocation and health. A qualitative longitudinal study of housing-led urban regeneration in Glasgow, UK. Elsevier Science. 33. 101-8.

Holman, B. 2002. Urban Regeneration in Easterhouse. Retrieved from URL: http://bi.galegroup.com/global/article/GALE%7CA82070065/99fbc8dfff917cf4472c9e68917af5f6?u=ustrath Lees, L. Resisting Regeneration on its Final Frontiers: Learning From The Heygate. Cities. 57. 14-24 Garcia, 2016. Easterhouse Regeneration. Retrieved from URL: https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wdbg3b/easterhouse-housing-scheme-glasgow-regeneration BOOKS Zimmermann, Astrid (2015) Constructing Landscape. 3rd Edition. Germany. Birkhauser Tachieva, Galina. Sprawl Repair Manual. Island Press, 2010. EBSCOhost.

MLA (Modern Language Assoc.)

Larice, M and McDonald, E (2007) The Urban Design Reader. Routledge Larice, M and McDonald, E (2007) The Urban Design Reader. Routledge Gerrit Schwalbach, (2009) Urban Analysis. Birkhauser Larice, M and McDonald, E (2007) The Urban Design Reader. Routledge Gerrit Schwalbach, (2009) Urban Analysis Birkhauser