Drumchapel | History and stories | Analysis by Urban Design Studies Unit, University of Strathclyde

Booklet no.2

History and stories October 2017

Drumchapel

Stage: Analysis Group memebers: John Duffy Nour Kowatli Ngalazu Phiri Mrunal Navandar Hristina Tarpanova

Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/ PgDip/MArch Advanced Architectural Design (AAD) MArch Architectural Design International (MADi) PgDip/MSc Urban Design

CONTENTS

Introduction and Methodology

1. History narative Drumchapel and Glasgow

2. Temporal mapping Timeline Historical development and morphology Existing landmarks in Drumchapel Lost landmarks of Drumchapel 3. Stories 4. SWOT Analysis

22 24 26 38 40 42 43

Bibliography & References

List of figures

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Introduction and methodology The purpose of this report, within the overall analysis phase of Studio 1A is threefold: • To map the history of Urbanisation of Drumchapel • To map the social and economic history of the area • To map the stories of the area, to enable an insight into how the area has performed for its inhabitants To these ends, we decided on a course of action: 1. We visited the area to gain an understanding of its spatial layout, to take photographs of historically significant buildings (as we saw at the time) and to get a feel for the scope of the work we were about to undertake. 2. After visiting the area, we organised our group protocols- establishing a Facebook group for exchange of information and ideas and peer review of written material and images. 3. Following from this we entered what might be called a ‘detective’ phase of work. We sourced maps and overlaid them, identified and read key texts and online material, and made efforts to contact local people and organisations. This period of detective work enabled us to

form a picture over time of the morphological and developmental structure of the area by using the assembled images, maps, historical texts, interviews, and visits. Once we had marshalled this information and had a basic understanding of the form, changes and stories of the area we began to assemble this report. In compiling all the information, we determined 4 broad chapter headings: •

Historical narrative

•

Temporal mapping

• Stories • Conclusion – which includes a swot analysis and thoughts for the future

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‘.. the essential structural inadequacies of these estates -low density, incoherence, absence of true urban character, and … nothing of architectural merit’; their inhabitants are ‘condemned to live without hope in a spiral of decline ‘, and they should therefore be bulldozed back to ‘parkland’ :” wipe them out, and bring their long-suffering inhabitants back to the real city where they belong.!’ Gavin Stamp Former Professor of Architectural History, Mackintosh School of Architecture, Scotland on Sunday, 27th April 1997 (Glendinning D. P., 1999)

“ I’ve lived in Canada for 40 years but Drumchapel is still my home!” (Teresa Neish, Drumchapel resident in the 50’s and 60’s and emigree- interviewed for this report - her sister and friends feature in the above photograph)

Booklet no.2: History and stories

1. History narative Drumchapel and Glasgow Drumchapel is a housing scheme on the peripheral northwest boundary of Glasgow. Colloquially known as ‘The Drum’, it is approximately 9km from the bustling centre of Glasgow as the crow flies and 2km north west lies of the once great shipbuilding centre on the upper Clyde, Clydebank. To its northern boundary, across a narrow band of woodland lies one of the most affluent areas in not only in Scotland, but the UK: the district of Bearsden & Milngavie. Life expectancy for males in Drumchapel is approximately ten years less than in Bearsden. Immediately to the south lies Old Drumchapel, a name which belies this small neighbourhood’s quite separate history, character and development. To the east the expansive and sprawling garden suburbs of middle class Westerton and working class Knightswood. Just beyond the district’s northern boundary, lying within the green belt is the Antonine Wall, a recently designated UNESCO World Heritage Site and Frontier of the Roman Empire. Inscribing Drumchapel’s southern boundary and Old Drumchapel’s northern boundary lies the Glasgow, Dumbarton & Hellensburgh Railway line which opened in 1858 and still serves the area via Drumchapel Station (Craig, 2003). The station has a good service to central Glasgow with 4 trains per hour during the day but it is located approximately 2km away from the district’s furthest neighbourhood. Great Western Road, which straddles the area’s southern boundary was laid out in the early19th Century to cater for the city’s westward expansion (Urquart, 200) and by the interwar years it reaches Drumchapel. Today it is part of the A82 trunk road from the gateway to Loch Lomond & Trossachs and

point further north- Inverness and Fort William. Immediately adjacent to Great Western Road to the south is the Fourth and Clyde canal, completed in 1790 it was Scotland’s first great inland waterway to be built and helped to fuel the industrial revolution in the West of Scotland that reached its zenith almost a century later. It is also afforded the highest protection in law as a scheduled monument, one of only a handful in the city of Glasgow. (Scotland, n.d.)

Fig 1: GCC, 1992 Drumchapel local context Pg 1 Council, G. C., 1992. Drumchapel Local Plan. Glasgow: Glasgow City Council.

Fig 2: Duffy, 2017 Drumchapel regional context

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When the estate was built in the 1950’s it was home to round 34,000 residents – about the size of the present town of Falkirk in West Lothian. Sadly, today the population is around 13,000 reflecting a gradual and persistent decline in the popularity of the area (http://www.understandingglasgow.com, n.d.). Despite this, a strong sense of community and local identity remains within the local population. The area as we see it today is largely a construct of post- war housing overspill policies of the post-war era and those attempted remedial policies in turn have their roots in the much earlier population explosion which Glasgow witnessed in the 19th Century. To trace the development and significance of the area as well as the events and changes that have shaped the district’s morphology it is necessary to treat broadly the contextual history of Glasgow. This history is offered for each mapped time step as a background to events and morphological shifts in the area of study. To these ends the history of Drumchapel is traced directly in the temporal sequence of maps which feature in chapter 2.

Romans & Antonine Wall – Prehistory-medieval times – A brief Word The history of immediate and surrounding area of Drumchapel is rich: evidence of prehistoric settlements exists, the extraordinary remains of the Antonine Wall as well as evidence of ecclesiastical control of lands in the middle ages (Craig, 2003). Unfortunately, very little in the way of map evidence exists for these specific temporal windows and so for the purpose and scope of this report we begin with the earliest cadastral documents which support evidence of occupation, settlement and development

Fig 3: Antonine, Bearsden Roman bathhouse remains

Fig 4: Antonine, Roman finds- Counters

Fig 5: Antonine, Bearsden Roman bathhouse remains

Fig 6: Antonine, Distance slab found in Castlehill , N Drumchapel

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Glasgow in the 1700’s: Tobacco Lords & Trade The period encompassing the 18thC in Glasgow is a dramatic one. The Act of Union of 1707, which brought the separate states of Scotland & England together provides the impetus for an economic boom which was to last for almost 50 years (Devine, 1999). Scotland now had access to English colonies (which it had hitherto been denied) to trade and soon immense quantities of tobacco, sugar and other commodities were being traded and vast profits were being made. The merchants making these huge sums of money became known as the Tobacco Lords because of the lavish clothes and lifestyles their vast incomes afforded them as well as the ornate and expansive Palladian houses they built for themselves. This demand for luxurious accommodation fuels the first westward expansion from the medieval city’s core with extraordinary buildings that can still be seen today and in the street names in and around the Merchant City which are still in use today. It should not be forgotten that many of the Tobacco Lords built their fortunes from trade in tobacco, cotton and sugar plantations that were slave worked and some, including John Glassford whose name is lent to a famous thoroughfare in the city, were slave owners.

Fig 8: Wiki: St Andrew’s in the Square, Glasgow

Drumchapel 1753: The Landed Gentry

Fig 9: NLS, 1753 Roy military map, Drumchapel

In the 1753 Drumchapel map we can see the principal features of the area of the time. The land in the area is dominated by the pastoral estate of William Colquhoun, the local ‘Laird’ who inherited it in 1714 (Craig, 2003). The estate appears as a roughly square enclosure with an assortment of fields and a grand house which was built in 1723 and later extended (Craig, 2003). Known as Garscadden House, it Fig 7: Artfund, Gallery of Modern Art , Glasgow formerly Tobacco Lord’s House

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was famous for its decorative Southern Gates known as the ‘Girnin Gates’ which featured bronze lion heads. To the astonishment of the locals the heads appeared to cry when it rained and so was much publicised in the locality and beyond. (Craig, 2003). In the 20th century, the house provided accommodation for evacuees during the second world war and in 1959 it was lost to fire. The shape of the gardens can still be traced in the present day. Also in the map of this period is the Peel of Drumry built sometime between 1530-40. It was a large stone defensive keep, built overlooking a steep bank. For over 400 years it was one of Drumchapel’s most famous landmarks but with the advent of the new estate was demolished in 1956. (Craig, 2003). Protests from various local groups and even parliamentary questions did not stop it from being lost. A vocal opponent of saving the Peel was the then Convener of Glasgow Corporation Housing Committee, Peter G Forrester who asserted: ‘To say that the Peel of Drumry should be maintained is like saying some of Glasgow’s ancient slums should be maintained for all time’ (Craig, 2003) Unsurprisingly for a military map, the Antonine wall is rendered very clearly in a thick dark line across the northern boundary and in an undulating array of drumlins which can be seen clearly and bear a close resemblance to the topography of today. Garscadden burn, a ready source of water, can be seen flowing to the estate grounds and some very basic roads or pathways can be seen. First evidence of tree planting in the present-day location of Garscadden Wood. In ‘The Story of Drumchapel’ the author Allan Craig asserts that ‘the Garscadden Lairds were great planters of trees’ (Craig, 2003) which may account for the presence of the wooded areas which encompass the northern half of the locality. Garscadden house was unfortunately lost to fire in 1959. Despite being far away from the mercantile centre of the city, it is clear that William Colquhoun was

aware of the fashions and styles of the day with Garscadden house showing a clear influence of the Tobacco Lords Palladian mansions- albeit a more restrained and stripped-down version.

Fig 10: Foreman, 2002, Dreghorn Mansion – example of Tobacco Lord house

Fig 11: Foreman, 2002, Virginia Mansion – example of Tobacco Lord house

Fig 12: GS , Garscadden House C 1789

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Drumchapel 1795: Garscadden House

Glasgow 1800’s : Crucible of the Industrial Revolution

Fig 13: NLS, Thomas Richardson Map, Glasgow 1795

Fig 14: Gibb, 1982, Growth of Glasgow from medieval times to c 1830

It is clear for this period’s map that the centre of gravity is the estate, with paths extending north, south east and west from the estate’s boundary. Paths extend south to meet the Forth and Clyde canal. Completed in 1790 it was christened ’The Great Canal’ – a recognition of its national importance (Scotland, n.d.). Today it is afforded the highest protection in law as a scheduled monument. The map does not delineate, as in the previous, an enclosure with fields and orchards, rather it depicts a smaller walled enclosure to a grand house.

Fig 15 : Mckean et al, 1989 Views of Glasgow 17th, 18th , 19thC

The panorama of Glasgow from the Illustrated London News of 1864 gives a wonderful glimpse into the city what the city was like at the time. An array of giant industrial smoking chimneys on the skyline, the Broomielaw jampacked with ships on both banks loading and

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unloading at the dockside wharfage and every street teeming with activity. Mills, factories and industries of all kinds. The familiar grid of streets laid over the undulating terrain of Blythswood is apparent as is Woodlands Hill and the towers around Park Circus. This was a time of great change in the city with a number of key factors spurring and maintaining this giant conveyor belt of industry. The early decades of the 19thC see various efforts to widen & deepen the Clyde to make the navigation of ships easier and safer for vessels and to allow better access to the upper river (Checkland, 1976). Steam powered vessels begin to augment masted ships and the wooden hulls replaced by iron. The expansion of the rail network which had begun in the 1830’s reaches fever pitch in the 1840’s and soon the train lines begin to replace the canals as the main means of conveying the raw materials- coal, steel and cotton feeding this huge economic boom. The success of the city attracts a huge influx of economic migrants, many from across the Irish Sea (some 30% of the weaving community in were of Irish origin at the time) (Gibb, 1983). Aside from the economic imperative, two major tragedies account for the city’s swelling population: the Great Famine in Ireland 1845-52 and the Highland Clearances in which tenant farmers were evicted from their lands. The clearances began in the late 18th C and continued intermittently throughout the 19thC. (Devine, 1999) The population numbers are astonishing. In the first half of the 19th century the city had grown in population from 77,000 to 275,000 at the start of Queen Victoria’s rein (1837) to 750,000 at her death in 1901. All of this growth soared far in advance of the city’s capability to offer safe and affordable housing, adequate sewerage and sanitation (Elizabeth Williamson, 2005) and from these very serious issues of health & overcrowding come a series of initiatives to improve the city.

Drumchapel 1861: Mining and Train Line

Fig 16: NLS, OS map of Glasgow 1861

In the map of Drumchapel of 1896 we see the familiar enclosure of Garscadden estate and field feus which surround the enclosure. The major new addition to the map is the arrival of the train line – the Glasgow District & Hellensburgh Railway. The first goods trains pass through in 1858 but the area does not get a station until 1891 (Craig, 2003). The railway is crucial in the development of the area in not only allowing the efficient conveyance of goods but also the convenience and speed of travel to destinations on the lower Clyde. In tandem with the arrival of the train we see expansions of the area both north and south of the station with the erection of a series of stone built villas. Around the time this map is published John Black the owner of the Cowdenhill Estate, (roughly where Old Drumchapel is today) -and a former mining area- has a comprehensive feudal plan for the area drawn up . (Craig, 2003) Throughout this century mining is an important industry in the area and several mines excavating coal, lime and other minerals are established. The lines of 2 dismantled ‘tramways’ for the conveyance of these minerals are apparent on the map, sweeping down from the northern

Booklet no.2: History and stories

edge where the mines were located and connecting to the railway line. The words dismantled tramlines which now appear on the map of this period are evidence of the decline of mining towards the end of the century when it becomes unprofitable. (Craig, 2003) During this period, a famous Drumchapel landmark is built to accommodate mine workers and their families: Drumchapel Row, known locally for many years as ‘Miner’s Row’. It was demolished in 1939 when deemed unsuitable for occupation. With the decline of mining the area, (certainly to the north of the train line) largely returned to its earlier pastoral state.

Fig:17 Craig, 2003, Drunchapel Railway Station Late 19th C

Fig18: Miner’s Row, late 19th C

Fig19: Craig, 2003 Canal bridge late 19th C , Forth & Clyde Canal

Glasgow: 1900’s- War, Overcrowding

Fig 20:Horsey, 1990 Growth of Glasgow since the late 19th C

As Glasgow moved into the century that was to see 2 World Wars and later a revolution in the way people were housed, the tenement was the main type of residence for the majority of the local populace. In 1914 there were C700,000 living in three square miles making Glasgow one of the most densely populated in Europe and the tenement way of life largely responsible for housing such a vast number in such a small area. This dense urban grain contributed to what can be considered a unique way of life for its inhabitants, (Checkland, 1976) but the sheer weight of numbers in tandem with poor housing conditions were the ingredients for chronic health problems and for such serious problems as these, serious solutions had to countenanced. The City Improvement Trusts established in 1866 sought to clear away huge swathes of the old medieval city with its network of dark alleys and rigs and replace them with tenements of more healthy and civic quality. Roads were widened, new roads created and old ones realigned. One of the Trust’s last projects, completed in 1922 was the remodelling of the Trongate and the area around the former proto-city chambers to allow for better traffic flow. Other projects included new tenemental buildings in the High St and in Saltmarket to replace the slums which had emerged within the medieval quarter. In 1912 the city doubled its area when it annexed several large independent burghs:

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Govan, Partick, Pollokshaws and Cathcart (Gibb, 1983). In addition, the Corporation bought huge parcels of agricultural land for the building of public housing on a scale hitherto unseen in Scotland. The model was to be the Garden City. When the Great War intervened in 1914 the mantra was ‘Homes Fit for Returning Heroes!’ and the garden suburb suited those aims. The first garden suburb was Riddrie in 1919 followed by Mosspark and Knightswood in the early 1920’s. Fig 23: Horsey, Westerton Garden Suburb 1989

Drumchapel -1914

Fig 21:Reed, 1999 Pre -war housing schemes , Glasgow

Fig 22: Reed, 1999 Layout plan of Knightswood , Glasgow

Fig 24: NLS, OS Map, Glasgow 1914

The 1914 map of Drumchapel shows the familiar outline of the former Garscadden Estate with roads extending south from its southern gates and a settlement coagulating around the train station. A new Road extends south from the station to one of the locks on the Forth and Clyde Canal. The new settlements prompt new buildings in the form of a church and school. Another important industry in Drumchapel is the local bricks works. There were 2 which made terracotta bricks from locally sourced

Booklet no.2: History and stories

clay and 2 others which used the blaes from the spoil heaps of the adjacent mine workings (Craig, 2003). Peter and Mark Hurll open their brickworks in 1903 and reopen the tramway (seen in the last time step). This is used to transport blaes from the area in Peel Glen down to the works located near the railway line. They also built an extension of the tramway to a loading bay on the canal. From this dock bricks are exported via the famous Clyde Puffer boats to the Western Isles and further to Ireland. Most of Old Drumchapel and Knightswood are built using Hurll’s bricks and other buildings of note constructed using locally sourced bricks were the Singer Factory in Clydebank and Clydebank Shipbuilders. In the 50’s there was a UK wide brick shortage and Glasgow Corporation purchased 400,000 bricks from Belgium which were twice the price of locally produced bricks. In 1951 Hurll’s was reopened to cater to this demand but it closed later that decade. (Craig, 2003) The Royal Hospital for Sick Children was established in 1903 to provide convalescence for recovering children in a healthier countryside environment. The building was subsequently demolished sometime in the 1980’s.

Fig 25: RHSC, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Drumchapel, Opened in 1903

Fig 26: DH , Drumchapel Post Office , late 19th C

Drumchapel -1938

Fig 27:NLS, OS Map, Glasgow 1938

By 1938 we see Old Drumchapel almost in its entirety, bounded by the Yoker Burn to the West and the new extension to Great Western Road. To the south the encroachment of the garden suburb of Knightswood becomes apparent along the southern edge of the Forth and Clyde Canal. ‘The Row’ is still there and the Royal Hospital acquires an extension, between it and ‘The Row’ an additional settlement of around 10 Villas. While Old Drumchapel was feued privately is undoubtedly influenced by the garden city movement in the aesthetic of the picturesque cottage houses and plots. There are a number of Acts of Parliament which influence the city’s future actions, notably the Housing Act of 1930 aimed at slum clearance and in 1935 aimed at setting

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minimum overcrowding standard standards. In response to this, in 1938, the city annexes 10,000 acres across the city’s periphery including Drumchapel- a purchase which was not concluded until after the war (Gibb, 1983).

Fig 30: Horsey ,1990. Drumchapel & Castlemilk house types

Fig 28: Gibb, 1982, Interwar Housing Acts

Glasgow 1950’s: Overspill and Creation of Drumchapel

Fig 29: Horsey, 1990, Clyde Valley Regional Plan 1949

The middle decades of the 20th Century see an ideological, literal and metaphorical turf war between Glasgow Corporation and the British government’s administrative bureaucracy, The Scottish Office (Glendinning, 1994). The Second World War left the city remarkably unscathed but large parts of the inner city were still vastly overcrowded and areas such as Calton, Bridgeton and the Gorbals had begun to fall into decay. Tenements constructed at the end of the of the 19th c for which the city became so reputed as well as stock completed in the early decades of the 20thC had begun to decay also with the process even accelerating after the war (Horsey, 1990). In tandem with this the end of the war prompts new thinking in relation to the issues of overcrowding, health & wellbeing. The City Fathers hoped that these very considerable problems could be dealt with by ‘Planned Growth’ (Elizabeth Williamson, 2005) and so two opposing plans emerge: the Clyde Valley Regional Plan of 1946 by Abercrombie and Matthew proposed by the Sottish Office and opposing & pre-emptingthe City Corporation’s Bruce Plan published in 1945. The former proposed an overspill of 250,000 to 300,000 with 200,000 to be accommodated in new towns and existing settlements around the Clyde Valley and the

Booklet no.2: History and stories

rest to be displaced beyond the region, the latter -opposed the loss of population and with it the civic and electoral power the Corporation wielded in post-war Scotland- by proposing a series of peripheral townships within the city’s boundaries. The Bruce Plan, while well intentioned, also infamously proposed the total demolition of the Victorian heart of the city. Thankfully the astronomical costs of implementation meant that that this did not go ahead. And so, during the 1950’s and 60’s a series of 4 estates were constructed around the city’s edge. Originally, they were conceived as semi-autonomous townships but in reality – due to financial constraints- many of the facilities required for such large populations were never provided and the public transport links were poor. They degenerated quickly.

1958, Drumchapel

The morphology of Drumchapel takes a dramatic step with the construction of the new housing estate. Familiar features still exist such as the enclosure of Garscadden Estate (housethe house was to burn down a year later in 1959), Garscadden Wood, Hutcheson Hill & Cleddans Burn. This map is 5 years after the estate was inaugurated and shows the cranked route of Garscadden Road as it meets the new

major feeder road Kinfauns Drive which takes the path of least resistance through the local drumlins. Garscadden Road, becomes Drumry Road and feeds the western neighbourhood, Cairnsmore. A series of feeder roads from the ‘butterfly’ road Kinfauns Drive stretch out north and west (Up the Hill) and across to the east. A series of new schools and churches cater to the new residents which would eventually number some 34,000. The area directly west adjacent to the grounds of Garscadden house is empty, the site earmarked for the future town centre- a centre that was not to be completed until 1964. The buildings follow a vaguely garden suburb paradigm with tenements instead of detached or semi-detached houses. The tenements sit in plots which are set back from the street with front gardens that are comparatively small compared to large communal back courts and large open areas between neighbourhoods are left undesignated. In places like Ledmore Dr. and Halbeath Av. the blocks fold back to form closes. The easterly and north-easterly neighbourhoods of Pinewood and Waverley have still to be completed. There are two schools in Stonedyke ( Primary & Secondary), 2 in Cairnsmore, 2 in Langfaulds and one in Kingsridge Cleddans. A double row of pylons stretch down from north to east across Hutcheson’s Hill and Garscadden Wood and then heads south towards the Canal. Near where GWR boulevard crosses the railway line there is a biscuit factory and further west along the line is the outline of the brickworks previously mentioned in the 1914maps.

Fig 31: Beatties Biscuits advertisement

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Fig 34: Goodyear Tyre Plant C1955 , Drumchapel aerial

1990’s Glasgow: Festivals, Icons, City Patronage

Fig 32Horsey,1990 Drumchapel View from the west Fig 35: Clyde Auditorium or ‘ Armadillo’ Commissioned in 1994

Fig 33: Horsey, 1990, Plan of a Single End , Glasgow c1945 Fig 36: The Lighthouse ,Glasgow

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Fig 37: Ingram Square, Merchant City Glasgow

Fig 38 : Glasgow Science Centre & Millennium Tower Completed 2001

The 90’s sees Glasgow bookended by two important events that were to have an important effect on the architectural and cultural development of the city; the European City of Culture in 1990 and Glasgow 1999:UK City of Architecture and design. The decade begins with a UK wide economic slump after an economic boom in the 80’s- a boom which never really reached the city of Glasgow. However, the accolade of European City of culture would be a reawakening of the city as a cultural destination with a wealth of architectural treasures. In tandem with the

festival, the city commissions new buildings to augment and support the festival program; The Royal Concert Hall and Tramway, a building which had previously housed the transport museum which was relocated to Kelvin Hall and which might have been demolished had plans for its regeneration not been brought forward. Alongside these cultural institutions efforts of reconstitution and reconstruction are being made. The Crown Street Regeneration Project is commissioned and a masterplan for the Gorbals area of the city regeneration is proposed. In the Merchant City, 2 important projects are instigated, The Italian Centre – a reconstruction of part of a city block as a new housing and retail block, and a new infill block , Ingram Sq. Two other shopping centres which had opened in 1986 Princes’ Square and St Enoch’s centre could not be more different to each other: one a sensitive reimagining of a pre-existing cobbled Victorian Square: the other a vast steel and glass mall built along American lines occupying the former site of St Enoch’s station- demolished in 1970’s. The mid-nineties see an important change in local government- Strathclyde Regional council is abolished and a new unitary authority is instigated. In effect, the power of the new authority to create change in its peripheral neighbourhoods is diminished via cuts to its planning and architectural departments. Glasgow City Council is still responsible for most of the social housing stock and there are huge pressures affecting the local budget (Gibson, 2017). There are closures to leisure centres, libraries and day care centres and the city is close to bankruptcy with debts arising from its housing alone at around £1 billion pounds. Despite this, the city manages to procure a new building to add to the growing campus at the SECC in the form of the Clyde Auditorium known as the ‘Armadillo’ and the Lighthouse for UK City Of Architecture 1999. It should be noted that the National Lottery initiated in 1993 was an important new revenue stream

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for new public buildings and projects and many contributions from this new fund had been made in the lead up to 1999 and various projects celebrating the new Millennium (Rodger, 1999).

1993 Drumchapel- amalgamation demolition

opportunities elsewhere (Gibson, 2017). The drop in population see a twofold effect on the area. First a drop in the school roll numbers means that there is huge excess capacity in the schools which had been built for a population almost double the present. There are 11 Primary Schools and 3 secondary schools. The council sees an opportunity to ‘thin out’ the worst of the housing stock (Council, 1992). This instigates a policy of disposal & clearance of unpopular housing stock and an objective to improve the retained housing stock with density reductions and improvements to building fabric- new windows, new central heating and improvements to the look of the blocks. The amalgamation of schools is also actively considered.

Fig 39: OS map Glasgow 1993

In the map of Drumchapel 1993 we see, in a sense, the ‘final’ intended form of the area. The neighbourhoods of Pinewood and Waverley are now complete, as is the shopping centre with its extension from the 1970’s. The population is now around 50% of its total in the late 60’s: 16,000 from a high of 34,000 (Council, 1992). The very quick decline of the area from the late 60’s had continued through the 70’s and 80’s. The Singer Factory in Clydebank had closed in 1980, the Goodyear factory in 1979, Beatiie’s Biscuits in 1798. The site of the Goodyear factory encompassing some 26 ha is derelict and in line with the drop in employment there is a decline in the numbers of local people using the shopping centre (Council, 1992). The centre which had been popular for a while in the 70’s,even attracting custom from its affluent neighbour Bearsden. The shipyards on the lower Clyde were in terminal decline and supported very few jobs. Those from the area that had transferable skills left to pursue

Fig 40: Duffy , 1995 .Refurbished tenements in Drumchapel c1995

Fig 41 : Duffy, Proposed External alterations to tenements in Cairnsmore, Drumchapel 1995

Booklet no.2: History and stories

2017 Glasgow- The ‘Spectacle’ and New efforts

Fig 42: ‘New Dalmarnock’ or Commonwealth games Village , Glagow 2014

a part of the city. The Games would need a games village and other buildings to allow it to proceed. Dalmarnock was to be that village with an entirely new district created out of the rubble of a former working class industrial and residential area which had declined very badly. Present day Glasgow sees continuing efforts around regeneration and reconstruction of the inner city. TRA ‘s or Transformational Regeration Areas were established in 2010 to bring about change and the provision of affordable homes for sale and to rent. These were established in 8 eight areas. Two of the area are Sighthill and Laurieston. Laurieston is mid phase and Sighthill enabling works in progress.

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Fig 43: Aerial view of proposed Laurieston Redevelopment, Glasgow

The years of the early 2000’s see a huge change in the management of council houses within the city. In 2003 the Glasgow Housing Association is established and control of around 80,000 properties is transferred to it from the council and the city’s around £1billion of housing debt is written off by the Government. The GHA is then charged with bringing forward investment into existing stock as well as building new affordable houses for sale and rent. The promise of The Homes for the Future exhibition which was completed in 2001 as part of the City of Architecture ’99 designed as demonstration project to was not fully realised with a subsequent phase and so the city sees little in the way of centrally developed urban housing. The global market crash of 2007/8 sees a huge stagnation in the private market for building, so it was fortunate that Glasgow’s winning of the Commonwealth games in the same years was viewed as an opportunity to regenerate

Fig 44 : OS map Glasgow 2017

Drumchapel 2017 is a very different place to Drumchapel of the mid-sixties and even of the mid nineties. Population has declined even further to the point that it is almost 1/3 that of it’s original. The western flank , adjacent Kingsridge /Cleddans and Cairnsmore sees the realisation of the efforts to demolish unpopular or derelict stock and rebuild stock to rent or buy that is popular (Gibson, 2017). A new feeder road to the western boundary drawn from, Great Western Road , punctuated by

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roundabouts feeding the new-build cul de sacs on sites where previously there stood 4 storey post-war tenements. There are also some small additional developments on adjacent green field sites. These were mostly built in the late 90â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to 2000 with some other smaller pockets built more recently. The most obvious change from 1993 map is the partial demolition of the Shopping Centre, now no longer a courtyard and the large empty plots in Langfaulds. These plots were subject to an assemblage of land in the early 2000â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to enable the marketing of the sites to potential developers. The sites were to provide a mix of 40% private to 60% socially rented properties. The sites were subsequently transferred to contractor ownership but due to the global crash in 20078 were never developed. These sites have only recently reverted back to Council ownership (Gibson, 2017). A pre-condition / pre requisite of the development of these central areas was that new educational and community facilities were to be provided and we see the new Drumchapel High School built in 2001, 3 new primary Schools, a new community centre and the new Donald Dewar Leisure centre. A consequence of this is that some schools which were there previously have been amalgamated or have been lost altogether. To the south of Drumchapel we see that the considerable industrial and former industrial sites on either side of the railway line. North of the railway line is the Edrington Group Bond which has now subsumed the site of Beatties Biscuit factory and to the south, the former Goodyear factory site is now the Great Western Retail Park built in 2013. At the very start of Kinfauns Drive and corner of Drumry Rd East an Aldi supermarket is currently under construction and bounded by Linkwood Crescent, Ardhu Place, Bayfield Avenue and Airgold Drive has had an recent planning application for 134 2 storey housing unit lodged.

Fig 45: Great Western Retail Park c2007

Fig 46 Dunkenny Road new-build for Cernach Housing Association 2013

Booklet no.2: History and stories

2. Temporal mapping

Temporal mappiTemporal maTemporal mapping Introduction Temporal Mapping In the previous chapter, we have seen how historiographical sources were used to trace the past of Drumchapel. In this chapter, we use the available cadastral information and images to trace important time steps in the area. The work undertaken in the previous chapter is used as a basis from which to identify and map the changes in time. In effect, this was the undertaking of urban detectives. First, we have produced a timeline to depict important punctual events that have had an impact on the morphology and development of the study area and second, we have produced a set of temporal maps which have been overlaid to scale with the study area boundary shown. At each time step, new buildings and paths are picked out in red and blue; blue showing the existing circumstance at each time step and red showing the new additional buildings, roads and paths that differ from the previous time step. These maps were sourced largely from the National Library of Scotland online mapping website as well from Glasgow City Council. In addition, these maps are augmented with brief descriptions and a set of concept diagrams which attempt to distil the essential character of the area- as we see it – at each time step.

Listed Buildings In this section, we have mapped the listed buildings that still exist in the area. According to the Historic Environment Scotland website: “Listed buildings enrich Scotland’s landscape and chart a great part of our history. Many buildings are of interest, architecturally or historically. But to be listed, a building must be of ‘special’ architectural or historic interest. We list buildings of special architectural or historic interest. A dedicated team researches and assesses all designation applications. Listing is carried out under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997.” https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/listing-scheduling-and-designations/listed-buildings/what-is-listing/ Drumchapel is fortunate to have: • One UNESCO World Heritage Site – The Antonine Wall, Frontier of the Roman Empire • One scheduled monument: The Forth and Clyde Canal • 4 Grade B listed buildings • 2 Grade C listed buildings Lost Landmarks In this section, we detail the lost landmarks of Drumchapel. These are buildings which have occupied a nodal position within the area and that have contributed to the area’s legibility or imageability over time.

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Booklet no.2: History and stories

fig.3

fig.6

fig.42

Drumchapel

Timeline

fig.43

fig.44

fig.12

Booklet no.2: History and stories

1753

1795

ANTONINE WALL

The Antonine Wall was built by the Romans army across Scotland AD 142-143. It runs for 37 miles between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. Repr esenting the northernmost frontier barrier of the Roman Empire In the Drumchapel area, we are able to see the line of the Antonine Wall, which preserved by the open ground. The wall runs from the Castlehill fort southwest to Peel Glen Road. (Anon, 2017)

Drumchapel

Historical development and morphology GARSCADDEN ESTATE

The Fleming family owned Garscadden Estate, in the 14th century The Estate was built sometime after c1723 and enlarged in c1747 Its fantastical south gates (Girnin Gates) lay just west of the village until the 1960s. the sad end of Garscadden house, destroyed by fire in 1959.The Girnin Gates Should be given a special mention; at one time they were thought to be the Ninth wonder of the World (In Glasgow anyway).

THE PEEL OF DRUMRY

The Peel of Drumry was one of the most famous landmarks in Drumchapel,it was built somewhere between 1530 and 1540. It was eventually demolished by the Glasgow Corporation. The original stones from the Peel of Drumry can still be seen today as they form part of the rockery in the Garden of Remembrance at the rear of St.Marys Parish Church in Drumry Road. (Drumchapel

Heritage Group, 2017)

(Drumchapel Heritage Group, 2017)

THE FORTH AND CLYDE CANAL

The notion of a canal from the Forth to the Clyde was first suggested in 1723 by Alexander Gordon and then again by General Roy in 1755. However, it took till the 10th July 1768 to start work on the project. The work was in three phases and had three different engineers. From 1768 - 1773 John Smeaton took the canal from the Forth as far as Kirkintilloch. Robert Mackell took over and brought the canal to Glasgow by 1777. Work on the canal lapsed till 1785 and Robert White worth finally took the canal to Bowling in 1790; where it was formally opened by him and the chairman of the Canal Company, Archibald Speirs. It cost over ÂŁ330 000 to complete the 35 miles and 39 locks from Grangemouth to Bowling; the aqueduct over the River Kelvin at Maryhill costing ÂŁ8509 alone. (Mackay, 2017)

Booklet no.2: History and stories

1861

1914

RAILWAY STATION

A railway station was built in Drumchapel in 1891, for the benefit of the villagers, being in a remote situation, residents had to walk or cycle if they wanted to visit friends or shop thus this new station came as a tremendous benefit to the people. It played an important part in the development of this area as the people moving into the area began to build houses in and around the station, this became the nucleus of a village.

(Drumchapel Heritage Group, 2017)

Drumchapel

RAILWAY LINE

The railway was introduced in Scotland in 1826 with horse drawn wagons, and were converted to locomotives in 1831. They were designed for the transport of coal from the Lanarkshire fields to the Forth and Clyde canals. In the beginning the North Railway Line was built through the parish of Drumchapel in 1858. (Drumchapel Heritage

Group, 2017)

THE POST OFFICE

A well-known family in Drumchapel during the Victorian period was Mr.Andrew S. Goldie, his wife and family opened the first shop in this district. It was a Stationary Newsagent and general store. After a time, the post office section of the shop was opened, and Mr. Goldie became the first Postmaster had the honour of being the first janitor for the village school, built in 1902. Mrs. Goldie was later given the honour, as the oldest inhabitant of the village, of naming Golf Drive, adjacent to Garscadden Road. (Drumchapel

Significant developments had occurred in the area namely the building of the post office and railway station. The latter sped up the building of infrastructure in the areas close to the station. The tram line is an addition to the developments happening in the area. The Miners row is built to house mine workers. The Royal Hospital for sick children is also built during this period.

Heritage Group, 2017)

Booklet no.2: History and stories

1938

1958

Drumchapel

By this period the area is developed out. The Great Western Road is extended to Drumchapel. Royal Hospital for sick children gets an extension. Industrial buildings start to appear in the area. (Mackay,

2017)

During this period there is an eastward expansion of Old Drumchapel. A road is constructed throughout the town. An important landmark the Peel of Drumry is demolished. More schools are built in the area to meet the population demand. However at this point in time Drumchapel does not have a shopping centre. The shopping centre was not completed with ithe initial phases of the development, but was subsequently finished in the mid 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

Booklet no.2: History and stories

1993

2017

Drumchapel

A period of make-do-andmend.Popular housing stock is refurbished, decline in population is seen as an opportunity to thin out unpopular stock. Decline in employment through closures of Beatties biscuit factory , Goodyear Factory & Singer factory in Clydebank. Associated decline in shipbuilding in the lower Clyde Shopping centre no longer popular, and schools with vast over capacity.

Large areas of empty blocks in central area of Langfaulds, contrasts with the new developments of detached newbuild housing built in cul-de-sacs to the western flank. Edrington Whisky now occupy land directly north of the train line and Great Western Retail Park occupies the site of the former Goodyear works Large sections of shopping centre now demolished - no longer a courtyard typology

Booklet no.2: History and stories

1753

1938

1795

1958

Drumchapel

Summary of temporal maps 1861

1914

1993

2017

Booklet no.2: History and stories

1753

1938

1795

1958

Drumchapel

Summary of concept maps 1861

1993

1914

2017

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Existing Listed buildings in Drumchapel source: http://historicscotland.maps.arcgis.com

1. C LISTED Former Old Drumchapel primary school 46, 48 Garscadden Road / 19,21, 23 Balvie DriveConverted into residential accommodation (2005/2006)

2. C LISTED Drumchapel Old parish church and hall 143,153 Garscadden road

Drumchapel

3. B LISTED St Laurance (Martyr) Roman Catholic church and presbytery with boundary wall, gates, gatepiers and railings 215 Kinfauns Drive

4. B LISTED St Pius X Roman Catholic church with presbytery, boundary wall, gates and railings Bayfiled Terrace

5. B LISTED Kinfauns centre, former Church of Jesus Christ of the latter day saints 436 Kinfauns Drive

6. B LISTED Campbell Colquhoun Burial ground Linkwood Crescent

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Lost landmarks of Drumchapel

1. Drumchapel hospital (demolished) Built in 1800â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s as the country branch of the Glasgow sick childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hospital. It comprised of two wards, 12 beds each with sunroom. (Country Branch at

Drumchapel 2017)

2. Post Office

It was a stationery newsagent and general store. After a time, the post office section of the shop was opened, and Mr. Goldie became the first Postmaster had the honour of being the first janitor for the village school, built in 1902. Mrs. Goldie was later given the honour, as the oldest inhabitant of the village, of naming Golf Drive, adjacent to Garscadden Road. The building is still standing but has been extensively altered with unsympathetic additions. (Drumchapel Heritage Group, 2017)

Drumchapel

3 & 4 Garscadden estate and The Girnin Gates (demolished) The estate was built after 1723 and enlarged in 1747. The house witnessed the 1745 Jacobite rising and in 1938, it served as a refuge for WWII evacuees. The estate was destroyed by a fire in 1959. The gates were once considered to be the Ninth wonder of the world in Glasgow. Later on they lost their popularity and after being vandalized for a period of time, they were finally demolished in 1965 by Glasgow Corporation. (Drumchapel Heritage Group 2017)

5. Antonine Wall The wall was constructed by the roman empire in 142AD and was listed as a World Heritage site bi UNESCO in July 2008. The wall forms the basis of some teaching to kids in the area and is part of some of the local health walks & local forestry walks. However it has a great deal more

potential than has hitherto been exploited.

6. The peel of Drumry (demolished) The peel of Drumry was built around 400 years ago and for a long time was considered to be the most popular landmark in Drumchapel. Unfortunately, it was eventually demolished by the Glasgow Corporation. (Drumchapel Heritage Group,2017)

7. St Benedict Church St Benedicts church 1964-70 Was a masterly work by the Glasgow architectural firm of Gillespie Kidd and Coia. It announced itself forcefully to the street with a soaring concave copper roof and harled exterior. It was widely admired by the architectural; profession. It was demolished by the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1991 much to the chagrin of those who admired it. It had been recommended to be A listed but the church proceeded despite this. Like many of the churches of this era and type, the roof leaked and was very expensive to heat . It was a convenient and permanent answer to a financial burden.

Booklet no.2: History and stories

3. Stories Introduction In this section, we have been asked to depict how the area has performed for the inhabitants and users over time – the ties that people have established with their place of work and home. To distil the essence of place-Zeitgeist and Genuis loci and to map those experiences In addition to the historiographic references that contain stories of the area we attempted to contact a number of local organisations in Drumchapel. We had a varied success with this, but we found a valuable source accidentally, a woman emigre from Canada who was originally from Partick but had moved to Drumchapel in the 1950’s with her family. Her name is Teresa Neish. Teresa was interviewed and has subsequently corresponded with the group via email to give us additional information. We are very grateful for her generous insights and time that have been invaluable in corroborating evidence that we had only previously seen and read in books- as well as new fascinating glimpses in to the area’s past. Her interview is summarised and email correspondence are appended. We have used other sources to help tell the more people-focused story of Drumchapel namely: • As above, Interview and correspondence with Teresa Neish • ‘Nae Streets in Drumchapel’, A book written to celebrate 60 years of Drumchapel. Camstradden Primary School and Glasgow Life Communities created a Family Learning Group to develop a book on children’s play and games

from 1953 to 2013. • Evening Times newspaper article on Drumry Rd “600 Yards of Death”, a typically tabloid headline to a serious story which details a catalogue of accidents and fatalities which occurred in the 1990’s. These issues were instrumental in the reconfiguration of access to the western flank of Drumchapel and the subsequent redevelopment of that part in the late 90’s to the early 2000’s • The book, ‘The Story of Drumchapel’ By Allan Craig is a useful, though somewhat disordered history of the area , it nevertheless contains some interesting people based narratives • An interview with David Gibson of Glasgow City Council, to establish the present day spatial strategies as well as an insight into the demolitions and reconstructions that have occurred in the last 20 years. Issues which have their own special set of narratives. • Story of Buster, a man who refused to move out of his home in Linwood Dr high rise which was scheduled to be demolished. http://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2015/11/27/ the-130-flat-tower-block-with-one-resident/ These sources have been used to distil a series of experiences which have than been translated in to two maps. We have split these maps into 2 sections, one called ‘’living memory map and one called historic memory map.

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Booklet no.2: History and stories

4. SWOT Analysis Strenghts • Community Spirit – lack of mobility and economic adversity has created an especially strong sense of local identity and territoriality. In the views of the locals the area should be revitalised and not liquidated. This should provide a strong motivation in those who want to assist in the rejuvenation of the area • Heritage – Creates an inter-generational equity from the value of historic places. Antonine Wall, Canal, Heritage walks. Could Drumchapel be the new gateway to the wall and provide a new building which interprets its history? Could the canal provide the impetus for regeneration by living in, on or around the water? • Nature/ Setting- The area is encompassed by green areas – Green belt and woodlands. Biodiversity and habitats and open greenspace that can be exploited for leisure / amenity. South facing – sun and renewable energy. Due to nature of topography – expansive views from ‘up the hill’ & from Linkwood across the city. Ringed by greenery. Street trees. • Connections- Road/ Rail connections – within easy reach of Loch Lomond & Trossachs and on a trunk road leading to the western Highlands. Regular train service to and from the city centre

In order to summarise the issues raised in our research, we have undertaken a SWOT analysis of Drumchapel -strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and have tried to relate our findings specifically to those issues we have encountered in the course of compiling this report.

Weaknesses • Connections -remoteness of train station from the area’s ‘centre of gravity’. Car dependency. Dispersal of services. Severance of neighbourhoods both natural and manmade. Primacy of the car as evidenced by roundabouts esp. to retail park and western flank. Tenuous links to adjacent neighbourhoods- Bearsden & Westerton and points south • Nature / Setting- Undefined function & negative open space. No function space with min ecological value / habitat. No centre/ focus for district. Lack of defensible space. Lack of natural surveillance- large ill-defined back courts. Low imageability – key buildings dispersed along road which takes path of least resistance- physical features do not create positive territorialism. Community buildings, churches etc hidden away in highly defensible plots palisade fences, hedges trees create space barriers to vision. Lack of street trees. Long unobserved pathways.

Drumchapel

Opportunities

• Self sufficiency • To connect/ reconnect hitherto unconnected streets/ neighbourhoods. Increase permeability. Introduce gateways N, S, E & W. To break the skyline with memorable buildings & increase the area’s imageability • To define / redefine better external spaces for leisure and recreation/ habitats. Better paths & connections • To exploit watercourses for environmental engineering – natural rift of Garscadden Burn • Better integration of important civic/ community buildings • Tramline connection to rest of the city – GWR

Threats

• Employment opportunities locally • Fuel poverty • Lack of diverse demographic and ageing population • Lifecycle of existing housing stock • Noise/ air pollution – aircraft jet wash • Deterioration in woodlands – maintenance • Lack of a town centre & focus for the community • Lack of small- medium retailers • Management of vast open undefined areas • Buses and bus routes- withdrawal of services?

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Lessons learned from History and Stories: The Future • Organic growth (such as from pre-industrial times in Drumchapel) from a central area is an appropriate paradigm for the future development of Drumchapel. • Lack of resilience in the jobs market throughout the 60’s, 70’s and 80’s. Large industrial factories producing mono-products- Tyres, Sewing Machines, Biscuits meant that a general downturn meant mass redundancies. Needs to be a more diverse range of business activities and a corollary in jobs diversity. • That there is a possibility that Drumchapel could become a centre again attracting business from Bearsden or Clydebank just like the shopping centre did for a time in the 1970’s • There is a vast untapped potential for Drumchapel to be the new gateway to the Antonine Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site either by promoting it locally & nationally or , or perhaps more intriguingly, the establishment of a new centre ( building) for its orientation & interpretation. In the same way Milngavie is viewed as the start of the West Highland Way, Drumchapel could be the gate to the Wall. • Scotland in general and Glasgow in particular has seen an explosion in distilling – both whisky and Gin. The fact that Erdington, one of Scotland’s biggest whisky manufacturer’s has a major presence in the area (albeit in bottling and bonding) might spur the creation of a new distillery . ‘The Drum Malt Whisky!’ The location for a new building type for the area. • The brick industry that used to be in Drumchapel showed how local natural resources could

be taken advantage of and deployed for economic benefit. It may be farfetched to suggest – but are there any resources which could be taken advantage of? • Better links to adjacent centres Bearsden and Clydebank • Better links to canal for living / leisure potential • The natural setting which encompasses the area needs to be protected and reinforced. A network of green fingers which connect to the heart of the area from the edge and which, in turn connect to the wider locality. • It was clear that the original grand house, Garscadden House and attendant grounds had an economic eco system- Laird and associated land which produced food / serviced the ‘Big House’. Today Drumchapel needs its own economic eco-system perhaps its own currency to keep money locally. Think Global – Spend local!

Drumchapel

Bibliography & References ABACUS, S. (2017). TheGlasgowStory: Girninâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Gates, Drumchapel. [online] Theglasgowstory.com. Available at: http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA00789 [Accessed 6 Oct. 2017] al, D. S. E., 1999. Homes for the Future. London: August Media Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: http://www.antoninewall.org/system/files/documents/ WestDunbartonshireWalkingGuide.pdf [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017] Charles Mckean, D. W. F. W., 1993. Central Glasgow: An Illustrated Architectural Guide. Edinburgh: Pillans & Wilson. Checkland, S. G., 1976. The Upas Tree: Glasgow 1875-1975 , A study in growth & contraction. Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press. Council, G. C., 1992. Drumchapel Local Plan. Glasgow: Glasgow City Council Craig, A., 2003. The Story of Drumchapel. Glasgow: s.n. Devine, T. M., 1999. THe Scottish Nation 1700-2000. London : Penguin Drumchapel Heritage Group. (2017). The Post Office. [online] Available at: https:// drumchapelheritage.wordpress.com/the-story-of-drumchapel/the-post-office/ [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017] Drumchapel Heritage Group. (2017). The Garscadden Estate. [online] Available at: https:// drumchapelheritage.wordpress.com/the-story-of-drumchapel/the-garscadden-estate/ [Accessed 7 Oct. 2017] Drumchapel Heritage Group. (2017). The Peel of Drumry. [online] Available at: https:// drumchapelheritage.wordpress.com/the-story-of-drumchapel/the-peel-of-drumry/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. Drumchapel Heritage Group. (2017). The Railway Line. [online] Available at: https:// drumchapelheritage.wordpress.com/the-story-of-drumchapel/the-railway-line/ [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017] Elizabeth Williamson, A. R. M. H., 2005. The Buildings of Scotland: Glasgow. London: Yale

Booklet no.2: History and stories

University Press Foreman, C., 2002. Lost Glasgow: Glasgow’s Lost Arcghitectural Heritage. Edinburgh: Birlinn Gibb, A., 1983. Glasgow : The Making of a City. London: Croom Helm. Glendinning, D. P. &. M., 1999. Clone City: Crisis and Renewal in Contemporary Scottish Architecture. Edinburgh: Polygon Gibson, D., 2017. Drumchapel 80’s, 90’s, 00’s [Interview] (6th October 2017) Glendinning, D. P. &. M., 1999. Clone City: Crisis and Renewal in Contemporary Scottish Architecture. Edinburgh: Polygon Glendinning, M., 1994. Tower Block: Modern Public Housing in England, Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland. s.l.:Yale University Press Hharp.org. (2017). Country Branch at Drumchapel. [online] Available at: http://www.hharp.org/ library/glasgow/general/country-branch.html [Accessed 17 Oct. 2017] Horsey, M., 1990. Tenements and Towers. Edinburgh : HMSO. Mackay, I. (2017). The Forth and Clyde Canal. [online] Drumchapelhistory.com. Available at: http://www.drumchapelhistory.com/history/canal.htm [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Reed, P., 199. Glasgow : The Forming of the City. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Rodger, J., 1999. Contemporary Glasgow :The Architecture of the 1990’s. Edinburgh: The Rutland Press. Scotland, H. E., n.d. http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/SM6776. [Online] Available at: http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/SM6776 [Accessed 30th September 2017] Understandingglasgow.com. (2017). Neighbourhood profiles | The Glasgow Indicators Project. [online] Available at: http://www.understandingglasgow.com/profiles/neighbourhood_profiles/3_ nw_sector/31_drumchapel [Accessed 15 Oct. 2017] Unknown, 1939. Drumchapel : Being a Short Historical Sketch with references to Church Lands. Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press Urquart, G. R., 200. ALong Great Western Road:An Illustrated History of Glasgow’s West End. Glasgow: Stenlake

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List of figures Fig 1: GCC, 1992 Drumchapel local context Pg 1 Council, G. C., 1992. Drumchapel Local Plan. Glasgow: Glasgow City Council. Fig 2: Duffy, 2017 Drumchapel regional context Fig 3: Antonine, Bearsden Roman bathhouse remains [online] Available at:http://www.antoninewall.org/visiting-the-wall/things-to-see-and-do [Accessed 12Oct. 2017]. Fig 4: Antonine, Roman finds- Counters [online] Available at:http://www.antoninewall.org/visiting-the-wall/things-to-see-and-do[Accessed 12Oct. 2017]. Fig 5: Antonine, Bearsden Roman bathhouse remains [online] Available at:http://www.antoninewall.org/visiting-the-wall/things-to-see-and-do[Accessed 12Oct. 2017]. Fig 6: Antonine, Distance slab found in Castlehill , N Drumchapel [online] Available at:http://www.antoninewall.org/visiting-the-wall/things-to-see-and-do[Accessed 12Oct. 2017].

Fig 8: Artfund, Gallery of Modern Art , Glasgow formerly Tobacco Lord’s House [online] Available at:https://www.artfund.org/what-to-see/museums-and-galleries/gallery-ofmodern-art[Accessed 12Oct. 2017]. Fig 8: Wiki: St Andrew’s in the Square, Glasgow [online] Available at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_in_the_Square[Accessed 10Oct. 2017]. Fig 9: NLS, 1753 Roy military map, Drumchapel [online] Available at:http://maps.nls.uk/towns/#glasgow[Accessed 2nd Oct. 2017]. Fig 10: Foreman, 2002, Dreghorn Mansion – example of Tobacco Lord house Foreman, C., 2002. Lost Glasgow: Glasgow’s Lost Arcghitectural Heritage. Edinburgh: Birlinn

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Fig 11: Foreman, 2002, Virginia Mansion – example of Tobacco Lord house Foreman, C., 2002. Lost Glasgow: Glasgow’s Lost Arcghitectural Heritage. Edinburgh: Birlinn Fig 12: GS , Garscadden House C 1789 [online] Available at:http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSB00273[Accessed 10Oct. 2017]. Fig 13: NLS, Thomas Richardson Map, Glasgow 1795 [online] Available at:http://maps.nls.uk/towns/#glasgow[Accessed 2nd Oct. 2017]. Fig 14: Gibb, 1982, Growth of Glasgow from medieval times to c 1830 Pg 101 Gibb, A., 1983. Glasgow : The Making of a City. London: Croom Helm Fig 15 : Mckean et al, 1989 Views of Glasgow 17th, 18th , 19thC Pg 5 Charles Mckean, D. W. F. W., 1993. Central Glasgow: An Illustrated Architectural Guide. Edinburgh: Pillans & Wilson Fig 16: NLS, OS map of Glasgow 1861 [online] Available at:http://maps.nls.uk/towns/#glasgow[Accessed 2nd Oct. 2017]. Fig:17 Craig, 2003, Drunchapel Railway Station Late 19th C Pg 28 Craig, A., 2003. The Story of Drumchapel. Glasgow: s.n. Fig18: Miner’s Row, late 19th C Pg 27 Craig, A., 2003. The Story of Drumchapel. Glasgow: s.n. Fig19: Craig, 2003 Canal bridge late 19th C , Forth & Clyde Canal Pg 18 Craig, A., 2003. The Story of Drumchapel. Glasgow: s.n. Fig 20 :Horsey, 1990 Growth of Glasgow since the late 19th C Pg Xii Horsey, M., 1990. Tenements and Towers. Edinburgh : HMSO. Fig 21:Reed, 1999 Pre -war housing schemes , Glasgow Pg 155 Reed, P., 1999. Glasgow : The Forming of the City. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Fig 22: Reed, 1999 Layout plan of Knightswood , Glasgow Pg 154 Reed, P., 1999. Glasgow : The Forming of the City. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Fig 23: Horsey, Westerton Garden Suburb 1989 Pg 20 Horsey, M., 1990. Tenements and Towers. Edinburgh : HMSO. Fig 24: NLS, OS Map, Glasgow 1914 [online] Available at:http://maps.nls.uk/towns/#glasgow[Accessed 3rd Oct. 2017].

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Fig 25: RHSC, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Drumchapel, Opened in 1903 [online] Available at:http://www.nhsggc.org.uk/media/232645/history_yorkhill_1882-2015. pdf[Accessed 1st Oct. 2017]. Fig 26: DH , Drumchapel Post Office , late 19th C [online] Available at:https://drumchapelheritage.wordpress.com/the-story-of-drumchapel/thepost-office/[Accessed 16Oct. 2017]. Fig 27:NLS, OS Map, Glasgow 1938 [online] Available at:http://maps.nls.uk/towns/#glasgow[Accessed 2ndOct. 2017]. Fig 28: Gibb, 1982, Interwar Housing Acts Pg 156,157 Gibb, A., 1983. Glasgow : The Making of a City. London: Croom Helm Fig 29: Horsey, 1990, Clyde Valley Regional Plan 1949 Page xii Horsey, M., 1990. Tenements and Towers. Edinburgh : HMSO. Fig 30: Horsey ,1990. Drumchapel & Castlemilk house types Page 37 Horsey, M., 1990. Tenements and Towers. Edinburgh : HMSO. Fig 30: NLS, OS Map, Glasgow 1958 [online] Available at:http://maps.nls.uk/towns/#glasgow[Accessed 2ndOct. 2017]. Fig 31: Beatties Biscuits advertisement [online] Available at:https://www.flickr.com/photos/robertpool/2474992399/in/photostream/ [Accessed 5Oct. 2017]. Fig 32:Horsey,1990 Drumchapel View from the west Page 36 Horsey, M., 1990. Tenements and Towers. Edinburgh : HMSO. Fig 33: Horsey, 1990, Plan of a Single End , Glasgow c1945 Page 13 Horsey, M., 1990. Tenements and Towers. Edinburgh : HMSO. Fig 34: Goodyear Tyre Plant C1955 , Drumchapel aerial Glasgow Corporation Photo- Mitchell Library archive

Fig 35: Clyde Auditorium or ‘ Armadillo’ Commissioned in 1994

Booklet no.2: History and stories

[online] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/euan_pics/226066858 [Accessed 16Oct. 2017]. Fig 36: The Lighthouse ,Glasgow [online] Available at:http://www.thelighthouse.co.uk/blog/entry/24-facts-about-mackintosh-youmay-not-know[Accessed 16Oct. 2017]. Fig 37: Ingram Square, Merchant City Glasgow [online] Available at:http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/ingram-square-flats[Accessed 16Oct. 2017]. Fig 38 : Glasgow Science Centre & Millennium Tower Completed 2001 [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Science_Centre [Accessed 15Oct. 2017]. Fig 39: OS map Glasgow 1993 Pg 23 Council, G. C., 1992. Drumchapel Local Plan. Glasgow: Glasgow City Council Fig 40: Duffy , 1995 .Refurbished tenements in Drumchapel c1995 John Duffy, Personal archive Fig 41 : Duffy, Proposed External alterations to tenements in Cairnsmore, Drumchapel 1995 John Duffy , Personal archive Fig 42: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;New Dalmarnockâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or Commonwealth games Village , Glagow 2014 [online] Available at:http://www.glasgow2014.com/media-centre/press-releases/glasgow-2014sathletes-village-streets-ahead-one-year-go-celebrations[Accessed 16Oct. 2017]. Fig 43: Aerial view of proposed Laurieston Redevelopment, Glasgow [online] Available at:http://www.clydewaterfront.com/projects/glasgow-city-centre/commercial/ laurieston[Accessed 16Oct. 2017]. Fig 44 : OS map Glasgow 2017 [online] Available at:https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/[Accessed 10Oct. 2017]. Fig 45: Great Western Retail Park c2007 [online] Available at:http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/587637[Accessed 16Oct. 2017]. Fig 46 Dunkenny Road new-build for Cernach Housing Association 2013 [online] Available at:http://www.dagilmour.co.uk/project/dunkenny-road/[Accessed 16Oct. 2017].

Drumchapel

Teresa Neish Interview 5/10/2017- Full • Born in 1947 & brought up in Patrick Cross • One Room and a kitchen, Mum, Dad and 3 other siblings- no toilet, no hot water • In the same close was a family which had 12 boys and one girl • Factor was called Rickard but not very good as roof was leaking badly and the close’s handrail to stairs was damaged & dangerous • Gaslights lit the close and even one family still had internal gaslight. • The best days of my life!!!! • Moved to Drumchapel aged 9 in 1956 to Linkwood Dr. was bussed to school in St Peter’s in Patrick as they hadn’t yet built the school in DC yet but a block of flats was turned into a school at one point. Only one or 2 corpy busses that went into town later was Alexanders or the Blue bus which were expensive. Later she went to Garnethill convent School . Her father worked in the Goodyear Factory • Felt it was wonderful as she’d never really seen the countryside and it was a vast playground for the young to explore • Played mostly down at Garscadden burn with friends climbing trees etc, she also recalls an old former derelict barracks which the kids used to explore . the Bluebell woods were also a favourite spot. • No shops or shopping centre but there used to be a van which came around the estate with huge queues of folk waiting to be served. Later when the shopping centre opened it was regarded as a real bonus and luxury compared to days of the van • Folk went to Clydebank for shopping and entertainment she recalls when a bit older walking to Clydebank to Woolworths for hair lacquer as the Beehive hairstyle was de rigeur. Folk went to Clydebank to the La Scala cinema or the Rio in Bearsden. In DC the Cleland family, a family of some note in the district opened up a café which had a dancefloor outside had regular live music notably Lulu and the Luvvers but also had an indoor dancefloor too . Saturday afternoons were spent at the Barrowlands and at other time the Pallais ( Dennistoun) • Theresa was from a strict Catholic family and recalls attending Sunday mass at St Pius church – the services she recalls were ‘packed, mobbed & buzzing’ it reminded her of being back in Partick • The initial excitement of moving to a new place was replaced by the realities of life in a post-war tenement – Yes running water but no heating really - only a fireplace in the living room offering minimal radiant heat to the room in the adjacent wall. She recalls that her mother could set a jelly in the front room • Theresa got work placement at a big lawyers practice in the centre of town and was given training as a book keeper. She would take the train to town from DC. • She got married at 21 and she and her husband moved to Springburn where they had bought their own flat.

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Drumchapel

Booklet no.2: History and stories

Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/