Drumchapel | Urbanchapel | Strategy by Urban Design Studies Unit, University of Strathclyde

Booklet no.2

Group 2: Urbanchapel November 2017

Drumchapel

Stage: Strategy Group Members: Rabail Akhtar Leon Christie Camellia Gan Zhenghao Gan Rachel Kennedy Tuğba Özer

Contents

1. Introduction 4 1. Existing 6 1.1. Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 6 1.2. Hierarchy of Nodes 16 1.3. Densities 24 1.4. Ecological Networks 28 1.5. Existing Concept Plan 30 1.6. SWOT Analysis 32 2. Strategy 42 2.1. Vision 44 2.2. Main Themes for Change 46 2.3. Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 48 2.4. Hierarchy of Nodes 64 2.5. Densities 76 2.6. Ecological Networks 80 2.7. Strategy Plan 98 2.8. Proposed Concept Plan 104

Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/ PgDip/MArch Advanced Architectural Design (AAD) MArch Architectural Design International (MADi) PgDip/MSc Urban Design

Image Credits 106 Bibliography 110 8

Booklet no.2: Urbanchapel

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1. Introduction The scope of the works at this stage concerns the generation of the strategic programmes for the development and management of transformation of Drumchapel. This consists of using the information gathered at the analytical to identify the key issues and then developing strategies around how the issues can best be resolved. Strategies are focused over a period of 30 years and take consideration of design requirements, key stakeholders and the essential prerequisites. The strategies tackle the morphological, social, economic, aspects of sustainable urban development and relate to the current urban design and planning debate. Additional to the strategies developed existing and proposed concept plans have been developed. The existing plan details the spatial nature of the key urban components and the proposed plan shows how this should evolve following the implementation of the strategies.

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1.1 Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 1.1.1 Existing Street Network

Review of the existing street network identified inconsistencies in street width throughout the area resulting an illegible hierarchy. Density respond poorly to primary routes with vacant land adjacent at many locations. Also, there are no neighbourhood nodes on located primary routes. The lack of routes in Garscarden burn creates a clear barrier to movement.

Great Western Road Main Road Urban Main Streets Local Main Streets

Figure 2. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Existing Street Network.

Figure 1. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Betweenness Network Analysis.

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1.1Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 1.1.2 Bus Stop Coverage

Figure 3. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Existing Bus Stop Coverage.

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1.1Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 1.1.3 Existing Connectivity

3-way intersections 4-way intersections Cul-de-sacs 0

100m

500m

Figure 4. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Existing Connectivity.

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1.1Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 1.1.4 Getting Around

Figure 5. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Existing Link to the Glasgow City Center.

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1.1Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 1.1.5 Existing Transportion Lines

District Node Neighborhood Node Local Node

100m

500m

Figure 6. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Existing Transportion Lines.

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2.5 Hierarchy of Nodes

Urban node is defined as the cluster of services and shops being at the ground floor and serving the community. There appears to be a hierarchy between nodes. (Figure 1.1, Figure 1.2). A local node, for example, differs from a district node in terms of the amenities and services it provides. This difference is very well explained as so: It is commonly said that for a village to be a village it needs a church, a shop, a pub, and a primary school. A small town, or an urban district functioning as a “township” within the city, needs more. It needs the full range of social, retail, educational, health, and recreational facilities to allow people – especially those of limited means of mobility – to carry on daily life if they so choose. (Barton et al. 2010, 116).

The area enumerated as 1 is considered as a district node as it has services, which can be used by the whole district. Also, it is located on a critical position having two main roads: Kinfauns Drive and Drumry Road. Yet, it does not include a diversity of shops, restaurants, and leisure facilities, making it very poor. Number 2 is regarded as a neighbourhood node due to the existing neighbourhood services. However, this node also does not offer a various number of amenities. Besides, some of the facilities are not open during daytime. Number 5 is a local node, but it also lacks certain facilities that needs to be in a local node.

Figure 7. – Hierarchy Of Nodes.

The map of hierarchy of nodes shows the local, neighbourhood, and district services, which “seem” to be gathered in Drumchapel. Although there are other amenities and services working for the local hub and even for the district hub, those are not shown in the map as they are not clustered. The shops and services “seem” to be clustered and are scarce. Therefore, it is possible to claim that most of these clusters are not on the node level. Even so, they are shown in the map because their positions have potentials to become nodes.

Figure 8. – Hierarchy Of Nodes Including Catchment Populations And Accessibility Standards For Different Densities.

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1.2 Hierarchy of Nodes 1.2.1 Existing Nodes

Figure 9. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Existing Nodes.

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1.2 Hierarchy of Nodes 1.2.2 Nodal Coding

Figure 10. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Nodal Coding.

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1.2 Hierarchy of Nodes 1.2.3 Existing Nodal Coding

Figure 11. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Existing Nodal Coding.

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1.3 Density 1.3.1 Existing Density

Methodology Several densities were calculated for all of the typologies in the area and were then averaged for each typology. The density is calculated in units per hectare where one unit = 300m³. The average densities were then applied to the corresponding typologies across Drumchapel, making allowances for varying stories.

Results Of the densities identified, density bands have been specified based on typical urban densities and are as follows: 15-30 Units per Hectare – Low Density 31-50 Units per Hectare – Low-Medium Density 51-70 Units per Hectare – Medium Density 150+ Units per Hectare – Vast Evidently, there is no existing residential buildings with densities of between medium and vast bands. Densities respond poorly to nodes and the hierarchy of streets.

15-30 Units/ha 31-50 Units/ha 51-70 Units/ha 150+ Units/ha 0

100m

500m

Figure 12. – Existing Density.

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1.3 Density 1.3.2 Existing Typical Urban Densities

Figure 13. – Typical ‘Low Density’ Housing. (Google, 2014)

Figure 15. – Typical ‘Low-Medium Density’ Housing. (Google, 2016)

Figure 14. – Typical ‘Medium Density’ Housing. (Google, 2015)

Figure 16. - ‘Vast Density’ Housing (Google, 2015)

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1.4 Ecological Networks

Maintain Green Area Neglected Green Area Park Green Area Sports Area Woodland Area

Figure 17. - Existing Ecological Network.

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1.5 Exisiting Concept Plan

Drumchapel

Great Western Road

1200m catchment area

Urban Main Streets Local Main Streets Local Streets 15-30 Units/ha 31-50 Units/ha 51-70 Units/ha

600m catchment area 400m catchment area District Node Neighborhood Node

150+ Units/ha Maintain Green Area

Local Node

Neglected Green Area

District Services

Park Green Area

Neighborhood Services

Sports Area Woodland Area

Local Services

Figure 18. - Existing Concept Plan.

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1.6 SWOT Analysis 1.6.1 Identifying Problems And Suggesting Solutions 1. The Railway is hard to access for most of Drumchapel. Repositioning it or adding another Railway Station would better serve the whole of Drumchapel.

2. There is an abundance of bus services in Drumchapel but they run similar routes leaving the periphery under served. Increasing the community run CB2 service or adding another community run service could help accessibility.

3. There is currently no cycling infrastructure in Drumchapel however the canal cycling routes are nearby and connect to both the city centre and many leisure routes. Creating new infrastructure to connect Drumchapel to the canal would be beneficial for both commuters and people in pursuit of leisure.

4. There is an abundance of vacant land. Vacant land causes anti-social behaviour, fly-tipping, creates an unsafe environment and increase crime. We need to reduce the amount of vacant land.

5. The population has decreased from 34,000 to 12,000 approximately. To create a sustainable and resilient community we suggest a substantial increase in population, population diversity and density of populous. This will allow an increase in services.

7. There are currently five primary Schools, including one for special needs and one of Roman Catholic denomination. All the nondenominational schools are currently around half of their capacity. There is one Secondary School which is also half its current capacity. The existing educational establishments could support an increase in population.

8. There is a lack of amenities both in type and in quality within walking distance (400m). We need to increase the amenities and services and create new local centres.

9. There is poor north south connections and accessibility due to the typology. We need to increase and improve both vehicular and pedestrian routes.

10. There is a lack of community facilities. There should be an increased provision, particularly to provide for the youth.

11. Many of the areas allocated for housing by the council have poor ground conditions and should not be built upon. New housing sites should be allocated.

12. There are many areas of surface water and river flooding in Drumchapel.

6. Much of the existing housing stock consists of flats (67%) whilst most the tenure is RSL (67%).

SUDS could be utilised in some areas of Drumchapel for surface drainage.

There is an apparent lack of diversity in housing in Drumchapel by varying the housing typology and increasing the private tenure we can attract a more varied populous.

13. Drumchapel has low levels of bio-diversity, however one of the most diverse areas is Garscadden Burn.

We should seek to retain this and enhance it, as well as create new environments to naturally encourage biodiversity.

14. Understanding topography is key to improving accessibility. This should be continually observed throughout the next stage.

15. Street quality and the feeling of public spaces is generally of a poor standard. Public spaces and main streets should be enhanced to give Drumchapel a sense of place and identity.

16.Drumchapel has beautiful natural surroundings that are underutilised. The Antonine wall (a world heritage site) sits to the north and is currently not accessed or viewed from Drumchapel. Potential to create tourism connections in the area.

17. Drumchapel was designed in a zoned format where there is a residential area, industrial area, commercial area etc. This creates unsafe environments and a lack of diversity and resilience. Drumchapel would benefit from de-zoning and mixeduse environments.

18. There is a profound sense of community spirit. Many people who have bought the private homes either came from Drumchapel or had a previous connection to the area. We should focus on and build on this spirit.

19. Drumchapel is directly under the flight path, so it suffers from both noise and air pollution. Can this be addressed?

20. The town centre has deteriorated over the years. Moving forward the decision should be made whether to retain the centre or create a new one etc.

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1.6 SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. Direct access to a major trunk road (Great Western Road, A82) ensures good wider connections with the road leading from Glasgow to Inverness. There is an abundance in Bus Services (over 20 in total) comprising several local frequent services to Glasgow city centre and surrounding districts as well as four long distance less frequent routes to the north of Scotland. Drumchapel Train Station links directly to both Glasgow Queen Street and Glasgow Central Station in 20 minutes. 2. Garscadden Burn contains over 500 species of wildlife. Garscadden woods surrounds the north east of Drumchapel and has several useable nature trails through it. The natural topography and green landscape makes for a beautiful scenic backdrop to the district. 3. Over the last decade Glasgow City Council has demolished then erected several new schools including St Clareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Primary School, Drummore Primary School, Camstradden Primary School, Antonine Primary School and Drumchapel Primary School, all of which are currently at half capacity. 4. Drumchapel has a strong heritage with the Roman fort ruins and Antonine Wall lying to the northern boundary of Drumchapel. 5. Drumchapel is known for having a powerful sense of community spirit.

Figure 19. - SWOT Analysis - Strengths.

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1.6 SWOT Analysis Weaknesses 1. The current road layouts create access barriers for both pedestrians and cars resulting in poor local connections; North-South access through Drumchapel is particularly lacking. The existing bus routes do not serve the whole of Drumchapel apart from the community run service (CB2) however this has limited running times making it less efficient. The railway station which is the quickest and most economical way to access the city centre is unreachable for most residents. There is little to no cycling infrastructure in Drumchapel. 2. The population has decreased to a third of what it was in the 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, this has resulted in vacant areas and a general lack of diversity. 3. Drumchapel was designed with modernist principals which formed single-use areas creating unsafe and unpleasant zoned environments. 4. Areas within Drumchapel are some of the most deprived in Scotland. 5. There is an abundance of vacant land within Drumchapel that has led to fly-tipping, anti-social behaviour and unsafe environments. The topography has created barriers for pedestrian accessibility. There is a Lack of Bio-diversity within Drumchapel, with only one site (Garscadden Burn) containing 500 plus species. 6. Most of the housing was built of the same period in the 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, it was erected quickly and was of low quality meaning the housing has decayed at similar rates resulting in mass demolition and mass refurbishment. Overall there is a general lack of diversity in the existing housing stock as it is predominantly flatted with some terraced and semidetached. 7. There is a lack of mix of amenities, quality amenities and community facilities. Many of the areas contain several of the same amenity such as fast food outlets and betting shops. 8. There is an overwhelming lack of sense of place and identity; including a lack of landmarks, defined public spaces and user legibility. 36

Figure 20. - SWOT Analysis - Weaknesses.

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1.6 SWOT Analysis Opportunities 1. There is an opportunity to enhance the existing road network by creating more north-south connections and revising terminal roads. A new frequent community shuttle bus service could enhance the connection to the existing railway station. New cycle infrastructure along arterial roads could connect to the canal cycle track. New footpaths with street furniture and lighting could encourage people to walk in a new appealing and safe environment. 2. By creating new infrastructure, new housing and densified centres we hope to increase the populous and encourage diversity. 3. There is an opportunity to exploit existing facilities for the purposes of tourism including the existing whisky factory. This could include creating facilities such as a mini distillery, a bar, a restaurant and a shop. A new cultural centre with connections to the Antonine wall could be possible. New nature trails and a botanic garden near Garscadden burn could connect to the Glasgow City Green Network. 4. There is an opportunity to rectify the zoned areas and form mixed use environments. Buildings with the format of retail/commercial on the ground floor and residential above should be encouraged. 5. Centralising and densifying the existing services will enhance the existing town centre and help to form local nodes and a main district node. 6. Introduce more varied housing types and tenures. 7. Increase amenities, community facilities and services. 8. Use the new green network and existing typology to form sustainable drainage systems. 9. Enhance bio-diversity by creating new green facilities such as community gardens, orchards and wild flower meadows, with focus on Garscadden Burn. 10. Re-define Drumchapel to create a sense of place and identity by forming new safe, useable, aesthetically pleasing streets and public spaces with a legible hierarchy. 11. Utilise the natural setting by enhancing walking connections around Drumchapel, particularly throughout Garscadden Burn and Garscadden Woods. 38

Figure 21. - SWOT Analysis - Opportunities.

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1.6 SWOT Analysis Threats 1. There is a lack of employment opportunities and major poverty issues. 2. There is a lack of diversity throughout Drumchapel including population, housing typology, housing tenure and existing amenities. 3. Large areas such as the town centre are undefined and deteriorated. 4. The current housing stock has a limited lifecycle and will need to be replaced simultaneously. 5. Both noise and air pollution arise from the flight path overhead. 6. The natural woodland is in deterioration. 7. There is a lack of small to medium retailers in the area. 8. Few areas of land are managed, and most are undefined. 9. The ground conditions to the north of the district are very poor with the risk of locating more coal mining shafts.

Figure 22. - SWOT Analysis - Threats.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;making the picture become realityâ&#x20AC;?

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2.1 Vision The vision of the proposed project is to make Drumchapel “a socially inclusive society”, which is defined as “one where all people feel valued, their differences are respected, and their basic needs are met so they can live in dignity.” (Monsignor David Cappo 2002). As the definition clearly remarks, a socially inclusive society puts the inhabitants at the heart.

of neighbourhood as an ecosystem approach and the determinants of health and well-being. The map also puts people at the core, being directly related to socially inclusive society.

In relation to this, the strategy also considers the “neighbourhood as an ecosystem” approach, which maintains that the neighborhood is a habitat for people, “providing not only shelter, but also a network of social support and opportunities for a wide range of leisure, cultural, and economic activities.” (Barton et al. 2010, 22). (Figure 24.). The neighborhood as an ecosystem approach is linked to the health map, indicating the parameters of health and well-being of a neighborhood. The health map was developed by Hugh Barton and Marcus Grant from Göran Dahlgren and Margaret Whitehead’s model of health determinants. The map is an integration

Figure 23. – The Health Map: Barton And Grant 2006 Developed From A Concept By Dahlgren And Whitehead 1991.

Having people at the core, there is no doubt that neighbourhoods are constructed for the people. The quality of a neighbourhood, thus, is identified according to whether the neighbourhood provides people’s needs. Within this respect, the strategy highligts the link between human people’s needs and neighbourhood needs. This very link has already been correlated by Hildebrand Frey. Frey uses psychologist Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs to describe the characteristics of a good city and he relates these characteristics to the criteria for a more sustainable city form. (Frey 2005, 24, 47-49). According to Maslow, people are motivated to meet their needs. When a level is fulfilled, it is the next level that motivates people. (McLeod 2017). This can also be applied to cities. Cities can be motivated to become well-designed and aesthetically pleasing. In order to achieve these, they need to fulfill all the needs below. As shown in the diagrams, both city and human should have their physical needs at the outset. (Figure 25., Figure 26.). Unless the physical needs are met, it will not be important whether the esteem needs or self-actualisation needs are satisfied. The foundation should be firm in order to ensure its prolongued effect.

Figure 25. – Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Human Needs.

Bearing the hierarchy of city needs pyramid in mind, Drumchapel is considered to be lack of most of the levels. (Figure 27.). Its physiological conditions are very poor. It cannot be considered as a visually ordered environment. Its belongingness and love needs tend to be higher than other levels as there is a sense of community. Yet, there is no guarantee that this sense of community will be handed down the next generations when basic needs are not responded to. Therefore, in order to dress the wounds of Drumchapel, the strategy suggests that physiological needs of the district should be considered in first place.

Figure 27. – Hierarchy Of City Needs Applied To Current Drumchapel.

Figure 26. – Hierarchy Of City Needs Developed By Hildebrand Frey And Diagrammed By The Group.

Figure 24. – Neighbourhood As An Ecosystem.

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2.2 Main Themes for Change Built Environment Street Network & Accessibility ● Improving the existing street hierarchy 1. Creating a new connection between north and south of Drumchapel via Garscadden Valley 2. Mitigating terminal connections to improve circulation and accessibility throughout the entirety of the district

● Improving the Blairdardie Road Railway Bridge by widening it to support new cycling and pedestrian infrastructure, which will form a strong connection between Drumchapel and the canal ● Reducing car dependency by means of good public transport, walking and cycling connections 1. Introducing new and improved community shuttle service, which connects local centres to the main district centre including Drumchapel train station 2. Creating a pedestrian and cycle-friendly streets known as avenues 3. Increasing walkability through well-connected and improved streets

Natural Environment

Social Network ● Promoting physical and mental health through supportive social environments and activities

● Creating a green network 1. Transforming main (arterial) roads into green “avenues”

1. Introducing Healthy Living Centres

2. Connecting green spaces with secondary green roads and paths

● Integrating green network with the proposed nodes and proposed street hierarchy ● Providing solutions for flood problems by means of SUDS systems ● Enhancing neighbourhood

habitat

Amenities and Services

diversity

within

the

1. Introducing new community green facilities including Botanical Garden, allotments, orchards, community gardens, and forest garden

● Strengthening social and cultural life through activities ● Building local social capital through the parcipatory process ● Introducing diverse local employment opportunities by means of foreseen local facilities ● Enhancing opportunities

further

education

and

training

● Improving existing district node to a level where it has a potential to serve both Drumchapel and neighbouring districts and make Drumchapel benefit from it economically ● Introducing local nodes within walking distance ● Diversifying opportunities for local facilities, work and social contact through nodal coding framework 1. Introducing new public, recreational, and commercial facilities

● Encouraging local food production and access to fresh food through community gardens and forest gardens

● Bringing schools, religious institutions, and the wider community together in order to collaborate with each other ● Introducing car tamed streets to increase the “life” in the streets ● Improving the quality of life in Drumchapel to a level where people feel valued

Density ● Diversifying housing typologies and affordability 1. Providing social housing, help-to-buy housing, and private housing 2. Introducing mixed-used tenement flats, terraced houses, and self-build opportunities

● Increasing the density around the nodes ● Reducing block sizes where required

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2.3 Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 2.3.1 Proposed Transportion Line

Great Western Road Main Road Urban Main Streets Neighborhood Streets Main Local Streets

Figure 28. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Improvement Network.

Figure 29. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Proposed Transportion Line.

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2.3 Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 2.3.2 Proposed Pedestrian Path Lines

100m

500m

Figure 30. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Proposed Pedestrian Path Lines.

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2.3 Hierarchy of Streets Street Hierarchy Streets have two clear functions, movement and place (the Scottish Government, 2010), in which street hierarchy should define the degree to which they prevail over each other. However, a poor street hierarchy can fail to define the appropriate function and create conditions where neither movement nor place quality are served sufficiently, as is the case in Drumchapel.

Key Issues: The existing street network vaguely reflects a hierarchy as there is poor correlation between the cross section and the function of the road and buildings on many of the streets. This results in: ● poor legibility of streets for all users; ● movement restrictions for motorists; ● safety issues for NMUs; ● on-street parking congestion with many cars being parked on the footways; and ● poor streetscapes.

Aims: To establish street hierarchy with defined functions which are clearly communicated to users. This achieved by design streets with widths and components appropriate to the function. The function of the street is determined strategically by the locations relationship to hierarchy of the built environment.

The capacity for movement and quality of place are influenced by a number of factors. The width of street is defined by that between buildings which the extent of characterises the activity within it. Wider street naturally permit wider roads which reduce restrictions on traffic which encourages higher speed and hence facilitates greater movement. The key components of the cross section of a street and the degree to which they are prioritised over others helps emphasise the key function of the roads and has implications on quality. By allocating greater width to the carriageway or pedestrian orientated space the features can help the user understand the function of the road. Furthermore, shared space, achieved by a level surface, is effective at reducing speed and improving place quality how careful consideration should be considered in its implantation for the concerns of disabled users.

Key Design Principals The street network should facilitate the effective movement essential to the viability of an area whilst ensure places are designed in consideration of all users. The hierarchy of streets should establish the degree to which movement or place is the primary function. An overview of the different levels of street hierarchies suitable to the context of Drumchapel is as follows:

Secondary Routes - Should create a balanced tradeoff between movement and place in routes that connect primary routes to territory routes. Tertiary Routes – Should be primarily conferenced with achieving a sense of place. These street will accommodate residential properties and should not serve as a through route for traffic. Speed will be heavily restricted in the favour of NMUs.

Conceptual crosssections of the routes are shown on the following page. Key Stakeholders: Glasgow City Council

Good design pairs street width and building height at complementing ratios to each other. Buildings provide valuable enclosure to the street but should to overpower it so the height should respect the width. Additionally, the absence of buildings on a street or absence of buildings in use at certain times can create an unhospitable environment for pedestrians. On-street parking places restriction on movement so its occurrence can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the intention of the street. Therefore streets designed to facilitate movement should ensure that parking does not interrupt the carriageway, this can be achieved by the provision on parking bays parallel or perpendicular to the carriageway. Alternatively on-street parking can be utilised to reduce speed on streets focussed on place however consideration should be taken for the cars presence in terms of place quality.

Primary Routes - Should ensure the efficient movement of all forms of traffic whilst maintaining sufficient safety and quality standards for NMUs. These are the main routes that connect different nodes within the district and key routes out of the district.

First

Utility Companies

Other Stake

As owner of the street network all proposals for redesign of the street network will have to in agreement with GCC. Regular consultation will help ensure agreements are reached as efficiently as possible. As the main bus operator in the area First, will be concerned about implications to the operation of their services. Proposals will have to ensure the buses can be accommodated so regular consultation should be carried out to ensure First’s requirements are incorporated into the design. The street network is an integral part to the provision of utilities therefore the requirements of the providers will have to be incorporated into the design also.

Holders

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2.3 Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 2.3.3 Street Hierarchy Diagram

Figure 31. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Street Hierarchy Diagram.

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2.3 Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 2.3.4 Proposed Connectivity

3-way intersections 4-way intersections Cul-de-sacs 0

100m

500m

Figure 32. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Proposed Connectivity.

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2.3 Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 2.3.5 Connectivity Analysis “Street design should provide good connectivity for all modes of movement and for all groups of street users, respecting diversity and inclusion.” (Designing Streets 2010, 20) According to street policy statements for Scotland, there is a tendency to design residential, administrative, retail facilities as segmented or zoned areas recently. (Figure 33.). Since these zones are poorly connected in such a layout, people prefer using their cars instead of walking. To cope with this situation, government policy promotes designing compact, mixed-used neighbourhoods having well-connected streets so that people can walk or cycle instead of using their cars. (Figure 34.). (Designing Streets 2010, 20). By looking at the existing layout of Drumchapel, it is possible to argue that it has poorly connected zones due to having large plot sizes, lollipop layouts, cul-de-sacs, and very poor facilities, most of which are not in walking distance. These, indeed, decrease the reachability of the places. Besides, instead of walking, people, who can afford, use their cars, which results in social exclusion.

The connectivity analyses on the right compare existing streets and proposed streets in Drumchapel. (Figure 35.). By looking at the connectivity indicators, which are street density, intersection density, street network permeability, internal connectivity (CNR), it is possible to argue that the proposed street network is more connected compared to existing one. Additionally, as shown in the pedshed analyses, the percentage of area reachable within 400metres in the proposed street layout is more than double that of the existing street layout. (Figure 36.).

Street density =0.6 Street network permeability =0.6 Intersection density=0.5 Internal connectivity (CNR)=0.7

Street density =0.8 Street network permeability =0.7 Intersection Density=0.6 Internal connectivity (CNR)=0.8

Figure 35. – Connectivity Analysis Comparing Existing Streets And Proposed Streets In Drumchapel.

Figure 33. – A Suburban Sprawl Having Poorly Connected Zones.

To deal with the existing problems, the group suggest increasing the number of streets and mitigating terminal connections to increase connectivity, which will have a positive impact on walkability.

Figure 34. – Mixed And Well-Connected Neighbourhoods.

% of area reachable within 400: 23.6% % of area reachable within 800: 22.8%

% of area reachable within 400: 52.3% % of area reachable within 800: 41.2%

Figure 36. – Pedshed Analysis Comparing Walkability In Existing Streets And Proposed Streets In Drumchapel.

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2.3 Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 2.3.6 Proposed Cycling Line

FUTURE MAJOR CONNECTION TO DUNTOCHER

FAIFLEY/ ANTONINE WALL

BEARSDEN

COLQUHOUN

CLYDEBANK

THE CANAL

Dedicated cycle lanes Non-motorised User Paths GREAT WESTERN ROAD/ KNIGHTSWOOD/THE CANAL

100m

500m

Figure 37. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Proposed Cycling Line.

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2.3 Hierarchy of Streets and Public Transport 2.3.7 Increased Public Transport Provision and Cycling Infrastructure Public transport provision and active travel facilities can; ensure people have adequate access to their basic needs; ensure people feel valued; promote sustainable forms of travel; and encourage a healthy lifestyle. They should be convenient, comfortable, safe, and reasonably priced to ensure their regular use. Demographics such as elderly, young and disabled people are particularly disadvantaged when these standards are not met. As detailed in Section X the key public transport and active travel issues are:

In addition to NMU facilities proposed to integrate rail travel, an NMU network is proposed that connects all residential areas, local and district centres, and the National Cycling Network Route 754 (connecting to Glasgow City Centre). Proposals for improvement of the bus network include: ● Revision of bus routes ● Revision of bus stops ● Improvement of bus stop facilities including:

● The train station is located to the south of Drumchapel and is outwith reasonable walking distance of most residents.

1. Elderly and disabled access assistance (i.e. bus boarding kerbs to standards set out in Inclusive Mobility (DfT, 2005)).

● The key bus routes operate via Kinfauns Drive residents on the periphery of Drumchapel must either walk to Kinfauns Drive (sometimes at onerous distances for old, young, disabled. etc.), or use the community run CB2 to connect to other services, however the CB2 is infrequent with services operating just every 45 minutes.

3. The capacity to incorporate real time passenger information

● There is no cycling infrastructure within Drumchapel.

It would be unfeasible to carry out major changes to the rail infrastructure (due to cost, demolition requirements, environmental constraints, etc.) therefore it is proposed to improve bus services and NMU (Non-Motorised User) facilities in order to improve the connection of the train station within Drumchapel. Bus services are currently limited by areas of low density occurring throughout Drumchapel (see Section X) and the existing street network (see Section Y). Therefore the strategies proposed to improve the densities and create more connections will facilitate improved bus services. Collectively these strategies are to provide a bus system that reasonably connects all residential areas, district and local centres, and key areas outside of Drumchapel.

2. Provision of shelters with seating.

technology in the future.

Proposals for the improvement of the NMU network include:

Case Studies Rail and Cycle Integration Glenrothes-Markinch Fife Council provided a new cycle route (approx. 1.5km) between in Markinch Station and the nearby town of Glenrothes in order to integrate cycling and rail travel. Connecting the station to the existing cycle route network in the town, and with the addition of cycle parking, access ramps and platform lifts, the link provided a high quality alternative to car travel. The project received the Best Local Government Contribution at the ATOC National Cycle Rail Awards in 2007 (TS, 2011). European Pilot Schemes Following clear success of increasing rail travel and cycling number through the integration of the two modes of transport by exemplars the Netherlands, 4 pilot schemes were rolled out the

the United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium and Spain. Physically, the schemes consisted of providing sufficient safe cycle parking and cycle hire hubs at stations. These simple interventions proved successful in increasing the number of cyclists and rail users, and decreasing the number of car users in all schemes. Notably, increases in the number of people cycling from their home to their local station were between 67% and 10%. A summary of the results are shown in Figure X (CDC, 2017).

Policy Improvement of the bus and NMU network will support policy objectives set out in the Glasgow City Development Plan (GCC, 2017) and the Glasgow and Clyde Valley Strategic Development Plan (ClydePlan, 2017) aimed at creating a city that is successful and sustainable and also connected. Additionally cycling increases would contribute to the national cycling targets set out in the Cycling Action Plan for Scotland (the Scottish Government, 2010).

● Provision of cycle lanes where significant benefit can be achieved and barriers created to pedestrians are mitigated. ● Provision of shared cycle and walking routes. ● Provision of secure cycle racks at district and local centres, the train station and other key places of attraction. ● Provision of a Glasgow Nextbike station.

Figure 38. – Summary Of Results Across European Pilot Schemes. Connect Bikes And Trains - Increase The Number Of Cyclists And Train Passengers. The Blog By The Copenhagen Design Co., 2017.

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2.4 Hierarchy of Nodes In order to propose nodes, the group tries to investigate which urban archetype is more advantageous. Among four urban archetypes used in urban design in United Kingdom, cluster development and linear development are considered to be more effective to use in Drumchapel. The reasons are twofold: it is expected that each neighbourhood has its own local facilities reachable by walking and there is a connection between each neighbourhood. Considering these two reasons, it is apparent that pod development does not provide local facilities for each pod (pods may not be even neighbourhoods) as each pod is specialized for a different purpose. Also, there is no direct connection between each pod. Cell development, on the other hand, has local services for each neighbourhood, but there is no direct connection between neighbourhoods. Thus, a linearly developed district node and four local nodes around this district node are proposed. (Figure 39.).

Figure 40. – Pod Development. Pod development has individual sites used for different purposes. The buildings in each pod are generally surrounded by car parks and/or landscape. There is no or limited direct connection between each pod.

Figure 41. – Cell Development. Cell development consists of a series of independent neighbourhoods, each of which has a core of shops and services. The access to each neighbourhood is from a common distributor.

public, recreational, and commercial facilities. Owing to east-west extension, it is expected that Drumchapel Train Station will be more visible and well-connected with the rest of the node and even with the rest of the district. Through north-south extension, industrial area is integrated with the district node. These extensions have potentials to extend more in the process of time, which can improve the district node to a level where it can serve both Drumchapel and neighbouring districts and make Drumchapel benefit from it economically. Nodes 2,3,4, and 5 are proposed to be local nodes including various range of facilities. All local nodes except for the node 5 are on the proposed eco boulevard, which provides a great connection among them and makes them visible. Node 5 was not put on the eco boulevard in order to serve the north-west neighbourhood. Yet, its position is considered to be important since it is on a road which can be a future major connection to Duntocher.

Figure 44. – The Varied Elements Of The Public Realm.

Figure 45. – Active Frontages.

Figure 42. – Cluster Development.

Figure 39. – Diagram of proposed nodes.

As mentioned previously, the existing clusters of services and shops in Drumchapel have potentials to become nodes. Therefore, the group tries not to change the positions of these clusters as much as possible. Yet, the nodes need to be located in such a way that they can be more accessible and more connected to each other. Existing district node (1) is suggested to be located as it was. But, it is extended in north-south and east-west direction by means of newly proposed

Cluster development is composed of a series of interrelated neighbourhoods around a central district centre. The central district centre has the district services serving all the neighbourhoods around. Besides, each neighbourhood has its own local facilities that can be reachable through a walking distance. There is a high level of permeability between differing neighbourhoods.

Figure 43. – Linear Development. Linear development consists of a series inter-related neighbourhoods along the distributor road having different facilities as well as a good public transport. There is a high level of permeability between differing neighbourhoods.

Figure 46. – An Example Of A Neighbourhood Centre.

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2.4 Hierarchy of Nodes 2.4.1 Proposed Nodes

4 3

1200m catchment area 600m catchment area 400m catchment area District Node

Neighborhood Node Local Node District Services Neighborhood Services Local Services

100m

500m

Figure 47. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Proposed Nodes.

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2.4 Hierarchy of Nodes 2.4.2 Proposed Nodal Coding

Figure 48. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Proposed Nodal Coding.

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2.4 Hierarchy of Nodes 2.4.2 Block Size and Housing Strategy

Block Size Strategy

Housing Strategy

Aim

The urban block is defined as the area circumferenced by streets. Path of least resistance road design coupled with typical suburban-like design that has occurred in Drumchapel has resulted in large blocks throughout the area. Excessive block sizes reduce connectivity, restrict densification and limit opportunities for social and economic activity. As identified in the analysis stage, much of the land composed of blocks is done so by blocks of over 50,000m2 (equivalent to 200m x 250m) covering approximately 60% and blocks of under 5,000m2 (approximately 70m x 70m) accounting for less than 2%.

As highlighted in Section X - Density Strategy, diversity in housing typology and tenure types promotes diversity in social and income levels and hence supports the vitality of an area (Frey, 1999) Furthermore, it creates opportunity for people to move home as their life circumstances change without having to leave the area (HAD, 2017), helping to retain population.

To increase the diversity in housing through:

In determining optimum block sizes, in areas like Drumchapel, dimensions of approximately 80m x 80m to 90m x 90m are thought to achieve the best trade-off between connectivity/access, capacity to sustain a variety of typologies/uses, and the ability the adapt over time (UDC1, 2000). The average block size in Drumchapel is approximately 30,000m2 (approx. 173m x 173m). It is evident that the block sizes in Drumchapel do not follow good urban design principles and are causing major barriers to connectivity throughout the area. Therefore block sizes are to be reduced where required. Restructuring of blocks is expensive work and in many cases requires the demolition of existing buildings so careful consideration is required to determine the measures that involve the least detrimental outcomes whilst having the greatest impact towards the aim. Interventions on the street network that will have the greatest impact on the connectivity were identified in the analysis stage, this is to be reviewed further to identify the most feasible options.

Key Issues Currently there is a lack in diversity of housing typologies as it consists of: ● ● ● ●

68% Flats 17% Semi-detached 13% Terraced 2% Detached

Furthermore integration of typology is poor; typologies are mostly clustered together limited mixed-use properties that struggle to support commercial elements. Tenure is also lacking in diversity with social housing accounting for approximately 2/3 of tenure, owner-occupier and private rented sector approximately 1/3, and a small number of care home tenures.

● The construction of a range of housing typologies both on vacant land and within the existing urban fabric using design interventions where mitigation of monoculture and low density is appropriate; and ● ‘Pepper-potting’ tenures (introducing a variety of tenures in new development that integrates different levels of wealth).

This is to be achieved by the subdivision of development parcels which are to be awarded to different developers and the subdivision of plots for self-build projects. Design codes will require developers to provide a range of typologies and tenures within each development parcel. Furthermore engagement with the community is to be carried out in order to incorporate the needs of potential occupies accurately. Proposals should be theDensity Strategy.

accordance

with

Much of Drumchapel’s housing stock was built at the same time in the 1950s, using low quality materials and construction techniques, hence the limited lifecycle of the existing stock may need mass replacement. Parcels of 1 to 2 hectare have been shown to be effective at avoiding monoculture.

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2.4 Hierarchy of Nodes 2.4.3 Block Size and Housing Strategy 2.4.3.1 Typologies Examples

Tenement style flats with ground floor commercial units are suitable at areas of high density and appropriate contextually to Glasgow.

Innovative design interventions can increase the diversity of the housing stock and contribute to increased density.

Figure 49. – Mixed-Use Tenement Flats. The Patchwork Dress, 2008.

Figure 51. – Fore Street, Edinburgh. Hypostyle Architects, 2011.

Focus should be placed on the provision of terraced housing and semi-detached (moderate densities) to shift the dominance of flats in Drumchapel.

Self-build opportunities can increase the scope of attraction to area and produce and stimulating setting.

Figure 50. – Proposed Terraced Houses At Maryhill Locks. Urban Realm, 2016.

Figure 52. – Self-Builds In Almere, The Netherlands. First Harvest, 2015.

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2.4 Hierarchy of Nodes 2.4.3 Block Size and Housing Strategy 2.4.3.2 Case Studies

Achieving diversity through small development parcels - Ashley Vale, Bristol The Yard at Ashley Vale in Bristol has achieved a diverse variety in typologies and styles through utilisation of small parcel subdivisions and the promotion of self-build projects. A communityrun private company was setup to ensure the community led design of new brownfield development land. The company purchased the land and wrote a series of design principals regarding heights, roof pitches and materials into design codes with the use of community engagement. This produced 41 homes that included three storey detached and semidetached houses, three storey terraces, flat conversions, and bungalows. An office block was also converted into a large community space with work units for local enterprises (HCA, 2007). Creating buildings for flexible use - Allerton Bywater Millennium Community

Allerton Bywater Millennium Community was designed to provide buildings with capacity for mixed-use and users whilst appreciating the mixed-use demand in its rural/village location. Proposals included the regeneration of existing buildings for community use and the provision of new flexible building typologies that can be adapted to meet changes in the local social and economic climate. The ground residential buildings fronting the village square were designed with the capacity to be converted into commercial units for when demand increases. Three storey townhouses included a two storey atelier unit to the private rear of the property with garage, cycle parking and refuse on the ground floor and a first floor suitable as an office, playroom or gym. Other contributions include an award-winning fully let series of work space units, ground level live-work units, and integrated areas for future office/employment use (HCA, 2007).

As GHA is the client, the density proposals will fundamentally have to be in line with GHA’s vision for the regeneration. Hence the proposals are required to embody good urbanism principles and provide a housing stock suitable to GHA’s portfolio. Regular progress meetings and intermediate design reviews can facilitate a constant dialogue that optimises the design process.

As the local planning authority, GCC will be responsible for approval of development. Hence the densification should be carried out in line with the policy set out in GCC’s City Development Plan, with specific consideration for the Local Development Framework applying to Drumchapel. Maintained consultation with GCC and other relevant stakeholders will help to ensure that suitable proposals are reached as efficiently as possible.

Figure 53. – New Building Typologies In Allerton Bywater Millennium Community Include Town Houses With Atelier Units To The Rear. (Hca, 2007)

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2.5 Densities 2.5.1 Proposed Density

Urban Capacity Relative Density Scale 1

High Density

2 3 4

Low Density

Figure 54. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Proposed Density.

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2.65 Densities Aim

2.5.2 Density Strategy The efficient use of land is a key UK policy objective in making development more sustainable. Compact development contributes the support of socio-economic conditions within an area (UTF, 1999).

Existing Conditions However, the existing residential building density of Drumchapel has been identified as one of the key restrictions to the successfulness of the area. Buildings are clustered into sub-areas that are segregated from each other by: vast areas of vacant and derelict land; mono-use commercial/ industrial facilities; or adverse topography. Densities within sub-areas vary from low to medium (see Exciting Concept Plan) with poor integration of typologies resulting in clustering of density bands. The result is an urban form that has generally been unable to sustain successful local nodes as many residents are located out of reasonable reach and a lack of adequate public transport provision across the area.

Key Principles Density Level Population densities of around 100 people per ha have been shown to support neighborhood centres within walking distance of most residents and sufficient public transport provision (UTF, 1999) and housing densities of 50 dph have been shown to support local services (HCA, 2007). Currently Drumchapel accommodates approximately 13,000 people over an area of approximately 330 ha, approximately 30 people per ha (GCC, 2011), and has housing densities mostly ranging from 25-70 units/ha (roughly

equivalent to dph). Appropriate density levels are relative to the location however the need for increased density is clear.

Density Hierarchy Increase in density should be focused, where possible, concentrically around local centres. This should be designed in accordance with Strategy X-Y - Nodes. Furthermore density should be responsive to the street hierarchy by placing higher densities on urban main streets and lower densities on local streets. Similarly, this should be designed in accordance with Strategy X-Y Street Network.

To address the low and fragmented density that is restraining the successfulness of Drumchapel. This is to be achieved by facilitating the optimisation of density over time that is responsive to key urban services, whilst being respective of the local context. Furthermore provisions for diversity in typology are to be made. Ultimately, this should support the socioeconomic factors in the area and contribute to the creation of a livable environment

Density Mix Mixed dwelling and tenure types can promote diversity in social and income levels which in turn can support the viability of services and community facilities (Frey, 1999). Therefore further variation of density should be incorporated into the Hierarchy detailed above that diversifies typologies within contextual density bands (this should be carried out in accordance with Housing Strategy). Figure X shows how varied density can be delivered.

Density Phasing An increase in population will be a gradual process rather an instantaneous event. Therefore the increase in density should be executed in accordance with the development of nodes, streets and public transport. This will require careful consideration for how the area will evolve over time and using this to strategically make allowances for dynamic densities.

Figure 55. – How height, block size and building depth can be varied to achieve the same density (UDC2, 2007. Density and urban form – Wembley tall building study, Page 88).

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2.6 Ecological Networks 2.6.1 Proposed Ecological Networks

Figure 56. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Proposed Ecological Networks.

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2.6 Ecological Networks 2.6.2 Ecological Networks Analysis

Figure 57. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ecological Networks Analysis.

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2.6 Ecological Networks 2.6.3 Green Network Strategy “Is it too much to hope… that the Iron Curtain of the world will give place to the Green Front and the scars of the earth as well as the scars in people’s hearts may be healed by tree planting.” Richard St. Barbe Baker(Quoted Bell – The Permaculture Garden, p.129) There are over 500 species at the Garscadden Burn site, we would like to PRESERVE the natural beauty of the area and support an increase in BIO-DIVERSITY. We aim to ENHANCE existing woodlands and open spaces by clearly defining them. There is an opportunity to REVIVE disused spaces and vacant land by creating new and exciting green spaces such as Botanical Gardens, COMMUNITY Gardens, Orchards and Allotments. The new gardens can build on Drumchapel’s strong community spirit and help to improve SOCIAL COHESION between the community, local schools, religious institutions and charitable groups. By improving walking CONNECTIONS and creating a new GREEN NETWORK we aim to form a SENSE OF PLACE AND IDENTITY with new green avenues, green streets, pathways and nature trails. The new green spaces and streets can also be utilised to form an ECOLOGICAL strategy to aid with surface water drainage and river flooding by implementing SUDS.

Key Issues ● Lack of defined and managed green spaces. ● Lack of connection between existing green spaces. ● Lack of connection between Drumchapel and the Scottish Canals Network.

New Ecological Systems and Defined Green Spaces Community Orchard ‘An orchard is a collection of fruit and, sometimes, nut trees often planted among grass full of wild flowers’ (Community Orchards, 2011). Orchards can enhance bio-diversity by providing a habitat for a variety of flora, fauna and wild animals. They also offer a habitat for bees or a place to keep bees for honey production and enhanced pollination.

CASE STUDY: Berry Hill Community Orchard. Coleford, England (Re-wild project) The award-winning community orchard at Berry Hill was set up by a local group of enthusiastic community members, it is just over an acre clearing of forestry commission land that was just scrub, bracken and brambles and has been transformed into an exciting permaculture orchard. They chose to have clusters of heritage trees throughout the site with fruit bushes and ground cover plants around the clusters. Productive fruit trees including apple, pear, plum and cherry and also over forty soft fruit bushes and nitrogen fixing shrubs. In addition there is a ground cover of mint and comfrey as well as flower beds for pollinators and benches. It is a fine example of a permaculture orchard with a diverse mix of fruit trees, fruit bushes, herbs and edible flowers, shrubs for fixing nitrogen and mineral accumulating plants like comfrey to feed the trees.

Figure 58. – Berry Hill Community Orchard (left). Volunteers working in Berry Hill Community Orchard. (Right)

Food Forest/ Forest Garden Forest gardening is a sustainable food production and land management system, which is based on a woodland ecosystem. Instead of having fruitless trees and plants of a woodland ecosystem, forest gardens have fruit and nut trees, shrubs, vegetables, bushes, and herbs, having yields beneficial for humans. These different layers are mixed in a way that forest garden can replicate a natural forest so that it can be stable and sustainable pretty much the same as a natural forest. As shown in Figure 2.1, there are seven layers in a forest garden: Canopy Layer: It consists of the mature fruit and nut trees, which are regarded as the backbone of the forest garden. Low-tree Layer (Under Story, Shade Tolerant Tree Layer): This is the group of dwarf fruit and nut trees. Shrub Layer: Fruit brushes such as currants and berries form the shrub layer. Herbaceous Layer: It is formed of perennial vegetables, self-seeding annuals, and herbs. Ground Layer (Soil Surface, Ground Cover): It is the layer of edible plants spreading horizontally. Rhizosphere (Underground): Roots and tubers including carrots, beets, sunroots as well as subterranean fungi form the rhizosphere layer. Succession (Vertical Layer): This layer is composed of climbing plants and vines.

Figure 59. – The Seven Layers Of The Forest Garden.

Benefits of a Forest Garden ● It makes maximum use of space by growing plants in different layers. ● It requires a low maintenance as perennial plants and self-seeding annual plants are used. ● It has a great variety of fresh food all the year round. ● By having ground covering and allelopathic plants as well as green manures, it eliminates the necessity of weed killers and ● Owing to having nitrogen fixing plants and composting plants, it eliminates the need for artificial fossil fuel. ● It eliminates the need for insecticides by means of choosing companion plants, having plants attracting natural predators to control pests, providing various species, and having plants for multiple usages. ● By allowing birds, insects, and amphibians to be the part of the system, it enables pest control fertilisation, and spreading seeds. ● It eliminates the necessity to drain land.

By considering these benefits, the strategy suggests providing forest gardening in Drumchapel. In addition to these benefits, it is foreseen that forest gardening will encourage local food production in Drumchapel. The strategy also considers joining Permaculture Scotland so that Drumchapel can find its place within the Permaculture Scotland map (Figure 2.2).

Figure 60. – Permaculture Scotland map.

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2.6 Ecological Networks 2.6.3 Green Network Strategy CASE STUDY:

Community Allotment/Garden

Garden Cottage

An allotment is an area used to grow fruit, nuts, vegetables, herbs and other plants. Produce can be used to feed the community or sold to local businesses such as cafes and grocers for profit.

“Our garden, at times, has been a playground, campsite, concert hall, and fine dining establishment (of course with plenty of homegrown produce), ice-rink, pig’s palace, and bird sanctuary. It has aided the local community centre in getting rid of 30 years’ worth of pigeon droppings (lovely mulch, thanks). It has provided hundreds of alpine strawberry plants to the people of Berwickshire, as well as saplings, soft fruit bushes, seeds and fruit.” Graham Bell. Founded in 1991, Garden Cottage is a forest garden in Coldstream, Scotland. It is named as Garden Cottage as it is located within a garden of a large estate. It is a 800m2 area having a various range of perennial fruit and nut trees including quince, plums, cherries, apples, pears, apricots, prolific hazels, walnuts, and chestnuts. Together with the trees, there are strawberries, gooseberries, raspberries, red, white and blackcurrants, and blackberries. As annual crops, there are potatoes, parsnips, beetroot, carrots, turnips, radishes, kale, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, peas, garlic, fennel, artichokes (globe and Jerusalem) rocket, broad (fava) and runner beans, lettuce and many other salad plants, pumpkins, courgettes/marrows, sunflowers, and diverse types of herbs. In addition to these, the garden provides firewood and timber for garden constructions. Apart from the plants, Garden Cottage hosts a variety of birds, bugs, and small animals. At some points, there were chickens, rabbits, Muscovy and Call ducks, guinea pigs, bees, and pigs. Currently, there are some goldfish and Call ducks. It is possible to visit Garden Cottage, join training through courses, which are organised throughout the year or join open days held in summer.

Garden Cottage, July 1996.

“I decided instead of sitting in the house all day, the garden would get me out and about. It gives me something to do… Me being epileptic as well, it [the garden] helps bring down my stress levels with having something on my mind […] I was in a bad way, drugs and stuff – working the gardens has saved my life.” (Volunteer, April 2014).

CASE STUDY: Lambhill Stables

Garden Cottage.

A variety of fruits and vegetables.

Lambhill Stables is a community hub set up in 2007 in North Glasgow with the purpose of providing recreational, occupational, training, and employment opportunities for the district. It is a two-acre plot on the banks of Forth and Clyde Canal, which consists of a resource centre with kitchen and café, a bike maintenance workshop, a pond, and over one-acre of community garden. A diverse range of groups including locals, community service workers, school groups, and social care orientated groups have been involved in community gardens to transform the vacant and derelict lands into productive garden having over 60 several types of vegetables, herbs, fruits, and flowers. It has around 50 volunteers currently taking part in activities. In addition to community gardening, Lambhill Stables offers a great variety of activities and workshops, which can be listed as “grow your own” workshops, art classes, youth activities including canoeing and cycling, live music evenings, history and heritage projects.

Lambhill Stables Community Garden.

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2.6 Ecological Networks 2.6.3 Green Network Strategy Community Botanical Garden

CASE STUDY:

Why?

A Botanical Garden is a place for the collection, cultivation and study of plants that is open for display to the public. The Garden has the potential to be maintained by the local community through employment or volunteer based opportunities. There is also potential to create a connection and plant sharing network with Glasgow’s Botanic Garden.

Wildflower meadow project, Aberdeen

Community orchards, food forests, allotments, botanical gardens and wild flower meadows can be used as educational tools through collaboration with schools. As well as a place for the community to learn new skills such as: ‘fencing, wildlife watching, horticultural skills gained from pruning and maintenance of the fruit trees and jam and fruit juice making’. (Community Orchard, 2011) They can be beneficial for health through GP referral for patients with physical or mental health issues, to reap the therapeutic benefits of working in the outdoors. They can also be beautiful places to sit and relax or hold events. There are already several gardening and outdoor community groups running within Drumchapel such as ‘L.I.F.E’ and ‘Green Gym’, this shows a base community interest that can be built upon. (L.I.F.E., 2012)

CASE STUDY: BOTANICAL GARDEN GLASGOW Glasgow Botanic Gardens is set in the West End of Glasgow and is managed by Glasgow City Council. The Royal Botanical Institution of Glasgow owned and ran the Gardens and agreed to provide the University of Glasgow with teaching aids, including a supply of plants for medical and botanical classes. A charitable organization named The Friends of Glasgow Botanic Gardens works with the aim of “enhancing education for public benefit by supporting and furthering the activities of Glasgow Botanic Gardens as a center for education, research and public amenity”. The Botanic Gardens has a full time Education Officer based in the Gardens and is extensively involved with School education visits as well as specialist groups visiting the Garden. Similar to Glasgow Botanical Garden, the proposed botanical garden in Drumchapel will be a multifunctional community hub designed to change people’s perception of the natural environment in addition to providing educational tools, skills workshops, mental health therapy and leisure entertainment.

Botanical garden Glasgow.

Wild Flower Meadow A wild flower meadow is an area of land filled with wild flowering plants and grasses that support butterflies, bees, insects, birds and other wildlife. ‘’Since the 1930s, we have lost over 99% of what are called ‘unimproved grasslands’, and those that are left are fragmented. However, you can create something of the same feel in your own garden.’ (RSPB, 2017) Appropriate wild flower seed mixes and grass seed mixes include birds-foot trefoil, common sorrel, cowslip, field scabious, hoary plantain, greater and common knapweed, lady’s bedstraw, meadow buttercup, ox-eye daisy, red clover, ribwort plantain, wild carrot, bents, fescues and crested dogstail. (RSPB, 2017)

The wildflower creation project aim was to provide inspiration for business organizations throughout the region. With a grant from Aberdeen Green space, and some funding from the Urban Partnership, 1100 wildflower plugs were planted within the grounds of the James Hutton Institute in Aberdeen. The plugs, provided by Coram Five Nursery, were grown from local provenance seed and included many species, such as Devil’s-bit scabrous, Red Campion, Lesser knapweed, Ragged Robin and Red clover which are particularly beneficial to a range of insects. A similar kind of project in Drumchapel could transform vacant land from a neglected negative space to a colourful wildflower meadow teaming with insects, birds and other wildlife.

Making Connections – ‘A New Green Network’

Figure 61. – wildflower meadow project,Aberdeen.

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2.6 Ecological Networks 2.6.3 Green Network Strategy Revitalised Railway Bridge

Timescale

The closest point to access the Canal from the ‘Green Avenues’ is via an existing railway bridge that currently favours vehicles. It has 1m wide pavements either side and a two-lane vehicle road. The bridge is extremely narrow and would not support any additional infrastructure to promote NMU. We propose that widening the existing bridge would aid in strengthening this connection and allow space for pedestrian and cyclists to feel safe.

Ecological Infrastructure Green Avenues New widened bridge Cycling Network Garscadden Valley All community projects can run simultaneously Secondary Roads and Paths

Logo

Drumchapel L.I.F.E (Living is for everyone) Environmental Trust

Glasgow City Council

“The increased traffic and the high costs of time and building materials have made economically beneficial to widen existing bridges simultaneously with their rehabilitation.” (Brito, Jorge & Branco, Fernando, 1988)

CASE STUDY:

How they can help: L.I.F.E can arrange the assistance of local groups. Environmental Trust could aid in delivering both the built and natural environments. (Environmental trust, 2015) Planning Approval may be needed from the council.

Green Gym

The green gym already work to improve local green spaces.

Permaculture Association Scotland

PSWG is a committee of people from all over Scotland dedicated to growing the green network sustainably to promote health, wealth and happiness. Scot Ways could aid in delivering countryside connections to the Antonine Wall. Sustrans could aid in providing insight and techniques for the walking and cycling network. The friends of the Botanic Garden could aid in setting up a similar organisation in Drumchapel.

Scot Ways

Bridge of Dee, Aberdeen Bridge of Dee is a historic bridge in Aberdeen that is no longer suitable for modern day use, similar to the existing bridge in Drumchapel. Due to the historic significance of the bridge the council decided to save the bridge and alter it to suit current needs instead. Below is one of the concept proposals for the re-use and regeneration of the Bridge of Dee.

Name

SUSTRANS The friends of Glasgow Botanic Gardens

Other Stakeholders

Figure 62. Re-Use As Nmu Plus New Vehicle Bridge.

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2.6 Ecological Networks

Parking Gardens

2.6.4 Floods

Parking areas in Drumchapel have low ecological performance. Our aim is to utilise parking lots as a storm water garden with landscape architectural features. Parking gardens in Drumchapel will function as a treatment network while larger green spaces at the outer areas serve as percolation parks for larger storm events. Each parking garden will be sloped toward the center allowing runoff conveyance over pervious paving into the rain garden. Rain gardens will be connected to infiltration basins by underground perforated pipes to handle overflow from larger storm events. This will be the most efficient configuration, as the car sits in its own treatment facility, minimizing runoff conveyance to remote facilities.

Within the Natural Environmental Policy in the Glasgow City Development Plan (CDP), Drumcahpel is identified as a flood risk management area. Scottish Water are the public body responsible for flood risk management operations. Flooding is proving to be a major issue in the area and the existing drainage systems is in sufficient to cope with the demands. There are streets in the low points of the accumulate water area. Key areas of Drumchapal that need tackling include the north of the site, where several schools are located, which brings water into the boundary and to the south eastern and south western edges. Many elevated points in the topography of Drumchapel result in rain water run-off that accumulates in dips and valleys. Our aim is to treat stormwater runoff at multiple levels before it is stored for reuse or redirected to main drainage system. SUDS systems are proposed to prevent water ingress at the green edge to the north of Drumchapel. Policy 8 in the CDP states that it requires, ‘’the local authorities to exercise their functions to implement the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) in protecting the water environment, including preventing further deterioration of, and protecting and enhancing, the status of aquatic ecosystems. The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2011 require all surface water from new development (with the exception of single houses) to be treated by a sustainable drainage system (SUDS) before it is discharged into the water environment’’ (GCDP, p48).

Figure 63. – Flood in Drumchapal (Google,2017).

Case Study

Missouri Botanical Gardens St. Louis, Missouri The parking area in Missouri Botanical Garden is designed to function as storm water management, utilising multiple types of porous pavements and containing an engineered rain garden (bio retention system). The installation and use of this treatment helps capture and hold rain water on site and significantly reduce runoff, flash floods, soil erosion and water pollution.

Figure 65. – Parking Lots In Missouri Botanical Garden.

Figure 64. – Flood in Drumchapal (Google,2017).

Strateges To Over Come Flood Issues ● Bioremediation ● Enhance Landscape Biodiversity ●Maximize Water Infiltration and Eliminate Runoff ● Soils and Plants as Treatment Facilities ● Robust Plant Communities ● Urban Riparian Conservation ● Pervious Surfaces

Figure 66. – Parking Gardens System.

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2.6 Ecological Networks

Dry Swales

2.6.4 Floods

Dry swale when integrated with check dams and under drains, detains storm water and increases the infiltration rate. It also has the capacity to reduce peak flow that includes runoff detention and sedimentation. Dry swales will improve site aesthetics and provide wildlife habitat in Drumchapel.

Riparian Buffer Garscadden Burn in Drumchapel has a high rate of bio-diversity accompanied with a water channel runs to River Clyde so riparian buffers will be a simple and inexpensive way to protect and improve water quality. ‘’Between 50 and 85 percent of storm water pollutant loads can be filtered within 100 to 300 foot vegetated buffers through local plant communities’’ (Conservation Buffers: Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways). Buffer Strips along the bank will create potential to increase bio-diversity and prevent soil erosion.

Figure 69. – Mechanism Of Dry Swale.

Figure 67. – Riparian Buffer Diagram.

SUDS Walkways The north part of Drumchapel is more prone to flooding because of its topology, as storm water accumulates in ditches and valleys. Basic mechanism of slow, spread and soak would be the best way to prevent flooding. Stormwater management goals for the SUDS walkways include minimisation of impervious pavement and maximization of landscaped. Street edges should be integrated with SUDS facilities such as curb extensions which house new rain gardens in reclaimed street space and reduce flow rates by treating and infiltrating stormwater runoff. SUDS planting attenuates and treats water on site, allowing for retention and infiltration. Distributed facilities should be connected with oversized or perforated pipes to create redundancy and sized according to the amount of stormwater runoff expected to enter the street. Stormwater runoff can also be harvested and stored underground for later use.

Case-study

Bo01, Malmö, Sweden Malmö is the third-largest city in Sweden. Regardless of the high density and the urban character, a great deal of attention has been given to highly diverse green spaces and biodiversity. The area is distinguished by its use of recycled water, raw materials and waste, and its use of natural resources such as sun and wind energy. The rainwater drainage system has been designed to be aesthetically pleasing, with waterfalls, ponds and various elements for buffering and purifying the water. Some of the district’s topography was designed specifically to realise a natural rundown to the sea or the central canal.

Figure 70. – Mechanism Of Dry Swale. Figure 68. – Sustainable Urban Drainage Streets In Malmo.

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2.6 Ecological Networks 2.6.4 Floods

Treatment Park Treatment parks are proposed to filter storm water from the surrounding public streets of Drumchapel, where flooding currently occurs. When parks along the recreation facility are integrated with Storm water treatment it improves the environmental performance, achieves greater community benefits, and reduced maintenance costs. Our aim is to transform excess rain water into pleasant public spaces.

Casestudy

Sherbour Common Park, Canada. Sherbourn Common Park, Canada built as a part of Toronto’s water front revitalisation. Park combines function and beauty by integrating public art and community-wide water treatment infrastructure. Stormwater and lake water are treated in the facility located at the park pavilion and then released from three towering art sculptures into the channel that flow into Lake Ontario..

Figure 71. – Sherbour Common Park, Canada.

Commonwealth Village SUDS SUDS elements incorporated in the Commonwealth village of Glasgow provide an example of how Glasgow City Council has worked with SEPA to manage rainwater. SUDS elements of the overall site consist of swales (shallow, vegetated channels designed to capture, convey, filter and infiltrate runoff), permeable paving, bio-retention bays (gravel filled storage sumps designed to attenuate flows and allow for a degree of treatment / filtration), highway raingardens and a linear water feature / pond. The linear water feature has been designed as a ‘deep ’swale and is intended to retain a permanent depth of water along 50% of its total length outwith major rainfall events to provide an attractive water feature in addition to its surface water management function.

As Drumchapel has high flood risk so these SUDS elements are particularly helpful in retaining and managing the rainwater and turn into attractive public amenity.

Wetlands

Rainwater harvesting acts as a source of collecting water for household, landscape, and agricultural water needs (community gardens and community orchards). Rainwater is collected from roofs and stored on site in cisterns and provided with perforated overflow pipes to manage storm water runoff during large storm events, especially for poorly-drained soils. Rainwater harvesting in Drumchapel will also offers a sustainable alternative for water from surrounding impervious surfaces that would be collected in a treatment network, when water is needed, a wind driven or motorized pump can be used to draw it from storage for distribution through an irrigation system.

Constructed wetlands are land rich biofilters and differ from retention ponds in their shallower depths, greater vegetation coverage, and extensive wildlife habitat. They require relatively large contributing drainage areas to maintain a shallow permanent pool. Minimum contributing drainage area should be at least 10 acres, although pocket wetlands may be appropriate for smaller sites if sufficient water flow is available.

Glasgow city council

The council for all districts within the Glasgow boundary.

Scottish Water

Scottish water provides clean, safe and fresh drinking water to homes all over Scotland. They also dispose of waste water from homes and businesses. SWT aim is to fulfil its ‘vision of healthy, resilient ecosystems across Scotland’s land and seas’. (SWT, 2017) SEPA’s main role is to ‘ensure that Scotland’s natural resources and services are used as sustainably as possible and contribute to sustainable economic growth.’ (SEPA, 2017) MGSDP’s aim is to modernise the drainage and sewerage network to reduce flooding and improve water quality and environment.

Scottish Wildlife Trust Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA)

Figure 72. – Commonwealth SUDS Basin.

Rain Water Harvesting

The innovative multi-agency task force

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2.6 Ecological Networks 2.6.5 Flood Map

Surface Flooding

High Medium Low

River Flooding

High Medium Low

1 Parking Garden 5 SUDS walkways 2 Riparian Buffer 6 Rain water harvesting 3 Dry swale 7 Wetlands 4 Treatment parkPark Figure 73. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Flood Map.

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2.7 Strategy Plan 2.7.1 Built Environment

Figure 74. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Built Environment.

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2.7 Strategy Plan 2.7.2 Natural Environment

FAIFLEY/ ANTONINE WALL

FUTURE MAJOR CONNECTION TO DUNTOCHER

SUDS Walkways

Wetlands

BEARSDEN

Rain water harvesting

Treatment Park

Dry Swale

KEY Riparian Buffer

Community Gardens Allotments / Orchards Community Woodland

COLQUHOUN

CLYDEBANK

Forest Garden Wild Flower Meadow Maintained Park THE CANAL

Botanical Garden Parking Garden SUDS Systems GREAT WESTERN ROAD KNIGHTSWOOD /THE CANAL

100m

500m

Figure 75. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Nature Environment.

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2.7 Strategy Plan 2.7.3 Time Scale

Figure 76. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Time Scale.

Phase 1 - Mobilisation

Approx. 5 years

The mobilisation period will facilitate key input into the design of the project. At the outset of the design process community engagement will be initiated to identify user requirements and effectively incorporate them into the design. This will run the length of the design process (and beyond where necessary) and inform aspects such as requirements for housing, civic space requirements, amenities, etc. In parallel consultation with key regulatory stakeholders will be carried out to secure approval effectively for aspects such as planning (Glasgow City Council), environmental (SEPA), heritage (SNH), etc. Also, transport operators and utility companies will be notified and updated throughout to allow for redesign of their networks to reflect our scheme and also to design amendments can be made to the project based on transport or utility limitations. Procurement will follow the design stage to secure suitable developers, contractors, etc.

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Phase 2 - Key Transport Infrastructure and Flood Management Approx. 5 years Transport links mitigating the greatest connection barrier will be constructed first. Where green networks run along these transport links they will be constructed also, along with associated drainage. Due to the flooding issues at the north of Drumchapel flood management infrastructure will also be constructed at this initial stage.

Phase 3 - Development in Existing High Density Approx 5 years

Phase 4 - District Node Development Approx 15 years

Phase 5 - Development of Local Nodes Approx 15 years

The area around proposed node 2 will be developed first as the existing high density can support further transport infrastructure and the provision of amenities. Firstly transport links in this area will be developed along with associated drainage and green network infrastructure then housing and amenities will be developed together to be completed at the same time.

Following the social and economic upturn delivered by the development of node 2, the district node can be developed. Again the transport, drainage and green infrastructure shall be built up first followed by housing and amenities. The development of the district node will run through the development of all local nodes, developing accordingly to demand reflective of the growth of the other areas.

The remaining nodes will be developed consecutively using incremental growth to facilitate further growth and to maintain manageable construction activities.

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Great Western Road

2.8 Proposed Concept Plan

1200m catchment area

Urban Main Streets Local Main Streets Local Streets High Density High-Mediun Density Low-Mediun Density

600m catchment area 400m catchment area District Node Neighborhood Node

Low Density Maintain Green Area Neglected Green Area Park Green Area

Local Node District Services Neighborhood Services

Community Woodland Treatment Park

Local Services

Defined Maintained Park Community Gardens/Allotments/Orchards

Figure 77. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Proposed Concept Plan.

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Image Credits Figure 1. – Betweenness Network Analysis.

Figure 18. - Existing Concept Plan.

Figure 2. – Existing Street Network.

Figure 19. - SWOT Analysis - Strengths.

Figure 3. – Existing Bus Stop Coverage.

Figure 20. - SWOT Analysis - Weaknesses.

Figure 4. – Existing Connectivity.

Figure 21. - SWOT Analysis - Opportunities.

Figure 5. – Existing Link to the Glasgow City Figure 22. - SWOT Analysis - Threats. Center. Figure 23. – The Health Map: Barton And Grant Figure 6. – Existing Transportion Lines. 2006 Developed From A Concept By Dahlgren And Whitehead 1991. | Barton et al. 2010, 25. Figure 7. – Hierarchy Of Nodes.| Rogers 1999, 7. Figure 24. – Neighbourhood as an Ecosystem. | | Barton et al. 2010, 122. Barton et al. 2010, 22. Figure 8. – Hierarchy Of Nodes Including Catchment Populations And Accessibility Figure 25. – Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Human Standards For Different Densities. | Rogers Needs. | Diagrammed by the group. 1999, 7.| Barton et al. 2010, 121. Figure 26. – Hierarchy Of City Needs Developed By Hildebrand Frey And Diagrammed By The Figure 9. – Existing Nodes. Group. Diagrammed by the group. Figure 10. – Nodal Coding. Figure 27. – Hierarchy Of City Needs Applied Figure 11. – Existing Nodal Coding. To Current Drumchapel.| Diagrammed by the group. Figure 12. – Existing Density. Figure 28. – Improvement Network. Figure 13. – Typical ‘Low Density’ Housing. Figure 29. – Proposed Transportion Line. (Google, 2014)

Figure 34. – Mixed And Well-Connected Figure 46. – An Example Of A Neighbourhood Neighbourhoods. | Designing Streets 2010, 20. Centre. | Barton et al. 2010, 292. Figure 35. – Connectivity Analysis Comparing Figure 47. – Proposed Nodes. Existing Streets And Proposed Streets In Figure 48. – Proposed Nodal Coding. Drumchapel. Diagrammed by the group. Figure 36. – Pedshed Analysis Comparing Walkability In Existing Streets And Proposed Streets In Drumchapel. | Diagrammed by the group.

Figure 49. – Mixed-Use Tenement Flats. The Patchwork Dress, 2008. Figure 50. – Proposed Terraced Houses At Maryhill Locks. Urban Realm, 2016.

Figure 37. – Proposed Cycling Line.

Figure 51. – Fore Street, Edinburgh. Hypostyle Architects, 2011.

Figure 38. – Summary Of Results Across European Pilot Schemes. Connect Bikes And Figure 52. – Self-Builds In Almere, The Trains - Increase The Number Of Cyclists And Netherlands. First Harvest, 2015. Train Passengers. The Blog By The Copenhagen Figure 53. – New Building Typologies In Allerton Design Co., 2017. Bywater Millennium Community Include Town Figure 39. – Diagram of proposed nodes. | Houses With Atelier Units To The Rear. (Hca, 2007) Diagrammed by the group. Figure 40. – Pod Development. | Barton et al. Figure 54. – Proposed Density. 2010, 263. Figure 55. – How height, block size and building Figure 41. – Cell Development.| Barton et al. depth can be varied to achieve the same density (UDC2, 2007. Density and urban form – Wembley 2010, 263. tall building study, Page 88). Figure 42. – Cluster Development.| Barton et al. Figure 56. – Proposed Ecological Networks. 2010, 263.

Figure 14. – Typical ‘Medium Density’ Housing. Figure 30. – Proposed Pedestrian Paths Lines. (Google, 2015) Figure 31. – Street Hierarchy Diagram. Figure 15. – Typical ‘Low-Medium Density’ Figure 32. – Proposed Connectivity. Housing. (Google, 2016)

Figure 43. – Linear Development. | Barton et al. Figure 57. – Ecological Networks Analysis. 2010, 263. Figure 58. – Berry Hill Community Orchard (left). Figure 44. – The Varied Elements Of The Public Volunteers working in Berry Hill Community Orchard. (Right) Realm. | Barton et al. 2010, 281.

Figure 16. - ‘Vast Density’ Housing (Google, Figure 33. – A Suburban Sprawl Having Poorly Connected Zones. | Designing Streets 2010, 20. 2015)

Figure 45. – Active Frontages. | Barton et al. Figure 59. – The Seven Layers Of The Forest Garden. 2010, 281.

Figure 17. - Existing Green Space.

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Figure 60. – Permaculture Scotland map Figure 61. – Wildflower meadow project, Aberdeen. Figure 62. Re-Use As Nmu Plus New Vehicle Bridge. Figure 63. – Flood in Drumchapal (Google,2017). Figure 64. – Flood in Drumchapal (Google,2017). Figure 65. – Parking Lots In Missouri Botanical Garden. Figure 66. – Parking Gardens System. Figure 67. – Riparian Buffer Diagram. Figure 68. – Sustainable Urban Drainage Streets In Malmo. Figure 69. – Mechanism Of Dry Swale. Figure 70. – Mechanism Of Dry Swale. Figure 71. – Sherbour Common Park, Canada. Figure 72. – Commonwealth SUDS Basin. Figure 73. – Flood Map. Figure 74. – Built Environment. Figure 75. – Nature Environment. Figure 76. – Time Scale. Figure 77. – Proposed Concept Plan.

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Bibliography “Boston Food Forest inspires community through ecological design.” April 27, 2015. https:// inhabitat.com/boston-food-forest-inspires-community-through-ecological-design/ (accessed November 14, 2017). “Bridge of Dee Study.” May 2016. http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog. asp?lID=71206&sID=28046. (accessed November 22, 2017). “Cycling Action Plan for Scotland.” The Scottish Government. 2010. http://www.gov.scot/resource/ doc/316212/0100657.pdf (accessed November 23, 2017). “Cycling by Design.” Transport Scotland. 2011. https://www.transport.gov.scot/media/14173/ cycling_by_design_2010__rev_1__june_2011_.pdf (accessed November 23, 2017). “Social Inclusion as a Determinant of Mental Health and Wellbeing.” January 2005. http:// www.copmi.net.au/images/pdf/Research/social-inclusion-fact-sheet.pdf. (accessed November 19, 2017). “Designing Streets: A Policy Statement for Scotland.” March 2010 http://www.gov.scot/resource/ doc/307126/0096540.pdf (accessed November 27, 2017). Architecture and Design Scotland (ADS). 2012. http://www.ads.org.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017).

Brito, Jorge and Fernando Branco. Widening of Existing Bridges - Study of a Case. 1988. 10.13140/ RG.2.1.1373.2560. Clyde Plan – Glasgow and the Clyde Valley Strategic Development Planning Authority. 2017. https://www.clydeplan-sdpa.gov.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Clyde Gateway. 2014. http://www.clydegateway.com/ (accessed November 24, 2017). Commonwealth village SUDS. The Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Partnership, Briefing Note 14 - Winter 2014/15 https://www.mgsdp.org/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=37931&p=0 (accessed October 31, 2017) Community Orchards: How to Guide. Communities and Local Government, Queen’s Printer and Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 2011. Community Transport Glasgow. 2017. https://www.ctglasgow.org.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Crossan, John, Deirdre Shaw, Andrew Cumbers, and Robert McMaster. “Glasgow’s Community Gardens: Sustainable Communities of Care.” https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_398225_en.pdf (accessed November 18, 2017).

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Bell, Graham. “The Garden Cottage Story.” http://grahambell.org/the-red-shed-nursery/gardencottage/. (accessed November 23, 2017). Bell, Graham. “What is forest gardening?” https://www.earth-ways.co.uk/resources/what-isforest-gardening/. (accessed November 23, 2017). Berry Hill Community Orchard. https://therewildproject.com/projects/community-growing/berryhill-community-orchard/ (accessed November 26,2017) BO o1 Malmo Sweden, Urban Green-blue Grid for Sustainable and Resilient Cities. http://www. urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/bo01-city-of-tomorrow-malmo-sweden/ (accessed November 21,2017). Bridge of Dee Study. Aberdeen City Council. 2016. http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/nmsruntime/ saveasdialog.asp?lID=71206&sID=28046 (accessed November 23, 2017)

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Environmental Trust. 2015. https://environmenttrust.co.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). First Group. 2017. https://www.firstgroup.com/greater-glasgow (accessed November 22, 2017). Flooding Project in Drumchapel Area of Glasgow, Scottish Water. May 4, 2017. http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/about-us/media-centre/latest-news/flooding-project-indrumchapel-area-of-glasgow-completed (accessed November 23, 2017). Frey, Hildebrand. Designing the City: Towards a More Sustainable Urban Form. London: Spon Press, 2005. First published 1999. Forestry Commission Scotland. 2016. http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/ (accessed November 24, 2017). G15 Youth Project. 2012. https://www.facebook.com/The-G15-Youth-ProjectMBE-190709114311463/ (accessed November 22, 2017).

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Glasgow City Council (GCC). 2017. https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Glasgow City Development Plan. https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=35882&p=0 (accessed November 18, 2017). Glasgow Proposed City Development Plan. Glasgow City Council. 2013. http://www.glasgow.gov. uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=19258& (accessed November 14, 2017). Glasgow Housing Association (GHA). 2014. https://www.gha.org.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Goldstein, Jeremy. “Applying the Hierarchy of Needs to Help Make Cities that Work.” June 30, 2016. http://www.citiesthatwork.com/blog-renaissance/2016/6/30/applying-the-hierarchy-ofneeds-to-help-make-cities-that-work. (accessed November 20, 2017). Historic Environment Scotland. 2012. https://www.historicenvironment.scot/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Housing Diversity - Healthy Active by Design, 2017. http://www.healthyactivebydesign.com.au/ design-features/housing-diversity Inclusive Mobility. Department from Transport. 2005. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/3695/inclusive-mobility.pdf (accessed November 23, 2017). Lambhill Stables. http://www.lambhillstables.org/ (accessed November 23, 2017). Low Impact Development: A Design for Urban Areas. Fayetteville: Fay Jones School of Architecture University of Arkansas Press, 2010. (accessed November 15, 2017) McLeod, Saul. “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs.” 2017. https://www.simplypsychology.org/ maslow.html (accessed November 25, 2017). National Health Service (NHS). 2017. https://www.nhs.uk/pages/home.aspx (accessed November 22, 2017). Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/sustainability/sustainability/ sustainability-in-action/atthe-missouri-botanical-garden/built-environment.aspx (accessed November 8, 2017). Network Rail. 2017. https://www.networkrail.co.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Permaculture Scotland. 2017. https://scotland.permaculture.org.uk/ (accessed November 23, 2017).

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Porta, Sergio and John Luciano Renne. “Linking Urban Design to Sustainability: Formal Indicators of Social Urban Sustainability Field Research in Perth, Western Australia.” URBAN DESIGN International 10, April 2005: 51-64. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233716191_Linking_urban_ design_to_sustainability_Formal_indicators_of_social_urban_sustainability_field_research_in_ Perth_Western_Australia (accessed November 27, 2017). Reforesting Scotland. 2015. http://www.reforestingscotland.org/ (accessed November 23, 2017). Rogers, Richard George. Towards an Urban Renaissance. London: Routledge, 1999. Royal Incorporation of Architects Scotland (RIAS). 2017. https://www.rias.org.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Saltire Society. 2012. http://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Scotland Census 2011. The Scottish Government, 2011. (accessed November 20, 2017). Scottish Association of Landlords (SAL). 2011. https://www.scottishlandlords.com/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Scottish Canals. 2017. https://www.scottishcanals.co.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Scottish Enterprise. 2008 – 2017. https://www.scottish-enterprise.com/ (accessed November 24, 2017). Scottish Natural Heritage. 2017. https://www.snh.scot/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Scottish Water. 2017. http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Scottish Waterways Trust. 2017. http://scottishwaterwaystrust.org.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Scottish Wildlife Trust. 2017. https://scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). ScotWays. 2000-2017. https://www.scotways.com/ (accessed November 22, 2017). SEPA. 2017. https://www.sepa.org.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Sherbourne Common Stormwater Treatment Facility, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. http://www.watertechnology.net/projects/sherbourne-common-stormwater-toronto-canada/ (accessed November 21, 2017). SOLUTIONS: Tyne and Wear Local Case Study Report. http://www.suburbansolutions.ac.uk/ documents/TyneWearLocalCaseStudyFinalReport.pdf (accessed November 20, 2017). SPT. 2017. www.spt.co.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017).

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Start a Wildflower Meadow. The Royal Society for the protection of birds (RSPB). 2017. https://ww2.rspb.org.uk/get-involved/activities/give-nature-a-home-in-your-garden/gardenactivities/startawildflowermeadow/ (accessed November 26, 2017). SUSTRANS. 2017. https://www.sustrans.org.uk/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Tachieva, Galina. Sprawl Repair Manual. Washington: Island Press, 2010. The Agroforestry Research Trust. 2015. https://www.agroforestry.co.uk/ (accessed November 23, 2017). The Blog - The Copenhagen Design Co.. 2017. http://www.copenhagenize.com/2017/04/connectbikes-and-trains-increase.html (accessed November 23, 2017). The Glasgow Botanic Gardens - The Friends of Glasgow Botanic Gardens. 2017. http://www.glasgowbotanicgardens.com/about-the-friends/ (accessed November 23, 2017). The Scottish Government. 2017. http://www.gov.scot/ (accessed November 22, 2017). The Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Partnership. 2017. https://www.mgsdp.org/ (accessed November 22, 2017). The Use of Urban Design Codes. CABE, 2011. http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/ asset/document/the-use-of-urban-design-codes.pdf (accessed November 27, 2017). Transport Scotland. 2017. https://www.transport.gov.scot/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Urban Design Compendium. Homes and Communities Agency. 2000. (accessed November 21, 2017). Urban Design Compendium 2. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140805171437/ http://www.homesandcommunities.co.uk/urban-design-compendium?page_id=5610&page=203. (accessed November 18, 2017). Understanding Glasgow: The Glasgow Indicators Project. http://www.understandingglasgow.com/ (accessed November 2, 2017) Visit Scotland. 2017. https://www.visitscotland.com/ (accessed November 22, 2017). Wildflower Meadow Project. Aberdeen. http://www.nesbiodiversity.org.uk/projects/wildflowermeadow-project (accessed November 26, 2017)

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Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/