Drumchapel | Urban Shift | Strategy

Booklet no.8

Group 3: Urban Shift November 2017

Drumchapel

Stage: Strategy Group memebers: Andrius Cupkovas Nour Kowatli Alexandra Linn Aleksandra Patarova Miguel Silva Barral Amy Thorogood

CONTENTS

Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/ PgDip/MArch Advanced Architectural Design (AAD) MArch Architectural Design International (MADi) PgDip/MSc Urban Design

Urban Shift Introduction 1. The existing 6 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Existing Concept Map 1.2. Hierarchy of Nodes 1.3. Density 1.4. Streets 1.5. Transport network 1.6. Green network 2. Strategic plan 32 2.1. Vision Statement 2.2. SWOT Analysis 2.3. Mind Map 2.4. Action Areas 2.5. Strategic Projects

Project Group 1: Environment

Project Group 2: Connections

Project Group 3: Urban Form 2.6. Overall Strategy Map 2.7. Delivery Timeline 3. The proposal 86 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Nodes and Densitties 3.3. Hierarchy of Streets 3.4. Transport Network 3.5. Green and Blue Network 3.6. Conclusion Bibliography 99

Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

Drumchapel

Urban Shift

Introduction

The assignment

Plot-based urbanism

This booklet will cover the strategy phase of our proposed development of Drumchapel. In this phase we will pull together information gathered during the analysis stage and we will generate a strategic response to the problems identified within Drumchapel. Within the plan we will present our vision, actions and projects that we believe will improve Drumchapel at a local, regional and global level. We have four overarching concepts that our projects will stem from, these are social, economic, environmental and connectivity while also taking into consideration urban form. Our individual projects will be detailed and stakeholder established along with a phased timeline being provided. You will find within this plan there will be a clear existing, strategic and concept plan along with density, street hierarchy and environmental strategies. The strategies that we propose aim to eliminate the problems discovered and make Drumchapel a thriving, diverse and vibrant community.

Our approach for the redevelopment of Drumchapel will incorporate the main principles of plot based urbanism:

“establish steady growth, a mixture of land uses and tenures, it will also be resilient to economic risks, encourage informal participation from locals and will respect local culture.�

(Romice & Porta, 2014).

The team

Andrius Cupkovas - AAD

Nour Kowatli - MSc

Alexandra Linn - MSc

Aleksandra Patarova - AAD

Miguel Silva Barral - PGCert

Amy Thorogood - MSc

4

We will attain our objectives through a number of smaller phased projects that will tackle our four main characteristics of social, economic, environmental and connectivity factors.

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

Drumchapel

1.1. Introduction Existing Concept Plan

1. The Existing 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Existing Concept Map 1.3. Hierarchy of Nodes 1.4. Densities 1.5. Hierarchy of Streets 1.6. Transport Network 1.7. Green Network

The concept phase comprises of two sections: the existing concept plan and the proposed concept plan.

First, the existing concept plan was created through the synthesis of the research carried out by the analysis groups in phase one. This was then mapped with regards to the following urban design features; nodes, densities, ecological networks and street networks. A further analysis of these design features provides a clear indication of how efficiently Drumchapel functions at present, without any intervention. This existing concept plan was then used to inform the development of strategies and interventions, which are drawn in the following section. These strategies form projects which are to be implemented over the next 30 years to achieve the vision set out at the start of this phase.

Fig. 2 View over Drumcahepel with the water tower in the distance

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Fig. 1 Street in Drumchapel.

Fig. 3 View of the tower blocks in Drumchapel.

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

The Existing

Drumchapel

1.2. Existing Concept Map 0

500

1000

Densitites Hierarchy Low Density

Medium Density

High Density

Other Areas Specialist Area Farmland / Pasture Woodland Park Sports Grounds Vacant / Derelict Land River Bank

Nodes Local Node Global Node Potential Local Node

Roads Hierarchy High Speed Road Urban Main Street Local Main Street Local Street

Transport Routes National Cycle Route Local Cycle Route Local Cyclepath Bus Route 60 Bus Route 3 Bus Route 6A Bus Route 16 Bus Route 1C Bus Route 400 Bus Route M60/200 Bus Route CB2 Train Line Train Stop

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

The Existing

Drumchapel

1.3. Hierarchy of Nodes What are nodes?

Methodology and Findings

Nodes, as defined by Lynch (1960) are “the strategic foci into which the observer can enter, typically either junctions of paths, or concentrations of some characteristic�. Furthermore, it is important to highlight that whilst nodes are relatively minor components of the overall urban structure of cities, the may represent a large area, such as a square or a central district and most likely take a linear form (Lynch, 1960). When identifying and defining the nodes within Drumchapel, two types of nodes were considered:

Firstly, using the information found by group three in the analysis stage, potential nodes within Drumchapel were mapped at locations where there were possibly 10 or more occupied ground floor units. This was then followed up by a visit to the wider study area to detail the scope and range of services and amenities at these specific locations to establish whether they fall into the category of local or global nodes. Next, these findings were mapped, detailing the services provided at each of the specified clusters as charted in the legend in figure??. (The full list of the clusters can be found in Appendix 1.) Based on this, the following hierarchy of nodes within the area was identified:

Local Nodes These cater to a local communities daily ordinary needs, usually forming an aggregation of small shops, pubs, grocery stores etc. Local nodes may not always be of a small scale, for example a large-scale grocery store with ample parking would till classify as a local node as this provides a service which caters to the everyday needs of local inhabitants.

Global Nodes Clydebank College, which attracts students from the wider Glasgow area; Clyde Shopping Centre, which contains many shops and leisure activities such as a cinema; Great Western Retail Park, which has highly specialized stores such as B&Q.

Global Nodes

Local Nodes (more than 10 occupied units)

As outlined in the strategy brief, these are the nodes which form an aggregation of services which do not simply serve the everyday needs for the local community, but also cater to all of Glasgow and surrounding settlements, this may include, large retail centres or more specialised retail centres, performance venues or sports stadiums.

Despite generating footfall, specialized institutions such as hospitals and research facilities have not been included as global nodes due to being inaccessible to public at regular circumstances.

Eight local nodes have been identified within the study area. However, those fail to cover large parts of the map and rather serve as district nodes.

Anniesland, Clydebank and Bearsden display the characteristics of transit-oriented development with local nodes located in close proximity to train stations. In the cases of Drumchapel and Yoker, local nodes are instead located relatively central to the districts. Notably, Knightswood does not have a strong local node, which disrupts the hierarchical structure of the Glasgow Metropolitan Area - an issue that requires to be addressed individually.

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Fig. 5 Local Nodes serve daily needs within a 5min walking radius.

Local Ammenities

Global Ammenities

Groceries Store

Train Stop

Newsagents

Specialist Shop

Farmacy | Health Centre

Sports Facilities

Bank

Cultural | Art Institution

Post Office

Library

Restaurant | Fast Food

Educational Facility

Bar | Pub

Job | Training Centre

Cafe

Shopping Centre

Hair & Beauty

Historical Landmark

Gambling Fig. 6 Ammenities Legend.

Potential Local Nodes (5 to 10 occupied units) Clusters of 5 to 10 occupied ground floor units have been mapped in order to assess their potential to develop into local nodes. They have been compared with the local nodes of Anniesland, Bearsden and Drumchapel in a detailed study on pg. 14.

Old Drumchapel lacks any nodes, so the small cluster of fast food joints near the station is of importance for providing at least some services to the area.

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

The Existing

Drumchapel

0

500

1000 Parkhall Bearsden

Clydebank College Clyde Shopping Centre Drumchapel Shopping Centre - Kinfauns Dr

Great Western Retail Park Drumchapel Train Station - Drumchapel Rd

Knightswood Knightswood Rd Anniesland Great Western Rd - Crow Rd

Nodes Local Node

400m radius 10+ shops / services

Potential Local Node 400m radius 5-10 shops / services

Global Node

400m radius shops / services for wider area

Services at Ground Floor Retail Center Historical Landmark Rail Network

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

The Existing

Drumchapel 3

Detailed Study: Ammenities within 400m

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3 2

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4

3

3

2

Observations made during the site visits revealed a correlation between the number of amenities and the physical spaces they occupy. Larger clusters of services tend to be located at the ground floors of multi-storey buildings (Drumchapel shopping centre being the exception), while purpose build, single-storey, shopping units provide a low number of services due to their inflexibility.

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Traditional mixed-use tenement-style developments with shops and services at Groceries Store ground floor level. The density Groceries Store of development in their surrounding area tends to be medium to high, meaning Newsagents Newsagents there are more people to use and support the services Farmacy | provided. In addition, the Farmacy | Health Centre highest concentration of units Health Centre is at major intersections such as the one at Anniesland, Bank where a lot of urban and local Bank main-roads meet.

2 2

2

2

3

Groceries Store Train Stop Train Stop

Train Stop

Newsagents Specialist Shop Specialist Shop

Specialist Shop

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Post Office Post Office Restaurant | Restaurant Fast Food | Fast Food

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3

4

2

3

Farmacy | Sports Health Centre Sports Facilities Facilities Cultural | Bank Art Cultural | Art Institution Institution Post Office Library Library Restaurant | Fast Food Educational Facility Educational Facility 4

Groceries Store Newsagents Sports Facilities Farmacy |

Health Centre Cultural | Art Institution Bank Library Post Office Educational Facility Restaurant | Fast Food

Bar | Pub Bar | Pub

Bar | Pub Job | Training Centre Job | Training Centre

Job | Training Centre

Cafe Cafe

Cafe Shopping Centre Shopping Centre

Shopping Centre

Hair & Beauty Historical Landmark Historical Landmark

Historical Landmark

Hair & Beauty Hair & Beauty Gambling Gambling

Modern designated shop and service units as stand-alone structures within areas of lowdensity sprawl development.

Those units, too, are located along or at the intersections of local main roads, but as visible on the diagrams on the left the density of development around them is low and thus there is insufficient footfall to support the provision of more services.

3 2

2

Bar | Pub

Drumchapel (Shopping Centre)

Cafe

Hair & Beauty

Groceries Store Train Stop

Newsagents Specialist Shop Farmacy | Health Centre Sports Facilities Bank Cultural | Art Institution Post Office

Newsagents

Sports Facilities

Farmacy | Health Centre

Cultural | Art Institution

Bank

Library

2 Post Office 3

2

2

3

Restaurant | Fast Food 2

Educational Facility

2

Library Restaurant | Fast Food Educational Facility

2

2

2

3

Bar | Pub

3

2

Bar | Pub

Job | Training Centre

Cafe

3

2

2

4

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Sports Facilities

3

2 2 2

2

Cultural | Art Institution Library

Educational Facility

2

Job | Training Centre Shopping Centre

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Bearsden

2

Historical Landmark

3

2

Historical Landmark

Hair & Beauty

3

Gambling

3

2

Specialist Shop

Shopping Centre Hair & Beauty

Historical Landmark

2

6

Job | Training Centre

Cafe Anniesland

Shopping Centre

3

Train Stop

Groceries Store

Specialist Shop

Train Stop

3

2

Gambling

Gambling

Gambling

3

2

3

4

2

2

Drumchapel (Train Station)

Parkhall

Knightswood

2

2

2

3 2

2 2

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

The Existing

Drumchapel

1.4. Densities 0

Methodology

500

1000

Findings 10

Density of development is calculated as number of units per ha, where 1 unit measures approximately 300m3. The number of units in a building is determined based on its volume (build area*height).

In order to achieve maximum precision and detail in our findings, the density of residential development has been mapped through a GIS computation. First, the existing map was broken into a hexagonal grid of 1ha. A geo-database layer containing building area and height attributes was obtained from Edina Digimaps and a new “volume” attribute was added to it. The equation for calculating volume used the building area and relative height (height to base of a roof) and based on it a “units” attribute (V/300) was added to the dataset. Each building was simplified to its centroid inheriting the “units” attribute using GIS and assigned to a hexagon (Fig. 9) . Finally, the number of centroids in each hexagon was counted, the results distributed based on a “Equal Interval” classification and represented through a colour gradient.

Drumchapel’s density of 24.1 units/ha is considered low, but the areas surrounding it, in particular Bearsden and Knightswood, have similar low densities. This can be attributed to their predominantly residential character and building typology, consisting mostly of detached and semidetached houses. Clydebank has higher density, particularly in its central node near the train station and tower blocks. Similarly, Drumchapel has highest density at the area surrounding the shopping centre and the area of the tower blocks by Linkwood Dr. It should also be noted that if the vast areas of unbuilt-up land in the centre of Drumchapel are included, its density would drop dramatically. Thus, future development should focus on mending the urban fabric and introducing higher densities there.

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12 17 13 15

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12 21 1

5 36 10 20

5 10

17 49 5

21 21 30 18 24 34 8 55 32

6 8 27 17 33 12 40

26 76

4 75 34 19 15 24 18 27 27 3 56 35

53 38 30 28 21 11 27 42

10 33 40 40 20 26 5 30 28

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27 30 6 2 21 21 27 28

25

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15 37 35 28 14 45 5

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2 18 20

29 9

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5

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35 19 21 9

12 17 24 24 16 10

10 20 16 15 18 8

11 21 20 23 22 14

35 10 18 22 40 23 9

18 15 35 23 20 42 44 30 24

31 8

52 5 45 7 26 26 30 20 61

Suburban Semis Density(1): 18.5 u/ha Density(2): 22.4 u/ha Typical: 15-30 u/ha

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13 26

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22

26

12

40 63

24

3

19

Specialist and non-built up areas were marked and categorised manually when the final density map was produced.

Based on the results from the GIS calculations, the total number of units in Drumchapel is 742 (5,898 excluding Old Drumchapel) and the average density of development 24.1 units/ha. To prove their accuracy, those results were cross-referenced with 2011 Census, according to which there were 5,707 households in Drumchapel, excluding Old Drumchapel. This gives an error of 3.3%, but it should be noted that the GIS figures include non-residential space such as offices and service units.

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6

14

2

39 41

19 51 53 41

13 31 57 34 1 24

54 5 19 13 38 39 37 14

26 27

29 34 34 35 30

34 49 11

13 38 33 37

26 25 17 40 24

48 60 31 31 6 29 24

27 22 32 26 41 11 24 24 62 32 7 11 47

80 14 32 12 32 45 36 31 10

43 26 17 3 3

19 7 15

62 30 41 18 18 26 47 21 21 23

24 22 16 12 34 23 30

47 46 42 10 21

18

1 6

Tower Blocks Density: 85 u/ha

36 41 57

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26

Executive Houses Density: 13 u/ha 15 5

22

Tenement Housing Density: 39.6 u/ha

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8

Fig. 11 Drumchapel density map and common typologies

Terraced Houses Density: 34.8 u/ha Old Drumchapel 1524 units Density: 22.1 u/ha

Point of Reference Fig. 9 Centroid Binning Diagram

Low Density

Medium Density

High Density

Fig. 10 Density Gradient Classification

Average Density of new development in the UK 1981-91

22 units/ha

Minimum Density for running a bus service

25 units/ha

Minimum Density for running a tram service

60 units/ha

Sustainable Urban Density

69 units/ha

Central Accessible Urban Density

93 units/ha

Fig. 12 Typical residential densitites (CABE: 2005)

Fig. 13 Drumchapel Housing Typologies

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

23 10 19 26 24 63 21 21 7 16 45 7 5 7 19 30 11 28 35 3 24 5 33 28 19 10 36 44 13 17 48 11 80 12 29 48 6 6 10 38 49 7 14 13 18 3 17 16 22 16 3 25 31 29 19 1 17 25 16 20 1 1 32 28 19 2 1 24 45 30 19 36 28 16 2 25 25 19 13 17 8 24 21 17 47 27 35 17 16 26 45 17 20 24 51 14 22 16 30 18 38 1 20 19 28 38 24 18 22 15 15 37 35 16 26 25 31 6 7 12 20 2 23 10 33 4 5 19 27 10 28 16 21 6 22 28 19 13 88 50 19 16 24 57 20 37 5 62 77 41 35 31 32 62 43 18 53 131 4 10 54 34 51 25 2 4 21 39 84 3 17 38 32 15 76 13

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Drumchapel

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73

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48 34 30 18 33 49 29 39

50 40 22 12 45 30 47 46

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26

34 37 24 29 25 23 43 40 26 3 31 26 19 28 21 63 17 11 34 29 15 21 22 19 27 15

17 8 9 26 42

24 18 26 15 20 28 15 15 18 8 22 23 22 28 36 22 26 28 25 26 26 16 11 31 11 20 37 17 23 31 17 13 16 11 18 22 17 15 29 20 24 28 26 26 12 41 41 19 25 19 11 10 14 14 9 69 4 12 14 7 2 15 31 9 13 22 12 18 10 14 12 25 26 16 16 6 18

18 22

54 31 34 23 45 36 16 2

1 154

147 36 82 53 36 135 45 47 33 42

13 18 25 18 19 13 28 33 15 18 18 19 25 23 22 36 4 19 24 18

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9 26 38 18 12 13 17 12 19 17 23 11

8

29 26 20 11

6 27 24 81 106 29

90 110 109 52 18

17

21 14 230

500

1000

23 35

Densitites Hierarchy

12 20 13 30

< 10 units/ha 10 - 20 units/ha 21 - 35 units/ha

22 28 24 16 34

36 - 50 units/ha 51 - 65 units/ha 66 - 80 units/ha

21 21 11

80 - 100 units/ha 101 - 200 units/ha

11 23

201 - 300 units/ha

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> 301 units/ha

3

Specialist / Non-Built Up Areas

1 16

Specialist Area

20 19 5 11 4

14

19

15

8

20 69

12 6

29 13 13 43 35 63 19 17 119 52 62 10

2 3 17 6 17 19 9 41 80 81

12 20 83 25 13

Farmland / Pasture

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10 10 14

Woodland 10 22

Sports Grounds

4 27 16 22 45 12 23 24 30 50 102

Park

Vacant / Derelict Land

3 19 34

River Bank

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Nodes

26 30 34 42 54

Local Node Global Node Potential Local Node

107

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

The Existing

Drumchapel

1.5. Hierarchy of Streets Backbone of the city Four categories of streets have been identified as part of the Road Hierarchy analysis:

High speed roads Those represent the top of the street hierarchy, two have been identified within the wider context of the study area, these are Dumbarton Road (A814) and Great Western Road (A82). High speed roads are intended for the exclusive use of motor vehicles, forming the crucial links between urban regions, usually in the form of motorways or highways, therefore high speed roads do not exchange with the local urban street network other than at highly engineered intersections. Furthermore, as high speed roads do not have any form of interaction with the built environment or urban streets due to the nature of the road they are non-urban streets and therefore are often perceived barriers to transversal communication between urban communities.

Urban Main Street Urban main streets are considered as streets which are highly trafficked, ensure connection within the same urban region, but, in contrast to high speed roads, non-vehicular presence is permitted of urban main streets and there are frequent encounters with the lower level of local networks. Furthermore, as we have found in the case of Drumchapel, and as commonly seen across many cities is that high speed roads tend to down-grade to this second tier of urban main streets within dense urban areas. As shown on the map, both Dumbarton road (A814) and Great Western Road (A82) are considered as urban main roads, as there is a significant exchange

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between the road and the urban environment, however, both these road become high speed road outside the limits of Glasgow city. Other major urban main streets are the A739, (going to Bearsden), A8014 (connecting Clydebank with West Dunbartonshire) and Duntreath Av (leading to Drumchapel).

Local Main Street The third tier of the street hierarchy are local main streets, these constitute streets where vehicular and non-vehicular use is balanced. Furthermore, local main streets connect different parts of the district or neighbourhood forming an integral part of the local street network. For Drumchapel, Kinfauns Drive and Drumchapel Road serve this purpose.

Local Streets

Fig. 15 Access and Permeability

A810 Great Western Rd

Drymen Rd

Permeability

Great Western Rd

Glasgow Rd

The final tier is local street. These are all streets that do not belong to the previous three categories.

These are mainly pedestrian-oriented streets whose primary purpose is to serve entrances to residential land-uses in residential areas of the city.

The identified street hierarchy reflects the results of the Betweenness Centrality Assessment of Glasgow, carried out as part of Brief 5. As shown on the left, Great Western Rd, Dumbarton/ Glasgow Rd and the A810, have high betweenness centrality and form the primary road network around Drumchapel.

Within Drumchapel itself, Kinfauns Drive (in its straight section) and Garscadden / Drumchapel Rd have the highest betweenness centrality, which is why they have been identified as local main streets.

Fig. 16 Glasgow Primary Network: Betweenness Centtrality

Analysis Group 4 found that the perceived and actual permeability between districts does not correlate in many instances. This is a result of several physical barriers which bound these districts and therefore restrict movement between adjacent districts which, in theory, should be easily connected considering their close geographical position. This is particularly apparent in the case of Old Drumchapel and the remainder of Drumchapel.

In this instance, connectivity to Old Drumchapel is severed by the railway line, a major road and the burn, creating a sharp bounding edge, as there is very limited access for both pedestrians, cycles and motor vehicles, thus the perceived permeability is high but the actual physically permeability to this area is critically low. Furthermore, due to the large expanses of vacant and derelict land and the undefined ownership of these large expanses of land, this acts as a barrier further inhibiting fluid movement both within and between districts.

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A810 Duntocher Rd A810 Glasgow Rd A809 Drymen Rd

A8014 Kilbowie Rd

Kinfauns Dr

Garscadden Rd - Drumchapel Rd - Canniesburn Rd

A739 Switchback Rd - Bearsden Rd Duntreath Ave Alderman Rd A814 Glasgow Rd - Dumbarton Rd

A82 Great Western Road Lincoln Ave Anniesland Rd

Roads Key High Speed Road Urban Main Street Urban Main Street Local Street Rail Network

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

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1.6. Transport & Cycle Network Public Transport

Pedestrian Path & Cycling Network

Train

Cycling Network

Pedestrian Access

Travelling by rail is the most efficient level of transportation and therefore the highest tier of public transportation. Drumchapel’s current train station provides relatively frequent connections into Glasgow’s City centre. However, as highlighted

by Analysis group 3 (Section2, pg 21), there is currently poor connectivity via public transport to the train station, and a more frequent bus service from all corners of the study area to the train station would increase the efficiency and reliability of this connection into Glasgow city centre.

The third level of transportation is the bicycle network. The Transport Map outlines the three levels of cycle routes and highways: National Cycle Route, Local Cycle Network and Local Cycle Paths. The streets within Drumchapel do not have separate designations for cars and cycles.

This may be a result of the low densities across the study area, resulting in generally quieter streets and thus, separation of motor vehicles and cycles is not entirely necessary given the current densities. However, should the density increase, this would certainly be a priority in the design and reconfiguration of streets. Furthermore, Analysis Group 3 highlighted that less people tend to use bikes as a main form of transport in Drumchapel than those in Glasgow city centre. This may be a result of the poor quality of the urban environment, with large expanses of vacant land, disconnected streets (Analysis booklet 3 –Sect 2 p3 21).

The quality, connectivity and vibrancy of streets has a huge influence on the number of people whom will chose to walk as opposed to alternative forms of transportation such as bus or private motor vehicles. As highlighted by analysis group 4 (sect 1.8 pg 22-25) most of the streets were consistently rated dull or distressing on the vibrancy scale (Fig. 19). This is largely due to the disconnect between building frontages and the street; lack of activity on the streets; poor visual links; low plot density; the monotony of functions; and a lack of architectural detailing which dominate the streets. Furthermore, analysis group 4 also outlined that the study area suffered from poor imageability, which has a direct relationship to the walkability of Drumchapel. Poor imageability in this case is due to major visual barriers to buildings and setbacks from the streets, lack of landmarks and anchor points, and large expanses of vacant land and undefined open space.

Bus Public bus services form the second tier of the public transport hierarchy within Drumchapel. The services and routes which cater to Drumchapel can be seen in the Transport Map. As determined by Analysis group 3 in the previous stage: “there is an abundance of bus stops throughout Drumchapel.”

As shown by group three in the diagram to the right: “Almost the entirety of the area is within 400m walking distance of several stops that connect you to important areas that residents may need to go” (Section2, pg 22). However, the frequencies of these bus services are often poor and as highlighted by group 3, 48.5% of the population in Drumchapel rely on either public transport or active transportation such as walking and cycling to travel to their workplace or place of study, this is substantially less than the Glasgow average of 57%. In addition, as shown on the Transport Map, while there are many bus services connecting Drumchapel with Glasgow, the only bus that passes Drumchapel and both of its neighbouring

Fig. 18 Distribution of bus stops around Drumchapel.

constituencies (Bearsden and Clydebank) is First’ Service No. 60. Thus, more bus connections in those directions should be sought.

Last but not least, car ownership is low in Drumchapel, because of the high incidences of poverty seen throughout the study area, with just 38% of households owning one or more cars, compared to Glasgow’s average which is 49%.

This highlights the importance of an efficient and reliable public transport service, to provide the inhabitants of Drumchapel with the opportunity to access all corners of Drumchapel and Glasgow with ease without relying on private vehicles.

Fig. 19 Imagebility of Drumchapel.

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Cycle Path Network National Cycle Route Local Cycle Network Local Cyclepath

Bus Network 60 Clydebank - Easterhouse 3 Drumchapel - Govan 6A Drumchapel - Glasgow 16 Drumchapel - QEUH 1C Drumchapel - Glasgow 400 Drumchapel - Partick M60 / 200 Drum. - Clydebank/Linnvale CB2 Local Bus

Rail Network Rail Network Train Stop

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

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1.7. Green Network 0

Wider Area Green Network

Drumchapel Green Network

Drumchapel, and like the west of Glasgow, is not short of green spaces. However, they are not used to their potential, for two key reasons:

Within Drumchapel, 5 categories of green areas have been identified: Wodland, Parkland, Sports Greens, General Landscaped Areas (open spaces), and Private Gardens.

1. Existing green space is downgraded by the overwhelming presence of derelict and vacant land which is in great need of being developed.

2. There are few connections between green areas, leaving a patchwork of green largely inaccessible beyond a much localised level.

Due to the challenging topographic conditions in Drumchapel, the green network suffers from an unregulated pattern. Consequently, green network is fragmented, convoluted and does not facilitate efficient movement through the town, which runs contrary to Scottish Government planning strategies that put emphasis on active transport such as cycling and walking.

Currently, Durmchapel is surrounded by a Green belt consisting of woodlands, farmland and golf greens.

Just beyond the districtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s northern boundary, lying within the green belt is the Antonine Wall, a recently designated UNESCO World Heritage Site and Frontier of the Roman Empire. Any landscape strategy should take in to consideration the current features of the side including Antonine Wall as a tourist attraction.

The green networks of the nearby Bearsden and knightswood consist almost solely of private gardens, which is due to the higher density and residential typologies prevailing there.

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Garscadden Wood

Drumchapel Park

Green Belt / Woodland Derelict Land

Garscadden wood on the north of Drumchapel was designated as Local Natural Reserve in 2006 because of its rich and varied wildlife. West of Drumchapel lies Drummy wood, currently in a poorly maintained state.

Garscadden Burn Park

Parks There are two parks in Drumchapel - Garscadden Burn Park, which is a Site of Importance of Nature Conservation for its local wildlife, and Drumchapel Park, which provides a formal place for leisure activities. Any landscape strategy will benefit from improvements so as to ensure better walkability through Garscadden Burn as a shortcut between Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s north and south sides.

Private Gardens Logically situated within private properties, most private gardens contain just grass and hedges and contribute little to the streetscape.

General Landscaped Areas General Landscaping makes up the largest portion of green areas within Drumchapel. However, those are mostly vacant or derelict land, which interrupts both the green network and the street network, further reducing walkability and ammenity.

Private Gardens

Fig. 21 Drumchapel green network map and typical areas.

General Landscape: 160 ha

Parkland 3%

Private Gardens 130 ha

Woodland 102 ha

Sports Fields 2% General Landscape 39%

Woodland 25%

Parkland 13 ha Sports Fields 10 ha Private Gardens 31%

Fig. 22 Distribution of green network within Drumchapel.

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Cleddance Burn Garscadden Wood Bearsden Golf Course

Drummy Wood

Drumchapel Park Colquhoun Park St. Germainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Loch Garscadden Burn

Forth and Clyde Canal

Yoker Burn Clyde River Knightswood Park

Green Network Built-up / Specialist Area Farmland / Pasture Woodland Parkland Sports Grounds General Landscaping Private Garden

Other Water Network Buildings Potential Local Node

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

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IL RA GT N I K AL W LL

2.1. Vision Statement Strategic Approach

2. Strategic Plan DISTRIC APEL TC CH M

DRU MC

The strategy section captures the information drawn within the existing concept plan and demonstrate how we plan to utilise and enhance Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strengths, whilst also outlining areas of proposed action to target its areas of weakness to achieve our vision for Drumchapel 2050.

DISTRICT C PEL OR HA

E OR

2.1. Vision Statement 2.2. SWOT Analysis 2.3. Mind Map 2.4. Action Areas 2.5. Projects Project Group 1: Environment Project Group 2: Connectivity Project Group 3: Urban Fabric 2.6. Overall Strategy Map 2.7. Delivery Timeline E

Firstly a S.W.O.T analysis was undertaken to further breakdown the information which was presented within the existing concept plan, these attributes were then presented in a maL IN

KT OC

trix in line with the urban design aspect to which the relate. We were then able to identify the most pressing issues as drawn from the conclusions of the S.W.O.T analysis.

Then, using a mind map, the issues identified were translated into 3 action areas; environment, connectivity and urban fabric. Within these 3 areas of action a number of projects and sub-projects were identified, which when implemented, in partnership with identified local stakeholders, will achieve the aims of our vision.

ANA L

DR U

LINK T O

VICTO RIA PAR K

Fig. 24 Strategic Approach

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

CONNECTIVITY

VIBRANCY

SENSE OF BELONGING

DIVERSITY

IDENTITY

SUSTAINABILITY

RESILIENT

34

Drumchapel

Our vision for 2050 is for Drumchapel to become a place with a strong and cohesive community, a place where the streets are vibrant and bustling with activity, a distinctive place which offers its inhabitants diverse range of choices of places to live and work and a place which grows and integrates seamlessly into its beautiful natural surroundings.

ENVIRONMENT Drumchapel is seen as a gateway to nature, developed sustainably, in harmony with the natural environment by integrating natural features and the green network within the built context. Users will have access to a variety of green spaces, thus encouraging outdoor activity and recreation, celebrating natural heritage whilst creating an environment which allows biodiversity to flourish.

ECONOMY Drumchapel has a sustainable and resilient local economy. It is an economically vibrant place which supports local enterprise, providing diverse entrepreneurial opportunities and aspirations.

SOCIAL Drumchapel is a socially sustainable, diverse and vibrant place. The population will have increased due to an increase in the densities and creation of new urban centres. However, the urban form and built environment captures and enhances an already strong sense of community spirit, identity and belonging within its urban communities.

CONNECTIVITY Drumchapel is well connected by the means of a variety of transportation vehicles with an emphasis on walking and cycling, reducing the dependency on the car as the main mode of transport. Connectivity is efficiently established both within its boundaries, with increased neighbourhood permeability and local centrality and externally, to neighbouring settlements and Glasgow City Centre.

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

Strategic Plan

Drumchapel

2.2. SWOT Analysis Strenghts

1 : 16 000

Weaknesses

Fig. 30 Strenghts

Fig. 31 Weaknesses

1. Location 2. Rail connection 3. Views/ Scenery 4. Biodiversity 5. Sports facilities 6. Relatively low crime rates 7. Community spirit

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Railway location Poor connectivity Dull street vibrancy Topography Vacant land / negative open space Large blocks

1 : 16 000

7. Absent south-north road connection 8. Low population density 9. Single parent households 10. Pedestrian access/ street life 11. Lack of direct access from Great Western Road.

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

Opportunities

Strategic Plan

1 : 16 000

Drumchapel

Threats

Fig. 32 Opportunitites

Fig. 33 Threats

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1. Shopping mall 2. Flights over Drumchapel 3. Lack of maintenance 4. Housing building quality 5. Mining shafts 6. Flood risk 7. Political uncertainity

Canal Improve connections Whisky distillery New developments & densification Renovation of current households and blocks Antonine wall

38

1 : 16 000

8. Employment 9. Public / external perception

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan

Strategic Plan

SWOT Matrix

The above matrix is an amalgamation of the factors identified in the S.W.O.T analysis. The matrix demonstrates how these factors impact the urban fabric with regards to the four categories explored in the existing concept map; street network, nodes, density and green network. To summarise, the factors identified in the S.W.O.T have both positive and negative influences on the urban fabric. Most common factors such as poor internal and outward connections have a large impact on the potential for increasing densities

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Drumchapel

Issues Matrix

and formation of nodes. Furthermore, large blocks and expanses of vacant land further contribute to low densities and poor streetscapes. Conversely, the natural environment is one of Drumchapel most valuable assets. It is therefore crucial that new development and an increased density of Drumchapel should consider the impact on the green network in terms of biodiversity, access to green space and the protection and enhancement of natural heritage assets.

This above matrix shows our thought process in collating the issues raised in the S.W.O.T analysis and translating these into issues which can then be packaged into action areas. The issues are categorized within environmental, economic, social and physical problems and as done in the previous section, we have illustrated where these issues might have an impact on the urban fabric in relation to street network,

density, nodes and green network. This information was then illustrated in a conceptual mind map (REF), from which we could easily identify our action areas, which are urban form, connectivity and environment (REF PROJECT WHEEL). Furthermore our social issues will be addressed through the projects within these 3 action areas (REF SOCIAL WHEEL).

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Strategic Plan

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2.3. Mind Map

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2.4. Action Areas Projects Wheel: Hierarchy & Connections

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Projects Wheel: Social Impact

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2.5. Strategic projects

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan ENVIRONMENT

Strategic Plan CONNECTIONS

Drumchapel

URBAN FORM

Project Group 1 - Environment Working with Nature

Drumchapel is surrounded by a strong green infrastructure (the Green Belt, Parks). However the green landscaping fails to penetrate Drumchapel successfully leaving the area fragmented and disconnected. The surroundings on the Current Environmental Network map shows that Drumchapel would benefit from green linkage between the north and south / east and west to connect the parts of Drumchapel that are currently separated and would strengthen its connection with neighbouring green landscapes.

Hierarchy of Green Network Areas

New hiking routes

Agricultural Land

Acess to Green Belt

Clear New access to Green Belt

Urban

Woodland

Edge

Ga

Cleddans Burn

Drumchapel does not lack open space, but lacks welcoming, attractive open space that enhances the quality of the place. At the ‘heart’ of our strategies is an understanding that organic change is the most appropriate way in which Drumchapel can be regenerated. While this does not mean preservation for preservation’s sake, it involves careful consideration of ‘what matters, and why’.

Public access to historical sites

rsc

Existing Parkland add en Woo d

Proposed Parkland

Clear point of entry to common woodland

Proposed Wetland Community Garden Meadow [Temporary] Development Zone

Sub-Projects Community Woodland Formal Park Waterbed Restoration

Link to regional cycling routes

Meadow Planting Allotments

Putting all the structures and layers together result in a complex green structure, the whole strategy for the Environmental Network. What makes it so special is that it is not bounded by the neighbourhood of Drumchapel but goes beyond. Drumchapel plays an important pivot point not only in the Environmental Network where biodiversity, ecology and resiliency play a big role, but also towards other smaller communities it can be used as a model. Inside Drumchapel itself the Environmental Network gives an extra structure above the Built Form to keep the nodes from gravitating to the neighbouring district nodes and pulling Drumchapel apart. It strengthens the inner structure and give not only purpose to environmental reasons, but also to the lives of the inhabitants and visitors.

New Bike Route Improved Pathway Rest Stop Species Sighting “Natural” Playground Hiking Route Improved Access to Canal

rth Fo

&

C

e lyd

l na Ca

SUDS

Connections Urban Edge Existing Pedestrian Route Proposed Pedestrian Route Proposed Route (Indicative)

Canalside Regeneration

Street Greenery SUDS Neighbourhood Park Access Notable Woodland Access Point

Forth & Clyd e Can al

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HABI.

1.A. Integrating the Green Network

Greenwich Millennium Village is distinctive village that it is a place to a thriving and established community and has been designated as one of the most exciting and innovative residential neighborhoods in Europe.

1- Located on the Greenwich Peninsula in Greenwich south-east London, the Greenwich Millennium Village is a mixed tenure modern housing estate using an urban village model. The former Gas Works brownfield site masterplan developed by a public private partnership set goals including environmentally friendly design, use of low energy building techniques and incorporation of renewable energy technologies (Urban Design Compendium 2, 2007).

Establishing Hierarchy Of Green Spaces By defining the hierarchy of green network, we will be able to identify which green areas will serve for local needs and which for a wider areas of Drumchapel (Cabe, 2005). For example, larger green space such as the ‘valley’ will serve for local and wider communities.

2- The development includes and is centred on high quality public realm, including a village green and square. This is mixed use development which includes over 1300 homes, community facilities and commercial uses has been design to develop a strong, sustainable and inclusive community which is well connected to the wider city of London (Urban Design Compendium 2, 2007)

The image on the right (Figure 38) illustrates the green space hierarchy of regional green space (1), town scale green space (2), neighbourhood green pockets (3) and private green spaces (4).

As soon as the hierarchy is established, the green network of parks, woodlands and green & blue corridors will be interconnected and integrated with the existing street pattern that will encourage people to use these attractive green spaces for various activities and routes (Cabe, 2005).

PRECEDENT STUDY: Greenwich Millenium Village

Fig. 38 Hierarchy of green network

Fig. 41 Greenwhich Village Masterplan

3- The development incorporates a wide variety of green spaces, ranging from landscape park with a pond, that supports natural habitats (Fig. 40), through a more formal park square (Fig. 43), to streeet greenery and communal gardens. Situated in the centre of the scheme, the park becomes the heart of the community.

Fig. 42 Public Square

Establishing Clear Urban Edge The urban Transcent (Figure 39) is a strategic approach that identifies which habitats belong to the countryside and urban areas. With the help of the urban Transcent diagram, we can establish a clear urban edge that promotes a healthy transition between the buildings and the surrounding countryside (Cabe, 2005).

Fig. 39 Hierarchy of green network

Fig. 40 Bird’s eye view of the Millenium Village.

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Fig. 43 Children’s Play Area made from natural materials.

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan ENVIRONMENT GREEN

BLUE

Strategic Plan CONNECTIONS

The Environmental Network is built up in different layers. Starting from the theory of the Compact City, the direct surroundings of the nodes are the most important. They are defined by the presence of amenities, transportation services and high unit densities. It is essential to know that the nodes are the core of the whole network. That is why in the strategy of the Environmental Network, new parks are made at these nodes, laying the basis for the rest of the network. The parks are in direct surroundings of the nodes. The green areas at Linkwood drive and Airgold drive lay further away from these nodes will be near new designed node.

The strategy took into consideration that implementing a new park at such short distant from each other would make no sense and only increase competition between them. The parks are on locations of vacant and derelict land or where open space is provided.

Outdoor Stage Drumchapel’s largest public space is a park (the valley). Major part of it serves for biodiversity, while some parts are for sports. Why not including an amphitheatre, a place for community gatherings and events with the views to dramatic landscapes.

The amphitheatre would be located in the corner of Belsyde Avenue and Glenkirk Drive.

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URBAN FORM

HABI.

Parks as Key Elements

Fig. 44 Alppipuisto park in Finland.

Drumchapel

The Role of Park Identities

Similar to the nodes, each park gives access to public green spaces, but each offers a different character. Each park should target a specific audience without excluding other age groups, as well as a different identity expressed by the functions and atmosphere.

For example, the existing Drumchapel Park embedded in the heart of the community can be regenerated into a children park as green spaces stimulate a sense of adventure and increase creativity. Children need green playgrounds including fields to play on, trees for climbing and bushes for shelter and hiding (Titman, 1994).

Prescott (1987) concluded that kindergarten environments were too simple in comparison with the natural environment. She mentioned three unique qualities about nature; the high diversity, the fact that nature is not made by man, and the impression of timelessness. Furthermore, several studies indicate that a diverse and adventurous playground stimulates creative play (Frost and Campbell, 1985). This doesn’t mean that other parks can’t have this as well. They need to be elaborated in its own way.

Garscadden Burn Park has water course which play an important role. The watercourses can be the most attractive feature in an urban area, and a place of real beauty. It acts as a magnet to both adults and children, and it can be used to provide new pedestrian or cycle walks, places to sit by, to enjoy, for play, for education and so on.

This watercourse will be the basis of a network of footpaths and cycle ways.

Woodland Pathways

Natural Playgrounds

Research suggests that access to woodlands has a beneficial effects for our mental and physical health as well as wellbeing (Weldon and Bailey, 2007).

Woodlands have a huge potential to attract people for a peacful walk and recreation by providing pathways that are followed by watercourses and varying topography.

Natural playground will be used to combine landscape elements, movement corridors, sun paths, weather patterns, drainage courses, plant groupings, and other site amenities with carefully chosen natural materials, structures, and features to create safe, accessible, age-appropriate play, social, and learning opportunities in natural play to be discovered by children of all ages.

CASE STUDY: Natural Playgrounds Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire.

Fig. 45 Woodland Pathway

Fermyn Woods Country Park is a large green space that create a unique, fun and quirky wild play trail to encourage exploration of the park.

With a natural climbing structure, balance and stepping logs and peephole posts that would encourage children and families to interact with the park environment.

Strategic Rest Stops Drumchapel works as a gateway to nature. Therefore, why not celebrate it by adding a special character and providing a wider range of experiences for encounters with nature.

For example, huts for picnics could be an opportunity for families and tourists to enjoy nature. Strategic approach to these spots should locate them where landscape views are available.

There are many ways to design each park with its own identity and attractiveness. it is all up for the next phase, the masterplan. The design of a park doesn’t always need to cost a lot. Lower maintenance costs can be directed by the arrangement of vegetation, materials and volunteering. Conscious lower maintenance of grass vegetation can increase the biodiversity (Boer, K., Schils, C.M.G.J., 2011), hence creating a more ecological design.

Fig. 46 A hut in woodlands.

Fig. 47 Playground in Lochwinnoch

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Booklet no.3: Strategy & Concept Plan ENVIRONMENT GREEN

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URBAN FORM

HABI.

Community Woodlands & District Parks

Neighbourhood Parks

Urban Farming

A community woodland could allow the communities to control the woodlands to some degree and organize a wide range of activities. Meanwhile, district parks will act as a central recreation and social location. It will also include objects such as monuments that will symbolize the identity of Drumchapel.

Our strategy is to create a community woodland for Drumchapel within the green belt. These areas have been identified by Garscadden wood west and north, Drummy wood and Woodland Strategy as an areas for potential woodlands. This would have a beneficial impact on the land and the biodiversity of the area. Initiatives could include education, training, recreation, and the sustainable production of forest products, wooden pathways protecting the ground.

Neighbourhood parks offer a range of facilities and passive or active recreation in response to demographic and cultural characteristics of surrounding neighbourhoods. The parks should be accessible by foot, bicycle, or public transit, providing easy access especially for children and adults, and providing a greenspaces, recreation centres, sports fields, or playgrounds. Some parks will incorporate SUDS to reduce flood risk, enhance biodiversity and provide a sense of place while others will promote children playgrounds.

Urban farming is important create and abundance of food for people by establishing gardens on unused land. This is a great way of using the available land and within the communities it increases diversity, raises awareness of health and wellness and educates youth, adults and seniors to create an economically sustainable system. The allotments will soften the urban edge and create an active edge to the country side. Educational procedures will be first applied in the existing urban garden to allow and encourage residents to develop their own allotment in this way they could have fresh food to their families and friends.

CASE STUDY: Comm. Woodlands Wooplaw, Selkirkshire.

Wooplaw is an area of woodland that owned and managed by Wooplaw Community Woodlands, situated south west Scotland, within four distinct areas â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Axehead Wood, Big Wood, Easter Park and Gullet Wood.

People from the surrounding communities have been working with Urban Roots to manage the woodland since 25 years, improving its value for wildlife and working on the paths so that more people can get in and enjoy it. Malls Mire is currently the only Community Woodland in Glasgow.

Fig. 48-49 Community woodlands initiative

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Drumchapel has plenty of open space but very little of its maintained or attractive. Durmchapel Park is the only designated parkland in the area with few attractions. Our strategy is to improve it to be attractive perk with opportunities for interaction with nature.

CASE STUDY: Neighbourh. Parks Victoria Park, Glasgow.

Victoria Park in Glasgow has a wide variety of facilities to suit all age groups, Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play areas, Bowling greens, Tennis courts, and Orienteering course.

Fig. 50-51 Victoria Park

CASE STUDY: Urban Farming Caley Allotments, Edinburgh.

The Caley allotments in Edinburgh, Old Dalkeith Road, runs a demonstration organic allotment. The society members work on the allotment, also Occasional workshops are held on a variety of topics that will give great opportunities for people to lean.

CASE STUDY: Urban Farming Urban Roots, Glasgow.

Urban Roots on the Southside of Glasgow that is doing this and they consider the gardens as safe community spaces that bring people together. They have a number of different programs that incorporate conservation, growing and cooking. Urban Roots have a site situated in Castlemilk, which has similarities to Drumchapel therefore could set example for an urban farming project.

Fig. 52-53 Urban Farming with Urban Roots

Fig. 54-56 Urban Farming at Caley allotments.

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Drumchapel

URBAN FORM

HABI.

Connecting the Green Network

Private and Community Gardens

Temporary Meadows

To attract people to their local natural environment there is a need to create connections between the already existing landscape and potential new green spaces. Creating green corridors and linkage is a common mechanism to reverse the effects of urban fragmentation (Forest Research, 2011).

Improving the character of local landscaping opens up opportunities for different public uses.

As last part of the Environmental Network we foresee in the Strategy the planned community garden. The Community Garden will give place to local activities, productivity, gatherings, stronger community feeling. It can play a role in raising awareness of the Environmental Network on how to use for examples the private garden more in function of productivity and biodiversity. It can be a model to teach and educate not only children but also parents, elderly and admirers.

Drumchapel has a comparatively high record of derelict and vacant land compared to the Glasgow average owing to its unplanned rapid development during the post war period which was later demolished as a result of poor maintenance and general undesirability. The derelict lands throughout Drumchapel is seen as huge a potential as the amalgamation of development of different sectors, in filling its current state of ‘porous development’. Whilst increasing density, population and activities, it is also vital to preserve open spaces and adapt them into useful areas. These will be recreational facilities for the locals, whereas the green belt will form some of the cycle routes around Drumchapel.

Connecting the parks will come to the next layer, a green street network that will connect all the nodes, parks and other public functions. The green street network is based on the map of the street hierarchy. The most important connection that of the nodes, are proposed because of their connection.

For example; one elements is the connection from west to east that connects the Great Western Road through Drumchapel to reach Bearsden district. The green elements and structures on these streets and ridge will pronounce how Drumchapel’s new layout is and will function as the new backbone of the street network and nodes.

The Environmental Network will further extend to the Green Belt, the Industrial Area, and the nearby Canal. To access all the new developed areas and functions, it is in our strategy that the Environmental Network is provided not only for motorised roads, but also for cyclist and pedestrian roads. Therefore new cyclist routes, for example alongside the Green Belt, and pedestrian connections are made in the Proposed Street Hierarchy and in this network.

By making this green street network, the existing green gap in the Existing Environmental Network is dissolved.

One the strategies is also to encourage a walkable and pleasant green environment which will give place to biodiversity and ecological design in the street details to decrease car dependency. Green elements work traffic calming which will help solve problems like speeds driving, the presence of street bumps and the rows of parked cars in the streets.

The connectivity allows the local community to displace faster and over shorter distances.

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The private gardens may not be part of the publicly accessible green network, but it plays a big role in the Environmental Network as it covers a big area of green space and have different uses (think of the ecosystem, water service, climate, etc.).

More importantly, private gardens contain more than the service of biodiversity, it gives structure, and it is functional and can be social. Everyone can contribute and make their garden part of the Environmental Network, enhancing it by, among others, increasing the biodiversity. The design of private gardens is thus of significant use.

Fig. 57 Gardens support biodiversity

In spring and summer, colourful wildflowers surround the burn as it flows through the parks. In Drumchapel’s parks you can see white elder and meadowsweet, red campion, purple foxglove and vetch, pink dog rose, yellow flag irises, and spotted orchids. Urban wild-flower meadows are an easy way to inject life and colour as well as improve soil on the short term. Glasgow’s Stalled Spaces initiative has previously supported wild-flower meadow planting. The planting of wild-flower meadows is an activity the community can easily achieve, together.

Fig. 58-59 Meadows

Fig. 60 Vacant land in Drumchapel.

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1.B. Integrating the Blue Network CASE STUDY: Integrated Flood Risk Strategy

Flood Risk in Drumchapel Flooding is a common problem in many urbanized areas. Drumchapel is not an exception. According to the SEPA, Drumchapel is currently exposed to two types of flood risks:

River Flooding River Flooding occurs when river banks are overtopped due to increased runoff which is typically caused by huge storms (Barker and Coutts, 2016).

In Drumchapel river flood sources include Yoker Burn and Garscadden Burns and its tributaries.

According to the map, Yoker Burn causes floods south from the railway which is a densely urbanized area. High risk also exists along the Summerhill Road in the north east and along Colquhoun Park/ Conon Avenue in the east (SEPA, 2015).

Mixed-use development, Seine Gara Vutri, Paris

Surface Flooding Surface flooding occurs within urban developments that lack permeable surfaces (Barker and Coutts, 2016). At the moment, the highest surface flood risk exists around the junction between Kinfaunts Drive and Achamore Road in north west, along Summerhill Road in north east and along Colquhoun Park/Conon Avenue in the east (SEPA, 2015).

According to the Clyde and Loch Lomond Local Plan District document (SEPA, 2015), Drumchapel has an ongoing surface flood risk study between 20162021 (ID 11093). In addition, a new waste water storage has been completed at Moraine avenue (Scottish Water, 2017).

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British-based Baca Architects proposed a mixed use dense development for 4500 homes within 37 ha in a fllood-prone Seine Gare Vitry area (Fig. 62). It features a large-scale flood-risk management strategy aimed to reduce flood risk and its impact on new developments, based on the following principles (Barker and Coutts, 2016): 1.Hierarchical principles such as tertiary roads for flood plains were used (fig. 62)

Figure 63. Green and blue corridors.

2. The layout of buildings and use based on vulnerability and flood risk.

3. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Blue and greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; corridors integrated as a sustainable drainage system that connects with the River Seine from the far ends of the proposed development (Fig. 64). Those act as way-finding and flood awareness mechanism, which promotes greenery and biodiversity.

River Floor Risk Figure 64. Hierarchical strategy.

High Medium Low

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Fig. 61Flood Risk Map of Drumchapel.

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Figure 62 Proposed development masterplan.

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SUDS Sustainable urban drainage systems known as SuDS have been widely acknowledged as a main resolution for flooding issues. It is an environmentally friendly way of managing runoff speed and rates in urban context. SuDS are using natural ‘landscape techniques that mimic nature to control flows, prevent pollution, and provide attractive water features that enhance wildlife and provide benefits for the local community’ (Islington, 2012:4).Their main benefit is the ability to intercept rainwater in an adjacent location where it falls.

This process is called ‘collecting water at source’ (Islington, 2012:5).

Fig. 66 Rainwater gardens as a traffic calmin measure.

Fig. 67 Rainwater park 3D visualisation)

Drumchapel has a sloppy terrain that creates conditions for varying water run-off speeds. The impermeable surfaces such as streets, paths and buildings normally lead to higher water run-off speeds and increase the flood risk at the bottoms of the valleys. To reduce this risk, the amount of permeable surfaces should be increased as much as possible by using Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS).

For example, streets can include SuDS rills or swales that direct the rainwater to the parks that sit in the bottoms of the valleys.

Fig. 68 Permeable Street Surface.

Fig. 69 PRainwater Garden

Parks can work not only as flood plains or ponds that collect the run-off water but also as an amenity for community and biodiversity. Additionally, traffic calming rainwater gardens on streets could slow down the water-runoff speed by absorbing the water. Moreover, permeable parking lots and pavements have the same purpose.

Meanwhile, the new or existing developments can reduce the run-off speeds by adding green roofs, permeable parking lots and pavements.

Fig. 70 Swales (Malmo, Sweden).

Fig. 71 Street rills.

Fig. 65 Permeable Parking lot.

Fig. 72 Green roofs are absorbent surfaces too.

SUDS Measures Swales and rills

Permeable Surface

Pond Rainwater gardens Slope / Rainwater run-off direction Fig. 73 Section A-A through Drumchapel.

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1.C. Habitat Enhancement Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Current Biodiversity The biodiversity within Drumchapel is generally quiet low across the area, the common species found in the 1-9 species areas are the Common Swift, Brown Long-Eared Bat, Fox, Common Shrew, 7 Spot Ladybird, Common Darter, Grey Squirrel, Woodpigeon, Blue Tit, Dunnock and Merlin. There are also several vegetative species that are found including Fennel Pondweed and Wildflowers. Any of the densities of species greater than this are far smaller in number. It is notable that the area with the highest biodiversity is that at Garscadden Burn with a species count of 500+, the characteristics of this area have strong vegetation and the burn will also support many species. This area should be monitored to maintain the high level of biodiversity and should be monitored to promote biodiversity within Drumchapel.

Watercourse Restoration CASE STUDY: Environmental Edu. Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire.

In Lochwinnoch there is an RSPB centre where people are encouraged to visit the area and learn about the surrounding area they have a nature centre where visitors can follow nature trails and enjoy the natural species in the area. They have information boards which are important to ensure there is an understanding of the natural environment being visited. There are aspects of this environment that can be replicated in the Garscadden burn area of Drumchapel.

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Many of the watercourses around Drumchapel are in a degraded state so restoring them would be beneficial for the biodiversity and flood prevention in the area. There are many different ways that this could be done, we would however like to see the re-introduction of riffles, ponds two stage channels and meanders.

The riffles create deeper water upstream and concentrate the flow by using imported stone, this increases the oxygen levels in the water. These turbulent sections provide different habitats and the sound of the flowing water can be used to mask the sound of traffic.

Introducing two stage channels can be used to support the varying water levels throughout the year. The low flow channel is designed to support wildlife in the summer and the second stage creates a high flow channel that can increase capacity to withstand stormflow. The second stage can support marginal vegetation and wetland plants for example reeds, iris and sedge.

Education & Species Sightings In areas where biodiversity is higher we would like to see the introduction of information boards to encourage the education of visitors.

The boards should be situated along the green network and will describe the surrounding flora and fauna. All native and endangered species will be a strong focus along with promoting the preservation of the environment.

Watercourses in Scotland are of great importance and are a product of thousands of years of evolution and interaction with water, rock and life. Rivers are diverse habitats with a rich biota that creates natural ponds, swamps, fens and carrs.

Figure 74-75 Lochwinnoch Natural Park

Re-introducing meanders helps to increase flood protection downstream it also allows for the introduction of riffles to improves the habitats that supports a range of species. Selective planting of the appropriate species will stabilise the banks and encourage wildlife.

Fig. 76 Riffles

Fig. 77 Meanders in river.

Fig. 78 Two stage channel

Fig. 79 Watercourse restoration technique

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Project Group 2 - Connections Widen and reinforce Peel Green Road as a northwad link

New hiking routes

Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Place On the Map Connectivity within Drumchapel is one our key focuses within the strategy phase of the redevelopment. It is believed that by improving connectivity the Town will become a more desirable place to live, work and visit.

During the analysis stage it became clear that Drumchapel had poor connections and this has influenced it as a place today. The connections have been strongly affected by the challenging terrain and this has generated a disjointed street pattern as a consequence the roads do not facilitate fluent efficient movement across the town. The street pattern and design are currently contributing to Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lack of connections and centrality. The urban fabric within Drumchapel is also disconnected and creating barriers, this is affecting walkability.

The current recognised centre is disconnected and not central for a large proportion of Drumchapel, our aim will therefore be to improve the location, facilities and connections to and from this area.

Reconnecting Drumchapel is therefore incredibly important in bringing around positive change to the area. We will put forward strategies to improve the local street system, walkability and how we intend to densify the road network and vacant land.

New bus route

Connections Major External Link Proposed Streets Phase 1 Proposed Streets Phase 2 Existing Bike & Pedestrian Route

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2.A. Connecting Outwards CASE STUDY: SUCCESSFUL BUSY ROAD CROSSING

North-South Axis

CASE STUDY: Public Art

Creating a strong North-South axis in Drumchapel will be important for improving the connection throughout Drumchapel and neighbouring towns such as Bearsden, Knightswood and Clydebank.

The route chosen would use the current roads and establishing them as high-quality routes would improve traffic flow and connectivity. The roads are Peel Glen Road on to Kinfauns Drive heading south through the town centre and on to Duntreath Avenue and finally connect to Great Western Road and beyond. Once the grid network is established the North-South would route would then take a more direct route through the area.

The Kelpies, locked between the M9 and a new extension of the Forth and Clyde Canal nearby Falkirk, are an example of what a public art project can do for the image of a place. The two giant horse heads sculptures designed by Andy Scott (Fig. 83) are a part of a larger heritage park and are a dramatic gateway to the Central Belt of Scotland. A similar, albeit smaller in scale, project could be realised at the strengthened northern entrance to Drumchapel, where the ancient Antonine Wall runs. its design would be selected through a public competition with a requirement for its theme to be related to the history and heritage of Drumchapel and the surrounding area.

Connecting to Bearsden

Prominent Entrances

We propose to establish a connection to Bearsden in the North East of Drumchapel. The connection proposed would be improved where Drummore Road meets Kinfauns Drive and on to Station Road and Chesters Roads. As demonstrated by Analysis Group 5 (fig. 84), this will improve centrality and create better access to the area. The route would be important as the road will connect these communities and promote positive growth.

It will also generate better access from Northern Drumchapel to Bearsden train station and provide another useful public transport link.

Even without the proposed interventions to its street network, Drumchapel already has 4 connections to Great Western Road, with the crossing at Duntrath Avenue being the most prominent one. However, currently those are marked simply by the presence of a complex roundabout without anything signifying that travellers are about to enter Drumchapel.

The placement of identifying landmarks such as a sculpture or installation at the intersections is an opportunity to put Drumchapel “on the map”.

Another example for a good public art project near a major road are the Pyramids at the M8 next to Bathgate (Fig. ???). The land sculpture,part of the M8 Art Project, was sponsored by Motorola and has been used as a platform to raise awareness on different issues. It’s financial model and subsequent use can be adopted if a landmark for Drumchapel is to be created.

Connections to Great Western Road Improving all connections to Great Western Road would increase centrality and encourage movement in and out of Drumchapel. Great Western provides a direct route in to the city centre and to the North and West of Scotland. The current western connection is disjointed so we believe connecting there would be very important. There are a further two connections that we have considered, one would be strengthening the central connection at the southern end of Duntreath Avenue and also an eastern connection the would increase the connectivity of Old Drumchapel.

Frideswide Square, Oxford.

This design of this busy junction in Oxford sought to transform a busy junction by improving traffic movement and enhancing the pedestrian access. The streets here were narrowed to create a tight geometric road pattern that would slow the traffic naturally. This space became more pedestrian and cyclist orientated, with the speed of movement across the square increased. The slowed traffic within the area creates safer road crossing for pedestrians. The flow of traffic was improved greatly by removing the traffic signals. The flattened features also improve accessibility of emergency services which may be affected by hard measures. There are many aspects of this design that would be applicable when thing about the design of new roads and junctions across Drumchapel.

The Kelpies, Falkirk

The Pyramids, Bathgate

Fig. 83 the Kelpies, Falkirk

Figure 81-82 Road Crossing in Frideswide Sqaure

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2.B. Internal Connections

Grid Network We would also like to introduce a grid network north of the current centre where the original dated 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s housing currently is. This would encourage a stronger network of streets more suited to current pedestrian and vehicular needs. This would involve phased demolition of the current housing stock and rebuilding housing of a higher standard and within the new road layout. The intended grid would naturally give way to bilateral directionality this would improve centrality and connectivity.

The street design would be in the Woonerf style to ensure safe residential streets that promote a successful place and that are pedestrian orientated.

The area would also incorporate public green space that would encourage the flow and infiltration of surface water, reducing dependency on drainage systems. The street layout and design will act as a natural traffic calming measure with combination of factors contributing to this including surface type, frequent junctions and awareness of the shared space.

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Proposed Scenarios, Brief 5

Connections to Bearsden

East-west axis

Closeness Centrality at 400m KDE

Our initial aim to improve local connections one of these entails improving the accessibility between Garscadden Road and Southdeen Avenue/Road.

Constructing this link will improve East-West connections for those who use Southdeen Avenue and the surrounding area. During the analysis stage we established that there is a lack of connections within this area. There are a couple of different options that could be used here, the pedestrian could be upgraded along this route to make it a more welcoming and vibrant environment. The alternative would be to upgrade this to a route that remains pedestrian orientated and incorporates vehicular access.

Grid Network

Improving Walkability through Street Design A shared space principle should be used and therefore creating one space the provides crucial vehicle access while putting pedestrians first, it would also increase street safety. The safety in the streets would improve as traffic would be slowed and this in turn will increase the use of the public space. This would include the four main principles of Woonerf, visible entrances, physical barriers, shared and paved space and landscaping street furniture (Thomas, 2014). The landscaping and surface types can be used to actively combat surface water runoff and flooding. The Woonerf design has proven to be very effective in a number of locations throughout Europe but particularly the Netherlands as seen below.

CASE STUDY: STREET DESIGN The Methleys in Leeds, England.

This example makes use of the streets as public spaces and aspects of this design would be applicable in Drumchapel. Much like Drumchapel this are in Leeds has strong sense on community. The design is strongly influenced by the Dutch Woonerf example and you can see the four main principles feature strongly.

The pedestrian presence within this street design is particularly prominent along with the green aspects.

The curved street design helps to slow traffic and increase street safety. This design would also reduce the need for hard traffic calming measures like speed bumps and speed cameras. The paved surface not only has an appealing aesthetic it also promotes surface water permeability.

Figure 85 The Principles of Woonerf.

Betweenness Centrality

Extending Garscadden Rd

Figure 84 As demonstrated in Analysis Brief 5, introducing a grid network, new connections to Bearsden and a east-west axis across Drumcahpel improves its multiple centrality index, especially closeness centrality at the area with grid network.

Figure 86 Woonerf in the Assen, Netherlands

Fig. 81 The Methleys, Leeds

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Limiting Car Dependency Limiting the car dependency of people within Drumchapel is of high importance, as reducing dependency will have many positive contributing factors.

Reduced car use will create safer streets and produce lower carbon emissions. Tackling this can be done by promoting the use of public transport, this would mean the current services available would need to made more efficient and provide incentives for using them.

Car Sharing Providing a car sharing scheme would influence car dependency, a scheme like this would reduce congestion, CO2 emissions and would offer a financial saving to those users. Schemes like these have been introduced in many areas across the UK. Car sharing can be done in many ways, informally through friends, family or colleagues, or formally through organisations or businesses. There are also a few organised schemes based online that are currently running including Liftshare and CoWheels.

33% people in Drumchapel own cars

49% people in Glasgow own cars

Fig. 82 Car ownershiprates in Drumcahpel and Glasgow

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CASE STUDY: Car Sharing Autolib’ - Paris, France Autolib’ is an electric car-sharing scheme put up in Paris, France. In the first 2.5 years of launching the scheme, its membership increased from 5,650 to 155,00 people and it is particularly popular with people between 25-49 years old (Henley, 2014). Membership plans vary from annual to daily; following an on-screen registration process, cards are issued from high-tech rental/ charging stations; cars reserved online up to 30min in advance and can be left at any Autolib’ booth in Paris (Henley, 2004). The average trip duration is 30-40min, which is in line with travel times from Drumchapel to Glasgow. A market survey in 2013 found that 75% of car-owners using the scheme claim that the scheme has helped them limit usage of their own cars and 70% of non car-owners - that the scheme has discouraged them from buying their own vehicle (Henley, 2014).

Alternative: ZipCar ZipCar is another car-sharing scheme already operating in the UK and Glasgow, as well as in Canada and the US. For an yearly membership fee of 59.50, customer’s have access to cars and vans (including insurance and fuel) for as long as they want. Free vehicles can be found and unlocked through an app and at the end of a journey have to be returned to the same parking space (Zipcar). However, the last requirement makes the scheme less useful for short journeys and the cars have a larger carbon footprint since they are not electrical.

Cycle Route Our focus on the extension and use of cycle routes across Drumchapel and the surrounding area would support the need for bicycle rental facilities.

We would like to see the Glasgow’s Nextbike facility extended out to Drumchapel. Its currently has 43 locations across Glasgow and the closest facility is at Kelvindale in the west end of the city. Promoting the cycle access will encourage another connection for Drumchapel and improve access to external amenities.

Figure 84: NextBike Stations in Glasgow.

Antonine Wall Walking Trail The Antonine Wall passes across the northern edge of Drumchapel and this is considered the frontier of the Roman Empire. The section of the Antonine wall is visible on Hutcheson Hill where you can see a ditch and outer mound. We would like to see it used as a historic attraction in conjunction with Visit Scotland, the subtle hollow that is visible can be made a prominent feature.

Integrating the Antonine Wall and Drumchapel’s green network will play a great role in creating an attractive area for visitors while providing information boards would improve the understanding of the areas historic values. Similar information boards are found in Bearsden and Milngavie.

Fig. 85 Roman Baths, Antonine Wall, Bearsden

Fig. 83 Autolib’ rental booth in central Paris.

Fig. 86 Antonine Wall, Milngavie

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Project Group 3 - Urban Form The developing Drumchapel In order to successfully achieve our vision, interventions must be made within the built fabric to adapt the existing urban form. This action area comprises of two projects; adapting the built form and establishing a new hierarchy of nodes with increased densities.

Development Areas Neighbourhood Character Area

Project group one, adapting the built form, consists of two sub-projects. One will tackle the housing stock, aiming to increase density and create new diverse and distinctive residential areas whilst integrating a mixture of housing tenures within a 3 phase redevelopment programme. The second sub-project aims to integrate a range of flexible, well defined open spaces, this will hold a high amenity value, providing space for recreation and encourage social interaction.

District Centre District Node Neighbourhood Node Phase 1: Development Of Brownfield Land Phase 3: Demolition And Re-development Urban Fabric Repair And Infill Development

The second project group within the urban form action area, is to establish and new hierarchy of district and neighbourhood nodes. The creation of these nodes will establish a variety of vibrant and distinctive centres, thus improving imageability and enforcing a strong place identity.

Approved Development Proposed Area for Self-Built Housing Parkland

Sub-Projects

Both these sub-projects will be completed in parallel as nodes will be established within high density areas. Furthermore, our vision for Drumchapel follows the principles of plot based urbanism, and so we hope to tackle the existing problem of isolated residential districts by integrating clusters of services and amenities, thus promoting a framework for the creation of vibrant streets, local employment opportunities and socially diverse and sustainable communities.

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3.A. Housing One of the main components of vibrancy is variety. That is something that Drumchapel, with its unending identic tenements developed all at once, severely lacks. In order to achieve this variety, we intend to attract many smaller developers, which would then build different buildings with different needs, and would hire different architects. The resulting urban landscape would then be more complex and flexible, and therefore more resilient and interesting.

Along with the mix of developers, there will be a mix of tenures, combining private owned houses with social renting and self-developed houses. This increases social diversity, and encourages private owners to keep up with the publicly maintained housing, indirectly enhancing town beautification.

Fig. 90. Developing the vacant land

3-Phase Redevelopment While nodes describe the hierarchy of the urban tissue, the urban tissue itself is formed by housing.

The global strategy for housing is tightly entangled with the other project areas, but we develop two specific projects for this topic: the 3-phase development framework and the mix of developers and tenures.

Develop Vacant Land

Refurbish Existing Housing Fig. 91. Refurbishing existing housing

The 3-Phase redevelopment Since it is intended to accommodate [30000?] inhabitants where there were 13000, major new developments will need to occur. In order to structure its spatial and temporal dimensions, we develop a framework, consisting in three temporal phases occurring in different spaces of Drumchapel.

Demolition and New Buildings Fig. 88. Delivering good quality homes through 3-phase recevelopment.

Social diversity. Through the development of new housing with a variety of developers and tenures (see Mix of Developers and Tenures) we expect to attract a variety of people from diverse backgrounds, in contrast with the existing social uniformity of low income dwellers in public housing.

Vibrancy. The sheer amount of new inhabitants should boost the vibrancy by itself, but in addition to that, the increased densities, social diversity, mixed use and new relationship between buildings and the street (see Public Spaces and Mix of Uses) should encourage even more street life, job and leisure opportunities and community engagement.

Fig. 89. The existing buildings and vacant land

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Phase 3: Demolitions and New Developments Once there is no more vacant land available, the new developments will substitute the existing housing in the areas where increasing densities is convenient. This phase will take place in batches, according to market demand, and current dwellers will be transferred to the newly built housing with no additional cost.

Social objectives that are addressed in this project: Fig. 92. Demolishing to redevelop

Phase 1: Develop Vacant Land The vast amount of vacant land available in Drumchapel constitutes a great opportunity (as stated in our SWOT analysis) to allocate the new population without disrupting the existing one.

This occupation of the vacant space will follow the new street network (see Grid Pattern) and provide higher densities. The increased density will allow Drumchapel to start activating urban life, attracting new dwellers and provide the financial support to expand the networks and services, hence backing further developments.

Phase 2: Refurbish Existing Housing The existing housing stock can face two destinies: either be part of a new redevelopment scheme, or be inserted in the new structure as they are today.

Where the latter is the case, still some work is needed to enhance the living quality of the dwellers, since overall existing housing quality is low.

This phase may take place after or in parallel to the development of vacant land. Revenues from developing this vacant land will allow the refurbishment of the existing housing stock that is meant to stay. These improvements may include enhancing thermal insulation, waterproofing, or providing new systems such as telecommunications and heating.

Fig. 93. Redevelopment on former occupied land

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CASE STUDY: Variety of Tenures Adelaide Wharf, London

Mix of tenures and developers One of the main components of vibrancy is variety.

That is something that Drumchapel, with its unending identic tenements developed all at once, severely lacks. In order to achieve this variety, we intend to attract many smaller developers, which would then build different buildings with different needs, and would hire different architects. The resulting urban landscape would then be more complex and flexible, and therefore more resilient and interesting.

Adelaide Wharf was considered as an important example of an infill block within an existing urban area, and selected to be an example of a development that has the integration of tenures within the structure. Adelaide Wharf is an award winning high density development of apartments and business space located within a largely residential area of Hackney, London. Adelaide Wharf has been the subject of a qualitative study on high density housing (Urban Initiatives, 2009).

• Creating a resilient public realm by providing flexible spaces and blocks to facilitate social interaction and respond to modern lifestyles.

• Providing a mix of house types and tenures to provide choice for residents.

• Creating streets at the human scale, that are safe and comfortable for pedestrians and cyclists.

Resilient typologies

Blue House Yard, Haringey Council, London Blue House Yard is an ammelgoration of creative workspaces on the site of a former council building and its parking lot in central London. The 300sqm office building has been converted into 13 studio spaces (size between 4sqm to 25 sqm) with communal kitchen and toilet facilities and 9 ‘worksheds’ were erected along the edges of the car park, leaving gathering and event space in the middle (Priest, 2017).

Blue House Yard was completed for just 11 months in early 2017, through the collective effort of 100 volunteers, Jane Kattein Architects, contractors High Street Works and community interest company Meanwhile Space (all set by the designers as part of the competition) (Priest, 2017). The project was financed through a £184,00 grant from GLA and the local council, and a £50,000 loan, bringing its budget to only £700 per sqm (Priest, 2017).

Most importantly, savings made during construction allowed for the main objective of the project providing affordable, inclusive workspaces for local people - to be realized. All spaces are let on a fair rent policy with prices at 50-80% of local market rent, with the cheapest unit costing 150£ per month (Blue House Yard, 2017).

Despite only opening in June, Blue House Yard has been rather successful - all units have been let, and apart form the regular visitors, there have even been photoshoots on site and it might even generate a profit (Priest, 2017). More importantly, it has helped strengthen a community of local artists and entrepreneurs.

Drumchapel can benefit from a scheme similar to Blue House Yard. Cheaper rents will allow local residents to start their own business, but also local charities and community initiatives such as DRAW can get an attractive permanent home. Adopting the model of self-built will decrease costs and provide training to local residents, while creating vibrancy. We are proposing for the scheme to be located on Southdeen Avenue overlooking Garscadden Park, thus generating footfall and activity that would re-energize the park itself.

Fig. 94 Mix of typologies

Fig. 95 View of Adelaide Warf

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CASE STUDY: SUPPORTING LOCAL BUSINESSES THROUGH SELF-BUILT

As a result, the project had to be self-built, constructed with the help of volunteers and 8 apprentices, supervised by a professional carpenter and the site manager (Priest, 2017). The size of the worksheds and their method of construction was also restricted simple timber frame, weatherboarding, corrugated roof sheets and with no sanitary facilities (Priest, 2017). To compensate for their structural simplicity, tenants are encouraged to customize their units (Fig. 97).

Along with the mix of developers, there will be a mix of tenures, combining private owned houses with social renting and self-developed houses. This increases social diversity, and encourages private owners to keep up with the publicly maintained housing, indirectly enhancing town beautification.

The proposed building typology across varies from site to site. We would like to propose a varied supply of housing typologies will incorporate plot based urbanism while incorporating our four main aims. We will propose a varied selection of housing types including mixed use sites and housing that is detached, semi-detached, terraced and flats. We would also propose that the tenures across the site should differ, with a combination of private, privaterented and housing association. The variation in housing will create more resilient, diverse and sustainable neighbourhoods that will encourage the development of Drumchapel.

Drumchapel

Fig.96 Sketch axonomitric drawing of the project site, showing the workshop sheds at the read, permanent building on the right and community gathering space in the centre.

Fig. 97 The owner of an art gallery in front of his customized workshed.

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Public Spaces We can’t speak of the solid without speaking of the void, or the relationship between the two. The strict definition of public space encompasses all open, publicly owned land: roads, streets, parks, rivers, etc. However, there is a big difference in the spatial quality of public spaces depending on how they relate to the private, built spaces. The general principles of the proposed public spaces are:

Active fronts Most of the existing housing in Drumchapel, be it towers, tenements, terraced, detached or semidetached housing, presents a distance between the street and the façade. This detaches the street from the inhabitants and prevents any kind of street life. The street becomes a place to come and go, never to stay, as there is nothing interesting to stay for. Aligning façades with the streets and allowing small commercial businesses to operate at street level increases vibrancy, by providing a reason to be on the street, and security, since there will be more people on the street and houses and shops directly overlook the street.

NODES

Defined boundaries Avoiding vacant land and unclaimed spaces, and having a compact built form means that every person has a clear definition of public and private space. Poorly maintained, unclaimed land will give way to clearly defined private and public spaces, each with its own responsibilities. This will also increase safety, letting criminals less marginal spaces for their activities.

Local identities Streets are a major factor when it comes to defining the character of a place. The proportion of the street, its features, materials and greenery, the kind of street life that produces, are all traits that increase imageability, and create a sense of a distinct place. This increases the sense of belonging of the neighbours, that may now be identified with their unique built environment.

Integrated green network As noted previously, an integrated green network can have many social and environmental benefits.

Pedestrian- and bicycle-oriented space Existing roads not only provide little to no reason to walk on them, but also heavily discourage soft mobility by being mainly meant for cars. Narrow sidewalks, detachment from housing and big blocks are very inconvenient to the pedestrian/cyclist. The new street network has to encourage these modes of mobility by being safe and conveniently laid out, and by offering points of interest and variety.

Drumchapel

Fig. 98 The street as public space

Mix of uses All of the urban form proposals so far are characterized by the mix of uses. Opposite to the current state of Drumchapel, where areas are specialized and divided by use, and whole buildings are devoted to a single function, our proposal blends all of them together. Having retail, offices and services where the people lives means that they have their services and workplaces nearer, thus being able to walk or bike to their destinations.

Mixed use also means that the streets are used every day at every time, and won’t have large gaps during which they are deserted. Since there is a broad offer of destinations within walking distance, the inhabitants will tend to walk more, bringing life to the streets, reducing pollution, being more aware of their place and community and living healthier lives.

CASE STUDY: Mix of uses New England Quarter, Brighton A mixed-use quarter with an interesting design solutions. The masterplan prepared by URBED which included a regulatory plan that fixed the key urban design parameters in the planning consent. The area will include approximately 350 dwellings, a supermarket with public space and residential uses on the upper floors, a language school, hotels, offices, a community facility and a station car park reflect the high accessibility of the site. The scheme is an exemplar of a fully shared-space principles.

Mix of uses usually takes place in medium to high density tissue, where commercial uses appear in the ground floors and higher floors are dedicated to housing and sometimes offices. Increased pedestrian traffic also increases the likelihood of ground floor shops of getting customers, thus stimulating local economy and creating new jobs.

As Drumchapel slowly becomes a more desirable place, there is potential to attract visitors from neighbouring towns which would again benefit the local economy.

Although mixed use is contemplated through all of the urban tissue, complexity arises around the nodes. Local neighbourhood nodes will likely have small shops and bars, along with other services, while the district node will have more unique services and businesses (see Nodes).

Fig. 99 - 101 Views of New England Quarter, Brighton

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3.B. Nodes District Node

THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF A MIXED USE “DOWNTOWN”

Neighbourhood Nodes

Drumchapel’s current commercial centre lacks vibrancy and is not accessible within walking distance to a large portion of Drumchapel. This project seeks to extend and develop the existing centre into a district node, integrating a greater range of services and amenities in line with the principals of plot based urbanism and increase the centrality of this node, through the implementation of projects within our connectivity strategy, in line with the principals of transit-orientated development.

Case Study: Walmart vs. JCPenny, Asheville USA

It is indisputable that Drumchapel has a strong community and when conversing within residents, their sense of belonging to Drumchapel is very apparent. Whilst communities are strong in spirit, this is less commonly emphasised within the built environment. As discussed within Analysis booklet 4, neighbourhood districts could be identified based on geographical location rather than an indistinguishable character or identity. Furthermore, the distribution of nodes throughout Drumchapel is incredibly poor. There are multiple neighbourhoods which cannot access any services or amenities within 400m walking distance. Implementing the framework for the development of strategically located neighbourhood nodes is therefore one of our key projects for the redevelopment of Drumchapel.

The proposed district node represents Drumchapel’s new commercial core, extending along Linkwood Drive, Kinfauns Drive (south-west) to the intersection of Kinfauns Drive and Garscadden Road. This reconfiguration of the existing centre, improves the centrality of the node, in that it is widely accessible from all corners of Drumchapel, and improves the walkability of Drumchapel and therefore will greatly improve the viability of this proposed new centre.

In 2001 in an attempt to persuade city officials to support a mixed-use redevelopment of Asheville’s city centre, architect Joseph Minicozzi offered them the “hard numbers on the tax and job benefits of revitalizing downtown” by comparing two competing properties: the edge-of town Walmart and a sixstorey building converted into shops (Montgomery, 2013:269). Equivalent examples for the two types of development within Drumchapel are Great Western Retail Centre, which covers nearly 2500ha south of the trainline, and the newly proposed district centre along Kinfauns - Linkwood Dr. Minicozzi’s findings on the intensity of land use, taxes, residents and jobs, shown in Fig. 104 proved that lowand mid-rise mixed-used developments more revenue and produces more jobs than “big box” retail centres - this before their carbon footprint and the need for new infrastructure is even considered (Montogomery, 2015). Moreover, dense mixed-use developments keep the money within the community as local businesses rely on each other for resources and services such as printing, while national retailers outsource this work: “Every $100 spent at a local business produces at least 1/3 more local economic benefit and more than 1/3 more local jobs” (Montgomery, 2013: 270).

MIXED USE BUILDING DOWNTOWN ASHVILLE

ASHEVILLE WAL-MART

Fig. 102 Pedestrian orientated commercial street.

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Fig. 103. Center of Almere, Netherlands.

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These new neighbourhood nodes comprise of small local centres which offer a range of local shops, cafes and bars, efficiently connected with public transport, located within the medium-density residential cores at the centre of the neighbourhood.

Neighbourhood Landmarks

Fig.105 Hackbridge Masterplan

The strategic placement of new and enhancement of existing landmarks and distinctive features within each of the neighbourhood nodes will enhance the unique character of each neighbourhood and improve imageability, contributing to the creation of more vibrant streets and places.

Furthermore, existing features within each identified character area can be made more prominent and turned into landmarks. For example, the water tower located north-west of Drumchapel can be illuminated and serve as an anchor for the neighbourhood there. Another landmark can be created by turning the woodlands between Kinfauns Dr and Summerhill Rd into a proper park.

Fig. 106 The water tower in Drumcahpel at night.

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5. Delivery timeline 2050

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The timeline as shown above details the suggested phasing of the proposed projects. In the first phase, construction of new connections should be undertaken. New connections will maximise access into Drumchapel and increase permeability, moving towards our objective of achieving walkable neighbourhoods, removing previous barriers of isolation which may hinder further development within certain areas. Furthermore, establishing a grid network, although commencing in this first phase, will be an ongoing project alongside the development of new housing and new urban nodes, thus setting an urban framework from which new development can begin to take shape over the next 30 years. In addition, most of the environmental projects will also begin in this initial phase, these are generally small scale projects which will be completed within 2-3 years. The project to connect the green network, integrate SuDs and creating new neighbourhood parks will be completed in multiple phases as these projects only become viable as new development begins to unfold across Drumchapel.

2.2.1.1.Project 1A:Integrating the green network

The built form projects take a slightly different approach, commencing after the completion of the connections project in 2020, as the development of new housing and nodes is largely dependant on an established street network and framework for increased densities and a range of services and amenities. Our housing strategy suggests a 3 phase approach, each phase has been allocated around 20 years for completion, taking into account economic uncertainty and unpredictable market conditions. The first phase, we propose that vacant land begins to be developed, followed by the refurbishment of existing housing to bring it up to an acceptable standard and then the final two phases of selective demolition and redevelopment of new housing.

2.2.2.2.1.Garscadden road

Urban edge: agricultural land Community woodland & district parks Wodland pathwaus Strategic rest stops Natural playgrounds Neighbourhood parks Connecting the green network Temporary meadows 2.2.1.2.Project 1B:integrating the blue network 2.2.1.2.1.SuDS 2.2.1.3.Project 1C:natural & cultural heritage 2.2.1.3.2.Education & species sightings 2.2.1.3.3.Watercourse restoration 2.2.2.Project group 2:Connectivity 2.2.2.1.Project 2A:connecting outwards 2.2.2.1.1.Great western road and Bearsden 2.2.2.1.2.North-South Axis 2.2.2.1.3.Prominent entrances 2.2.2.2.Project 2B:internal connections 2.2.2.2.2.Grid network 2.2.2.2.3. Cycle paths 2.2.3.Project group 3: urban form 2.2.3.1.Built form 2.2.3.1.1.Housing 2.2.3.1.1.1.3-phase redevelopment 2.2.3.1.1.1.1.develop vacant land 2.2.3.1.1.1.2.refurbish existing housing 2.2.3.1.1.1.3.demolitions 2.2.3.1.1.1.4.new developments 2.2.3.1.1.2. Public spaces 2.2.3.2.Nodes 2.2.3.2.1.District 2.2.3.2.2.Neighbourhood

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3.1. Introduction

The Proposed 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Nodes and Densities 3.4. Hierarchy of Streets 3.5. Transport Network 3.6. Green Network 3.7. Conclusion

Proposed Concept Plan This final chapter comprises of the second section of the concept phase. The proposed concept plan illustrates how the strategies outlined in the previous section can be applied in a spatial dimension to achieve the aims of the strategic projects.

One of the key issues identified in the process of compiling the existing concept map of Drumcahpel was the lack of density, which has direct effect on the low number of services, lack of connectivity and large gaps in the urban fabric. The lack of amenities and street vibrancy can be directly attributed simply to the lack of people. Thus, our priority for the development of Drumchapel is increasing its density.

Fig. 108 Achieving high density with different building typologies.

According to the recommendations of the Urban Task Force, high densities can be achieved through different types of development (Fig. 108); however, from those the only typology that maintains a relation to the street and promotes activities is midrise development with medium coverage (Urban Taskforce, 2003).

Furthermore, to repair the urban gaps within Drumchapel, in its redevelopment, we aim to adopt the principles of the transit-oriented nodal city, where districts (Drumchapel) have a central node with high density, connected to the urban centre with a high-speed transport link (rail), and the rest of their area is encompassed by nighbourhood nodes where services and transport connections to the district centre are located within walking distance of 400m or 5min (Urban Task Force, 2003).

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Fig. 109 Density and nodes within transit-oriented development.

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Transport Routes National Cycle Route Local Cycle Route Local Cyclepath Bus Route 60 Bus Route 3 Bus Route 6A Bus Route 16 Bus Route 1C Bus Route 400 Bus Route M60/200 Bus Route CB2 Train Line Train Stop

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Fig. 112 Drumchapel - Existing Nodes and Desnitites.

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The proposed concept plan features the strengthening of Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only current node and its expansion into a district node with a relatively high density of development reaching up to 85-100 units per ha. Even though it is represented as a circle, the proposed node is linear in nature, stretching along Kinfauns Drive and reaching its peak at its intersection with Linkwood Drive. By being situated at the intersection of those two main roads, its potential to attract more visitors would be maximised and it would also provide an attractive route leading from the new train station into the heart of Drumchapel.

Local Cycle Route The concept plan proposes the creation of new Local Cyclepath neighbourhood surrounding the district Bus Route 60nodes, Bus Route 3 node and connected to it through public transport.

Bus Route 6A Bus Route 16that It is proposed neighbourhood nodes have Bus Route 1C density of 65 units/ha in their centres, gradually Bus Route 400 Bus Route M60/200 decreasing to 25 units/ha in their outer edges. Even Bus Route CB2 though those Train Lineare considered low densities, this Stop model takesTraininto account existing housing stock: some of the suburban semis and executive houses, especially those in Old Drumchapel and the northwest of Drumchapel are in good condition and their demolition would be costly and unwanted. Still, it is proposed that potential nodes within those areas are strengthened by providing more services within them.

Local Main Street Local Street

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Park Local Node Sports Grounds Global VacantNode / Derelict Land

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High Speed Road National Cycle Route Local Cycle Route Urban Main Street Local Cyclepath Local Main Street Bus Route 60

LocalRoute Street Bus 3 Bus Route 6A Cycle Routes

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Fig. 114 Drumchapel - Existing Hierarchy of Streets.

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Bus Route 1C Bus Route 400 Bus Route M60/200

Proposed Hierarchy

Fig. 113 Drumchapel - Proposed Hierarchy of Streets.

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The proposed road hierarchy has two main purposes: the first one is to increase the connectivity between Drumchapel and neighbourhoods, the second one is to restructure the street hierarchy within Drumchapel to ease the access from west to east and south to north. These roads have the potential to be highly animated and, in turn, provide a viable location for a range of services for residents of Drumchapel and people from outside the area.

The proposal suggests reconnecting Drummy road east at the eastern edge with Great Western Road (A82), and to be extended to Southdeen Avenue.

This will create a new urban main street and an environment prioritising public and active transport.

Proposing a new train station to be located on Duntreath Avenue will strengthen the connection

Bus Route CB2 Train Line Train Stop

of this road with Kinfauns Drive, and that will create another Urban Main Street from south to north. The network of Urban Main Streets to be extended to the north to provide an appropriate link with Peel Glen road. A new grid street network has been proposed between the two parts of the Kinfauns Drive, and a main link between the two sides will enhance the grid street network in an appropriate way. The overall new system of current and proposed streets will provide access to and through the residential areas providing smooth traffic.

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Specialist Area Farmland / Pasture

3.4. Transport Network

Woodland Park Sports Grounds Vacant / Derelict Land River Bank

Local Node Global Node Potential Local Node

High Speed Road Urban Main Street Local Main Street Local Street

Transport Network National Cycle Route Local Cycle Route Local Cyclepath Bus Route 60 Bus Route 3 Bus Route 6A Bus Route 16 Bus Route 1C Bus Route 400 Bus Route M60/200 Bus Route CB2 Train Line Train Stop

Fig. 116 Drumchapel Existing Transport Map.

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Fig. 115 Drumchapel Proposed Transport Map.

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The proposal is to alter some of the local bus networks to follow new routes, linking both the local current and proposed urban centres to each other and to the district services. The new public transport routes took into consideration the new streets network and increased density.

The improved density could take advantage of the existing bus services by strengthening certain important routes within Drumchapel, such as Kinfauns Drive, which will be served by several bus services from the south. Service 400 is proposed to make a loop around Kinfauns Drive and back through the new road that linked Southdeen Avenue to Kinfauns Drive, transporting people from the east to the centre. Services CB2, 60, and 1C are proposed to alter their routes to go through the

new road that connects the two sides of Kinfauns Drive. Services 1C & CB2 will continue their way through Summerhill road to serve the residential area there. By altering the road network according to this proposal, it will provide sufficient connection between the proposed district nodes with frequent services.

A new train station is also a main part of the public transport proposal. The new train station on the existing rail line is proposed to be relocated to Duntreath Avenue. This will improve accessibility to the centre of Drumchapel as well as to the industrial zone. Within a walking desistance, employees can reach the station.

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3.5. Green & Blue Network General Landscape: 160 ha

Parkland 3%

Private Gardens 130 ha

Sports Fields 2% General Landscape 39%

Woodland 25%

Woodland 102 ha

Parkland 13 ha Sports Fields 10 ha Private Gardens 31%

Woodland 19%

Parkland 7% Sports Fields 2%

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Farmland 2%

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Fig. 118 Drumchapel Existing Green Network.

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Fig. 119 Existing vs. proposed distribution of green space in Drumchapel.

Water Network Buildings

Green Network Our proposal seeks to enhance the performance and to re-configure the green and blue infrastructure.

The Green Belt area has not been resized, however we propose green entrances to Drumchapel to cross the green belt and to make it more connected with the district. The newly made ‘public access to the historical site of is Antonino Wall’ would be connected with the green strip in the north.

Fig. 117 Drumchapel Proposed Green Network.

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It is proposed that parks are planned on vacant and derelict spaces (open spaces) to give them new purpose. The newest category of farmland and allotments give place to local activities that has green productive purposes and bring the community together. Garscadden Burn Park is

Potential Local Node

the largest green space at the ‘valley’ that serves local and wider communities. The watercourses at Garscadden Burn Park can be the most attractive feature and a place of real beauty. It acts as a magnet to both adults and children, and it can be used to provide new pedestrian or cycle walks.

By improving the Environmental Network; the percentage of the general vacant and derelict spaces (open spaces) will be reduced from 39% to 3%, and the private garden land percentage will increase from 31% to 67%. The parkland is also increased from 3% to 7% and this will enhance the public space quality and activities for sounding neighbourhood.

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Bibliography 3 Rivers Wet Weather. (2015). Porous Pavement. Available: http://www.3riverswetweather.org/green/green-solutionporous-pavement. Last accessed 20th Nov 2017.

Alex and Bob. (2014). Alex and Bob`s Blue Sky Scotland. Available: http://blueskyscotland.blogspot.co.uk/2014/08/ drumchapel-big-four-lessons-learned.html. Last accessed 19th Nov 2017.

Drumchapel 2050 In conclusion, our vision for Drumchapel 2050 has been formulated based on the principles of plot based urbanism, seeking to design a sustainable and resilient place, which is designed for the people of drumchapel and respects local culture.

The knowledge and insights gained in the previous analysis phase form the foundation of our outlined strategies. We have demonstrated how these issues relate to the urban fabric and shown a clear thought process of how these issues can be addressed through a number of projects to be undertaken in partnership with a number of stakeholders, on a national and local scale, over the next 30 years.

Drumchapel, in its existing state is another one of Glasgow’s forgotten peripheral towns, our strategies have been compiled into a proposed concept plan which sets a framework for areas of intervention which will increase densities, strengthen nodes, establish new connections, create walkable neighbourhoods and integrate and celebrate Drumchapel’s unique and beautiful natural and cultural heritage. Above all, our proposed interventions hope to achieve our social objectives: to create a vibrant, socially diverse and distinctive place which offers its inhabitants choice of where to live, work and play.

Finally this strategy booklet sets a clear framework for the progression of the strategies outlined in this phase moving onto the development the masterplan in the next phase.

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Barral, M, Cupkovas, A, et al.2017. Drawing the Existing City. Drumchapel Analysis Booklet. Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde.

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Collarte, N. (2012). The Woonerf Concept “Rethinking a Residential Street in Somerville”. Available: https://nacto.org/ docs/usdg/woonerf_concept_collarte.pdf. Last accessed 18th Nov 2017.

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Duffy, O. (2014). Glasgow follows London’s Boris bikes by launching public bike rental scheme. Available: https://www. theguardian.com/uk-news/scotland-blog/2014/jun/24/glasgow-bike-rental-scheme. Last accessed 19th Nov 2017.

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Ferguson, A. (2015). Pictures: Clean-up operation after weekend Storm Desmond mayhem. Available: http://www. clydebankpost.co.uk/news/14131280.Pictures__Clean_up_operation_after_weekend_Storm_Desmond_mayhem/. Last accessed 21st Nov 2017.

Field, S. (2011). Vauban freiburg, germany. Available: https://3gozaa3xxbpb499ejp30lxc8-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/ wp-content/uploads/2014/07/26.-092211_ITDP_NED_Vauban.pdf. Last accessed 19th Nov 2017.

Forestry Commission Scotland. (2016). Drumchapel Woods Leaflet. Available: http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/ pdf/rec_pdfs/DrumchapelWoodsLeaflet.pdf. Last accessed 16th Nov 2017.

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France Voyage. (2015). Tamarins forest road. Available: https://www.france-voyage.com/travel-photos/tamarins-forestroad-4535.htm. Last accessed 21st Nov 2017.

Glasgow City Council. (2014). Cycle Hire Scheme. Available: https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=18620.

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Hembrow, D. (2013). The Netherlands sets the best example, but don’t copy anything just because it is “Dutch”. Available: http://www.aviewfromthecyclepath.com/2013/04/the-netherlands-sets-best-example-but.html. Last accessed 19th Nov 2017.

Henley, J. (2014). Electric ‘Boris cars’ are coming to London – how do they work in Paris?. Available: https://www. theguardian.com/cities/2014/jul/09/electric-boris-car-source-london-how-work-paris-autolib. Last accessed 17th Nov 2017.

HOMES AND COMMUNITIES AGENCY. (2007). DELIVERING QUALITY PLACES. Available: http://www.staffordbc.gov. uk/live/Documents/Regeneration/Design%20Training/Urban-Design-Compendium-2.pdf. Last accessed 15th Nov 2017.

Kowatil, N et al. History and Stories.2017. Drumchapel Analysis Booklet. Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde.

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Montgomery, C (2015). Happy City. Great Britain: Penguin Random House. 1-359.

Mueller, J. (N/A). Path along the swale. Available: http://i-sustain.com/learningCenter/photoAlbum/Stormwater/ Channels/slides/Path%20along%20the%20swale.html. Last accessed 20th Nov 2017.

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Patarova, A et al. 2017. Network Analysis of Streets. Drumchapel Analysis Booklet. Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde.

Priest, I. (2017). Breath of fresh air – on a budget. Available: https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/breath-of-fresh-air-on-abudget-blue-house-yard-isabelle-priest. Last accessed 14th Nov 2017.

Romice, O and Porta, S. (2014). Plot-based urbanism: a roadmap to masterplanning for change. Available: https://pure. strath.ac.uk/portal/files/41624351/Romice_Sergio_JAOU_2015_Plot_based_urbanism_a_roadmap.pdf. Last accessed 19th Nov 2017.

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