Drumchapel | 4D Vision | Strategy

Booklet no.9

4D Vision Part A November 2017

Drumchapel

Stage: Strategy Group members: John Duffy Hao Meng Hristo Indzhov Hristina Tarpanova Veselina Chavdarova

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Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/

PgDip/MArch Advanced Architectural Design (AAD) MArch Architectural Design International (MADi) PgDip/MSc Urban Design

CONTENTS I.

Defining the Problem and its Solution

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Current Issues 5 Addressing the complex problem 9 Glasgow City Development Plan 12 Resilient Glasgow 14 Conclusion 15

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III.

Case Studies

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IV.

Concept Plan: Existing

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V.

Concept Plan: Proposal

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VI.

Bibliography

Part B

Part A

II. Strategy

SWOT Analysis 18 4D Vision: Drumchapel 2051 22 4D Vision Statement 24 From this.....

26 To this.....

27 Why it matters.....

28 Liveability as a starting point....

28 Vision for Garscadden Valley 29 Green Space, Green Networks & Heritage 30 Woodlands , Cycling , Canal & Neighbourhood 31 Canal Node: Key Gateway 32 Antonine Linear Park 33 Environmental Approach 34 Urban Transect 36 Sprawl Repair 38 Strategic Framework 40 Stakeholders 48 Built Form, Street Networks & Heart Drum-den or Clyde-chapel...?

“Act like you own the place”...

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Street Network Hierarchy 64 Public Transport 66 Streets & Transport 68 Ecological Network 70 The Impact of Topography 72 Amenities & Nodes 74 Urban Density Overview 76 Methodologies 78 Density of Units 80 Relationship Between Density and Centrality 82 Multiple Centrality Assessment 84 Summary 86 Street Network Hierarchy 90 Public Transport 92 Ecological Network 94 Amenities & Nodes 96 Density of Units 98 Relationship Between Density and Centrality 100 Multiple Centrality Assessment 102 Summary 104 Vision of Drumchapel’s Atmosphere 106

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I. DEFINING THE PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION Drumchapel has been shaped by the decentralisation planning policies of the 1950s, as a result the density of its housing stock is quite low, and the provision of amenities is insufficient. The planning of the district has been significantly influenced by topographic challenges, hence its street network follows the most efficient way overcoming height difference rather than the most efficient way of connecting places. Rapid decline of the housing stock, as well as underlying socio-economic factors have been the reason for a decline in its population from 34 000 in the 50s to 12 000 today. Due to the deficiency of cultural facilities, locals are limited in their access to educational and social activities.

The current location of the train station connecting to the city centre is rather incontinent in relation to the location of most of the residential areas.

Drumchapel

Current Issues Population and density Since its creation in 1950s, the district of Drumchapel has had a continuous decline in population going from 34 000 to 12 714 people in 2015. This decline has had a dramatic effect on all characteristics of the area. It has contributed to the increase of vacant land and the closure of many local amenities due to the lack of footfall.

The majority of the population in Drumchapel is comprised of young children and the percentage of single-parent households is the staggering 55% compared to 8% in Glasgow.

There is also lacking cultural diversity due to the very low number of people from ethnic minorities. A mix of people of different ages and different background would help bring more vibrancy and diversity and it’s been suggested that this could be achieved by enriching the existing services, religious centres, places of work and housing types (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning Framework, 2017).

Flooding Parts of Drumchapel, particularly to the north run a risk of flooding. This should be seriously taken into account since it can affect any proposed development or infrastructure intervention. The areas of Drumchapel that are susceptible to flooding also run the risk of ending up being less desirable to develop since higher chance of flooding often means higher insurance costs and can require expensive ways to remediate land to make it less vulnerable. (Analysis Booklet 1 Drawing the existent city, 2017)

Areas prone to flooding diagram, (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017)

Green space Drumchapel has an abundance of unused and unattended green space that acts as a bar-rier between neighbourhoods.

Despite the generous amount of green space, the overall biodiversity in the area is quiet low and consists of common species. The Garscadden burn has the highest biodiversity in the area with strong vegetation and can support many species. SEPA encourages the preservation of areas like this and can offer advice on the protection of the water environment when considering a planning application. (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017)

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Topography

Drumchapel is set over several drumlins with the road network running between them. This is a major contributor to the depravity in some areas due to the lack of easy access. The fact that the drumlins in Drumchapel have an egg-shaped character means that some of them have one steeper side and that can cause problems when developing.

(Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017)

Street network

The key component of the road network in Drumchapel is the Kinfaus drive/ Linkwood drive/ Southdeen avenue circuit. It serves as a connection to the main road network- Great Western Road. An area that requires attention is the connection between North East Drumchapel and its surrounding areas (Cochno and Bearsden) as there isn’t an existing robust connection. There is also a lack of direct connection between the north and south side of Drumchapel.

(Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017)

Lack of amenities

Almost all parts of Drumchapel experience lack of access to amenity provision of any kind within 250m of the centre of their areas. The greatest access to provision, in the case of all of them was found within the 1-2 km ring which combined with the low numbers of car ownership raises the question of accessibility. There needs to be better distribution of amenities within the neighbourhoods so at the very least the everyday needs of the people living there are met.

(Analysis Booklet 1 Drawing the existent city, 2017)

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Drumchapel

Centrality

Unfortunately, Drumchapel doesn’t hold a central position as an intermediary between surrounding areas. The transport network goes around it and therefore Drumchapel is no an important linking destination within the overall network.

This means that its potential as a setting for activities and interaction is dramatically reduced. One of the priorities for future developments in Drumchapel should be the creation of a backbone of streets with high betweenness centrality.

(Analysis Booklet 5 Network analysis and streets, 2017)

Forgotten landmarks

Most of the historic landmarks in Drumchapel have been demolished. The most notable piece f history still standing in the Antonine wall which was listed as a World heritage site

by UNESCO in July 2008. The wall is included as a stop in the local heritage trail route that is suggested for visitors but its full potential as a tourist destination remains not fully explored. (Analysis Booklet 2 History and Stories, 2017)

Transport

Car ownership in Drumchapel is significantly lower as a result of the dominance of low-income housing in the area.

This means that local people rely heavily on public transport to reach the city center. Drumchapel is serviced by one train station on the periphery but is very well covered by the bus network. Four of the available lines connect to the city center and Bus route 3 and CB2 allow a connection between Drumchapel train station and the rest of Drumchapel. There are some outer areas, however, that still have limited coverage and would benefit from introducing a new transport service similar to the CB2 as it connects all areas of Drumchapel. (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017)

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Soil conditions

Drumchapel has a very complex soil structure because there are many different types of soil that can be found within its boundaries. There are two areas located on slopes where there’s already housing built. Any further structures introduced to the area would require piles if over 3 stories high.

(Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017)

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Road network and vacant land Kinfauns

The layout of the road network in Drumchapel doesn’t allow for quick and efficient connections between neighborhoods. There is a concentration of buildings around the main road circuit but the land beyond that is left undeveloped and disconnected.

Services and distance Most of the services and open buildings in Drumchapel are scattered around the main road artery and are surrounded by vast open spaces with no specific use. This makes walking in the area difficult as nothing to be used as a reference for distance.

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Drumchapel High School

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Drumchapel

Addressing the complex problem

There many challenges that need to be considered and overcome in Drumchapel, however, it is important understand that any successful strategy that is trying to tackle all challenges opposed in the area is going to be a long-term project.

Vibrant urban areas tent to evolve naturally with the help of interventions spread over a period of time, rather than through drastic changes made in one substantial redevelopment.

It is important to come up with a clear concept of the steps that need to be taken in order to reach a final positive outcome and to put those steps in a sensible timeframe. The different actions don’t simply follow one after another, since there are layers upon layers of problems, they would require complex solutions and steps of intervention that overlap each to ensure the success of the entire strategy.

Flood Risk Management: Bethemplein Water Plaza Bethemplein water plaza is a solution that combines technical engineering and public place-making in Rotterdam. In order to mitigate high flooding risks, local authorities and designers have devised a water plan that maps available water storage areas in the city that could act as buffers in the event of downpours. This investment in drainage infrastructure doubles as investment in urban space as the systems are designed as active parts of the city environment.

There are different types of water buffers such as sunken squares, smart street profiles, water balloons and dams to suit different urban conditions. The water square in Rotterdam only fills in during heavy rainfall and the water remains in the basin for several hours (up to 32 hours in worst case scenarios) before it gradually drains away. In the rest of the time, this feature is an urban setting open for social interaction.

This prototype holds 1000m3 of water that can be contained to protect the entire neighbourhood from flooding (Boer, 2010, Resilient Glasgow, 2014).

Creating job opportunities, high density, cultural diversity and community spirit are extremely important outcomes of a good strategy. While there is a level of publicity when it comes to redevelopments of areas such as Drumchapel and that is naturally going to keep the interest in the area, there is no way to achieve social or economic richness without well-thought out and well organized built form that occurs over a period of time and act as an attractor to businesses, families or even investors.

Figure I-01  Watersquare Proposal, Rotterdam (Boer, 2010)

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Mitigating Topography: Toledo Hillside Escalator

Mitigating Topography: Montjuïc cable car

Physical infrastructure can be a means of facilitating social cohesion and mobility so as to balance the severance of communities caused by topographic conditions. Toledo, Spain offers an example of a series of covered escalators on a hillside that facilitate the access into the city from topographically lower adjacent areas. This hillside escalator essentially acts as a gateway into the historic quarter of Toledo and the green roof of its covered structure is a natural continuation of the hill (Inspiration Detail, 2017). The escalator articulated into six zig-zag segments, it is 100m long and covers a vertical change of level of 36m (Cardiff University, 2017).

Topographic challenges can also be overcome through transportation detached from the physical terrain.

Infrastructural solutions such as a cable car system allow transportation to surmount limitations of the geographic condition. In addition to being an effective means of transport to the top of the Montjuïc hill and castle, this cable car system also doubles as a tourist attraction offering panoramic views over Barcelona (TMB, 2017). The length of the line is 750m and it covers a vertical change of level of 85m at 2.5 m/s.

Figure I-02 Escalator in Toledo (Inspiration Detail, 2017)

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Figure I-03 Cable Car in Barcelona (Themeparkmedia, 2017)

Drumchapel

Green Space Challenge: Awaji Yumebutai Complex

Car-free District: Vauban, Freiburg, Germany

Tadao Ando’s Awaji Yumebutai Complex featues a 100-step garden built on the side of a mountain.

This natural setting has been scarred as soil from the hill has previously been excavated and used to build artificial islands in Osaka for the international airport (Yumebutai, 2017). Hence, Ando’s proposal was to remediate the place through the creation of a park there that would re-establish the natural habitat in the area. Although an earthquake impacted the initial plans, a memorial garden, among other things, was still constructed on the hill. The 100 flower beds lay on different levels up the hill, there is stair access to each individual flower bed, as well as 10-meter wide main access stair to the top. For additional ease of access, there is also a free-standing lift that takes visitors to a viewing platform at the top of the complex.

Through strategic transport and land-use policies, Freiburg’s municipal bodies overcome barriers related to political and institutional severance of its peripheric districts. Although that transport-land-use coordination has not been an easy process, the municipality has devised methods that satisfy the requirements of smaller transit providers in the region. Contracts guaranteeing that companies would receive a certain amount of annual revenue protect them from the unappealing financial risks of joining the regional transit network (Buehler and Pucher, 2011). In order to stimulate a car-free district, residents in the development who own cars are in fact not allowed to park them in front of their dwellings but rather in specifically allocated areas. The ownership of a car is also a strictly regulated procedure; however, every car-free local citizen is eligible for a free pass for all forms of public transport in the city which further promotes the use of public transport (Coates, 2013).

Figure I-04 The 100-Stepped Garden (Amusing Planet, 2017)

Figure I-05 Vauban, Freiburg, Germany

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Glasgow City Development Plan

GCC Initiative GCC’s City Development Plan lays out the strategic framework of planned urban growth for Glasgow and its conurbation. The main aspiration is to further develop Glasgow in four key directions: economic growth, sustainable development, connectivity and resilience. Within the strategic plan, Drumchapel is already envisioned as a centre in the metropolitan network (see map on the right).

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Vibrant Place

This objective is regarded through the prism of economic development achieved through diversifying employment in sectors such as retail, financial, business, higher education and tourism. Furthermore, the river Clyde is also considered key in developing waterfront activities and driving mixed use regeneration. The local creative industry is also an integral part of the economic growth with a focus on universities, cultural industries, research and manufacture.

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Sustainable Place

The healthy growth of Glasgow’s diverse population is to be reinforced through a process of place-making through design. Carefully planned mix and density of land uses is meant to stimulate street life and activities while still considering issues of maintenance and management at early design stages. Glasgow’s environment also strives to foster the healthy living and well-being of its inhabitants. Additionally, the quality and access to residential amenities is set a bench-mark of safety and inclusion. Provision of renewable resources is also given priority.

Stakeholders

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Figure I-06 Relationships of Glasgow City Development Plan (GCC, 2016a: 5) •

Connected Place

The main purpose of this strategic focus is to ensure the ability to move and do business in the city.

The improvement of public transport and infrastructure is a key facilitator in that process. The resulting decrease in non-essential car use then ensures a safer environment for cyclists and pedestrians. Additionally, the plan aims that all new development are strategically located within adequate access to sustainable resources. All town centres within Glasgow’s metropolitan area are to be inter-connected through public transport that ensures access to a variety of shops, services and community facilities for everyone. On a digital level, connectivity facilitates business flexibility and mobile working while also creating conditions suitable for innovation.

Drumchapel

Drumchapel* * authors’ annotation

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Green Place

An aspiration for resilience, attractiveness and accessibility drive the focus of this strategic objective. The green belt areas are to be protected, further developed and, where necessary, regenerated. The development of vacant and derelict land is also a high priority as a means of contributing to environmental quality. Additionally, continuity of the urban environment is also to be ensured through linking open space and prioritising pedestrian and cycling routes.

Biodiversity, geodiversity and waterways such as rivers, canals and burns also are to be enhanced and protected so as to improve the quality of city living through engagement in activities related to nature. Reinforcing the character of established monuments and landmarks as well as enhancing less know historic assets is another way of using Glasgow’s heritage to its full potential.

Figure I-07 Spatial Representation of the plan to achieve the four strategic objectives (GCC, 2016a: 18) Through a number or policies, GCC drives the accomplishment of its four main objectives: CDP 1 The Placemaking Principle CDP2 Sustainable Spatial Strategy CDP3 Economic Development CDP4 Network of Centres CDP5 Resource Management CDP6 Green Belt and Green Network CDP7 Natural Environment CDP8 Water Environment CDP9 Historic Environment CDP10 Meeting Housing Needs CDP11 Sustainable Transport CDP12 Delivering Development

Stakeholders

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Resilient Glasgow

GCC Initiative Glasgow joined the “100 Resilient Cities” network in 2014 as part of an initiative by the Rockefeller Foundation that aims to develop urban resilience through strategic management of the contemporary physical, social and economic challenges (ARUP, 2014, Resilient Glasgow, 2014).

There are four main directions of development: • Health and Wellbeing

o Meets Basic Needs

o Livelihoods and Employment

o Ensures Public Health Services • Economy and Society

o Cohesive and Engaged Communities

o Social Stability, Security and Justice

o Economic Prosperity • Infrastructure and Environment

o Protective Natural & Man-Made Assets

o Continuity of Critical Services

o Reliable Communication and Mobility • Leadership and Strategy

o Effective Management

o Broad Range of Stakeholders

o Long-Term and Integrated Planning This initiative is based on a multi-agency approach that seeks to establish resilience through collaboration between the public sector, the private sector, voluntary organisations and local communities. As a city largely impacted by post-industrial economic stress, Glasgow strives to use its economic, environmental and social advantages to their best potential.

Stakeholders

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Figure I-08 What is City Resilience? (Resilient Glasgow, 2014: 7)

The Resilient Glasgow Strategy rests upon four main pillars: • Empower Glaswegians • Unlock Place-Based Solutions • Innovate to Support Fair Economic Growth • Foster Civic Participation Glasgow, through the prism of a resilient city, is imagined as reflective, robust, efficient, flexible, resourceful, inclusive and integrated. The strategy towards engagement of local communities includes face-to-face conversations, targeted workshops and on-line surveys. Partnerships and placebased solutions aim to reinforce the economic growth and reduce the inequality gap through agile work opportunities.

Drumchapel

Conclusion

CAUSE

EFFECT

PROBLEM

Problems and Solutions The overarching objectives laid out by Glasgow City Council acknowledge the urgency and necessity to act upon issues related to connectivity and infrastructure, as well as sustainability and well-being which collectively are quite pertinent to the situation in Drumchapel. The way forward for Drumchapel would be to set specific priorities for the area as well as detailed spatially bound proposals for development.

Drumchapel is certainly facing many challenges, yet they also carry hidden potential that can be unravelled through design and considerate planning.

SOLUTION

The biodiversity and variety of natural forms is an open invitation to create vibrant green space for public recreation where topography can be used to the advantage of the urban realm. Climatic challenges such as the high flood risk of certain areas can be turned into solutions that add value as urban activators while new tourist attractions that double as means of transportation can bring visitors outside the areas.

The open land available for development also carries vast potential for the mixed-use projects that tie existing areas currently in segregation. The primary driver for all changes, however, must remain the benefit of the local population, hence design solutions have to be based on their needs.

WHO? WHEN?

HOW?

The collaboration between the city council and the locals needs to be carefully programmed with all details transparent to the public where potential investors and interested parties are wisely selected for each project. High quality service is of fundamental importance for the benefit of the people so the focus should be on detailing a strategy specifically for Drumchapel, yet considering its wider context.

WHERE?

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Leisure/ Sports Centre Medical Care Place of Worship Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

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800

1200

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II. STRATEGY The purpose of the following strategic framework is to address the problems identified in the first chapter and strategically match them to potential solutions that fit the social, environmental and economic context of Drumchapel.

This strategic plan lays the directions of development of the areas as connected, sustainable, inclusive, desirable place to live for residents and an attractive location for visitors.

The actions and policies recommended are informed by the overarching Glasgow City Development Plan yet propose solutions specific to Drumchapel that take into account the complexity of the district, as well as its wider urban context.

Drumchapel

In the previous chapter we looked at the issues affecting the area of study at present and the analysis of the current concept plan. In this chapter, we aim to synthesise these issues and the lessons learned into a coherent strategy for the redevelopment of Drumchapel. To these ends we pose 5 questions: 1. What will the study area look like in 30 years’ time – what is the vision?

2. What are the leading factors that will shape this transformation, what are the main themes for change?

3. What activities and projects need to be implemented to generate the transformation we envisage and who is responsible? What are the interventions?

4. What is the spatial side of such change – what is the concept plan.

5. How do we ensure the work supports rather than inhibits the self-organising processes in the local community?

In addition to these considerations we have undertaken a SWOT analysis to identify Areas of Action and Project opportunities. In the final analysis we have produced a timeline of intervention to affect change over a period of 30 years.

‘Local shops, pubs, playgrounds, the local church and even bus stops serve as the meeting points where casual, informal contacts are made and exchanged. These contacts form the weave of the fabric of a local community because they build the trust and confidence necessary for the exercise of internal controls’ David Page Building for Communities

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

SWOT Analysis Strengths

1. The economic adversity and the lack of mobility in the area has amounted to strong sense of community and territoriality amongst the residents of Drumchapel. In the view of the locals the area should be revitalized and not liquidated.

2. Because if its proximity to it, Drumchapel can be seen as a gateway to the Antonine wall and an important historical area.

3. Drumchapel is also encompassed by green areas- Green belt and woodland, which could be seen as a great condition for achieving a high level of biodiversity.

4. The topography of Drumchapel provides beautiful views from “up the hill� and from Linkwood across the city.

5. The proximity of Drumchapel to the Fourth and Clyde can be of interest to tourists.

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Drumchapel

Opportunities

1. Putting an emphasis on Drumchapel’s historic past and the landmarks that are still present- the Antonine wall and the Fourth and Clyde canal, is likely to generate more interest in the area and might turn Drumchapel into an important educational destination.

2. There is also an opportunity to further strengthen the sense of pride of the local population by better integrating community buildings and important historic buildings.

3. The proximity to the Forth and Clyde canal provides opportunity for a variety of leisure activities and can also act as impetus for regeneration by living in, on or around the water.

4. Overcoming the barriers that now exist between neighbourhoods is going to result in better permeability.

5. Introducing a gateway to the North, South, East and West could provide better connection to and within the area.

6.. Some of the open green spaces have the potential to be used as leisure destination and can promote healthier lifestyle and physical activity.

7. Introducing a new transport hub such as a bus station might ease the movement of people within the area and even improve the connection between Drumchapel and the city center.

8. An increase in the quality and quantity of local amenities and creating an environment that might attract more retailers of different scale, could help create a more self-sufficient community.

9. Breaking the skyline with some memorable or iconic buildings would increase the areas imageability.

10. Creating a well-defined pathway between the train station and Drumchapel’s center could make the area easier to navigate and more inviting.

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Weaknesses

1. The railway station in Drumchapel is located on the periphery and there isn’t a clear connection with the “center of gravity” of the area.

2. Even though there are four bus survives operating in the area, there are still some peripheral neighborhoods that are harder to reach.

3. The connectivity problems are further perpetuated by the barriers- both natural and manmade, that exist between neighborhoods.

Vast open spaces, topography, poorly placed buildings and roads taking the path of least resistance, make some parts of Drumchapel very difficult and inconvenient to access.

4. The lack of provision of services within the different neighborhoods makes people more car or public transport dependent when they are trying to meet their everyday needs.

5. There’s a serious lack of medium and small retailers dispersed in Drumchapel which makes the shopping center and the retail park the main service providers in the area.

6. A lot of the buildings that are important to the community or are considered to be of architectural value such as churches or listed buildings, are hidden away in highly defensible plots behind palisade fence or hedges and trees that obstruct visibility.

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7. Drumchapel has a continuously declining population with numbers going as low as 12, 714 in 2015. So far this has led to the closure of many local amenities because of the lack of footfall.

8. The majority of the population in Drumchapel is comprised of young children and the percentage of single-parent households is the staggering 55% compared to 8% in Glasgow. There is a lack of social diversity.

9. There is also a lack of ethnical diversity due to the low number of residents representing minorities.

10. Street connectivity within Drumchapel is very weak. Same can be said about its connections to surrounding areas.

11. Streets are designed with mostly cap-focused approach.

12. There is a lack of easily accessible and straightforward NorthSouth and East- West connection.

13. Drumchapel experiences high level of noise pollution due to its proximity to the airport.

Drumchapel

Threats

1. The soil conditions create difficulty in Drumchapel. The type of soil in some of the areas suggest only low-rise buildings and can slow down the construction of new roads due to the higher cost of the required thicker layer of capping.

2. Drumchapel was heavily mined and ground instabilities are to be expected. This past activity hints at the presence of an extensive network of underground tunnels which have already created issues in past developments.

3. Some areas of Drumchapel, particularly to the north are at risk of flooding and this can affect any future development.

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

4D Vision: Drumchapel 2051

Drumchapel is a thriving community of 25,000 people. It has a town centre that is very popular with the local inhabitants where they live, work, and play and where they also avail themselves of the local shops and public services. It is a place with a broad mix of house types and tenures and this adds diversity to the community.

The town centre is a vibrant and memorable place which has pleasant external public spaces where the locals linger, it is a place where the old and young can interact and where life is the backdrop. It is a walkable neighbourhood that is well connected to its satellite neighbourhoods with streets that are tree lined and which are easy and safe to cross.

The Antonine Park which wraps around the area is a place that attract locals of all ages during the week and at weekends for walking and cycling. The park also attracts folk from further afield that have cycled the canal path and have turned into Drumchapel from Lock 32 on the canal to visit the Antonine Visitor Centre.

From the centre of town, it is a pleasant 3-minute walk along the new High Street to the local transport hub where you can catch a train every 10 minutes in to town or avail yourself of the the Express Bus Rapid Transport which follows a direct route along Great Western Road, stopping at Annniesland Cross, Gartnaval Hospital, the West End, St George’s Cross and finally Buchanan St Bus Station. The new transport hub has allowed the High St with

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Drumchapel

ACHIEVE A GOAL

LIMIT A THREAT

ENHANCE AN OPPORTUNITY

independent,small retailers and public service providers to flourish by stimulating footfall and activity along its length.

5 Years ago, the new Glasgow Tram Network reached Anniesland Cross and now the final phase of an extension to the west to accommodate this growing neighbourhood is nearing completion. Hoardings around the site of the new modal transport interchange are being erected. The BRT system which is gradually being phased out provided much of the necessary infrastructure to support the construction of the new tram line.

House prices in the area have been buoyant and have raised land values such that Edrington Ltd who own the vast industrial complex on Duntreath Av have commissioned a report on the phased decant of their premises to allow the construction of a further 500 housing units.

The inhabitants are happier & healthier because the ease of access to the surrounding countryside and the quality of their external public spaces which are sustainable, accessible and safe and which provide leisure and recreational opportunities.Their houses are warm and cheap to heat and there is a neighbourly atmosphere reminiscent of early Drumchapel or of the communities the original tenants left behind in the 1950’s.

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

4D Vision Statement ‘Intricate mingling of different uses are not a form of chaos. On the contrary, they represent a complex and highly developed form of order’

Strategy

Vision: Our vision for Drumchapel is that for which it was originally envisaged but never achieved: a semi-autonomous township.

To this very direct aim, we look to build on the strong community spirit borne from economic adversity which has created an especially strong sense of identity and territoriality. We therefore take our cues from local people. In the views of local people, the area should be re-vitalised and not liquidated.

We look to recreate an area that is sustainable, connected, liveable, diverse, thriving, healthy and resilient - walkable neighbourhoods. A town centre that is the focus of community life with a density of population to support and sustain a viable district. Most importantly, perhaps we aim to ameliorate the very considerable health inequalities both in terms of life outcomes and life expectancy. In order to achieve these aims we look to strategise 4 broad aims.

Green space, Green Networks & Heritage The vision considers this strong desire and the strategy looks to build on the area’s positive aspects: the green open space internally and encompassed by green space around its northern periphery. We look to the considerable untapped heritage value of The Antonine wall and its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage site as a driver generator of economic activity as well as opportunities for education and health. We consider that hitherto the wall’s potential as an attractor has not been exploited to increase visitor numbers to the area from Glasgow and beyond. Exposing heritage this way creates an inter-generational equity from the value of historic places. In tandem with this we look to re-conceptualise the relationship between the peripheral urban edge and the agricultural hinterland. The Forth and Clyde canal which skirts the south-west flank of the area provides a valuable green corridor which should be exploited as a conduit from

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Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

the wider city -reinforced and stronger connections made with the greens spaces internally. We aim to connect this new node via a green corridor to the northern area of the district with a new attractor. Finally, the interstitial ambiguous and negative green spaces re-imagined providing defined & positive green and public spaces for the area.

Built form - and Street Networks and Heart of Drumchapel There is an overwhelming feeling that Drumchapel lack a proper town centre. The current shopping centre provides a limited number of shops and services but lacks the special clarity and legibility that a thriving town provides. There is also very low density in the central and adjacent areas. We aim to introduce a new heart of the town which is vibrant and diverse with local shops and services that people are attracted to using with public spaces that are pleasant and useable. We look to providing attractive places for people to live in the central district which will allow it to be sustained.

We look to establish a series of neighbourhood nodes, which are connected to the district heart.

The road network, which follows the path of least resistance circumventing the transverse crossing of the local system of drumlins creates unnecessary extra distance between neighbourhoods and there is severance of the network along the train line and at various points within the district. We aim to re-establish and strengthen routes north-south and eastwest and to begin to address the disconnection long the train lines. We look to reconnecting neighbourhoods that were previously disconnected and re-connecting and reinforcing established connections to existing adjacent districts.

Industrial & Retail ‘Voids’, Transport Links and Hub We consider the area which houses the large urban sheds of Erdington & Great Western Retail Park to be an important site within the strategic thinking of the overall area.

The industrial and retail built forms which completely sever

Drumchapel

the south west of the district from the main body of Drumchapel require creative interventions that will repair the road network, introduce new connections across the train line and create active frontages and uses where there is a more useful urban exchange. There are also opportunities to increase the granularity of the urban shed form through the process of sprawl repair. At present, they are voids, black holes if you will, which disconnect the district form the rest of the city.

We see the repair of this zone as a more long-term proposition which will only come about if the popularity of the area increases and thus the value of land in these areas increases.

As we see it, the location of the existing train station is crucial to the future of the area. In line with current planning policy we propose moving the station to a more central location on Duntreath Av. We therefore re-conceptualise the space between the station and the current shopping centre as a linear node and thus capitalise on the excellent train service between Drumchapel and Glasgow city centre. In the meanwhile, we propose introduction of better connected bus- rail service and better more legible environment at the modal transfer. We propose BRT to take advantage of the long, relatively straight route along Great Western Road to the West End and points further east and to introduce redundancy into the transport system. We propose an express service which stops at Anniesland Cross, Gartnaval Hospital, West End, St George’s Cross, Buchanan St Bus Station.

Ultimately, we would like to see the area connected to the rest of the city with a dedicated tram link, however, this like the industrial and retail voids are part of the longer-term thinking.

Figure II-03 Tramlines - 4D Vision for new transport modes

Figure II-01 Drumchapel population 1955-2017 (PBA)

Population In conclusion, we aim to increase the population of Drumchapel to 25,000 over a 30-year period. We aim to break the current cycle of decline-invest- decline with a strategy of planned and achievable growth.

Figure II-02 Drumchapel population 1955-2051 (PBA)

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Market Value

From this.....

Critical Line

Time Figure II-04 Critical Quality Diagram , by Klas Tham based on (Scotland, 2014)

“Klas Tham, lead designer and programme co-ordinator of Bo 01 in Malmo Sweden, speaks also passionately about the need to embed quality in the design process. His Quality / Time model (Fig II 07 above) illustrates that with an initial investment in quality, development sits above a critical ‘quality’ line. Happy residents are invested in the upkeep of their place, the place thrives, and the value of the development grows over time. With development below the critical line, people still move in, but are less inclined to invest in upkeep and over time decline sets in. At some point, major investment will be required to regenerate, however, it will not be possible to bring it up over the critical line and over time, the same problems will arise again. This can lead to major financial implications for local authorities/ governments. This argument was presented to the City of Malmö in preparation for the Bo01 expo to convince them of the need to set a threshold for design quality.”

Extract from “Architecture + Design Scotland- What does good leadership look like?: Lessons from Bo 01, Sweden” (Scotland, 2014)

26

Drumchapel

To this.....

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Figure II-05 Sustainable development (based on Tarbutt, 2012)

“The urgent conversion of society to long term sustainability will only be possible when the sustainable alternative is regarded not only as the wisest, but also as the most attractive one…The prevailing quantitative standards for environmental sustainability, such as saving energy are necessary, but insufficient…It will not be until people’s aesthetic, emotional and social needs are also met that the sustainable society can be attained” (Bo01 City of Tomorrow, Klas Tham)

27

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Why it matters.....

Define the problem better to extract better solutions The population of Drumchapel is 12648 – a reduction of around 800 people from 2001. Approximately 25% of local people are under 16 years of age in comparison to Glasgow as whole where they account for 16% of the population but has one of the highest child poverty rates in the city at 48%.

There are proportionally fewer people aged 16-64 years old in Drumchapel than in the wider city area- 64% compared to 70% and 12% of residents are aged 65 or older compared to 14% city wide.

The local area is also less diverse than the rest of the city with 55 being from an ethnic background compared to 115 across the city. 6% of people were born abroad in comparison to 12% in the city.

Female and male life expectancy are slightly lower than the Glasgow average but there can be a disparity of as much as 10 years between Drumchapel and its more affluent neighbour Bearsden in East Dunbartonshire. 20% of households in Drumchapel are made up of one parent families and the area has a relatively low employment rate, with a smaller proportion of students and retired people in comparison to the rest of the city. In addition, there are relatively more local people 15% who are disabled or have a long-term illness than in the wider city district.

Based on these statistics, there are clearly challenges which need to be addressed in the strategy as well as the spatial issues which have been documented and analysed previously. (http://www.understandingglasgow.com, n.d.)

Figure II-07 Proportional contribution to premature death. (C.A.B.E, 2014)

Glasgow -

Liveability as aas starting point Liveability a starting point....

THE CITY IS LIVING The city has a high density of people, functions, buildings - and thereby an active city pulse

PEOPLE LIVE IN THE CITY

People choose to live and work in the city because they find the public realm and city life attractive

PUBLIC TRANSPORT NEARBY It is easy to serve the city with nearby and frequent public transport due to the high density of residents and users

A vital p

The Counci quality publi of everyday tend to be pl in communit

LIVEABLE CITIES

ATTRACTIVE PUBLIC SPACE Many people present in the street create a need for attractive public spaces & street scapes designed for people - in a human scale

It wants to walking dis heights, sme into consider

PEOPLE WALK & BIKE Short travel distances from home to public transport and destinations gives low car ownership - people walk & bike more

STREETS FOR PEOPLE The infrastructure for pedestrians & bikes is expanded in order to cater well for the growing number of pedestrians and bikes

The Council to be comfo is actually is diversity to s

1 “[...] human landsc will use city s the large line of buildings t quality of the walking and s people. Island

THE CITY SPRAWLS

Figure II-08 The Liveability The city expandsof andGood Places (MVRDV, 2016: 31) sprawls outside the city centre, to get fresh air and green, creating low density of people

PEOPLE LEAVE THE CITY People don't want to work or live in the city and move out of the congested and polluted city centre

CARS OCCUPY PUBLIC SPACE Car traffic & parking dominate the streetscapes and public spaces in the city

Figure II-06 Creating Healthy Places : Why it matters.. (C.A.B.E, 2014)

SPARSE PUBLIC TRANSPORT The low dense city is difficult to serve efficiently with public transport causing long distances to transport hubs and a frugal time schedule

A car do

The Counci interactions the city is we at least invit

NOT LIVEABLE CITIES

Parks, squ welcoming . the largest network.

The quality and the sam ultimate test

28

ROADS ARE EXPANDING The infrastructure for cars is expanded in order to solve the growing problem of congested roads and streets

CAR DEPENDENCY Long travel distances and low service by public transport create car dependency - few people who walk & bike

Drumchapel

Vision for Garscadden Valley

Lin k

k

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Lin

L in

G a rsc a dd e n

k

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k Figure II-10 Garscadden Valley Today

Figure II-09 Garscadden Park - 4D Vision for Garscadden Valley

29

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Green Space, Green Networks & Heritage Strategy One of the most striking aspects of Drumchapel is its natural landscape setting. The area is encompassed by agricultural green belt, woodlands and watercourses which define 180 degrees of the area’s northern periphery. Within the area there are huge swathes of green space, some of which have a negative or undefined function. The green areas surrounding the district feel disconnected from the streets and connections and paths within these areas are weak. There are a number of steep grassed, south facing banks.

Within the green belt area to the north lies the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Antonine Wall and the remains of a Roman fortress. To the south-eastern flank lies the Forth and Clyde Canal – a green corridor which provides a green corridor to the area from the wider environs of the city.

“The first necessity in understanding how cities and their parks influence each other is to jettison confusion between real uses and mythical uses-for example. the science-fiction nonsense that parks are “the lungs of the city.” It takes about three acres of woods to absorb as much carbon dioxide as four people exude in breathing, cooking and heating. The oceans of air circulating about us, not parks., keep cities from suffocating. ‘ Jane Jacobs – The Death and Life of Great American Cities

Stakeholders

We aim to re-conceptualise these space to better exploit their positive aspects for leisure and amenity educational and environmental value, to integrate them better into the town and to make them more productive, legible and used.

And , in addition, to integrate them more fully into the citywide green network. We look to collaborate with local and national stakeholders to achieve these changes.

Figure II-11 Green Patches - 4D Vision for community gardening

30

Drumchapel

Woodlands , Cycling , Canal & Neighbourhood Strategy

Figure II-14 Green Corridors and networks (Rogers, 1999)

At present the Green Networks in the area are simply not networks. While the woodland paths have designated cycle ways they do not intersect or operate together in a meaningful way with the rest of the district -for the residents, locals or tourists.

We propose to connect the walking and cycling paths to the wider area through a network of green corridors which connect not only the woodlands area but also the proposed newtwork of new green nodes located within each neighbourhood.

The main conduit form the rest of the city will be via the canal node at lock . For this we take our cues form the current masterplan to develop the canal at Bowling in Dumbartonshire lead by Scottish Canals:

Figure II-12 Woodland walk - existing (Commission, n.d.)

Figure II-13 Woodland walk - flora, fauna,heritage (Commission, n.d.)

“Over recent years, we have been breathing new life into Bowling Harbour, developing a new tourism and leisure destination fitting of the western gateway to the Forth & Clyde Canal. Together with the local community and project partners, we’ve developed a shared vision to help safeguard Bowling Harbour’s rich heritage and build for its future. This is now captured in our approved masterplan for the area which forms the blueprint for the area’s future and regeneration plans. Since 2014 we have collectively invested more than £3.2 million in the area, which has included the transformation of disused railway arches into commercial business space and public realm improvements to the lower basin area. We are very pleased to see the completion of the latest phase of this work and look forward to welcoming more new businesses into the area, strengthening Bowling Harbour as a vibrant tourism destination. This exhibition outlines our collaborative work over recent years and illustrates the next planned stages of development, bringing further investment, employment opportunities and vibrancy to Bowling. We look forward to working with you as we continue to transform our vision into a reality.”

Bowling Harbour Masterplan , Scottish Canals

31

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Canal Node: Key Gateway Strategy

Figure II-15 Lock 32- New canal gateway/ node (Google, 2017)

Agricultural interface Green Node Neighbourhood

Historic Green Node

Canal Node

Linear Green Node

Figure II-18 Proposed concept: Green urban network Canal Gateway (PBA)

icultural interface

en Node

ghbourhood

oric Green Node

ar Green Node

Figure II-17 Bowling Basin - masterplan (Canals, Scottish, 2015)

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Figure II-16 Bowling Basin - masterplan - public spaces

Drumchapel

Antonine Linear Park

Strategy

The presence of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Antonine Wall Within the green belt area to the north represents a huge opportunity for Drumchapel.

Figure II-19 Hunterian artefacts & exhibition(Glasgow, Unknown)

Figure II-20 Mount Stuart Visitor Cetre - Isle of Bute (Marshall, 2002)

Figure II-21 Irish Cultural Centre , City of Derry (Tuomey, 2009)

And while the Antonine wall stretches 37 miles across central Scotland there exists the opportunity for Drumchapel to recast itself as the Gateway to the Wall. The current path network exists only to service the existing woodland areas and does not extend to the wall and fortress. We feel this is a missed opportunity that could be rectified by extending the path and cycle network to these important heritage areas.

Not only does the network require extended but we also propose that along the linear path through the park nodes are created which reinforce the destination and progression through. We propose that the junction at Lock 32 on the canal becomes a node and gateway to the Antonine park.

This could act as a natural pausing point for walkers and cyclists. Further we propose that a visitor centre for the wall is located at the north as a punctual stop en-route around the park.

Figure II-22 Current efforts to rediscover Antonine Wall (Live, 2017)

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Environmental Approach Strategy

Northmuir Community Garden, Drumchapel Northmuir Community Garden is an excellent example of the City Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Stalled spaces at work. A space which has taken over a small corner of the local neighbourhood, on a piece of dis-used land.

Raised bed planters have been constructed and provide a means for growing fruit, vegetables and flowers for the local community. In addition, the garden is a focus for community interaction and celebration with many different events occurring on a monthly basis.

A main focus of the strategy is ensuring the introduction of environmentally sustainable systems in Drumchapel that are going to enhance the green network of the area and will strengthen the sense of ownership and pride among the local population.

A step towards achieving this would be the implementation of the rain water collection idea. In most cases, rainwater pours down into the drainage system and ends up being wasted, however, it is a resource that can easily be redirected and used for watering vegetation or supporting a community garden.

Incorporating community gardening into the strategy is going to help promote self-sufficiency in Drumchapel and might help strengthen the sense of pride among the population.

Any new housing developments need to adopt a more sustainable approach when it comes to water disposal. A community biomass boiler is going to be used to heat the water used on site.

The gray water that is produced by each household is going to be stored on site and used for serving as flushing water in bathrooms. This means that gray water is going to be turning into black and in return, the black water is going to be used in three different ways.

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s going to be used to fertilize community gardens, part of it is going to be redirected towards the Green belt and any excess is going to be redirected for purification. A community biomass boiler is going to be used to heat the water used on site.

Figure II-23â&#x20AC;&#x192; Northmuir Community Garden - a Stalled Spaces project (Garden, 2017) 34

Drumchapel

Awkward and Steep!

There are many instances within the local district where there are green unused, neglected or unproductive space that have remained so because they are steep and inaccessible. In many cases, though they are south facing and offer the potential to be reimagined for the production of food.

An interesting precedent that might serve-albeit with some adaptations- is the Awaji Memorial Garden in Japan

by Tadao Ando which makes a virtue of its steeply sloping south-facing site. The garden consists of square raised planting bed and accessible walkway with stair. Each bed is planted out with a different species and provides an astonishing display of flowers and produce. The principle could be adapted for Drumchapel with each bed a module which could be added to a steeply sloping site as and when funds are available. The module could consist of a growing bed or contain attenuation tanks of water stored from run off from higher levels and used for irrigation.

Stakeholders

Figure II-24â&#x20AC;&#x192; Northmuir Community Garden - never too early! (Garden, 2017)

Figure II-25â&#x20AC;&#x192; Memorial Garden, Awaji , Japan by Tadao Ando - a steep incline re-imagined for growing (Care, n.d.)

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Urban Transect

Strategy “The urban-to-rural transect is an urban planning model created by New Urbanist Andrés Dunay. The transect defines a series of zones that transition from sparse rural farmhouses to the dense urban core. Each zone is fractal in that it contains a similar transition from the edge to the centre of the neighbourhood. The transect is an important part of the New Urbanism and smart growth movements.

Duany’s firm DPZ has embodied the transect philosophy into their SmartCode generic planning code for municipal ordinances.

The importance of transect planning is particularly seen as a contrast to modern Euclidean zoning and suburban development. In these patterns, large areas are dedicated to a single purpose, such as housing, offices, shopping, and they can only be accessed via major roads. The transect, by contrast, decreases the necessity for long-distance travel by any means.”

The urban transect is a useful device for assessing the heterogeneity of the urban landscape – while prohibiting mono-cultures of any individual transect zone.

Further the concepts of Duany’s Extra-Urban Agriculture

Figure II-27 The Urban Transect (DPZ, n.d.)

36

Figure II-26 Subculture Boundary - A Pattern Language (Alexander, 1977)

and Intra- Urban Agriculture give us the tools and means by which the meniscus between the city edge and the agrarian hinterland can be blurred (between Transect 2 and 3) for the better-providing a variety of ways for different scales of agriculture to plug into the urban fabric. In the case of Extra- Urban Agriculture this maintains open views into the agrarian lands and allows an economic and social interchange between the active agricultural lands and the town.

Intra- Urban (between Transect 4 and 5) agriculture shows us the places where the interstitial pockets of land can be exploited for growing and food production.

Drumchapel

ria

ra Ag

Figure II-29 Extra urban agriculture (DPZ, n.d.)

ge

d nE

Figure II-30 Intra urban agriculture (DPZ, n.d.)

Figure II-32 Proposed green urban network - Agrarian Edge

Figure II-31 Intra urban agriculture (DPZ, n.d.)

Figure II-33 Bowling Basin -Section thro canalside (Canals, Scottish, 2015)

Agricultural interface Green Node Neighbourhood

Historic Green Node

Linear Green Node Figure II-28 Agri-Urban Builing Types (DPZ, n.d.)

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Sprawl Repair

1

Industrial Shed & Retail Voids Transport Links & Hub Strategy

1

2

2

3

3

Figure II-36 Proposed Hierarchy of Roads Access GSPublisherVersion 0.50.100.100

While there are many attendant issues in Drumchapel, the elephant in the room for the most of its south-west corner are issues of impermeable specialist spaces, namely The Edrington Group’s whisky bottling plant and The Great Western Retail Park.

For historic reasons, there has been an industrial presence at the Edrington Site (which also included a biscuit factory at one point) for well over 100 years-and while there are histories and memories associated with the site that are valuable, the site, in conjunction with the retail park and train line, severs a large section of the district. The retail park which is adjacent – across the train line offers us a double whammy of severance both from Great Western Road and Duntreath Avenue. This site too has historical associations, housing as it once did The Goodyear Tyre factory which closed in the late 1970’s.

These 2 sites, however, have quite different arrangements – the Edrington site has a secure perimeter along the entirety of it’s boundary with a tall palisade fence, while the retail park is by necessity, more permeable but no less a barrier to the legibility and comprehensibility of the district.

Our strategic move of shifting the train station to the intersection of Duntreath Av and reimagining a linear node High Street poses some intriguing questions about how these 2 specialist spaces could be reimagined.

Figure II-34 Sprawl repair industry- before (DPZ, n.d.)

In this respect, we look to Duany’s sprawl repair kit which proposes the increase in granularity of specialist sites with buildings that form blocks with activated frontages. This could be applied more readily to the retail park site due to the more dispersed nature of its sprawl. The Edrington site, which is an agglomeration of sheds which touching each other is a more difficult proposition but could nevertheless less become re-connected back to the main body of the district by the same means.

While the principal of sprawl repair is a sound one, there are certainly barriers to achieving this in the short-term. We therefore consider both these principal actions as long-term endeavours, requiring the area to be more stable, more popular and more resilient in terms of employment. It is only at this point where increasing land values make the proposition viable and attractive to the stakeholders and actors associated with the sites and where they can see an added value to the repair.

38

Figure II-35 Sprawl repair industry- before (DPZ, n.d.)

Drumchapel

Sprawl Repair

Figure II-37 Sprawl repair industry-Edrington site & Great Western Retail Park (PBA)

Figure II-38 Proposed new train station & hub (Google, 2017)

Figure II-39 How it could be ? - Frieburg tram & boulevard

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Strategic Framework CO UNES ! ! !

L L A ANTONINE W

Strategy Plan

Through effective public partnership

Surrounding District node Main District Roads

Potential Mixed-use building District centre

Railway station Green network Canal route Potential Green route Potential Gateways Denser street network Potential Neighborhood Existing Industrial/ Commercial Area Potential Neighborhood Nodes

e

Potential Mixed-use building District centre

Densified Street Network

40

Densified Street Network

!

Drumchapel

!!! ANTONINE WALL !!! UNESCO !!!

Through effective public partnership

Through effective public partnership

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

GOALS

Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 4D Vision (Routes for Improvement)

1. Social

2. Economic

3. Environmental

4. Infrastructural

1A: Control Population Leakage

2A: Effective Partnerships

3A: Self-sufficiency

4A: Integrated Transport System

OBJECTIVES

1B: Improve Wellbeing

1C: Community Oriented Development 1D: Better Integration of Public Services

4B: Networks and Connections

2B: Introducing Diversity

2C: District and Neighbourhood Centres Development

1E: Promote Heritage and Tourism

4C: Gateways and Thresholds

3B: Better Open Space

4D: Time and Scale Management of Interventions

4E: Energy, Water and Waste Management

Glasgow City Development Plan

Economy and Society

Infrastructure and Environment

Health and Wellbeing Leadership and Strategy Resilient Glasgow

Connected Vibrant

42

Green Sustanable

Drumchapel

Action Areas: Calls for Intervention

Decrease in Population Comparatively lower Life Expectancy and Life Outcomes Complex Procurement Routes Low Community Involvement in Decision-making Insufficient Amenities Lack of Diversity Lack of Pronounced Town Centre Low Integration of Railway Station Insufficient Connections to Adjacent DistrictsRailway Station Severance of Neighbourhoods Lack of Integration of Public Facilities Decline in the Quality of Current Housing Stock Underuse of Historic Heritage Insufficient Access to Sustainbale Energy Imbalance Between Housing and Infrastructure

1. Social

1A: Control Population Leakage: Make Drumchapel more attractive for the existing population by: • Investing in external spaces turning those AMBIGUOUS/NEGATIVE/NON-DEFENSIBLE open spaces into CLEARLY DEFINED/ POSITIVE/ DEFENSIBLE spaces, augmenting the leisure and utility aspects of green and wooded areas. To RECONCEPTUALISE existing underused spaces • Creating a new HEART of Drumchapel in which a range of services can be more easily accessed, a better selection of shops is available, less dispersed.

• Better transport access at all TIMES to city centre • Better job opportunities for those existing residents • Less segregation of single parent families especially mums • A better place in which to grow a family- facilities better directed and located 1B: Improve Wellbeing Improve life expectancy, life outcomes & wellbeing. Promote healthier living while aiming for HEALTH EQUITY WITH BETTER OFF AREA: • Minimise social isolation - having few social ties increases a person’s risk of dying early by 29% • Promote healthy lifestyles • Physical activity • Healthy Food • Contact with nature • Positive social contact • MAKE THESE FUNCTIONS INTEGRAL where they live, shop, go to school, are entertained 1D: Better Integration of Public Services The low level of current integration of public facilities negatively impacts the surroundings, especially schools.

Nearly all community buildings are defensive rather than defensible.

• All facilities planned to be in the right places with the right architectural and urban articulation, especially the Community Centre • Schools need to be integrated with the urban street network better

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

1. Social

+

2. Economic

2. Economic

1D: Community Oriented Development

2A: Effective Partnerships

Local solutions to local problems – promote a community oriented approach to redevelopment as local people are best placed to decide what is right and appropriate for their area: • DEBATE AND DECIDE rather than PREDICT AND PROVIDE • CHARETTES • Community Council – roles and responsibilities

• •

3. Environmental

1E: Promote Heritage and Tourism The richness of history & heritage in the area are not currently being exploited for the benefit of the community.

Hence, the Antonine Wall and the Canal, which is mostly hidden, need to be celebrated in a more pronounced way.

• A new CENTRE FOR THE ANTONINE WALL • New place to live on the CANAL perhaps • Recreational network connected via the green spaces

2. Economic

+

3. Environmental

2B: Introducing Diversity Increase the level of DIVERSITY of space, population, retail provision, social interaction and housing.

Greater diversity of tenures required: • More Private housing • More PRS • More Private -Self Build • More Private- Self build co-operatives • Better differentiated parklands • Better ARMATURE to support retail, i.e. better town centre 2C: District and Neighbourhood Centres Development The current town centre offers only partial access to amenities and social activities. Improve connections, architectural articulation and urban realm: • Create new access roads that create conditions for centrality and ease of access • The SHOPPING centre is not necessarily a TOWN centre, therefore introduce other urban activators and public spaces to increase the quality of city living

44

Work towards improved collaboration within the multiagency approach with the integration of local citizens in the process.

Establish a streamlined tree of responsibility for clarity and transparency of all policies.

3A: Self-sufficiency •

Improve the self-sufficiency of the area and create a township rather than a town: • Provide local services and facilities so that locals do not need to go further afield for banking, social, health and entertainment amenities.

• Provide more physical/ human resources which can contribute to a more self-sustaining environment.

o EDRINGTON – ENERGY

o CANAL -DRAINAGE o MORTONS • Utilise opportunities to create MAGNETS to the area that take advantage of HERITAGE / INDUSTRY - create Visitor Centre/ Distillery/ Canal Living • Plan the life-cycle of Industry / Retail park which provide jobs but at the moment, yet present a physical barrier to the area creating severance. Improve the integration and role in contributing to local society and provide more to the area – energy/waste • Combined Heat & Power (CHP)/ District Heating System 3B: Better Open Space Vacant land creates an ambiguous and negative open space, therefore, focused effort need to be applied in the articulation of open space.

• Improve residential green space so as to work better for the housing that is adjacent • Reconceptualised external spaces for better urban realm • High percentage of children live in the area, so introduce new play grounds • Access to the Antonine Wall through healthy walks and heritage walks

Drumchapel

4D: Time and Scale Management of Interventions

4. Infrastructural 4A: Integrated Transport System The service of the transport network in the area could be improved through the integration of different modes of transport. The railway station could be relocated so as to increase its integration into the heart of the city. Potentially, in longer term, a new tram system could be introduced for resilience of the overall system.

• A tram system would be a fantastic addition, yet currently there is not enough in the way of population to justify/sustain a new piece of public transport. Longer term planning can be pursued for new infrastructure integration • REINFORCE existing transport connections ROAD/ RAIL • Improve existing bus services so as to serve the community well at all times of the day/ week • Introduce an express bus service to Glasgow via Great Western Road 4B: Networks and Connections

Each of the planned intervention has to be set within a framework of priorities over 20, 30, 50-year periods.

Infrastructure and housing provision should be planned in conjunction so as to simultaneously add value to the area.

• Rate interventions with a scale factor - S, M, L, XL • Introduce phasing of development • begin with areas where it makes most sense and has the biggest impact – the heart

3. Environmental

+

4. Infrastructural

4E: Energy, Water and Waste Management In order to increase the levels of sustainability in the area, water/ energy/ human resources need to be managed effectively for the good of the community.

• Community Heating / District Heating / Heat recovery from Industry • Canal for drainage and canal water as a resource • Local water courses for drainage

Insufficient coverage of the network and limited connections impose a challenge on Drumchapel, therefore it would benefit from connections internally and to adjacent areas – Bearsden/ Clydebank/ Drumry.

• Train line, Industrial areas create large swathes of severance from GWR- Requires SPRAWL REPAIR • Lack of GATEWAYS to distinguish a THRESHOLD between one area and another • Need better connection NORTH SOUTH and EAST WEST • Need better multiple connections to town centre 4C: Gateways and Thresholds The lack of clearly established threshold /gateway conditions add to the severance of neighbourhoods and the feel of defensible space.

• Neighbourhoods have distinctive names and historic areas but internally suffer from a lack of distinction and nodal concentration of neighbourhood services, therefore interconnectivity should be sought • Current insufficiency of pronounces nodes decreases imageability, therefore both intersections and buildings should be articulated in a pleasant urban manner create a sense of place

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

2017 2020

1A

2030

2C

1A

Develope District Neighborhood - density &mixed use

Increase d

Re-routing Public Transport

Invest in

1B

4B

2C

Develop Main District Roads

3B

1E

Improve Green space Maintanance Green belt & Green network Increase Bio-diversity

2C

Local Street Network

4B 3B

1B

Integrate

3A

Establish Agricult

Create new working places

1E

3B

Promote Tourism

46

4E

1D

4A

Relocate the Railway station

Drumchapel

2040

1B

1C

2B

2050

4C

density in peripheral parts

landmarks/ iconic buildings

development

2A

2C

e the Industry

tural site

47

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Stakeholders Drumchapel Community Council The Community Council is a voluntary organisation set up by statute by the Local Authority and run by local residents to act on behalf of its area. As the most local tier of elected representation, Community Councils play an important role in local democracy.

Strategy

Scottish Government • • • •

Important partnerships with GHA in delivering new homes Important for available funding streams SIMD The Scottish Government’s official tool to identify areas of multiple deprivation in Scotland Implementation of strategic government policy

As well as representing the community to the local authority, the Community Council facilitate a wide range of activities which promote the well-being of the community. They bring local people together to help make things happen, and many Community Councils protect and promote the identity of their community. They advise, petition, influence and advocate numerous causes and cases of concern on behalf of local communities.

Drumchapel Community Ownership Group (DRUMCOG) Glasgow City Council • • • •

48

Strategic Planning Authority Responsible for delivery of Education Local Services – Library, Social care Refuse, roads & parking/ cycle network

Represents all Registered Social Landlords and local housing organisations operating within the Drumchapel area. The membership comprises: • • • • • •

Cernach HA, Drumchapel Housing Co-op, Kendoon HA, Kingsridge Cleddans HA, Pineview HA, and Tenant Managed Homes (Drumchapel)

Drumchapel

Glasgow Housing Association Glasgow Housing Association (GHA) is Scotland’s largest social landlord with 40,000 affordable homes in Glasgow.

Since the stock transfer from Glasgow City Council in 2003, have invested more than £1.5billion improving tenants’ homes, making them warmer, safer and drier.

They are also focused on building new affordable homes in Glasgow. Working with a number of partners they are transforming communities with modern, energy-efficient homes – with many more planned. They believe in ‘Better Homes, Better Lives, a Better Glasgow’.

Stalled Spaces •

•

Glasgow Life •

•

•

“Glasgow Life is a charitable organisation. Our mission is to inspire the city’s citizens and visitors to lead richer and more active lives through culture, sport and learning.”

“Glasgow Life is a charity that delivers cultural, sporting and learning activities on behalf of Glasgow City Council.In doing so we aim to make a positive impact on individuals, the communities in which they live and the city as a whole.”

“We deliver a range of services including arts, music, sports, events and festivals, libraries, community development and learning programmes”

D.R.A.W Drumchapel Arts Workshop •

•

•

Local community based organisation Promoting food & nutrition, active lifestyles, mental health and well being Advice on money matters, drug addiction, alcohol and smoking

“DRAW is a not for profit arts Organisation, run by a voluntary Board of Directors; delivering a professional service which works with Schools; Health providers; Housing Associations and Individuals” “We offer a friendly, warm and relaxed environment where art workshops are held for members of the local community. The workshops are aimed at those who may be interested in taking their first steps in art, creativity, culture and self-expression.”

Northmuir Community Garden

Drumchapel Life • •

Is a programme introduced by Glasgow City Council to support community groups and local organisations across the city develop temporary projects on stalled sites or underutilised open spaces.

Projects supported by the programme deliver a range of initiatives based on the needs of the community. These may include: growing spaces, pop-up gardens, wildlife areas, urban gyms or natural play spaces, temporary art in the form of pop up sculptures, spaces for events or exhibitions or any other innovative idea.

• •

Community Garden set up under the stalled spaces program Community garden consisting of a set of raised beds for growing vegetable and flowers , also a small community which has events for children & families

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Forestry Comission Scotland

Edrington Group • • • •

Own and operate a huge whisky bottling plant bottling on the southwest corner of Drumchapel Own some of the most iconic Scotch Whisky brands known at home and worldwide– Single Malt & blended Whisky. Famous Grouse, Cutty Sark, The Macallan Large local employer Turnover of approx. £575m- One of Scotland’s largest private companies

• • •

Manage and maintain Scotland’s forestry Implement strategy, give guidance on policy and are grant funders Responsible for promotion of Garscadden Wood – west and east, Cleddans Burn and Garscadden Burn Park via walks and on line leaflet / info

Scottish Natural Heritage Robertson Trust • • •

Trust founded by the shareholders of Edrington Group Their overall aim as an organisation is “to improve the quality of life and realise the potential of people and communities in Scotland”.

One of the largest grant funding bodies in Scotland – 2015-16 - £14m

• • • •

Promote, care for and improve our natural heritage Help people to enjoy nature responsibly Enable greater understanding and awareness of nature Promote the sustainable use of Scotland’s natural heritage

Historic Environment Scotland • •

Scottish Canals • • • •

50

Responsible for the development, maintenance and promotion of Scotland’s canal waterways Placemaking Tourism Strategic asset management of the waterways

• • • • • •

The lead public body set up to investigate, care for and promote Scotland’s historic environment.

Advise & regulate esp in matters that relate to World Heritage Explores how climate change affects the historic environment Conservation Consultations and funding Learning & skills Collections – objects and documents in their care Research, surveying and recording

Drumchapel

The Hunterian Museum University of Glasgow • •

•

•

•

Has the finest collection of Roman antiquities in Scotland Founded in 1807, The Hunterian is Scotland’s oldest public museum and home to one of the largest collections outside the National Museums. The Hunterian is one of the leading university museums in the world and its collections have been Recognised as a Collection of National Significance. It is one of Scotland’s most important cultural assets.

Built around AD 142 in the reign of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius, the Antonine Wall ran coast-to-coast across Scotland from the Clyde to the Firth of Forth.

This permanent gallery at the Hunterian Museum showcases the collection of spectacular monumental sculpture and other Roman artefacts recovered from the Wall, including richly sculptured distance slabs, unique to the frontiers of the Roman Empire.

‘The Antonine Wall: Rome’s Final Frontier’ explores the biography of this important Roman monument and through The Hunterian’s rich collections investigates four key themes: The building of the Wall, its architecture and impact on the landscape; the role of the Roman army on the frontier, the life and lifestyle of its soldiers; the cultural interaction between Roman and indigenous peoples, and evidence for local resistance; and the abandonment of the Wall and the story of its rediscovery over the last 350 years.

The display also reflects the story of over three centuries of collecting and research by the University of Glasgow on the World Heritage Site.

SPT Strathclyde Partnership for Transport •

•

•

“Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT) is the Regional Transport Partnership for the west of Scotland. SPT was formed in 2006 as part of the transport framework created by the Scottish Government, which is made up of a national transport agency, Transport Scotland, and seven Regional Transport Partnerships.

“The SPT area comprises of the following council areas: East Dunbartonshire, East Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, Glasgow City, Inverclyde, North Ayrshire, North Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, South Ayrshire, South Lanarkshire, West Dunbartonshire and the Helensburgh and Lomond area of Argyll and Bute” “SPT’s role involves planning and delivering transport solutions for all modes of transport across the region, in conjunction with our member councils and industry partners. SPT is at the centre of the region’s transport planning; analysing all travel needs and developing the transport system for now and the future”

Sustrans

Network Rail • •

“We own and operate the railway infrastructure in England, Wales and Scotland on behalf of the nation” “We also manage rail timetabling and 18 of the largest stations in England, Scotland and Wales”

“We are Sustrans. We are the charity that makes it easier for people to walk and cycle.We are engineers and educators, experts and advocates. We connect people and places, create liveable neighbourhoods, transform the school run and deliver a happier, healthier commute. Sustrans works in partnership, bringing people together to find the right solutions.

We make the case for walking and cycling by using robust evidence and showing what can be done. We are grounded in communities and believe that grassroots support combined with political leadership drives real change, fast.”

51

III. CASE STUDIES In order to gain a better understanding of the redevelopment of Drumchapel, we compared it to other neighborhood development projects. We studied and compared them and used their most successful features as an aspiration and example of what Drumchapel might turn into after our proposed intervention.

We were looking for developments that have a well-defined, easily-legible centre and strong sustainability strategy that promotes healthier relationship with nature. The treatment of public and private green spaces was a big area of interest. We were also aiming to find out what was the achieved density in these developments and the steps taken towards achieving that number. Another aspect that was considered was the cost of the developments and the timeframe of completion of the project.

A useful exercise was to compare the size of the selected case study areas to the size of Drumchapel at the same scale. That gave us a better understanding of the extensiveness of the interventions we need to implement in order to achieve positive results in Drumchapel.

Drumchapel

SUSTAINABILITY

GREEN NETWORK

URBAN CENTRE

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

BO01, Malmo Area: 30ha - 0.30 sq.km

Open spaces

Population: 2343 (2013) Density: 7810 people per sq.km

Bo01 was realised on a former industrial estate/port where the ground was polluted. The Bo01 district is supplied by 100% renewable energy and serves as an example for sustainable urban renewal far beyond Swedenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s borders.

Bo01 represents the first step in the process of transforming the 160 hectares of industrial estate and port. When completed, the area will offer homes to 30,000 people.

Despite the high density and the urban character, a great deal of attention has been given to highly diverse green spaces and biodiversity. Large numbers of trees, creeper plants, ponds and green roofs mean that every garden is home to at least 50 varieties of plants and offers food for birds. The public spaces, most of which are closed to cars, provide a range of opportunities for cycling or walking along BO01 its pleasant routes. (Urbangreenbluegrids.com, 2017)

Residential buildings

DRUMCHAPEL

54

Drumchapel

Seaside, Florida Open spaces Seaside is an unincorporated master-planned community on the Florida panhandle in Walton County, between Panama City Beach and Destin. One of the first communities in America designed on the principles of New Urbanism.

As Seaside is privately owned, the county government does not have jurisdiction over Seaside, and therefore the developers were able to write their own zoning codes.

Individual housing units in Seaside are required to be different from other buildings, with designs ranging from styles such as Victorian, Neoclassical, Modern, Postmodern, and Deconstructivism. (2017 Architectmagazine.com)

Residential buildings

SEASIDE, FLORIDA

Area: 80 acre - 0.32 sq.km

DRUMCHAPEL

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Hulme, Manchester

Residential buildings - 2-3 story high

The decision was made in the early 1990s to demolish Hulmeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crescent blocks and replace them with low-rise flats and houses. The total amount of public and private money spent on improving Hulme and neighbouring Moss Side between 1990 and 2002 has exceeded ÂŁ400 million. The area by then had become popular and desirable, containing a mix of council and privately owned housing.

Green space

HULME AREA: 2,204 SQ.KM Population: 16 907 (2011) Density: 7671 people per sq.km

DRUMCHAPEL

56

Drumchapel

Gorbals

Residential buildings

At its peak, during the 1930s, the wider Gorbals district (which includes the directly adjoined Laurieston and Hutchesontown) had swelled in population size to an estimated 90,000 residents. Along with its relatively small size, this gave the area a very high population density of around 40,000/km².

Green space

GORBALS

Area: 0.83 sq.km Density: 7265 people per sq.km Population: 6030 (2015y)

DRUMCHAPEL

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Poundbury, England

Residential buildings

Poundbury is an experimental new town on the outskirts of Dorchester, built to a traditional high-density urban pattern, rather than a suburban one. It creates an integrated community of shops, businesses, private and social housing. The homes are designed in traditional and new classical style with period features. Utilities are buried in common utility ducts under the town and the common areas maintenance is a responsibility of a management company to which all residents belong. The construction started in 1993 and the development is still ongoing. It is expected that the development will provide 2500 dwellings and will have a population of 6000 people. (Princeofwales.gov.uk. 2017)

Green space

POUNDBURY

DRUMCHAPEL

58

Drumchapel

Case Studies Comparison Table

Not all selected case studies have the preexisting conditions or managed to achieve the end results that were of interest.

Looking at places with diverse background and aims achieved through development, however, brought more awareness to the high complexity every decision made

BO01, Malmo

Seaside, Florida

about the future of Drumchapel is going to requite. One of the main learning outcomes of the case study exercise was that strategies are more successful when the questions of infrastructure and sustainability are considered from the very beginning.

Hulme, Manchester Gorbals, Glasgow

Poundbury, England

Sustainability Green network High density Urban centre Transport strategy Pedestrian friendly MIxed use High biodiversity Public spaces Private green space Industrial past

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Built Form, Street Networks & Heart Case Studies ‘The city is the place where strangers meet’ Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man

Figure III-01 Vauban boulevard, Freiburg

Our proposal to increase the area’s population to around 25,000 means that our ambitions for Drumchapel fall within The Urban Task Force’s description of a town or district and as such we look to the requirement of such to create a sustainable, repaired new area. We like the word ‘township’ as it has connotations of territoriality which fits with the strong ‘gallus’ community spirit.

There is an overwhelming feeling that Drumchapel lack a proper town centre. The current shopping centre provides a limited number of shops and services but lacks the special clarity and legibility that a thriving town provides. We are convinced that the form and spatial configuration of the current shopping district is inhibiting the possibilities of density, movement, diversity and a lack of a centrally located facilities such as a community centre or hub. There is also very low density in the and adjacent areas. We aim to introduce a new heart of the town which is vibrant and diverse with local shops and services that people are attracted to using with public spaces that are pleasant and useable. We look to providing attractive places for people to live in the central district which will allow it to be sustained. We look to establish a series of neighbourhood nodes, which are connected to the district heart

Figure III-02 Steigereilan, Ijburg, Netherlands (Tarbutt, 2012)

In the wider district the road network, which follows the path of least resistance, circumvents the transverse crossing of the local system of drumlins creates unnecessary extra distance between neighbourhoods and there is severance of the network along the train line and at various points within the district. We aim to re-establish and strengthen routes north-south and east-west and to begin to address the disconnection long the train lines. We look to reconnecting neighbourhoods that were previously disconnected and re-connecting and reinforcing established connections to existing adjacent districts.

In addition, we look to add value to the existing neighbourhoods by introducing distinct, inventive and above all popular house types which have a broad range of tenures and which are tenure blind.

60

Figure III-03 Granularity of urban blocks (Tarbutt, 2012)

Drumchapel

Drum-den or Clyde-chapel...?

“Act like you own the place”...

Whist we assert that the shopping centre in Drumchapel and its immediate locality do not have the necessary permeability, granularity and density to support a thriving centre, we also understand that the creation of a new centre of gravity for the area is a massive undertaking as well as a huge capital project.

In the meantime, we should look to other parts of Scotland where communities have got together to help affect positive change in their respective areas.

The Stove Network is an arts and community organisation which was set up with the intent of helping to regenerate the centre of Dumfries.

Figure III-04 Dumfries potential (Network, 2016)

Figure III-05 Drumchapel Shopping Centre - as existing (Google, 2017)

While their motto is “Act like you own the place” they also have: 1. Run premises at 100 High Street, Dumfries as a fully accessible public arts space/facility/resource for the population of the town and the wider region 2. Supported a network that creates opportunities and connections for the creative community and integrates with our local economy and wider society 3. Worked with artists, young people, local people and groups to make public art events and activities in Dumfries 4. Built national and international connections for the arts in South West Scotland 5.

Especially of interest in the context of Drumchapel is how they are going about regeneration of their High which has seen falling interest for retailers and a sharp decline in the numbers living in the centre of town.

Through various local and national funding streams, they have purchased a property on the main street which is used as a café and community hub.

Figure III-06 Dumfries town living building types (Network, 2016)

Recently they launched the Midsteeple Competition which set out to envisage an innovative new approach to town centre living and being in Dumfries. The vision seeks to move to a position that is attractive for people to move back to the centre of town and which re-conceptualises space at ground level for retail and other activities. As they see it, they are not interested in attracting the large homogenised retailers but are looking to small, local independents and public service providers to get a pitch on the High St. Doctors, the NHS, Social Care and University of the West of Scotland are all envisaged as future tenants.

61

s Centre

hip

ndwich Shop

afe/ Canteen

800

1200

1600 m

IV. CONCEPT PLAN: EXISTING The existing concept plan lays the groundwork for the development of a spatially-bound solutions for Drumchapel.

Through a process of mapping all the levels of complexity of the urban setting, its predicaments become clearer and the relationship between them begins to crystallise. When superimposed all the layers of information reveal the gaps in density coverage or connectivity and thus indicate the areas in most urgent need of an intervention.

Drumchapel

People?

?

Up the hill!

?

?

Street Edge?

Open land ...

Architecture ?

?

Drumchapel at a glance ...

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Street Network Hierarchy

Drumchapel

Existing The map of the existing street network indicates that Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thoroughfare suffers from an unregulated pattern - roads are convoluted and do not facilitate fluent efficient movement through the area. Large unoccupied land interrupts Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban fabric and creates big gaps in the street network which then further reduce walkability between one area to the other. The very geographic centre of Drumchapel is serving as a barrier between the north and south parts due to a lack of sufficient connections through it. Additionally, the permeability of Edrington industrial estate limits connections towards Drumry.

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

its/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Water Area Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

A Road (Major Road) Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link A areas Road (MajorWater Road) Area large-scale transport links within or between

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground

Natural Green Space Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of the network Water Area High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport or between areas Sports Facility Woodland B Road Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areasareas and feed traffic between Woodland its/ha) connect B Road different Golf Course/ Bowling Green Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between A roadsMedium and smaller roads on the network nits/ha) A Road (Major Road) PlayGolf FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Ground A roads and smaller roads Institutional on the network Water Area Minor Road Medium (71-100 large-scale transport links within units/ha) or between areas Institutional Ground Important Intermediary Road units/ha) School Ground Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Minor Road Minor Road Woodland Medium (101-130 Road Natural Green Space connect to A and B roads, link estates/ villages units/ha) to the restsmaller of the roads, network nits/ha) Bhousing Sports Facility connect different areas and feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Local Road Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the network Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually Play linedField with buildings Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Wall Drumry Play Field ediary Road School Ground housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park Edrington industrial estate yaccess to property, usually lined with buildings

ha)

UNESCO World Heritage Site UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire:

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ntre ad

Medical Care

0

ich Shop Canteen

400

Place of Worship

Play Field

School Ground the Antonine Wall

800

Police Station

1200

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop

80064

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

0

1200

400

1600 m

800

1600 m Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine

Wall Heritage Site UNESCO World

1200

1600 m

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

+

Drumchapel

65

Minor Road

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Natural Green Space Sports Facility

Local Road

Specialist Areas

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision access to property, usually lined with buildings

Public Park Play Field

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

School Ground

Educational Facility

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Public Transport Leisure/ Sports Centre

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Medical Care

Place of Worship

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Drumchapel Wall

Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Existing 0

400

800

1200

1600 m

The railway only passes through the south side of Drumchapel, hence the existing railway station offers poor coverage of the area as it is located quite inconveniently in relation to the main public and residential areas. Although there is a number of bus lines connecting Drumchapel to the wider metropolitan area, there is only one bus line (no. 3) connecting the railway station to the rest of Drumchapel.

To Dumbarton +

Timetable:

+

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Water Area Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link A Road (Major Road)

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of network High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport orthe between areas Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas B Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between A Road (Major Road) A roads and smaller roads on the network Water Area Medium (71-100 large-scale transport links within units/ha) or between areas Important Intermediary Road Minor Road Minor Road (101-130 units/ha) Woodland Medium B Road smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground

=

Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Woodland Public Park Golf Play FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground School Ground Natural Green Space

connect different areas and feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the network Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Play Field Wall housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings

Railway Station Railway Track

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ad

Medical Care

0

400

Place of Worship

Play Field School Ground

800

Police Station

1200

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

66

0

400

800

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site

1200

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

+

Drumchapel

To Govan

To C

ity

Ce

nt re

To Milngavie

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Streets & Transport Drumchapel

Existing Drumchapel is serviced by a fair number of buses, however, they all follow the same route around Kinfauns drive and therefore leave parts of the area disconnected. The remote location on the existing train station creates another difficult situation. Currently, there is one bus service that provides transportation from the station to the centre.

To Dumbarton

The street network is dictated by the topography and doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow for quick and efficient connection between neighbourhoods.

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Water Area Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link A Road (Major Road)

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of network High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport orthe between areas Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas B Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between A Road (Major Road) A roads and smaller roads on the network Water Area Medium (71-100 large-scale transport links within units/ha) or between areas Important Intermediary Road Minor Road Minor Road (101-130 units/ha) Woodland Medium B Road smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Woodland Public Park Golf Play FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground School Ground Natural Green Space

connect different areas and feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the network Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Play Field Wall housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ad

Medical Care

0

400

Place of Worship

Play Field School Ground

800

Police Station

1200

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

68

0

400

800

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site

1200

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

+

Drumchapel

ity To C

To Govan

Ce

nt re

To Milngavie

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Ecological Network Drumchapel

Existing The existing network of green areas lacks continuity and could benefit from certain improvements so as to ensure better walkability, in particular through the Garscadden park as a shortcut between Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s north and south sides.

The variety of natural forms in Drumchapel offers a range of opportunities for urban landscaping â&#x20AC;&#x201C; water features such as Garscadden Burn, Yoker Burn and Forth & Clyde Canal, albeit not currently used to their best potential, could become vibrant landscape environments. Additionally, the Antonine Wall, a UNESCO world heritage site, could also be further developed as a recreational linear park that celebrates the history of the Roman Empire.

Water Area

areas

A Road (Major Road)

VeryWoodland Low (0-30 units/ha)

en

large-scale transport links within or between areas Course/ Bowling Green LowGolf (31-50 units/ha)

Water Area

Institutional Ground Medium (51-70 units/ha)

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

Natural Greenunits/ha) Space Medium (71-100

B Road

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road Sports Facility units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Medium (101-130 A Road (Major Road)

twork

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of network Public Park High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport orthe between areas s Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas Play Field B Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between School Ground A Road (Major Road) A roads and smaller roads on the network Water Area Medium (71-100 large-scale transport links within units/ha) or between areas Important Intermediary Road

Woodland Institutional Ground Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Woodland Public Park Golf Play FieldCourse/ Bowling Green

Institutional Ground School Ground Minor Road Minor Road Woodland Medium (101-130Heritage units/ha) smaller World Siteroads, connect BUNESCO Road Natural Green Space to A and B roads, link connect different areas and feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above Frontiers of130 Theunits/ha) Roman Empire: Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the network theSports Antonine Wall Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Centre Institutional Ground Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Wall Play Field Wall housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Play Field UNESCO World Heritage Site Boundary Leisure/ Sports Centre ad Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen School Ground Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall

0

400

Place of Worship

800

1200

Police Station

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop

+

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

70

0

400

800

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site

1200

1600 m

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

+

Drumchapel

Yoker Burn

Forth & Clyde Canal Garscadden Burn

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Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

The Impact of Topography

Drumchapel

Existing Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s topography is extremely varied which has an influence on how its street network has been laid out. The south-east side lays low while higher grounds line its northern edge. Additionally, Garscadden Burn runs in the valley cutting through the middle of Drumchapel. While the hills in the north-west part of Drumchapel are relatively built-up, the valley has been left undeveloped and currently acts as a public park. Due to the challenging steep slopes, currently there are no connections across the valley. Consequently, for more than 1 km, it acts as a natural barrier between north and south Drumchapel. As a result of that, the area west of it is interconnected and has denser urban fabric, while the north is relatively isolated and undeveloped.

Water Area

en areas

Woodland

tween

Golf Course/ Bowling Green A Road (Major Road) Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Institutional Ground large-scale transport links within or between areas Low (31-50 units/ha) B Road Natural Green Space ink Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between network Sports Facility A roads and smaller roads on the network Medium (71-100 units/ha) Public Park Minor Road dings Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link A Road (Major Road) Play Field Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of network High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport orthe between areas School Ground Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas B Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between A Road (MajorWorld Road)Heritage UNESCO Site A roads and smaller roads on the network Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas Important Intermediary Road Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road Minor Road (101-130 units/ha) Woodland Medium B Road smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Wall

Water Area Woodland Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Woodland Public Park Golf Play FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground School Ground Natural Green Space

connect different areas and feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above 130 Educational Facility Ancient Fortunits/ha) Site of the Antonine Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the network WallAreas Local Road Specialist Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Play Field Wall housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road Low High School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ad

Medical Care

0

400

Place of Worship

Play Field School Ground

800

1200

+

Police Station

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

72

0

400

800

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site

1200

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

+

Drumchapel

Garscadden Valley

73

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision Very Low (0-30 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

Water Area

large-scale transport links within or between areas

Low (31-50 units/ha)

B Road

Medium (51-70 units/ha)

Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

Minor Road Amenities & Nodes Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Institutional Ground

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Natural Green Space Sports Facility

Drumchapel

Local Road

Specialist Areas

Public Park

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Play Field

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

Edrington industrialSchool estateGround

Existing Educational Facility

Clydebank

Leisure/ Sports Centre

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire:

Medical Care Drumchapel offers reasonable access to educational and the Antonine Wall medical facilities, as well as places of worship.

However, Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine there are no clear aggregations of services and shops in one Wall placePolice that Station create pleasant urban settings. Cafes, restaurant and Takeaway/ takeaways Sandwich are sporadically Shop located around the Edrington industrial estate which unfortunately does not create a Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen sense of urban living, due to its poor permeability and lack of urban architectural articulation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; buildings are sparse 0 400 800 1200 1600 m and offset from the street leaving large gaps of empty land.

A Road (Major Road) Low units/ha) There are no amenities whatsoever Very within the(0-30 housing esWater Area large-scale transport links within or between areas tates north to Garscadden Valley and in (31-50 the north-west Low units/ha)side Woodland B Road residential areas.

Medium (51-70 units/ha)

Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low of (31-50 units/ha) Types built-up areas:

Medium (51-70 units/ha)

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road

Golf Course/ Bo

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

A Road (Major Road)

400m

Local Road Water Area Specialist Areas links within or between large-scale transport areas access to property, usually lined with buildings Woodland B Road

connect different areas and feed traffic between Important Intermediary Road A roads and smaller roads on the network Residential Road Medium (71-100 units/ha) TypesMinor of amenities:

Minor Road

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, to A and Road) B roads, link Educational Facility A connect Road (Major Very Low (0-30 units/ha)housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network High (above 130 units/ha) Leisure/ Sports Centre large-scale transport links within or between areas Public Services Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas Medical BCare Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between Place of Worship A Road (Major Road) A roads and smaller roads on the network Commercial Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas Important Intermediary Road Police Station Minor Road Minor Road (101-130 units/ha) Woodland Medium B Road Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link

+

800m

Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Natural Green S Sports Facility Public Park

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground

Institutional Gro

+

Play Field School Ground

UNESCO World

Frontiers of T Woodland Public Park Clydebankthe Antonine Golf Course/ Bowling Green Ancient Fort Play Field Wall Institutional Ground School Ground Natural Green Space

connect different areas and feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Industrial Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the network Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground = Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually800 lined with buildings 0 400 1200 1600 m Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Play Field Wall housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ad

Medical Care

0

400

Place of Worship

Play Field School Ground

800

Police Station

1200

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Railway StationShop Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Railway Track

74

0

400

800

1200

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

+

Drumchapel

Bearsden

400m

800m

Anniesland

400m

800m

400m

800m

75

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Urban Density Overview Existing

Drumchapel’s Area: 470ha

see “Detail 1” on the right see “Detail 2” on the right

Specialist Areas

Built-up Areas: 7235 units

76

Drumchapel’s Units Density: 15.4 units/ha

Drumchapel

Blythswood Square

Glasgow Central

Drumchapel: Detail 1

Glasgow City Centre Great Western Road

University of Glasgow

Drumchapel: Detail 2

Glasgow West End

Before any calculations or analysis, a simple glance at the aggregation of built form in Drumchapel is evidence sufficient to conclude that density within the area is low. The sparse coverage of built-up area leaves large gaps of vacant derelict land which inevitably predisposes the area to poor urban living with limited walkability. When compared to the urban fabric of the city centre or the West End, Drumchap-

elâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unregulated pattern stands out as discontinuous and fragmented. The pronounced difference in pattern, fabric density and block size leave Drumchapel at a disadvantaged position and a less desirable place to choose for living or working. The lack of diversity of services integrated with the built form further decrease this negative tendency.

77

UNESCO+World Heritage Site Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Methodologies 1200

1600 m

Density Calculations The density of units per hectare is calculated on the basis of OS data acquired from EDINA’s Digimap, the data was then verified and adjusted where necessary (e.g. manual removal of the demolished tower block).

The analysis of this information was then performed in QGIS following these steps.

The OS layer carries information about the area of each building, as well as relative heights to the base and top of the roof. This information is then used to create an additional data attribute that calculates the volume of each building (area multiplied by height, for the purposes of these calculation, the relative height to the base of the roof is used). Following from the volume, another attribute is created so as to calculate how many units fit within it (the volume of one unit is considered as 300m3, hence the number of units in a building is calculated dividing its volume by 300).

Once buildings have volume and units attributes, their layer is duplicated and the buildings are reduced to their centroids. Then, a hexagonal grid is created and overlaid where the area of each hexagon is 1 ha. The number of units contained within each building’s centroid is then added up within each hexagon.

+

OS Data Input: Building Heights Layer

+ OS Data Derivative: Buildings’ Centroids

=

+

Hexagonal Grid: 1 hexagon = 1ha

Therefore, the number shown on each hexagon represents how many units are currently present in that 1 ha.

Data Overlay: Units Count per Hexagon OS Data Input: 1. Relative Height 2. Building Footprint Area OS Data Derivatives: 1. Centroids 2. Volumes = Area x Height 3. Units = Volume / 300m3

78

=

Drumchapel

Network

NODE

K

LINK

LIN

LINK

NODE

Centrality Assessement

NODE

LIN

K NODE

A system composed of “nodes” and “edges”/ “links” that is used to described the relationship between separate entities e.g. people or places.

The nodes of spatial networks (e.g. rail network) have well defined coordinates in space.

Betweenness Centrality

NODE

LINK

LINK

Measures the likelihood of a segment to act as the shortest K path between other nodes. LA IN node with high betweenness is reachable via many routesNODE and is likely to generate more activity, while low betweenness LINK means that routes have to NODE NODE K LIN be diverted.

LIN K NODE NODE

NODE

K

LINK

LIN

NODE

NODE

Closeness Centrality

LINK

LINK

LIN

K

NODE NODE LIN

K

NODE

Measures the amount of connections a segment has along the shortest path. High closeness amounts to a large number of connections within a short distance and reveals the structural density of the urban layout.

Straightness Centrality

In most basic terms a “central” place is “a place that is close to all others” (Porta, Romice 2017: 3). When it comes to a complex system such as the city, there is, however, more intricacy and complexity in the hierarchical comparison between individual places. In order to assess centrality, the city is viewed as an Urban Street Network, where streets form the “edges”, or the connecting parts of the network, and their intersections form “nodes”.

Centrality represents the value assigned to each node through a mathematical computation of its distance to all other points. The formula for this computation depends on the “index”, or the “definition”, of centrality. When analysing Urban Street Networks, three indices of centrality are used: Betweenness Centrality, Closeness Centrality and Straightness Centrality. Furthermore, centrality can be calculated globally, i.e. with reference to all nodes within the system, or locally, i.e. with reference to nodes within a set boundary.

The existing vehicular and pedestrian networks were generated in QGIS by updating an existing OS street network map of Scotland completed with information recorded during site surveys. When constructing the network, the central line of streets and paths was taken as reference. It should be noted that the cropping might have resulted in deviations in the centrality values along the edges of the network. The resulting maps were input into Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA) software which measures centrality by calculating the centrality index for each node based on a mathematical formula. The results are then graphically represented through a colour ramp (gradient), where red indicates the highest levels of centrality and blue – the lowest levels.

Measures the accessibility of a node by comparing its actual distance to other nodes with the shortest linear path. High straightness translates into many direct routes and easier navigation between individual nodes (e.g. grid patterns).

79

ha)

/ha)

s/ha)

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Density of Units Drumchapel

Existing As expected, low units density is evident in the analysis.

With the exception of the two tower blocks at the geographic centre of Drumchapel which appear moderately dense, the rest of the built-up area tends to show very low densities.

Vacant land also marks big â&#x20AC;&#x153;holesâ&#x20AC;? in the urban fabric. The large portion of industrial facilities at the south-west side further reduces the opportunities for urban density. Edrington estate also acts as a barrier and limits the natural flucA Road (Major Road) tuation of densities in an urban setting. The cross section of Water Area large-scale withinno or variation between and areas densitiestransport in generallinks presents resembles a Woodland flat line.

B Road connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road

ts/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link s/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Local Roadunits/ha) Very Low (0-30

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Natural Green Space Sports Facility

A Road (Major Road)

PublicorPark Water Area large-scale between areas access to property, usually lined with buildingstransport links within Low (31-50 units/ha) Play Field Woodland B Road ary Road Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and School feed traffic between Ground Golf Course/ Bowling Green A roads and smaller roads on the network Medium (71-100 units/ha) 1ha Institutional Ground Minor Road Number of Units Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connectUNESCO World Natural Green Space to A and Road) B roads, link Heritage Site A Road (Major e Very Low (0-30 units/ha)housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Water Area High (above 130 units/ha) Frontiers of The Roman large-scale transport links within or between areas Empire:Sports Facility the Antonine Wall Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road SpecialistofAreas Woodland Number Units: B Road Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Fort Site of the Antonine A Road (Major Road) Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas andAncient feed traffic between Golf Bowling Green A RoadVery (Major Road) Low (0-30 units/ha) Play Water FieldCourse/ Wall Area Alarge-scale roads and transport smaller roads on the or network links within between areas Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport within or between areas Institutional Ground Important Intermediary Road Low links (31-50 units/ha) School Ground Woodland Minor Road B Road Shop Minor Road Woodland Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect B Road Natural Green Space A and roads,between link Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areastoand feedB traffic Golf Course/ Bowling Green connect different areas and feed traffic between nteen housing villages to on theBowling restnetwork of the network Golfroads Course/ Green A roadsestates/ and smaller the High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site Medium UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads(71-100 on the units/ha) network Institutional Ground Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground Minor Road Public Park 800 Minor 1200 1600 m Medium (101-130 units/ha)access Frontiers The Roman Road property, usually buildings Natural of Green Space Empire: smallertoroads, connect to Alined andwith B roads, link Medical Care Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, linkhousing estates/ Natural the Antonine Wall villages to the rest of the network Play Field (above 130 units/ha) Sports Facility housing estates/High villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road Local Road School Ground Specialist Areas Wall Local Road Public Park Minor Road access to property, usually buildings Police Station Public Parklined with Edrington industrial estate access to property, usually lined with buildings Play Field Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Play Field UNESCO World Heritage Site Important Intermediary Road + Boundary School Ground Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre ad Restaurant/ Cafe/ Minor Road School Ground Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall Educational 0 400 Facility 800 1200 1600 m UNESCO World Site Place of Worship Ancient Fort SiteHeritage of the Antonine UNESCO World Heritage Site Leisure/ Sports Centre Wall Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Police Station Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall the Antonine Wall Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine + Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Wall Police Station Wall

80

0

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop 400 800

1200

1600 m

+

Drumchapel

Towers in the Park

81

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Relationship Between Density and Centrality

Drumchapel

Existing

The Antonine Road

The analysis of network centrality shows potential for some streets to serve as important intermediary links in the area.

However, the high betweenness centrality of those is not matched with a density that would allow to harness their full urban potential as connectors. For example, the Antoine Road appears to be a very important intermediary coming from Drumry, yet the density of the buildings that line it is at the bottom of the very low 0-45units/ha band. Ladyloan Avenue, another highly central connection runs through a stretch of vacant land. Additionally, the highly central Kinfauns Road only cuts through the industrialAestate with spo- Road) Road (Major Very Low units/ha) radic services and(0-30 is thus limited by the density of the urban large-scale transport links within or between areas fabric toLow achieve its units/ha) capacity of an important connector.

(31-50 Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

B Road

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor(Major Road Road) A Road

(101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Very Medium Low (0-30 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Low High (31-50 units/ha) Specialist Medium (51-70Areas units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha) Betweenness Centrality:

B Road Local Road

connect different areas and feed traffic between access to property, usually lined with buildings A roads and smaller roads on the network

Water Area Woodland Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Natural Water Area Green Space Sports Facility Woodland Park Golf Public Course/ Bowling Green

Play Field Institutional Ground Minor Road Important Intermediary Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link School Ground Natural Green Space A Road (Major Road) Minor Road Very Low (0-30 units/ha)housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Water Area High (above 130 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas Sports Facility Low (31-50 units/ha) Educational Facility Local Road Specialist Areas Woodland Number of Units: UNESCO B Road Public Park World Heritage Site to property, usually lined with buildings Leisure/(51-70 Sportsunits/ha) Centre access A Road (Major Road) Medium connect different areas and feed traffic between Course/ of Bowling Green Empire: Frontiers The Roman A RoadVery (Major Road) Low (0-30 units/ha) PlayGolf Field Water Area Alarge-scale roads and transport smaller roads on the or network links within between areas Medical Care the Antonine Wall Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport within or between areas Institutional Ground Important Intermediary Road Low links (31-50 units/ha) School Ground Woodland Minor Road B Road Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Minor Road Woodland Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect B Road Natural Green Space A and roads,between link Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areastoand feedB traffic Wall Golf Course/ Bowling Green Police Station connect different areas and feed traffic between housing villages to on theBowling restnetwork of the network Golfroads Course/ Green A roadsestates/ and smaller the High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site Medium UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads(71-100 on the units/ha) network Institutional Ground Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Local Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground MinorRoad Road Public Park Medium (101-130 units/ha)access Frontiers The Roman Minor Road property, usually buildings Natural of Green Space Empire: smallertoroads, connect to Alined andwith B roads, link Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Medical Care Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, linkhousing estates/ Natural the Antonine Wall Drumry villages to the rest of the network Play Field (above 130 units/ha) Sports Facility housing estates/High villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports1600 Facility Important Intermediary Road Local 0 Specialist Areas 400 800 1200 Road m School Ground Wall Local Road Public Park Minor Road access to property, usually buildings Police Station Public Parklined with Edrington industrial estate access to property, usually lined with buildings Play Field Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Play Field UNESCO World Heritage Site Important Intermediary Road Boundary School Ground Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre ad Restaurant/ Cafe/ Minor Road School Ground Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall Educational 0 400 Facility 800 1200 1600 m + Site UNESCO World Place of Worship Ancient Fort SiteHeritage of the Antonine UNESCO World Heritage Site Leisure/ Sports Centre Wall Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Police Station Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall the Antonine Wall Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Wall Police Station Wall

82

0

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop 400 800

1200

1600 m

+

+

Drumchapel

Ladyloan Ave Kinfauns Road

83

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Closeness Centrality

Multiple Centrality Assessment

On a neighbourhood scale, only two areas have relatively high closeness centrality: the residential area north-west of Drumchapel Park, especially along Fettercairn Avenue; and to a lesser scale - the residential development locked between Linkwood and Kinfaus Dr. Both of those areas have been recently developed and have a denser street network and smaller plot sizes. Long streets with few intersections such as Ladyloan Ave in the north, Glenkirk Dr and the eastern portion of Kinfaus Dr have very low closeness centrality.

This renders whole areas in the east of the neighbourhood isolated and hard to reach within a walking distance.

Existing Betweenness Centrality Drumchapel is accessed through Great Western Road, which is one of the chief intermediaries within the Glasgow Metropolitan Area. Thus, the streets branching out of it (Duntreath Ave/ Kinfauns Dr, Antonine Rd, Garscadden Rd, etc.) also have high betweenness centrality. Together with Drumchapel Rd, which is the main artery connecting Drumchapel to Bearsden, they form the backbone of the district.

While the east-west axes work well, the fact that there is just one north-south axis and it is in the western part of the neighbourhood means that the north-east and south-east areas are disconnected despite being geographically close.

Also, there is a lack of a neighbourhood core accessible from all sides.

Straightness Centrality Kinfaus Dr has moderate straightness centrality in its western part before it makes a sharp turn on itself. In addition, streets west of it have relatively good overall centrality, with enough intersections between themselves and Great Western Road. In the east meandering streets with few intersections such as Southdeen Ave, Jedworth Ave, and Belsyde Ave (which makes a loop) have the lowest levels of straightness centrality. Located along the valley of Garscadden Burn, those streets have already been identified as poorly integrated in the street network.

Linkwood Dr Drummore Rd Kinfauns Dr

Kinfauns Dr Antonine Rd

A Road (Major Road)

ge-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

nnect different areas and feed traffic between oads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road

Water Area Woodland

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha)

Medium (51-70 units/ha) Golf Course/ Bowling Green Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Institutional Ground

cess to property, usually lined with buildings

Duntreath Ave

Woodland

Minor Road

Institutional Ground

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Local Road

Drumchapel Rd

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Public Park

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

Play Field

Educational Facility

School Ground

Medical Care

Water Area

B Road

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

aller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Drumry Rd Natural Green SpaceSpecialist Areas using estates/ villages to the rest of the network Sports Facility

Local Road

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Natural Green Space Sports Facility Public Park Play Field School Ground

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Leisure/ Sports Centre

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Place of Worship

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Police Station

UNESCO World Heritage Site Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Betweenness Centrality 84

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: 0 400 800 the Antonine Wall

1200

1600 m

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall +

Drumchapel

Drumchapel Park Industrial Area

Linkwood Dr

Kinfauns Dr

Closeness Centrality at 400m Garscadden Burn Valley Southdeen Av Achamore Rd

Kinfauns Dr

Kinfauns Dr

Belsyde Ave

Straightness Cetrality 85

Place of Worship

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

0

400

800

1200

1600 m

+

Summary

Drumchapel

+

Concept Plan Existing units/ha)

ts/ha) units/ha)

0 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road) B Road

Woodland

Minor Road

Institutional Ground

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

30 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link 0 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Natural Green Space Sports Facility

Local Road

s

Public Park

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Play Field

Railway Station Railway Track

rmediary Road

Water Area Water Area Woodland Woodland Centre tween Golf Course/ Bowling Green tween Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Institutional Ground ip Natural Green Space ink eink network Natural Green Space VerySports Low Facility (0-30 units/ha) e network dwich Shop Sports Facility Public Park dings Low (31-50 units/ha) fe/ Canteen Public Park dings Play Field Medium (51-70 units/ha) Play Field School 800 1200Ground 1600 m Medium School(71-100 Ground units/ha)

en areas en areas cility

=

Water Area

large-scale transport links within or between areas

School Ground

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine

Wall Road) A Road (Major

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Water Area Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller UNESCO World Heritage Site roads, connect to A and B roads, link A Road (Major Road) UNESCO World Heritage Site

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Frontiers of The Roman Empire: housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network High (above 130 units/ha) the Antonine WallRoman Empire:large-scale transport links within or between areas Frontiers of The Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas + the Antonine Wallof the Antonine Ancient Fort Site B Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Wall Ancient (51-70 Fort Site units/ha) of the Antonineconnect different Medium areas and feed traffic between ANumber RoadWall (Major Road) A roads and smaller roads on the network of Units: Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas Important Intermediary Road A Road (Major Road) Minor Road Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Minor Road (101-130 units/ha) Woodland large-scale transport links within or between Medium B Road smaller roads, connect to A and B roads,areas link

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Woodland Public Park Golf Play FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground School Ground Natural Green Space

Water Area

Low (31-50 Woodland connect different areas andunits/ha) feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network B Road Golf Course/ High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility +Green Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the networkconnect different areas and feed traffic between Medium (51-70 units/ha) Golf Course/ Bowling Green Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground roads and smaller roads on the network Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Medium Road (71-100 units/ha) A access to property, usually lined with buildings Institutional Ground Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Minor Road the Antonine Wall Play Field Medium (101-130 units/ha) Natural Green Space roads, connect to A and B roads, link housing estates/ villages to the rest of thesmaller network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground High (above 130 units/ha) + housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network SportsWall Facility Local Road Minor Road Police StationAreas + Public Park Local Road Specialist access to property, usually lined with buildings

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ad

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road Medical Care

0

400

Place of Worship Educational Facility

800 +

Leisure/ Sports Centre Police Station

+

Play Field

School Ground

1200

Place of Worship

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Police Station

0

Takeaway/400 Sandwich Shop800

UNESCO Play Field

World Heritage Site

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: School Ground the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine UNESCO World Heritage UNESCO Site World Heritage Site

Medical CareSandwich Shop Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000

86

1600 m

=

Public Park

1200

Wall

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

1600 m

+

Drumchapel

87

Frontiers of The Roman E the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the A Wall

1600 m

V. CONCEPT PLAN: PROPOSAL The proposed concept plan is going to focus on four main areas of improvement: street network, transport network, green network and nodes.

+

One of the main aims is to improve the density of the street network and to create better connections between neighbourhoods. This is going to be assisted by the introduction of a new transport and cycling hubs and buses that begin to service previously disconnected areas.

Drumchapel has the advantage of a beautiful natural setting so a new linear park around itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s periphery is going to showcase the surrounding stunning views.

Strategically placed district and neighbourhood nodes are going to be introduced in hopes of leading to an increase in Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s density.

+

=

Drumchapel

GSPublisherVersion 0.50.100.100

Street Vegetation Shopfronts

Multi-storey mixed use Definition of street edge

A glance at Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Potential ...

89

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Street Network Hierarchy

Drumchapel

Proposal One of the main aims of the proposal is to densify the street network and create better connections and more direct routes. A well-defined hierarchy of streets is going to allow for the introduction on a strictly pedestrian zone and at the same time it will provide vehicles with a simpler transportation network.

The introduction of a main pedestrian street is going to help create a vibrant urban center that would be able to accommodate for iconic, administrative and mixed use buildings.

The street network in the neighborhoods needs transition from three to four-way intersection in order to provide better connectivity.

Improve Permeability

A Road (Major Road) New district link Water Area New neighbourhoodlarge-scale link transport links within or between areas Low (31-50 units/ha) Urban Plaza New link across the valley B Road Woodland

Very Low (0-30 units/ha)

Medium (51-70 units/ha)

Medium (71-100 units/ha)

its/ha)

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

A Road (Major Road) Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link A areas Road (MajorWater Road) Area large-scale transport links within or between

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground

Natural Green Space Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of the network Water Area High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport or between areas Sports Facility Woodland B Road Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areasareas and feed traffic between Woodland its/ha) connect B Road different Golf Course/ Bowling Green Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between A roadsMedium and smaller roads on the network nits/ha) A Road (Major Road) PlayGolf FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Ground A roads and smaller roads Institutional on the network Water Area Minor Road Medium (71-100 large-scale transport links within units/ha) or between areas Institutional Ground Important Intermediary Road units/ha) School Ground Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Minor Road Minor Road Woodland Medium (101-130 Road Natural Green Space connect to A and B roads, link estates/ villages units/ha) to the restsmaller of the roads, network nits/ha) Bhousing Sports Facility connect different areas and feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Local Road Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the network Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually Play linedField with buildings Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Wall Play Field ediary Road School Ground housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park yaccess to property, usually lined with buildings

ha)

UNESCO World Heritage Site UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire:

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ntre ad

Medical Care

0

ich Shop Canteen

400

Place of Worship

Play Field

School Ground the Antonine Wall

800

Police Station

1200

1600 m Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine

Wall Heritage Site UNESCO World Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop

80090

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

0

1200

400

1600 m

800

1200

1600 m

New District links

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

+

Drumchapel

Future Densification of Local Streets

91

Minor Road

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Natural Green Space Sports Facility

Local Road

Specialist Areas

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision access to property, usually lined with buildings

Public Park Play Field

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

School Ground

Educational Facility

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Public Transport Leisure/ Sports Centre

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Medical Care

Place of Worship

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Drumchapel Wall

Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

Pedestrianized Urban node

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Proposal 0

400

800

1200

1600 m

The train station is going to be moved along the rail line as proposed by the Glasgow city council. In this new location, a new transport hub is going to be introduced for a quick and easy change of transport. Part of the buses are going to keep providing transport around Kinfauns drive while others are going to service the previously disconnected neighbourhood to the west.

+

A cycling hub is going to be introduced near the Fourth and Clyde canal since this area is going to serve as a gateway to the linear park surrounding Drumchapel.

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

New cycling hub Medium (101-130 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road smaller roads, to A and Road) B roads, link A connect Road (Major

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of network High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport orthe between areas Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas B Road New transport hub access to property, usually lined with buildings Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between A Road (Major Road) A roads and smaller roads on the network Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport links within train or between Important Intermediary Road Relocated stationareas Minor Road Minor Road (101-130 units/ha) Woodland Medium B Road smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link

+

Water Area

Urban Plaza Woodland Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground

=

Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Woodland Public Park Golf Play FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground School Ground Natural Green Space

connect different areas and feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the network Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Play Field Wall housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings

Railway Station Railway Track

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ad

Medical Care

0

400

Place of Worship

Play Field School Ground

800

Police Station

1200

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

92

0

400

800

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site

1200

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

+

Drumchapel

Change of bus routes along new vehicular axis

93

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Ecological Network Drumchapel

Proposal One of the key elements of the proposed green network strategy is going to be the creation of a linear park around the periphery of Drumchapel. Since Garscadden burn has the highest biodiversity in the area, it is important to protect it and connect it to the larger green network. The quality of the vegetation on a number of streets is going to be increased in order to improve the general atmosphere of the urban realm.

New cycling hub Antonine Wall visitors centre

Water Area A Road (Major Road) Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Woodland large-scale transport links within or between areas Node Low (31-50Green units/ha) een Golf Course/ Bowling Green B Road Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between Institutional GroundGreen corridor A roads and smaller roads on the network Medium (71-100 units/ha) Natural Green Space Minor Road twork Medium (101-130 units/ha) to A and Road) B roads, link Linearsmaller park roads, A connect Road (Major Sports Facility Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of network High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport orthe between areas Public Park s Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Tourism Routes Specialist Areas B Road Play Field access to property, usually lined with buildings Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between A Road (Major Road) Canal Road School Ground A roads and smaller roads on the network Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or areas Important Intermediarybetween Road Minor Road Minor Road (101-130 units/ha) Woodland Medium B Road smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link

areas

Water Area Woodland Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Woodland Public Park Golf Play FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground School Ground Natural Green Space

UNESCO World Heritage Site connect different areas and feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on Frontiers of the Thenetwork Roman Empire: Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground the Antonine Wall Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Play Field Wall housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Wall Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ad

Medical Care

0

400

Place of Worship

Play Field School Ground

800

Police Station

1200

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen+

94

0

400

800

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

1200

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

+

Drumchapel

Yoker Burn

Forth & Clyde Canal Garscadden Burn

95

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Amenities & Nodes Drumchapel

Proposal The proposal aims to establish a tight network of connections between smaller neighbourhood nodes and the main district node in Drumchapel.

Clydebank A Road (Major Road)

Very Low (0-30 units/ha)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Water Area

B Road

Woodland

Minor Road

Institutional Ground

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link A Road estates/(Major villages Road) to the rest of the network 130 units/ha) housing VeryHigh Low(above (0-30 units/ha) large-scale Local transport links within or between areas Road Specialist Areas Low (31-50 units/ha) access to property, usually lined with buildings

B Road

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Natural Green Space

400m

Sports Water AreaFacility

800m

Public Park Woodland

Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between Field Bowling Green GolfPlay Course/ A roads and smaller roads on the network Important Intermediary Medium (71-100 units/ha) Road School Ground Institutional Ground Road TypesMinor of amenities: Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Natural Green Space A Road (Major Road) Educational Facility Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of network UNESCO World Heritage Site Water Area High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport orthe between areas Sports Facility Leisure/ Sports Centre Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Woodland B Road Public Park Medical Care access to property, usually lined with buildings the Antonine WallClydebank Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between Golf Course/ Bowling Green A Road (Major Road) Play Field A roads and smaller roads on the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Water Area Medium (71-100 large-scale transport links within units/ha) or between areas Institutional Ground Important Intermediary Road SchoolWall Ground Minor Road Police Station Minor Road Woodland Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect B Road Natural Green Space to A and B roads, link Takeaway/ Shop connect different areas andSandwich feed traffic between housing estates/ villages to theBowling rest of the network Golf Course/ Green High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the network Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Medical Care Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link the Antonine 0 400 800 1200 1600 m Play Field Wall housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Police Station Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Boundary Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre Restaurant/ Cafe/

ad

Medical Care

0

400

Place of Worship

Play Field School Ground

800

Police Station

1200

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

96

0

400

800

1600 m

1200

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman+Empire: the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

++

Drumchapel

Bearsden

400m

800m

Anniesland

400m

800m

400m

800m

97

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Density of Units Drumchapel

Proposal The new strategy introduces a linear district node that has a high density along the proposed pedestrianized part of Kinfauns drive. Surrounding the districts nodes, there are a neighbourhood with density concentrated around neighbourhood node, the density begins to gradually decrease towards the periphery.

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Water Area Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link A Road (Major Road)

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground

Natural Green Space Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of network Water Area High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport orthe between areas Sports Facility Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road SpecialistofAreas Woodland Number Units: B Road Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings A Road (Major Road) Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between Golf Bowling Green A RoadVery (Major Road) Low (0-30 units/ha) Play Water FieldCourse/ Area Alarge-scale roads and transport smaller roads on the or network links within between areas Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport within or between areas Institutional Ground Important Intermediary Road Low links (31-50 units/ha) School Ground Woodland Minor Road B Road Minor Road Woodland Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect B Road Natural Green Space A and roads,between link Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areastoand feedB traffic Golf Course/ Bowling Green connect different areas and feed traffic between housing villages to on theBowling restnetwork of the network Golfroads Course/ Green A roadsestates/ and smaller the High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site Medium UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads(71-100 on the units/ha) network Institutional Ground Local Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground MinorRoad Road Public Park Medium (101-130 units/ha)access Frontiers The Roman Minor Road property, usually buildings Natural of Green Space Empire: smallertoroads, connect to Alined andwith B roads, link Medical Care Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, linkhousing estates/ Natural the Antonine Wall villages to the rest of the network Play Field (above 130 units/ha) Sports Facility housing estates/High villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road Local Road School Ground Specialist Areas Wall Local Road Public Park Minor Road access to property, usually Police Station Public Parklined with buildings access to property, usually lined with buildings Play Field Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Play Field UNESCO World Heritage Site Important Intermediary Road Boundary School Ground Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre ad Restaurant/ Cafe/ Minor Road School Ground Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall Educational 0 400 Facility 800 1200 1600 m UNESCO World Site Place of Worship Ancient Fort SiteHeritage of the Antonine UNESCO World Heritage Site Leisure/ Sports Centre Wall Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Police Station Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall the Antonine Wall Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Wall Police Station Wall

98

0

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop 400 800

1200

1600 m

+

Drumchapel

99

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Relationship Between Density and Centrality

Drumchapel

Proposal

New Central Connection

The main purpose of the newly intdoduced key connections is to allow Drumchapel to benefit from an intermediary position between Drumry and Bearsden. Additionally, the improvements of the network create central conditions suitable for an urban plaza that can become a vibrant distict node offering a range of facilities and services thus attracting people from the wider area. A new diagonal axis from the urban plaza acts as a NS axis connecting Clydebank and the areas north of Drumchapel.

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Kinfauns Road (pedestrianised)

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor(Major Road Road) A Road

(101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Very Medium Low (0-30 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Low High (31-50 units/ha) Specialist Medium (51-70Areas units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha) Betweenness Centrality:

Water Area

B Road Local Road

connect different areas and feed traffic between access to property, usually lined with buildings A roads and smaller roads on the network

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Natural Water Area Green Space Sports Facility Woodland Park Golf Public Course/ Bowling Green

Play Field Institutional Ground Minor Road Important Intermediary Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link School Ground Natural Green Space A Road (Major Road) Minor Road Very Low (0-30 units/ha)housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Water Area High (above 130 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas Sports Facility Low (31-50 units/ha) Educational Facility Local Road Specialist Areas Woodland Number of Units: UNESCO B Road Public Park World Heritage Site to property, usually lined with buildings Leisure/(51-70 Sportsunits/ha) Centre access A Road (Major Road) Medium connect different areas and feed traffic between Course/ of Bowling Green Empire: Frontiers The Roman A RoadVery (Major Road) Low (0-30 units/ha) PlayGolf Field Water Area Alarge-scale roads and transport smaller roads on the or network links within between areas Medical Care the Antonine Wall Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport within or between areas Institutional Ground Important Intermediary Road Low links (31-50 units/ha) School Ground Woodland Minor Road B Road Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Minor Road Woodland Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect B Road Natural Green Space A and roads,between link Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areastoand feedB traffic Wall Golf Course/ Bowling Green Police Station connect different areas and feed traffic between housing villages to on theBowling restnetwork of the network Golfroads Course/ Green A roadsestates/ and smaller the High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site Medium UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads(71-100 on the units/ha) network Institutional Ground Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Local Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Institutional Ground MinorRoad Road Public Park Medium (101-130 units/ha)access Frontiers The Roman Minor Road property, usually buildings Natural of Green Space Empire: smallertoroads, connect to Alined andwith B roads, link Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Medical Care Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, linkhousing estates/ Natural the Antonine Wall villages to the rest of the network Play Field (above 130 units/ha) Sports Facility housing estates/High villages to the rest of the network Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports1600 Facility Important Intermediary Road Local 0 Specialist Areas 400 800 1200 Road m School Ground Wall Local Road Public Park Minor Road access to property, usually buildings Police Station Public Parklined with Main Connection EW from access to property, usually lined with buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Urban Plaza to Drumry Play Field Educational Facility Administrative Play Field UNESCO World Heritage Site Important Intermediary Road Boundary School Ground Leisure/ SportsCanteen Centre ad Restaurant/ Cafe/ Minor Road School Ground Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall Educational 0 400 Facility 800 1200 1600 m + Site UNESCO World Place of Worship Ancient Fort SiteHeritage of the Antonine UNESCO World Heritage Site Leisure/ Sports Centre Wall Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Police Station Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall the Antonine Wall Takeaway/ Scale 1: 20 000 Sandwich Shop Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Wall Police Station Wall

100

0

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop 400 800

1200

1600 m

+

+

Drumchapel

Central Connection Between District Node and Neighbourhood Node

Main Link across Garscadden Valley

Main Connection EW from the Urban Plaza Towards Bearsden Urban Plaza

101

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Multiple Centrality Assessment Proposal Betweenness Centrality

Straightness Centrality

The new link additions in Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s street network contribute to establishing a solid level of betweenness centrality in Drumchapel which then increases the possibility of more people passing though the area and engaging in local activities.

The new diagonal axis shows an improvement of the straightness centrality of the network. The place of the new urban plaza also appears to hold a relatively central position.

Closeness Centrality The new urban plaza is whitin an area of relatively high closeness centrality allowing access to it from all adjacent areas. Additionally, other central areas are located within the neighbourhood nodes.

New Central Connection

Central Connection Between District Node and Neighbourhood Node

Kinfauns Road (pedestrianised)

A Road (Major Road)

ge-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Main Link across Garscadden Valley

Woodland

nnect different areas and feed traffic between oads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road

aller roads, connect to A and B roads, link using estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Local Road

cess to property, usually lined with buildings

Main Connection EW from Urban Plaza to Drumry

Main Connection EW from the Urban Plaza Towards Bearsden

Water Area Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha)

Medium (51-70 units/ha) Golf Course/ Bowling Green Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Institutional Ground

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

Woodland

Minor Road

Institutional Ground

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Natural Green Space Sports Facility

Specialist Areas

Local Road

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Public Park

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

Play Field

Educational Facility

School Ground

Medical Care

Water Area

B Road

Urban Plaza

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Natural Green Space Sports Facility Public Park Play Field School Ground

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Leisure/ Sports Centre

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Place of Worship

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Police Station

UNESCO World Heritage Site Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Betweenness Centrality 102

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: 0 400 800 the Antonine Wall

1200

1600 m

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall +

Drumchapel

New Axis

Neighbourhood Node

Urban Plaza - District Node

Closeness Centrality at 400m New Axis

Urban Plaza - District Node

Straightness Cetrality 103

0

400

800

1200

1600 m

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

+

Summary

+

=

Concept Plan Proposal New transport hub Relocated train station

Railway Station Railway Track New cycling hub Antonine Wall visitors centre Water Area

tween areas

Woodland

Green Node

c between work

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

ds, link the network

Natural Green Space

Institutional GroundGreen corridor

Public Park

buildings

A Road (Major Road)

Linear park

Sports Facility

Very Low (0-30 units/ha)

Tourism Routes

LowPlay (31-50 Field units/ha)

Canal Road

School Ground

Medium (51-70 units/ha)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Medium World (71-100Heritage units/ha)Site UNESCO Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medium (101-130 the Antonine Wall units/ha)

Water Area

Minor Road smaller roads, to A and Road) B roads, link A connect Road (Major

Very Low units/ha) Ancient Fort(0-30 Site of the Antonine housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network High (above 130 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas Wall Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas B Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Number of Units: Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between A Road (Major Road) A Road (Major Road) A roads and smaller roads on the network Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Water Area Medium (71-100 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas large-scale transport links within or between areas Important Intermediary Road Minor Road Low (31-50 units/ha) Minor Road Woodland Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, B Road B Road connect to A and B roads, link

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Woodland Public Park Golf Play FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Water Area Ground Institutional School Ground Woodland Natural Green Space

connect different areas and feed traffic between Medium (51-70 connectestates/ differentvillages areas and feed traffic between housing to the rest of the network Golf Course/ Bowling Green High (above 130 units/ha) units/ha) Golf Course/ Bowling Green Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage UNESCO World Site A roads and smaller roads on the network A roads and smaller roads on the network Local Road Medium (71-100 units/ha) Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre+ Institutional Ground Institutional Ground Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road access toMinor property, usually lined with buildings Road Medium units/ha) Medical Care NaturaltoGreen smaller roads, connect to(101-130 A and B roads, linksmaller roads, connect the Antonine WallSpace Natural A andSpace B roads, link Play FieldGreen housing estates/High villages to the rest of the network housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network (above 130 units/ha) Place of Worship Ancient Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary Road SportsFort Facility School Ground Wall Local Road Minor Road Local Road Specialist Police Station Areas Public Parklined with buildings Public Park access to property, usually lined with access to property, usually + buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Educational Facility Administrative Play Field Play Field UNESCO World Heritage Site Boundary Leisure/ Sports Centre ad Important Intermediary Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Road School Ground School Ground Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Road Medical Care the Antonine Wall

0

400

Place of Worship Educational Facility

800

Leisure/ Sports Centre Police Station

1200

1600 m

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine UNESCO World Heritage Site UNESCO World Heritage Site Wall

Medical Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Scale 1: 20 000Care =

Place of Worship Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

104

0

Police Station

400

800

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

1200

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall +

1600 m

New District links

Drumchapel

105

Booklet no.9: Group 4: 4D Vision

Vision of Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Atmosphere

District Node Vision

Street Vegetation Shopfronts Multi-storey mixed use

106

Drumchapel

Neighbourhood Node Vision

Definition of street edge Entertainment Venues Street Lighting Information Boards Street Vegetation

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GCC, City Centre Regeneration. (2016). ‘Made in Sauchiehall and Garnethill: Final Regeneration Framework for Sauchiehall and Garnethill District’. [Online] Available at: https://www.glasgowcitycentrestrategy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Full-Sauchiehall-andGarnethill-Regeneration-Framework-April-2016.pdf (Accessed 15 Nov. 2017).

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Glasgow, U. o., Unknown. The Hunterian Collections. [Online] Available at: https://www.gla.ac.uk/hunterian/collections/ permanentdisplays/theantoninewall/theantoninewallslideshow/ [Accessed 18/11/2017 November 2017].

Google, 2016. Google Street view Drumchapel Train stn. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@55.9057909,4.3704844,3a,75y,144.8h,91.11t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1siUf395ESIHfmyDVg5OXudA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed 20/11/2017 November 2017].

Google, 2017. Google Street View_Lock 32. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@55.9038574,4.3515192,3a,75y,269.77h,93.23t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s-Csv3Z66x-ilnuyjiY2nnQ!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed 23/11/2017 November 2017]. groupbuilding, n.d. Building in the green belt: 3. [Online] Available at: https://groupbuilding.net/category/density/ [Accessed 19/11/2017 November 2017].

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Live, G., 2017. Rebuilding an empire? Glasgow backs £1.6m plan to ‘rediscover’ ancient Roman Antonine Wall. [Online] Available at: http://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/rediscover-ancient-roman-antonine-wall-13905867 [Accessed 22/11/2017 November 2017].

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List of Figures Figure VI-01 Figure I-01 Watersquare Proposal, Rotterdam (Boer, 2010) 9 Figure VI-02 Figure I-02 Escalator in Toledo (Inspiration Detail, 2017) 10 Figure VI-03 Figure I-03 Cable Car in Barcelona (Themeparkmedia, 2017) 10 Figure VI-04 Figure I-04 The 100-Stepped Garden (Amusing Planet, 2017) 11 Figure VI-05 Figure I-05 Vauban, Freiburg, Germany 11 Figure VI-06 Figure I-06 Relationships of Glasgow City Development Plan (GCC, 2016a: 5) 12 Figure VI-07 Figure I-07 Spatial Representation of the plan to achieve the four strategic objectives (GCC, 2016a: 18) 13 Figure VI-08 Figure I-08 What is City Resilience? (Resilient Glasgow, 2014: 7) 14 Figure VI-09 Figure II-03 Tramlines - 4D Vision for new transport modes 25 Figure VI-10 Figure II-01 Drumchapel population 1955-2017 (PBA) 25 Figure VI-11 Figure II-02 Drumchapel population 1955-2051 (PBA) 25 Figure VI-12 Figure II-04 Critical Quality Diagram , by Klas Tham based on (Scotland, 2014) 26 Figure VI-13 Figure II-05 Sustainable development (based on Tarbutt, 2012)

27 Figure VI-14 Figure II-06 Creating Healthy Places : Why it matters.. (C.A.B.E, 2014)

28 Figure VI-15 Figure II-07 Proportional contribution to premature death. (C.A.B.E, 2014)

28 Figure VI-16 Figure II-08 The Liveability of Good Places (MVRDV, 2016: 31) 28 Figure VI-17 Figure II-10 Garscadden Valley Today 29 Figure VI-18 Figure II-09 Garscadden Park - 4D Vision for Garscadden Valley 29 Figure VI-19 Figure II-11 Green Patches - 4D Vision for community gardening 30 Figure VI-20 Figure II-14 Green Corridors and networks (Rogers, 1999) 31 Figure VI-21 Figure II-12 Woodland walk - existing (Commission, n.d.)

31 Figure VI-22 Figure II-13 Woodland walk - flora, fauna,heritage (Commission, n.d.)

31 Figure VI-23 Figure II-18 Proposed concept: Green urban network - Canal Gateway (PBA) 32 Figure VI-24 Figure II-17 Bowling Basin - masterplan (Canals, Scottish, 2015) 32 Figure VI-25 Figure II-15 Lock 32- New canal gateway/ node (Google, 2017) 32 Figure VI-26 Figure II-16 Bowling Basin - masterplan - public spaces 32 Figure VI-27 Figure II-19 Hunterian artefacts & exhibition(Glasgow, Unknown) 33 Figure VI-28 Figure II-20 Mount Stuart Visitor Cetre - Isle of Bute (Marshall, 2002) 33 Figure VI-29 Figure II-21 Irish Cultural Centre , City of Derry (Tuomey, 2009) 33 Figure VI-30 Figure II-22 Current efforts to rediscover Antonine Wall (Live, 2017) 33 Figure VI-31 Figure II-23 Northmuir Community Garden - a Stalled Spaces project (Garden, 2017) 34 Figure VI-32 Figure II-24 Northmuir Community Garden - never too early! (Garden, 2017)

35 Figure VI-33 Figure II-25 Memorial Garden, Awaji , Japan by Tadao Ando - a steep incline re-imagined for growing (Care, n.d.) 35 Figure VI-34 Figure II-27 The Urban Transect (DPZ, n.d.)

36 Figure VI-35 Figure II-26 Subculture Boundary - A Pattern Language (Alexander, 1977) 36 Figure VI-36 Figure II-29 Extra urban agriculture (DPZ, n.d.)

37 Figure VI-37 Figure II-30 Intra urban agriculture (DPZ, n.d.)

37 Figure VI-38 Figure II-31 Intra urban agriculture (DPZ, n.d.)

37 Figure VI-39 Figure II-33 Bowling Basin -Section thro canalside (Canals, Scottish, 2015) 37 Figure VI-40 Figure II-32 Proposed green urban network - Agrarian Edge 37 Figure VI-41 Figure II-28 Agri-Urban Builing Types (DPZ, n.d.)

37 Figure VI-42 Figure II-36 Proposed Hierarchy of Roads Access 38 Figure VI-43 Figure II-34 Sprawl repair industry- before (DPZ, n.d.)

38 Figure VI-44 Figure II-35 Sprawl repair industry- before (DPZ, n.d.)

38 Figure VI-45 Figure II-38 Proposed new train station & hub (Google, 2017) 39 Figure VI-46 Figure II-37 Sprawl repair industry-Edrington site & Great Western Retail Park (PBA) 39 Figure VI-47 Figure II-39 How it could be ? - Frieburg tram & boulevard 39 Figure VI-48 Figure III-01 Vauban boulevard, Freiburg 60 Figure VI-49 Figure III-02 Steigereilan, Ijburg, Netherlands (Tarbutt, 2012) 60 Figure VI-50 Figure III-03 Granularity of urban blocks (Tarbutt, 2012) 60 Figure VI-51 Figure III-04 Dumfries potential (Network, 2016) 61 Figure VI-52 Figure III-05 Drumchapel Shopping Centre - as existing (Google, 2017) 61 Figure VI-53 Figure III-06 Dumfries town living building types (Network, 2016) 61

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Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/