Booklet 1
May 2018
Integrate to Regenerate
Drumchapel Masterplan by Andrius Cupkovas
University of Strathclyde
Integrate to Regenerate
Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/ PgDip/MArch Advanced Architectural Design (AAD) MArch Architectural Design International (MADi) PgDip/MSc Urban Design
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Drumchapel
Contents
1. Background 1.1 Integrate to regenerate 1.2 Vision 2050 1.3 From vision towards masterplan 1.4 Concept maps
2. Characters 2.1 Selected area 2.2 Character areas
3. Foundation masterplan 3.1 Foundation masterplan 3.2 Active frontages 3.3 LUC and densities 3.4 Connectivity 3.5 Road hierarchy
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Integrate to Regenerate
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Drumchapel
‘Great cities don’t just happen, they are made.’ Balch, 2011 from ‘Urban Identity’
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1. Background
Integrate to Regenerate
1.1
Integrate to Regenerate
Integrated urban design methods have been explored for the last few decades since the postwar planning, that promoted segragation, has failed. Urban developments reflect who we are as humans and it affects our economy, environment and how things change throughout time. Therefore, the integration of different urban aspects including social, environmental and econimcal have become crucial in modern urbanism, especially during the era of climate change and growing population.
The growing population and rapid urbanization lead to challenges in terms of densities, social inclusion, economic stability and environmental concerns. On top of that there is climate change that results in more frequent and stronger storms than ever before, putting pressure on drainage systems and flood protection schemes. Some planners manage to find great solutions to various issues, some fail. My task is to look at the best examples out there that could inspire the rebirth and regeneration of Drumchapel. One of the major influences was Peter Calthorpe (Fig 1 & 2) who applied prinicples of ecology such as diversity, interdependence, scale and decentralization.
Fig 1. Integrated masterplan in Sacramento, CA, Peter Calthorpe. Source: Calthorpe, 1993
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Drumchapel
Fig 2. Gold Country Ranch, Peter Calthorpe. Source: Calthorpe, 1993
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Integrate to Regenerate
1.2
Vision 2050
‘Drumchapel has a sustainable and resilient local economy.’
‘Drumchapel is a socially sustainable, diverse and vibrant place.’
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Drumchapel is seen as a gateway to nature, developed sustainably, in harmony with the natural environment’
‘Drumchapel is well connected by the means of a variety of transportation as well as pedestrian and cyclist movement’.
Drumchapel
The key goal of this project is to deliver a regeneration masterplan via plot-based urbanism approach that promotes diversity and resilience of long-term town planning. Plot is a minimum unit of development land that is adaptable enough to withstand the change in time. Plot-based urbanism also enables placemaking that promotes active urban life and sustainable urban developments. Designing a diverse environment is a great challenge because we do not want to end up with contrived diverity. So how can we achieve a diversity that is not contrived? The answer lies not within the design itself but rather the conditions that are made.
‘Resilience of cities lies in the relatively small urban components that can adapt, assemble and reassemble.’ Romice and Porta, 2014
Fig 3. From block based approach to plot-based approach. Source: Tarbatt, 2012
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Integrate to Regenerate
1.3
From vision towards masterplan
Masterplanning is the stage when the vision developed during strategy stage is being detailed and realized into real physical spaces. In particular, masterplanning involves a number of individual stages, starting from the definition of character areas and finishing with construction phasing of the town. Most importantly, research does not stop with the strategy stage.
CONNECTIVITY
VIBRANCY
Each individual designing step requires intensive research which supports the knowledge already gained during analysis and strategic stages.
SENSE OF BELONGING
DIVERSITY
IDENTITY
SUSTAINABILITY
RESILIENT
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Drumchapel
Analysis Strategic definition
Area selection
Phasing
SuDS & green network
Characters
Masterplanning = research + design
Buildings
Densities
Coding
Streets
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Medium Density
Integrate to Regenerate
Potential Local Node
High Speed Road High Density Urban Main Street
High Density
1.4
Concept maps
Low Density Low
Specialist Area Specialist area Farmland / Pasture Farmland Woodland Woodland
Medium Density
Park Park Sports Grounds Sports grounds Vacant /land Derelict Land Vacant River Bank River bank
Local Main Street Specialist Area Local Street Farmland / Pasture Woodland National Cycle route Route National cycle Local Cycleroute Route Local cycle Park Local Cyclepath Local cycle path Grounds Bus 60 Bus Sports 60 Route Bus Bus 3 Route 3 Vacant / Derelict Land Bus Bus 6a Route 6A Bank 16 Bus River 16 Route Bus Bus Bus 1c Route 1C Bus Bus 400Route 400 NodeM60/200 Bus Route Bus Local M60/200 Bus Bus CB/2 Route CB2 Global Node
TrainTrain lineLine High Density High
Specialist Area
Local Node Local node Global Node Global node
Urban Main Streetroad Urban main
Woodland
Local Main Streetroad Local main
Sports Grounds
High Speed Road
Local Main Street
National Cycle Route
Global Node
Local Cycle Route Local Cyclepath Bus Route 60 Bus Route 3
Potential Local Node Bus Route 6A Bus Route 16 Bus Route 1C High Speed Road Urban Main Street Local Main Street Local Street
National Cycle Route Local Cycle Route Local Cyclepath Bus Route 60 Bus Route 3 Bus Route 6A Bus Route 16 Bus Route 1C Bus Route 400 Bus Route M60/200 Bus Route CB2 Train Line Train Stop
National Cycle Route Local Cycle Route Local Cyclepath
River Bank
Local Node
Local Street Local street
Urban Main Street
Vacant / Derelict Land Local Street
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High Speed Road road High speed
Potential Local Node Farmland / Pasture Potential local node
Park
Existing concept map
Train StopLocal Node TrainPotential stop
Bus Route 400 Bus Route M60/200 Bus Route CB2 Train Line Train Stop
Bus Route 60 Bus Route 3 Bus Route 6A Bus Route 16 Bus Route 1C Bus Route 400 Bus Route M60/200 Bus Route CB2 Train Line Train Stop
Drumchapel
The existing concept map has poor north to south and east to west connections. This prevents strong connections with the nearby towns. Meanwhile, vacant land results in low densities and negative open space. On the other hand, it has several potential local nodes and the existing global node which is a whisky packaging factory.
The proposed concept map has new urban main roads that connect Drumchapel with the other towns. Meanwhle, new local main roads strenghten internal connections. The densities are also increased in strategic places, mainly where urban and main roads interconnect or where densities are currently higher. These strategic places will become the new local nodes.
Proposed concept map
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Integrate to Regenerate
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Drumchapel
2. Characters
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Integrate to Regenerate
2.1
Selected area
The selected area covers the existing town center and includes the main junction of Kinfauns drive and Garscadden/Drumry drive. The aim is to transform the segragated town center into a diverse urban hub.
6 4
5
2
3
1
Selected area map
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Drumchapel
Duntreath Ave
1. Beggining of Kinfauns dr in the south. Source: Garscadden Rd google.com
60 Kinfauns Dr
2. Next to the new West Center. Source: google.com Image capture: May 2017
© 2018 Google
Glasgow, Scotland
Glasgow, Scotland
Google, Inc. Street View - May 2017
199 Drumry Rd E
Image capture: Jun 2017
167 Kinfauns Dr Glasgow, Scotland
© 2018
Street View - Jun 2017
5. Drumry drive next to the new police station. Source: google.com
Image capture: Jun 2017
Google, Inc.
Image capture: Jun 2017
Google, Inc.
Street View - Jun 2017
Street View - Jun 2017
© 2018
4. Link to Linkwood drive. Source: google.com © 2018 Google
Google, Inc.
Glasgow, Scotland
Image capture: Jun 2017
Street View - Jun 2017
3. Garscadden drive, eastern part. Source: google.com Glasgow, Scotland
121 Kinfauns Dr
Google, Inc.
© 2018 Google
Glasgow, Scotland
6. Kinfauns drive just after passing the park. Source: google.com Image capture: Jun 2017
© 2018 Google
Google, Inc. Street View - Jun 2017
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Integrate to Regenerate
2.2
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Character areas
Drumchapel
Characters define various functions, feelings and identities of each part of the town. This is a strategic step towards detailing the masterplan. There are 6 proposed character areas, however, only 4 of them are included within the selected area.
Town core Recreation and leisure Community hub Lower density residential City edge Industrial
Characters within selected area
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Integrate to Regenerate
Town core With the new train station, a junction of two urban main roads and a park, the area will become the heart of Drumchapel. It will also be the most dense area in town that will enable to support diverse mixed use developments with local shops, retail and other services. Moreover, it will include a new library, a new market and diverse higher density residential buildings.
Town core character
At the moment, Drumchapel has only a mere sense of a high street, which is Kinfauns drive. It is a segregated part of the town with a shopping center that has no relationship with the park that sits just nearby. Furthermore, the existing town center lacks identity. The proposed town core will introduce higher density mixed use diverse developments along the urban main roads - the existing Kinfauns drive and Drumry/Garscadden drives. Also, the new high street will include shared streets in order to give the character and identity the the new town center. Furthermore, the park play a more important role than just a green space with barriers around the corners. It should have welcoming entrances that could make the park more attractive.
Fig 4. Traditional town core, Abbeyleix, Ireland. Source: Tarbatt, 2012
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Drumchapel
Fig 8. Welcoming entrance into the park, Great Yarmouth, England. Source: tracesofwar.com Fig 5. Skipton, traditional mixed use high street. Source: fellwanderer.com
Fig 6. Traffic calming in Lyngby, Copenhagen. Source: kabs.dk Fig 9. Diverse housing in Sudstadt, Germany. Source: Tarbatt, 2012
Fig 7. Shared street in Taastrup, Copenhagen. Source: 2-c.dk
Fig 10. Chapel road, Southampton. Source: Colcouhon, 2008
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Integrate to Regenerate
Lower density residential
Fig 12. Broadclose Farm, Bude, England. Source: trewin-design.co.uk
Low residential area will cover the largest part of the town. This character will mainly include diverse low residential developments including terraced housing and one flat per floor buildings. The local streets should have narrower traffic lanes than the urban or local main roads in order to reduce traffic speeds but also include wider pedestrian lanes to promote pedestrian movement around the neighborhoods. Fig 13. Broadclose Farm, Bude, England. Source: placemakingresource.com
Fig 11. Diverse housing, Ypenburg, Netherlands. Source: west8.com
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Fig 14. Abode and Cala Domus, Newhall, England. Source: Colcouhon, 2008
Drumchapel
Industrial
Recreation and leisure
The existing industrial block should be retained but become more attractive to the community and the visitors. For instance, the existing whisky packaging factory could collaborate with a minidistillery or a whisky bar related. A good example exists in Glasgow where the Tennants beer factory hosts a bar and a mini-brewery Drygate (Fig 15) which is an attractive community place within the area.
This character area should promote both, indoor and outdoor recreation and leisure activities. For instance, the existing leisure center could have a stronger connection with the ‘valley’ that could have a better cycling infrastructure and stronger green network. It should also include playgrounds more and places to rest.
Fig 15. Abode and Cala Domus, Newhall, England. Source: Colcouhon, 2008
Fig 16. Playgrounds
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Integrate to Regenerate
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Drumchapel
3. Foundation Masterplan
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Integrate to Regenerate
3.1
Foundation masterplan
M= M=
M- MM-
M+ M+ M- M- M-
M+ M+
M-
M=
M- M-
M+
M=
M+ M+ M+ M+
M=
M- M-
M+
H-
M+
M= H+
H+
M-
M=
New library
H- H+ M= M= M= M+ HM= M+
H-
M+
H- H= H=
H+ HH+
M- M-
New market
H+
HH+ H= HH+ H+
H+
M+ H-
H+
HH+
H= H- HH+ H=
H+
H=
H+ H+ H=
Industrial bar
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H+
H+ H+
M=
H- HHM+
H-
M+ M+ M= M= M+
MM=
M= H- M+ M= M= M-
M= M=
Drumchapel
Foundation masterplan is the combination of the vision and concept maps developed in previous stage. It is the key step before detailed masterplanning.
Connectivity A82/ Great Western Road Urban main road Local main road New local street Bus route Train line Segregated cycle route
Green network Green routes Parks
Symbols New train station Existing train station Landmark/special building Boundary of selected area
Densities Highest
Lowest
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Integrate to Regenerate
3.2
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Active frontages
Drumchapel
Active frontages on the ground floor will support the social and economic development of the town core.
Active frontage Required Possible None
Connectivity A82/ Great Western Road Urban main road Local main road New local street Train line
Symbols New train station Existing train station Landmark/special building Boundary of selected area
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Integrate to Regenerate
3.3
LUC and densities
Achieving a sustainable density is one of the key challenges in modern urban developments in terms of efficient land use, infrastructure and services (Tarbatt, 2012). Higher densities lead to more sustainable developments that can offer more activities and economic opportunities. In Drumchapel, the selected area is aimed to inhabit around 4000 people. The highest density benchmark within the town core that has mixed use developments is between 140-96 units per hectare. Meanwhile, lower densities range between 95-50 units per hectare. The table below represents the proposed figures related to the number of frontages and densities for the selected area. In total there are 96 frontages and 13 of them are active. The total coverage area of all of the frontages is 19.2 ha.
Densities map
H+
H=
H-
M+
M=
M-
Total
No. of frontages
19
6
17
20
18
16
96
Active frontages (required)
13
0
0
0
0
0
13
Average height (storeys)
4
4
3
4
3
2
3.3
Area
4.3 ha
1.5 ha
2.6 ha
4.1 ha
3.6 ha
3.1 ha
19.2 ha
Population
1253
413
586
789
574
426
4041
*All figures are approximate
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H=
H-
M+
Mixed use multi-family appartments
Front access
4
Access
Height (no. of levels)
Great Western Road p. 185
4
Front access
Multi-family appartments
West Graham Street p. 169
3
Front access
Multi-family appartments
Ibrox street p. 103
4
Front access
Multi-family appartments
Crown street p. 87
140-126 units /ha 125 - 111 units /ha 110 - 96 units /ha 95 - 81 units / ha
H+
Use
Key typologies
LUC sample
Density
3
Front access
One family appartment per floor
Regent park square p. 74
80 - 66 units / ha
M=
2-3
Front access
Single family house
Springbank street p. 26
65 - 51 units / ha
M-
Drumchapel
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Integrate to Regenerate
3.4
Connectivity
Why is centrality important? Centrality is a crucial factor that contributes to creating active nodes and desirable places. The more the place is connected, the more streets are linked together, the higher centrality can be achieved. Betweeness centrality High betweeness centrality means that a place can be reached via many routes. The more routes lead to the node, the more activites can be generated within the node.
Betweeness centrality
Closeness centrality High closseness centrality results in many connections within a set distance. This means that the users can reach places and nodes faster. Straightness centrality
Closeness centrality
High straightness centrality results in more direct routes between places and nodes.
Straightness centrality
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Drumchapel
Low
High
At the moment Drumchapel has poor links with external towns in terms of east to west and north to south directions. The existing road network leaves Drumchapel as an unimportant place to pass through.
Betweeness centrality existing
The proposed road network improves the east to west and north to south links by adding straight and more direct new roads. As a result, Drumchapel is now a more important town to pass through to get to the other places.
Betweeness centrality proposed
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Integrate to Regenerate
Low
High
Drmuchapel is badly connected not only outside but inside as well. As a result of poor planning of the town has resulted in large blocks that force peole to use cars and restrict pedestrians to reach places faster.
Closeness centrality existing
Closeness centrality proposed
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The proposed closeness centrality reduces the block sizes by adding new streets. This has decreased the distances between places which would also promote pedestrian movement and reduce car dependency.
Drumchapel
Low
High
Due to challenging topography the road network resulted in winding roads which have no clear sense of direction.
Straightness centrality existing
The proposed road network has reduced the block sizes and added more straightforward roads, in particular south to north and east to west, that are new direct routes to other places.
Straightness centrality proposed
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Integrate to Regenerate
3.5
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Road hierarchy
Drumchapel
A82/ Great Western Road Urban main road Local main road New local street Bus route Train line Segregated cycle route New train station Existing train station Boundary of selected area
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Integrate to Regenerate
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