Booklet 2
May 2018
Integrate to Regenerate
Drumchapel Masterplan by Andrius Cupkovas
University of Strathclyde
Integrate to Regenerate
Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/ PgDip/MArch Advanced Architectural Design (AAD) MArch Architectural Design International (MADi) PgDip/MSc Urban Design
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Contents
4. Detailed masterplan 4.1 Detailed masterplan 4.2 Building typologies 4.3 Plot passport 4.4 Frontages 4.5 Street typologies 4.6 Flood risk management 4.7 Special buildings 4.8 Mixed use
5. Special places 5.1 Station plaza 5.2 Market cross 5.3 Library corner
6. Phasing Conclusion
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4. Detailed Masterplan
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4.1
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Detailed Masterplan
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Mixed used High density multi family appartments Medium density multi family appartments One flat per floor appartment building Single-family homes/ townhouses Proposed special buildings Existing special buildings Tree Entrance into the building Special place groundworks Cycle path Drumry rd
Existing street name
Leisure st
New street name
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4.2
Building typologies
Diversity can be achieved even by using a single typology as long as plot parameters vary.
Close-grain buildings can produce more entrances than any other building typologies. It is especially important for the mixed use developments. With close-grain buildings, streets and places can be more actived by the pedestrians rather than only cars (Tarbatt, 2012). Meanwhile, diversity can be achieved even by applying a single typology as long as plot parameters vary. This was proved by the West 8 architects and their bar-code archutectural approach towards achieving diversity with only using terraced town houses (Fig 17). In general there will be three key close-grain typologies applied in the masterplan: - Multi-family appartment building (mixed use within higher densities) - One flat per floor building - Terraced housing/townhouses
Fig 17. Bar-code urbanism in Ypenburg, West 8 Architects (approx 75-80 units p/ ha). Source: vd-k.eu
Fig 18. Mixed typologies, Upton, England. Source: google.com
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Fig 19. One of the most interesting local examples of diverse typologies, Great Western Road / Bank street(approx 125 units p/ ha). Source: google.com
Extracts of the masterplan show how diverse typologies are applied.
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4.3
Plot passport
What is plot passport? Each urban context holds different rules and regulations. Therefore, before any new design is realised, the architects must apply for the planning application to get the approval from local authorities that the new building meets the local regulations. In other words, each plot has its design code that is set within a ‘plot’ passport. When each plot holds unique parameters, it is possible to achieve a diversity that is not contrived (Fig 20).
Fig 20. Diversity in Sluseholmen, Denmark. Source: archdaily.com
The diagrams (Fig 21) represents the key parameters of a 6m wide two-storey terraced house. General experience suggest that longer and narrower plots are more practical as many more buildings can share the same frontage. Narrower building plots, no less than 6m for mixed use and 5m for townhouse, maximize activities and efficiency of the buildings (Tarbatt, 2012). However, this is just an exemplar plot passport for the terraced housing. As an excersize , a plot passport is prepared for a mixed use multi family appartment typology building plot. The table on the right reflects the possible general regulations of the plot within the town core of Drumchapel. Fig 21. Diagrams represent key parameters for 6m wide plot. Source: Tarbatt, 2012
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Key regulations Code Regulation
Description
Possible requirements
T
Typology
Typology reflects the density and character of areas, for example, lower density residential area will mostly consist of single-family houses or one-flat per floor appartment buildings.
1. Single family 2. Multi family 3. Terraced
U
Use
Uses depend on the density and character. For instance, mixed uses and commercial uses are more based within town core and nodes it would not be appropriate where density is low.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
AF
Active frontage
Enables the plot to attract activity on the street by providing a space for a cafe or shop on the ground floor.
1. Required 2. No active frontage
BS
Building setback
Buildings sometimes are pushed back from the street edge in order to create a semipublic space. It is especially important for active frontages to have a slight setback for commercial purposes. Setbacks can also cultivate plot and even character identities as well as diversity.
1. Required 2. No setback
AL
Adjoining building line
Alligned buildings along the street edge 1. Required maintain unity and continuity. However, 2. No allignmnet required sometimes buildings are pushed back especially around the special places.
PC
Plot coverage
Coverage ratios are important to maintain diversity and control public and private spaces.
1. Maximum required 2. Between minimum and maximum required
BH
Building height
Different heights cultivate diversity and reflect characters. In some cases maximum heights are beneficial in terms of views but can constrain the sunlight.
1. Maximum required 2. Between minimum and maximum required
A
Access
Accesses facing the street edge can result in higher chance of social interactions and active, safer streets.
1. Front access only 2. Front and back access possible
B
Boundary
Boundaries ensure security and privacy but must be balanced to prevent complete plot isolation from the street.
1. No boundary 2. Boundary possible
Residential Commercial Office Industrial Mixed use
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Plot passport sample Plot passport - TC3 Character - Town core Plot area - x sqm
Selected plot is on Drumry road, adjacent to the new market crossing.
Code
Regulation
Requirement
Details
T.2
Typology
Multi-family appartment building
n/a
U.5
Use
Mixed use
Up to 40% of building can be non-residential. Ground floor commercial.
AF.1
Active frontage
Required
Commercial purposes.
BS.1
Building setback
Between 1.2 m - 4 m
n/a
AL.1
Adjoining building line
Required
Adjoining line maintained.
AL.1
Plot coverage
Maximum required
43% of plot.
AL.1
Building height
Between 10 m to 14 m high (3-4 storeys)
Ground floor should be between 3.5 m to 4 m high.
A.1
Access
Front access only
n/a
B.1
Access
No boundary
n/a
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Plot developed by Kristoffer Melville, colleague from Norway
This excersize was done by a colleague from Norway. The rules set out within the plot passport control the design. However, this does not mean that architects will always end up with the same design for the same plot. The regulations allow for the design to change, but the key parameters must remain in order to maintain the local code and character.
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4.4
Frontages
Active frontages Active frontages activate the street life and maintain the economic and social generation within town centers. In Drumchapel, active frontages are located within the town core along the new High street and Drumry/Garscadden drive. The exctract below includes the plots with the set back space from the street edge to provide a space for active frontages. Fig 22. Active frontage in Sudstadt, Germany. Source: stadtbaukunst.org
Extract of the masterplan. Active frontages facing urban main road.
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Fig 23. Active frontage as a restaurant in Didsbury, England. Source: livingedge.co.uk
Drumchapel
Non-active frontages Frontages that are not active are usually residential buildings. Even though there are no shops or other services that could generate the street activities, residential frontages can still promote individual identities via planting or fencing as long as there is a reasonable setback from the street edge.
Fig 24. Reasonable example. Simple and modest. Source: hta.co.uk
Fig 25. Good example - diverse and green frontages. Traditional terraced housing in Didsbury. Source: geograph.co.uk
Extract of the masterplan. Non active frontage facing local main road.
Fig 26. Bad example - fortress fence. Housing in Didsbury. Source: gascoignehalman.co.uk
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4.5
Street typologies
Urban main road Urban main roads are the arteries that connect the neighborhoods and towns nearby. Urban main roads enable public transit and people can reach places either with the bus, their cars or on foot. Within the town core urban main road becomes the high street where the key services, shops and cafes are located. Furthermore, three of the key special places of Drumchapel are located within the urban main road. The width of the pavements are wide enough to for pedestrian movement and support of the active street life. In some arteries cycle routes are also included. Meanwhile, trees are planted on one side of the road in order to increase amount of permeable surfaces but not to overcrowd the streets and provide enough parking spaces for the users. Overall, not only urban main roads not only are the key routes where people can reach places but also catalyst of public of Drumchapel.
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plot
3.5
2.5
6
2.5
3.5
plot
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Local main road Similarly to the urban main roads, local main roads are the arteries except that they only connect the neighborhoods within Drumchapel. Along with urban main roads, local main roads are key public transit routes that enable people to reach places in different transport modes. Local main roads have only very few places with possible active frontages but the pavements are still kept wide enough for convenient pedestrian movement. In occasional arteries cycle routes are also included. Similarly to urban main roads, trees are also placed only on one side of the road in order to increase permeable surface area but also to provide more possible space for car parking. Overall, local main roads are the key routes to reach places between the neighborhoods.
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cycle path
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plot plot
3.5 2.5
6
2.5 3.5
plot
3.5
6
2.5 1.4 2.1
plot
2.5
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Local street Unlike urban main roads or local main roads, local streets act as routes within neighbohoods only. Basically, local streets are at the bottom of the road hierarchy. Local streets are important catalysts of neighborhood lives where neighbours can meet each other on the street or people can start their journey. An occasional tree is placed within the street to give the area character but not to overcrowd the street and the views. Parking lots are also provided only on one side of the street in order to reduce the overcrowding of cars. In addition, the streets are narrower than urban or local main roads in order to reduce traffic speeds and make the streets more pedestrian friendly. Thus the width of streets is insufficient for busses. To sum up, local streets are the key neighborhood routes with reduced traffic speeds and enough pavement to enable neighbors to meet each other on streets.
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plot
3
5
2.5
3
plot
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Scotland
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Traffic calming Traffic calming is introduced mainly in the local streets where there is a higher possibility of children playing. The streets are already narrow enough to slow down the traffic but in the longer blocks the curvings of the streets are introduced to reduce the speeds and alert the drivers. Occasional trees are also placed as objects that attract the attention of the drivers and enable them to reduce speeds. The junctions have wider pavement spaces that enable pedestrians to reach other side of street faster while drivers 32 Gar forced eld St are to drop the speeds.
Fig 27. Traffic calming in Garfield st, Glasgow. Source: google.com
ogle, Inc.
w - Jul 2015
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Image capture: Jul 2015
Š 2018 Google
Drumchapel
plot
3
2.5
5
3
plot
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4.6
Flood risk management
‘Urbanisation involves the creation of roads, drains, paths and buildings, creating impermeable surfaces in place of natural permeable surfaces.’ Barker and Coutts, 2016
Flood risk map of Drumchapel. Data based on sepa.org Surface flood risk
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River flood risk
High
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
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Before urbanisation, natural surfaces would normally absorb water (Fig 28). However, the urbanisation involves creation of impermeable surfaces which contribute to faster water runoff rates (Fig 29). Traditional drainages are designed to cope with a certain amount of water. Howwver, due to climate change, the rainfall rates are increasing rapidly, resulting in overloaded drainage systems. (Barker and Coutts, 2016). Drumchapel has a potentially high surface flood risk which occurs due to lack of permeable surfaces. While the frequency and intensity of storms is increasing because of climate change, the new urban proposal should include more permeable surfaces and sustainable drainage systems that could help to reduce the pressure of the traditional drainages.
Fig 28. Before urbanisation. Source: Barker and Coutts, 2016
Fig 29. After urbanisation. Source: Barker and Coutts, 2016
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Permeable surfaces
The proposed street parking lots are constructed using permeable paving (Fig 30 & 31) in order to increase water permeability on roads and reduce the flooding risk.
Fig 30. Permeable parking lot surfaces. Source: mutualmaterials.com
Fig 31. Permeable paving. Source: Barker and Coutts, 2016
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Proposed permeable parking lot surfaces
Drumchapel
Swales
SuDS swales are also proposed in the Invercany drive. It will reduce the increasing rainwater rates and provide an attractive characteristic to the area. The swale will also play an intengral part within Drumchapel’s green network.
plot
Fig 32. Swale in Piekenhoef, Netherlands. Source: google.com
3
2.5
3
8
3
2.5
3
Fig 33. Swale in Upton, England. Source: pinterest.com
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4.7
Special buildings
Special buildings are the anchor points that provide key social and community services as well as create job spaces. These are the important buildings that represent the identity of Drumchapel’s life, therefore, must be designed in a meaningful and more iconic way.
1. New train station
3. Children’s indoor play center
Fig 36. Children’s museum. Source: miracleplaygroup.com
4. New market
Fig 34. Proposed train station in Derry, Northern Ireland. Source: belfasttelegraph.co.uk
2. The industrial bar
Fig 37. Baltic market in Tallinn, Estonia. Source: visitestonia.com
5. New library
Fig 35. Drygate pub in Glasgow. Source: d8.uk
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Fig 38. Vennesla library, Norway. Source: archdaily.com
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4
3
2
1
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4.8
Mixed use
‘In contrast to privately owned shopping malls, traditional mixed use street buildings are accessed from the public realm providing a backdrop for street life to take place.’ Tarbatt, 2012
Globalization What is globalization? Globalization is a global movement of people and trade. Good urbanism promotes the identity of the area. However, globalization is running completetly in contraty to responding to the traditions of a place. There are international or local businesses that aim to promote themselves through a unified model known as an international model. Shopping mall is the most common example of homogenised culture (Fig 39). According to CABE’s research survey many people want areas with strong characters and identities (Tarbatt, 2012). Places where they could walk in the street and socialize around local services and shops. Traditional mixed use developments not only can support diversity of services and businesses, it can also activate street life and bring identity to particular places within the town. One of the most popular and successful form of mixed use street is known as the high street.
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Fig 39. Shopping malls versus mixed use shopping. Source: Tarbatt, 2012.
Drumchapel
Drawing
Mixed use Drumry road adjacent to the new market cross.
‘In the world of black and white the roads are for movement and the buildings for social and business purposes.’ Cullen, 1971
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5. Special places
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‘In the fertile streets and market places of town it is the focal point that crystalizes the situation, which confirms ‘this is the spot’ Cullen, 1971
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1 2
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5.1
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Station plaza
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Fig 40. Parking lot opening to the station.
Currently, the train station has no welcoming or meaningful gesture. The parking lot is the first place the visitors see when they arrive to Drumchapel (Fig 40). Therefore, the proposed train station not only sits near the new high street, but it also opens up into a new station plaza. The design was inspired by small English town focal points which include monuments or small clock-towers. These small objects often create more fertile active frontages (Fig 41 and 42).
Fig 41. Somerton’s memorial in Somerset. Source: somersetguide.co.uk
The plaza gets narrow up north and guide the people further into the core of Drumchapel. Fig 42. Didsbury clock tower. Source: commons. wikimedia.org
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5.2
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Market cross
Drumchapel
Fig 43. Existing shopping center.
The second special place is the market cross. At the moment, the existing shopping center sits in a segragated context.
Fig 44. Santa Caterina Market in Barcelona. Source: barcelona-home.com
New market space was inspired by the famous Barcelona’s Santa Caterina Market. The second design was taken from Tallinn’s new market is. Both designs have iconic characteristics that make the space around them even more powerful. The proposed market could become the key anchor point sitting at the tip of the most important junction of the town core. Fig 45. Baltic market in Tallinn, Estonia. Source: visitestonia.com
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5.3
42
Library corner
Drumchapel
Kinfauns Dr
Fig 46. Entrance into Drumchapel’s park. Source: google.com
Image capture: Ju
Glasgow, Scotland Google, Inc. Street View - Jun 2017
Drumchapel existing library sits within the segragated area with no sense of belonging. Meanwhile, the main entrance into the park is barricaded with a fence that almost suggests people to ‘go away’ instead of welcoming them inside.
Fig 47. Entrance into the park, Great Yarmouth, England. Source: tracesofwar.com
The proposed special place creates a meaningful entrance into the park and stages the library in the highlight. Both, the park and the library connect within the shared space created at the junction. It is not necessary to have many active frontages around as many of them are already located in previous special places. Nevertheless, it will still become an attractive and busy public space with a public building at the spot.
Fig 48. Vennesla library, Norway. Source: archdaily.com
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6. Phasing
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6.1
Construction
Construction phasing The transformation of Drumchapel involves demolition of the existing industrial blocks and other objects. These massive changes require a phased strategy that would prevent the town from being changed over night. The phased development should enable the town to evolve and adapt to the changes gradually.
The second phase involves the construction and opening of the new plots. In addition, after the road transformations are finished, the new train station can be relocated next to the new high street. The transitional phase between the second and third stage is the planning application for the special buildings.
The urban reconstruction starts with the infrastructures such as roads, railways and services. Therefore, the first phase will include the construciton of the road network and demolitions of the town core and industrial area in southwest. Meanwhile, the transitional phase between phase 1 and phase 2 will include the planning application for the new developments within the vacant and demolished lands.
The final stage involves the construction of the special buildings and special places.
Phase 1 (1 - 10 years) -
Demolition of the existing town core and industrial blocks at the south Construction of the new urban main roads and new street layouts Existing urban main road extension to the A82 Reconstruction of the park layout Planning applications for new developments within the vacant and demolished lands
Phase 2 (11 - 20 years) - Relocation of the train station - Construction and oppening of the new plots within the demolished and vacant lands - Planning applications for the special buildings
Phase 3 (21 - 30 years) - Construction of special buildings - Construction of shared spaces - Integration of the green network
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Sustainable building technology The growing demand for sustainable construction systems has been pushing the technologies to the new levels. For instance, cross-laminated timber (CLT) has recently emerged as an alternative structure for concrete and steel. CLT is an engineered wood product that has been recognized as a sustainable construction system.
Reduced number of deliveries ensure more quiet and less dusty environment during construction. This is especially practical for large long-term development projects such as in Drumchapel.
Also, CLT has high fire proof ratings and, because its timber, provides lighter structures comparing to traditional materials. This is especially practical for taller buildings with poor soil conditions which is a challenge in Drumchapel. In addition, the use of CLT panels in construction can reduce the number of truck deliveries on site. For example, during the construction of housing in Dalston, East London, the total number of deliveries on site was 111 in comparison 700 if concrete had been used (Ravenscroft, 2017).
Soil condition map
Fig 49. CLT during construction. Source: ikeogroup.com
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Conclusion
Integrate to Regenerate is the realisation of the 2050 vision proposed via plot-based urbanism approach. Drumchapel is not only more connected with its surrounding towns but also internally. It has numerous character areas that give the identities to different places. The existing segragated and isolated town core was transformed into a welcoming, diverse and resilient urban hub with mixed use developments that sustain active street use and reduces car dependency. The phased development will enable steady growth and evolution of Drumchapel and eventually result in a resilient and attractive place to live and work.
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References
Balch, C. 2011. ‘ Amsterdam, Barcelona & Berlin’. In: Evans, B., McDonald, F., Rudlin, D. 2011. ‘Urban Identity’. Oxon: Routledge. Barker, R. and Coutts, R. 2016. Aquatecture: Buildings and Cities Designed to Live and Work With Water. Newcastle upon Tyne: RIBA publishing. Calthorpe, P., 1993. The Next American Metropolis. Ecology, Community and the American Dream. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Colquhoun, I., 2008. RIBA Book of British Housing. 1900 to the Present Day. Second Edition. Oxford: Architectural Press. Cullen, G., 1971. The Concise Townscape. New York: The Architectural Press. Ravenscroft, T. 2017. What is Cross-laminated Timber (CLT)? Available: https://www.theb1m.com/ video/what-is-cross-laminated-timber-clt [25.03.18]. Romice, O and Porta, S. (2014). Plot-based urbanism: a roadmap to masterplanning for change. Available: https://pure.strath.ac.uk/portal/files/41624351/Romice_Sergio_JAOU_2015_Plot_based_ urbanism_a_roadmap.pdf. [25.03.18]. Tarbatt, J., 2012. The Plot. Designing Diversity in the Built Environment: a manual for architects and urban designers. London: RIBA publishing.
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