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.DQXQXQXQ Nร VPร QGDNL WHPHO J|UHY YH \HWNLOHU EDรบOร NOร PDGGHQLQ I
EHQGLQGH GH
ยณ7ย UN /LUDVร Qร Q KDFLP YH WHGDYย Oย Qย Gย ]HQOHPHN |GHPH YH PHQNXO Nร \PHW WUDQVIHUL YH PXWDEDNDW VLVWHPOHUL NXUPDN NXUXOPXรบ YH NXUXODFDN VLVWHPOHULQ NHVLQWLVL] LรบOHPHVLQL YH GHQHWLPLQL VDรทOD\DFDN Gย ]HQOHPHOHUL \DSPDN |GHPHOHU LoLQ HOHNWURQLN RUWDP GD GDKLO ROPDN ย ]HUH NXOODQร ODFDN \|QWHPOHUL YH DUDoODUร EHOLUOHPHNยด
รบHNOLQGH LKGDV HGLOHQ Kย Nย P LOH 7&0%ยถQLQ |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL NXUPDVร
LรบOHWPHVL YH GHQHWOHPHVL NRQXVXQGD \DVDO GD\DQDN VDรทODQPร รบWร U
ยถODUGDQ LWLEDUHQ ยณPHUNH] EDQNDODUร Qร Q EDQNDVร ยด RODUDN ELOLQHQ %,6
Eย Q\HVLQGH |]HOOLNOH |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL LOH LOJLOL NRQXODUGD PHUNH] EDQNDODUร Qร Q
LรบELUOLรทLQH \|QHOLN oDOร รบPDODU \ย Uย Wย OPHNWHGLU %X oDOร รบPDODUGD KHU ย ONHQLQ
IDUNOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQH YH XOXVODUDUDVร |GHPHOHUH LOLรบNLQ IDUNOร X\JXODPDODUD VDKLS ROPDVร QHGHQL\OH \XUW Gร รบร |GHPHOHULQ |QHPOL ULVNOHU
LoHUHELOHFHรทLQH EX ULVNOHUL HQ D]D LQGLUPHN LoLQ PHUNH] EDQNDODUร DUDVร QGDNL
LOLรบNLOHULQ Jย oOHQGLULOPHVL JHUHNWLรทLQH GLNNDW oHNLOPHNWHGLU $QFDN ILQDQVDO
SL\DVDODU DUDVร QGD NDUรบร Oร NOร RODUDN DUWDQ EDรทร POร Oร N PHUNH] EDQNDODUร Qร Q
GLรทHU PHUNH] EDQNDODUร QGDQ |]HOOLNOH ILQDQVDO JHULOLP ]DPDQODUร QGD GDKD
NHVLQ YH ]DPDQร QGD ELOJL DOPDVร รบHNOLQGH ELU DYDQWDM VDรทODPDVร Qร Q \DQร QGD
LรบELUOLรทLQH LOLรบNLQ UHVPL DQODรบPDODU \XUW LoL PXWDEDNDW SUREOHPOHULQLQ
o|]ย OPHVLQGHNL EDรทร PVร ]Oร รทร Q D]DOPDVร รบHNOLQGH ELU GH]DYDQWDMD GD \RO
DoDELOHFHNWLU )DUNOร NXUXPVDO \DVDO YH SROLWLN EDNร รบ Doร ODUร QD VDKLS RODQ
PHUNH] EDQNDODUร Qร Q EX DYDQWDM YH GH]DYDQWDMODUD YHUHFHรทL Dรทร UOร N
GHรทLรบHELOHFHNWLU
gGHPH 6LVWHPOHUL YH 3DUD 3ROLWLNDVร
dRรทX PHUNH] EDQNDVร LoLQ QLKDL DPDo IL\DW LVWLNUDUร Gร U <DSร ODQ
DUDรบWร UPDODU PHUNH] EDQNDODUร Qร Q Eย \ย PH YH LVWLKGDPD HQ |QHPOL NDWNร \ร
IL\DW LVWLNUDUร Qร VDรทOD\DUDN \DSDELOHFHรทLQL RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGร U $QFDN
Jย Qย Pย ]ย Q SL\DVD HNRQRPLOHULQGH PHUNH] EDQNDODUร HQIODV\RQ RUDQร Qร
NRQWURO HGHUNHQ DUDo oHรบLWOLOLรทLQH VDKLSWLU .LPL ย ONHOHUGH SDUDVDO Eย \ย PH
RUDQODUร DUD KHGHI RODUDN EHOLUOHQLUNHQ ILQDQVDO VHUEHVWOHรบPH \DรบDQDQ รผlkelerde bu DUD KHGHI HWNLQ NXOODQร ODPD\DFDรทร LoLQ G|YL] NXUODUร DOWHUQDWLI DUD
KHGHI RODUDN WHVSLW HGLOPHNWHGLU 6RQ \ร OODUGD G|YL] NXUXQD GD\DOร SDUD
SROLWLNDODUร Qร Q ROXPVX] VRQXoODUร QGDQ \ROD oร Nร ODUDN GRรทUXGDQ HQIODV\RQ
KHGHIOHPHVL X\JXODPDODUร QD EDรบODQPร รบWร U +RJJDUWK V YH $UD
YH WHPHO KHGHIWHQ EDรทร PVร ] RODUDN PRGHUQ SL\DVD
HNRQRPLOHULQGH SDUD SROLWLNDVร Qร Q WHPHO DUDoODUร QGDQ ELUL EDQNDODUDUDVร SDUD
SL\DVDODUร QGD ERUo YHUHQ YH ERUo DODQODUFD DNWLI RODUDN NXOODQร OGร รทร LoLQ ekonominin bรผtรผnรผndeki paUDVDO NRรบXOODUOD LOJLOL |QHPOL ELU J|VWHUJH RODQ ยณNร VD
YDGHOL IDL] RUDQODUร ยดGร U .ร VD YDGHOL IDL] RUDQODUร Qร RSHUDV\RQHO KHGHI RODUDN ร ร
NXOODQDQ ELU PHUNH] EDQNDVร EDQNDODUDUDVร SDUD SL\DVDVร QGD SDUD DU] YH
WDOHELQL HWNLOHPHN LoLQ IDL] RUDQODUร Qร NRQWURO HWPHNWHGLU 7&0% VRQUDVร
G|QHPGH IDL] RUDQODUร Qร Q NRQWURO HGLOGLรทL DNWLI ELU SDUD SROLWLNDVร
X\JXODPDNWDGร U ร ร
0HUNH] EDQNDVร Qร Q IDL] RUDQODUร QGDNL GHรทLรบLNOLNOHU HNRQRPLQLQ
JHQHOLQGHNL IDL] RUDQODUร Qร GROD\ร Vร \OD KDQH KDONODUร Qร Q YH ILUPDODUร Q
borรงlDQPD IDL]OHULQL EDQNDFร Oร N VLVWHPL NDQDOร \OD HWNLOHPHN VXUHWL\OH ย UHWLPL
HWNLOHPHNWHGLU 3DUD SROLWLNDVร Qร Q HNRQRPLQLQ IL\DW YH ย UHWLP Gย ]H\OHULQL
HWNLOHPH NDQDOODUร ILQDQVDO DNWDUร P PHNDQL]PDVร RODUDN ELOLQPHNWHGLU
3DUD SROLWLNDVร QGD DNWDUร P PHNDQL]PDVร \DQL ILQDQVDO DNWDUร P
PHNDQL]PDVร Qร Q LรบOH\LรบLQGH Eย \ย N PHEODรทOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL GLNNDW รงekmektedir. Para otoritesi, likidite yรถnetimi รงerรงevesinde fiyat dรผzeyini
GRรทUXGDQ GRรทUX\D YH\D DUD KHGHI \ROX\OD HWNLOHPHN LoLQ VLVWHPH SDUD DU]
HWWLรทLQGH SDUD WDOHEL IRQNVL\RQXQX SDUD DU]ร Qร SDUD WDEDQร YH HQIODV\RQOD
LOJLOL DNWDUร P Vย UHFLQL HWNLOH\HFHN EHOOL NXUXPVDO YH WHNQRORMLN ELU DOW\DSร Qร Q
YDUROGXรทX YDUVD\ร Pร QGD EXOXQPDNWDGร U gGHPH VLVWHPL EX NXUXPVDO YH
WHNQRORMLN DOW\DSร Qร Q ELU SDUoDVร Gร U *HQHOOLNOH รถdeme sistemleri ile ilgili
NXUXPVDO YH WHNQRORMLN Doร GDQ |QHPOL XQVXUODU DUDVร QGD Eย \ย N PHEODรทOร
|GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ Wย Uย |]HOOLNOH Jย Q LoL YH JHFHOLN SDUD SL\DVDODUร Qร Q JHOLรบPH
GXUXPX NXOODQร ODQ WHPHO |GHPH DUDoODUร YH OLNLGLWH \|QHWLP VLVWHPL
VD\ร OPDNWDGร U -RKQVRQ V
6SLQGOHU YH 6XPPHUV |GHPH VLVWHPL LรบOHPOHULQLQ NDPXQXQ
SDUD NXOODQร Pร Qร HWNLOHPHVL QHGHQL\OH SDUD SROLWLNDVร Qร Q \ย Uย Wย OPHVL\OH |GHPH
VLVWHPOHUL DUDVร QGD GRรทUXGDQ EDรทODQWร ROGXรทXQX LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU รฒ รง ร ?ยช ยฟ ยฅ ยฆ ย yยด ย ยฏ ย Rยด ยณ ย ย ย ย ยชQย ย ย ยฏ ยญ ยฐ ยญ ยฐ&ย ย ยฐ ย ย QยฑQย ยฏ ยฑQย ยน ย ยก ย ย ย ย Gย ย ย ย ย ย \ยบ ย ยซ ย ย ย ยช&ยง ย ยฏ ย ยฎ ยกQย ย ยฏ ย ยซร ยก ยฐ ย ยซ ย ยช ย ย ยฆ ยญ ยฏ ยข รฒรฒ
ยธ ยธ
Bkz. Serdengeรงti, 2003, s.21.
RODUDN
3DUD SROLWLNDVร EDรทODPร QGD NXUXPVDO YH WHNQRORMLN JHOLรบLP WHPHO 3DUDQร Q JHOLU Kร ]ร 3DUD oDUSDQร
$NWDUร P Vย UHoOHULQLQ GRรทDVร YH JHFLNPH \DSร ODUร E|\OHFH PHUNH]
EDQNDVร UH]HUY GHรทLรบLNOLNOHULQLQ IL\DW Gย ]H\LQH HWNLVLQLQ Kร ]ร YH WDKPLQ
HGLOHELOLUOLรทL
)DUNOร DUDoODUร Q DUD YH WDKPLQL KHGHIOHUL HWNLOHPHN VXUHWL\OH SDUD
RWRULWHOHULQLQ \|QHWLPL ย ]HULQH HWNLVL \DQL RSWLPDO SROLWLND DUDoODUร ELOHรบLPLQL
GHรทLรบWLUPHNWHGLU
'LรทHU ELU LIDGH\OH |GHPH VLVWHPLQGH NXUXPVDO YH WHNQRORMLN
GHรทLรบLNOLNOHU SDUD SROLWLNDVร YH LรบOHPOHUL LoLQ |QHPOL VRQXoODU \DUDWPDNWDGร U
-RKQVRQ V
gGHPH VLVWHPL ILQDQVDO SL\DVDODUร Q KHP XOXVDO KHP GH XOXVODUDUDVร
DODQGD Eย Wย QOHรบWLULOPHVLQL VDรทODU %|OJHOHU YH XOXVODUDUDVร |GHPHOHULQ Kร ]ร
LรบOHP PDOL\HWL WDรบร Gร รทร ILQDQVDO ULVNOHU YH Jย YHQLOLUOLรทL RODVร ILQDQVDO SL\DVD
Eย Wย QOHรบPHOHULQGH HQ |QHPOL IDNW|UOHU DUDVร QGDGร U 6RQXoWD EX WLS
Eย Wย QOHรบPHOHULQ SDUD SROLWLNDVร QGD GD |QHPOL HWNLOHUL RODFDรทร V|\OHQHELOLU %X
VD\HGH SDUDVDO RWRULWHOHULQ HNRQRPLN รบRNODUD ]DPDQร QGD WHSNL YHUPH
\HWHQHรทL DUWPDNWD EXQODUร Q SL\DVD YHULOHUL YH J|VWHUJHOHULQH \DQVร PDVร
oDEXNODรบPDNWD YH RWRULWHOHULQ SROLWLND DGร PODUร Qร Q VRQXoODUร HNRQRPLQLQ
JHQHOLQH Kร ]OD \D\ร ODELOPHNWHGLU
Bu nedenle รถdeme sistemleri gรผnรผmรผzde: (NRQRPLQLQ ILQDQVDO DOW\DSร Vร Qร Q |QHPOL ELU \DSร WDรบร
g]HOOLNOH SDUD SROLWLNDVร \ROX\OD HWNLQ ELU HNRQRPL \|QHWLPL LoLQ zorunlu bir araรง,
รธNWLVDGL HWNLQOLรทL DUWร UPD DUDFร olarak gรถrรผlmektedir (Sheppard, 1996, s.7). 'LรทHU \DQGDQ ILQDQVDO YH\D ILQDQVDO ROPD\DQ NXUXPODUGDNL
ROXPVX]OXNODUร Q |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ DNWDUร P PHNDQL]PDVร NDQDOร \OD Eย Wย Q
ILQDQVDO VLVWHPLQ LVWLNUDUร Qร WHKOLNH\H DWPD RODVร Oร รทร YDUGร U %X QHGHQOH GH
PHUNH] EDQNDODUร ยต%RUo 9HUHQ 6RQ 0HUFLยถ RODUDN ILQDQVDO VLVWHPH \|QHOLN
VLVWHPLN ULVNL NDUúÕODPDN ]HUH ELUH\VHO EDQNDODUÕ NXUWDUPDNOD VRUXPOX
RODELOPHNWHGLU
7&0% 7HPPX] WDULKLQGHQ LWLEDUHQ VDDWOHUL
DUDVÕQGD ³%RUo 9HUHQ 6RQ 0HUFL´ IRQNVL\RQX oHUoHYHVLQGH 2 1 JHFHOLN
YDGHGH |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ HWNLQ oDOÕúPDVÕQÕ GD JDUDQWL HGHFHN ELoLPGH ³JHo
OLNLGLWH SHQFHUHVL´ X\JXODPDVÕQÕ V UG UPHNWHGLU *Ho OLNLGLWH SHQFHUHVLQGHQ
EDQNDODU
WHPLQDWODUÕ
NDUúÕOÕ÷ÕQGD
0HUNH]
%DQNDVÕ
ERUo
YHUPH
NRWDV\RQXQGDQ ERUo DODELOPHNWH YH\D 0HUNH] %DQNDVÕ ERUo DOPD
kotasyonundan borç verebilmektedir %XQXQ DQODPÕ 7&0% 9 Í £ Í à
Bölüm, 5. madde)’de: ³ %DQNDFÕOÕN VLVWHPLQLQ JHQHOLQH \D\ÕOPÕú ELU OLNLGLWH LKWL\DFÕ KDOLQGH ILQDQVDO LVWLNUDUVÕ]OÕ÷ÕQ |Q QH JHoLOHELOHFHN ROPDVÕ VLVWHPLN ELU VRUXQ \RN LNHQ EHOOL ELU EDQNDQÕQ OLNLGLWH SUREOHPL ROPDVÕ KDOLQGH LVH VRUXQGDQ NDPX RWRULWHOHUinin çok daha çabuk haberdar edilmeleri ve sorunun lokalize ë edilerek çözülmesinin imkan dahiline girmesi... .”
úHNOLQGH LIDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU
gGHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ SDUD SROLWLNDVÕ DoÕVÕQGDQ ELU GL÷HU |QHPL |GHPH
VLVWHPOHULQGHNL GH÷LúLNOLNOHULQ SDUD WDOHELQGH YH\D SDUD DU]ÕQGD WDKPLQ
HGLOHPH\HQ ND\PDODUD QHGHQ ROPDVÕGÕU %X QHGHQOH |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQGH
RUWD\D oÕNDQ GH÷LúLNOLNOHUGH SDUD SROLWLNDVÕ EHOLUOHPH\H \|QHOLN RODVÕ HWNLOHULQGHQ GROD\Õ
3DUD SROLWLNDVÕ KHGHIL YH DUDo EHOLUOHPH
Ara hedef veya gösterge dH÷LúNHQOHULQ VHoLPL YH \RUXPODQPDVÕ
3DUD SROLWLNDVÕ DUDoODUÕQÕQ GL]D\QÕ
3DUD SROLWLNDVÕ DNWDUÕP PHNDQL]PDVÕQGDQ ROXúDQ
G|UW WHPHO DODQ ]HULQGH GXUXOPDOÕGÕU
3DUD DU] YH WDOHELQL HWNLOHPHN ]HUH WLFDUL EDQNDODUÕQ PHUNH] EDQNDVÕ
E Q\HVLQGH WXWPDVÕ JHUHNHQ ³]RUXQOX NDUúÕOÕN´ G ]H\OHULQLQ GH÷LúWLULOPHVL
DoÕN SL\DVD LúOHPOHUL EDQNDODUDUDVÕ SDUD SL\DVDVÕQGDNL NÕVD YDGHOL IDL]
RUDQODUÕQÕQ GH÷LúWLULOPHVL JLEL \|QWHPOHU SDUD SROLWLNDVÕ X\JXODPDVÕQGD òè
Bkz. TCMB, 2003 (Bölüm D/Madde 32).
ò ìp½ ±i ª ¦ 4´ ° µQ ¯ ¡ ¸ © ¸ «2 ¡ ° ¦ s§ ° ªQ ¯ °k « ° y±Q º ¯ Iº ¸ ° ¯ ¦ ¯ À Á ® ¹ » Á ´ ³ ¡ ¸ 2Û6² ª ² Á ´ ³ ¡ ¸ ðm § ° µ · ³ ° ³ ÊA ¶Q¹ C D ° Á ´ ³ ¡ ¸ rùm ¦ ¡ ° ¿ ðC ¦ °k »iÆA ° Á Ä · Ë Á ® ¹ »P¹ Á ® ¹ »Q =Û?° ¦ ª\¡ ¯ Á ¶ ¤# ùm ¦ ¡ ° ¿ ðC ¦ °RúD³ ª2Æ? ° Á Ä · Ë Á ® ¹ »B¹ Á ® ¹ »Q /Û?° ¦ ª\¡ ¯ Á ¶ ¤d QÊ?¨ ¯ ª ÃU » ° ¡ ¥ ° µQ /Ä ¶ ¯ ±RÛ ¦ «R ºyÛ ¸ ¯ ³ § ³ ° ¦6¢ Á © § ± °R§ ª » ¢ ¶ ´ À Ô Ô ÞUÞmÞB¢ µ « § ¢ ³ ¹6¢ ¯ Ô © ° Ô «2 ¹ » ¸ Ô ÚUé ð Ë IÖQ IÉ?û IÉ mÒCé Ö é ÆUÂ U IÖ ¢ ¶Q «4 ¿ à ¢ È ¢ È ¤d¢ ò î Ì& ° °& « «y ° y¶Q ´ À Ô Ô ÞUÞUÞB¢ µ «R§ ¢ ³ ¹6¢ ¯ Ô © ° Ô ¦ ¸ © ¸ ¯ ¸ Ô ÁDü ðm ¾ ¿ ¢ ¶ « Q ¦ ¯ ¡ ° ¦ ° ¸ º § «& ª ¦ ¯ ¿ à ¢ È ¢ È ¤d¢
SL\DVD WDEDQOร \DNODรบร Pร WHPVLO HWPHNWHGLU YH EX \DNODรบร PODUร Q HWNLQ VRQXo
YHUPHVL LoLQ Jย QOย N SDUD DNร รบODUร Qร Q SDUD SL\DVDVร QD HWNLOHULQLQ WDKPLQ
HGLOHELOGLรทL PXWDEDNDWร Q D\Qร Jย Q \DSร OGร รทร Jย YHQLOLU Eย \ย N PHEODรทOร |GHPH
VLVWHPOHULQH LKWL\Do GX\XOPDNWDGร U 6KHSSDUG V 0HUNH] EDQNDODUร QGD |GHPH sistemlerine
yรถnelik
reformlar
VRQXFXQGD \HQL VLVWHPOH DUWDQ ULVN SDUDOHOLQGH OLNLGLWH WDOHELQGH ND\PDODU
ROXรบDELOPHNWHGLU %X GXUXPGD PHUNH] EDQNDODUร OLNLGLWH \|QHWLPLQH RGDNOร
SDUD SROLWLNDVร X\JXODPDODUร QGD GDKD HVQHN ROPDN ]RUXQGD NDOPDNWDGร U
(WNLQ oDOร รบPD\DQ |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQGH OLNLGLWH \|QHWLPL VRUXQOX ROPDNWDGร U
0HUNH] EDQNDVร EDQNDODUD NDUรบร Oร รทร ROPD\DQ NUHGLOHU YHUPHN GXUXPXQGD
NDOPDNWD HNRQRPLQLQ NDSDVLWHVL Dรบร ODELOPHNWHGLU %LU 57*6 VLVWHPLQGH
LรบOHPOHU SDUD SL\DVDODUร QD GDKD ID]OD ND\Gร รทร LoLQ OLNLGLWH \|QHWLPL Nร VD YDGHOL
IDL] RUDQODUร QD J|UH LNLQFLO ELU URO R\QDPDNWDGร U %X QHGHQOH Nร VD YDGHOL IDL]
RUDQODUร PXWDEDNDW VLVWHPLQGHNL LรบOHPOHUGHQ YH PHUNH] EDQNDODUร Qร Q ILQDQVDO
VHNW|UOH LOJLOL ]RUOD\ร Fร Gย ]HQOHPHOHULQGHQ |QHPOL RUDQGD HWNLOHQPHNWHGLU
%DQNDODUDUDVร SL\DVDODUGD JHoLFL OLNLGLWH LKWL\DoODUร PHUNH] EDQNDODUร QFD
NDUรบร ODQGร รทร ]DPDQ EDQNDODUDUDVร IDL] RUDQODUร ID]OD GDOJDODQPDPDNWDGร U
%DQNDODUร Q PHUNH] EDQNDODUร QGDNL EDNL\HOHUL ]RUXQOX NDUรบร Oร N YH
GLVSRQLELOLWH RUDQODUร GDKLOLQGHGLU 3DUD SROLWLNDVร DPDoODUร QD XODรบร OPDVร
Doร Vร QGDQ EDQNDODUร Q PHUNH] EDQNDVร QGDQ NUHGL DOPDVร \OD EDQNDODUDUDVร
SDUD SL\DVDVร QGDQ ERUoODQPDVร IDUNOร VRQXo \DUDWPDNWDGร U .UHGL JHQLรบOHPHVL VLVWHPH HN OLNLGLWH VDรทODUNHQ SDUD SL\DVDODUร QGDQ ERUoODQPD
VLVWHPGH ]DWHQ YDU RODQ SDUDQร Q \HQLGHQ GDรทร Wร OPDVร QD QHGHQ ROPDNWD
GROD\ร Vร \OD SDUD VWRNX VDELW NDOPDNWD YH IDL] RUDQODUร ย ]HULQGHNL EDVNร
DUWPDNWDGร U
3DUD SROLWLNDODUร YH |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL DUDVร QGDNL LOLรบNL NRQXVXQGD
WHRULN YH DPSLULN SHN oRN oDOร รบPD \DSร OPDVร QD JHUHN ROGXรทXQD Vร N Vร N GLNNDW รงekilmektedir. Greenspan (1996, s.695)โ de de รถdeme sistemleri ile ilgili
oDOร รบPDODUร Q DUWPDVร Qร Q JHUHNOLOLรทLQH PRGHUQ SDUDVDO HNRQRPLOHUGH |GHPH
VLVWHPOHULQLQ
|QHPLQH
GHรทLQLOPHNWH
|GHPH
VLVWHPOHULQLQ
LNWLVDGL
DUDรบWร UPDODUร Q oHรบLWOL GDOODUร QGD \HQL XIXNODU DoDFDN LOJLQo YH |QHPOL NRQXODUร
Eย Q\HVLQGH EDUร QGร UGร รทร QGDQ EDKVHGLOPHNWHGLU
gGHPH 6LVWHPOHULQGHNL *HOLúPHOHU 0HUNH] %DQNDFÕOÕ÷Õ
øOLúNLVL
6RQ \ÕOODUGD HOHNWURQLN WLFDUHW |GHPH YH PXWDEDNDW VLVWHPOHUL
SDUDVDO LNWLVDGÕQ DQD NRQXODUÕQGDQ ELUL KDOLQH JHOPLúWLU )ULHGPDQ V ve King (1999, s.26)’in ödeme sistemlerindeki finansal yeniliklerin merkez
EDQNDFÕOÕ÷ÕQÕQ JHOHFH÷LQH RODVÕ HWNLOHULQL VRUJXODGÕNODUÕ oDOÕúPDODUÕQGDQ VRQUD
bu konuda pek çok yeni oDOÕúPD \DSÕOPDNWDGÕU dDOÕúPDODUGDNL RUWDN QRNWD
|GHPH YH PXWDEDNDW WHNQRORMLVLQGHNL \HQL JHOLúPHOHULQ PHUNH] EDQNDVÕQÕQ
HNRQRPLGHNL NÕVD YDGHOL IDL] RUDQODUÕQÕ HWNLOHPHGH NXOODQGÕ÷Õ SDUDVDO WDEDQ
]HULQGHNL PRQRSROF J F Q GH÷LúWLUHELOHFH÷LQH GLNNDW oHNLOPHVLGLU Í ¼
$QFDN EX oDOÕúPDODUÕQ oR÷XQGD YDUÕODQ VRQXo EDQNDODUÕQ NHQGL
DUDODUÕQGDNL |GHPHOHUGH NXOODQÕODQ E \ N PHEOD÷OÕ |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQL
PHUNH] EDQNDODUÕ LúOHWWL÷L YH E|\OHFH QLKDL PXWDEDNDW PHUNH] EDQNDVÕ
KHVDSODUÕQGD JHUoHNOHúWL÷L V UHFH |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL LOH LOJLOL \HQLOLNOHULQ
PHUNH] EDQNDVÕQÕQ PRQRSROF J F Q HWNLOH\HPH\HFH÷L \|Q QGHGLU
)ULHGPDQ V VRQ \LUPL \ÕOGD PHUNH] EDQNDODUÕQÕQ ILQDQVDO LVWLNUDUÕQ
VD÷ODQPDVÕQGD HOGH HWWL÷L EDúDUÕODUÕQ ILQDQV VHNW|U ]HULQGHNL HWNLQOL÷LQLQ
D]DOPD\DFD÷Õ NRQXVXQGD J YHQFH WHúNLO HWWL÷LQL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU
/DKGHQSHUD V ¶GD PHUNH] EDQNDODUÕQÕQ ELODQoR E \ NO ÷
UDNDPÕ |]HO VHNW|UH J|UH N o N J|U QVH GH SDUD DU]ÕQGDNL PRQRSROF
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120.000
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100.000
ABD
80.000
AB
60.000
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40.000
Toplam
20.000
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
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250000
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200000
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150000
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100000
50000
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2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
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ย |QFHVL YH Nร VPHQ โ 1990 dรถnemi: Sermaye
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ve sabit veya รถngรถrรผlebilir kur rejimi,
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