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HWNOLQOLรทLQGH |QHPOL URO R\QDPDNWDGร UODU (WNLQ LรบOH\HQ |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ
KHP |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ VRUXQVX] RODUDN LรบOHGLรทL ]DPDQODU LoLQ KHP GH
KHUKDQJL ELU SUREOHPOH NDUรบร Oร ODรบร OPDVร KDOLQGH WDUDIODUร Q KDN YH
\ย Nย POย Oย NOHULQL Gย ]HQOH\HQ NXUDOODUD VDKLS ROPDVร JHUHNPHNWHGLU %X
Gย ]HQOHPHOHU NDรทร GD GD\DOร |GHPHOHUGHQ HOHNWURQLN IRQ WUDQVIHU VLVWHPOHULQH
JHoLOPHVL LOH |QHP ND]DQPร รบWร U dย QNย HOHNWURQLN IRQ WUDQVIHUOHULQGH |GHPH
HPLUOHULQLQ oร Nร รบ QRNWDVร Qร Q YH VWDWย Vย Qย Q EHOLUOHQPHVL oRN GDKD ]RU
ROPDNWDGร U
ย *|]HWLP Pek รงok รผlkede gรถzetim fonksiyonu resmi olarak
PHUNH] EDQNDODUร WDUDIร QGDQ ย VWOHQLOPLรบWLU 6LVWHPLQ NXUDO YH SURVHGย UOHULQLQ
J|]HWLFL WDUDIร QGDQ EHOLUOHQPLรบ YH EX NXUDl ve prosedรผrlerin sistem
NDWร Oร PFร ODUร WDUDIร QGDQ EHQLPVHQPLรบ ROPDVร |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ HWNLQOLรทLQL
DUWร UPDNWDGร U dร NDELOHFHN VRUXQODUร Q HUNHQGHQ WHVSLW HGLOHELOPHVL YH EX
VRUXQODUD o|]ย P EXOXQDELOPHVLQL WHPLQHQ EDQNDFร Oร N YH ILQDQVDO VHNW|Uย Q
gรถzetici otRULWHOHULQLQ |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ J|]HWLFL RWRULWHOHUL LOH LOHWLรบLP
KDOLQGH EXOXQPDODUร JHUHNPHNWHGLU 6KHSSDUG %X NDSVDPGD
EDQNDFร Oร N J|]HWLP YH GHQHWLP RWRULWHVL LOH PHUNH] EDQNDVร Qร Q |GHPH sistemleri ile ilgili olarak gรถrevleri birbirini tamamlDU QLWHOLNWHGLU
%DQNDFร Oร N RWRULWHVLQLQ J|UHYL |GHPH VLVWHPL NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Qร Q
ILQDQVDO \|QGHQ VDรทODPOร รทร Qร YH Jย YHQLOLUOLรทLQL VDรทODPDNWร U
0HUNH] EDQNDVร Qร Q J|UHYL LVH |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ VDรทODP YH
Jย YHQLOLU ELU รบHNLOGH LรบOHPHVLQL VDรทODPDN YH VLVWHP QHGHQL\OH ย S #* R ย ) ' & > H )' * ย ' R 6 * 8 () ย & > H ' 6 t 5) ย &* .* ) .* D 9 N)>* Z) [ Z* ย ) ย !* *4 )4* *4 ! 4 5 ' 4* 6 7' )#,8 9
RUWD\D oÕNDQ oHúLWOL ULVNOHUH NDUúÕ JHUHNOL |QOHPOHUL DOPDNWÕU (UJLQ
%DQNDODUDUDVÕ |GHPHOHULQ PHUNH] EDQNDVÕQGD WXWXOPDNWD RODQ
KHVDSODU DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ LOH JHUoHNOHúWLULOPHVL: Özellikle mutabakat hizmetleri için
KL]PHW VD÷OD\ÕFÕ WHN ELU NXUXPXQ ROPDVÕ |GHPH VLVWHPL NDWÕOÕPFÕODUÕ LoLQ
HWNLQOL÷L VD÷OD\ÕFÕ ELU XQVXU RODUDN GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU $QFDN KL]PHW
VD÷OD\DQ WHN NXUXP ROPD |]HOOL÷L WHNHOFL ELU J F RUWD\D oÕNDUPDNWDGÕU %X
GXUXPGD NDPX VHNW|U Q Q \DQL PHUNH] EDQNDVÕQÕQ YDUOÕ÷Õ YH P GDKDOHVL
V|] NRQXVX ROPDNWDGÕU 0HUNH] EDQNDVÕQÕQ YDUOÕ÷Õ \DOQÕ]FD PRQRSROF
J F Q PXWDEDNDW KL]PHWLQL VD÷OD\DQ WLFDUL ELU NXUXP WDUDIÕQGDQ LVWLVPDU
HGLOPH WHKOLNHVLQL GH÷LO D\QÕ ]DPDQGD VLVWHPLN SUREOHPOHUH \RO DoDELOHFHN
KL]PHWL VD÷OD\DQ WLFDUL NXUXPXQ LIODV HWPHVL ULVNLQL GH RUWDGDQ NDOGÕUPD\Õ
DPDoODPDNWDGÕU %XQGDQ GROD\Õ |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQGH PXWDEDNDW KL]PHWOHUL
JHQHOOLNOH PHUNH] EDQNDODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ YHULOPHNWHGLU %DQN RI &DQDGD
0HUNH] EDQNDODUÕQÕQ |GHPH VLVWHPL NDWÕOÕPFÕVÕ RODUDN ULVNOHUL
GH÷HUOHQGLUPH YH NRQWURO HWPH DQODPÕQGD GL÷HU NDWÕOÕPFÕODUD J|UH VW QO NOHUL
EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 0HUNH] EDQNDODUÕ J|]HWLFL RWRULWH RODUDN ILQDQVDO VHNW|UH
LOLúNLQ ELOJL VHWLQL HOLQGH EXOXQGXUGX÷XQGDQ |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ YH |GHPH
VLVWHPL NDWÕOÕPFÕODUÕQÕQ PDUX] NDODELOHFH÷L SUREOHPOHUL GDKD VD÷OÕNOÕ ELU
úHNLOGH WHVSLW HGHELOPHNWH YH ERUo YHUHQ VRQ PHUFLL RODUDN NDUDUODUÕQÕ GDKD l HWNLQ ELU úHNLOGH DODELOPHNWHGLU $\UÕFD OLNLGLWH VD÷OD\ÕFÕ RODUDN PHUNH] EDQNDODUÕ NUL] GXUXPODUÕQGD JHUHNOL IRQX oDEXN ELU úHNLOGH VD÷OD\DELOPHNWH
böylece ödeme sistemindeki herhangi bir problemin sistem geneline ve hatta
ILQDQVDO VLVWHPLQ E W Q QH \D\ÕOPDVÕ RODVÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ GD HQ D]D LQGLUJHPLú { ROPDNWDGÕU %XQXQ \DQÕVÕUD PHUNH] EDQNDODUÕQÕQ |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQH GDKLO ROPDVÕ VLVWHP JHQHOLQGH \DúDQDQ ELU SUREOHPLQ GHYOHW J YHQFHVL GROD\ÕVÕ LOH * GDKD E \ N ER\XWODUD XODúPDVÕQÕ HQJHOOH\LFL ELU XQVXU ROPDNWDGÕU ¡ ) )# M.) * * W# 4* 4* 4* * 4* oK) * !* # 4 P 4O() J&* N* # ' J 8 )8 5 8 8 P 8 )5 * * * 7' o!* # 4 P 4O# 4* 4* B # o 6 + )H N) * * 8,N)!* B() W ! I 6 ` ! @.) ) I # ' I )P 7' )#,8 9) )` ) N*4I ! 7' )#* O# '< *# R * ) )&* + N) H*8% )! 7' * 6(* * #,8 9RsR + )H N) ) ) 8 >)#) 6 & Z)` ZA! 6 * * A#* )P )` / # ' ! 4) *4p )5 AN) * * #,8 )' R # 9" * * * 8 L 6 + )HoN) * 8 # * M )Z) ,! * I> # Z* ) I N* ` L! M ) * ) 8 < 4 # ! * N)! * 8 8 R + HpN * ) 8 >)# Z* ) # >* *Z 5 ' Z) 6 p' K* + * ) ¢ ' 7' )#,8 9 sR + H/N) * * * 8 8 / *`)8 N) * * @ ? ) ) * 8 ) 6 &* ! #) *P )N) * * ) ' B * 7() ! )! ) N) * B.) * #* ! 4) 7' 8 k ¡ 8 H* l)l y n £ <4O! ) 8 8 ) ' @ ) B! * @ )# * #,8 8 6 7' W() o 6 + )HON) * * 8 8 O>)#* R I ) ' B I# *K* *! * 8 8 W önemli sebebi olarak gösterilmektedir. Bkz. Bölüm 3
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XODúÕOPDVÕ SDUD SROLWLNDVÕ RSHUDV\RQODUÕQÕQ HWNLQ ELU úHNLOGH \ U W OPHVL YH
|GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ NHVLQWLVL] LúOHWLOPHVL LOH P PN QG U -RKQVRQ
3DUD RWRULWHOHUL OLNLGLWH \|QHWLPL oHUoHYHVLQGH IL\DW VHYL\HVLQL GR÷UXGDQ
HWNLOHPHN \D GD GROD\OÕ HWNLGH EXOXQDFDN EDúND ELU KHGHI WHVSLW HWPHN
VXUHWL\OH HNRQRPLQLQ SDUD DU]ÕQÕ EHOLUOHUNHQ WHPHO ELU NXUXPVDO YH WHNQRORMLN
oHUoHYHQLQ EXOXQGX÷XQX YDUVD\PDNWDGÕU %X NXUXPVDO YH WHNQRORMLN oHUoHYH
SDUD DU]ÕQÕ SDUD WDOHEL IRQNVL\RQXQX SDUDVDO WDEDQ YH HQIODV\RQ LOH LOLQWLOL
SDUD DNWDUÕP PHNDQL]PDVÕQÕQ \DSÕVÕQÕ HWNLOHPHNWHGLU øúWH EX NDSVDPGD ödeme ve mutabakat sistemleri bahse konu kurumsal ve teknolojik
oHUoHYHQLQ ELU SDUoDVÕQÕ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕUODU %X WHPHOGH
.XOODQÕODQ E \ N PHEOD÷OÕ |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ WLSL QHW \D GD
JHUoHN ]DPDQOÕ ELUHELU PXWDEDNDW VLVWHPL
7HPHO RODUDN NXOODQÕODQ |GHPH DUDoODUÕ oHN HOHNWURQLN |GHPH
DUDoODUÕ Y E
3DUD SL\DVDODUÕQÕQ |]HOOLNOH J Q LoL YH JHFHOLN SL\DVDODUÕQ
JHOLúPLúOLN G ]H\L
Ödeme ve mutabakat sistemleri ile ilgili önemli kXUXPVDO YH WHNQRORMLN
IDNW|UOHU RODUDN VD\ÕOPDNWDGÕU
%LU HNRQRPLQLQ \|QHWLPLQGH L]OHQHQ SROLWLNDODU NDSVDPÕQGD
NXOODQÕODQ DUDoODU YH JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ RSHUDV\RQODU LOH SDUD SL\DVDODUÕ
G ]HQOHPHOHUL YH |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL ELUELUOHUL LOH LOLúNL LoHULVLQGHGLUOHU %X
LOLúNLOHU IDL]OHU ]HULQGH GR÷UXGDQ NRQWUROOHU X\JXODQPDVÕ \HULQH EDQND
UH]HUYOHULQL HWNLOH\HQ GROD\OÕ SROLWLNDODU L]OHQPH\H EDúODQPDVÕ LOH GDKD GD
|QHP ND]DQPÕúWÕU 'ROD\OÕ SROLWLNDODU NDSVDPÕQGD ³IL\DW´ÕQ WHPHO EHOLUOH\LFL ROGX÷X ELULQFLO SL\DVD RSHUDV\RQODUÕ GHYOHW Lo ERUoODQPD VHQHWOHULQH LOLúNLQ
LúOHPOHU UHSR YH WHUV UHSR JLEL SDUD SL\DVDVÕ DUDoODUÕ NUHGL SHQFHUHOHUL YH
UH]HUY WDOHSOHUL UHVHUYH UHTXLUHPHQWV JLEL SL\DVD ED]OÕ DUDoODU
NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU
*HOLúPLú ELU |GHPH VLVWHPLQGH ILQDQVDO SL\DVDODUGD LúOHP J|UHQ
YDUOÕNODUÕQ OLNLGLWHVL DUWPDNWD LúOHP PDOL\HWOHUL G úPHNWH YH LúOHPOHULQ
]DPDQร QGD JHUoHNOHรบHFHรทLQH GDLU Jย YHQ RUWDPร ROXรบPDNWDGร U gGHPH
VLVWHPOHUL D\Qร ]DPDQGD XOXVDO YH XOXVODUDUDVร ILQDQVDO SL\DVDODUร Q ELUELUOHULQH
HQWHJUH ROPDODUร Qร VDรทODPDNWD EX GD SDUD SROLWLNDVร Qร Q X\JXODQPDVร Qร
NROD\ODรบWร UDUDN SDUD RWRULWHOHULQLQ ILQDQVDO รบRNODUD ]DPDQร QGD FHYDS
YHUHELOPHOHULQL VDรทODPDNWDGร U -RKQVRQ YH GLรทHUOHUL
%X NDSVDPGD SDUD RWRULWHOHULQFH EHOLUOL ELU OLNLGLWH VHYL\HVL
SODQODQร UNHQ |GHPH VLVWHPL RSHUDV\RQODUร Nร VD YDGHOL IRQODPDODU YH SL\DVD
RSHUDV\RQODUร DUDVร QGDNL LOLรบNL L\L NXUXOPDOร Gร U %X DODQODUร Q KHUELULQGH L]OHQHQ
SROLWLNDODUร Q ELUELUOHULQL GHVWHNOH\LFL QLWHOLNWH ROPDVร JHUHNPHNWHGLU 5DR
ร deme
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GXUXOPDVร JHUHNPHNWHGLU gGHPH VLVWHPOHUL OLNLGLWH YH NUHGL SUREOHPOHULQLQ
ILQDQVDO VLVWHP LoHULVLQGH ELU NDWร Oร PFร GDQ GLรทHULQH DNWDUร OGร รทร GRรทUXGDQ
NDQDOODUGร U g]HOOLNOH Eย \ย N PHEODรทOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL ILQDQVDO LVWLNUDUVร ]Oร รทร Q
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NDUรบร ODQPDVร Qร Jย oOHรบWLUHELOPHNWHGLU
7DEORGD ED]ร * ย ONHOHULQGH Eย \ย N PHEODรทOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQGH
JHUoHNOHรบHQ LรบOHPOHULQ EX ย ONHOHULQ *60+ยถODUร QD RODQ RUDQODUร QD EDNร OGร รทร QGD
Eย \ย N PHEODรทOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ ILQDQVDO VLVWHPLQ LVWLNUDUร Doร Vร QGDQ
QHGHQ |]HOOLNOH |QHPOL ROGXรทX DQODรบร ODELOPHNWHGLU
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VLVWHPLQ VDรทOร NOร LรบOHPHVLQLQ VDรทODQPDVร QD NDWNร GD EXOXQPDN PHUNH]
EDQNDODUร Qร Q WHPHO J|UHYOHULGLU 0HUNH] EDQNDODUร D\Qร ]DPDQGD |GHPH
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HWNLOHPHVLGLU *ย YHQOL YH HWNLQ ELU |GHPH VLVWHPL VDรทOร NOร ELU EDQNDFร Oร N
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รถnemlidir.
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ELULGLU 7LFDUL EDQNDODUร Q \ย Nย POย Oย NOHUL ยณEDQNDODUร Q EDQNDVร ยด RODUDN NDEXO
HGLOHQ PHUNH] EDQNDVร QH]GLQGHNL KHVDSODU ย ]HULQGHQ \HULQH JHWLULOPHNWH EX
GXUXP GD PHUNH] EDQNDODUร LoLQ SDUDVDO YH ILQDQVDO LVWLNUDU VDรทODPD
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|GHPH VLVWHPOHULQGHNL \ย Nย POย Oย รทย Qย \HULQH JHWLUHPHPHVLQGHQ GROD\ร oRN
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PHUNH] EDQNDVร Qร Q ILQDQVDO LVWLNUDUร VDรทODPD UROย Qย SHNLรบWLUPHNWHGLU
'ROD\ร Vร \OD |QFHOLNOH NHQGLQL Jย YHQFH DOWร QD DOPDN YH ELU EDQND\D GX\XODQ
Jย YHQVL]OLรทLQ EDQNDFร Oร N VLVWHPLQLQ Eย Wย Qย QGH ELU Jย YHQ EXQDOร Pร
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LVWLNUDUร VDรทODPD\D oDOร รบPDNWDGร U 7UXQGOH V
3DUDVDO SROLWLNDODUร Q X\JXODQPDVร QGD SDUDVDO Eย \ย NOย NOHULQ DUWร รบ Kร ]ร
\D GD Nร VD YDGHOL IDL] RUDQODUร JLEL GHรทLรบNHQOHU PHUNH] EDQNDODUร WDUDIร QGDQ
VHoLOHQ WHPHO J|VWHUJHOHUGLU 3DUD SROLWLNDODUร Qร Q HWNLQ ELU รบHNLOGH
X\JXODQDELOPHVL LoLQ ILQDQVDO SL\DVDODUร Q JHOLรบPLรบ ROPDVร YH GHULQOLรทLQLQ
EXOXQPDVร JHUHNPHNWHGLU
C .ร VD YDGHOL IDL] RUDQODUร PRGHUQ SL\DVD HNRQRPLOHULQGH SDUD
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RUDQODUร Qร NRQWURO DOWร QGD WXWPD\D oDOร รบPDNWDGร UODU %D]ร ย ONHOHUGH EDQNDODUร Q
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RUDQODUร LOH GHQJHOHQPH\H oDOร รบร Oร UNHQ ED]ร ย ONHOHUGH Doร N SL\DVD
RSHUDV\RQODUร LOH EX IRQNVL\RQ JHUoHNOHรบWLULOPHNWHGLU +HU LNL \|QWHP GH
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EDQNDVร Qร Q Jย Q LoHULVLQGH SL\DVDODUร Q OLNLGLWH VHYL\HVLQL VDรทOร NOร ELU รบHNLOGH รถngรถrebilmesini gerektirmektedir. +HU LNL GXUXP GD
ร deme sistemi kullaQร Fร ODUร QD VDรทODQDQ RODQDNODUร Q Doร N YH QHW
ELU ELoLPGH EHOLUOHQGLรทL
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HWNLQ |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ YDUOร รทร Qร JHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU
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PH\GDQD JHOHQ ED]ร GHรทLรบLNOLNOHUOH LOLQWLOLGLU 8]XQ G|QHPGH SDUDQร Q GRODรบร P
Kร ]ร Qร EHOLUOH\HQ HWPHQOHU DUDVร QGD
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JHOLรบPHOHU LOH GRรทUXGDQ LOJLOLGLU
0HUNH] EDQNDODUร |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL DODQร QGD JHoPLรบH RUDQOD GDKD
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GHรทLรบPHOHU ILQDQVDO IDDOL\HWOHULQ Eย \ย PHVL VRQXFXQGD |GHPH LรบOHPOHULQLQ
VD\ร YH PLNWDUร QGDNL DUWร รบODU ILQDQVDO SL\DVDODUร Q ELUELUL LOH HQWHJUDV\RQX YH
JOREDOOHรบPH HรทLOLPLGLU gGHPH VLVWHPOHULQGH LรบOHP KDFLPOHULQGHNL Eย \ย PH LOH
ELUOLNWH PHUNH] EDQNDODUร Qร Q YH WLFDUL EDQNDODUร Q NDUรบร NDUรบร \D NDOGร NODUร
ULVNOHU |QHPOL |Ooย GH DUWร รบ J|VWHUPLรบWLU
Bu รงerรงevede, รถdeme ve mutabakat sistemlerinde gรผvenlik ve
Jย YHQLOLUOLN LUGHOHQPHVL JHUHNHQ NDYUDPODU RODUDN NDUรบร Pร ]D oร NPDNWDGร U
Gรผvenlik ve gรผvenilLUOLN NDYUDPODUร Qร IDUNOร Doร ODUGDQ HOH DODQ IDUNOร NDPX
RWRULWHOHUL PHYFXW EXOXQPDNWDGร U $QFDN PHUNH] EDQNDODUร Qร Q ILQDQVDO
LVWLNUDUร VDรทODPD WHPHO J|UHYL GLNNDWH DOร QGร รทร QGD EX NXUXPODU LoHULVLQGH
IDUNOร ELU \HUL EXOXQPDNWDGร U 0HUNH] EDQNDODUร SDUD SROLWLNDODUร Qร HWNLQ ELU
รบHNLOGH X\JXOD\DELOPHN LoLQ SDUD SL\DVDODUร Qร Q HWNLQ ELU รบHNLOGH oDOร รบPDVร Qร
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LoLQ YHUGLNOHUL |GHPH KL]PHWOHULQGH NXOODQร ODQ |GHPH DOW\DSร ODUร Qร YH
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Pย รบWHUL |GHPHOHULQH LOLรบNLQ |GHPH DOW\DSร ODUร QD V|] NRQXVX RODELOHFHN ULVNOHU
YH ULVN NRQWURO \|QWHPOHUL oDOร รบPD NDSVDPร QGD LUGHOHQPHPLรบWLU ร deme
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etkileyen
risklerden
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bรผyรผk
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LรบOHPLQL JHUoHNOHรบWLUHQ NXUXOXรบODUร Q VRUXPOXOXNODUร Qร \HULQH JHWLUHPHPHVL halinde de sรถz konusu olabilmektedir. .UHGL ULVNL DQDSDUD ULVNL YH SL\DVD ULVNL YH\D \HULQH NR\PD PDOL\HWL
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oร NDQ RSHUDV\RQHO SUREOHPOHULQ |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQL HWNLOH\HQ GLรทHU ULVN
oHรบLWOHULQLQ NRQWUROย Qย ]RUODรบWร UDQ KDWWD EX ULVNOHULQ VLVWHPH RODQ ROXPVX] etkilerini gรผรงlendiren ve sistemik riske yol aรงan bir unsur olabilmesidir.
gGHPH VLVWHPLQGHNL NDWร Oร PFร ODUGDQ ELULQGH \DรบDQDQ RSHUDV\RQHO VRUXQ
VLVWHPGHNL GLรทHU ILQDQVDO NXUXOXรบODUร Q WDKPLQ HGHPHGLNOHUL \D GD
|QOH\HPHGLNOHUL ELU ELoLPGH LรบOHPOHULQL \HULQH JHWLUPHOHULQL HQJHOOH\HELOLU %X durum ise gรผn iรงerisinde likidite problemlerine ya da gรผn sonunda mutabakat gecikmelerine neden olabilmektedir. ร ok ciddi operasyonel problemler,
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terรถrist faaliyetlerden kaynaklanan riskler,
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ร deme sistemlerinde sistemik risk, รถdeme sisteminde yer alan
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WDUDIร Q NDUรบร ODรบWร รทร ULVNLQ ]LQFLUOHPH HWNL \DSDUDN Wย P VLVWHPL HWNLOHPHVL
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*=%0 VLVWHPOHULQLQ HQ |QHPOL GH]DYDQWDMร EX VLVWHPOHUGH HWNLQ YH
NHVLQWLVL] ELU |GHPH DNร รบร Qร Q VDรทODQDELOPHVL LoLQ GDKD ID]OD OLNLGLWH\H LKWL\Do
GX\XOPDVร Gร U %X QHGHQOH *=%0 VLVWHPOHULQGH JHUoHNOHรบWLULOHQ OLNLGLWH
yรถnetiminin
ve
oร NPDNWDGร U NPN
belirlenen
optimal
likidite
seviyesinin
รถnemi
ortaya
%X oHUoHYHGH *=%0 VLVWHPOHULQGH ULVN NRQWUROย NDSVDPร QGD
|QFHOLNOL RODUDN OLNLGLWH ULVNL YH RSHUDV\RQHO ULVN HOH DOร QPDNWDGร U *=%0 6LVWHPOHULQGH /LNLGLWH 5LVNL <|QHWLPL
*=%0 VLVWHPOHULQGH QDNLW DNร รบร Gย ]HQVL]OLNOHULQGHQ YH OLNLGLWHQLQ
VLVWHP JHQHOLQGH GDรทร Oร Pร Qร Q DVLPHWULN ROPDVร QGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ SUREOHPOHU
RUWD\D oร NDELOPHNWHGLU gGHPH DNร รบODUร Qร Q EHOLUVL] YH Gย ]HQVL] ROPDVร OLNLGLWH
\|QHWLPLQL ]RUODรบWร UPDNWDGร U /LNLGLWH Vร Nร QWร Vร LoLQGH RODQ NDWร Oร PFร ODU
JHUoHNOHรบWLUPHOHUL JHUHNHQ |GHPH WDOLPDWODUร Qร JHFLNWLUPHNWH YH EX GXUXP
|GHPHOHULQ ELULNPHVLQH \RO DoPDNWDGร U g]HOOLNOH NUL] ]DPDQODUร QGD
รถdemelerin geciktirLOPHVL NDWร Oร PFร Qร Q ILQDQVDO GXUXPX KDNNร QGD รบย SKHOHULQ
RUWD\D oร NPDVร QD \RO DoPDNWDGร U
%X WLS GXUXPODUD o|]ย P RODUDN ED]ร *=%0 VLVWHPOHULQGH kuyruklama dรผzenlemeleri ve bu dรผzenlemelerin iรงinde yer alan โ kilitlenme
o|]ย Pย ยด PHNDQL]PDODUร JHOLรบWLULOPLรบtir. Kuyruklama ve kilitlenme รงรถzรผmรผ;
NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q VLVWHPH J|QGHUGLNOHUL |GHPHOHULQ EHOOL ELU SODQ YH Vร UD GDKLOLQGH
JHUoHNOHรบWLULOPHVLQL VDรทODPDNWDGร U %|\OHFH VLVWHPGHNL JHQHO OLNLGLWH VHYL\HVL
\HWHUOL LVH DQFDN \LQH GH |GHPHOHU JHUoHNOHรบHPL\RUVD OLNLGLWH GDรทร Oร Pร
Gย ]HQOHQHUHN EHOLUOL |Ooย GH RSWLPL]DV\RQ VDรทODQPDNWDGร U N ยญ
6LVWHPGHNL JHQHO OLNLGLWH VHYL\HVLQLQ |GHPHOHULQ JHUoHNOHรบPHVLQH
\HWPHPHVL KDOLQGH GH PHUNH] EDQNDODUร WDUDIร QGDQ VDรทODQDQ NUHGL RODQDNODUร
gรผndeme gelmektedir. Pek รงok merkez bankaVร |GHPH VLVWHPLQGH
DNร รบNDQOร รทร VDรทOD\DELOPHN LoLQ Jย Q LoL NUHGL LPNDQร VXQPDNWDGร U *ย Q LoL NUHGL
X\JXODPDODUร NRQXVXQGD IDUNOร \DNODรบร PODU EXOXQPDNWD YH EX \DNODรบร PODU
WDNLS HGHQ DOW E|Oย PGH HOH DOร QPDNWDGร U Q QTยฎ ยฏ ย ยฐย w e w oXr}j o i e mdaPovj e g e a e o}tdb mdod e rย edย Tb j ย Pr
y x y OPยฑ aPk}aPo k t j l uPe iXq o g e j aPoยฉe m ย oXj o mPrย e q e i x Q ยฒ ยฎ ยฏ ย ยฐยจw e w oXr}j oXi e mdaPoย j e g e aXe oย tdb m o e rย e mdoย e j e q g e mย aPo k t j kPiย e j oย g h tPi hPg j k r k~c oย g e j e j oXm r oยฅย bdfdย Pr}ย ย sPj kPm k g j k i l m kยฅe j e q g e m kPย Pl g j k r}k j k iยฅ`vu b j ย Pr y x y OPยฑ a kยณc oXi e j r}e q e i x ย t i l ย kz`vg h t i hPg j k r kยณc oยดg e j e j oXmPrย oยตย b fdย Prย ย ยณs j k m kPg j k i l mXl mยถmdoยทaPoXi o ย oPaPo s ย e rย e f k w tds mยถwdk p j k a l p lยชudoPqde mdย deยฉu bPj ย r aPoย ยธ | ยน w e w o rย e mPe mยถw e rย ย Pj k w tdsPmยถtdkPg j k q l rยฉlยชe j oยจe mdย oXj oXmPrย oPw e}w l i k w l mdaPkยตo j o k j l m rยฉl q l i x
*=%0 6LVWHPOHULQGH *ย Q รธoL .UHGL 8\JXODPDODUร .RQXVXQGDNL
<DNODรบร PODU
0HUNH] EDQNDODUร Jย Q LoL NUHGL VDรทODUNHQ EHOLUOL ELU RUDQGD NUHGL
ULVNLQH PDUX] NDODELOPHNWHGLU 0HUNH] EDQNDVร Qร Q ย VWOHQGLรทL ULVNLQ PLQLPXP NPยบ
Gย ]H\GH ROPDVร VLVWHP JHQHOLQGH YDU RODQ ULVNLQ GH PLQLPXP Gย ]H\GH ROPDVร
DQODPร QD JHOPHNWHGLU %X QHGHQOH PHUNH] EDQNDODUร VLVWHPGH OLNLGLWH DNร รบร Qร
VDรทOD\DELOPHN Doร Vร QGDQ Jย Q LoL NUHGL VDรทODUNHQ NHQGLOHULQL Jย YHQFH DOWร QD
DOPDN DGร QD ED]ร SROLWLNDODU L]OHPHNWHGLU
Bu รงerรงevede, gรผn iรงi kredi iรงin รถdeme sistemleri literatรผrรผnde รผรง
oHรบLW X\JXODPD V|] NRQXVXGXU /LPLW EHOLUOHPH WHPLQDW X\JXODPD YH\D Jย Q iรงi krediler iรงin faiz uygulama (Furfine & Stehm, 1998). Pratikte, bu
X\JXODPDODUร Q ELU NDoร ELU DUDGD GD NXOODQร ODELOPHNWHGLU
/LPLW EHOLUOHPH \|QWHPLQGH PHUNH] EDQNDVร WDUDIร QGDQ EHOLUOHQPLรบ
OLPLWOHU oHUoHYHVLQGH NDWร Oร PFร ODU Jย Q LoL NUHGL NXOODQDELOPHNWHGLU 7HPLQDW
X\JXODPDVร QGD LVH NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q EHOLUOL ELU RUDQGD WHPLQDW J|VWHUPHOHUL
NDUรบร Oร รทร QGD PHUNH] EDQNDVร WDUDIร QGDQ Jย Q LoL NUHGL VDรทODQPDNWDGร U
7HPLQDW NDUรบร Oร รทร Jย Q LoL NUHGL X\JXODPDVร $YUXSD %LUOLรทL JHQHOLQGH NDEXO
J|UHQ ELU X\JXODPDGร U $YUXSD %LUOLรทL LoHULVLQGH X\JXODPDQร Q EX รบHNLOGH
ROPDVร $YUXSD 0HUNH] %DQNDODUร 6LVWHPL (XURSHDQ 6\VWHP RI &HQWUDO
%DQNV \DVDVร QD GD\DQPDNWDGร U PHUNH]
Gรผn iรงi kredilerin tamami\OH WHPLQDW NDUรบร Oร รทร QGD VDรทODQPDVร EDQNDODUร Qร Q
ย VWOHQGLรทL
NUHGL
ULVNLQL
D]DOWPDNOD
ELUOLNWH
Vร Iร UOD\DPDPDNWDGร U %X GXUXP KHUKDQJL ELU NUL] GXUXPXQGD PHUNH]
EDQNDODUร Qร Q WHPLQDWODUร JHUHNWLรทL NDGDU Kร ]Oร ELU Vย UHGH QDNGH oHYLUHPHPHVL
YH WHPLQDW RODUDN WXWXODQ YDUOร NODUร Q GHรทHULQGHNL GDOJDODQPDODUร Q PHUNH]
EDQNDODUร QD
HN
Doร NODQPDNWDGร U Ndยป
PDOL\HW
JHWLUHELOPHVL
RODVร Oร รทร Qร Q
EXOXQPDVร
LOH
*ย Q LoL NUHGL X\JXODPDVร QGDNL GLรทHU ELU \DNODรบร P LVH Jย Q LoL
NUHGLOHULQ EHOLUOL ELU IDL] NDUรบร Oร รทร QGD NDWร Oร PFร ODUD VDรทODQPDVร Gร U %X \DNODรบร P
$PHULNDยถGD EHQLPVHQPLรบ RODQ \DNODรบร PGร U
Q ยผ ยฐย o i gno f udk mPg k j k i l mXl m}r}k i h f g k j k uPe j o ย o pXe g i oPa e i e w g e `dg kd l j l r}ย Pln kPi kdย l m a k m}g h j j kPmXl j k m}g i oPaXe mPe m ย PoXi enbdaPoXmPrย oXr oPw e i e w g e mPe iรงermektedir. Q ยฝ ย ย ย ย x ยฃPr ย i o k w h i t x ย sdcXx hPgZยพ r o aXe k w s i o ยพ sd ยฃ oXi ย e j oPw ยพ ย ย k m gdยฟ o c e odย ย VmPmdo ร Pร y x ย a ย
gGHPH VLVWHPOHUL OLWHUDWย Uย QGH Jย Q LoL NUHGL X\JXODPDODUร QGDNL IDUNOร
\DNODรบร PODUร Q KDQJLVLQLQ GDKD HWNLQ ROGXรทXQD LOLรบNLQ ED]ร oDOร รบPDODU \HU
DOPDNWDGร U
gUQHรทLQ $QJHOLQL ยถGH NDWร Oร PFร ODU WDUDIร QGDQ |GHPHOHULQ
HUWHOHQPHNVL]LQ VLVWHPH J|QGHULOPHVL LoLQ Pย PNย Q ROGXรทXQFD XFX] IDL]VL]
Jย Q LoL NUHGL VDรทODQPDVร JHUHNWLรทL LIDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU %LU EDรบND oDOร รบPDGD
Jย Q LoL NUHGL\H IDL] X\JXODQPDVร GXUXPXQGD |GHPHOHUGHNL HUWHOHPHOHULQ
HQJHOOHQHPHGLรทL WHPLQDW NDUรบร Oร รทร QGD Jย Q LoL NUHGL VDรทODQPDVร Qร Q EX
DQODPGD oRN GDKD HWNLQ ROGXรทX DQFDN WHPLQDW X\JXODPDVร Qร Q GD EDQNDODU
ย ]HULQGH IDUNOร PDOL\HWOHU GRรทXUGXรทX EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU NPร
*ย Q LoHULVLQGH OLNLGLWH WHPLQ HWPHN EDQNDODU Doร Vร QGDQ PDOL\HWOL ELU
GXUXP ROGXรทXQGDQ EDQNDODU OLNLGLWHOHULQL HWNLQ ELU รบHNLOGH \|QHWPH\L
KHGHIOHPHNWHGLUOHU %DQNDODUร Q Jย Q LoL NUHGL NXOODQPDN LoLQ WHPLQDW
EXOXQGXUPDODUร JHUHNOLOLรทL EDQNDODU LoLQ ELU Iร UVDW PDOL\HWL GRรทXUPDNWDGร U
ร รผnkรผ teminat olarak genellikOH OLNLW YDUOร NODU WHUFLK HGLOPHNWH EX YDUOร NODU GD
JHQHOOLNOH GHYOHW Lo ERUoODQPD VHQHWOHUL ROPDNWDGร U 6|] NRQXVX YDUOร NODU
WHPLQDW RODUDN EORNH HGLOGLรทLQGHQ EDQNDODU WDUDIร QGDQ EDรบND ELU DPDoOD
EDรบND ELU LIDGH\OH DOร P VDWร P DPDoOร RODUDN NXOODQร ODPD\DFDN EX GD
EDQNDODU LoLQ ELU Iร UVDW PDOL\HWL GRรทXUDFDNWร U 2SHUDV\RQHO 5LVN <|QHWLPL
7HNQRORMLN JHOLรบPHOHU RSHUDV\RQHO ULVNLQ \DSร Vร Qร GHรทLรบWLUHQ ELU XQVXU
ROPDNWDGร U <HQL WHNQRORMLOHU JHQHOOLNOH GDKD D] PDOL\HWOH YH GDKD Kร ]Oร LรบOHP
\DSร ODELOPHVLQL DPDoODPDNWDGร U 5LVN PDOL\HW YH Kร ] IDNW|UOHULQGHQ VRQUD
JHOHQ ELU XQVXU ROPDNWDGร U <HQL WHNQRORMLOHU WDP RWRPDV\RQ Vย UHoOHULQL
Jย oOHQGLULS oRN GDKD D] LQVDQ Pย GDKDOHVL LOH LรบOHP JHUoHNOHรบWLULOPHVL LoLQ
DOW\DSร VDรทOD\DUDN ELU DQODPGD ULVNL D]DOWDQ ELU oHUoHYH ROXรบWXUXUNHQ ELU
\DQGDQ GD ROXรบDELOHFHN RSHUDV\RQHO SUREOHPOHULQ HWNL Dรทร Qร JHQLรบOHWPHNWH YH
EX SUREOHPOHULQ WHVSLWLQL Jย oOHรบWLUPHNWHGLU %X GXUXPD oRN Jย QFHO ELU |UQHN Q ร ร ย TkdfPl aXh i hPrย j kPi a kz`]g kd l j l r ย Pl j k ivj e g e aXe oยข k wdk i i h ย hย wdk pXj kdtdk u e j rย oXgย k azl m kz`ย w e w o r oย ย bPmdaPoXi o ย oXg j oXi eย u kdfPl b a oXr oXj oXi e o i oXj oXrย oXgZ oPaXe i x ยฎย ยฏ ย ยฐยดw e w oXrย j oXi e mdaPoย g kd l j l r}ย Pl j k i l mย ย oXmdoXj e mdaPo g eXoPp e j e rv`TbdaPoXr o j oXi e mPe ย ย bdf oXj j e g j oย r}ย dq oXi ezb a oXr oXj oXi e mPeXย X tdk ย r}k a kPmย b m ย oย gZoXmdaXe j oXi e m oย ย PoXj o ย o gยฅs j k mย b aPo r oXj oXi e udoXg j oXr o gZ e i x ย Tbdt j oย uPe i o pXe j e rยฉ` w e w oXrย ย PoXmdo j e m aPoยขb aPo r oXj oXi e m ย PoPย de g r oPw e mdoย m oPaPoXmย s j kPย kdp lTย Xe uPe ` u kdfPlย b aPo r oXj oXi e mย a oยฅย PoXi ย o g j oPq e i e j oXrย oXr oย i e w g e mPeTudoXi k udoXi e mdaPoยฅย Po e i o ย oXgยฉc oยฅw e w oXr ย Po mdoXj e mdaPovg e j e j o mPr oXj o i o}tds jnkPย k uPe j o ย o gZ e i x ย ย h}g s mPh tdkย e j e q g e mย aXe pPoXiXkPย Pl g j k r k j k i udb j ย Pr y x y OPยฑ a kย tdk ย Xl j rvl q l i ย
&/6 %DQNยถร Q NXUXOPDVร Gร U &/6 XOXVODUDUDVร |GHPHOHUGH \DรบDQDQ G|YL]
PXWDEDNDW ULVNLQLQ D]DOWร OPDVร QGD oRN |QHPOL ELU URO R\QDUNHQ D\Qร ]DPDQGD
XOXVODUDUDVร G|YL] SL\DVDODUร QGD YH VLVWHPOHULQGH NRQVROLGDV\RQ VDรทODPDVร
QHGHQL\OH RSHUDV\RQHO ULVNLQ HWNL DODQร Qร JHQLรบOHWPHNWH EDQNDODU DUDVร
SL\DVDGD \HQL ULVN XQVXUODUร GRรทXUPDNWDGร U
<XNDUร GD Doร NODQDQ VHEHSOHUOH RSHUDV\RQHO ULVN \|QHWLPL LoLQ \HQL
DUDoODU YH NDQWLWDWLI \|QWHPOHU JHOLรบWLUPHN JHUHNOLOLรทL RUWD\D oร NPDNWDGร U
gGHPH YH PXWDEDNDW VLVWHPOHULQGH RSHUDV\RQHO ULVN %,6 WDUDIร QGDQ โ ร deme ve mutabakat sistemlerinin heUKDQJL ELU SDUoDVร Qร HWNLOH\HQ \HWHUVL] \DGD EDรบDUร Vร ] GDKLOL Vย UHoOHUGHQ VLVWHPOHUGHQ LQVDQ KDWDODUร QGDQ \D GD Gร รบ faktรถrlerden kaynaklanan riskโ
RODUDN WDQร PODQPร รบWร U %X WDQร PODPD RSHUDV\RQHO ULVNLQ VHEHSOHUL YH EX
sebeplerin รถdeme ve mutabakat sisWHPOHUL Doร Vร QGDQ GRรทXUDFDรทร VRQXoODUOD
EDรทODQWร Vร Qร NXUPDNWDGร U 'ROD\ร Vร \OD RSHUDV\RQHO ULVNLQ |Ooย OPHVLQLQ LON
DGร Pร RODQ RSHUDV\RQHO ULVNOHULQ EHOLUOHQPHVL DรบDPDVร Qร NROD\ODรบWร UPDNWDGร U
2SHUDV\RQHO ULVNLQ \|QHWLPLQGHNL HQ NULWLN DรบDPD EX ULVN Wย Uย Qย Q
X\JXQ ELU รบHNLOGH WDQร PODQPDVร YH |Ooย Pย Gย U 2SHUDV\RQHO ULVNLQ |Ooย Pย KLo
ELU ]DPDQ NROD\ ROPDPร รบWร U 2SHUDV\RQHO ULVN WDQร Pร LoHULVLQH JLUHQ ELU oRN
IDUNOร ULVNLQ YDUOร รทร ROXรบWXUGXNODUร HWNLOHULQ YH ]DPDQ oHYUHOHULQLQ IDUNOร Oร รทร
nedensel faktรถrlerin EHOLUOHQPHVLQGHNL ]RUOXN YH RSHUDV\RQHO ]DUDUODUOD LOJLOL
YHULOHULQ Nร Vร WOร Oร รทร EXQD QHGHQ ROPDNWDGร U 2SHUDV\RQHO ULVNOH LOJLOL ]DUDU
SRWDQVL\HOLQLQ WDKPLQL YH ]DUDUร Q JHUoHNOHรบPH RODVร Oร รทร Qร Q WHVSLWL Jย o ROGXรทXQGDQ EX ULVN Wย Uย Qย Q WDPDPร VD\ร VDOODรบWร Uร ODPDPDNWD YH EX QHGHQOH
WDP RODUDN |Ooย Pย GH JHUoHNOHรบWLULOHPHPHNWHGLU 6D\ร VDOODรบWร Uร ODQ Nร Vร P
Doร Vร QGDQ LVH RSHUDV\RQHO ULVNWHQ ND\QDNODQDQ ]DUDUร Q Eย \ย NOย รทย YH
Vร NOร รทร QD LOLรบNLQ ELOJLOHUL LoHUHQ \HWHUOL PLNWDU YH NDOLWHGH ELU YHUL WDEDQร
ROXรบWXUPDN ROGXNoD ]RUGXU %R\DFร RรทOX ร deme
sistemlerinde
operasyonel
riskin
belirlenmesi,
รถdeme
VLVWHPOHULQLQ HWNLQ LรบOHPHVLQL WHKOLNH\H DWDELOHFHN ULVN IDNW|UOHULQLQ WHVSLW
HGLOPHVL DQODPร QD JHOPHNWHGLU 5LVN IDNW|UOHULQLQ EHOLUOHQPLรบ ROPDVร
RSHUDV\RQHO ULVNL |OoPH DQDOL] HWPH YH \|QHWPH DQODPร QGD |QFHOLNOHULQ
EHOLUOHQPHVL Doร Vร QGDQ ID\GD VDรทODPDNWDGร U
ร deme sistemlerinde operasyonel risk, bu alandaki uzmanlar
WDUDIร QGDQ EHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU 8]PDQODU |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ LรบOHWLPLQGHQ
VRUXPOX NXUXPXQ WHNQLN YH RSHUDV\RQHO X]PDQODUร YH VLVWHP NDWร Oร PFร ODUร
RODELOPHNWHGLU 8]PDQODU Lรบ DNร รบODUร QGDNL GHรทLรบLNOLNOHULQ RSHUDV\RQHO ULVNLQ
VHYL\HVLQLQ D]DOPDVร QD RODQ NDWNร Vร Qร GHรทHUOHQGLUHELOHFHN SR]LV\RQGD
ROPDOร Gร U
2SHUDV\RQHO ULVN GHรทHUOHQGLUPHVL \DSร Oร UNHQ GLNNDWH DOร QDQ ELU WDNร P
XQVXUODU V|] NRQXVXGXU gUQHรทLQ LรบOHPH EDรทOร RODQ ULVNOHU GHรทHUOHQGLULOLUNHQ
RSHUDV\RQODUร Q NULWLNOLรทL LรบOHULQ o|]ย OPH รบHNOL RSHUDV\RQODUร Q NRPSOHNVOLรทL \D
GD EDรทร PVร ]Oร รทร RODรทDQGร รบร ROD\ODU KDWDODU YH LSWDOOHU JLEL KXVXVODU GLNNDWH
DOร Qร UNHQ WHNQRORML\H LOLรบNLQ ULVNOHU GHรทHUOHQGLULOLUNHQ WHNQRORMLGHNL GHรทLรบLNOLNOHU
YH RWRPDV\RQ JLEL XQVXUODU HOH DOร QPDNWDGร U .DPLORรทOX
5LVNL \|QHWPHQLQ LON YH HQ |QHPOL DรบDPDVร KDQJL ULVN XQVXUODUร Qร Q QH
GHUHFHGH HWNLQ ROGXรทXQXQ WHVSLW HGLOPHVLGLU 2SHUDV\RQHO ULVN XQVXUODUร Qร Q
WHVSLW HGLOPHVLQGH HQ oRN NXOODQร ODQ \|QWHPOHU
รนDKVL ULVN GHรทHUOHQGLUPHVL ULVN VHOI DVVHVVPHQW %LULP LoHULVLQGHNL IDDOL\HWOHULQ YH RSHUDV\RQODUร Q RSHUDV\RQHO ULVN
Doร Vร QGDQ ELULP WDUDIร QGDQ GHรทHUOHQGLULOPHVLGLU %X sรผreรง
JHQHOOLNOH oDOร รบPD JUXSODUร WDUDIร QGDQ ]D\ร I YH Jย oOย WDUDIODUร Q
GHรทHUOHQGLULOPHVL LOH JHUoHNOHรบPHNWHGLU
5LVN
KDULWDODPDVร
ULVN
PDSSLQJ
5LVN
KDULWDODUร QGD
RSHUDV\RQHO ULVNLQ HWNL GHUHFHOHUL YH ULVN XQVXUODUร Qร Q
JHUoHNOHรบPH Vร NOร NODUร ELU JUDILN รผzerinde gรถsterilmektedir. Bu
\|QWHPGH X]PDQ \DUJร ODUร QD EDรบYXUXOPDNWDGร U รนDKVL ULVN
GHรทHUOHQGLUPH \|QWHPLQGH GH X]PDQ \DUJร ODUร |QHPOL URO
R\QDPDNWDGร U $NDQ รนHNLO ULVN KDULWDVร QD ELU |UQHN
WHรบNLO HWPHNWHGLU
g
Yรผkse
Orta dรผzey risk Yรผksek risk
ยธz g enaPo i o ย oPw e
'ย รบย N Gย ]H\ ULVN
Orta dรผzey risk
ร ย dq ย Pg
ยฎ o i ย oXg j oPq rย o w l g j l p l ย sPj kdw l j l gnย
ย f
ร To w e m
รนHNLO 5LVN +DULWDVร
.D\QDN $NDQ V
5LVN J|VWHUJHOHUL ULVN LQGLFDWRUV 5LVN SR]LV\RQXQD LOLรบNLQ |]HW ELU bilgi sunabilen, istatistiksel bir gรถstergedir. Gรถsterge
QLWHOLรทLQGH RODELOHFHN LVWDWLVWLNOHU KDWDOร LรบOHP VD\ร Vร KDWDODUร Q
HWNL GHUHFHVL YH JHUoHNOHรบPH Vร NOร รทร JLEL IDNW|UOHU RODELOPHNWHGLU
6DรทOร NOร ELU VRQXo YHUHELOPHVL Doร Vร QGDQ EX J|VWHUJHOHU Lo YH
Gร รบ IDNW|UOHUGHNL GHรทLรบLPOHUH EDรทOร RODUDN SHUL\RGLN ED]GD
J|]GHQ JHoLULOPHOLGLU %X J|VWHUJHOHU HUNHQ X\DUร VLQ\DOOHUL
RODUDN GD GHรทHUOHQGLULOHELOLUOHU
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gGHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ LoHUGLรทL ULVNOHUL WDQร POD\DELOPHN LoLQ EX
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gUQHรทLQ $YUXSD %LUOLรทL $% LoLQ EX \DVDO Gย ]HQOHPHQLQ EDรบODQJร Fร
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$0%6 ยถQLQ UROย Qย WDQร POD\DQ YH $YUXSD %LUOLรทL LoHULVLQGH J|]HWLP fonksiyonunun yerine getirilmesi iรงin yasal รงerรงeveyi belirleyen, Maastricht
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AB iรงerisinde, 1 Ocak 1999โ dan beri รถdeme sistemi gรถzetimi, Avrupa
0HUNH] %DQNDVร YH \HUHO PHUNH] EDQNDODUร QGDQ ROXรบDQ $0%6 WDUDIร QGDQ yerine
getirilmektedir.
AMBSโ nin
gรถzetim
fonksiyonu,
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gGHPH VLVWHPL J|]HWLPLQLQ NDSVDPร
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*|]HWLPLQLQ DOW RSHUDV\RQHO KHGHIOHUL
5LVN kontrolรผ %LOJL รบHIIDIOร รทร )L\DWODPD 6LVWHPLQ Jย YHQLOLUOLรทL
Kaynak: Banca Dโ Italia & Cirasino, M. 2003
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Güvenilirlik
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รถncelikle bu DOW KHGHIOHULQ JHUoHNOHรบWLULOPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU Bu รงerรงevede, alt operasyonel hedefler;
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WDUDIODU DUDVร QGD NRQWUDWD GD\DOร LOLรบNLOHU oHUoHYHVLQGH GH RODELOPHNWHGLU
7HPHO RODUDN EX LNL GXUXPXQ DUDVร QGD ELU \|QWHP GDKD L\L VRQXo YHUPHNWHGLU
gGHPH VLVWHPLQH LOLรบNLQ \DVDO Gย ]HQOHPHOHU WDUDIODUร Q KDN YH \ย Nย POย Oย NOHULQL dรผzenlerken, sistemin aNร รบNDQOร รทร Qร HWNLOHPH\HFHN HVQHNOLNOHUL WDQร PDOร Gร U +DQJL \DVDO \DNODรบร P EHOLUOHQLUVH EHOLUOHQVLQ \DVDO oHUoHYH EHOOL EDรบOร
VRUXODUD FHYDS YHUHELOPHOLGLU
<DVDO Gย ]HQOHPH NLPOHUL YH KDQJL |GHPH HPLUOHULQL NDSVD\DFDNWร U \DQL Gย ]HQOHPHQLQ DODQร QH RODFDNWร U"
7DUDIODUร Q KDN YH \ย Nย POย Oย NOHUL QH ]DPDQ GRรทPDNWDGร U"
ร deme ne zaman kesin ve geri dรถnรผlemez olarak kabul
HGLOPHNWHGLU"
+DNVร ] \D GD KDWDOร ELU ILLO GXUXPXQGD NLP VRUXPOX ROPDNWDGร U" gGHPH VLVWHPLQLQ KHUKDQJL ELU NDWร Oร PFร Vร Qร Q LIODVร GXUXPXQGD EXQXQ VRQXoODUร QH ROPDNWDGร U"
Bu รงerรงevede, yasal dรผzenlemeler, รถdeme sistemini kullanan ticari
EDQNDODUร Q WLFDUL EDQND Pย รบWHULOHULQLQ YH PHUNH] EDQNDVร Qร Q JHUHNVLQLPOHULQL
รน รบย รป รผ รฝvรพ รฟ}รพ รฝ รผ รพ รฟ รพ
nรพ Xรฟ ย รพ รพPรฝ รพ
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NDUรบร OD\DELOHFHN YH ND\Jร ODUร Qร JLGHUHELOHFHN GHQJHOH\HFL ELU WHPHOGH
JHOLรบWLULOPHOL JHOLรบHQ YH GHรทLรบHQ NRรบXOODUD X\XP VDรทODU QLWHOLNOHUL WDรบร PDOร Gร U
%XQXQ \DQร Vร UD |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ GDKLOL Gย ]HQOHPHOHULQLQ GH JHQHO \DVDO
oHUoHYH\L WDPDPODU QLWHOLNWH ROPDVร JHUHNPHNWHGLU *|]HWLPLQ .DSVDPร
ร deme sistemi, temel olarak fon WUDQVIHU KL]PHWLQH GD\DQร U %X
oHUoHYHGH |GHPH VLVWHPL J|]HWLPL NDSVDPร QGD
)RQ WUDQVIHULQLQ WDUDIODUร
)RQ WUDQVIHULQL VDรทOD\DQ |GHPH DUDoODUร \D GD |GHPH\H LOLรบNLQ KL]PHWOHU
)RQ WUDQVIHULQH DUDFร RODQ NXUXPODUร ELUELULQH EDรทOD\DQ WHNQLN
DOW\DSร
GHรทHUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU 'ROD\ร Vร \OD |GHPH VLVWHPL J|]HWLFL RWRULWHVL
SDUDQร Q WUDQVIHU Vย UHFLQGH URO DODQ ILQDQVDO ROPD\DQ NXUXOXรบODUร GD J|]HWLP
NDSVDPร QGD HOH DOPDNWDGร U %DQFD 'ยถ,WDOLD
gGHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ J|]HWLPLQLQ JHQHO oHUoHYHVL EX รบHNLOGH
EHOLUOHQPLรบ ROPDNOD EHUDEHU WHPHO RODUDN VLVWHPLN RODUDN |QHPOL |GHPH
VLVWHPOHULQLQ J|]HWLP NDSVDPร QGD GHรทHUOHQGLULOPHVL NRQXVXQGD ELU J|Uย รบ
ELUOLรทL EXOXQPDNWDGร U
%XQXQ \DQร Vร UD |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ ELU SDUoDVร RODUDN PHQNXO
Nร \PHW PXWDEDNDW VLVWHPOHUL GH J|]HWLP NDSVDPร QGD HOH DOร QPDNWDGร U %X
oHUoHYHGH J|]HWLP LNL \D GD GDKD ID]OD Gย ]HQOH\LFL RWRULWHQLQ LรบELUOLรทL
LoHULVLQGH oDOร รบPDVร Qร JHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU
%LU ย ONHGHNL Wย P |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL ELU Eย Wย Q RODUDN Gย รบย Qย OGย รทย QGH
Nย oย N PHEODรทOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL GH EX Eย Wย Qย Q ELU SDUoDVร Qร
ROXรบWXUPDNWDGร U %X oHUoHYHGH ED]ร ย ONHOHUGH Nย oย N PHEODรทOร |GHPH
VLVWHPOHUL |GHPHOHU VLVWHPLQLQ WRSODP RODUDN HWNLQOLรทLQLQ VDรทODQPDVร QGDNL
|QHPL ย ONH SDUD ELULPL Doร Vร QGDQ NDPX Jย YHQLQH RODQ HWNLVL YH HNRQRPLN
Eย \ย PH LOH LOLรบNLVL QHGHQL\OH |GHPH VLVWHPL J|]HWLPLQLQ DODQร QD JLUPHNWHGLU
%,6 0DUW V
gUQHรทLQ %HOoLND $OPDQ\D YH )UDQVDยถGD J|]HWLFL RWRULWH RODQ PHUNH]
EDQNDODUร Eย \ย N PHEODรทOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ \DQร Vร UD Nย oย N PHEODรทOร
รถdeme sistemleri ile ilgili olarak yaSร ODQ Wย P Gย ]HQOHPHOHUL J|]HWLP
NDSVDPร QGD HOH DOPDNWDGร U %XQXQOD EHUDEHU รธVYLoUHยถGH \DOQร ]FD Eย \ย N
PHEODรทOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL J|]HWLP NDSVDPร QGD HOH DOร QPDNWDGร U *|]HWLP
VRUXPOXOXรทXQXQ PHUNH] EDQNDVร YH PDOL\H EDNDQOร รทร DUDVร QGD SD\ODรบร OGร รทร
Kanadaโ da, KDQDGD 0HUNH] %DQNDVร \DOQร ]FD Eย \ย N PHEODรทOร |GHPHOHULQ
J|]HWLP VRUXPOXOXรทXQX DOPDNWDGร U รธQJLOWHUHยถGH LVH ย ONHGH NXOODQร OPDNWD RODQ
|GHPH VLVWHPOHUL ULVNOLOLN GHUHFHOHULQH J|UH GHรทHUOHQGLULOPHNWH YH EX
GHรทHUOHQGLUPH VRQXFX PHUNH] EDQNDVร KDQJL VLVWHPLQ J|]HWLP NDSVDPร QD
DOร QPDVร JHUHNWLรทLQL EHOLUOHPHNWHGLU %,6 0DUW V
$YUXSD %LUOLรทL JHQHOLQGH LVH Nย oย N PHEODรทOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL LoLQ
J|]HWLP VWDQGDUWODUร Qร Q ROXรบWXUXOPDVร \|Qย QGH oDOร รบPDODU GHYDP HWPHNWHGLU
Sรถz konusu standartlar, โ 6LVWHPLN 2ODUDN gQHPOL gGHPH 6LVWHPOHUL รธoLQ
7HPHO รธONHOHUยด UDSRUX WHPHOLQGH รบHNLOOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU $QFDN Nย oย N PHEODรทOร รถdeme sistemleri iรงin belirli standartlar getirmeyi hedefleyen ve henรผz taslak
KDOLQGH RODQ UDSRUXQ LOJLOL WDUDIODUร Q J|Uย รบOHULQLQ UDSRUD \DQVร Wร OPDVร LOH VRQ
รบHNOLQL DOPDVร SODQODQPร รบWร U %,6 0DUW V
7HOHNRPย QLNDV\RQ รบLUNHWOHUL JLEL WHPHO DOW\DSร KL]PHWOHULQL VDรทOD\DQ
YH ILQDQVDO ROPD\DQ NXUXOXรบODUร Q QDVร O J|]HWLOHFHรทL GH |QHPOL ELU NRQX
ROPDNWDGร U 7HNQRORMLN JHOLรบPHOHUGHQ GROD\ร YH DOW\DSร \D LOLรบNLQ KL]PHWOHUGH
|]HO VHNW|Uย Q \RรทXQ ELU รบHNLOGH URO DOPDVร VHEHEL\OH EX NRQXQXQ |QHPL
JLWWLNoH DUWPDNWDGร U %X GXUXPGD V|] NRQXVX NXUXOXรบODUร Q WHNQLN YH
RSHUDV\RQHO
NDSDVLWH
dรผzenlemelerinin,
YH
gรถzetici
DFLO
GXUXP
SODQODUร
JLEL
NRQXODUGDNL
RWRULWH WDUDIร QGDQ \DNร QGDQ WDNLS HGLOPHVL
JHUHNOLOLรทL RUWD\D oร NPDNWDGร U &LUDVLQR
gUQHรทLQ XOXVDO YH XOXVODUDUDVร SHN oRN |GHPH VLVWHPL LoLQ LOHWLรบLP
DOW\DSร Vร VXQDQ 6:,)7ยถLQ LรบOH\LรบLQGH EX DOW\DSร \ร NXOODQDQ ย ONHOHULQ PHUNH]
EDQNDODUร V|] VDKLEL RODELOPHNWHGLU 3HN oRN ย ONH PHUNH] EDQNDVร 6:,)7 NXUXOXรบX LOH Vย UHNOL LOHWLรบLP KDOLQGH NDODUDN LKWL\Do GX\GXNODUร DODQODUGD
6:,)7 WDUDIร QGDQ JHUHNOL Gย ]HQOHPHOHULQ \DSร OPDVร Qร VDรทOD\DUDN J|]HWLP gรถrevini yerine getirmektedir.
*|]HWLP <|QWHPOHUL YH $UDoODUร *|]HWLP IDDOL\HWLQL \HULQH JHWLUPHN DPDFร \OD NXOODQร ODQ \|QWHPOHU
JHQHO RODUDN ELU NDo EDรบOร N DOWร QGD Vร Qร IODQGร Uร ODELOPHNWHGLU &LUDVLQR
<DSร VDO Gย ]HQOHPHOHU 5XWLQ IDDOL\HWOHU Kriz yรถnetimi
$UDรบWร UPD YH JHOLรบWLUPH IDDOL\HWOHUL
<DSร VDO Gย ]HQOHPHOHU |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ LรบOH\Lรบ WHPHOOHULQL
EHOLUOH\HQ NXUDO YH SURVHGย UOHUGHQ ROXรบPDNWDGร U
5XWLQ IDDOL\HWOHU |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ LรบOH\LรบLQGH QRUPDO ROPD\DQ YH
ULVN \DUDWDELOHFHN GXUXPODUร WHVSLW HGHELOPHN YH VLVWHPGH NRQWURO
VDรทOD\DELOPHN DPDFร \OD |GHPH VLVWHPLQGHNL Jย QOย N Lรบ DNร รบร Qร Q |GHPH
VLVWHPL NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Qร Q IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ L]OHQPHVL JLEL Jย QOย N RODรทDQ IDDOL\HWOHUL iรงermektedir. .UL] \|QHWLPL RODรทDQย VWย GXUXPODUGD L]OHQHFHN DGร PODUร LoHUHQ YH
|QFHGHQ EHOLUOHQPLรบ ROPDVร JHUHNHQ SURVHGย UOHUL NDSVDPDNWDGร U 2ODรทDQย VWย
GXUXPODUGD JHUHNOL NDUDUODUร Q X\JXODQDELOPHVL YH LรบOHULQ NHVLQWLVL]
Vย UGย Uย OHELOPHVLQGH J|]HWLFL RWRULWHQLQ |QHPOL ELU UROย EXOXQPDNWDGร U
.XUXPVDO YH WHNQRORMLN JHOLรบPHOHU SDUDOHOLQGH YH X]XQ YDGH LoLQ
EHOLUOHQPLรบ JHOLรบPH SODQODUร oHUoHYHVLQGH |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL DODQร QGD
JHUoHNOHรบWLULOHFHN DUDรบWร UPD YH JHOLรบWLUPH IDDOL\HWOHUL gรถzetimin รถnemli bir
SDUoDVร Qร ROXรบWXUPDNWDGร U %X NDSVDPGD GRรทUXGDQ J|]HWLFL WDUDIร QGDQ \D GD
J|]HWLFLQLQ GHVWHรทL LOH IDUNOร NXUXPODU WDUDIร QGDQ JHUoHNOHรบWLULOHQ DUDรบWร UPD YH
JHOLรบWLUPH oDOร รบPDODUร J|]HWLP IDDOL\HWLQLQ GDKD VDรทOร NOร ELU รบHNLOGH
\ย Uย Wย OHELOPHVLQL VDรทODPDNWDGร U
*|]HWLP \|QWHPOHUL J|]HWLP IDDOL\HWL \HULQH JHWLULOLUNHQ NXOODQร ODFDN
DUDoODUร Q EHOLUOHQPHVL Doร Vร QGDQ JHQHO oHUoHYH\L ROXรบWXUPDNWDGร U %X oHUoHYHGH J|]HWLP LoLQ NXOODQร ODQ DUDoODU
6LVWHPLQ HWNLQ LรบOH\LรบLQL VDรทODPDN DPDFร \OD NXUDOODU YH prosedรผrler belirlenmesi,
%X NXUDOODUD X\XPVX]OXN KDOLQGH X\JXODQDFDN \DSWร Uร PODUร Q
EHOLUOHQPHVL
รธOHWLรบLP
6LVWHPOHULQ YH NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q L]OHQPHVL
gGHPH VLVWHPL NDWร Oร PFร ODUร DUDVร QGD YH |GHPH VLVWHPL J|]HWLFL
RWRULWHVL LOH ILQDQVDO VLVWHPLQ J|]HWLFL RWRULWHOHUL DUDVร QGD
LรบELUOLรทLQLQ VDรทODQPDVร
gGHPH YH PXWDEDNDW KL]PHWOHULQLQ GRรทUXGDQ J|]HWLFL RWRULWH
WDUDIร QGDQ VDรทODQPDVร
$QDOL]
RODUDN VD\ร OPDNWDGร U 6LVWHPLQ NHVLQWLVL] LรบOHWLPLQL VDรทODPDN ย ]HUH \DSร ODQ \D]ร Oร
Gย ]HQOHPHOHU J|]HWLPLQ HQ WHPHO DUDoODUร QGDQGร U gGHPH VLVWHPL
NDWร Oร PFร ODUร WDUDIร QGDQ EX Gย ]HQOHPHOHUH X\XPXQ WHรบYLN HGLOPHVL DPDFร \OD
EHOLUOHQHFHN \DSWร Uร PODU GD EX Gย ]HQOHPHOHULQ ELU SDUoDVร Qร ROXรบWXUPDNWDGร U
'ย ]HQOHPHOHULQ
DPDFร
|GHPH
VLVWHPOHULQH
LOLรบNLQ
RUJDQL]DV\RQHO
RSHUDV\RQHO YH WHNQLN |]HOOLNOHULQ WDQร PODQPDVร Gร U gUQHรทLQ Jย Q LoL OLNLGLWH
NXOODQร Pร NX\UXN \|QHWLPL |GHPHQLQ LSWDO HGLOPHVL YH KHVDS PXWDEDNDWร JLEL
NRQXODU \D]ร Oร Gย ]HQOHPHOHUGH \HU DOPDNWDGร U dย QNย EX oDOร รบPDQร Q ยณgGHPH
6LVWHPOHULQGH 5LVN .RQWUROย ยด E|Oย Pย QGH GH EHOLUWLOGLรทL JLEL EX NRQXODU Eย \ย N
PHEODรทOร |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQGH NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q PDUX] NDODELOHFHNOHUL ULVNOHUOH
GRรทUXGDQ
LOJLOLGLU
gGHPH
VLVWHPLQH
LOLรบNLQ
\D]ร Oร
Gย ]HQOHPHOHU
D\Qร ]DPDQGD VLVWHPH HULรบLP NULWHUOHUL LOH NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q KDN YH yรผkรผmlรผlรผklerini de iรงerebilmektedir. Bu konular da, sistemin bรผtรผnรผnde risk
NRQWUROย Qย Q VDรทODQPDVร Doร Vร QGDQ |QHP WDรบร PDNWDGร U
<D]ร Oร Gย ]HQOHPHOHUH X\XPX VDรทODPDN DPDFร \OD X\JXODQDQ
\DSWร Uร PODU LVH DรบDPDOร YH \DSร ODQ KDWDQร Q GHUHFHVLQH SDUDOHO ROPDOร Gร U
<DSWร Uร PODUร Q NDWร Oร PFร Qร Q KDWDVร Qร NHQGLOLรทLQGHQ Gย ]HOWPHVLQH Iร UVDW YHUPHVL
WHPHO DPDoWร U $QFDN EXQXQ \DQร Vร UD NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q LรบOHPOHULQLQ GXUGXUXOPDVร
\D GD Lรบ OLVDQVODUร Qร Q LSWDO HGLOPHVL JLEL \DSWร Uร PODU GD V|] NRQXVX
RODELOPHNWHGLU
<D]ร Oร Gย ]HQOHPHOHU ED]ร GXUXPODUGD NDWร Oร PFร ODU LoLQ WHรบYLN XQVXUX
RODELOPHNWHGLU gUQHรทLQ QHW PXWDEDNDW VLVWHPOHULQGH รบDUWODUร |QFHGHQ
EHOLUOHQPLรบ OLNLGLWH SD\ODรบร Pร YH ND\ร S SD\ODรบร Pร JLEL DQODรบPDODU
Gย ]HQOHQHELOPHNWHGLU %X DQODรบPDODU oHUoHYHVLQGH NDWร Oร PFร ODUGDQ KHUKDQJL
ELULQLQ LIODVร GXUXPXQGD \D GD \DรบDQDQ ELU OLNLGLWH Vร Nร QWร Vร QGD NDWร Oร PFร ODU
NHQGL ND\QDNODUร Qร RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGร UODU %|\OH ELU GXUXP GRรทDO RODUDN
NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q
ELUELUOHULQLQ
SHUIRUPDQVร Qร
L]OHPHOHUL
ULVNOLOLNOHULQL
GHรทHUOHQGLUPHOHUL YH JHUHNOL ULVN NRQWURO |QOHPOHUL DOPDODUร Doร Vร QGDQ ELU
WHรบYLN XQVXUX ROXรบWXUPDNWD GROD\ร Vร \OD SL\DVD GLVLSOLQL VDรทODPDNWDGร U
Gรถzetici otoritenin รถdeme sistemine dahil olan tรผm teknik ve
RSHUDV\RQHO WDUDIODU YH NDWร Oร PFร ODU LOH Vย UHNOL LOHWLรบLP KDOLQGH EXOXQPDVร
\D]ร Oร Gย ]HQOHPHOHUL GHVWHNOH\LFL HQ |QHPOL XQVXUODUGDQ ELUL ROPDNWDGร U
รธOHWLรบLP J|]HWLFL RWRULWHQLQ L]OHGLรทL SROLWLNDODUร Q DOGร NODUร JHUL ELOGLULPOHU
oHUoHYHVLQGH GDKD VDรทOร NOร ROPDVร Qร VDรทODPDNWDGร U
*|]HWLFL RWRULWHQLQ |GHPH VLVWHPLQLQ NDWร Oร PFร ODUร YH Wย P WDUDIODUร
DUDVร QGD NRRUGLQDV\RQX VDรทOD\DQ PHUNH]L ELU UROย EXOXQPDNWDGร U %X
NRRUGLQDV\RQ SHN oRN \|QWHPOH VDรทODQDELOPHNWHGLU %D]ร GXUXPODUGD koordinasyon, โ รถdeme sistemi konseyiยด JLEL ELU JUXS ROXรบWXUXOPDVร YH |GHPH
VLVWHPLQGH UHIRUP JHUHNWLUHQ DODQODUร Q EX JUXS LoHULVLQGH WDUWร รบร OPDVร \ROX\OD
VDรทODQDELOPHNWHGLU
gGHPH VLVWHPLQLQ WHPHO WHNQLN DOW\DSร Vร QD YH NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q NHQGL
WHNQLN DOW\DSร ODUร QD \HGHN PHUNH] JLEL LOLรบNLQ Gย ]HQOHPHOHULQL WDNLS HWPHN GH
VLVWHPLQ Eย Wย QOย รทย Qย VDรทODPDN DPDFร \OD J|]HWLFL RWRULWHQLQ NXOODQGร รทร araรงlardan biridir. Bu amaรงla, gรถzetici otorite, รถdeme sistemi iรงin teknik
KL]PHW VDรทOD\DQ NXUXPODUGDQ YH NDWร Oร PFร ODUGDQ ED]ร ELOJLOHUL WDOHS
HGHELOPHNWHGLU gGHPH KDFLPOHUL PDOL\HWOHU |GHPH JHFLNPHOHUL NX\UXNODUร Q
X]XQOXNODUร NLOLWOHQPHOHU OLNLGLWH Doร NODUร JHUL RILV EDFN RIILFH VRUXQODUร JLEL
WHNQLN YH RSHUDV\RQHO SUREOHPOHUH LOLรบNLQ ELOJLOHU J|]HWLPLQ GRรทUX yรถnde
JHUoHNOHรบWLULOHELOPHVL LoLQ JHUHNOLGLU 6LVWHPLQ JHQHOL YH NDWร Oร PFร ODU KDNNร QGD
GRรทUX ELU GHรทHUOHQGLUPH \DSDELOPHN DPDFร \OD J|]HWLFL RWRULWH Gย ]HQOL YHUL
UDSRUODPDVร \D GD JHUHNWLรทLQGH \HULQGH GHQHWLP \DSDUDN LKWL\Do GX\GXรทX
ELOJLOHUL HGLQHELOPHNWHGLU
6LVWHPLN RODUDN |QHPOL |GHPH VLVWHPOHUL LoLQ JHUoHN ]DPDQOÕ |GHPH
YH PXWDEDNDW DNÕúODUÕQÕQ YH |GHPH VLVWHPLQGH SDUDQÕQ GRODúÕPÕ V UHFLQGHNL
ULVN VHYL\HOHULQLQ RQOLQH RODUDN L]OHQHELOHFH÷L PHNDQL]PDODUÕQ EXOXQPDVÕ GD
J|]HWLPLQ ELU SDUoDVÕQÕ ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU ÷ -
%LOJL YH YHULOHULQ DQDOL]L |GHPH VLVWHPLQH LOLúNLQ oHúLWOL NRQXODUOD LOJLOL
RODUDN JHOLúWLULOPHVL JHUHNHQ KXVXVODU \D GD UHIRUP JHUHNWLUHQ DODQODUGD
SROLWLND JHOLúWLUHELOPH LPNDQÕQÕ VD÷OD\DELOPHNWHGLU gUQH÷LQ -DSRQ\D PHUNH]
EDQNDVÕ J|]HWLP VRUXPOXOX÷X EXOXQGX÷X VLVWHPOHU LOH LOJLOL RODUDN V UHNOL ELOJL
WRSODPDNWD YH EX ELOJLOHUL DQDOL] HWPHNWHGLU g]HOOLNOH |]HO VHNW|U WDUDIÕQGDQ
LúOHWLOHQ VLVWHPOHU LoLQ DQDOL] VRQXoODUÕQD GD\DQDUDN VLVWHPOHUL LúOHWHQ
NXUXOXúODU HWNLQOL÷LQ YH J YHQLOLUOL÷LQ VD÷ODQPDVÕ DoÕVÕQGDQ JHUHNOL J|U OHQ
|QOHPOHULQ DOÕQPDVÕ NRQXVXQGD WHúYLN HGLOPHNWHGLU øQJLOWHUH¶GH LVH ]DPDQ
]DPDQ PHUNH] EDQNDVÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ \D\ÕPODQDQ ³ho $\OÕN 'H÷HUOHQGLUPH´ YH
³)LQDQVDO øVWLNUDU 'H÷HUOHQGLUPH´ UDSRUODUÕQGD |GHPH VLVWHPOHULQH LOLúNLQ ULVN
YH \DSÕVDO NRQXODUGD GHWD\OÕ DQDOL]OHU \HU DOPDNWDGÕU
(XUR VLVWHPLQGH LVH J|]HWLP oHUoHYHVLQGH LúOHP KDFPL YH WXWDUÕQD
D\UÕFD VLVWHP NDWÕOÕPFÕODUÕQD PXWDEDNDW JHFLNPHOHULQH YH EX JHFLNPHOHULQ
VHEHSOHULQH J Q Q EHOOL VDDWOHULQGH NX\UXNODQPÕú |Gemelere ve ülke
DQDOL]OHULQH GD\DQDQ LVWDWLVWLNVHO ELOJLOHU GHUOHQPHNWHGLU %X LVWDWLVWLNOHU (&%
YH (%$ WDUDIÕQGDQ \D\ÕQODQPDNWD YH D\UÕFD (XUR LoLQ D\OÕN UDSRUODU
KD]ÕUODQDUDN $0%6 LoHULVLQGH YH (XUR NDWÕOÕPFÕVÕ RODQ 1RUYHo $YXVWUDO\D
$PHULND YH -DSRQ\D PHUNH] EDQNDODUÕQD GD÷ÕWÕOPDNWDGÕU %XQXQ \DQÕVÕUD
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IDDOL\HWOHULQGHQ GROD\ร RUWD\D oร NDELOHFHN ULVNOHU ROPDNWDGร U %XQXQ Gร รบร QGD
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finans
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FLGGL SUREOHPOHU \DรบDPDVร KDOLQGH JHUoHNOHรบPHNWHGLU %DQNDFร Oร N ILQDQV
sektรถrรผ gรถzetiminin โ %DQNDFร Oร N *|]HWLPL )HGHUDO %ย URVXยด WDUDIร QGDQ \HULQH
JHWLULOGLรทL $OPDQ\D LoLQ GH EHQ]HU ELU GXUXP JHoHUOLGLU
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Eย Wย QOย รทย Qย VDรทODPDN ย ]HUH |GHPH YH PHQNXO Nร \PHW PXWDEDNDW sistemlerinin gรถzden geรงirilmesidir. 0HUNH] EDQNDODUร YH PHQNXO Nร \PHW SL\DVDODUร LOH LOJLOL NXUXPODU EX
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dย QNย \XNDUร GD GD Doร NODQGร รทร JLEL ELU NDWร Oร PFร Qร Q VLVWHPH |GHPHOHULQL
J|QGHUHPHPHVL GLรทHU NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q OLNLGLWH DNร รบร Qร ER]PXรบWXU $QFDN
NX\UXNODUGD EHNOH\HQ |GHPHOHULQ SDUoDODQPDVร Qร Q PXWDEDNDW JHFLNPHVLQL
|QHPOL |Ooย GH ROXPOX \|QGH HWNLOHGLรทL J|Uย OPHNWHGLU
6LVWHPGH \ย NVHN KDFLPOL ELU NDWร Oร PFร Qร Q oDOร รบDPDPDVร Qร Q GLรทHU
NDWร Oร PFร ODUร Q NXOODQร ODELOLU OLNLGLWHOHUL ย ]HULQGHNL HWNLVLQH ELU |UQHN GH JUDILN olarak
gรถsterilebilir.
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ยถGH oDOร รบDPD\DQ NDWร Oร PFร LOH \RรทXQ ELU รบHNLOGH LรบOHP JHUoHNOHรบWLUHQ GLรทHU ELU NDWร Oร PFร Qร Q EX NDWร Oร PFร EXUDGD ยณNDWร Oร PFร $ยด RODUDN
LIDGH HGLOHFHNWLU KHVDS KDUHNHWOHUL DรบDรทร GDNL JUDILNOHUGH VXQXOPDNWDGร U
600 000,00
Bakiye (Trilyon Tl)
500 000,00 400 000,00 300 000,00 200 000,00 100 000,00
18:30:00
17:45:00
17:00:00
16:15:00
15:30:00
l5m m nSo pMq
14:45:00
14:00:00
13:15:00
12:30:00
11:45:00
11:00:00
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09:30:00
08:45:00
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Bakiye (Trilyon Tl)
400 000,00 300 000,00 200 000,00 100 000,00
Saatler
18:30:00
17:45:00
17:00:00
16:15:00
15:30:00
14:45:00
14:00:00
13:15:00
12:30:00
11:45:00
11:00:00
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-100 000,00
08:00:00
0,00
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