Track 'n Trace 5 Tracking To the point by VAN IN

3 e

GRAAD

TO THE POINT track 'n trace

TO THE POINT

track 'n trace 5/6

Els De Clercq

Evelyne Stappaerts

Via www.diddit.be heb je toegang tot het onlineleerplatform bij Track ‘n’ Trace 5/6 – TRACKING: To the point. Activeer je account aan de hand van de onderstaande code en accepteer de gebruiksvoorwaarden.

LET OP: ACTIVEER DEZE LICENTIE PAS VANAF 1 SEPTEMBER; DE LICENTIEPERIODE START VANAF ACTIVATIE EN IS 2 JAAR GELDIG.

Fotokopieerapparaten zijn algemeen verspreid en vele mensen maken er haast onnadenkend gebruik van voor allerlei doeleinden. Jammer genoeg ontstaan boeken niet met hetzelfde gemak als kopieën. Boeken samenstellen kost veel inzet, tijd en geld. De vergoeding van de auteurs en van iedereen die bij het maken en verhandelen van boeken betrokken is, komt voort uit de verkoop van die boeken. In België beschermt de auteurswet de rechten van deze mensen. Wanneer u van boeken of van gedeelten eruit zonder toestemming kopieën maakt, buiten de uitdrukkelijk bij wet bepaalde uitzonderingen, ontneemt u hen dus een stuk van die vergoeding. Daarom vragen auteurs en uitgevers u beschermde teksten niet zonder schriftelijke toestemming te kopiëren buiten de uitdrukkelijk bij wet bepaalde uitzonderingen. Verdere informatie over kopieerrechten en de wetgeving met betrekking tot reproductie vindt u op www.reprobel.be. Ook voor het digitale lesmateriaal gelden deze voorwaarden. De licentie die toegang verleent tot dat materiaal is persoonlijk. Bij vermoeden van misbruik kan die gedeactiveerd worden. Meer informatie over de gebruiksvoorwaarden leest u op www.diddit.be. © Uitgeverij VAN IN, Wommelgem, 2023 De uitgever heeft ernaar gestreefd de relevante auteursrechten te regelen volgens de wettelijke bepalingen. Wie desondanks meent zekere rechten te kunnen doen gelden, wordt verzocht zich tot de uitgever te wenden. Eerste druk 2023 ISBN 978-94-647-0098-5 D/2023/0078/121 Art. 603777/01 NUR 110

Vormgeving en opmaak: Vrijdag Grafis Vormgeving cover: Wendy De Haes Zetwerk: Banananas

CONTENTS 1 ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

Check In

Main Track Step 1: using emojis and interpunction Step 2: code switching & register

7 7 17

Summary Vocabulary

31 31

Check Out: rewriting a text

Check In

2 INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

Main Track Step 1: using urban slang Step 2: understanding the generational divide Summary Vocabulary

37 37 44 52 52

Check Out: presenting a new slang word

3 FUNGLISH!

55 56

Main Track Step 1: homophones and homonyms Step 2: false friends Step 3: advertising and wordplay

58 58 60 67

Summary Vocabulary

71 71

Check In

three

Check Out: designing a company’s brand identity

Contents

T'n'T 5

UNIT 1: ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA check in

main track

Step 1: using emojis and interpunction

Step 2: code switching & register

summary

check out: rewriting a text

CHECK IN Pop quiz! 1

READING

What do you think these emojis mean?

Check with your teacher. How many did you get right and wrong?

When do you use emojis in your communication? Why?

six

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

MAIN TRACK Step 1

🙄 Using emojis and interpunction OK Boomer!

1 / Emoji madness Read the texts sent by some parents using the wrong emoji. Choose the appropriate emoji for their text messages. Draw them in the circles.

READING

https://www.facebook. com/252362008184703/ videos/905308406223390 How to reverse a parking ticket. V funny

🖕

When the family dog passes away and your mum doesn’t quite understand emojis… #EmojiFail

Sorry to give you grim news but Georgie went peacefully yesterday

😂😂😂😂

😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂

😢

You pressed the wrong button that’s not a “pointing up emoji” that is middle finger!

Aww why are you sending the laughing emoji?

👏👏👏👏👏👏👏

Thought it was the upset one

Reminds of a text I got from an old mentor yesterday

It was just about 6 years ago when I saw you last. I know bc today it’s been 6 years since my mom died so that is hard to forget

Aww I feel really bad for her :(

I know, it’s a shame

😏

Mum you can’t use that face

seven

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

6 WHY IS MY DAD LAUGHING AT ME FOR NOT GETTING MY LICENSE

It’s with great sadness in my heart that my 49 year old son, Shane, died this morning.

Did you get it

What do the messages in exercise 1 show when using emojis?

Scan the text ‘What do emojis mean?’ on p. 9.

a Match these titles to the correct emojis in the box. • Fire • Eye-roll • Slightly smiling face • Loudly crying face • Folded hands • Eyes, lips, eyes • Clown emoji

b Based on the title and subtitle, what will the main idea of the text be?

Before delving into the text, focus on the vocabulary that is used. a Form groups. You will get a box of words used in the text. Try to find context clues to define the meaning in English. b Form new groups, making sure there is one person per box in the group and try to complete the other boxes with the expertise of the new group.

eight

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

READING

What do emojis mean?

How millennials and Gen-Z use them very differently ▶ A guide to the countless differences in the way generations and even genders use emojis

n the beginning, they were just a few keyboard characters at the end of your sentences, added to convey emotion or look “cool”. But when emoticons graduated from simple characters to well-expressed emojis, they spurred a universal language of their own.

Thoraya Abdullahi

For the uninitiated, emoticons are textual portrayals of faces and emotions represented by 5 keyboard characters such as punctuation marks, letters and numbers. Emojis, on the other hand, are the little pictorial icons we all know and love today.

It was 2009 when several engineers from Apple submitted an official proposal to adopt 625 new emoji characters into the Unicode standards, with the decision of making emojis accessible from 2010. Suddenly, they were on phones, social media platforms and emails 10 everywhere. Millennials versus Generation-Z Young people did not waste any time incorporating them into their messaging habits. A text without an emoji nowadays might make you seem “dull”, “rude” or too “serious”. Use a thumbs up or a smiley face, however, and you’ll have injected a spot of positivity and enthusiasm into your note.

15 “When I encounter someone who doesn’t use emojis, I immediately sense they are either

significantly older than me, or it is work and I have to be extremely professional,” says Asma Nur, a Gen-Z public relations specialist in the UAE.

“It makes me uneasy either way. We use them to express our thoughts and feelings without words. With emojis, you can communicate so many things by using one or two icons, 20 cutting down the time you need to type it out. It’s time-efficient and conveys emotion easily. It also makes for interesting ways of expressing oneself.”

nine

My conversations are peppered with emojis and seem dry or emotionless without All of this has made face-to-face or phone conversations a rarer form of communication among young adults. Those in Generation-Z, who were born between 1997 and 2012, might

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

believe growing up in the peak social media era gives them an advantage, but millennials, 25 who were born between 1981 and 1996, were there from the start: they witnessed this new

invention come to life. “I think nowadays emojis have become a huge norm within conversations via text or online,” says Mona Arshe, a British millennial teacher and psychologist in the UAE.

“Growing up, it went from emoticons on MSN and Blackberries to later emoji usage on 30 smartphones. Even now, my conversations are peppered with emojis and seem dry or emotionless without. Now, Gen-Z have evolved emoji usage and made several combinations of their own with a different meaning. But I’ve noticed trends move on quick.” Emojis have only grown more sophisticated, too. Every year, Unicode adds more options to its approved list, broadening visual communication and diversifying its selection of icons. 35 Now you have emojis of different shades and genders, representing a wide variety of

occupations and religions, plus people with disabilities. It has become a movement to celebrate and embrace our differences digitally.

And this continues to evolve. As of October 2020, there were 3,521 emojis in the Unicode standards. Nearly one in five tweets contain at least one emoji, and five billion emojis are 40 sent daily over Facebook Messenger, according to Emojipedia statistics.

But there are differences in the ways we use them. Millennials, for example, use emojis simply to make texts friendlier and more understandable. People in this age group consider them an alternative tool for non-verbal cues.

On the other hand, Gen-Z use them in a more nuanced and ironic way. Here are 7 ways Gen-Z use emojis differently to millennials 1.

While millennials might use a heart or even roses to express their approval of someone’s post or picture on social media, Gen-Z may turn to the fire emoji for this, to say something is “hot”, “on fire” (not literally), “lit” or “turnt up”. 2.

Gifs of celebrities rolling their eyes is a common way of conveying sarcasm or moderate disdain, but not for Gen-Z. For ages 9 to 24, an eye-roll emoji indicates a “duh” moment, often expressing sentiments such as: “Yes, I know I am all that and a bag of chips” or “Why do you even bother asking?”.

You might think this one is quite straightforward – if you’re a millennial, that is. Older folk tend to use the smiley face for its literal meaning, but it’s also often used to express awkwardness or discomfort in situations. For instance, when a friend texts you to apologise for being late, you reply with “smile” to make them uncomfortable and to convey your building frustration.

ten

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

This is a classic example of Gen-Z expressing excitement, anger, frustration, laughter and many more overly dramatic feelings. Someone said something hilariously stupid? Or something’s so cute you can’t handle it? You can use any kind of text with this emoji to exaggerate and highlight your words – it’s all in the context. For older millennials, however, this might just come off as crying and could actually make them worried. 5.

This emoji has sparked so much debate as to what it actually represents. It is commonly used by both generations but in very different ways. Many older millennials use it as high-five, while Gen-Z use it as a please and thank you accompanied by requests. The “person with folded hands emoji” is also used in India to say “namaste”. According to Emojipedia, it means please or thank you, prayer, and rarely a high-five. 6.

This combination of emojis, which is usually found in the comments section of a TikTok video, represents staring, shock, anger and surprise or even means “it is what it is”. Someone might use this combination of emojis to express helplessness amid the chaotic realities unfolding.

For millennials, these emojis might remind them of the emoticon characters ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ during BBM or early Facebook days. 7.

The clown face emoji was approved as part of Unicode 9.0 in 2016, and later saw a notable jump in usage on TikTok. It is often used by Gen-Z to express silliness or playfulness, typically saying “you are foolish or playful” or “you are clowning right now”.

How our use of emojis has changed The coronavirus pandemic has changed our world in many ways, including our use of emojis. Icons related to travel and places (for example, desert island ) have decreased, while the usage of the medical mask emoji ( ) spiked.

80 That said, there are some instances in which emoji use still hasn’t become the norm – for

example, in the job-hunting process.

“We are yet to see an emoji on a CV,” says Louise Vine, managing director of Inspire Selection, a recruitment company in Dubai. “I don’t think it’s required since an emoji is a form of expressing your emotions and your CV should state facts. The two do not go hand in 85 hand.”

eleven

However, she adds, they can be OK to use once a relationship has been established. “In emails, once rapport has been built between a candidate and a client, we do use emojis, such as a smiley face or perhaps a ‘sad’ one, when appropriate. It would also depend on who the audience is and the tone of the email.

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

90 “In short, we would not be offended to receive an email with an appropriate emoji.”

Sarah Rasmi, a licensed psychologist and founder of the UAE’s Thrive Wellbeing Centre, clarifies that “emojis add more emotions to a message, they can lighten things up, soften a negative or a difficult message, and also be playful”. But they can also make it more challenging to read people over text, she warns. “Different 95 people can interpret emojis in different ways.” Case in point: millennials versus Gen-Z.

Rasmi still describes them as an “integral part of our communication” that can be used to “strengthen our message and deepen our bond”. Ultimately, though, they’ll never replace face-to-face contact, no matter how old you are. “Seeing someone smile in person is more likely to conjure feelings of warmth and 100 closeness than looking at a smiling emoji.” Adapted from The National News

Now read the text in detail and answer the questions.

a What is the difference between emoticons and emojis?

b What impression do you make when you are not using emojis according to the article?

c What are the advantages of using emojis over text? List at least 4!

d What determines if you are a millennial or belong to Gen Z?

e What is an effect of using emojis for Gen Z?

twelve

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

READING

How do emojis help us embrace our differences digitally?

g Why is there no place for emojis on a CV according to the article?

h What is the biggest danger of using emojis?

Over to you! Give two different meanings to the text messages below using a different emoji. Explain the meaning of your text.

written INTERACTION

When is mum coming home? Emoji:

Emoji:

Meaning:

Shut up!

Emoji:

Meaning:

You look really hot.

Emoji:

Meaning:

thirteen

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

4 You don’t want to do that! Emoji:

Emoji:

Meaning:

I’m really looking forward to her party on Friday. Emoji:

Emoji:

Meaning:

2 / ALL CAPS – Period. 1

watching

Watch the video and answer the questions.

a Name three things Alessio will not do when texting his girlfriend.

b Who is referred to as the quick finger demographic?

c What is the first thing teenagers do when they get a new phone?

d What does it mean when you use a period in a text?

e Place the correct number of exclamation marks after each emotion: Sarcastic:

Perfect:

Is there really something wrong with the way young people write their texts? Watch the video and answer the questions. a What is the main idea of the video?

fourteen

UNIT 1:

Extremely excited:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

watching

b What is the word used to ‘indicate the varieties of language used for a particular situation’?

c What is ‘crytyping’?

How to write a problem statement

d Complete the problem-solution text structure. A Conclude by summarising the problem and solution. B What are the attempted solutions? C What are the results/examples of these solutions? D What is the problem? E Who/What is the topic of the text? F Why is it a problem?

There are different rules and standards when using online written communication.

a If you get your language wrong, it could result in slight awkwardness and in ancient times, even death. b Online communities have started to use capitals and interpunction to convey something that does not appear in written conversations: tone. All Caps is shouting, all lower case is calm normal conversation.

The solution is to learn how to use the different registers of online communication and use them accordingly. a It turns out that typing in all lower case actually takes quite some effort because you have to go back and undo all the capitalisation. b Sometimes people will capitalise words for effect. c Repeated exclamation marks can be used for more emphasis. d Question marks are used for rising tones (marking insecurity) whereas rhetorical questions can be recognised by the absence of a question mark. e Periods / full stops mark a falling tone and are often perceived as serious or even angry. There is no single correct way to write. There are standards and conventions and registers for different use. All these varieties of online communication are just other registers. fifteen

a Not everyone understands the different registers or knows how to convey ‘tone’ in the right way. b It deviates from ‘standard English’ and may cause confusion.

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

e When do you use a problem solutions structure in a text or presentation?

Look at the punctuation chart below. Can you name all the punctuation marks?

What are the 16 Punctuation Marks? .

Indicates that a thought or sentence is complete

;

Shows emphasis or emotion in a sentence

Introduces or points to related text

’

()

Enclose extra information in sentences

UNIT 1:

Provides pauses by separating parts of a sentence

[]

Add context to a quote or offset text within parentheses

‘’

Set off quotes inside larger quotes

—

Interrupts a sentence to add information or show emphasis

{}

Set off incidental or optional information or thoughts from the rest of the sentence

…

Omits parts of your writing

Let’s test your knowledge! Your teacher will dictate a text. Try to correctly place capitals and punctuation marks.

sixteen

“”

Mark quotes or citations in a sentence

Indicates that letters have been omitted or shows a noun’s possession

–

Shows number ranges and connections between similar words

Joins related words together to create compound words

Makes a sentence into a question

Connects two separate but related independent clauses

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

Step 2

Your silence speaks volumes Code switching and register

1 / Non-verbal communication 1

watching

Watch the clip and answer the questions.

b Why do you think he switches?

a What is striking about the way ‘Obama’ speaks to the people here?

The phenomenon in exercise 1 is called ‘code switching’. Discuss these questions.

a Have you ever heard of this? Discuss, and try to come up with a good definition based on what you learned in the previous step and the video.

SPOKEN INTERACTION

seventeen

b Do you ‘code-switch’ when speaking? Think of two examples or situations in which you have ‘code-switched’ your language.

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

Not only do we code-switch, but we also use our body language to convey our ideas and thoughts. This can be as confusing as spoken language, it seems.

READING

a Look at the picture and complete the missing words. Choose from:

cuckold – five – good luck – great – I don’t know – look out for him – one – pay me – pointing – rock on – sorry – up yours – you can’t fool me – you’re gay – zero/nothing

Source: ETQT

b Do you know any other gestures that differ in your culture?

c What do we usually convey with body language? Choose the correct answer. professional ideas exactly what we say emotions

eighteen

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

fears and frustrations rational thoughts opinions

We say much more than we would like with our body. Read the infographic you find on Diddit and answer the questions.

READING

a What is the main idea of the infographic?

b What is a synonym for non-verbal signs?

c Sort the dos and don’ts of non-verbal communication in the table below. Don’ts

Dos

✔

✘

✔

✘

✔

✘

d Why is ‘tone’ so important?

e Is it wise to become the office-clown? Why (not)?

How can you avoid making assumptions?

nineteen

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

What is your body language like during presentations?

WRITING

a Preparation: think back to your latest presentation. Which of the poor habits did you recognise in yourself? b Action: list two bad habits you will focus on, and explain how you will improve them. One of the habits I will focus on during my next presentation is

What I can do instead is

I could also try

This is a problem for me because

Another bad habit I have during presentations is

I will focus on

Maybe I can This should help me improve my presentation techniques.

c Reflection: swap your paper with a classmate and read their text. Do you agree with their focus points? Give them some feedback, and then add their feedback to your text.

My classmate thinks that

I agree / don’t agree with that. I will / will not use their feedback to improve.

2 / Do you speak corporate? 1

Brutal honesty!

a Imagine the following situations. What would you say? What would you REALLY want to say? Complete the table below, and then discuss. 1 Your mom/mum just bought a new dress, she is wearing it out on an important dinner tonight. The dress is hideous, what do you say? What you say:

What you REALLY want to say:

twenty

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

SPOKEN INTERACTION

2 Your friend calls you impatiently, asking where you are. You were supposed to meet 10 minutes before. You are still in the bathroom at home. What do you say? What you say:

What you REALLY want to say:

What you say:

What you REALLY want to say:

3 A co-worker just asked you out on a date. You really don’t want to go, but you also don’t want to make it awkward. What do you say?

4 Your boss wants all the starters to do inventory and stay late. You really don’t want to stay because you have a birthday party to go to. How do you say this to your boss? What you say:

What you REALLY want to say:

b What do we call these ‘lies’?

twenty-one

c Why do we sometimes twist the truth or maybe even lie to other people?

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

While working from home, TikTok creator Laura Whaley started making videos to help people express themselves professionally. She created an artificial intelligence programme called ‘Work Bestie’.

watching

a Watch the video and complete the table below. What you really want to say:

How A.I. Work Bestie professionally says it: If pay increases are within the budget, when can we expect the company to communicate that?

My inbox is monitored between the hours of 8 am and 5 pm, so please do not expect a response outside of this window.

As I plan towards my professional future, I want to understand what career paths may be available to me within the company.

I encourage you to use the resources that you have access to prior to reaching out to me for support. If you are still unable to find the answers after doing your own research, I’m happy to assist.

I’m here to support where needed however this task falls withing your responsibility.

It’s my understanding that this falls within the scope of your responsibility.

These concerns were raised a month ago and no action was taken to address them.

twenty-two

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

The number of tasks I currently have assigned to me far exceeds what’s manageable within a 40-hour work week. Is there a way to automate some of these tasks or get additional support to complete them? Can you please share an agenda as to what this meeting is intended to cover during this allotted time?

b Look at the underlined words in Work Bestie’s text. Which of these do you know? Tick them off. an increase to be monitored a resource prior to a scope a concern

to be raised to address to be signed to a person to exceed manageable

to automate additional to cover allotted

My sentences:

My classmate’s sentences:

c Choose two words you don’t know. Look them up and try to use them both in a sentence (8 words minimum per sentence). Look for a classmate with a different word pair and write down their sentences too.

d Do you think people actually use these words in office communications? What does this say about a person when they use these expressions?

Spot the corporate. Tick the expressions you hear in the following sketch. hard stop hope is not a strategy in the dark in the loop land the plane moving the needle forward peel back the onion pick your brain play it by ear

watching

put a pin in it raise the bar seal the deal sharpen our pencils silver bullet square the circle touch base wheelhouse win-win

twenty-three

ASAP boots on the ground burning the candle at both ends circle back drill down elephant in the room gather the troops going forward hammer things out

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

Read the article about business jargon and answer the questions.

READING

a What is the definition of business jargon? Find synonyms in the text.

b How did the author research the use of business jargon for this article?

c Why do we use business jargon if 1 in 5 respondents admits to not liking it?

d Find synonyms for the following expressions. shared values, goals and practices that characterise an organisation an impossible amount of effort

words composed of the first letters of each word in a routinely-used phrase

Give 2 arguments for using business jargon and 2 against using it.

e Explain in your own words how the word bandwidth changed meaning in corporate speak.

PRO

twenty-four

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

CON

Business jargon: a survival guide for the office

Anna Dobson

1 No matter how fluent you are in the language, anyone working in the English-

speaking business world will come across words and expressions that can be confusing if you’re not a native speaker (and sometimes even if you are). This is business jargon, also known as corporate speak – a collection of buzzwords 5 and phrases that have a double meaning, in both a literal and business sense. Used wisely, they can smooth communication and enhance credibility; used badly, or misunderstood, they can do the opposite. It may seem daunting to have to learn yet another layer of language for the workplace but in order to sound professional when communicating with corporate 10 colleagues, clients or suppliers around the world, it is crucial to understand these expressions, and how to use them too. In fact, we polled 1,551 respondents, 1 in 5 of which answered that they dislike business buzzwords but use them nevertheless for precisely this reason. Here is what we found.

twenty-five

Key takeaway: More than 1 in 5 people said they dislike corporate buzzwords 15 We conducted our own research to find out what people really think about the use of jargon at work. More than 1 in 5 people, in a survey of 1,551 respondents, said they dislike corporate buzzwords. Yet 2 in 5 say they hear them at least once a day and 7 in 10 say they use them, too. Why do we talk in corporate speak if not everyone likes or understands it? Well, 20 confirming the research above, more than three quarters of respondents believe it makes people sound more professional, and almost as many say that’s precisely the reason they use it themselves. […]

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

Key takeaway: The most widely recognised business buzzword is “win-win”

Some phrases are more commonly used and understood than others. The most widely recognised was “win-win”, which 63% of respondents understood to refer to a 25 mutually beneficial solution or arrangement. This was closely followed by “culture” – with 61% of respondents choosing this. The term refers to “company culture”, or the shared values, goals and practices that characterise an organisation. Next came “ASAP” (58%) and “think outside the box” (57%) and “moving forward” (56%).

Worst business jargon and corporate buzzwords

twenty-six

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

30 Business writing is sometimes mocked for relying too heavily on jargon. In our

research, the phrase, “new normal” was deemed annoying by 43% of people, perhaps thanks to its association with the pandemic. “Culture” irritated the same amount of people. After all, a company’s attitudes aren’t always positive – as did “circle back” (here we go again?). “Boots on the ground,” an 35 expression borrowed from the military, was also unpopular with 42%, suggesting an unpleasant battle ahead. Finally, 41% were irritated when they were asked to “give 110%” – it is an impossible amount of effort, after all. […]

What is classified as business jargon?

Some jargon is specific to particular professions, such as technical terminology 40 used by doctors, lawyers or plumbers, but much of it is common across the corporate world. It includes metaphors, abbreviations and acronyms (words composed of the first letters of each word in a routinely-used phrase). Many business buzzwords have been borrowed from the sporting world to convey a professional meaning. For example, ‘touch base’ is a baseball term that means 45 ‘catch up’ or ‘connect’ when used in a work setting. Others have been repurposed from the technology industry. Take the word ‘bandwidth’; initially used to refer to the capacity of an internet connection, it is now commonly used to refer to an individual’s available time or attention span. So if someone asks, ‘Do you have the bandwidth for this?’ they actually want to know if you 50 have the capacity to tackle or take on the issue at hand.

What is the purpose of business jargon?

Typically, buzzwords are used as shortcuts to communicate longer, more complex ideas without wasting time or effort. It is quicker and simpler to say, ‘Let’s take a rain-check,’ than ‘Let’s postpone this meeting and reschedule at a more mutually convenient, yet still-to-be-determined time.’ 55 But it is only clear if everyone understands the term’s meaning in a corporate, as well as literal sense. According to research at Columbia Business school, published in Harvard Business Review, jargon can often act as a barrier to clear communication. The challenge, then, is to learn how to daunting: causing fear or 60 use it wisely. discouragement; intimidating As the same research shows, using appropriate jargon to enhance: to raise to a higher in the correct situations can give customers or clients degree; intensify; magnify confidence in your expertise, and signal your credibility to mock: to humiliate, to shame to professional colleagues.

twenty-seven

Adapted from Preply

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

Connect these 10 examples of business jargon with the correct meaning. close/end of play

Alerting you to how a situation or plan seems to be developing, which you need to be aware of.

on the same page

This acronym stands for ‘as soon as possible’ and demands an urgent action or response.

put it on the back burner

Checking if you both share the same understanding of, or position on, the situation in question.

raincheck

This once referred to a ticket for a sports match that had been rescheduled due to bad weather. In a business sense, it means to postpone a proposed meeting or activity.

outside the box

Describes easy wins – problems that are simple to solve or achievable targets that are likely to generate maximum success with minimal effort.

ASAP

A sporting term that signals the end of a match – meaning they need it by the end of the working day.

circle back

ducks in a row

Means to avoid obvious solutions and take a fresh or unheard-of approach to a problem.

heads up

Term refers to getting things organised or set up well.

low-hanging fruit

A suggestion to pause discussion of the topic at hand, with a plan to return to it at a later point.

Literally moving a pan to a smaller ring at the back of a kitchen hob – means to temporarily put it aside, while you deal with higher priorities.

twenty-eight

UNIT 1:

Now use 5 of the expressions in exercise 5 in a sentence.

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

In written communication you will often see abbreviations or acronyms. They are much faster to type, but can be confusing if read literally. Fill in the ones you know then go around the classroom until the list is complete. Abbreviation/Acronym

Meaning

a FAQs b ASAP c E.g. d BAU

e COP POC

g BTW h FYI i

N/A

TBC/D

l 8

k MOM PSA

You are the intern at a large company, and you are asked to make a poster to hang up in the office.

WRITING

a Preparation: pair up and choose who is going to make which poster.

Create a poster to hang in the shared kitchen, asking everyone (politely but firmly) to keep the kitchen clean and put the dishes in the dishwasher.

2 There is a social mixer after work with lots of networking opportunities. Everyone needs to be informed about it, so you design a poster to hang on the message board.

twenty-nine

b Action: make your poster. Make sure to take the context into consideration, and to use the appropriate register! Then show and discuss your poster with your partner. Explain your choices.

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

c Reflection: reflect on your task by filling in the checklist below. Checklist: office posters

Yes

I think so

1 Assignment • I followed the instructions and included all the information in my poster. 2 Context & register • I used the appropriate register. • My tone/vocabulary match the context of the situation. • I used corporate expressions where I could.

3 Language • I used correct grammar. • I used the correct vocabulary. • I used correct spelling and punctuation.

Feedback

thirty

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

SUMMARY Translation

My notes

VOCABULARY

Word IDIOMS

terugkomen op, iets hernemen

by close/end of play

einde van de dag

to have their ducks in a row

alles op een rijtje zetten

heads up

opgelet

outside the box

creatief, niet gebruikelijk

to be peppered with

doordrongen van, doorspekt met

to put it on the back burner

op een laag pitje zetten

to be on the same page

het eens zijn met elkaar

to take a raincheck

uitstellen, tegoed houden

to circle back

allotted diversifying

voorziene, toegewezen variërend

gevestigd, opgericht, bepaald

established

ADVERBS & ADJECTIVES

ironisch

manageable

haalbaar, werkbaar

nuanced

met onderscheid, verschillend

significantly

aanzienlijk

sophisticated

geavanceerd, verfijnd

time-efficient

tijdbesparend

uninitiated

niet-ingewijde, leek

ironic

an advantage

voordeel

awkwardness

onbeholpenheid, gêne

a concern

bezorgdheid, probleem

an increase

verhoging

an instance

voorval, voorbeeld

a non-verbal cue

non-verbale aanwijzing

a resource

een bron, hulpmiddel

a scope

omvang, bereik

thirty-one

NOUNS

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

Word

Translation

My notes

VERBS zich richten tot, aanspreken

to have assigned to someone

toegewezen krijgen, opgedragen krijgen

to automate

automatiseren

to conjure

oproepen, tevoorschijn toveren

to consider

overwegen, rekening houden met

to convey

iets overbrengen, duidelijk maken

to cover

dekken, (kosten) vergoeden

to cut down

inperken, minderen

to disdain

minachten, een afkeer hebben van

to embrace

accepteren, omhelzen

to exaggerate

ontmoeten, tegenkomen overdrijven

overschrijden, meer zijn dan

to exceed

to encounter

to address

to incorporate

bevatten, omvatten

to be monitored

gecontroleerd worden

to be raised

onder de aandacht brengen, naar boven halen

to spike

pieken, snel stijgen

to spur

iemand aansporen

OTHER

te midden van

ASAP

z.s.m. (zo snel mogelijk)

prior to

voordat, voorafgaand

amid

thirty-two

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

CHECK OUT: REWRITING A TEXT Orientation You have been sent home because of a violation of the school dress code. You are furious and you disagree with all of it. You want to take action. You will have to rewrite a text using three different registers.

Preparation Look up the dress code regulations in your school and decide which ones you don’t agree with or would like to change. Find good arguments as to why you want them to change. Fill out the writing frame to outline your problem, using the problem-solutions structure. How to write a problem statement Who/What is the topic of the text?

What is the problem?

Why is it a problem?

What are the attempted solutions?

What are the results/examples of the solutions?

Conclude by summarising the problem and solution.

Action

There are three assignments to do. Follow the specific instructions below. Use your problem-solution outline but make sure you use the correct language and register for each assignment. 2

You first decide to write a message to your best friend, complaining about the issue. Write a text message conversation of 100 words, using appropriate emojis.

written The next step is to email your class teacher, informing her about the incident, explaining INTERACTION how you feel you have been treated unfairly. You are polite but not overly formal (150 words).

The final step is to write a short article for the school newspaper in which you fight the existing dress code and call for a change. You want students to react, but you also don’t wish to offend the principal! (250 words)

UNIT 1:

written INTERACTION

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

thirty-three

WRITING

Reflection 5

Reflect on your task by filling in the checklist. Checklist: office posters

Yes

I think so

1 Assignment • I followed the instructions and included all the information in my work.

2 Context & register • I used the appropriate register. • My tone/vocabulary match the context of the situation. • I used idioms or expressions where I could. 3 Language • I used correct grammar. • I used the correct vocabulary. • I used correct spelling and punctuation.

Feedback

thirty-four

UNIT 1:

ACCORDING TO EMOJIPEDIA

UNIT 2: INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES check in

main track

Step 1: using urban slang

Step 2: understanding the generational divide

summary

check out: presenting a new slang word

CHECK IN Do you speak adolescent? 1

watching

Watch the video about Gen Z Police. a Tick the slang words you hear. Gucci I stan L lag low-key no cap on God out of pocket periodt rizz

say less slaps snack snatched sus take a seat vibe check yeet zaddy

bestie bet cheugy cringe deadass facts fam finna flop era ghosting b Highlight the ones you know.

c How can you find the meaning of those you don’t?

watching

Watch the video and connect the slang words with the correct meaning. 1

bussin’

zaddy

slay

clothing

level 4 excitement

exceptionally tasty

insult

It slaps

acceptable, accepted.

finna

You are doing an excellent job at that.

fit

It pays a lot of money.

drag

Tell me more.

Gucci

older man who is also somewhat attractive

pays guap

I am not worried about other people’s opinions.

It is working poorly, not functioning as it should.

I am going to, I am preparing to.

I love you.

car

I think this is funny.

whip

13 14

It’s sending me

thirty-six

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

MAIN TRACK Step 1 1

Is the Urban Dictionary still ‘cool’? Using urban slang

watching

Watch the video and answer the questions.

a What is explained in this video?

b Is this a reliable video source that you could use for school? Why (not)?

c When does a ‘slang’ word become unpopular?

Statements

d Are these statements true or false? Correct the false statements. True False

1 Drake came up with the acronym YOLO in his song Hotline Bling.

2 ‘Cheugy’ means: off trend, out of touch or trying too hard.

3 The word ‘booze’ comes from the German word ‘Boze’ which means evil. 4 The word ‘cool’ temporarily lost its ‘coolness’ in the fifties.

Complete the missing information of the ‘cheugification’. Cheugy was invented in

by Gaby Rasson.

It made its way into the

in 2018.

In 2021 an article in the NY times explained how Gen Z used it to point out .

By publishing an article, the word was

and used by the older

generation, and so the word ‘cheugy’ itself became outdated and is now no longer used by

. thirty-seven

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

What is special about ‘on fleek’? Explain.

Why has the word ‘cool’ survived so many generations?

Which dictionary is mentioned as a collection of slang words in the video?

Look at these words. Discuss what their meaning could be with a partner. Then go online and find out if you were right.

man stand

Actual meaning

a ham

What we think it means

Word

beef walk

chipmunking

thirty-eight

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

SPOKEN INTERACTION

Word

What we think it means

Actual meaning

a crapella

litmus text

hagging

Read the article ‘Street smart: Urban Dictionary’ and answer the questions.

READING

a What is the main goal of this text?

b Link the field of study to the correct definition. Field of study

Definition

etymology

The editing or making of a dictionary.

lexicography

A branch of linguistics that studies how social factors impact language use.

sociolinguistics

The history of a word or phrase shown by tracing its development and relationships.

c What is the main difference between the Urban Dictionary and other dictionaries?

thirty-nine

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

d What does NPOV stand for?

e Does the Urban Dictionary also use NPOV? Explain why (not).

How does the ranking system work?

g What was Peckham’s first entry in 1999?

h Why do young people share their slang on the Urban dictionary?

Street Smart: Urban Dictionary

Virginia Heffernan

1 The first time I used Urban Dictionary, the online open-source dictionary of slang,

I was looking for “timbos”. I thought I knew what the word meant — Timberland boots — but I hoped to discover whether timbos were still part of hip-hop style or had reverted back to being the farmwear I’d known as a kid. (The usage example 5 put to rest my query: “Man when we was runnin from the cops my timbos felt like air nikes on me.”)

That’s a lot of service from this exquisite and unorthodox resource, and it’s not atypical. With more than four million definitions submitted so far, and 2,000 more coming in every day, Urban Dictionary is a stunningly useful document that unlike 10 most media is made and used by actual young people — in droves. The site had 15 million unique visitors in April. In a typical month, 80 percent of its users are younger than 25. The population with the biggest ego stake in slang — divining it, protecting it, practicing it, spreading it, declaring it over — actually creates and patrols the content.

forty

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

15 Almost perversely, Urban Dictionary avoids most of the standard dictionary

apparatus. You won’t find information about parts of speech, etymologies or even standard spellings in it. Its sensibility, in fact, borders on the illiterate, which must be a first for a dictionary. It’s also packed with redundancies and made-up entries. This chaos seems to please Aaron Peckham, the company’s founder and 20 chief executive. “Wikipedia strives for its NPOV — its neutral point of view,” he told me by phone. “We’re the opposite of that. Every single word on here is written by someone with a point of view, with a personal experience of the word in the entry.”

Better, then, to accept at the outset that Urban Dictionary is not a lexicographical project at all. Its wheelhouse is sociolinguistics. It’s a quick way for 9-year-olds 25 to learn without embarrassment what “T&A” is and an equally discreet way for boomers to study the nuances of “booty.” A ranking system means that the best definitions make it to the top of the list. Clunkers swiftly fall to the bottom.

But this community policing doesn’t mean that Urban Dictionary contains only actual words. Far from it. An entry is often likely to be an ad-hoc neologism, 30 invented just for this dictionary. […] These neologisms serve to crystallise and critique entire experiences or social subsystems. A “pornocchio” is someone who exaggerates his sexual experience; post this “definition” and you’re one up on the world’s pornocchios. A “manicorn” is the mythic female-friendly hero of romantic comedies like “Say Anything.” Coining the word doubles as ribbing the genre and 35 debunking the fantasy.

Peckham started Urban Dictionary in 1999 when he was a freshman at California Polytechnic State University. Among the first definitions on the site was “the man”, which the site now defines this way: “The man is the head of ‘the establishment’ put in place to ‘bring us down.’”

40 As an online linguistic resource, it now rivals the supremely self-conscious

Wikipedia. And though Urban Dictionary is widely considered the best place to privately educate yourself about indelicate pop phenomena, it also has no trouble attracting ads, including ubiquitous Google links to sites like Timberland.com. The home page has a backward-running catalog of the site’s Word of the Day,

45 which Peckham chooses himself. Most evoke social scenes through inside jokes. Or

not so inside; not anymore. The dictionary has cleverly incentivised subcultures to show their hands and publish their snickers and asides.

Why would so many kids want to give up their jargon? Maybe they’re chasing a “neologasm,” which was the Word of the Day on Jan. 14: “the pleasurable feeling 50 from having coined a new word.”

forty-one

Adapted from The New York Times

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

Find a word in the text with the same meaning. The words are printed in bold in the text. Fill in the base form of the word (e.g. the infinitive, add an article, etc.). Definition

Word in the text

a half-suppressed laugh, often disrespectful

a large crowd of human beings, especially in motion

a question

an area of expertise

good-natured teasing

in a stubborn way, rejecting what is right, good, or proper; corruptly

make up; invent; fabricate

motivate or encourage (someone) to do something

not conforming to rules, traditions, or ways of conduct

10 of special beauty or charm, or rare and admirable 11 old and rusty car

12 omnipresent, existing or being everywhere

13 something that is not needed, extra, superfluous. 14 specific, specified

15 to become definite

16 to expose a claim, sentiment, etc. as being false or exaggerated 17 to guess something

18 to maintain the order and security 19 unable to read and write

20 words spoken softly or secretly because they may not to be heard by others present.

Look at the example entry for the Urban Dictionary below.

a Number the different parts of the dictionary entry, using the key below. 1

definition

head word

tags

upvote and downvote counts

usage examples

user and date

forty-two

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

b What do the words in colour that are also underlined and bold indicate?

Dictionary

Urban dictionary

c Compare the urban dictionary entry to a regular dictionary entry. What are the differences?

d What do they have in common besides the head word and the definition?

WRITING

10 Over to you!

a Preparation: choose one of the slang words we encountered in the unit or one of your own favourite words (be sure to avoid profanities).

b Action: make an entry for the Urban Dictionary, based on the template.

“

”

by 144

forty-three

893

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

c Reflection: check your task by filling in the checklist below. Checklist: Urban Dictionary entry practice

Yes

I think so

1 Assignment • I chose an appropriate word. • My entry includes all the categories. 2 Language • We used correct grammar. • We used the correct words. • We used correct spelling and punctuation.

Step 2

Are you like low-key old?

Understanding the generational divide

Watch the TikTok video.

watching

Feedback

a Which generations are mentioned in the video?

b Do you know which generation you are a part of?

How can different generations understand each other? a Read the introduction to the text and summarise what the article is about.

b Focus on the part ‘Defining the generations’ and match the generations to the correct era in the subtitles. Choose from the following. The Greatest Generation (GI Generation) The Silent Generation Baby Boom Generation Generation X Millennial Generation (Generation Y) Generation Z (iGen) Generation Alpha

• • • • • • •

c Where does the term “baby boomers” come from?

forty-four

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

READING

d Why do theses boomers have a significant influence on the world?

e What do ‘the silent generation’, ‘Gen X’ and ‘Gen Z’ have in common?

Name at least three traits Millennials have in their lives that differ from other generations.

g Which generation will be the most significant one and why?

h What is the binding factor between generation Alpha and Gen Z and Millennials?

Focus on the part ‘Words that change their meaning over time‘ and place the following slang terms with the correct meaning. FTW GOAT I’m Dead SMH

• • • •

Salty Drip Juice Tight

• I’ll bet • Tea

Understanding the Generational Divide – Its Impact on Slang

• • • •

Fares Zoghlami

1 In a world where generational labels like “Ok, Boomer” and “Parennials” are being

forty-five

thrown around and becoming normalised more than ever, do any of us know what exactly they mean?

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

This blog post will go on a deep dive, exploring what the generational divides are 5 and how the younger, more progressive generations are the ones who dictate what

new slang words are included in our global lexicon.

Defining the Generations

Though most of the generational divide is defined by America’s course of history, it has impacted the rest of the globe due to its popularisation of modern-day entertainment, its imposing presence in World War II, and its military colonisation 10 of foreign cultures. This developed a shift of trends in pop culture and international standards and impacted regions across the western world, especially with the advent of internet technology and global communication. Below is a summary of the recent generations and what makes them stand out from one another. •

(1): Born 1901–1924

15 This generation defines the people in America who grew up during the Great

Depression and fought in the second World War. The term is thought to have been coined by former NBC News anchor and journalist Tom Brokaw, who wrote a book titled “The Greatest Generation”.

(2): Born 1928–1945 • This generation was born during a period of economic trouble during the Second 20 World War and grew up in the tense ever-changing world afterwards. This is the smallest of the generations, and they are known for being thrifty and resourceful, respecting authority, and behaving loyally towards their jobs and families.

• (3): Born 1946–1964 This generation makes up a significant portion of the world’s population, especially in more developed nations. The term “Baby Boomer” is derived from the boom in 25 births that took place after the return of soldiers from WWII. Because of their high numbers and relative economic prosperity during their careers, they have been a significantly influential generation.

• (4): Born 1965–1980 This generation’s name comes from a novel by author Douglas Coupland titled Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture. Like the silent generation, 30 Generation X has been defined as an “in-between” generation. Gen X households got access to more modern technology and experienced the run-up to the dot-com bubble of the late nineties. This generation experienced the internet as young adults and had to learn how to embrace the new technology. • (5): Born 1981–1996 This generation is named because they were born near or came of age during 35 the dawn of the 21st century. This is the first generation born into a digital world where technology has always been a part of their daily lives. They are much more progressive in their political and religious views than their predecessors and are

forty-six

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

more likely to explore a variety of different career paths in their lifetime. They primarily want to travel young and pursue hobbies that bring a sense of personal 40 fulfilment.

• (6): Born 1997–2010 This generation is the follow-up to the XYZ naming convention and the first generation to grow up in a world where social media communication is standard. Due to this, they are sometimes stereotyped as tech-addicted and anti-social. Gen Z is also known as an “in-between” generation, as they mirror millennials on critical 45 social and political issues, but without much of their optimism, and as Generation Alpha is online at a much younger age, it is distinctly hard to draw a line between these three tech-influenced generations. • (7): Born 2010 -2024 This generation started in 2010 - the year of the iPad’s launch – and the last Gen Alphas will be born around 2024. Much more remarkable is that they will be the 50 most significant generation the world has ever seen, with 2 billion Alphas well on the way. We will see a continuation of some characteristics of Gen Z and Millennials, as their unifying factor is technology.

It is hard to keep pace with such distinctive generational changes and what they mean, especially when it comes to a young person’s experience of a rapidly 55 changing world. These kids will have used technology proficiently by age six, have experienced a global pandemic, and their media consumption will primarily be through online content.

Words that change their meaning over time

Below are some examples of words that have shifted their meaning and usage over time and how the subsequent generations used the words in differing contexts.

• (a) 60 “F–k the World” used to be used as a defiant stance against everything, commonly used in the rebellious ages in the 70s. Now the abbreviation typically stands for “For the Win”, which is derived from online gaming culture.

• (b) The word used to mean “to make someone annoyed or angry”. This expression comes from an old tradition in horse racing, which is thought to have a calming 65 effect on high-strung thoroughbreds; a goat was placed in the horse’s stall the night before the race. Opponents would then steal the goat to anger the horse and cause it to lose the race. The word now means “Greatest of all time”, which comes from the famed boxer Muhammad Ali’s nickname.

forty-seven

• (c) This used to mean that you were in a lot of trouble. For example, you got a bunch of 70 missed phone calls from your parents because you were out late. Now, however, it is used in response to witnessing something incredibly funny or amusing.

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

• (d) This acronym was used to mean “so much hate” as an appropriate response to a hurtful or uneducated remark. It is now more commonly known as “shaking my head”, You use it when you want to react to something that left you at a loss for 75 words, and the only thing you can think of doing is shaking your head.

• (e) In olden slang, salty meant someone who has been around the block and is someone you don’t want to mess with. Now that phrase has been wholly flipped and is used to describe someone annoyed or upset at something unreasonable. • (f) This usually meant that you have charisma and attractiveness dripping out of you, 80 but the word has changed slightly to become synonymous with “swag” or your clothing, outfit and accessories.

• (g) In some circles, the juice was slang for alcohol or illegal substances. However, now it is the be-all-end-all word to determine how much battery life your smartphone has.

• (h) 85 This was used to describe people who were close friends with one another. Now it is used to describe something cool and exciting.

(i) • This was used to express disbelief, whereas now “bet” is to express certainty, similarly to “all right”.

(j) • Technically tea was a response to people asking for the truth, “what is the tea?” 90 However, now it means to gossip, as in “spill the tea” or “spill the beans” in response to how elderly women in the south would get together for afternoon tea and discuss the latest happenings.

Conclusion

Classifying slang can be difficult, especially as new slang emerges and is absorbed into the lexicon year after year. Ultimately, slang will continue to evolve at an 95 increasing pace, creating a distinct generational language gap within the Silent and Alpha generations and everything in between. With how frequently technology improves, novel vocabulary that combines older words and new terms will continue to be created and included within our global lexicon.

Source: Pangea Global / Fares Zoghlami

forty-eight

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

Language model ChatGPT wrote a text using the words in bold from the article. Complete the text with the missing words. Choose from the following. advent (x2) – be-all-end-all – defiant – derived – derive – generational divides (x2) – have been coined – high-strung thoroughbreds – imposing – personal fulfilment – prosperity – pursue – subsequent – the run-up

In the ever-evolving tapestry of human history,

(1) (2) their presence on

societies across time. Each

(3) of a new era brings

have been a returning motif,

with it its own set of values and aspirations, often different from those of the previous generations. These shifts in perspective have led to numerous new terminologies that

(4) to describe the essence of each era, each

derived from the collective experiences and desires of the people. As we look back on the

(5) to the 21st century, it

becomes evident that the pursuit of

(6) was often (7) of life. Success was measured in

considered the

material possessions and financial gains, and

(8) was

often overlooked in the fervor for wealth and status. generations, however, proved to be

(9) (10) in their

approach, challenging the conventional norms and seeking deeper, more meaningful ways to

(11) satisfaction from life.

In the 21st century, the

(12) of technology played a

crucial role in furthering the generational divides. With the digital age came unprecedented opportunities to connect, learn, and grow. However, this also meant new pressures and anxieties, leading to the coining of the term “

” (13) to

describe the constant state of stress and restlessness prevalent among the youth.

In conclusion, journey,

(14) are an integral part of the human

(15) from the ever-changing landscape of

our collective experience. While the pursuit of

(16)

has become a more prominent theme in recent times, it is essential to recognise the contributions of each era and find common ground in our quest for a better, harmonious

forty-nine

future.

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

WRITING

What do you think about the text Chat GPT wrote? a Rate the text that ChatGPT wrote. Complexity

Very Hard

Hard

Neutral

Easy

Very Easy

Very Hard

Hard

Neutral

Easy

Very Easy

Very Hard

Hard

Neutral

Easy

Very Easy

Language

Content

b Now write your opinion about the text ChatGPT wrote. Discuss complexity, context and language use. What is the ‘class word’ of the year?

a Preparation: - Pair up and look up the following TikTok creator: ‘How to British’. - Choose a word or expression that you both like and listen to her typically British Slang alternatives. Then select the one that you would like to add to your vocabulary. - Fill out the table below to prepare for your presentation. Each row represents one slide, so you will have to abbreviate the information. Chosen word/idiom

Etymology of the original word (You will need to look this up!)

Alternatives in British slang (you can add an offensiveness scale to it if you want).

(Slang) Translations/alternatives in Dutch. Act out some realistic situations in which you would use the slang words/idioms. You can do this ‘live’ or make videos in advance. Show your favorite slang alternative to the class and explain why this is the one.

b Action: present your information to the class. Use the information from the table.

fifty

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

speaking

c Reflection: check your task by filling in the checklist. Checklist: (British) Class word of the year

Yes

I think so

1 Content • We presented all the categories in the table. • We presented the etymology correctly. • We acted out realistic and correct examples of the slang.

fifty-one

Feedback

2 Language • We used correct grammar. • We used the correct words. • We paid attention to our pronunciation and spoke fluently.

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

Word

Translation

My notes

IDIOMS the be-all-end-all

neusje van de zalm, het beste van het beste

high-strung thoroughbreds

lichtgeraakt en overwerkt individu met veel werkervaring of goede opleiding

ADVERBS & ADJECTIVES

VOCABULARY

SUMMARY

meteen en ter plekke

defiant

uitdagend, opstandig

derived from

ontstaan uit, afkomstig van

exquisite

voortreffelijk

illiterate

ongeletterd, analfabeet

imposing

dwingend, opgelegd, geforceerd

incentivised perversely

gestimuleerd, gemotiveerd

verontrustend, afwijkend volgend

subsequent

ad-hoc

unorthodox

niet traditioneel, ongewoon

ubiquitous

alomtegenwoordig

NOUNS

komst, opkomst

an aside

een kanttekening

a clunker

autowrak

a drove

troep, hoop

a generational divide

generatiekloof

personal fulfilment

persoonlijke prestaties en succes

prosperity

welvaart, voorspoed

a query

zoekopdracht, vraag

a redundancy

overtolligheid, teveel

ribbing

geplaag

the run-up

aanloop

an advent

fifty-two

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

Word

Translation

a snicker

gegrinnik

a wheelhouse

stuurhut, kajuit

My notes

VERBS (een nieuw woord) uitvinden

to crystallise

verduidelijken, verhelderen

to debunk

ontmaskeren, als vals bewijzen

to divine

voorspellen, gissen

to patrol

patrouilleren

to pursue

nastreven, najagen

fifty-three

to coin

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

CHECK OUT: PRESENTING A NEW SLANG WORD Orientation You have decided you want to add a ‘slang’ word to the Urban Dictionary. This can be an English word/ expression or a word/expression from your own language. All the entries will be collected and together they will make a slang dictionary for your class.

Preparation Decide on the word you wish to add to the Urban Dictionary.

Look up the etymology of the word.

Do some research. Take to the street and interview some people (your age). Ask if people know the slang word you chose and if they use it themselves. Ask them for situations they would use the word. Interview at least 10 people. Make a compilation of your interviews (about two minutes).

Action

Fill out the Urban Dictionary entry template you will get from your teacher and add at least 3 examples. Don’t forget the etymology and offensiveness scale.

Reflection 5

Reflect on your task by filling in the checklist.

Checklist: adding a slang word to the Urban Dictionary

1 Preparation • I chose a slang word and looked up the etymology. • I interviewed at least 10 people. • I made a video compilation (about 2 minutes).

2 Content • I filled out all the categories in the entry. • I filled out the etymology correctly. • I used 3 or more realistic and correct examples for the slang word/expression.

3 Language • I used correct grammar. • I used the correct words. • I used correct spelling and punctuation. Feedback

fifty-four

UNIT 2:

INTERGENERATIONAL BATTLES AND BABBLES

Yes

I think so

SPOKEN INTERACTION

WRITING

UNIT 3: FUNGLISH! check in Step 1: homophones and homonyms

main track

Step 2: false friends

Step 3: advertising and wordplay

summary

check out: designing a company's brand identity

CHECK IN English is hard! 1

Read the poem ‘English’ out loud without making any mistakes in the pronunciation. Then discuss the questions.

SPOKEN INTERACTION

a Who can manage without stumbling? Listen to the correct pronunciation when you are done.

b What makes this poem so hard to read?

c What makes English so hard to learn then?

English T.S. Watt

I take it you already know of tough and bough and cough and dough? Others may stumble, but not you On hiccough, thorough, laugh, and through? Well done! And now you wish, perhaps To learn of less familiar traps?

Beware of heard, a dreadful word That looks like beard and sounds like bird. And dead; it's said like bed, not bead; For goodness sake, don't call it deed! Watch out for meat and great and threat, (they rhyme with suite and straight and debt) A moth is not a moth in mother. Nor both in bother, broth in brother. And here is not a match for there. And dear and fear for bear and pear. And then there's dose and rose and loseJust look them up-and goose and choose. And cork and work and card and ward, And font and front and word and sword. And do and go, then thwart and cart. Come, come, I've hardly made a start. A dreadful language? Why, man alive, I'd learned to talk it when I was five, And yet to write it, the more I tried, I hadn't learned it at sixty-five!

fifty-six

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

A good way to practise your pronunciation in English are so-called tongue twisters. What do you think these are?

Complete the definition with words from the box. enunciation – fluently – pronounce – sentences – sounds (x2) – stories – tongue twisters (1): rare little

(3) that repeat the problem

(4)

(5) to make it difficult

or the same groups of

(6) when you repeat them very quickly in order to

improve your pronunciation,

(7) and ability to speak

more 4

(2) or

(8). Added bonus: they are also fun!

Practise these tongue twisters. Start by pronouncing them slowly and repeat them. Increase your speed as you go! Level: Beginner

✦ He threw three free throws.

Level: Getting the hang of it

✦ If a dog chews shoes, whose shoes does he choose? ✦ I have got a date at a quarter to eight; I’ll see you at the gate, so don’t be late.

✦ Susie works in a shoeshine shop. Where she shines she sits, and where she sits she shines.

✦ English can be understood through tough thorough thought, though.

✦ Any noise annoys an oyster but a noisy noise annoys an oyster more.

✦ Black background, brown background.

✦ Fred fed Ted bread, and Ted fed Fred bread.

Level: Insane

✦ Which witch switched the Swiss wristwatches?

✦ A loyal warrior will rarely worry why we rule.

✦ She sells seashells by the seashore.

fifty-seven

✦ The 33 thieves thought that they thrilled the throne throughout Thursday.

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

MAIN TRACK Step 1 1

It’s the same, but different … Homophones and homonyms

Look at the following pictures and complete them.

Answer the following questions about the words in exercise 1.

a Why do you think people often confuse these word pairs?

b What are these types of word pairs called?

c Do you know any of these word sets yourself?

d What would be the opposite of words that sound the same but are written differently?

fifty-eight

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

Underline and then correct the mistake(s) in the sentences. Sentence

Correction

1 The priest had chewing gum stuck to his soul. 2 She washed her hare in the bathroom. 3 He needed new shoes so he bought a new pear. 4 I can’t wait to meat your parents tonight. 5 There was a leek in the boat and so it sank.

6 Please remember to put your waist in the bin! 7 The doctor got angry and lost his patients in the operating room. 8 The driver took the long root home, and I loved it. 9 She accidentally walked into the mail bathroom!

10 The chef disgust the menu with the bride and groom. Complete the following sets. Meaning 1

Meaning 2

to go in front of

a type of metal

a knot tied with two loops and two loose ends, for tying shoelaces and ribbons

a weapon for shooting arrows

a material thing that can be seen and touched

to disagree with someone

to remember

to call again

a contest in which people or teams compete against each other

a person or thing that is equal to another in quality or strength

not dead or inanimate; living

relating to a musical performance given in concert, not on a recording

an amount of food formed into a narrow block, e.g. chocolate

a counter in a pub, restaurant, or cafe that serves drinks

a gesture or action used to convey information or an instruction

write one's name on (a letter, card, document, etc.) to identify oneself as the writer or sender.

fifty-nine

Word

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

WRITING

Make your own homophone poster. a Preparation: go online and choose ten pairs of homophones. b Action: make a poster using pictograms to make the distinction between the different meanings clear. Look at exercise 1 for examples of how to create fun illustrations. Add a sentence example below each word. c Reflection: check your task by filling in the checklist below. Checklist: homophones poster

Yes

I think so

1 Content • I used 10 word pairs. • I used pictograms or illustrations. • I added a sentence example to each word pair. 2 Language • I used correct grammar. • I used the correct vocabulary. • I used correct spelling and punctuation.

Feedback

Friend or Faux?

Step 2

False Friends

READING

Read the article and answer the questions.

a How does the author define ‘false friends’?

b What are the possible consequences of using false friends?

c Complete the table below. English word

False friends

embarrassed

Meaning pregnant

gift eventuell

German perhaps, possibly all other languages

billion rubber

sixty

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

Language

condom

d Tick of the synonyms that are used for ‘false friends’ in the text. belles infidèles criminal cousins deceptive words

faux pas frenemies false cognates

deceptive daughters treacherous twins

e Try to derive the meaning of the following words from the text. You may already know these words in Dutch. Pejoration:

Amelioration:

What part of language does semantics study?

g Do you know any false friends? Maybe in other languages?

Friend or Faux? The Linguistic Trickery of False Friends By Chi Luu

1 Hapless language learners around the world have fallen into this common linguistic

trap countless times: while learning a language, you desperately reach out for the friendly familiarity of a similar sounding word in that language—only to be met with semantic treachery! Confusingly, the words may not always mean what you might 5 assume from what they sound or look like. Hilarity ensues (for your listeners at least) as the dastardly “false friend” strikes again.

In Spanish for instance, “embarazada” sounds like English “embarrassed” but actually means “pregnant.” The sneaky looking “préservatif“ in French means “condom,” as it does in most other 10 languages that use a version of this Latin word (preservativo in Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, präservativ in German for instance)—except for the outlying English language. Definitely an odd thing to find in food. And as for the poor Germans sidling away nervously if you offer a gift, “gift” means “poison” in German. On the other hand, any Norwegians standing aimlessly nearby 15 might suddenly be intrigued by the offer because “gift” in Norwegian means “married.”

sixty-one

False friends, as many may already know firsthand from their own unfortunate linguistic encounters, are those confusing 20 words and phrases that appear or sound identical or similar to words in their own language, yet have different meanings or senses.

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

The term comes from the longer phrase “false friends of the translator” coined 25 in 1928 by French linguists Koessler and Derocquigny. Since then, they’ve also

been called false cognates, deceptive words, treacherous twins, belles infidèles (unfaithful beautiful women), so as we can see, this inadvertent lexical trickery apparently gives people a lot of feelings. The existence of false friends can have a major impact on how information is 30 received by people across different cultures, and cause serious offense and

misunderstandings. Many examples are benign, such as the etymologically unrelated Italian “burro” (butter) and Spanish “burro” (donkey), or Spanish “auge” (maximum, culmination, top), French “auge” (basin, bowl) and German “auge” (eye). These all happened to 35 converge into the same form at the same time, from different cognates. Making a mistake with these words might result in a laugh or two, but some other lexical traps have a more interesting effect on communication.

False friends do not always stem from false cognates. They can diverge markedly in word sense from the same etymological origins, through semantic changes such 40 as pejoration or amelioration as speakers move away from certain meanings and towards others. The fact that they clearly appear to come from the same source can actually cause confusion when we least expect it. Consider a longer word like “fastidious,” which has come to develop a slightly more 45 positive nuance in English (attentive to detail) compared to its cognate counterparts in the Romance languages, “fastidioso” in Spanish, “fastidiós” in Catalan, “fastidieux” in French and “fastidioso” in Italian. All these words were drawn from the same Latin word “fastidium,” meaning “loathing, dislike, disgust.” Research has recorded multiple examples where most European languages follow

50 each other in maintaining a certain word sense, while English seems to go another

way. “Eventually” (in the end, finally), for example, means “perhaps, possibly” in German “eventuell” and Spanish “eventualmente.” Other examples are “actually” (“really, in truth” in English vs “currently” in other 55 languages), “fabric” (“a textile” vs “factory”), “etiquette” (“polite behavior” vs “label”) and even “billion” (“a thousand million” in English vs “a trillion” in other languages). Make a mistake in your accounting with that last example and you’d have a bit of a problem.

sixty-two

Well, with all this embarrassing confusion it’s enough to make a person stop 60 learning languages—false friends can also be found lurking in the dialects of the same language, as many researchers have pointed out. George Bernard Shaw is famously reputed to have said “The United States and Great Britain are two countries separated by a common language,” and that’s putting it mildly when it comes to false friends. Misunderstandings of words like 65 “rubber” (eraser vs condom), “pants” (trousers vs underpants), “suspenders” (straps to hold up trousers vs stockings), “biscuit” (hard cookie vs a soft scone), “fag” (cigarette vs a pejorative term for a gay man), “fanny” (vulgar slang for vagina vs backside) can cause some serious blocks in communication, if not outright offense in some cases.

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

70 Because meaning can be fluid and languages eventually change, it can be often

confusing for speakers, for language learners, and translators to find that finely preserved words and phrases no longer mean what they once meant. While we might have to do more work to overcome the treacherous pitfalls of the false friend, they also preserve a lexical legacy between and within languages that reveals much 75 about the movement of meaning over time. Adapted from Daily Jstor

Look at the words that are underlined in the text. Match them to the correct definition below. hapless

situated far from the center or main area

treachery

unfortunate or unlucky

ensues

to come together at a common point or focus

dastardly

to happen as a result or consequence

outlying

moving or sliding sideways in a secretive or cautious manner

sidling away

hidden or unsuspected problems or dangers

benign

betrayal or deceit

converge

in a noticeable or significant manner

diverge

hiding or staying hidden, often with a sense of potential danger

markedly

to separate and go in different directions

lurking

wicked or malicious in nature

pitfalls

gentle, kind, and harmless in nature

Below is a list of very commonly confusing false friends between English and Dutch. Complete the list. Use a dictionary where needed. English

Definition

Dutch

what a squirrel eats, fruit of an oak tree

eekhoorn

someone who is being bold or cheeky

brutal

eventual(ly)

Definition

connotation, definition

mening

refers to the final or ultimate result of a series of actions sixty-three

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

English

Definition

Dutch

hard

Definition

hard

willen

uncommon, exceptional; lightly cooked steak

raar

die of hunger, go very hungry

sterven

brave

strange

rare

modal verb used to express inevitable events or the future tense

obedient

classy, good looking, stylish

brave

map

file, folder, dossier

kaart

piece of paper, often with purposeful writing like wishes or congratulations.

English has a lot of ‘confusing’ word pairs. Their meanings are similar but not quite the same. a Choose the word that best fits the sentence. b Then make a sentence with the other word. Sentence

1 The cuts in government spending will seriously EFFECT/AFFECT the budget for education this year.

My sentence:

2 The sun RISES/RAISES in the east and sets in the west. My sentence:

3 It’s very SENSIBLE/SENSITIVE thing to always carry an umbrella in Belgium; you never know when it will rain. My sentence:

sixty-four

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

4 No, I will BORROW/LEND you no more money until you have repaid me what you owe! My sentence: 5 Can you believe the Zara saleswoman? She wouldn’t let me exchange the top without a RECIPE/RECEIPT My sentence:

My sentence:

6 It’s such a beautiful sunny day, I wish I could LIE/LAY in the grass all afternoon with a good book.

7 I am QUITE/QUIET impressed by your results; you have worked very hard this trimester. My sentence:

8 She was FORMALLY/FORMERLY known as Smith before she got married; now she goes by the name Peters.

My sentence: 9 A band of rogue GORILLAS/GUERILLAS tried to rob the bus full of tourists. My sentence:

10 While I was on holiday I WONDERED/WANDERED how my parents were doing back home. My sentence:

11 Is there ANY WAY/ANYWAY we can put off the test until tomorrow, miss? Please? My sentence:

12 We will crush the competition this Sunday; there is just no way we will LOOSE/LOSE!

sixty-five

My sentence:

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

Spoken Roleplay a conversation with ‘false friends’. Obviously there will be some misunderstanding interaction and confusion. You can choose which language the false friends are from, as long as the listening conversation is in English. a Preparation: pair up. Write out a realistic conversation with at least 5 ‘false friends’ in it. Use a separate piece of paper. b Action: act out your dialogue. c Reflection: - How did your conversation go? Checklist: false friends conversation

Yes

I think so

1 Content • We used 5 false friends in our conversation. • Our conversation is realistic.

2 Language • I used correct grammar. • I used the correct vocabulary. • I spoke fluently and without reading off of my preparation. • I paid attention to my pronunciation.

Feedback

- While listening to the other dialogues, can you spot their false friends? List five new pairs of false friends you hear. New False Friends

1 2 3 4

sixty-six

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

You laugh, you lose

Step 3 1

Advertising and wordplay watching

Watch the clip with ‘dad jokes’ and answer the questions. a Combine the ‘dad jokes’ with the pun of the joke. Joke

Pun

1 What do you call Pikachu after he joined the Black Lives Matter movement?

Just bear with me.

Why was the man’s birthday so stinky?

How dairy!

What did the car say to its tires?

A wokemon.

A guy threw a gallon of milk at my head…

Because they taste funny!

What does a grizzly say when he calls customer service?

Because they lactose.

A pasta-tute.

Why don’t cannibals eat clowns?

G Because he was turning farty.

What is Harry Potter’s favourite way of going downhill?

Thanks for keeping it wheel!

Why do cows have hooves instead of feet?

J.K. Rowling

What do you call someone who sells themselves in exchange for spaghetti? 1

sixty-seven

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

b What do all these jokes have in common? Which technique do they use?

c Find a good ‘dad joke’ and make your neighbour laugh. 2

One place where word play and puns are often used is advertising. Read the article and answer the questions.

READING

a What is the goal of using puns and play-on-word slogans in advertising?

b Which linguistic techniques does the play-on-words use?

c What are advantages of using a play-on-words in your advertising? Name two!

✔

d What are the dos and don’ts of using play-on-words in your ads?

✔

sixty-eight

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

Don’t

✘

The Play-on-Words Appeal Curtis Newbold

WHAT IS THE PLAY-ON-WORDS APPEAL? 1 The Play-on-Words Appeal is one of roughly twenty advertising strategies that marketing professionals use to persuade people to buy a product, pay for a service, donate to a cause, or otherwise be persuaded. 5 The Play-on-Words Appeal uses creative use of language and visual metaphors to intrigue and please audiences. The Play-on-Words Appeal applies figures of speech like puns and idioms and hyperbole to encourage audiences to pay attention, remember, 10 and enjoy the advertisement as a unique display of creativity.

WHEN SHOULD I USE THE PLAY-ON-WORDS APPEAL? The Play-on-Words Appeal is a great way to showcase your company as creative, fun, and personally engaging with your target audience.

Because most people tend to enjoy the puzzle and subtle humor that is embedded in plays on words, the 15 Play-on-Words Appeal is useful for creating a positive, memorable perspective of your company, product, or idea in a way that is often not too controversial (but that will depend on the subject matter you choose).

20 Be careful when using the Play-on-Words Appeal to make sure that your target audience

will actually understand the play on words and that you don’t create something too cliche. HOW DO I APPLY THE PLAY-ON-WORDS APPEAL IN ADVERTISING? There are nearly endless possibilities with the Play-on-Words Appeal as you might integrate any type of figure of speech or as you actually play with word choice.

The Play-on-Words Appeal can be tricky as you 25 determine the education level of your audience and the effectiveness of your visuals and language in harmony with the play on words.

sixty-nine

When you choose to use the Play-on-Words Appeal, be sure to use creative imagery that enhances the text 30 (if you have any text), but be careful not to simply repeat in text what is already shown in a visual. Note that your audience will need to understand the puzzle and humor very quickly, thus it’s a good idea to test your play on words with several people in your target 35 audience before you actually launch a campaign using this method.

Source: Curtis Newbold via TheVisualCommunicationGuy.com

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

READING

Match the brand to the ad. A B C D E

Chiquita DHL Durex Horizon Dental Care Ikea 1

F Nike G Ricola H Sheffield Hallam University I Simonis roofing 4

J Strongermarriage.org K Swiss Life L The Atelier M Tiffany’s N Volkswagen 9

Now rate them on a scale of 1 to 10. The one that you feel is most innovative, funny, witty is number 1 obviously!

Try to come up with a good play-on-words or pun for one of these advertisements.

WRITING

a Preparation: choose one of the pictures and decide what product the ad could be for. Use your imagination. It can be anything, it doesn’t need to be in the picture. You can always add in the product later. b Action: come up with a good play-on-words or pun for the picture you chose. Add it to the picture and hand in your assignment. Don’t forget to add the product or company you are advertising for somewhere in the ad.

c Reflection: check your work by filling in the checklist. Checklist: Play-on-Words ad

1 Content • I came up with a good play-on-words. • I handed in a visually attractive ad. • I mentioned the product or company I am advertising. 2 Language • I used correct grammar. • I used the correct vocabulary. • I used correct spelling and punctuation.

Feedback

seventy

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

Yes

I think so

SUMMARY Translation

My notes

VOCABULARY

Word ADVERBS & ADJECTIVES

goedaardig

dapper

goed verzorgd, deftig

dastardly

achterbaks, geniepig

hapless

ongelukkig, onfortuinlijk

lurking

verscholen, loerend

markedly

duidelijk, opvallend

outlying

afgelegen, ver buiten

rare

zeldzaam

sensible

verstandig

NOUNS

benign

eikel

an amelioration

verbetering

an appeal

aantrekkingskracht

an enunciation a hare a leek a pejoration

articulatie, uitspraak haas prei

verslechtering valkuil

a pitfall

an acorn

a receipt

ontvangstbewijs

a recipe

recept

a rein

teugel

a squirrel

eekhoorn

a target audience

doelpubliek

a treachery

verraad

invloed hebben op

to converge

samenkomen

to diverge

afwijken, uit elkaar gaan

to encourage

aanmoedigen, stimuleren

to ensue

voortvloeien/voortkomen uit

to persuade

overtuigen, overhalen

to showcase

tonen, presenteren

to sidle

sluipen, schuiven

to starve

verhongeren

to affect

seventy-one

VERBS

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

CHECK OUT: DESIGNING A COMPANY'S BRAND IDENTITY Orientation During the last team meeting, your boss announced a competition: whoever comes up with the catchiest new slogan, wordplay and/or pun to boost the company’s image gets a promotion.

Preparation Pair up or work alone.

Decide on a company that needs rebranding or a company/brand the entire class likes. This is the brand that you will all use.

Use the word plays and linguistics in this unit as inspiration. Design a new brand identity or promotion around the word play for your company or brand.

Create a good hashtag that needs to go viral with your new design.

Action

Stylise your ideas and turn them into an Instagram post. You can use a program like Canva that has ready-made templates for social media posts.

Adapt the design to fit your rebranding and word play. Don’t forget to add your hashtags.

Pitch you rebranding to your co-workers in a one-minute speech or reel. Convince them that your idea is the best one so they will vote for your design.

The designs will be put in a gallery. There will be a week to vote, and after that the winner will be announced.

Reflection

Reflect on your task by filling in the checklist below.

Checklist: Instagram wordplay post

1 Content • I used one of the techniques/wordplays from the unit. • I used good hashtags in my post.

2 Creativity • I handed in a visually attractive post. • I handed in an original idea.

3 Language • We used correct grammar. • We used the correct words. • We used correct spelling and punctuation. Feedback

seventy-two

UNIT 3:

FUNGLISH!

Yes

I think so

WRITING

speaking