VIMINACIUM AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTINUUM ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN
G r o u p 1 - B e a s l e y , O l i v e r ; G h a n n o u m , M a j a ; G r u s z c z y Å„ s k i , B a r t o s z & Po l a t , U.U l a s
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COURSE DETAILS Dipartimento Di Architettura Urbanistica Ingegneria Delle Costruzioni Studio: Thematic Studio 2020 Course: Architecture and Urban Design Proffessor: Galbiati, Paola Group: 1 - Beasley Oliver, Ghannoum Maja, Gruszczyński Bartosz & Polat U.Ulas Date of Exam: 22.06.2020
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ANALYSIS 1. Geographic Position.............................................................................5
2. Serbian Architecture.............................................................................10
3. Regional Typologies...............................................................................14
4. Regional Morphologies.......................................................................18
DESIGN STRATEGY
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1. Intervention Points and Accessibility Network..........25
2. Main site plan..............................................................................................34
3. Point A - Ships Dock............................................................................38
4. Point B - Viminacium Archaeological Site....................42
5. Light Weight Structure......................................................................52
6. Point C - Viminacium Core Area.............................................60
7. Viminacium Museum and Research Centre...................64
8. Point D - Sustainable Energy Centre..................................80
ANALYSIS EXERCISE
1. Arena Do Morro by Herzog & De Meuron..........................84
ANALYSIS 1. Geographical Position
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poland ukraine czech republic
slovakia
austria
hungary romania
croatia
serbia
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bosnia and herzegovina
bulgaria montenegro
kosovo
north macedonia
albania italy
greece
european context
branicevska oblast
region juzne i istocne srbije
serbia
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pozarevac
branicevska oblast
regional and provincial context
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the danube crossi
ing eastern serbia
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2. Serbian Architecture
Pre-History
Belgrade Fortress is the core and the oldest section of the urban area of Belgrade. The first mention of the city is when it was founded in the 3rd century BC as “Singidunum” by the Celtic tribe of Scordisci. Belgrade Fortress is generally divided into four sections, two of which make the fortress itself (Donji and Gornji Grad) and two make Kalemegdan park today.
Medieval Period
The Smederevo Fortress is a medieval fortified city in Smederevo, Serbia, which was a temporary capital of Serbia in the Middle Ages. It was built between 1427 and 1430. The fortress has 25 towers and its walls are crenellated walls (fortified walls) and over 2 meters thick.
The Serbo-Byzantine architectural style or Vardar architectural school The Gracanica monastery, monastery located in Kosovo Built in 1321.
Serbian
Orthodox
11 Ottoman architecture The Bajrakli Mosque is a mosque in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It was built around 1575 and is the only mosque in the city out of the 273 that had existed during the time of the Ottoman Empire’s rule of Serbia.
Serbo-Byzantine revival
Modernity
St. Mark’s Church, Belgrade, completed in 1940. It is one of the largest churches in the country.
Art Nouveau and Secession style Raichle Palace in Subotica, nestled by the Hungarian border, constructed in 1904
Socialist Yugoslav period
Modernism (1948–92) Beogradanka tower, modern high-rise building in the Belgrade downtown area constructed in 1974, It is one of the symbols of the city and representative of the “golden age” in the development of Belgrade. It is a 24 story building, 101 m tall. Built of aluminium drapes and the double-paned thermo-pane glass
Brutalism Eastern City Gate is officially known as Rudo and is nicknamed the Three Sisters. The work on the towers began in 1973 and lasted until 1976. Built by Dragoljub Micovic. Each of the three buildings is 28 storeys and contains 190 apartments. Altogether, Rudo can accommodate up to 2000 people. The facades were never completed and there are serious issues with the overall structure today.
Brutalism Apartment and office building “Genex Tower” or the so-called “West Gate” (1970-1980) is the most significant work of Mihajlo Mitrovic in Belgrade. According to Dragana Mecanov, Mitrovic’s visit to Chandigarh in India left an enormous trace in his creative work, primarily reflected in the honest use of the materials such as raw concrete (Mecanov, 2015:30)
12 Brutalism Sports-recreational Center “25 May” in Belgrade. Aiming to mirror the sharp forms of the Kalemegdan Fortress or a sailboat on the water in its composition of the sports complex.
Contemporary period
The materialisation of the sports centre is reduced to the use of surface made of red brick and raw concrete, modularly segmented by joints, which further stressed its expressive appearance (Jevtic, 2004:13)
Museum of Contemporary Art is an art museum located in Belgrade. It was designed by Ivan Antic and Ivanka Raspopovic in 1960, with construction beginning that year and continuing until 1965, and founded in 1958 as the Modern Gallery. Because of its shape, architecture and location, it has been called the “crystal at the confluence” or an “(architectural) jewel”.
Spomeniks
Monument to the Fallen Soldiers of the Kosmaj Partisan Detachment, in Koracica, Serbia Opened in 1971
Pre-History and Medieval Architecture in the region
Branicevska region has several sites dated to Pre-Roman, Roman or Byzantine periods, such as Ram Fortress, Golubac city, Viminacium ... etc Viminacium is an ancient fort covering a total area wider city and 220ha of majority of which remains
Roman city and military of around 450ha of the the inner city, the vast under agricultural fields.
Serious explorations were not carried out until the end of the 19C and virtually no ruins were excavated until 1970. Some 40,000 pieces of archaeological artefacts currently reside in the National Museum in Pozarevac, one of the closest major cities. The first area to be excavated in the 20thC, was the Mausoleum, home to around 13,500 graves. The site is currently made up of nine different sites: six of which are Roman archaeological excavations; one a 1.5 million-year-old mammoth remains and the other amenities for its touristic and administrative functions.
In the region, we can see multiple examples of the Byzantine revival Architecture. In Kostolac we have the St George Church and St Maximus Church. Both of those churches were built in the 20s century with the characteristics of Byzantine revival.
Serbo-Byzantine revival in the region
The Church Kostolac is Dragutin V.
of St. George in the village of an endowment of the shipowner Todic and his wife Leposava.
It is located on a hill known as the Little Town, an area with a very long continuity from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages. The church dedicated to St. George in the village of Kostolac was built in 1924 according to the project of the architect Pero Popovic with characteristics of Byzantine revival. The church is very richly equipped with iconography, stained glass, furniture and bells.
frescoes,
Brutalist Architecture in the region
Brutalist buildings are not usually seen in smaller cities like Kostolac or other small areas around Viminacium. Meanwhile, In Pozarevac as one of the biggest cities around Viminacium, we can find a couple of examples. Pozarevac County Court is one of the most important Brutalist objects constructed outside Belgrade. In terms of composition, the building is based on the interaction of several cubic volumes, connected in such a way that their base doesn’t have any horizontal communication, which is why they give the impression that the primary form has been broken up. The disintegration of the form stems from the author’s opinion that it is necessary to emphasize, even in visual terms, the difference between the functions in the object, which is why several building units were constructed – the Building of Pozarevac County Court, County Public Prosecutor’s Building and the Building of Organized Labor Court (Curcic, 1974:1)
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3. Regional Morphologies
Agricultural areas
Viminacium
Selo Kostolac
Drmno
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City Morphologies in the Region
Power plant
Kostolac
Pozarevac
5. Selo Kostolac
6. Viminacium
3. Power Plant 4. Drmno 2. Kostolac
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1. Pozarevac
1. Pozarevac
5. Selo Kostolac
- High-Density - Functions: Residential, commercial, Institutional and other, - Streets Geometrical street Grid
- Low Density - Linear distribution - Functions: Residential and Agricultural with some commercial activities - Streets Linear, natural street Grid
2. Kostolac
6. Viminacium
- High-Density - Functions: Residential, commercial, Institutional and other next to some agricultural lands - Streets Geometrical street Grid
- Low Density - Functions: Archaeological site and Agricultural lands - Streets Geometrical street Grid
3. Power Plant
7. Agricultural Areas
- Average Density - Functions: Industrial - Streets Geometrical and natural street Grid
- Rare existence of buildings - Functions: Agricultural - Streets Geometrical, made according to the distribution of farms and Agricultural lands
4. Drmno - Low Density - Scattered buildings - Functions: Residential and Agriculture with small variety of other functions - Streets Natural street pattern
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4. Regional Typologies
Typologies In the region of Pozarevac, Kostolac, Drmno, and Viminacium building typologies tend to be more Residential, Agricultural and Industrial with some of other types like Mixed-used buildings or Public utilitiese. The architectural style tend to be traditional and built in traditional materials like bricks or concrete. In the center of those small cities we can find some buildings built in Brutalism style specially in Pozarevac such as the Pozarevac County Court.
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Fisherman Campsite
St. George Orthodox Church
SELO KOSTOLAC
Dock
Airport
TE K Powe
River Police
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TE Kostolac A Power Plant Municipal Hall Conference Center Shopping mall
Nautic Club Gradska Beach
KOSTOLAC
Sports Hall F.K Rudar Stadium
St. Maxim’s Orthodox Church
KLICEVAC
Viminacium
Kostolac er Plant
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DRMNO
Football Pitch
“Geonard� Geological research
Industrail Areas Residential - utility mixed areas Single and multi family housing areas with agricutlural utilities Religious Buildings Sports facilities Industrial Buildings Public Buildings Others
SELO KOSTOLAC
Viminacium
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DRMNO
KOSTOLAC
Industrail Areas Residential - utility mixed areas Single and multi family housing areas with agricutlural utilities Religious Buildings Sports facilities Industrial Buildings Public Buildings Others
Housing and Agricutural facilities
Single or multi family buildings with one or two stories Agricultural hangars Architecture: -Typical building techniques (Brick, Concrete, or ceramic blocks) -No specific style, occassional examples of traditional, vernacular architecture.
Mixed utilities
Single or multi family buildings with one to three stories with other functions in the ground floor Architecture: -Typical building techniques (Brick, Concrete, or ceramic blocks) -No specific style, occassional examples of traditional, vernacular architecture and extentions of existing buildings.
Industrial buildings
Large scale buildings of a specific function ( production, power generation) Architecture: - Utilitarian, function related - No specific style. Built with steel structures or concrete.
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Remains of castles and fortresses, and settlements serving as memorials, museums and touristic attractions. Architecture: - Roman settelments
Religious Buildings
Churches, Mosques and cemeteries Architecture: - Built with different material and styles like masonry, bricks or stones. - Diverse styles such as Ottoman or (Neo) Serbo-Byzantine
Sport
multifunction sport halls, football pitches, basketball or volleyball fields Architecture: -Utilitarian - large spans built with steel or concrete structures.
Public Buildings
Multi functional, multiple stories Architecture: - Style mostly Modern or Brutalist -Typical building techniques (Brick, Concrete Blocks or Reinforced Concrete)
Public Buildings
Sport Buildings
Religious Buildings
24 Historical Buildings
Industrial Buildings
Residential & mixed use
DESIGN STRATEGY 1. Intervention Points and Accesibility Network
A. SHIPS DOCK
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points of desig
B. VIMINACIUM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
gn intervention
C. VIMINACIUM MUSEUM AND ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRE D. SEC & ERI CENTRES WITH ECOLOGICAL PARK
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Ram
Ram Golubac & Iron Gates
Viminacium
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Smederevo Belgrade and others
CONNECTING DANUBE ROMAN LIMES
CONNECTING WITH OTHER SITES
Viminacium is not located directly on the Danube river, and that could effect the tourism flow in it. Therefore, developing this point will help in bringing more people to the area and to include Viminacium with tours going along the Danube River and most important to connect the Site with the Danube Roman limes programs.
Viminacium is surrounded by multip touristic attractions, that is a big oppor area. Introducing the area and making c with other sites could improve the tourism
Also with The Roman Limes tours transportation instead of Nautical.
connection
Special Nature Reserve Deliblatskac
Golubac & Iron Gates
Viminacium
Ecological Park
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CONNECTING NATURAL PARKS
ple important rtunity for the collaborations m flow in it.
Proposing an ecological park near Viminacium in the Quarry will also make invite people visiting the near Natural Reserve to explore the area and the remains of the quarry.
s using road
This could also let Nature Seekers to explore Viminacium site coming to the Quarry.
n strategy
10 min 15 min
10 min 20 min 10 min 20 min
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WALKING
CYCLING
Walking to Viminacium from the Danube river Dock or Kostolac could take an hour and it could not be the most convenient way for tourists or local people to go there.
Cycling could be used as a way Viminacium, it could take 30-40 min But taking into consideration peo from the Dock could not prefer takin Viminacium rather than a bus or a
Better for Tourists to arrive in different ways of transport to Viminacium and then they can walk inside Viminacium Archaeological site. Total time spent inside the Viminacium archaeological site could vary between 30 min and 2 hours, depending on the tour and the sites that tourists want to visit there.
Meanwhile, some programs are enco tourism using Bikes, especially in The We want to Introduce those programs t and to connect the area with other sites by bike) or Golubac fortress (4h by bike).
territorial tra
30 min From Ram
No cars zone No bikes zone
to arrive at to get there. ople arriving ng a bike to a renting car.
ouraging Slow IRON GATES. to Viminacium s like Ram ( 2h
ansportation
60 min From Golubac 10-12 min 10 min 15 min
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120 min From Belgrade
DRIVING As for driving to Viminacium either with a private car, rental car or a bus, it takes 10-12 min to reach the site from the Dock or Kostolac and Almost 2 hours to arrive from Belgrade, and 1 hour from Golubac. Cars inside the Viminacium Archaeological site are not allowed. Tourists can arrive park and continue walking or using Bikes but not inside the main Archaeological site.
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accessibilit
ty network
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2. Main Site Plan
Master Plan As we were working on the valorisation of Viminacium site we chose three main sites to work on. Each one of those parts is playing a big role in valorizing the area and preserving it. The main focus of our project was preserving the archaeological areas in Viminacium site and proposing areas for research and studies for all the excavations coming from the site. As for other areas, such as the Dock on the Danube river, it is crucial for the development of the Nautical transportation in the region and for connecting Viminacium to other touristic attractions and to make it as one.
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DANUB RIVER
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KOSTOLAC THERMAL POWER PLANT
A. DANUB DOCK
B. VIMINACIUM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
maste
er plan
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0
C. VIMINACIUM MUSEUM & ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER
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D. SEC & ERI CENTERS & ECOLOGICAL PARK
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3. Point A - Ships Dock
Danube Dock The dock is the main point of connecting the Danube river with Viminacium and with all small cities around. It will help in developing tourism in the area by providing a new way of transportation. It will be tourists first destination coming from the Danube to visit Viminacium and by that, we will be making Viminacium as a part of bigger touristic attraction. Another use for this area will be for Local people living in Kostolac, to park their boats and to sit and enjoy the natural views along the river.
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SECTION AA P1
SECTION AA P2
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SECTION BB
SECTION CC
SECTION DD
0
5
25 m
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4. Point B - Viminacium Archaeological Site
Viminacium Archaeologysite Currently, only 3% of the site is excavated and we are aiming to develop the area and to make it more suitable for tourists to come and visit and explore the area while the excavation works are still going. Our proposal is providing a closer view for tourists on the site without harming the excavations or disturbing the work of the archaeologists while excavating the areas, and to provide a safe and shaded path both for tourists and archaeologists.
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SECTION AA
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SECTION BB
0
5
25 m
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view of the archaeol
logical site entrance
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view of the archaeological s
site and proposed coverings
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view of the archaeologica
al site and the watch tower
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5. Light-weight Structure
Light-weight structure All structural members are made of light gauge steel, with line bracing. The complete structure is extremely light-weight , thus easy to transport, store and assemble on site. Made of repetitive, modular elements, can be freely modified and adjusted width- and lengthwise. Designed as a temporary shelter for archaeological works, could also serve for longer periods of time or different functions. Proposed solution is thought to provide maximum simplicity and cost-effectiveness, while being a valuable element of a larger architectural composition.
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ELEVATION A
SECTION AA
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ELEVATION B
SECTION BB
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6. Point C - Viminacium Core Area
Viminacium Core Area We treat Viminacium as a large open-air museum, thus we focus on improving accessibility and spatial organisation. In the very heart of Viminacium, we create a system of buildings for several activities. To the existing Domus Scientiarum and legionary fort, we add a museum and an archaeological research centre, enclosing a square-like space, Aim of our intervention is to provide a well-functioning system, clear building hierarchy and appropriate conditions for work and exhibition. Furthermore, by slightly changing road layout, we provide a clear distinction between entry/touristic zones, therefore improving safety and simplifying spatial orientation.
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SECTION AA
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SECTION BB
SECTION CC 0
5
25 m
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7. Viminacium Museum and Research Centre
Museum and Research Centre The main building in Viminacium site is the Museum and research centre. Those two different functions will be combined into one building with separation of the functions inside and keeping some areas for both Employees/Archaeologists and Visitors. We will be providing areas for exhibit excavations coming from Viminacium site, with some areas for temporary exhibitions for local artefacts. The research centre will also be open in some areas for local people such as the Library, Seminar room and some multifunctional rooms. This centre is not only important for preserving the cultural heritage but also it has a big importance for the local community, as it’s helping in improving the area in terms of education, research and economy.
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a. Entrance, Lobby, Reception b. Security c. Archive d. Cafe e. Offices f. Seminar Room g. Library h. Multifunction room i. Analysis j. Workshops
1. Entrance, Lobby, Reception 2. Sitting areas and cafe 3. Storage 4. Offices, security, administration 5. Sitting 6. Permanent and Temporary Exhibition areas
ground fl
floor plan
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a. Entrance, Lobby, Reception b. Security c. Archive d. Cafe e. Offices f. Seminar Room g. Library h. Multifunction room i. Analysis j. Workshops
1. Entrance, Lobby, Reception 2. Sitting areas and cafe 3. Storage 4. Offices, security, administration 5. Sitting 6. Permanent and Temporary Exhibition areas
first flo
oor plan
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SECTION AA
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SECTION BB
Library Workshops for excavations
Analysis room
sect
tions
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Permanent and temporary exhibitions areas
SOUTHERN ELEVATION
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EASTERN ELEVATION
eleva
ations
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exploded a
axonometry
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Detail The structure of the building is a SPACE TRUSS with a span of 18m Column used to hold the space truss are a covered HP 400x231 profiles. We added some extra columns in some areas for more support, like in the Museum under the 1st floor balcony. The facade is mostly glazed and covered with a movable curtains from the inside, to reduce the sunlight and to control the lightning that enters the exhibition spaces. From the outside the facade is covered with a steel wire mesh. The mesh is fixed to a steel frames together fixed to the facade.
Steel Plate
Vertical baten Tile holders Gravel fill Water proofing Thermal insulation Vapor barrier Leveling screed Corrugated sheet
Facade Tiles Mechanical anchor
Space Truss
Steel Column HP 400 X 231
Steel Frame
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Floor tiles Screed Thermal Insulation
Water Proofing
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viminacium archaeological r
reseach centre and museum
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8. Point D - Sustainable Energy Centre
Sustainable Energy Centre We are creating a joint Sustainable Energy Centre and Ecological Research Institute inside the current topography of the quarry. It will be connected to the Viminacium Site and form an extension or partner to it’s exhibited areas. This is designed to regenerate the area of the quarry which has undergone substantial ecological destruction in the pursuit of nonrenewable energy As a consequence it is proposed to provide facilities to study the future of local ecology in the area and renewable energy globally. Providing a poetic new use inside the dramatic and destructive site of the quarry. The majority of the site, however, will be treated largely as a new park and ecological zone. Providing the most economical reuse of this enormous area.
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SECTION DD
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SECTION EE
SECTION FF
0
5
25 m
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ANALYSIS EXERCISE 1. Arena Do Morro by Herzog & De Meuron
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