Hyper Synergies [Ulises Juliao & Ruben Taboada]

Ruben Taboada [MArch] | Ulises Juliao [MArch]

Architectural Association School of Architecture Emergent Technologies and Design 2012-2014

London MMXIV

HYPERSYNERGIES

HYPERSYNERGIES Ruben Taboada [MArch] | Ulises Juliao [MArch]

Acknowledgments_ This thesis would have not been possible without the guidance and collaboration of of Michael Weinstock and George Jeronimidis, which have been a truly inspiration throughout the course. In addition, we would like to thank our tutors Evan Greenberg, Mehran Gharleghi and Wolf, whom have played an important role

in

this

piece of work and during our learning process at the school.

Lastly, but not less important, we want to thank God, our families and friends for their infinite sup-port and constant words of encouragement which help us to fight for what we are today.

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE GRADUATE SCHOOL PROGRAMME

Emergent Technologies and Design 2012-2013

Students:

Ulises Juliao [MArch] Ruben Taboada [MArch]

Course Title:

Master in Architecture

Course Tutors: `

Michael Weinstock, George Jeronimidis, Evan Greenberg, Mehran Garleghi.

Submission Date:

14TH February 2014

Declaration: " I certify that this piece of work is entirely my/our own and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledge."

Signature of Students(s):

Ulises Juliao [MArch]

Ruben Taboada [MArch]

CONTENTS_ 1. CONCEPT_ 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Introduction

2. RESEARCH_ 2.1 THE URBAN CENTURY Cities Are The Answer, But What Is The Question?.

2.1.1 Human History And The Origins Of Organization.

2.1.2 The Birth Of The First City And Social Structures .

2.1.3 Modern Cities and Metabolism.

2.1.4 Growth Projections and Fertility.

2.1.5 Cities: The Problem or The Solution?.

2.1.6 Urban Sprawl Vs Urban Consolidation.

2.1.7 Conclusion - The Urban Century, Quo Vadis?.

2.2 DENSITY 2.2.1 Historical Overview 2.2.2measuring Density 2.2.3 High Density / Advantages & Disadvantages 2.2.4 Conclusion 2.3 PRECEDENTS The Emergence of vertical extrusion and hybridization 2.3.1 The origen of Verticality 2.3.2 Vertical Pros and Cons 2.3.3 The Metropolitan Hybridization 2.3.4 Conclusion - The Opportunities in Hybrid Models 2.4 TEST CASE - BRAZIL 2.4.1 Demographic Growth in Tropical Regions 2.4.2 Brazilian Cities Comparison 2.4.3 Rio de Janeiro - Statistics 2.4.4 Conclusion

3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT_ 3.1 DESIGN STRATEGY 3.1.1 Holistic System (Key Elements) 3.1.2 Research Strands 3.1.3 Single-Parameter Optimization 3.1.4 Multi-Parameter Optimization 3.1.5 The Hyper Block 3.2 SITE SELECTION 3.2.1 Barra da Tijuca 3.2.2 Urban Integration 3.3 ENERGY PRODUCTION Low or Zero Carbon Footprint (LZC) 3.3.1 Renewable Sources of Energy 3.3.2 Conclusion 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES Morphological Enhancements 3.4.1 Conclusion

4. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT_ 4.1 CLUSTERS GENERATION & SPATIAL LOGIC Fostering Quality of Spaces & Interaction from sharing benefits of living on the ground.

4.1.1 Typologies in the Tropics - Rio Typologies 4.1.2 Block Formation 4.1.3 Decentralized System 4.1.4 Cluster Generation & Growth Strategy 4.2 SUPERBLOCK FORMATION 4.3 THE HYPERBLOCK

5. CRITICAL ANALYSIS_ 5.1 ARCHITECTURAL EVALUATION & FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

7. APENDIX_ 7.1 SCRIPTS & ALGORITHMS 7.2 IMAGE CREDITS

CONCEPT_ 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Introduction

ABSTRACT_ The aim of this research is to embrace density within a heuristic approach questioning the limits of the Hyperblock as catalyser of demographic growth and the consequences of urban sprawl, based on the fact it will ultimately lead to the global depletion of natural resources (flora & fauna). The investigation will foster a new high-dense and efficient model of organization able to encapsulate all the essential architectural & infrastructural elements into a highly performative large scale structure.

INTRODUCTION_ The investigation aim is to explore from the outset the actual limits of verticality and density while seeking to bridge the gap between energy efficiency/management, networks, programmatic distribution, accessibility and integration with the urban weft that is currently lagged behind by contemporary urban scenarios. The proposal will nudge forward the integration of different layers of intelligence fragmented and weighted into different set of algorithms capable to amalgamate the final proposal within a holistic approach. The implementation of the system will be tested into a real geographical and climatic conditions to ascertain its adaptability and synergetic properties to finally address the design of a novel “hyperblock� capable to grasp an urban target in a minimum surface area but within a maximum impact at a local and regional scale.

RESEARCH_ 2.1 THE URBAN CENTURY Cities Are The Answer, But What Is The Question?.

2.1.1 Human History And The Origins Of Organization.

2.1.2 The Birth Of The First City And Social Structures .

2.1.3 Modern Cities and Metabolism.

2.1.4 Growth Projections and Fertility.

2.1.5 Cities: The Problem or The Solution?.

2.1.6 Urban Sprawl Vs Urban Consolidation.

2.1.7 Conclusion - The Urban Century, Quo Vadis?.

2.2 DENSITY 2.2.1 Historical Overview 2.2.2measuring Density 2.2.3 High Density / Advantages & Disadvantages 2.2.4 Conclusion 2.3 PRECEDENTS The Emergence of vertical extrusion and hybridization 2.3.1 The origen of Verticality 2.3.2 Vertical Pros and Cons 2.3.3 The Metropolitan Hybridization 2.3.4 Conclusion - The Opportunities in Hybrid Models 2.4 TEST CASE - BRAZIL 2.4.1 Demographic Growth in Tropical Regions 2.4.2 Brazilian Cities Comparison 2.4.3 Rio de Janeiro - Statistics 2.4.4 Conclusion

2.1 THE URBAN CENTURY

Cities are the Answer but, What is the Question?.

1. "Evolution's past is modern human's present".

National Science Foundation. September 6 2011.

Retrieved September 2012.

2. O'Neil, Dennis. "Evolution's past is modern human's present".

Behavioural Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marcos, California. Retrieved September 2012.

3. Mellars, Paul (2006). "Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca.

60,000 years ago?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103. "Hints of Earlier Human Exit From Africa". Science News.

Retrieved 2011-05-01.

4. Paul Rincon Humans 'left Africa much earlier' BBC News, 27 January 2011.

5. Michael Weinstock, The Architecture of Emergence, The evolution of form and civilization, Wiley, February 2010, p 14.

6. Mesopotamia (from the Ancient Greek: Y : "[land] between rivers", corresponding to modern-day Iraq, the north-eastern section of Syria and to a lesser extent south-eastern Turkey and smaller parts of south-western Iran. It is widely considered to be the cradle of civilization in the West.

2.1.1 HUMAN HISTORY AND THE ORIGINS OF ORGANIZATION: Humans have written its history on the surface of our planet for about 400,000 years ago with the appearance of the anatomically modern humans (Archaic Homo Sapiens) [1][2] in Africa and began to have the first traits of intellectual intelligence 50,000 years or so with the behavioural modernity and the flourish of cultural, linguistic and specialize lithic technologic developments. [3][4] Since then, humans have intensively modified the identity of Earth in diverse manners, with traces that are not necessarily in favour of other living forms.

"From the long perspective of geological time, it is clear that nature has no normal or fixed state, but is a continuing series of changing landscapes and climates, and that living organisms change and develop accordingly". [5]

HyperSynergies

Clustering has been man's ubiquitous phenomena in order to survive and subsist in different kinds of primitive communities such as hunter-gathers, nomadic pastoralists and tribal-villages. Man, have created complex social structures in order to cooperate and compete.

From small social units such as families, tribes, hamlets or villages to more complex units of modern social interaction as towns, cities and megalopolis. All of them with the objective of facilitate effective communicational and organizational structures as an important aspect to maintain and evolve healthier communities.

17

2.1.2 THE BIRTH OF THE FIRST CITIES AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES: Hunting became a crucial feeding source of primitives nomadic groups 12,000 years ago in the Palaeolithic era. With the sunset of the man's hunting-gathering period came the genesis of sedentary agriculture, along with domestication of plants and animals 10,000 years ago. Both practices combined ignited the beginning of civilization. Thus, Arable land for agriculture, proximity to water for fishing and dependence to other natural resources gave rise to the early human settlements. The more people that lived in the settlements the safer it was for reads about other tribes. So, villages grew larger and eventually they became towns. Then, human permanent settlements arrived with the access to food surplus and the use of metal tools for the first time in history at the end of Neolithic era.

With the imminent growth of villages the demand on a bigger agriculture men population was needed to sustain these new communities. People from the surrounding countryside were drawn into these areas to fill these rolls. At the beginning people started to accommodate themselves in between different craft hand-made disciplines. Hunters, weavers, story tellers, potters, and people working with metal were some of the specialities of the date. But as the population growth, several problems were encounter at the moment of having a bigger number of people all together in a single place. Water supply became in a fundamental importance, not just for essential human needs but also for irrigation to run agriculture and sewage systems, though many natural factors had an important impact in taking decision in earliest civilizations.

With this first expressions of collective human interactions, the first cities in the ancient Mesopotamian plan became cities states, in other words they were all independent nations. [6] The very first notion of nationhood stands from these cities and never before had the world seen such large set of people working together as once.

The region extended in a great arch from the hills of Judea east wood's across the upper reaches of the river of Euphrates and Tigris and the southeast down the Zagros Mountains towards the Persian golf. Rains were called by the crescent hilly flanks and ran down

onto the plains; this regular moistening of the soil made agriculture possible. The ability to control water into farm was dependent on large number of people working together building channels for moving water around and irrigate the land. Over time a city did emerge, It was called Uruk, part of the summerian civiliation. [7][8] More structured social hierarchies appeared based on qualified handwork. Accountant, housekeepers, etc. Bureaucratic stratifications also emerged as social classes with the figures of kings, priest, warriors, craftsmen, agricultural workers and at the bottom of the social pyramid were the slaves.

7. Uruk (4,000BC - 3,500BC), was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient dry former channel of the Euphrates River, some 30 km east of modern As-Samawah, Al-Muthann , Iraq. Uruk probably had 50,000– 80,000 residents living in 6 km2 of walled area; making it the largest city in the world at the time.

8. Meaning approximately "land of the civilized kings" or "native land" was an ancient civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age.

"Since then, social benefits of living in cities rather than villages showed appealing to inhabitants with the idea of a central facilities, where things happen. There are qualities of urban life that are not accessible in rural lives. The capital of cities is always where is acted, probably in any time, in any civilization". [9][10]

9. Professor University.

Lord

Renfrew,

Cambridge

10. The big cities require a centre where the inhabitants share and meet, interact, make business and exchange ideas widely open.

The Forum (Foro Romano), in the hearth of the antique Rome, set the standards of the public spaces later. Where tourists walk around today, ounce had a vital space of courts, temples, monuments and markets that prosper for more than 1,000 years.

It is an advance for the ruler, the movement to large urban centres and the advance in their power and prestige of its quality of live. But for people supporting the agricultural peasant population is a much more doubtful question if there is a improve in its lifestyle. This was the beginning of centralized cities models.

The Fertile Crescent at maximum defined extent, and the ancient civilizations found.

City of Uruk Note: 1) the 400m or 5 minute walk radius typically defines an urban district

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2) The city wall has 900 bastions 12m O.C. not shown for clairty

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12. Michael Weinstock, The Architecture of Emergence, The evolution of form and civilization, Wiley, February 2010, p 19.

13. UNHABITAT, For a better world, State of the World's Cities 2008/2009- Harmonious Cities.

2.1.3 MODERN CITIES AND METABOLISM: City is a well accepted word and almost understood by every person. However there is no agreement on what exactly city is.

Indeed, the definitions vary widely: "Originally denoting a town, and often used as a Latin equivalent to Old English 'borough', The term was later applied to the more important English boroughs."

-Oxford Dictionary"An inhabited place of greater size, population, or importance than a town or village" -Merriam-Webster online Encyclopaedia"City, relatively permanent and highly organized centre of population, of greater size or importance than a town or village. The name city is given to certain urban communities by virtue of some legal or conventional distinction that can vary between regions or nations.

In most cases, however, the concept of city refers to a particular type of community, the urban community, and its culture, known as “urbanism.”

-Encyclopaedia BritannicaHowever, what all they share is the collective grouping of small political structures (neighbourhoods, villages, towns, etc) to generate a higher level of organization, through a meta-structure of bigger and more complex community system.

HyperSynergies

Cites are manifestations of the interaction among people. They are the physical exemplification of social networks. It is the mathematics

19

and dynamics embedded in those network that get manifested in what we see in cities and what appears hidden and only revealed when we see at the data of this virtual network of social interactions and gets exposed by the buildings, roads and structures. [11]

“

Cities are dynamic forms, constructed spatial and material arrays that are reworked and rebuilt over time, decaying, collapsing and expanding in irregular episodes of growth and incorporation

“

11., Source: Geoffrey West.

Geoffrey West: The surprising math of cities and corporations. Site: http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=XyCY6mjWOPc.

12 .

Cities are the highest and the more complex achievement built by man. They have been expanding in a exponential rate in the last 2,000 year. In 2008, for the first time in history half of the world's population was living in cities and by the second half of this century our planet will be dominated by urban areas.

The fast rate of urbanization is omnipresent. By 2050 Africa, Asia and South America respectively will be facing the major impact of urban sprawl with people migrating to megacities and 70 of the world will be populated by urban dwellers. [13]Thus, what used to be manageable now is a tremendous issue. A tsunami of problems will be faced and questions on the environment, global warming, financial market, health, pollution, diseases, all of them primarily generated in cities.

Modern cities have more extensive and complex metabolic networks.

Metabolic systems are essentially information-processing systems, regulating the flows of biological information and instructions and metabolic rate can be understood as the proportional relationship between its heat generating mass and its total surface area (the area by which heat is transferred away from the body). One of the architectural analogies of urban space is the comparison between biological systems and metabolic resemblance. As biological systems, urban systems (in cities) are constantly renovating through a cyclical process (metabolising) to gather and exchange energy, flows of information and matter, the primary constituents of the process and happens at a wide range of scales, from the molecular to the universal.

This proportional relationship between mass and metabolic is quantified by Kleiber’s negative quarter power scaling law. Negative quarter power scaling states that the metabolic rate for any organism, scales to the negative power of the organism's entire mass. The same law holds for all types of organism of eve ry scale; therefore in terms of energy distribution and consumption by way of an analogy, a mouse is identical in every way to a blue whale, as is a sunflower to a giant redwood. Moreover, because the relationship between mass and metabolic rate is sub-linear (negative), a blue whale, roughly 10,000 larger than a mouse, will only need 3160 times more energy (10,000 to the negative power). There is an economy in biological scaling, whereby larger organisms require less energy per capita than smaller organisms. This can also be understood by saying that

as any organism grows bigger, life gets increasingly slower.

"People are constantly processing the signals of the city and making decisions based on those signals as they socialise, engage in commerce, interact with the city’s infrastructure and consume local natural resources. Information is constantly in motion, enmeshing people, transit systems, retail systems, governance systems, environmental systems, energy systems, educational systems and all the other urban systems into one enormously complex organism". [15] However, the flows of information that drive the metabolic system are driven by enormous amount of data, which comes from the intersection of old and new sources in constant interaction between physical and social media (virtual). The aim that better metabolic flows gather side by side with big data interchange will guide cities to the ideology of the "smart cities" movement. The major challenge for humanity will be that urban designers and politicians in the dealing with urban complexities work together with the current metabolic flows to achieve an holistic and integrated result, in terms of social, economic and ecological aspects. In contrary to the living organisms, at the urban scale, the metabolic flows shifts largely, where the biggest the city the faster metabolic rate that it has.

“

14. Georg Simmel, one of the first generation of German sociologists, described a century ago as numbing sensory overload becomes productive and transmutes into intense information processing.

15. Keith Besserud, Mark Sarkisian, Phil Enquist and Craig Hartman, Scales of Metabolic Growth, Regional, Urban And Building Systems Design At SOM, City System AD Magazine, July 2013, p 87.

Note: The distribution of biological species diversity is greatest in the warmer climates of the lower latitudes. A preliminary mapping of the world’s 800 most populous cities suggests that the majority of the world’s highly populated cities also exist within the lower latitudes.

“

The positive side of cities, is that they have attracted creative people, ideas, wealth, culture, all these activities are generate in cities as well as a urban phenomenon. So as the trend of urban sprawl shows, whereas on one hand the problem have being generated in cities, the solution also should be generated in cities. [14]

Metabolic Balance = Fitness between the generated form & its environment.

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16. Source: UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund.

Site: http://www.unfpa.org/pds/ urbanization.htm 17. Source: Index Mundi. Site: http://www. indexmundi.com

2.1.4 GROWTH PROJECTION AND FERTILITY: With the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, people all over the world lived mainly in the countryside. Only 3 of the world's population lived in cities in 1,800 and by 1,900 only 12 cities had more than 1 million people.

However, during the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century cities grew fast, especially in Europe and North America, due to the new industries were created and the appearance of new jobs.

Later on, overcrowding made cities grow slower and diseases could spread faster.

added in our cities.

In terms of fertility, the world's birth rate have sort up to 4.2 birth every second. Meanwhile, the death rate have decreased up to 1.8 person per second. Also, life expectancy have increase up to 67 years old (65 for men and 69 for women). [17] Moreover in developed countries all over the world have the same problem. Its birth rates are falling and people are getting older.

Medical and health care is getting better all the time. This is called an ageing society. In industrialized countries life expectancy is getting higher and higher. In most European countries women reach an average of over 80 years and men live up to about 77.

Other important implications that the second half of the 20th century brought: •In Europe , North America, Japan and Australia the birth rate dropped because families wanted to have fewer children and the population growth in these areas slowed down. •In the developing countries of Asia and Africa birth rates stayed high and better medical help in these regions lowered the death rates. That is why these countries are growing very rapidly.

URBAN POPULATION BY WORLD REGION

100

In the last 30 years the world’s population has doubled. The fastest growing region, Africa, has a growth rate of 2.8 , the slowest growing region, Europe, about 0.3 . On average, the world’s population is growing at a rate of 1.5 per year.

North America Latin America and Caribbean Europe

80 60

Oceania Asia Africa

40 20

Today, over 7 billion people live in our planet and half of it living in urban areas. In developed countries, up to 70 or more live in larger cities, whereas in poorer countries the rate is below 40 . There are over 500 cities with more than a million people. Statistically each year, the world's population grows by about 80 million. [16] Every week from now until 2050 over 1 million people are being

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HyperSynergies

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2.1.5 THE PROBLEM OR THE SOLUTION?, THE TRIUMPH OF THE CITIES: Cities are the origin of global warming, impact on the environment, health, pollution, diseases, finance, economy problems, etc. However cities, despite having this negative aspects to them, are also the solution, because cities are the vacuum cleaners, the magnets that suck up creative people, ideas, and wealth. So there is a urgent need for a scientific theory of cities.

Today urbanisation seem to be consider beneficial. Opinion from experts have change profoundly on last decades. With a population approaching 9,000 to 10,000 millions, denser cities seem to be more and more a solution: the best hope for lifting people out of poverty.

Edward Glaeser [18], have presented this point in many specialists forums and in his seminal book "The Triumph of the cities". He holds the thesis of "there is no such thing as a poor urbanized country; there is no rich rural country". Poor people come to cities because is there where the money is, and cities produce more due to "the absence of physical space between people" that reduces costs of transport of goods, persons and ideas. Historically cities were constructed close to rivers or natural ports to facilitate the goods flow. Nonetheless, in our times, because of the shipping prices have drop and the service industries have heightened, what matters is the flow of ideas.

of being intelligent. In cities with a higher education average, even the uneducated people earn higher salaries that is evidence of a surplus of human capital and that surplus functions better face to face where technology work not as a substitute but rather as a complement of modern interaction. [19] Nevertheless, all this romantic thesis should be coupled with a massive political initiatives and support with the single goal of tackling the effects of rapid population growth and create a sustainable development. Starting for facilitating an adequate public transportation system, proper infrastructures in terms of roads, motorways and pavements, an efficient water and waste management systems, civic and cultural complements, technological policies and a good relation of green area for the existing and projected population.

18. Edward Glaeser is economist from Harvard University, According to a review in the New York Times, his book entitled "Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and HappierW (2011) summarizes Glaeser's years of research into the role that cities play in fostering human achievement and "is at once polymathic and vibrant".

19. Source: Edward Glaeser. LSE "Triumph of the City" speech, Site:http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Dsofgp01tZs

A participatory civic engagement is crucial at the moment of analysing the environmental performance, when the more volunteerism in the city the highest standards of environmental quality they have.

Hence, a sustainable ecosystem is integral when every component of it body has integration through a good information cycles and energy flows from both internal and external factors.

Interaction, the driver of modern cities economy is a fundamental link of a dynamic city. Wall Street is a perfect example cited by Glaeser, where millionaires abandon their big o ffices to work in a open space bathed in information, "value knowledge more than the space, that is what modern cities means". the successful cities boost the gains

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HyperSynergies

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24

Urban Synergy

Key Elements of Cities Integration

IN INTERACTION

CITY HOLISTIC

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HyperSynergies

DENSITY

25

Urban sprawl is the multifaceted concept of car-dependent of horizontal outward spreading of cities and suburbs to low density on rural land. On the other hand, urban consolidation is the construction of higher density housing on existing areas of the cities in order to increase the density population with a diverse set of policies with the intention to make a better use of the existing urban infrastructure, thus limiting urban sprawl. Grasping this two definitions is the starting point to understanding if we are willing to make an objective assessment in what both have to offer.

Transportation technologies shape our communities, and modern sprawl is the child of the automobile. The connections between cities always entailed some form of transformation. Urban sprawl is not the opposite of urban density; rural isolation has that distinction.

[20] The trigger of sprawl began many centuries ago, when people started using other transportation mediums instead of their own feet to travel, and since horses, boats, buses, elevators, subways and cars have influenced how cities were laid out and how they grew.

On one hand, Urban Sprawl have positive aspects as lower noise and slow paced living, culture of community-knit activity, increasing the general safety and quality of many facilities. However urban sprawl contains a number of environmental impacts, particularly by encroaching the "green belt", increase the car dependency, the fossilfuel consumption and thus boost the risk of health problems such as to obesity.

“

Floor is the most capitalist element

“

2.1.6 URBAN SPRAWL VS URBAN CONSOLIATION:

20. Edward Glaeser. Triumph of the City, How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, Pan, February 2012, Kindle Loc 2855 of 8619.

Anonymous

There is no magic answer for cities design. There is, however, a real need for a new planning outcomes for a future where demographic and the rise of oil seams unstoppable. The preoccupations arrive when high density is perceived as positive without ever seeing how it communicate into patterns of resources flows where people living in these settlements have access to a basics and secures necessities for living, The very high-density city have demonstrated to be very efficient in land use and in the administration of some resources, such as transport; but the low-density city has its own advantages, these being the ability of collecting enough energy for home use and to grow food.

Urban Sprawl

1On the other hand, Urban Consolidation has negative side effects, such as the prices of the houses in inner-city are generally very expensive and sometimes unaffordable for many persons.

The speed of the urban lifestyle is much faster and can annoy (stress). Nonetheless, compactness can foster greater casual social interactions, closeness to places and people (works, restaurants, schools, houses, etc) in this fashion they commute less. Urban areas also breaks the social and cultural homogeneity found in suburban zones. Lastly due to the floor area ratio or ground occupancy urban extrusion reduces the impact on the environment.

Urban Consolidation

26

27

HyperSynergies

2.1.7 THE URBAN CENTURY, QUO VADIS?: It is not a myth that compacting cities structures in threedimensional arrays combat two-dimensional urban sprawl and economize transportation and other energies uses. Sprawl is destroying the environment and we should romanticize rural lifestyle reducing the impact on the environment by the continues urban spreading. New ways of urbanization (cities) are gateways between cultures and the future way of living. They are catalysers of people what is transferred as more possibilities. Thus, we live in a age of expertise, one year of extra schooling equals 8 higher earnings.

We can build towers that give people plenty of space in the heart of the city centre, but build them in a way that guarantees environmental sustainability and good sight lines and multiple street/ communal life. To ensure the privilege of metropolises we must encourage cities instead of sprawl. We must embrace the power that drives great cities forward, instead of a persistent bonding to the status quo. The speed and confidence with which one can make new experiences and meaningful connections is decisive. The designed urban environments that facilitate such hyper-connectivity must be deep, layered and porous in all directions. The space allows us to follow different transformational logics and trajectories in the different directions. This is the space of the parametric jungle, giving the sense being suspended within a structured, fully threedimensional field of urban riches. [21]

Besides, no matter how cities have demonstrated to be beneficial for human kind, some people will never want an urban lifestyle. Instead, they will prefer to live surrounded by green open areas close to the woods. They should not be separated for that bucolic style of living.

The claim is not to pull people out of the suburbs and the country side, because they have an important impact in the functionality of denser cities with the supply of food harvested and cultured in fields, the allocation of big factories for industrial production of many goods and raw material and without forgetting the biophilic relationship human-nature. On contrary, is to have a profound thought in what is currently occurring in terms of demographic densification and what is to come in high-dense territories.

21. Patrick Schumacher, My Kind of Town: Patrik Schumacher, Architecture Today, First published in AT227, April 2012.

Overall, the statistics facts have shown cities boost the "quality/ productivity" of person's lifestyle in it natural desire of creating community and this is irrefutable. All these profits together with the enthusiasm of stop destroying the natural habitat created by the horizontal expansion of human settlements as a result of a demographic growth, because due to it will ultimately lead to the weakening and depletion of the flora and fauna. The rewriting of the current architectural and urban design methods should serve the purpose of balancing the future human needs with the preservation of natural and cultural habitats.

5

PROBABILLITY OF COMMUNICATION

4 3 2 1 0

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"Cities are shaped by people, but also by information processing and ideas".

0

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Flat World, Tall City

20

40 60 Distance (meters)

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Edward Glaeser

28

2.2 DENSITY

Numbers & Perceptions of Density

[22] Meta Berghauser Pont and Per Haupt, ‘Spacematrix. Space, Density and Urban Form’, (NAi), 2010.

2.2.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW:

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Density emerged as a concept when various pattern of human concentration appeared around the globe, with respect to specific social, cultural and economic circumstances. Prior to the 20th century, density in cities was merely an outcome of complex circumstances. During the second half of the 19th century, high densities in industrializing cities were argued to be one of the major causes of fires, diseases and social tensions. In this period, density was introduced as a tool to analyse and diagnose the quickly growing and often overcrowded cities. In a following period of increased state intervention, the concept expanded into an instrument used to propagate alternatives and prescribe maximum densities in order to guarantee certain physiological and social qualities of urban environments (such as air, light and privacy). Density then shifted form just being a result of city development and migration to becoming a tool used to analyse problems, and later on, to improve solutions. [22]

29

The duality of density, consisting of its both descriptive and prescriptive use, creates great opportunity of addressing density as a fitness criteria when assessing the urban habitats and, nevertheless, taking full advantage of its generative potential within the architectural design process.

2.2.2 MEASURING DENSITY:

BLOCK

At its simplest, density is a number of entities in a given area. These entities might be people, dwellings, services or floor space. At first glance, density appears to be an objective, quantitative and neutral tool. However, on second glance, it becomes clear that density is a much more complex concept. Density has numerous definitions and methods of measurement. However, there is an obvious lack of universal means and measurement. Some countries define density using the number of people per given area (population density), while others define it using the number of dwelling units of the building mass per given area. Although it is common to distinguish between net and gross, perceived and physical density, a precise definition of terminology and parameters must be paired by a holistic understanding of their complementarity and interdependency.

[23]http://densityatlas.org/measuring/scale. shtml [24] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_block [25]http://www.ch ina-lab.org/megab lockurbanisms-symposium-introduction-by-jeffreyjohnson-transcript

BOUNDARIES: Density has multiple definitions and uses, but in all circumstances, it refers to a specific land accommodating a certain amount of units, (and thus its inhabitants). The absolute value of the plot and its relative values within the metropolitan region become important parameters that produce a direct effect on the way density is calculated. The definition of the boundary of an area, to a large extent, determines the outcome of density calculations, while scale and average playing an essential role in having a common denominator and language.

SUPER BLOCK

‘’An average density does not necessarily mean that the whole area has a uniform density. The larger the area over which the density is measured, the more heterogeneous it is likely to be. Moreover, as the scale increases, the amount of non-built land (roads, rail, green areas and water) also increases in relative terms, and density, be it population density or another measure, decreases. Thus, the definition of the denominator – the total area of the land – in the quotient is crucial when determining density.’’ [22] One practical way of using scale as a classification tool leads to five incremental typologies of urban structures: block, superblock (neighbourhood), mega block (district), city and region. The first three are more practical and instrumental when assessing the quantitative variation of density based on land area, while still keeping the architectural scale of the project.

A city Block is the smallest area that is surrounded by streets.

Blocks are the space for buildings within the street pattern of a city, and form the basic unit of a city's urban fabric. [24] The block scale typically includes one block or a few small blocks, primarily residential, with few or no supporting services within its boundary. [22] A Superblock is much larger than a traditional city block, with greater setback for buildings, and is typically bounded by widely spaced, high-speed, arterial or circulating routes rather than by local streets.

Superblocks can also be found in central city areas, where they are more often associated with institutional, educational, recreational and corporate rather than residential uses. [24] It can be defined as a cluster of walkable blocks with some local services. Many new developments, especially in the developing world, are of this size. These clusters include some neighbourhood services and open space, but are still mostly self-contained. [23]

MEGA BLOCK

"The Megablock is both architecture and urbanism. When it is at its best it can provide the services, vitality and energy of a city yet promote notions of community and social and environmental sustainability. At its worst, its autonomy can disconnect the development from the urban flows of the city and create dehumanizing isolation. The Megablock always runs the risk of becoming an autonomous island amongst islands".[25] At Megablock scale, the elements affecting overall density increase dramatically, leading to density measurements being less meaningful. Building density does not apply at this scale, as the variability across areas at these scales is too great. [23] 30

PHYSICAL DENSITY: There is no standard measure of physical density, but there are measures that are more widely used than others, such as Population Density (people / km2), Dwelling Density ( units / km2) and Building Density (usually but not exclusively the floor area ration). They look at a different aspect of density and each serve distinctive needs. Although each measurement provides good information, they alone do not paint a complete picture of the density of one neighbourhood. A better understanding of the density of a place comes not only from the additional information supplied from each of the three measurements, but also through looking at the three measurements relative to each other.

BD

Building Density

Density DU

(Units / Km2) Dwelling Unit Density

POP

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(People/ Km2) Population Density

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KWONG MING COURT, CHINA

12. 5 150700 491000

FAR: DU/km2..

POP/km2: Land Area (m2) Site Coverage ( ): Gross Building Area(m2) Range Heights Units: Population:

FAR DU POP

12100 32 150813 39 1824 7296

SUPERQUADRA, BRAZIL

DHARAVI, INDIA

FAR: DU/km2..

POP/km2:

1. 1 7600 28000

FAR: DU/km2..

POP/km2:

Land Area (m2) Site Coverage ( ): Gross Building Area(m2) Range Heights Units: Population:

78400 15 82313 8 594 2198

Land Area (m2) Site Coverage ( ): Gross Building Area(m2) Range Heights Units: Population:

FAR DU POP

THE ESPLANADE, USA

0.07 63000 314800

FAR DU POP

2,177,000 95 172000 1 6800 500000

FAR: DU/km2..

POP/km2:

9.6 36100 59100

Land Area (m2) Site Coverage ( ): Gross Building Area(m2) Range Heights Units: Population:

5700 95 54813 13 206 336

FAR DU POP

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L 13

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OSR

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GSI

VARIABLES & INDICATORS:

FSI : Reflects the building intensity independently of the programmatic composition.

Formula= gross floor area / land area

A much in depth analysis of the physical density has been developed in ‘’Spacematrix. Space, Density and Urban Form’’ (NAI) [22]. Here, the human space can be described and prescribed by various physical density measures. The proposed methods to be used for measuring density and drawing conclusions about their effectiveness in describing urban form are:

L: The average number of stories Formula = FSI / GSI OSR: Measures the amount of non-built space at ground level per square metre of gross floor area Formula = (1 – GSI) / FSI N: Refers to the concentration of networks in an area Formula = (interior network length + (exterior network lenght / 2)) / land area

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

0.50

FORMULAS & RELATIONS:

GSI: Demonstrates the relationship between built and non-built space Formula = footprint area / land area

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0.40

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+ + + + +

Population and dwelling density Land use intensity Coverage Number of Storeys / Building Height Spaciousness

The multivariable concept of density consists of three fundamental indicators: + FSI (Floor Space Index / Intensity / FAR) + GSI (Ground Space Index / Coverage / Compactness) + N (network density) and some derived indicators: + L (Number of Storeys) + OSR (Open Space Ratio / Spaciousness) The Spacemate diagram allows four variables to be assessed simultaneously. The FSI on the y-axis gives an indication of the built intensity of an area and the GSI on the x-axis reflects its coverage or compactness. The OSR and L are gradients that fan out across the diagram. Combining these four variables gives every project a unique ‘spatial fingerprint’ and can become a recognition and assessment pattern for future research.

FSI FSI (FAR) = reflects the building intensity independently of the programmatic composition FSI = gross floor area / land area

GSI

GSI = demonstrates the relationship between built and non-built space.

GSI = footprint area / land area

L L = the average number of stories L = FSI / GSI

OSR OSR (Spaciousness) = measures the amount of non-built space at ground level per square metre of gross floor area OSR = (1 – GSI) / FSI

N

N = refers to the concentration of networks in an area N = (interior network length + (exterior network lenght / 2)) / land area

34

[26] Churchman Arza, ‘Disentangling the Concept of Density’, (Journal of Planning Literature 13), 1999, pp 389-411.

[27] Rapoport Amos, ‘’The nature and role of neighbourhoods’’, Urban Design Studies 3, 1997, pp 93-118

Atlanta Houston Portland Chicago San Francisco Bay San Francisco Washington Los Angeles Capetown Stockholm Berlin Toulouse New York Ljubljana Jabotabek Jahannesburg Marseille Curitiba Brasilia Bankok London Budapest Riga Cracow Buenos Aires Warsaw Prague Paris Sofia Mexico City Rio de Janeiro Tunis Singapore St Petersburg Jakarta Ahmedabad Abidjan Beijing Tehran Yerevan Barcelona metro Addis Ababa Moscow Bangalore Hyderabad Tianjin Seoul +New Towns Shanghai Seoul Guangzhou Hong Kong Bombay

6 11 14 16 16 19 21 22 32 36 36 38 40 46 51 53 53 54 55 58 62 63 64 65 66 67 71 88 94 96 101 102 107 121 127 134 143 145 146 168 171 180 182 207 223 230

282 286

322 365 367 389

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

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Urban Population Density per Cities

PERCEIVED DENSITY AND CROWDING: Perceived density and crowding are concepts closely related to the study of human-environment relations. The previous theory and research have tried to identify the conditions under which a specific environment has positive or negative effects on health, behaviour, feelings or attitudes of human subjects. In every case, the contextual conditions, such as physical, social, cultural, economic, geographic, ecological, technological and personal, have direct impact on any evaluation.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Perceived density was introduced by Rapoport in 1975, as a distinct and complementary concept to physical density. Although the multifaceted aspects of individual’s perception of density tends to be subjective and contextual, the contributing factors include the perceptual, associational and physical aspects of an environment, the temporal aspects of activities and the sociocultural characteristics and settings. [27] The physical variables affecting the number of environmental stimuli, include tight or open spaces, intricate or simples spaces, large or small building heights to space ratios, numerous or few signs, lights, cars and people, the predominance of artificial versus natural elements or smells, high or low noise levels.

35

Cooper Marcus and Sarkissian (1986) recommend a list of design variables that may serve to reduce perceived density. These design variables include a relatively small neighbourhood size, greater spacing between buildings, visual and functional accessibility from a dwelling unit to open spaces, respect for privacy, division into small clusters, diverse elevation designs, fewer dwelling units that use the same building entrance, minimal noise infiltration, well-located community services, and convenient parking.

Crowding is the concept associated with the negative psychological and social significance of density. Like in the case of perceived density, there is no absolutely precise assessment methodology of crowding, as its mechanism is equally objective and subjective.

Density by itself does not necessarily generate stress, nor crowding.

[26]

The importance of the concept of perceived density is that it shows how physical parameters can be manipulated in an attempt to increase the probability of greater or lesser human stress (Jacobs and Appleyard 1987). A holistic approach on variables responsible for a specific individual perception on the urban environment, would take into account the physical, sociocultural and situational characteristics.

However, from a practical architectural perspective, focusing on the some main physical parameters (density, community size, housing type homogeneity, residential fabric porosity, balance between built and open space) could provide effective and measurable tools of evaluation, as a promise of designing 21st Century high density human habitats.

2.2.3. HIGH DENSITY: Since 1950 a rapid urban change affect our society. A tremendous pressure on urban development in cities packed the cities with new dense edifications. Consequently this topic have overcome expectations and became an public interest almost everywhere.

However, the meaning of high density is a matter of perception and it change of meaning depending on different individuals backgrounds and under different contexts. For example, in the UK, residential development with less than 20 dwellings per net hectare is considered low density; between 30 to 40 dwellings per net hecatare is considered medium density; and higher than 60 dwellings per net hectare is considered high density (TCPA, 2003). In the US, low density refers to 25 to 40 dwellings per net hectare; medium density refers to 40 to 60 dwellings per net hectare; and high density refers to development with higher than approximately 110 dwellings per net hectare ( Ellis, 2004). In Israel, on the other hand, 20 to 40 dwelling per net hectare is considered low density, and 290 dwellings per net hectare is considered high density (Churchman, 1999). [28] In addition, the socio-cultural norms and the individual cognitive attributes are factors that contribute to this exchange. Perceived density doesn’t only refer to the relative relations between individual and space, but also to the relations between individuals located in the same space.

planning and by maximizing the utilization of the limited empty ground, a reduction of pressure to develop open spaces and releases more land for amusement and services, what is transferable in better life quality for the inhabitants.

28. Edward Ng, Designingn High Density Cities, The Social & Environmental Sustainability, Routledge, December 2009, p 14.

On the other hand, there is the other group of people that support the opposite. In order to achieve a high density zone, tall buildings are inevitable, and the excessive use of this solution can limited the amount of open spaces and congested cityscapes. Hence this pejorative preconception can be avoid with a proper urban planning anticipating densification in long spans of time.

As previously analysed the term "high density is often couple with the definition of overcrowding; however, both definitions have little in common. High density is measured in terms of plot ratio, meaning a high proportion of built floor area. On contrary, the notion of overcrowding refers to the lack of space for individuals, which in turn, lead to a high "people" density. Land is always scarce in urban

36

+

[ ]

2.2.3 ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES OF HIGH DENSITY: The advantages and disadvantages of high density have been largely discussed in specialized literature. Almost every aspect of density has pros and cons, but whether any of those apply in a particular situation depends on the context, as both the thresholds and effects of density vary between and even within countries, cultures, socioeconomic classes, etc. The following classification departs from the observation that there is still no systematic evidence that any of the qualities or faults of high density can be generalized, therefore it should be read as an inventory of possibilities or potentials rather that certainties or inevitabilities.

ENVIRONMENT Natural habitats and agricultural land are saved Decreased pollution from vehicle exhausts can be achieved as a result of a decline in the use of cars, the mixing of land uses, the provision of efficient and accessible public transportation and walking Built forms facilitate the use of high-end passive solar architecture, superior insulation, and unconventional energy-saving technologies

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM High denhsity may result in a decrease in the total number of car automotive usage High density enhances the opportunity to use energy efficient public transportation Intensification offers more opportunities for walkinWg and cycling between all urban components

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE & URBAN FORM The economies of scale facilitate a better construction quality urban catalyser

High density enables the use of a building complex as an

INDIVIDUAL & SOCIAL Density facilitates the supply of a variety of relatively high-quality resources alongside housing, health, education, culturerecreation, and public service opportunities Densification frees land for recreational and open space The urban vitality and diversity are supported by a higher human interaction

ECONOMIC

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

High density is economically efficient because it is based on dense construction on high-priced land

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High density affords economies of scale in relation to the public and private provision of urban infrastructure, services, and amenities High density is more spatially and energy efficient High density (along with mixed land uses) allows for the technical and economic viability of certain energy technologies and transportation systems

-

[ ] High density may result in the loss of open and recreational space High-density construction may require high energy use A high-density area may be subject to congestion and pollution High density reduces the capacity to cope with domestic wastes and decreases opportunities for recycling

High density may create pedestrian and public transportation congestion

High-density construction may obstruct views, cause shadowing, and give a visual sense of lack of proportion;

High density may cause psychological stress and violations of personal space High density may lead to physiological overstimulation, negative health effects High density may lead to constraints on an individual’s behaviour and freedom of choice Negative personal consequences associated with higher densities may be manifested in anxiety, social withdrawal, and a feeling of loss of control High density may invoke a feeling of reduced privacy and personal security;

Very high-density construction may be more costly than medium or low density construction The operational energy costs of buildings increase for taller high-density construction Higher density development in inner-city areas may require the very costly upgrading of existing infrastructure Densification in central areas may have a detrimental effect on economic development in surrounding rural regions

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[29] Ian Lambot & Gred Girard, ‘’City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City’’, (Watermark), 1999 [30] Jonathan DeHart, ‘’Kowloon Walled City : Anarchy and Inspiration in the City of Darkness’’, (www.thediplomat.com), 2013

OF

DARKNESS

Kowloon Walled City, the most ever densely populated place on Earth, was a largely ungoverned settlement in Kowloon, Hong Kong.

Originally a Chinese military fort, the Walled City became an enclave after the New Territories weWre leased to Britain in 1898.

The fort became abandoned, leaving the area subject to neither Chinese nor British authority. This legal grey zone was attractive to displaced and marginalized people, but also to gangsters, drug addicts, sex workers, and refugees. Its population increased dramatically following the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong during World War II. Even more people moved there after the Communist Revolution. In 1987, the Walled City contained 500 buildings with 50,000 residents within its 0.026 km2 borders, equivalent to a population density of 1.9 million people / km2. Kowloon Walled City was to rn down in 1993. Today, it’s Kowloon Walled City Park.

Despite earning its Cantonese nickname, “City of Darkness”, amazingly, many of Kowloon’s residents liked living there. Despite its high crime rate and lack of basic amenities such as sanitation, safety and even sunlight, it’s reported that many have fond memories of the friendly tight-knit community that was “poor but happy”. [29]

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Besides the stunning density figures, there are two major lessons to be learn from Kowloon. Firstly, the density acts as a catalyser. It amplifies the worst and the best in humans. In this particular case, the incredible sense of community and cooperation, despite the hard living conditions, proves that informality and adaptability are to always be considered when designing human habitats. Secondly, the way Kowloon emerged did not rely on plans, architects or construction firms. [30] The city grew organically, with residents patching together improvised infrastructure along the way. The resulting packed vertical jungle, became then a highly hybridized space, where residential, industrial and amenities coexisted. That only, provided a powerful example of human adaptation and opportunism.

39

“

An outlaw place. And more and more people crowded in; they built it up, higher. No rules, just building, just people living. Police wouldn’t go there. Drugs and whores and gambling. But people living, too. Factories, restaurants. A city. No laws.

“

EXTREME DENSITY Case Study 01: KOWLOON - THE CITY

3D Model of Kwoloon

Kwoloon Timeline 40

[31] http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/192/, ‘Old Walled City of Shibam’ [32] Mohammad al-Asad, http://www.csbe.org/epublications-resources/urban-crossroads/goodand-bad-urban-density/, ‘Good and Bad Urban Density’, Urban Crossroads, no. 91, 2009

EXTREME DENSITY Case Study 02: SHIBAM – MANHATTAN OF THE DESSERT The walled city of Shibam, located in the Ramlat al-Sab`atayn desert, in the central-western area of Hadhramaut Governorate (Yemen), is a striking example of a high-density traditional urban settlement. Often called "the oldest skyscraper city in the world" or ‘’the Manhattan of the Desert’’, it is one of the oldest and best examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction. Shibam was added to UNESCO's World Heritage list in 1982.

Located in a caravan route of spice and incense across the Southern Arabian plateau, the city, built on a rocky spur, was founded in the 3rd century AD, but most of the houses date only to the 16th century, following a devastating flood of which Shibam was the victim in 1532-33. However, some older houses and large buildings still remain from the first centuries of Islam.

This small town, surrounded by fortified walls, has 7000 inhabitants and is packed with around 500 mud tower houses standing between 5 and 11 stories tall and reaching 30 m high, all constructed entirely of mud bricks.

Shibam is considered one of the best “traditional examples of Hadrami urban architecture, both in the grid lay-out of its streets and squares, and in the visual impact of its form rising out of the flood plain of the wadi, due to the height of its mud brick tower houses”.

[31] Isolated from other settlements, the city relied (and it still does) on agriculture, mud generation and reuse of mud in construction, through a system of spate irrigated lands.

The buildings have almost no fenestration on the ground level. Their plan is trapezoidal, with tower houses built within the outer walls for defence purposes. The floors usually have no fenestration and are used for grain storage, with areas for domestic use above and those for family and leisure above that. The main room on the second floor is used by men for socializing, while women's areas are found higher, usually on the third or fourth floor. The highest rooms are for communal use by the whole family, and on the upper levels there are often bridges and doors connecting the houses, as a defensive feature and as a human communication facilitator.

The dense layout of Shibam expressed an urban response to the need for refuge and protection by rival families, as well as their economic and political prestige. The domestic architecture of Shibam including its visual impact, functional design, materials and construction techniques is an outstanding example of human settlement, land use and city planning.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Shibam provides a valuable example of topological and morphological efficiency through extreme compactness. This can simply be explained by the fact that the sprawling cities were not practical as distances were crossed on foot or using pack animals. Secondly, preserving agricultural land surrounding the city also was extremely important as this provided city residents with a level of food security.

In hot, arid climates, closely located buildings shade each other as well as adjacent streets, thus taking on a very important climatic role.

In this context, the historical cities of the Middle East provide very good models of high urban density.

41

The contemporary debate on intensification provides a return to pre=modern concepts of urbanism, after many decades of compactness being compromised by urban sprawl. The use of highdensity as a solution to current global challenges must come with a holistic comprehensive approach of all essential urban life parameters, as a premise for bespoke and sustainable new habitats. [32]

Shibam, Yemen A city with 7,000 Inhabitants

42

2.2.4 CONCLUSION: All in all, socio-cultural factors paired with the cognitive attributes of individuals, contribute to the comprehension of the perceived density. Regarding high density, this concept is a matter of "subjective perception", where notions change in different countries and finally discrepancies among the judgement of people.

Anticipation and pattern prediction when planning city can help to suffocate the high tension created by urban areas.

Therefore, there is no a perfect recipe for the perfect city design.

However the need for a adequate regional planning that cope with the unstoppable demographic growth and the expected lack of oil in the future as well foster a better pedestrian-based transportation and foment compact cities full of open space for recreation and interaction are fundamentals due to they will change the way that we design and built today.

Densification should not be consider utterly a pejorative mean. The balancing and adequate distribution of the main factors of density such as Coverage(GSI), Building Density(FAR), Building Height (L) and Spaciousness (OSR) should be the key, coupling them to give the optimal result in order to delivery no just acommodation for urban dwellers but also an area that supplies closeness, proximity and continously keep injecting opportunities for a synergetic relationship between people, buildings and open spaces. All these can be achieve as soon as the old-fashion tendency inherited from the american urban sprawling are stopped and replaced by a policentric urban programming, reducing the monocentric city model and share interdependencies with other hubs also located in the inner ring of the metropolitan areas as stated by the policentric urban model.

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2.3 PRECEDENTS

The emergence of vertical extrusion and hybridization

Shift from Horizontal to Vertical Plane

32. Ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Egyptian civilization coalesced over 4000 years ago.

33. Collins, Dana M. (2001). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press 34. In Roman architecture, an insula (Latin for "island," plural insulae) was a kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middle-class status (the plebs) and all but the wealthiest from the uppermiddle class (the equites).

35. Gregory S. Aldrete: "Daily Life in the Roman City: Rome, Pompeii and Ostia", 2004, pp.79f.

36. Skyscraper (building)". Britannica.com.

37. Roger Duffy, Craig W. Hartman and T.J. Gottesdiener, Skyscrapers. Archello.

38. Commercial and office form that developed in the late nineteenth century, primarily in response to the new technologies that permitted greater physical height and larger expanses of open floor space. A new structural skeleton permitted maximum light and ventilation.

39. Skycrapers, Modern Skycrapers , http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper

2.3.1 THE ORIGIN OF VERTICALITY:

THE “SKYCRAPER REVOLUTIONN

The human interest for vertical structures is not at any form new. The interest for growing in a vertical manner could be seen since the Ancient Egypt, [32] where the pyramid of Giza was built over 4500 years ago with an estimate of 149 meters tall that remained as the tallest man-made structure for over 3800 years [33] until it was surpassed by the Lincoln Cathedral and later on by the Washington monument in 1884. However verticality was intrinsically related with uninhabited space by that time.

It was not until the end of the 19th century when the skyscraper became object of mass replications. The nascent Chicago School [38] was led to boost the reproduction of the new typology that has continually evolving and working as a testing ground for architects and visionaries as a new and radical human habitat.

Nevertheless, we can find some examples of early High-rise apartments that flourished in classical antiquity mostly in the Ancient Roman insulae, [34][35] but they were not object of mass popularity for the large number of limitations encountered in the development of the precursor of the modern skyscraper, Limitations such as vertical circulation, water pressure, and structural performance among others were not solved until the industrial revolution begun.

The industrial revolution brought significant technological advances such as the passenger elevator conceived by Elisha Otis, waters pumps, and steel frame structures that helped the emergence of a new concept in the city known nowadays as the modern Skyscraper.

[36] Hence, density and cities start to exponentially increase and the skyscraper begun to emerge as a social and economical solution for the increasing populated cities.

“Skyscrapers are not just a good typology; they are a necessary typology – and perhaps the most important innovation of the last 150 years”. [37]

Chicago and New York start to constantly compete for holding the tallest building in the world, and international competitions such as the new headquarters for the Chicago Tribune in New York in 1922 popularized the concept of the skyscraper receiving more than 260 different entries and claiming an enormous controversy and popular interest, From this point on (1930), skyscrapers started to flourish also in Latin-America and Asia and a few years later (1950) in the Middle-East , Africa and Oceania being from this point on a worldwide phenomenon that has been increasing in number each year. [39] Numerous proposal and visions were made by well-known architects during the 20th century, architects such Frank Lloyd Wright were already envisioning super-tall buildings as a feasible typologies, as it happen with his proposal for the “Illinois or the Mile High”, a super-tall skyscraper of 1 mile height (1600 m) that if it were build it would have been the tallest building in the world. Even at the present time it would be twice as high as the tallest building ever constructed (Burj Khalifa, 2010). Nevertheless, even though technical and economic feasibility for The Illinois is still being discussed, the truth is that numerous have been inspired for the audacity of these visions were verticality has played a pivotal role in the architectural discourse.

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“

“

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Giza Pyramid

Skyscrapers are not just a good typology; they are a necessary typology and perhaps the most important innovation of the last 150 years

There is no common ground at the moment of establish a specific height limit for buildings, and it will probably continue as an outstanding question bounded with time and opportunity. Although the skyscraper typology has been around for 150-180 years, architect Iñaki Abalos states that ““the question of height is still in its infancy” as an invitation to foster the broad range of opportunities in which contemporary architecture is involved thanks to the new digital and technological developments. [40] In addition, the fact that “The public space liberated by a small footprints and the evident sustainability of a synergetic utilization of a mix-use section are factors that are increasing the acceptance of skyscrapers”. [41] VERTICALISM: The term “Verticalism” if widely used and untiringly repeated but when it comes to definition there is a lot of disambiguation.

Architect Alda Ly advocates that “Verticalism” is not necessary linked with height and is more related as an attempt to rethink how a programmatic distribution that is inherently horizontal can be transform into vertical position , where complementary public and private functions can be easily shared in a vertical stacked program.

Iñaki Abalos goes further and defines Verticalism saying that: “the conception of the space and the contemporary city in vertical terms has only just started. We are witness of a passionate transformation process. We have just begun to think the city from positions that efficiently substitute the bi-dimensionality of urban planning for a new verticalism. Blossoming in the professional work of our generation we see vertical libraries, vertical laboratories, vertical fashion buildings, vertical universities, vertical museums, vertical parks and vertical sport facilities as well as combinations of all them mixed with residential, hotel and office typologies (a.k.a. mix-use buildings), sometimes conforming complete cities in which the section of the of the building becomes what the plan just to be for the city”. [41]

40. Studio Banana TV Interviews Iñaki Ábalos.

Site: http://studiobanana.tv/2009/10/31/studiobanana-tv-interviews-inaki-abalos/ 41. Verticalism, The Future of Skyscraper, Iñaki Ábalos - Urtzi Grau - October 29, 2008, This is Hybrid, a+t.

42. Alda Ly, Verticalism, Harvard University, GSD, Spring 2009, Site: http://alda-ly. com/?page_id=2

As a conclusion verticalism can be seen as not only a matter of height but instead a shift from the bi-dimensional or horizontal plane of the city to a more 3Dmetric extend in which buildings can be connected at multiple layers and share different functions favouring a great opportunity to be focused on people in lieu of vehicles.

[42]

“

“

Verticalism is an approach to rethinking how program that is inherently horizontal in nature can become vertical and its implications in transforming building typologies of the city.

Alda Ly

World Tallest Buidlings 2013

46

37. Roger Duffy, Craig W. Hartman and T.J. Gottesdiener, Skyscrapers. Archello.

43. Metabolism was a post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth.

HORIZONTAL VS VERTICAL DIAGRAM

PROGRAMMATIC JUXTAPOSITION

“

47

Vertical = lower energy

Vertical = lower land use

VERTICAL STRENGTH

Vertical = dense

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

VERTICAL WEAKNESS

Vertical = viable sustainable cities

They are several critical observations to point out from the blossoming of skyscrapers within the cities. In some cases such cities in China, the breakneck speed in witch skyscraper are being build, has transform the landscape into an uncontrolled concrete masses where the human integration with the ground floor and

We should create a city were many buildings are tied together , which share different kind of functions that are connected at multiply levels(...) buildings in fact that are focused on people not vehicles

Vertical = efficiency

“For the first time in our history, the number of people living in urban settings outnumbers the number of people in rural setting, and this is no accident. Density happens as a result of our innate human desire to collect ourselves socially, economically and culturally………….. building tall—which is inherently expensive and technically challenging— becomes not just feasible, but eminently desirable and ultimately necessary". [37]

On the other hand, ‘verticalism’ has shown an enormous potential improving life quality and ‘metabolism [43] of cities, in which this new spatial organization boost social interaction and increases the economy, orchestrated by a collateral effect of collaboration and competition.

Vertical = compact development

In the last few decades density increase have rocketed the vertical typology in cities around the world (mostly in the tropics) where different outcomes (positive and negative) can be seen. It is undeniable that verticalism has become a necessity and probably an irreversible item within the city because of the social and economic opportunities that it offers to face the high land value in relatively small footprints.

vertical connectivity’s within the building is being hampered for the lack of infrastructure and planning, diminishing the skyscraper typology into a product of consumption.

“

2.3.2 VERTICAL PROS AND CONS:

2.3.3 THE METROPOLITAN HYBRIDIZATION:

HYBRID VS SOCIAL CONDENSER:

Along with the dense city, the juxtaposition of programs entangled by the vertical extrusion of the city can be seen as inevitable. The necessity to overlap functions to counteract the price of land and the rigidity of the urban weft became widely accepted.

This situation where a new concept was being claimed worked as a catalyser for conceptualize new typologies that end up creating what we known these days as the “Hybrid”; a typology that engage mixed-use programmatic functions and contributes and participates with the existing urban tissue.

In the ambition for develop a model capable of economising resources, two antagonist models, the Hybrid and the Social Condenser (both with mixed-use genes) were created. These 2 models commonly confused were based in totally different concepts, being the ‘Hybrids’ mainstay by capitalism and the fruit of money conversely to the ’Social Condenser’ which relies in a socialist ideology. [45] Therefore, “hybrid was the result of functional thinking but on a scale where user flux was just as important as economic flux. While the condenser concentrated all of its transformation capacity on the member of a closed community” [46] constituted by the inhabitants of the communal housing, club members and factory workers.

Characteristics of Hybrid Buildings: Personality: “the celebration of the hybrid is a celebration of complexity, diversity and variety of programmes. It is the crucible for a mixture of different interdependent activities. (…) Each hybrid is a unique creation, without previous models. The very building comes from an innovative idea which is resolved against the established combination of usual programmes and bes its reson for existence on the novelty of the approach and the unexpected mixing of functions. (…) The hybrid building is a milestone”.

Sociability: “the activity is constant and is not controlled by private or public rhythms. Another use category is created, a full-time builing”.

Form: “The form-function relationship in a hybrid can me implicit or explicit. The first case leans towards fragmentation, the second towards integration”.

Typology: “One cannot classify hybrid buildings by typologies, because in the very essence of the hybrid exists the escape from category”. .Programmes: “Hybrid buildings are organism with multiple interconnected programmes, prepared to house both planned as those unplanned activities in a city”.

Density: “Dense environment with land use limitations are a good field of cultivation for hybrid situations. The hybrid scheme proposes intense environments of cross fertilisation, which mix known genotypes and create genetic allies to improve living conditions and revitalise their surrounding environment” Scale: “Hybrids have the character of super-buildings, super-blocks, megastructures or of Building-as-a-city”City: “Includes perspective, grid insertion, dialogue with other urban landmarks and interrelationships with the surroundings public space” [45]

45. Aurora Fernandez, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, This is Hybrid, a+t architecture publishers, pp 42-60 46.Anatole Kopp.

Ville et revolution.

Architecture et rubanisme sovietiques des annees vingt. Anthropos.1967 p148 47. Yona Friedman, The Paris Special project.

Exit Utopia. Architectural Provocations 19561976, Prestel. 2005 pp 13-29

Furthermore, even though ‘Hybrids’ and ‘Social Condensers’ can share the same programmatic functions the way in which space is conceived and developed make a remarkable bifurcation of styles and use. Where the ‘Hybrid’ fosters the increment of users flux, vitality and intensity of the city by encouraging contact among strangers, intensifying land use and densifying relationships within the city, as opposed to the ‘Social Condenser’ that confines the user to the boundaries of the building itself, isolated from the city in a selfsufficient condition, were elements of the private life are segregated and transformed into public functions where the bedroom is the only private realm. [45] In conclusion, the triumph of the ‘Hybrid’ over the ‘Social Condenser’ is supported by economist and cities that have experience how a Hybrid typology have rocketed the economy, user interaction and relationships within the city “The presence of various subordinate functions on floor and section does not make a housing building hybrid. Along the same lines, a facilities building that includes a varied public use programme would not be a hybrid but a modern version of the social condenser, as a club type. Hybridisation is not only in the programme but in initiative, investment and management” [47]

“

“

“The modern city has acted as a fertilizer for the growth of architectures from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous in regard to use. Urban densities and evolving building techniques have affected the mixing of functions, piling one atop another, defying critics who contend that a building should “look like what it is” [44]

44. Steven Holl , Hybrid Buildings, This is Hybrid, a+t architecture publishers, p 7

Mixed-used buildings can become authentic cities in which the building section has become what the city plan represented until now

HYBRID

SOCIAL CONDENSER

+

Diversity of Uses

+

Residential with a service program assoc to the dwellings

+

Different Initiatives

+

Public Initiative

+

Insertinon Adapted to Urban Fabric

+

Isolated location in the urban fabric

+

Public Uses

+

Exclusive use of the service programme by residents.

≠

48

HYBRID MODELS Hybrids can not be pigeonhole by typologies, because of the very essence of hybrids escapes from this categorization. Hence, every hybrids offers a opportunity for innovation and experimentation that tackles with different size, geometry, programmatic distribution and connectivity each specific scenario.

The very building comes from an innovative idea which is resolved against the established combination of usual programmes and best its reason for existence on the novelty of the approach and the unexpected mixing of functions. (…) The [45] hybrid building is a milestone”

I. HYBRIDS

001 MUSEUM

001. PLUG-IN CITY

003. MARINA CITY COMPLEX

002. JOHN HANGCOCK CENTER

004. SCALA TOWER

Design: Archigram Population: n/a Area: n/a Height: n/a Status: Vision Description: A “megastructure” that incorporates residences, access routes, and essential services for the inhabitants

Design: Bertram Goldberg Population: 1200 habitants Area: n/a Height: 179 m Status: Builded Description: first mixed use city complex in U.S that include housing, and remains the densest modern residential plan in the U.S

Design: S.O.M Population: 1700 habitants Area: 260,126 m2 Height: 459 m Status: Builded Description: Initially projected to be two tower, that finally merge into 1 fully mixed used tower

Design: B.I.G Population: Undefined Area: 56,000 m2 Height: 145 m Status: Unbuild Description: The design illustrates the direction for housing multiple functions in singular object as John Hangcock Tower.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

II. TIMELINE

49

1964

1964

1969

2007

005. CRISTAL ISLAND

006. TOUR DE LA CHAPELLE

007. MATRIZ GETAWAY CMPLX

008. MUSEUM PLAZA

Design: NORMAN FOSTER Population: Undefined Area: 2,500,000 m2 Height: 450 m Status: On Hold Description: Upon completion it would be the largest structure (in floor space) on earth

Design: Abalos +Sentkiewick Population: Undefined Built Area: 113,000 m2 Height: 180 m Status: Unbuild Description: looks for reactivate the area by means of mixture of uses; it is a hybrid entity between skyscraper and a mountain.

Design: A.S.G.G Population: undefined Built Area: 382,127 m2 Height: 180 m Status: On hold Description: Designed as both an urban gateway and a self-sustaining city all its own.

Design: REX Population: Undefined Built Area: 141,800 m2 Height: 214 m Status: Unbuild Description: Considered one of the responsable projects to bring back the hybrid typology to the U.S

2007

2007

2009

2010

50

45. Aurora Fernandez, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, This is Hybrid, a+t architecture publishers, pp 42- 60 48. Les Turbulences, Frac Centre, Site: http:// www.frac-centre.fr/collection/collection-artarch itectur e/index-des-auteurs/auteurs/ projets-64.

HYBRIDS: Case Study 1 : Villes Cratères.

Envisioned by Jean-Louis Rey ,(known as Chanéac), under the concept of artificial landscape. This concept was promoted in the 1960's by many architects such as Peter Cook of Archigram with his project "The Mound", or Cesar Pelli with the "Sunset Mountain Park" , in which architecture was modulled as inhabitable geography, as is to say, the artificial landscape created was a continuation of the existing natural landscape, normally combining housing and public space on terraced hillsides.[45]

offices with unobstructed views, the parasite cells , industrial, mobile and easily implantable intervene at the level of housing to enlarge at the request of residents.[48]

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

In addition, Villes Cratères was a perfect opportunity to act as a testing ground to meet the urban problems of that time and its possible solutions. Chanéac conceived a city in which "volumes were diluted into positive space" where the streets disappeared and green spaces become limitless; a city without suburbs, to both urban and rural conditions.

In the context of an evolving city, likely to densify Chanéac provides two modes of extension: the superstructure ,growths in the hills to the sky, enable the creation of homes and

51

VILLES CRATÈRES MODEL

VILLES CRATÈRES VIEW

HYBRIDS: Case Study 2 : Linked Hybrid.

The Linked Hybrid, sited adjacent to the site of old city wall of Beijing, on the contrary to the isolation of traditional residential complex of the current privatized urban developments in China, aims to enrich the existing reality via including civic uses and a porous urban space, inviting to be part and participate to the public from every side.

activity encountered at the ground floor, where different open passages and shops activate the urban space for residents and visitors, unfolding micro-urbanisms of small scale. On the intermediate level of the lower buildings, public roofs gardens offer tranquil green spaces, and at the top of the eight residential towers private roof gardens are connected to the penthouses.

[49]

URBAN SPACE

Steven Holl, the responsible architect behind this project defines the idea saying that: “The project promotes interactive relations and encourages encounters in the public spaces that vary from commercial, residential, and educational to recreational. The entire complex is a three-dimensional urban space in which buildings on the ground, under the ground and over the ground are fused together�. [50]

Beijing pre- 1980 (horizontality)

On this behalf, the multifaceted spatial layers created, coupled with the multiple passages through the project, make the Linked Hybrid an "open city within a city".

One important feature of this venue is the

All public functions on the ground level, have connections with the green spaces surrounding and penetrating the project.

The presence of skybridges create a programmatically loop that aspires to be semi-lattice-like rather than simplistically linear. We hope the public sky-loop and the base-loop will constantly generate random relationships. [50]

49. Aurora Fernandez, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, This is Hybrid, a+t architecture publishers, p 220 50. Steven Holl, Linked Hybrid, Beijing, China, 2003-2009. Site: http://www.stevenholl.com/ project-detail.php?id=58

The hybrid condition of this complex, has worked as a breakthrough item in Asia awarded by many institutions, mainly because the full range of the opportunities given not only for the building itself but for the integrity and relationships within the city ,

Beijing post- 1980 (verticality)

Proposed (hybrid space)

52

51. Aurora Fernandez, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, This is Hybrid, a+t architecture publishers, p 180

HYBRIDS: Case Study 3: Vanke Center

52. The Architectural Review, Rob Gregory, June 2010

The Vanke Center, completed in 2009 in Shenzhen, China, designed by Steven Holl is known as a “Horizontal Skyscraper”, due to the hybrid and horizontal opportunities offered by project condition, which has been critically-acclaimed and accepted because of the intelligence of the project managing the galloping land privatisation in the outskirts of Chinese cities, as a result the programme was built above the ground level, and by doing so the private lot became a public park. “The project reconsiders the traditional concept of the isolated corporate campus and breaks away from the usual distribution of uses in different volumes, typical in these types of mini-cities. Here, one single container promotes interaction of uses and users with its semi-public indoor walk that connects the different programmes.' [51]

ideas about circulation and connectivity seen at Holl's student residences at MIT and the pedestrian-oriented Linked Hybrid complex in Beijing ... With 75 per cent of the site area reconfigured as an open landscape, the practice's strategy has been extremely well received." [52] The Vanke Center, leveraging the porosity of the building and elevated condition, generates public parks and gardens beneath the structure, creating a comfortable open space made for public use, in which wind circulation contributes to counteract the tropical environment. In addition the entire length of the building works as a public to connect different programmatic use of the building boosting human interaction and circulation.

"The practice's aim was to provide an exemplary form of new urbanism that prioritised the provision of fully accessible public space. While specifically related to this place and this brief, the scheme also incorporates architectural strategies tested on other projects, merging and morphing

SIZE COMPARISON

Empire State

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Vank Center

53

PATH DIAGRAM

PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION

HYBRIDS: Case Study 4 : Sky Village Sky Village is defined as an “easily adapter container: a series of stackable modules of the same size that are connected to a central nucleus with three separate entrances. Where modules do not have another overhead, a garden roof is opened. According to the market demand, these volumes can hold different uses; one only needs to connect the entrance to the corresponding nucleus with stairs and lifts”

Core S C Servicing hotel + restaurantt Core Servicing housing

PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION Core Servicing offices

53. Aurora Fernandez, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, This is Hybrid, a+t architecture publishers, p 118 54. Europaconcorsi, Projects- Sky Village. Site: http://europaconcorsi.com/projects/78454-SkyVillage

Parking Storage Plant rooms

Cores

Commercial

[53]

By pixelating the volume and varying the infill in different pixel compositions, less deep offices and houses are created, enhancing views, light and creating different sizes of terraces and balconies. This process of ‘pulling away’ pixels out of the cube, and repositioning them on top has been crystalized in different ways: the first one is made by pulling away many pixels on the ground and lower floors, generating an open plaza, while keeping some programmatic functions on ground floor, the second one is done by stacking the units more towards the northern side on top of the cube a taller building emerges with sunnier terraces with

Offices

Housing

views of the city centre, ant the rest of the region. The third one is done by opening the cube in the middle, a series of covered terraces is created to allow for communal outdoor areas for offices or public functions.

Hotel + Restaurant

the views on ground level.” [54] The geometrical displacement and the programmatic distribution embraces the city mixed environment, adapting and contributing to the cityscape

Moreover, the geometry helps to combine the character of the surrounding low-rise housing estates with the typical block next to it, minimizing the impact of shadows to the surrounding houses and without blocking

PIXEL RE-ORGANISATION 54

56. Masdar Development, Foster + Partners.

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 2007-2008 57. Adriam Smith + Gordon Gill , Headquarters, Masdar Porfolio.

Masdar

HYBRIDS: Case Study 5: Masdar Headquaters Envisioned by Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill architectural office, Masdar Headquaters is considered to be the centerpiece of Masdar City [55], a mixed-use, low-rise, highdensity masterplan designed by Foster + Parters that that will eventually be home for companies, researchers, and academics from across the globe, creating an international hub for companies and organisations focused on renewable energy and clean technologies [56] . Masdar headquarters will utilize stateof-the-art technology to go beyond zero net energy that will led to become the world’s “first mixed-use large scale positive energy building, using sustainable design strategies and systems to produce more energy than it consumes

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

“The seven-story, 134,662-square-meter structure (which includes landscaped areas) will accommodate commercial, retail and cultural uses. The building’s form, sculpted in response to extensive

55

environmental analysis, adapts the ancient science and aesthetics of Arabic wind towers, screens and other vernacular architecture, which emphasize natural ventilation, sun shading, high thermal mass, courtyards and vegetation” [57] Different environmental strategies has been set from the outset to became the first energy positive building such as: natural ventilation and cooling , a vast roof canopy that provides natural shading and incorporates one of the world largest photovoltaic solar-panels arrays, the highthermal mass exterior glass cladding that provides solar heat blocking , and a lavish sky garden on roof level that creates microclimates and will help the building to consume 70 percent less water than typical mixed-use buildings of the same size, and be the lowest energy consumer per square meter for a modern Class A office building in a hot/humid climate, all this will ensure that Masdar HQ’s go beyond LEED platinum standards. [57] In addition, the hybrid condition of the

Masdar Headquaters ensure the viability of an environmental responsable architecture that notwithstanding from the large scale and the high density of the project offers a wide-range of opportunities regarding new urban developments for the future in which energy production will surplus the energy comsumption of the building conferring an added value for the existing urban weft.

“

Masdar HQ's will be the world’s first mixed-use, positive energy building, using sustainable design strategies and systems to produce more energy than it consumes

“

55. Urban development projected to construction located about 17km from downtown Abu Dhabi, that aims to be carbon neutral, zero waste and powered by renewable energy.

2.3.4 HYBRIDIZATION OPPORTUNITIES:

“The opportunity opened by the necessity of a new type of urbanism should generate a critical debate about new solutions for what have been and still are seemingly intractable and complex problems.

Designers should learn from their past that there are not singular solutions to or urban problems and that no single one-dimensional approach to urban design can or should shoulder such a monumental and intractable task. Rather a range of ideas an approaches to the problems of our cities should be practiced, which will provide the basis of flexible, creative and appropriate responses to the urban condition” [58] The Hybridization today seems to advocates a new spatial experience able to challenge the 21st century metropolitan density, in which Hybrids can take advantage of the opportunities provided by the emerging cities and the wide-range possibilities on the conceptualization of public space, programmatic juxtaposition, dynamic section and environmental performative technicques used on this typology, that will finally led to a positive path of Hybrid types that will create spring and active urban spaces.

“

58. Rodolph El-Khoury and Edward Robbings, Shaping the City, Studies in History, Theory and Urban Design, Routledge, 2nd Edition, June 2013.

46. Aurora Fernandez, Javier Mozas, Javier Arpa, This is Hybrid, a+t architecture publishers, pp 42- 60 59. Joseph Fenton, Hybrid Buildings, Pamphlet Architecture #11, 1985.

Hybrids can be as diverse as a city in users, use times and programme

“

“

“Hybrid buildings are the triumph of the ingenuity and daring of their designers. The architect’s individual input is evident In the specificity with which each building responds to its program and site. The combination are limitless. What is offered by the hybrid building is a successful practitioner’s tool for dealing with the intricacies of the Twentieth Century city” [59]

“

The hyper-urbanization of cities are certainly working as a catalyst incubators for new and experimental architectural types, in which the hybrid typology plays a pivotal role.

You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.

Buckminster Fuller

56

2.4 TEST CASE - BRAZIL Tropical and Regional Cities Comparison.

60. Acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa: 61. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme, (UN-HABITAT)

GROWTH PER

HOUR

+1 LONDON

+0

BERLIN

+25

+13 NEW YORK

+22

+23 MEXICO CITY

CAIRO

+42 +50

MEDELLÍN +7

TROPICS Population

+32

+40 +38+50SHANGHAI KARACHI

+42 +33 MUMBAI

KOLKATA

+25

MANILA

+24

KINSHASA

BELO HORIZONTE

LIMA

DHAKA BEIJING

LAGOS

+15 BOGOTÁ

+12

DELHI

+11

+14

+24 RIO DE JANEIRO

JAKARTA

+29

LUANDA

SÃO PAULO

+5 JOHANNESBURG

+9 BUENOS AIRES

20 million 10 million 5 million 1 million

This world map shows the population growth per hour projected through 2015 in some of the fastest growing cities with more than one million people.

North America

2.4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH IN TROPICAL REGIONS:

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

As delineated on the previous chapter, population growth has struck the entire globe where a common trend can be seen; Countries located between the tropics engage the fastest population growth in the world, partly because of their buoyant economies, in which Asia, South America and recently South Africa lead the rank, reason why the renowned BRIC countries has recently change their acronym to BRICS [60] in which South Africa is now included.

57

Nevertheless, Latin American region has an intriguing urban situation, based on the fact that currently 80 percent of the region lives in cities, becoming as a result the most urban region in the world [61].

The United Nations Human Settlements Programme stated that the number of people moving to cities will keep increasing, reaching a summit of 90 percent by 2050.

Considered as one of the most outstanding countries in Latin America, Brazil has undergone through a radical transformation in the last few years. Their booming economy and their increasingly population growth has positioned them as one of the major economic and cultural hubs of South America.

Latin America & Caribbean

Europe

Oceania

Asia

Africa

62. WORLD POPULATION REVIEW, SITE: WORLDPOPULATIONREVIEW.COM/BRAZIL/

BRASIL POPULATION MAP

HTTP://

63. THE ECONOMIST NEWSPAPER LIMITED. 64. INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO (IBGE),

7

65. DEMOGRAPHIA WORLD EDITION, MARCH 2013.

5

DE

GEOGRAFIA

URBAN AREAS,

E

ESTATÍSTICA

9TH

ANNUAL

66.THE WORLD BANK , PLANNING, CONNECTING, AND FINANCING CITIES NOW: PRIORITIES FOR CITY LEADERS, THE WORLD BANK P 83

9 3 4 6

2 Brazil Most Populated Cities 1. Sao Paulo 2. Rio de Janerio 3. Salvdor 4. Brasilia 5. Fortaleza 6. Belo Horizonte 7. Manaus 8. Curitiba 9. Recife 10. Porto Alegre

-

8 11,244,369 hab 6,323,037 hab 2,676,606 hab 2,562,963 hab 2,447,409 hab 2,375, 444 hab 1,808,525 hab 1,746,896 hab 1,536,934 hab 1,409,939 hab

2.4.2 BRAZILIAN CITIES: Throughout Brazil’s history, population growth has been rapid and has remained as a country predominated by young people in which 62 of Brazilians are aged 29 or under. Encompassing the population growth, economic forecast echoes this trend and it has positioned Brazil into the sixth largest economy in the world [62]. Yet, its economy is still increasing at an annualised rate of 5 , These numbers has sparked forecasts that are now stating that sometime in the decade after 2014 Brazil is likely to become the world’s fifthlargest economy, overtaking Britain and France. [63]

1 + Populated

10 - Populated

in the Southern Hemisphere and the world’s seventh largest city.

[65]. Moreover, Brazil has more than 10 cities surpassing 1 million inhabitants where Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro surmounts more than 5 million inhabitants.

Furthermore, 84 percent of Brazil’s population lives in urban areas and it is here (in cities) where 90 percent of Brazil GDP is derived; [66] Demonstrating once more, that cities are the centre of economic activity and has the power the consolidate cities such as Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro as one of the most promising emergent cities in the world.

In addition, according to the latest census, undertaken in 2010, the population of Brazil is currently reaching 200 million people and will continue growing up to the year 2042 in which populations will reach its peak with 228.4 million people. [64] Population projections are vital for the estimate of economic and socio-demographic numbers that will led a better understanding of the country and region.

In terms of population, Brazil is ranked as the fifth largest populated country in the world [62], and has 20 cities amidst the 500 largest urban areas in the world in which 6 of them are under the first hundred and in which Sao Paulo holds the title of the largest city 58

67. Source: GeoHive, Agglomerations: Top 25 for 2025. Site: http://www.geohive.com/earth/ cy_agg2025.aspx

2.4.3 RIO DE JANEIRO: The process of urbanization have being and important factor through the evolution of Brazil as one predominant urban areas.

It started with a boost on the dynamism at the end of the 19th century with the gain in importance of the territorial organization of the country. At the beginning of the 20th century, the urbanization process was tightly referred to urbanization and its direct influence on the urban network. This network composed of a set of cities along the coast (Sao Paolo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte).

This process of industrialisation brought migration with it, mainly in Sao Paolo and Rio. However, it reached its apex in early 1980s with both, a recess in the birth rate and the reduction of rural-to-urban migration. Though, this wave of densification despite this drop in the migration tendency, incurred to a massive densification of almost 200,000 million inhabitants with about 84 living in cities.

A hundred years ago, Buenos Aires was the only South American city with a population larger than one million. Today, there are 36 cities holding that title, in wich we can find Rio de Janeiro as the second largest city of Brazil, located facing the Atlantic ocean , at the heart of the South-eastern region. Rio(as is also known), occupies an area of 1.261 km2 and houses a population of 6.323.037 (according to the IBGE 2010 census) making it the 6th largest city in Latin America and the 26th in the world. Nevertheless, this positioning in the ranking will change by 2025 when as the projections mark it ascends up to the 22nd place of the largest urban areas in the world. [67]

Finally, one of the more striking characteristics of the city of Rio de Janeiro is the varied geographical diversity, starting with its exhuberant natural resources such as the Tijuca National Park (which includes the largest urban forest in the world with 3,200 hectares of Atlantic Forest), the astonishing hills and mountains (The Corcovado mountain where the giant statue of Christ the Redeemer stands and the famous Sugarloaf) and finally its 90 km of beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanama. Due to this on July 2012 UNESCO declared a part of Rio called "Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea" a World Heritage Site. Besides, It contains many important industries such as petroleum, pharmaceuticals, furniture, clothing, textiles, processed food, chemicals and the tourism industry where tourists visit Rio yearly more than any other part of Brazil.

RIO DE JANEIRO (METROPOLITAN REGION) 5,724 km 2 29 BUILT AREA DENSITY (People/km2 ) = 2,020 RIO DE JANEIRO: 18 SUBPREFEITURAS (ADM. AREA) 1,261 km 2 51 BUILT AREA DENSITY (People/km2 ) = 4,832

59

“

“

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Furthermore, Rio is a cultural milestone of Brazil and one of the major economic and cultural hubs of South America with a centre of commerce, finance, and manufacturing. Further, in the upcoming years it will host both, the 2014 football's World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games guaranteeing Rio a permanency under the international spotlight regarding with to the previously mentioned, The Brazilian cities are the centre of economic activities wgenerating 60 of this national monetary income.

The city of Rio de Janeiro, is the 6th largest city in Latin America and the 26th in the world.

GUAPIMIRIM PARACAMBI JAPERI

NOVA IGUAÇU

QUEIMADOS SEROPÉDICA

DUQUE DE CAXIAS

MAGÉ

BELFORD ROXO SÃO JOÃO ITA QU SDE MERITI

MES LÓPOLI NI

ITABORAÍ

TANGUÁ SÃO GONÇALO

ITAGUAÍ

RIO DE JANEIRO

NITERÓI

MARICÁ

Christ the Redeemer Statue 0

5

10 15

2

Miles

Rio de Janeiro, Metrpolitan & Regional Area

2.4.4 RIO'S DE JANEIRO - STATISTICS: Besides the clear deceleration of the demographic growth in Brazil since 1960, brazilian population has began to pick up an steady growth with projections untill 2050 where the world will peak its maximum population.

Source: IBGE demographic census, several years.

100

Share of total population ( )

90

Moreover, the tendency in South American cities of continuing receivieng even more people from the rural areas leading to an urban conglomeration is pushing the regional interest to look and act in front of the next wave of birth and migrations, which today, both combined are a reality.

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

RIO DE JANEIRO (Metropolitan Area)

Millions Change rate

YEARS

1970

1990

6.6m

9.6m

1970-1990 = 1.84

1940 2011 12m

1190-2011 = 1.05

1950

1960

2025

1970

1980

Urban

1990

2000

2010

Rural

13.6m 2011-2025 = 0.93

BRAZIL'S RAPID URBANIZATION

#

#

More than 100

370

0.0

0.0

1,377

95 to 99

2,025

0.0

0.0

6,433

90 to 94

8,749

0.1

22,553

85 to 89

26,879

80 to 84

62,863

75 to 79

104,218

70 to 74

156,167

65 to 69

206,333

60 to 64

290,089

55 to 59

374,767

50 to 54

461,682

45 to 49

515,808

40 to 44

542,851

35 to 39

566,803

0 to 34

637,186

25 to 9

665,139

20 to 24

646,569

4.0

4.1

15 to 19

638,420

4.0

4.0

10 to 14

662,506

4.1

4.0

5 to 9

555,463

0 to 4 years

500,802

0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0

57,807

0.4

115,785

0.7

165,181

1.0

220,125

1.4

270,534

1.7

1.3 1.8

2.3

363,130 454,090

2.8

2.3 2.9

3.4

3.2

537,716

3.7

3.4

586,139 600,020

3.8 3.9

3.5

4.3

4.0

4.4

4.2

3.5

3.4

3.1 Men

623,622 685,586 699,208 656,220 631,856 642,527 537,528

3.0

486,813

JANEIRO, AGE STRUCTURE

IN

Women RIO

DE

2013 60

61

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

LATIN AMERICA

BRAZIL

BRAZIL

Population Distribution

GDP Distribution

Population Distribution

16

20

Urban Areas

Rural Areas

10

Urban Areas

Rural Areas

Urban Areas

84

80

BRAZIL ECONOMY RANKING Worldwide

90

BRAZIL POPULATION RANKING Worldwide

BRAZIL

BRAZIL

5th Largest Economy

Rural Areas

5th Largest Population

2.4.5 CONCLUSION: As a direct result of the world wide population growth phenomenon, tropics have shown the fastest growing rates, in which Latin America peaks as the most urbanized area in the world with 80 of its population living in urban areas and up to 84 in the case of Brazil, where urban sprawl seems to be the only urban model available to integrate the new population into the city, which is directly affecting the quality of life of their inhabitants due the large amount of time that these new residents need to spend on commuting to be part of the city centre where the urban opportunities and interactions take place. Encouraged to reverse the inertia of this injurious cycle, a new urban model will be studied and proposed on further chapters.

62

Hyper Synergies

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT_ 3.1 DESIGN STRATEGY 3.1.1 Holistic System (Key Elements) 3.1.2 Research Strands 3.1.3 Single-Parameter Optimization 3.1.4 Multi-Parameter Optimization 3.1.5 The Hyper Block 3.2 SITE SELECTION 3.2.1 Barra da Tijuca 3.2.2 Urban Integration 3.3 ENERGY PRODUCTION Low or Zero Carbon Footprint (LZC) 3.3.1 Renewable Sources of Energy 3.3.2 Conclusion 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES Morphological Enhancements 3.4.1 Conclusion

3.1 DESIGN STRATEGY In Sought of a Multi-Communicational Design Model

3.1.1 HOLISTIC SYSTEM:

3.1.2 RESEARCH STRANDS:

The world is changing and architecture so. The current processes and methods of contemporary architecture have not accompanied the accelerated shifts pace that cities have being dealing with. The relentless struggle for functional space of the Modern architecture archetype seems to be not enough anymore.

Today, where an “Internet of things” drives the world and information of exchange matter is used to build up a new worlds structure, the urgent need for a more correlative multi-directional communication of data appears to be more adequate. Moreover, the use of the phrase “Form follows Data” has shown light of what might the future could be.

Therefore, the question may be, how do we integrate this colossal sets of data, to big to be handled by traditional techniques?. Data, here presented as flows of people, self-organising ephemeral space and energy exchange are the primary Achilles' heel of contemporary hyper-informed society and avant-garde practices ought to concern.

All this sparks our interest on contemporary processes, which respond to the urgent need to understand the current speed of cultural changes.

Strategies for achieving non-static, non-deterministic and nonlinear modes of thought are the main concern in the developing of this "Architectural Model". Nevertheless, this Architectural Model is not referred to the traditional perception of "Static Models" for geometrical representations. In contrary, the model that we propose is the generation of computational algorithms as generative design processes "Algorithmic Models" which can manage specific designations with the aim of divide the process in a readable and controllable scheme. Each fed by site statistics and simple rules that evolve multiple states. These new models thus, allow the simulation of the complexity embedded in urban and architectural systems.

This spontaneous simulation will enable us understand how systems function and interact and how emerging pattern formations occur.

Design dynamic rather than static entities.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies 65

“

“

THE

HUMAN DESIGN PROCESS WILL ACHIEVE A KIND OF

INFINITE VELOCITY, EVERYTHING BECOMES LINKED WITH EVERYTHING ELSE AND MATTER BECOMES MIND… Erik Davis

As previously mentioned, as the world keeps turning we will need to redefine the foundations of architecture from time to time, because the modern world communicates in a news and emergent manners. This information is not sometimes properly translated into architectural fields. To do so, the primary ambition is to create different systemic integrated systems that deal with specific required assignments in the design process. The simulation of a “Building Information Models” in which the simulate building components (objects) are tagged with information about their qualitative and quantitative properties. In this intent a new “Architectural model” will be designed under the basis of three constitutive main branches: 1. Highly Integrated Program: The development of one selforganizational structure fore the whole project. A well-integrated polycentric system based on connectivity, communication and interaction.

2. Environmental Passive Design: The design of generative systems to evaluate environmental stimuli such as daylight illumination, shadow casting and passive ventilation.

3. Energy Management (LZC): The enforcement of a holistic process of energy management which can deal with energy consumptions (CO2 emissions) and energy generation (renewable energies).

67. JANE BURRY + MARK BURRY, THE NEW MATHEMATICS OF ARCHITECTURE 2010, PP 117, 118, 119 68.

KAISA MIETTINEN MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION

(1999).

NONLINEAR

69. BENNY RAPHAE, SITE: HTTP://WWW.BENNYRAPHAEL. COM/TECHNICAL/PARETO.HTML 70. GALAPAGOS

IS A

EVOLUTIONARY SOLVER

AIMED

TO SOLVE SPECIFIC PROBLEM THROUGH EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS

“OPTIMAL”

FOSTERING

A

FITNESS

CRITERIA

AS

AN

SOLUTION

71. GRASSHOPPER

IS A GRAPHICAL ALGORITHM EDITOR

TIGHTLY INTEGRATED WITH

RHINO’S 3-D

MODELING TOOLS

72. EVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO PROBLEM SOLVING, SITE: HTTP://WWW.GRASSHOPPER3D.COM/ PROFILES/BLOGS/EVOLUTIONARY-PRINCIPLES

Nexus Workshop by UTO, Ursula Frick and Thomas Grabner

3.1.3 SINGLE-PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION:

3.1.4 MULTI-PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION:

The word optimal originates from the Latin ‘optimus’ firstly used in biology around the 19th century, and it was referred to a ‘most favourable’ or “desirable’ condition in any specific situation.

It is frequently said that optimization is a subjective mean that it is intrinsically allied with the ambition in which the process it’s addressed, as is to say, “No matter how deterministic the procedure or algorithm of optimization may be , the optimal state is always relative to the details of the system in which is sought” [67]

Moreover, optimization could also engage more than one parameter or objective; originating a new-but-related type of optimization: The “Multi-parameter” or “Multi-criteria” optimization.

This type of optimization flourish based on the Pareto Principle, which states that “It is impossible to make any individual better off without making at least one individual worse off” [68], hence the betterment of certain condition can only be ameliorated in detriment of another.

In architecture, optimization has been long time used as a tool that helps the designer behold for any particular interests such as structural performance, pure form, energy efficiency, lighting conditions, CO2 emissions etc. Such an approach in architecture is defined by Jane and Mark Burry as:

Therefore, the multi-parameter optimization will always look for a reasonable “trade-off” among conflicting objectives [69], in which the weighting of purposes will play a pivotal role and may be nudge toward a plethora of totally different outcomes.

What we can inferred from this definition is what led to what it is known as ‘stochastic’ and ‘deterministic’ optimization, two different direction towards the optimization process, in which the first one relates to the process that integrates certain types of randomness or fitness criteria so that only certain outcomes for the random can succeed, having as a result iterations that do not take precedent from the previous states, as opposed to the second one, in which iterations blossom relying on each of the previous states and who will ultimately led to same result, as long as the starting conditions remain the same.

In the development of our architectural proposal some singleparameter optimizations will be made to assessed specific targets but due to the scale or relative condition of the "optimization" this values will only help us to set initial parameters/values that will only work as references for further experiments that will need to be rerun further on with real conditions to validate the accuracy of the experiment.

This type of “optimization” it is known to be difficult to assessed due to the current limitations of evolutionary solvers or genetic algorithms in environments such as Galapagos[70] inside Grasshopper[71], which lacks an effective engine for multi-criteria purposes that could be result in infinite loops that will never reach the best possible answer or having reached it , not recognizing it for what it is[72], caused not only for the engine but also by the user at the moment of defining a “fitness criteria”. In contrast, one of the most useful features of generative algorithms that we will be using in our experiments is the fact that multiple outcomes can be harvested and compared throughout the run-time process to evaluate them and quantify the best possible answer.

It is important to mention that there is no such thing as a perfect solution but a “best-performative” solution toward any particular interests, that we will be only evaluating for such purpose to avoid inaccurate or useless outcome applications.

“

OPTIMIZATION IS ALL ABOUT GAINING AN OBJECTIVE

“

“Form-finding tool, starting with the model in a state that is an approximate fit for purpose, adjustments are made to the geometry, and the form is assessed as to whether or not the overall performance has move closer to the goal. Changes are made iteratively, and may or may be not recursive, looking for incremental improvement on the new temporary state of the model” [67]

Raiser + Unemoto

66

3.1.5 THE "HYPERBOCK": The HyperBlock is presented as an efficient missed link between the dense skyscrapers in urban landscapes and the crammed dense tissue of informal settlements acting as a renewal proposal for these two opposite worlds.

The HyperBlock model aims to contribute to the urban sustainability avoiding urban sprawl and natural exploitation, providing new alternatives to rethink how cities operates and cope with a clear demographic expansion demanding an urban lifestyle. Hence, we will investigate and push the limits of density and environmental performance in a new HYPER scale.

Thus, the HyperBlock model may be finally defined as a novel high-dense architectural model that contains a maximum amount of population in a minimum surface area.

HYPERBLOCK SCALE: At me moment of determining the scale ambition, the "HyperBlock" was informed by the 3 different urban scales stated in chapter two, the block, the superblock and the megablock.

Concluding that the scale would be nor one of these fixed scales but a combination of two of them: the size of the superblock withe the population of the megablock. With this shift of scale the sense of density rises to a new level, creating a high dense scenario in a urban scale. Therefore, the project will be treated as a city inside a city, addressed as a efficient model that integrates density, environmental performance, social logic of space and connectivity in a synergetic manner which derives in the new architecural model.

Next, a serie of experiments regarding these four strands we will endeavor in order to systematically address some of the most biggest problems when designing an insertion to an existing urban fabric.

Taking into account quantitative and qualitative architectural and infrastructural elements such as : • Energy Efficiency (Waste Treatment, Sun Light Access Control and Energy Generation) • The Social Logic Of Space (Networks, Accesibility and Programmatic Distribution of Public & Private Space) • Integration with the Existing Urban Fabric

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies 67

“

“

The "HYPERBLOCK" is a novel high-dense architectural model that contains a maximum amount of population within a minimum surface area.

THE HYPERBLOCK SIZE

+ Mega Block (Borough Size)

Super Block (Neighborhood Size)

Area

Population

m2

HyperBlock “The HyperBlock scale is a combination between the population of the Hyperblock with the size of a SuperBlock”

68

Scale

RESEARCH STRANDS The hyperBlock will be explored and analyzed under the threshold of these four urban qualities, fostering a novel solution for the brazil's high-dense

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

urban landscape.

69

Environmental Performance

Programmatic Logic

Network & Connectivity

70

Size

POPULATION ANALYSIS:

120K =

100K =

90K =

Residential: 3,150,000m2 Office: 682500m2 Commercial: 262500m2 Institutional: 105000m2 Green Areas: 3150000m2 Circulation: 2205000m2 Gross Building Area (GBA): 9,555,000m2 Residential: 2,700,000m2 Office: 585000m2 Commercial: 225000m2 Institutional: 90000m2 Green Areas: 2700000m2 Circulation: 1890000m2 Gross Building Area (GBA): 8,190,000m2

Residential: 2,430,000m2 Office: 526500m2 Commercial: 202500m2 Institutional: 81000m2 Green Areas: 2430000m2 Circulation: 1701000m2 Gross Building Area (GBA): 7,371,000m2

80K = Residential: 2,160,000m2 Office: 468000m2 Commercial: 180000m2 Institutional: 72000m2 Green Areas: 2160000m2 Circulation: 1512000m2 Gross Building Area (GBA): 6,552,000m2

70K =

Residential: 1,890,000m2 Office: 409500m2 Commercial: 157500m2 Institutional: 63000m2 Green Areas: 1890000m2 Circulation: 1323000m2 Gross Building Area (GBA): 5,733,000m2

60K = Residential: 1,620,000m2 Office: 351000m2 Commercial: 135000m2 Institutional: 54000m2 Green Areas: 1620000m2 Circulation: 1134000m2 Gross Building Area (GBA): 4,914,000m2

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

50K =

71

Residential: 1,350,000m2 Office: 292500m2 Commercial: 112500m2 Institutional: 45000m2 Green Areas: 1350000m2 Circulation: 945000m2 Gross Building Area (GBA): 4,095,000m2

OFFICE

COMMERCIAL

INSTITUTIONAL

7

1

3 CIRCULATION 23

GREEN AREAS 33 RESIDENTIAL 33

POPULATION SELECTION: The aim of this experiment is to create a numerical criteria on the selection of population and their mathematical difference when selecting the best individual (population) to use as a target to populate the HyperBlock. The systematic study of 7 different population targets was assessed starting from 50,000 to 120,000 as mapped as one of the most dense examples of existing population per km2.

The analysis was established in all of them considering a fix programmatic distribution based on the existing proportion of uses in Brazil shared with some logical decisions. So, the proportions give predominance to Residents a primary function to create a active urban model that remains in constant movement. Additional programmatic uses where calculated also to suffice the needs of the existing dwellers as well to create a exchange and merge within programs of the surrounding areas. Finally a high percentage is also given to public spaces considering this to be a key driver of the design intention of creating an integration of human-nature.

72

Experiment 01 - Population Calculations [120k Households]

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

1

2

Massing Matrix_ Top View Array through an increasing number of towers (1 to 10) and incresing area from 10,000 m2 to 90,000m2 (A to G).

3

TARGET +GSI =

4

+Height =

( >.0.20 & < 0.50 )

( < 35 STORIES )

5

6

7

8

9

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

10

73

POPULATION MATRIX: A matrix of building masses arranged from one building to 10 buildings (from 1 to 10) and a floor depth increasing from 100m to 700m (from a to g) is created in order to understand geometrically the variables relating each of the individuals within the pool of building masses. a preset strategy was decided to describe the scope of the test. We will be selecting the fittest individuals after pass through a filtering process considering two main factors: Ground Space Index (GSI) which is a numerical measurement of how much uses on the ground level is proportionally used from the plot area. the first target was to select all the individuals between 20 to 50 percent of used area on the ground. The second selection criteria for the first process of filtration was the height. considering that the surrounding area have buildings around 35 storeys, we were willing to maintain the height to control the impact of the project to the existing urban weft.

The table render all the possible individuals inside the array of building masses and comparing then based on: foot print area and building side length, floors count, height of the tower (L) and finally the GSI. The same process was calculated for the other 6 population from 50,000 to 115,000. However for the sake of the test we choose the biggest population to evaluate.

GBA

PLOT AREA (m²)

9,555,000

1,000,000

Total Built Area

FOOTPRINT SIDES LENGTH

10,000 40,000 90,000

400 500 600 700

160,000 250,000 360,000 490,000 FOOTPRINT AREA (m²)

LEGEND: GBA: Gross Building Area L: Building Height GSI: Demonstrates the relationship between built and non-built space.

Example: 3D = 3Towers of 160,000m²(Footprint Area) each volume Floor Count (GBA / 160,000m²) = 23.70 GSI (GBA

*

FOOTPRINT AREA (m²)

100 200 300

3(Tower Count) / 1,000,000 (Plot Area) = 0.48

10,000 40,000 90,000 160,000 250,000 360,000 490,000 FOOTPRINT AREA (m²) 10,000 40,000 90,000 160,000

INDEX

1

2

10,000 40,000 90,000 160,000 250,000 360,000 490,000 FOOTPRINT AREA (m²) 10,000 40,000 90,000 160,000 250,000 360,000 490,000 FOOTPRINT AREA (m²) 10,000 40,000 90,000 160,000 250,000 360,000 490,000 FOOTPRINT AREA (m²) 10,000 40,000 90,000 160,000 250,000 360,000 490,000 FOOTPRINT AREA (m²) 10,000 40,000 90,000 160,000 250,000 360,000 490,000 FOOTPRINT AREA (m²) 10,000 40,000 90,000 160,000 250,000 360,000 490,000 FOOTPRINT AREA (m²) 10,000 40,000 90,000 160,000 250,000 360,000 490,000

L per TOWER

GSI ( )

3583.13 895.78 398.13

0.01 0.04 0.09

59.72 38.22 26.54 19.50 FLOOR COUNT

223.95 143.33 99.53 73.13 L per TOWER

0.16 0.25 0.36 0.49 GSI ( )

2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 2G

477.75 119.44 53.08 29.86 19.11 13.27 9.75 FLOOR COUNT

895.78 223.95 99.53 55.99 35.83 24.88 18.28 L per TOWER

0.02 0.08 0.18 0.32 0.5 0.72 0.98 GSI ( )

13A 3B 3C 3D

318.50 79.63 35.39 19.91

398.13 99.53 44.24 24.88

0.03 0.12 0.27 0.48

3E 3F 3G

12.74 8.85 6.50

15.93 11.06 8.13

0.75 1.08 1.47

FLOOR COUNT

L per TOWER

GSI ( )

4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 4G

238.88 59.72 26.54 14.93 9.56 6.64 4.88 FLOOR COUNT

223.95 55.99 24.88 14.00 8.96 6.22 4.57 L per TOWER

0.04 0.16 0.36 0.64 1 1.44 1.96 GSI ( )

5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 5G

191.10 47.78 21.23 11.94 7.64 5.31 3.90 FLOOR COUNT

143.33 35.83 15.93 8.96 5.73 3.98 2.93 L per TOWER

0.05 0.2 0.45 0.8 1.25 1.8 2.45 GSI ( )

6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 6G

159.25 39.81 17.69 9.95 6.37 4.42 3.25 FLOOR COUNT

99.53 24.88 11.06 6.22 3.98 2.76 2.03 L per TOWER

0.06 0.24 0.54 0.96 1.5 2.16 2.94 GSI ( )

7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F 7G

136.50 34.13 15.17 8.53 5.46 3.79 2.79 FLOOR COUNT

73.13 18.28 8.13 4.57 2.93 2.03 1.49 L per TOWER

0.07 0.28 0.63 1.12 1.75 2.52 3.43 GSI ( )

8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F 8G

119.44 29.86 13.27 7.46 4.78 3.32 2.44 FLOOR COUNT

55.99 14.00 6.22 3.50 2.24 1.56 1.14 L per TOWER

0.08 0.32 0.72 1.28 2 2.88 3.92 GSI ( )

9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F 9G

106.17 26.54 11.80 6.64 4.25 2.95 2.17 FLOOR COUNT

44.24 11.06 4.92 2.76 1.77 1.23 0.90 L per TOWER

0.09 0.36 0.81 1.44 2.25 3.24 4.41 GSI ( )

10A 10B 10C 10D 10E 10F 10G

95.55 23.89 10.62 5.97 3.82 2.65 1.95

35.83 8.96 3.98 2.24 1.43 1.00 0.73

0.1 0.4 0.9 1.6 2.5 3.6 4.9

955.50 238.88 106.17

1D 1E 1F 1G

INDEX

3

INDEX

4

INDEX

5

INDEX

6

INDEX

7

INDEX

8

INDEX

9

INDEX

10

FLOOR COUNT

1A 1B 1C

INDEX

250,000 360,000 490,000 FOOTPRINT AREA (m²)

NAME

74

Experiment 01 - Killing Strategies [120k Households]

Maximum Height: 3,583.13m Floor Count: 955 Footprint Sides: 100m x 100m

Minimum Height: 73.13m Floor Count: 20 Footprint Sides: 700m x 700m

Bldgs. Sides Length [100 - 700]

1. Building Dimensions: A massing matrix from 1 to 10 buildings with the same F.A.R (7.4) and with variable lenghts (from 100 m to 700 m) was made to analyze numeric proportions. An initial G.S.I range from 20 to 50 and a height limit of 35 floor was also take into account.

Over-Crowding Scenario

Over-Massing Scenario

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

2. Overcrowding & Overmassing Criterias:

75

Any configuration with more than 7 buildings and with masses over 300 metres in length were eliminated.

Height: 89.59m Floor Count: 29 Footprint Sides: 200m

Height: Max.

35 Stories

Mean <

Min.

25 Stories

16 Stories

3. Height Constrain: Only Buildings between 20 to 35 were considered as feasible for our ambition, whereupon, any building outside this range was eliminated.

GSI: 1 km

50 20

Plot Area 100

0.20 Min

0.30 Mean

0.50 Min

4. GSI filter: The last killing strategy was the GSI. In order to achieve high levels of green spaces/public spaces, only individuals with a GSI ratio between 0.20 and 0.50 were only considered for further analysis.

76

FINAL POPULATION ANALYSIS: MAIN DATA

INDEX

FLOOR COUNT (Individuals)

L per TOWER

GSI ( )

Ratio (L/GSI)

90K

3C

27.30

34.13

0.27

126.39

0.0076

POP.

4C

20.48

19.20

0.36

53.32

0.0055

5B

36.86

27.64

0.2

138.21

0.0059

5C

16.38

61.43

0.45

136.50

0.0062

Mean: Standard Deviation:

Normal Distribution

97.46

6B

30.71

19.20

0.24

79.98

0.0088

41.21

7B

26.33

14.10

0.28

50.37

0.0050

Selected Population & Massing:

UN-BUILT volume 70 BUILT volume 30

2.Built Volume Proportion

Selected Population : 90,000 households Selected Individual: 5C (5 Tower of 90,000 m2 each) + Floor Count: - 16 Stories per Tower Tower Height (L): 61.43 per Tower m GSI: 0.45 FAR: 7.37 Ratio (L/GSI): 136.50 Rio Density Comparision: 18 Times Mumbai Density Comparision: 0.8 Times

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Gross Building Area: Programmatic Composition: +Residential: +Office: +Commercial: +Institutional: +Green Areas:

77

VOLUME DATA: Total Volume: 190,350,943 m3 Massing (Bulit-Area): 56,944,275 m3 Porosity (Un-Built Area): 134,000,000 m3 Bulit-Area Volume (per Tower): 11,388,855 m3

7,371,000 m2 (100 ) 1,890,000 m2 (33 ) 409,500 m2 (7 ) 157,500 m2 (3 ) 63,000 m2 (1 ) 1,890,000 m2(33 )

(100 ) (30 ) (70 ) (6 )

Overall Mass: The resulting fittest mass based on ratio between height of the tower (L) and GSI was the individual 5C from the population of 90,000 inhabitants.

Numerically it complies with the asked requirements of controlling an average range of GSI around 0.30 an average height of about 25 storeys.

Porosity: However, in order to create a inhabitable space the floor depth must be further fragmented to create more porosity and achieve real proportions.

Thus, areas of sunlight access without jeopardizing the inner spaces should be sought in the next experiments.

CONCLUSION: The test searched for the fittest individual based on two criteria, GSI and tower height. However, even when having a good proportion we aim no to replace the existing architecture quality.

So, a more rigorous assessment should be address in next steps considering solar access, quality of spaces and entwine them with some vernacular qualities and logic of spaces. in this way the next steps will re-route the referential output gained from the massing and population selection experiments.

78

3.2 SITE SELECTION Funneling site opportunities, beneficts and ambitions.

70. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

71. Magazine Geo-Landscape, Year 3 No.6, July/ December 2004 72. Barra de Tijuca, Site: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Barra_da_Tijuca 73. Cyrela Brazil Realty. Site: http://blog.cyrela. com.br/post/2012/03/22/10-motivos-para-viverna-Peninsula.aspx

3.2.1 BARRA DA TIJUCA: Located in the southwest of Rio de Janeiro and covering an area of approximately 166 km (13 of the total area of Rio de Janeiro), Barra da Tijuca was developed only about 30 years ago and has rapidly been positioned as one of the most developed places in Brazil with one of the highest HDI [70] in the country and contributing with more than 30 of the city tax, mainly because of their booming development suffered in the last few years that has led to duplicate its population from 174,353 found 2000 to 300,823 in 2010 and with prognostics to keep exponentially growing. [71] Barra da Tijuca planning was originally proposed by Lucio Costa under the name of “Pilot Plan for Urbanization of Barra de Tijuca” [72], and it was considered a new way of organizing space, in which the control urban sprawl was intrinsically coupled with the preservation of natural resources such as beaches, ponds, salt marshes, dunes etc. [73] Unfortunately much of the original plan was not followed due to the unexpected fast appreciation of the site, having as a result some environmental issues that have been battled in the last few years,

“

trying to recover their original conditions and be able to host in optimal conditions most of the venues of the Wolrd Cup 2014 and the Summer Oplimpics 2016. Intentions of rehabilitating the Plan Lucio Costa have been done but ultimately considered as impossible due to the changes that the Plan has already suffered and the lagged reality encountered at the the site, product of the “economic miracle” [72] Some neighbourhoods inside Barra da Tijuca such as Peninsula have already been taking into account eco-friendly urban developments as part of the worrisome to control urban sprawl and preserve natural environments having positive results which have been use as role models for many other urban developments in Barra, who also invite to receive new interventions in infrastructure due to the easily and quickly amalgamation with the current urban fabric.

Our intention will to take into account the existing urban space to integrate the “HYPERBLOCK” typology to the site to boost up the existing urban fabric and propose a totally new and self-sustainable human habitat capable to adapt to the versatility of the emergent city.

79

“

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

So the first impulse, instinct, must always be to prevent it from there do whatever. But on the other hand, it seems clear that an area of such proportions could not continue indefinitely immune, would even be, sooner or later urbanized. Their occupation is intense, even now irreversible Lucio Costa

3

1

3 2

2 PLOT

1 1

Site Pressures 1 Shore Pressure

2 Topograhipical Pressure 3 Urban Pressure

3.2.2 URBAN INTEGRATION: Once selected the location for the architectural proposal, the analysis of the existing urban condition was needed to understand the actual problematic of Rio de Janeiro population and the urban integration of the "HyperBlock" inside the urban weft The next step was to proceed with a site selection inside Barra da Tijuca. An empty plot that suited our ambitions and spatial needs was selected and studied for the site analysis. The ensuing step was to divide the analysis in 3 categories: 1. Site pressures 2. Unorganized settlements 3. Transportation/connectivity.

Site Pressures: Barra da Tijuca possess a really interesting site conditions that have been directly affecting the way in which the area has been developed such as: 1. Ravenous urban growth , 2. Lack of buildable space 3. Geographical Conditions (mountains and hills and shore boundary).

Upon which the vertical typology has been flourish to overcome the increasingly population. Nevertheless, due to the buoyant economy and the host of the World Cup 2014 and Olympic Games 2016, the population has been expected to double in the upcoming years in which the only solution to avoid urban sprawl and integrate the future inhabitants inside the city centre is indeed the â&#x20AC;&#x153;HyperBlockâ&#x20AC;?

80

DUQUE DE CAXIAS

RIO CENTRO

SANTA CRUZ JACAREPAGUÁ

HyperSynergies Hype Hy perS Sy yn ne errggie iies s

BARRA DA TIJUCA

81 81

NITEROI

COPACABANA IPANEMA

RIO DE JANEIRO BARRA DA TIJUCA 82 82

up the class ladder. Residents gain a legitimate address for the first time, with which they can apply for jobs and social services.

INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS - FAVELAS: Dreaming of Brazilian cities is like dreaming of a place where nature is abundant and the city blends into a urban jungle of highways, skyscrapers, popular architecture, archaic Modernism and the dense tissue of exotic vegetation. City and nature merge into a hybrid territory of urban wilderness.

Although the favelas of Brazil constitute an integral part of this vision, informal settlements are still considered as a shadow world at the margins of the official urban fabric. If we look at contemporary modes of city-making, we find that the opposition between the two worlds is becoming obsolete. Despite our continuous polarization between the informal and formal or morro (hill) and asfalto (asphalt) as Cariocas would say, we can barely discern between the various actor and forces that shape the city. The distinction between the informal and formal fades as informal settlements consolidate themselves into self-sustaining and self-confident neighbourhoods.

“

THE

DESIGN OF THE MODERN CITY IN

LATIN

AMERICA IS THE RESULT OF TWO DIFFERENT LOGICS: THE LOGIC OF MARKET AND GOVERNMENT, AND THE LOGIC OF NECESSITY. THE LATTER

“

HAS BEEN THE DESIGNER OF THE POPULAR CITY THROUGH A NATURAL CYCLE OF OCCUPATION, SELF-CONSTRUCTION, CONSOLIDATION.

AUTO-URBANIZATION

AND

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

The rapid demographic growth in Brazilian cities have not been an exception in terms of unorganized urbanization. Rio counts with the higher number of favelas in with about 1,000. Despite the multiple attempts to theeradicate them from Brazil's major cities like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the poor population grew at a rapid pace as well as the modern. This is a phenomenon called "favelização" ("favela growth" or "favelisation"). Census data from December 2011, shows that in 2010, about 6 of the population lived in slums in Brazil.

This means that 12 million of the 201 million people that lived in the country resided in areas of irregular occupation, and often suffering from issues such as whole families sharing a single room, lack of public services or urbanization, commonly referred to by the IBGE as "subnormal agglomerations". Moreover, in Rio de Janeiro 20 or about one in five people living in a favela.

83

On the other hand, there have been a number of unsuccessful government initiatives to counter this problem of "favelisation", from the removal of the population from favelas to housing projects such as Cidade de Deus (City of God) to the more recent approach of improving conditions in the favelas, bringing them up to par with the rest of the city, as was the focus of the "Favela Bairro" . Similar initiatives as the favela verticalization program PROVER-Cingapura and the Bairro Legal (“legal/great neighbourhood”) program were introduced to alleviate the problem. Besides this actions, other inventions have boasted a rich catalogue of housing complexes policies that have had strong positive impact on the favela communities, for instance Heliopolis (one of the biggest favelas in Brazil). There is a general consensus amongst residents that moving out of a shack and into a social housing complex constitutes a move

Ever since Le Corbusier arrived in Brazil and ignited the Brazilian Modern movement, the slab building has been the model for architects, urbanists and teachers alike. The courtyard housing model was considered too synonymous with European urbanism and never managed to hold ground in Brazil. However since early 1990, two decades until now, have experimented with a variety of social housing in many Brazilian favelas and the results suggests that the courtyard housing model is creeping back into the urban fabric of Brazil as a new typology of solutions. The proposal not only have enhanced the quality of living but also attracts a slightly wealthier population to the communities (Heliopolis, Cingapura, Conjunto Ceratti, etc.). Projects from 400 familiar units to 15,000 in and array from 3 to 8 storeys (also known as vertical favelas) have been some of the projects already constructed in the north-eastern Brazilian cities. The evolution of social housing typologies in Heliopolis reveals a tendency towards the application of urban solutions that favor the streetscape over random and fragmented urban configurations.

Qualities that are vital to sough-after social dynamic of the favela, such as outdoor space and accessibility, are introduced into account.

All this have given to the poor classes the possibility of entering the middle classes and the rate of poverty is vertiginously falling. [74] The modern city reflects an unequal society in which the government no longer has complete control over the design of urban space and where the market and necessity have assumed its place in the construction of the city. Therefore, the current Brazilian architecture scene have to replace the Modernist paradigm with new models of sustainable urban growth. Mediating between micro-environment and macro-scales systems when urban design can learn from favelas as

test-sites for urban renewal. Brazil's version of the informal city, "the favelas", is no longer an exception but the norm, reflecting growth patterns and emergent social realities of a rapidly urbanizing world.

A heterogeneous mixture of organizations, urban typologies and lifestyles, the favela is at one hyper-specific and generic, local and global, micro and macro.

“

THE

“

74.. Marc Angelil and Cary Siress, The Courtyard Block Reconsidered. Bulding Brazil, The Proactive Urban Renewal of Informal Settlements, Ruby Press, 2011.

MODERN CITY IS AS GOOD AS ITS INFRASTRUCTURE

Rocinha Favela, Rio de Janeiro

84

is entirely underground-based, it has 19 stations, connecting the neighbourhoods of Tijuca and Ipanema, and it has integrated Metrobus services going to Barra da Tijuca, Gávea and Botafogo.. The line 2, on the other hand serves a working-class sector, and extends towards the northern end of the city bring commuters up to the south in a linear fashion, and it goes from the neighbourhood of Pavuna to Cidade Nova in Rio’s city centre. Moreover, planned extensions to the existing lines are planned to cope with the high demand of services of the commuters of the outskirts of the city center.

TRANSPORTATION NETWORK: Rio de Janeiro is covered by an extensive road, railway and port transportation network. Rio relies in its majority on buses (68 of the total motorized trips) as main public transportation service. With about 440 municipal bus lines serving over four million passengers every day. Even cheap and frequent, the transportation policies has been adjust to motivate the use of trains and subways in order to reduce the surface congestion and increase the carrier capacity.

The Rio Metro system with 35 stops and 1,100,000 daily ridership has two active lines. The first line, serves downtown Rio, touristic areas in the south and some neighbourhoods in the north and it

MAG GE

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RIO DE JANEIRO TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

BIG TERMINALS

85

TERMINALS LINE 1 LINE 2 LINE 3 (unbuillt) LINE 4 (unbuillt) LINE 5 (unbuillt) LINE 6 (unbuillt) LINE 7 (unbuillt) TRAIN

BARRA DA TIJUCA CONNECTIVITY:

INDIVIDUAL TRANSPORTATION

23

WALKING & CYCLING 37 COLLECTIVE TRANSPORTATION 48

Trasportation Divisions by Category

AL L

Ă&#x201D;nibus municipal: 58,7

Ă&#x201D;nibus intermunicipal: 14,9

Transporte alternativo: 18,2

MetrĂ´ : 4,0

Trem :3,4

Barco/Aerobarco/CatamarĂŁ: 0,9

Rio will host both the 2016 Olympics and the 2014 FIFA Soccer World Cup. The magnitude and importance of these events showed the need for restructuring the municipal public transportation system. The contests will be held in four regions (Copacabana, MaracanĂŁ, Barra da Tijuca and Deodoro), and the works will interlink and facilitate the movement of athletes, tourists and residents. Barra da Tijuca, where the Olympic park will be located will host the majority of the facilities and house 20 Olympic sports.

Metro: To confront this massive demand of services the existing line 1 will be extended adding an extra six stations between Ipanema and Barra da Tijuca. The 14-kilometre extension will increase the Metroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capacity by 230,000 passengers per day and it is scheduled to open in December 2015. The extension will pass through six new stations and will connect the downtown with Barra da Tijuca in less than 35 minutes. Furthermore, The construction of the new line 4 is underway and will connect the line 1 station Ipanema/General Osorio. The first digging started in June 2010 and is planned to be completed for the openings of the Olympics games in 2016. Both new interventions thereby will facilitate movements within the city.

Road: There are 3 main avenues in Barra: Avenida das AmĂŠricas (which connects almost the whole area of Barra), AvenidaAyrtonSenna (former AvenidaAlvorada, which connects Barra to JacarepaguĂĄneighbourhood) and AvenidaLĂşciocosta (former AvenidaSernambetiba, which passes alongside the beach). With a good transportation system, Barra, has many bus routes and in 2009, the Barra's subway line started to be built for the Rio Olympic Games in 2016.

Since June 2012, the new Bus Rapid Transit system is operating within the Rio's transportation network and handles 10,000-45.000 passengers per hour per way. The Transoeste, a 32km BRT corridor, where there will be 91 articulated buses linking the neighbourhoods of Santa Cruz and BarradaTijuca. It has cut travel times between these two neighbourhoods by 50 (60 minutes). TransCarioca will be Rioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first high-capacity BRT corridor serving a North-South axis, connecting GaleĂŁo International Airport, on Governorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Island, on a dedicated, 39km long corridor. It is estimated that approximately 400,000 people will benefit daily by the system. The express buses have a capacity for 140 people and runs at intervals from 2.5 to 12 minutes.

There are 43 bus companies that arrive to terminal Alvorada that operates 24 hours a day, however the frequency and availability will defer amongst companies. Departing every 20-30 minutes between 5:30a.m. to 10:00p.m. could takes from 30 to 60 minutes to reach the final destination at Barra da Tijuca.

Air: JacarepaguĂĄ Airport, an airport specialized in general aviation, is also located in the heart of the borough of Barra da Tijuca.

SERVICES & TRAVELING TIMES

Barra da Tijuca to City Center: Â&#x201D; ,E North (highway with tolls): 38-55 min.

South : 45min. Â&#x201D;A/-E 176+169 (centro; along Av. Rio Brano) - 2h 20min. Â&#x201D; #> ?E Bus #524 + Line 1 or Line 2 - 2h 15 min.

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Uses & Walking Distances/Time - Barra Da Tijuca

15 min 10 min

20 min

30 min

40 min

1 hour

1.5 hour

2 hour

4

5

PLOT 3

1

6

Northern r Area

2 7

10 8

11 13

9 12

14 17 7

15 5

Central Area

16 21

22

24

25

26

27

29

23 23

30 31

20

28

18

32

19

33

Southern Area PROGRAMS & USES: At is known, programmatic functions in cities varies over time and rely on the use of the programs for critical analysis will not led to accurate results due to the lack of flexibility and adaptability to the constantly changing city.

Nevertheless, a mapping of the basic programmatic functions was made to understand the context of the borough of Barra and the location in distance and time between the selected plot and their basic amenities. We divided the plot in 3 sections (northern area, central area, and southern area) to individually collect data from each of these sections and analyse them taking in consideration the level of impact that is directly proportional to the relative distance to the plot.

Northern Area: Characterized by locating our selected plot, this area is the less urbanized sector of Barra and the one which provides more opportunities for new developments. It is also responsible for holding the City Hall building and the only sector that has favelas and unorganized settlements on their boundaries.

Central Area: This area is likely to become the most important sector of Barra Da Tijuca, due to the hosting of the new 300 acres Olympic Park. A park that will be responsible for hosting 15 Olympic sports and Villages all of them interconnected by flowing pathways.

In addition, a big lake and malls are located here.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Southern Area: It is the most mixed-used in terms of programs and the one who offers more public spaces such as parks, malls, squares, among others; due to the residential urbanizations located here. It is also the area that has the most important bust terminal of Barra (Alvorada Terminal), the most used transportation system of Rio. Furthermore, it has the longest beach in Rio de Janeiro, with more than 12 Km of clean and tropical water.

87

4

5

PLOT 3

1

6

2

rrr Northern Area: 1. City Hall - Rio de Janeiro 2.. Mall - Shopping Rio 2 3. School - Marista Sao Jose 4. Favela - Ciudad De Deus 5. Sports - Football Field 6. Hill - Morro Da Panela

10

7 8

11 13 9

12

14 15

17

16

Central Area: 7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17 .

Convention Center - Rio Centro Music - Ciudade Do Rock Lake - Jacarepaguรก Sports - New Olympic City Aeronatic Club Airport - acarepaguรก

Mall - Via Parque Shopping Mall - Casa Shopping Hospital - Lourenzo Jorge Mall - Barra Plaza Lake - Tijuca

21

24 22

25

26

27

29

23

30 31

20 18

28 32

19

33

Southern Area: 18. Supermarket - Mundial 19. Lake - Marapendi 20. Ecologic Park - Marapendi 21. Natural Park - Bosque de Barra 22. Music - Casa da Musica 23. Bus Terminal - Alvorada

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

Supermarket - Carrefour Mall - New York City Center Mall - Barra Shopping University - Estacio de Sรก Sports - Golf Field Supermarket - Freeway

30.

31.

32.

33.

Mall - City America Mall - Downtown Square - Profesor Jose Bernardin Atlantic Ocean 88

AMAZON

RAINFOREST,

BRAZIL

3.3 ENERGY PRODUCTION Low or Zero Carbon Footprint (LZC)

1. BRAZIL IS HOME TO THE WORLD’S LARGEST TROPICAL FOREST, THE AMAZON RAINFOREST WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR OVER HALF OF THE EARTH’S REMAINING RAINFORESTS. THE AMAZON CONTAINS 90-140 BILLION METRIC TONS OF CARBON, WHICH HELPS STABILISE THE EARTH'S CLIMATE AND ALSO PRODUCES 20 OF THE EARTHS OXYGEN THROUGH CONVERTING CARBON DIOXIDE TO OXYGEN. 2. SOURCE: PACE OF DEFORESTATION IN BRAZIL'S AMAZON FALLS. SITE: HTTP://ONLINE.WSJ.COM/NEWS/ ARTICLES/SB1000142412788732383040457814 5460604201172 3.

SOURCE: “BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO NACIONAL,” 2012. SITE: HTTPS://BEN.EPE.GOV.BR/ DOWNLOADS/RESULTADOS_PRE_BEN_2012.PDF 4. SOURCE: “TEN YEAR PLAN FOR ENERGY EXPANSION BRAZIL,” BRASILIA, 2010. AVAILABLE:HTTP://WWW.EPE. GOV.BR/PDEE/20120302_1.PDF [ACCESSED: 20SEP-2012] 5. SOURCE: “ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND WORLD BANK, “BRAZILIAN POWER CUT LEAVES 60 MILLION IN THE DARK,” THE GUARDIAN. SITE: HTTP://WWW.GUARDIAN.CO.UK/WORLD/2009/ NOV/11/BRAZIL-POWER-CUT-RIO-MADONNA. DISTRIBUTION LOSSES,”

6. FRIENDS OF EARTH, BRIEFING MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, SEPTEMBER 2008.

3.3.1 RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY:

medium of converting municipal solid waste (msw) into energy.

A main focus of developing of the HyperBlock is the creation of a sustainable environment that could cut back the consequences of urban sprawl, to counteract the global depletion of natural resources.

The tropical regions are estimated to contain about 80 of the world's biodiversity (plants and animals) and Brazil itself allocates the largest rainforest area in the world, the Amazon Forest. Moreover, worldwide from 30-40 of all primary energy is used in buildings and is mostly achieved with fossil fuels and biomass contributing to global warming [1].

Finally, Rio have a annual energy consumption per person of 2,332,35 kWh/Year. Having said that, for a total expected population of 90,000 inhabitants the total annual energy consumption is 206,100,000 kWh/year. This total is expected to be covered by the two main strategies of renewable energies implemented in the project that are the Mechanical Biological Treatment system and the Concentrated Solar Panels.

In 2011, almost 90 of Brazilian electricity was generated from renewable sources [2]. Brazil is a leading nation in terms of centralized generation of electrical power by means of renewable energy sources, and has a clear national strategy that involves increasing renewable energy capacity [3]. The vast majority of electric power in the country is produced from hydroelectric power stations.

In addition, large scale wind, solar and biomass projects are being rapidly developed. Although hydroelectricity is an extremely efficient way of generating energy, delivering this energy to Rio de Janeiro involves transmission lines that are hundreds of kilometres in length [4]. Transmission of electricity is an inherently inefficient process and grid losses in Brazil amount to 17 [5].

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

However, there are a range of economic, strategic, environmental and social arguments that support the use of local renewable energy technology in Rio de Janeiro. Even though the electricity grid in Brazil has a renewable base, there are inherent advantages associated with micro-generation projects. Generating electricity near the place of consumption helps improve the quality of service and reduces transmission losses. Reducing reliance on centrally generated power has a number of strategic benefits. Micro-generation of renewable electrical energy at the building-scale (by means of Concentrated Solar Panels or CSP), solar photovoltaic cells and the treat management of the waste (waste-to-energy) can help to even out peak demand, where local micro-generation of electricity can help to increase the security of supply by reducing reliance on long transmission lines.

91

Therefore, distributed generation on site is an excellent way to diversify energy sources, especially in the context of an over-reliance on hydroelectricity. The Brazilian government has recognised this and has made it easier for local-based renewable energy generators to connect to the grid. Here we will be dividing the domain of energy production in two main ways: Concentrated Solar Panels (CSP) as a main energy production system, harvesting energy from the sun daylight radiation and Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) as

WASTE MANAGEMENT: In the past, the concept of residual waste was only treated as an undesirable remaining of urban areas that was commonly disposed directly into landfills uncontrollably increasing Co2 emissions. Today, the challenge is to embrace waste not as residue but as a “valuable resource” to generate energy such as electricity, heat, ethanol, synthetic fuels among others and contribute to the decrease of landfills and pollutants to the atmosphere as well as to work as an alternative to incineration processes which even though harness some type of energy, have been largely accused to destroy natural resources, undermine recycling and causing pollution from the air emissions and toxic ash.[6] The “HyperBlock” aims to counter waste as an opportunity to generate energy to finally reach a selfsustainable or “Positive Energy” condition.

WASTE TO ENERGY TREATMENT:

(WtE):

MECHANICAL

BIOLOGICAL

Different types of technologies and techniques (which are commonly divided into two larger groups: Thermal Technologies and the Non-Thermal Technologies), have been tested to counteract the increasingly waste generation having positive and in some cases negative results, as is the case with thermal technologies who have not fully addressed the concept of “clean energy” due to their emissions product of the heating processes.

On the other hand, non-thermal technologies have been widely accepted and succeed in a larger extent due to the natural processes involved which are deemed to be a cleaner source of energy. On this behalf, we will be using Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) as our main driver to produce energy through waste, mainly because its proven examples of successful operation and bankable viability, [6] partly because it can be configured to achieve several different aims, such as recycling, material recovery and biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) diversion performance, increasing the opportunities

7. RESIDUAL MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) IS MIXED

COMSUMPTION:

HOUSEHOLD WASTE AS WELL AS COMMERCIAL LAND INDUSTRIAL WASTES.

Municipal Solid Waste MSW - RIO DE JANEIRO

IT

COMPRISES HOUSEHOLD WASTE

COLLECTED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES SOME COMMERCIAL

1 Person 547.5 Kg/year

Expected Population (90,000) 49,275 Tons/year

AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES E.G. FROM OFFICES, SCHOOLS, SHOPS ETC THAT MAY BE COLLECTED BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITY OR A COMMERCIAL COMPANY.

8. DEUTSCHE GESELLSCHAFT FÜR TECHNISCHE ZUSAMMENARBEIT (GTZ ) GMBH, MECHANICALBIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT, ESCHBORN 2003 9.. MECHANICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, SITE: HTTP:// EN . WIKIPEDIA . ORG / WIKI /M ECHANICAL _ BIOLOGICAL _ TREATMENT

GENERATION:

Energy Contribution 8

Mechanical Biologial Treatment (MBT)

1 Ton of MSW 350 Kwh/day

Expected Population (90,000) 49,275 Tons/year

Year 17,2

10 R. COSSU, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, WASTE MANAGEMENT, VOLUME 34, JANUARY 2014 , PP. 1-246 .

11. ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, STUDY OF INFLUENCE FACTORS IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING, STOCKHOLM 2007.

Million Kwh/year 12.. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, CLIMATE ACTION SITE: HTTP :// EC . EUROPA . EU / CLIMA / POLICIES / TRANSPORT / VEHICLES/INDEX_EN.HTM. NOTE: AN AVERAGE OF 25,000 KM/PERSON/YEAR WAS CONSIDERED.

to produce energy and maximum landfill diversion of up to 95 . In addition, MBT plants offer the capability to scale up and down to deal with different amounts and types of waste, because they can be built as modular designs, which offers us the opportunity to adapt to the “HyperBlock” scale.

Moreover, MBT could be defined as a type of waste processing facility for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), [7] that bifurcates into two stages: 1.Mechanical stage: A sorting process is made to sort out the recyclable materials (metals, plastics, glass and paper), 2.Biological stage: Which takes the already prepared residual waste for biological treatment which is decompose (in our case of study) by anaerobic digestion to produce biogas (used to generate electricity and heat) and soil improver. [8] [9]

“

It saves up to 32,851 tons of Co2 emissions per annum [11] that is equivalent to take out more than 10,000 cars from the streets.

“

In the case of Rio de Janeiro, the MSW produced in an average rate per capita by inhabitant is 1.212 Kg/person/day [10]. Nevertheless, this average is projected to increase to 1.5 Kg/person/day, Based on that, we calculated the average of MSW produced in a complete year (365 days) reaching a total of 547.5 Kg/person/year. Hence, to calculate the final consumption per capita of the “Hyperblock” we used the total MSW produced by 1 individual multiplied by the total inhabitants projected for the “Hyperblock” (90,000 inhabitants) raising up to 49,275 Tons/year of MSW. Thus, MBT aims to seize the MSW transforming it into energy. By means of a regular MBT plant which has a capacity to transform 1 ton of MSW in 350 Kwh [11], we were able to transform the total MSW (49,275 Tons/year) into 17,246,250 Kwh which covers up to 8.45 of the Total Energy Consumption of the inhabitants of the “HyperBlock”.

In conclusion, even though the percentage doesn’t seem significant it saves up to 32,851 tons of CO2 emissions per annum [11] that is equivalent to take out more than 10,000 cars from the streets[12], in comparison with a homologous process such as incineration.

Having as a result not only a reliable technique to process waste but also a cleaner source of energy that will contribute to ameliorate Global Warming and C02 emissions. Nevertheless, to bridge the gap between the Total Energy Consumption and the Energy Produced, the “HyperBlock” will take advantage of the geographical condition and tropical environment to harness energy from the sun to help the system reach a self-sustainable condition, which will be explained in the ensuing steps.

92

13. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER - A REVIEW OF THE TECHNOLOGY. INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL THERMODYNAMIC, GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTRE, STUTTGART, GERMANY. HANS MÜLLER-STEINHAGENFRENG AND FRANZ TRIEB 14.

SOURCE: SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT. SITE: HTTP://MAPS. NREL . GOV / SWERA ? VISIBLE = SWERA _ DNI _ NASA _ LO _ RES&OPACITY=50&EXTENT=-179.14,18.92,-65.57,71.41.

15. SOURCE: AVERAGE WEATHER FOR RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL. SITE: HTTP://MAPS.NREL. GOV/SWERA?VISIBLE=SWERA_DNI_NASA_LO_ RES&OPACITY=50&EXTENT=-179.14,18.92,-65.57,71.41.

16. FOR DAYLIGHT

THE SAKE OF THE EXPERIMENT THE EFFECTIVE SOLAR

HOURS

ARE

CALCULATING

WITHOUT

CONSIDERING LOW INTENSITY DUE TO CLOUDY AND RAINY DAYS.

SUNLIGHT TO ENERGY- MICRO CSP (PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER STATIONS): The Sun have been an important source of energy since the beginning of human settlements. It have being exploited for heating uses as thermal mass amonst others since millennia.

Since a clear limited supply of fossil-based fuels and the negative impact of CO2 emission on the global environment, a new rapid shift in the more common use of renewable energies have been implemented into wide range of sustainable agendas in different countries. Concentrated Solar Panels (CSP) is considered the most likely candidate for providing the majority of this renewable energy, because it is amongst the most cost-effective renewable electricity technologies and its supply is not restricted if the energy generated is transported from the world's solar belt to the population centres by reducing reliance on out-of-site transmission lines.

There are three main technologies identified during the past decades, producing electricity in the 10kW to several 1000 MW range: 1. Dish / Engine technology, which can directly generate electricity in isolated locations.

2. Solar Tower technology, which produces air above 1000°C or synthesis gas for gas turbine operations.

3. Parabolic and Fresnel trough technology, which produces high pressure superheat steam.

We will be focusing in the latter, "Parabolic Throughs", which are by far the most mature technology which today achieve an annual solar-to-electricity efficiencies of about 10 -15 and projections of increase until 18 in the near future. Parabolic Throughs, linear fresnel systems and power tower can be couple and have a gain of thermal cycle efficiencies of 30 - 40 , to steam cycles of 10 to 200 MW of electric capacity. These system have been demonstrated reliability in places like Spain, USA, Australia, etc. [13].

Brazil is over this threshold with an approximate of 1,900 kWh/m2 per year [14].

Calculations: Rio de Janeiro have and average of 11.88 solar daylight hours annually that offer an outstanding capacity factor of about 49 of effectiveness, based on the following calculation [15] : Capacity Factor = solar operating hours per year 8,760 hours per year =

4,339.12 hours (11.88 * 365) 8,760 hours per year

Capacity Factor = 49 of electricity efficiency

[16]

Therefore, for 11.88 of effective daylight hours daily in Rio de Janeiro, every square meter of the CSP system generates 6.39 kWh/daily*m2. Hence, annually each square meter generates 2,332.35 kWh/Yearly*m2. Based on the annual energy consumption per person in Rio de Janeiro of 2,290 kWh per year, the Hyper Block will have the following energy consumption: Total energy consumption = 90,000 inhabitants * 2,290 kWh/ year = 206,100,000 kWh/year Thus, for a target of energy consumption of 188,678,750 kWh/year (92 of Rio's total energy consumption), the necessary land area needed to be covered by the CSP system should be:

Techniques:

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Total CSP area (m2) =

93

Solar thermal technologies are based on the concept of concentrating solar radiation to produce steam or hot air, which can then be used for electricity generation using conventional power cycles. The system is very efficient in zones where direct solar radiations are high (deserts, tropical latitudes, areas close to the Ecuator, etc.). For concentration, most systems use glass mirrors because of their very high reflectivity. Is generally assumed that solar concentrating systems are economically viable only in locations with direct solar incidence radiation above 1800 kWh m2 per year.

1m2 x

2332.35 kWh/year 188,678,750 kWh/year

where x is: Total CSP area (m2) = 80,896.41 m2 (8 of the plot area) and the remaining 8 will be covered by the waste management and post-treatment of the Mechanical Biological Treatment system.

17. SOURCE: RIO DATA 2012, THE CITY IN NUMBERS. SITE: HTTP://RIO-NEGOCIOS.COM/EN/ UPLOADS/2012/08/DATA-RIO.PDF.

COMSUMPTION: Energy Comsumption EC - RIO DE JANEIRO

1 Person 2,290 Kw/year

Expected Population (90,000) 206 Million Kw/year

18. RAINFALL WATER CALCULATOR, SITE: HTTP://WWW. CALCTOOL.ORG/CALC/OTHER/DEFAULT/RAINFALL 19. AVERAGE RIO DE JANEIRO,RAINFALL WATER, SITE: HTTP://WWW.RIO-DE-JANEIRO.CLIMATEMPS.COM/ PRECIPITATION.PHP

GENERATION:

1 m2 per h 0.54 Kwh/day

11.8 h (Rio Avg. Sun h) 6.39 Kwh/day

Year 2332.35 Kwh /year

Energy Contribution

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

92 8 Plot Area 80,896 m2

In conclusion, the energy collection by the Concentrated Solar Panel System (CSP) will considered to be a major source of energy generation throughout the entire HyperBlock. It will produce about 92 of the total energy demand by the entire population expected into the Hyper Block of 90,000 inhabitants and their subsequently total energy consumption based on the latest data collection in Rio [6]. Lastly, the allocation of the Parabolic Throughs and its collection plant will be positioned on the northern extreme of the plot due to the latitude where Rio de Janeiro is located at the south of the Equator and thus, the sun path of direct radiation have a predominance towards the north along its trayectory.

Year 188.68

Million Kwh/year

CSP Constribution 8 of the total plot area PLOT 1KM2

N

Total Required = 206 Million Kw/year [ 100 ] CSP System = 188.6 Million Kw/year [ 92 ]

94

ENERGY CYCLE (Energy Generation + Waste Treatment)

90,000 INHABITANTS (Maximum Building Capacity)

TOTAL COMSUMPTION

ENERGY GENERATION

(Waste & Energy)

MSW

EC

49,275

Ton/year

206,100,000

CSP

188,678,750

Kwh/year

-+ 92

Contribution

-+

8

Contribution

100 -+Energy Autonomous

LEGEND:

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

MWS: Municipal Solid Waste E: Energy CSP: Concentrated Solar Power MBT: Mechanical Biological Treatment

95

MBT

Kwh/year

17,246,250

Kwh/year

CONCLUSION: The aim of this calculations is to corroborate as the collective ambition of the HyperBlock also has, to create a decentralized system of energy production "in site". The ultimate ambition is to address the Hyper Block as semi-autonomous architectural model that could potential feed almost the total required energy demands.

The strategies of shortening the energy lines length by the clear proves of energy losses in Brazil of up to 17 , will be face improving the quality of energy service and reducing transmission losses. Both local micro-generation plants, first the Concentrated Solar Panels (CSP) will suffice almost the totality of energy consumption per person in Rio de Janeiro and then Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) will close up the cycle not just producing the remaining energy needed and managing the total waste generation by Rio's dwellers but also proposing a sustainable solution for the rubbish collection and management problems that a project of this scale could carry back. The latter will be divided in a series of collection points in order to do not overload the collection line.

Finally, for the sake of the project the last sectors which require energy supplies, the transport sector and the public (vertical circulation such as lifts and public illumination an electicity), will be covered with and increase of 2 of the total energy required from 206millions kWh/year to a total 300 kWh/year.

96

3.4 PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES Morphological Enhancements

Environmental Performance Sun Hours 10+ 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

Max

Section

Section W: 1.5

W: 1.0

H: 1.0 H: 0.5

Perspective

Perspective

Test: B1 Bulding Dimensions: 78.75m x 78.75m Canyon Width: 118.12m Avg. Sunlight hr/day: 5.5 hr

Perspective Test: A2 Bulding Dimensions: 78.75m x 39.37m Canyon Width: 78.75m Avg. Sunlight hr/day: 5.5 hr

Section

Section W: 1.0

W: 0.25 H: 1.0

H: 0.5

Perspective

Test: B1 Bulding Dimensions: 78.75m x 78.75m Canyon Width: 39.37m Avg. Sunlight hr/day: 2.5 hr

Test01_ Referencial Height

Perspective

Test: A1 Bulding Dimensions: 78.75 m x 39.37m Canyon Width: 19.68m Avg. Sunlight hr/day: 2.5 hr

Test02_ Min Height

Min

OVERVIEW:

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

The first solar analysis aims to work only as a sampling method to clearly understand the relationship between block height and solar exposure and the "optimal" spacing (urban canyon) between building blocks.

97

Two different values of sun hours exposure were taken into account: 5.5 hours and 2.5 hours, that will inform the maximum and the minimum spacing between blocks, as they have proven to be a mean for the creation of comfortable pedestrian pathways.

The height of the Test 01 is equivalent for a mid-rise which is likely to become the average height of the Hyperblock. Based on this assumption the mid-rise height worked as a tabula rasa for the length proportions of the ensuing tests

In addition, is worth mentioning that some assumptions are made to undergo the experiment such as block orientation (always facing south) which is more likely to happen in an ideal scenario.

Section

Section W: 2.0

W: 1.5

H: 1.5

H: 1.5 H: 0.5

Perspective

Perspective

Test: C2 Bulding Dimensions: 78.75m x 118.12mm Canyon Width: 157.5m Avg. Sunlight hr/day: 5.5 hr

Test: D2 Bulding Dimensions: 78.75m x 39.37m | 31.50 m Canyon Width: 118.125 m Avg. Sunlight hr/day: 5.5 hr

Section

Section W: 1.0

W: .75 H: 1.5 H: 0.5

H: 1.5

Perspective

Test: C1 Bulding Dimensions: 78.75m x 118.12m Canyon Width: 78.75m Avg. Sunlight hr/day: 2.5 hr

Test03_ Max Height

Perspective

Test: D1 Bulding Dimensions: 78.75m x 39.37m | 118.13 m Canyon Width: 59.06 m Avg. Sunlight hr/day: 2.5 hr

Test04_Hybrid

CONCLUSION: The outcome confirm that for an average of 5 hours of total sun exposure at any given x height will need an aprox spacing of 1.5x , and for the minimum exposure just 0.5x of the total height. ,However it is known that these values would change at the moment of incrementing the building density due to the multiple reflexions and shadows obstacles, therefore the data collected would be used just as base parameters at the moment to start calibration block spacing within the urban fabric

98

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT_ 4.1 CLUSTERS GENERATION & SPATIAL LOGIC Fostering Quality of Spaces & Interaction from sharing benefits of living on the ground.

4.1.1 Typologies in the Tropics - Rio Typologies 4.1.2 Block Formation 4.1.3 Decentralized System 4.1.4 Cluster Generation & Growth Strategy 4.2 SUPERBLOCK FORMATION 4.3 THE HYPERBLOCK

4.1 CLUSTERS GENERATION & SPATIAL LOGIC

Fostering Quality of Spaces & Interaction from sharing benefits of living on the ground.

4.1.1 TYPOLOGIES IN THE TROPICS - RIO TYPOLOGIES

BLOCK ANALYSIS (LOCAL SCALE):

Designing an optimal architectural solution for the humid and high temperatures of tropical climates need to come together with a good understanding of the technical strategies applied to the region, as well to the social and local perception of space. When viewed through a social-climatic lens, tropical typologies emerge more clearly in the transitional spaces created in the interface with the climate. Spaces "in between" buildings are the most used by people as shelter from the intense sun overheating.

The aim of this analysis is to understand the actual block typologies of Rio de Janeiro and the relationship between the build morphologies, demographic data and the use and access to semipublic spaces. In order to extract valuable parameters, the block selection aims to find differentiation within the same neighbourhood to provide an understanding of the Block Typologies that have been evolving and developing in the Brazilian territory. Five different blocks where chosen in each of the 3 Neighbourhoods which will provide us with enough information to understand and evaluate the existing urban fabric which at the same time will inform the criteria’s for the “HyperBlock” development.

Brazil has created a trademark in terms of highly populated cities, known as the "Brazilian Slab", multi-story high-rises that accommodate not just the demand of urban areas but also as a solution for the sun radiation by shading each other. In tropical environment, the access system takes on the predominant role and spaces can be organized boosting community connectedness. This structures suited for the tropics require semi-open spaces offering opportunities for a multiplicity of human activities. These spaces can be organized in degrees of privacy. Therefore, to enhance the social spaces encounter in semi-public spaces we will propose a categorization that increase the levels of social interaction: Private Spaces for commercial and administrative uses, Semi-Public Spaces as shared thresholds, also serving as absorber between residential uses and private space, and most finally the Public Spaces as completely open interface shared by parks and green boulevards.

Here we present a thoughtful analysis in three traditional neighbourhoods located in the city center of Rio de Janeiro. Leblon, Ipanema and Copacabana will be sample patches selected to understand the relationship between the previously three mentioned realms and their efficiency as brazilian's tropical settlement.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Patch 3: Copacabana

101

Patch 1: Leblon

Selected Patches

Patch 2: Ipanema

2 km

LOCAL ANALYSIS Block Scale

500 m

500 m

Leblon

1000

Block 1

LEBLON Border Condition Accesibility Type Accesibility Count Block Size (Width/Depth) Block Area Semi-Public Space

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

Block 1

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

2ry/ 3ry Street Alley (2ry Street) and] Direct Access (3ry Street) 4

1ry/2ry/3ry Street

2ry/3ry Street

1ry/2ry/3ry Street

2ry/3ry Street

AVERAGE

Direct Access (1ry,3ry Street)

Alley (3ry Street)

Direct Access (1ry,3ry Street)

Alley (3ry Street)

7

1

3

3

69 m / 198 m

74 m / 166 m

64 m / 98 m

89 m / 171 m

97 m / 202 m

79 m / 167 m

13.183 m2 - (100 )

10,537 m2 - (100 )

6,287 m2 - (100 )

14,931 m2 - (100 )

18,359 m2 - (100 )

12,659 m2 - (100 )

867 m2 - (7 )

4,143 m2 - (39 )

450 m2 - (7 )

2,238 m2 - (15 )

2,922 m2 - (16 )

2,124 - (17 )

Built Area (Footprint)

11,615 m2 - (88 )

6,353 m2 - (60 )

5,059 m2 - (80 )

12,291 m2 - (82 )

14,672 - (80 )

9,998 m2 - (79 )

Unbuilt Area

1,568 m2 - (12 )

4,184 m2 - (40 )

1,228 m2 - (20 )

2,640 m2 - (18 )

3,687 m2 - (20 )

2,661 - (21 )

Floor Count

3 to18

2 to 20

3 to 9

4 to 20

4 to 16

11 to 28

102

500 m

Ipanema

Block 1

IPANEMA Border Condition Accesibility Type Accesibility Count Block Size (Width/Depth)

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Block Area

103

500 m 1000

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

Block 1

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

2ry/3ry Street .

2ry/3ry Street

2ry/3ry Street

2ry/3ry Street

2ry/3ry Street

Direct Access (2ry St.)

Alley (2ry/3ry Street)

Direct Access (2ry St.) Alley (3ry St.)

AVERAGE

Alley (3ry Street)

3

3

9

0

1

3

200 m / 100 m

200 m / 100 m

200 m / 100 m

200 m / 100 m

200 m / 40 m

200 m / 70 m

8,000 m2 - (100 )

8,000 m2 - (100 )

15,200 - (100 )

267 m2 - (3 )

1,434 m2 - (9 )

20,000 m2 - (100 )

20,000 m2 - (100 )

20,000 m2 - (100 )

Semi-Public Space

2,130 m2 - (10 )

2,020 m2 - (10 )

2,757 m2 - (13 )

Built Area (Footprint)

15,261 m2 - (76 )

16,326 m2 - (81 )

16,003 m2 - (80 )

7,614 m2 - (95 )

7,677 m2 - (96 )

12,576 m2 - (82 )

Unbuilt Area

4,739 m2 - (24 )

3,673 m2 - (19 )

3,997 m2 - (20 )

358 m2 - (5 )

323 m2 - (4 )

2,618 m2 - (18 )

Floor Count

3 to 12

2 to 20

3 to 20

3 to 10

3 to 10

5 to 24

Copacabana

500 m

500 m 1000

Block 1

COPACABANA Border Condition Accesibility Type Accesibility Count

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

Block 1

Block 2

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

2ry/3ry Street .

2ry/3ry Street .

1ry/2ry/3ry Street

2ry/3ry Street .

2ry/3ry Street .

Alley (2ry Street)

Alley (2ry Street)

Alley (2ry/3ry Street)

Direct Access (1ry St.) and Alley (3ry St.)

Alley (2ry Street)

AVERAGE

1

2

1

4

3

121 m / 84 m

103 m / 81 m

141 m / 90 m

90 m / 35 m

133 m / 72 m

117 m / 87m

Block Area

9,420 m2 - (100 )

7,930 m2 - (100 )

9,941 m2 - (100 )

3,066 m2 - (100 )

9,218 m2 - (100 )

7,915 m2- (100 )

Semi-Public Space

2,326 m2 - (24 )

482 m2 - (6 )

981 m2 - (10 )

733 m2 - (23 )

1,712 m2 - (18 )

1,246 m2 - (13 )

Built Area (Footprint)

6,561 m2 - (69 )

6,250 m2 - (78 )

7,832 m2 - (78 )

2,050 m2 - (66 )

7,123 m2 - (77 )

5,964 m2 - (75 )

Unbuilt Area

2,859 m2 - (31 )

1,680 m2 - (22 )

2,109 m2 - (22 )

1,016 m2 - (34 )

2,095 m2 - (23 )

1,951 m2 m2 - (25 )

Floor Count

5 to 17

15 to 20

15 to 20

1 to 10

3 to 15

13 to 27

Block Size (Width/Depth)

104

SUPERBLOCK ANALYSIS (REGIONAL SCALE):

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

The aim of the analysis at regional scale is to create a robust comprehension on the neighbourhood size extracting important information such as, block morphologies and quantification, demographic data, border conditions and accessibility to public open spaces. The selected patches (neighbourhoods) of Leblon, Ipanema and Copacabana aims to render the variations encountered in these regions and how their morphological configuration is related with the existing urban tissue and the initial ambition and brazilian legacy of creation a well connected spaces to public and semi-public spaces.

The extracted parameters will be used further on as design inputs for the design process of the cluster formation in the "HyperBlock".

105

REGIONAL ANALYSIS SuperBlock Scale

500 m

Leblon

500 m 1000

LEBLON Population Avg. Population per Block

Patch 28,922 396

Density (per Km2)

21,910

Border Condition

Lake, Beach, Neighbourhood

Block Orientation

North - South

Public Spaces Area Blocks Count SuperBlock Area Max. Distance to Public Spaces Floor Count (Max. / Min.)

0.12 Km2 73 1.32 Km2 472m 1 to 28

The first of three selected patches is Leblon. The neighbourhood contains an overall population of 46,670 inhabitants in a total area of about 2.13 Km2. The selected patch presents a great variation in terms of boundary condition, having amongst its borders the costal line (beach), green boulevards, the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon and the natural municipal park Sergio Bernardes.

A total of 9 public spaces divided in parks and green boulevards adding together almost 9 of the total area of the selected patch.

However, they are well scattered along the patch giving a maximum distance from a block (73 in total) to a public space of about 472m (6 minute walking), being this an aceptable distance to reach a public area. Finally, due to its centric location the density is fairly high and it is translated in highrises up to 30 stories.

106

500 m

Ipanema IPANEMA Population

289

Density (per Km2)

15,197

Border Condition

Lake, Beach, Neighbourhood, Green Blvds.

Block Orientation

East - West

Blocks Count SuperBlock Area Max. Distance to Public Spaces Floor Count (Max. / Min.)

The second patch analyzed was Ipanema. similar to Leblon the neighbourhood contains an overall population of 46,808 inhabitants in a total area of about 1.18 Km2. However, most of the public spaces (5) are surrounding the patch in green boulevards, parks, hills and the costal lines (beach) acumulating also about 8 of the total selected patch. Others can be found within the extension 13of each block as courtyards or patios. Due to the narrowness of the neighbourhood easy access to public areas is encountered and that is seen in a maximun distance from a block of about 514 meters (6 minutes walking).

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Patch 17,932

Avg. Population per Block

Public Spaces Area

107

500 m 1000

0.1 Km2 62 1.18 Km2 514m 2 to 27

500 m

Copacabana COPACABANA Population Avg. Population per Block

Patch 71,428 499

Density (per Km2)

20,408

Border Condition

Hills, Lake, Beach, Neighbourhood

Block Orientation

North - South

Public Spaces Area Blocks Count SuperBock Area

500 m 1000

0.21 Km2 143 3.5 Km2

Max. Distance to Public Spaces

806m

Floor Count (Max. / Min.)

1 to 37

The biggest of the selected patches is Copacabana.

Particularly this is the closest to the core of the city and contains a population of 160,000 inhabitants. The configuration of blocks (143) are arrange in a way of courtyards, containing semi-public spaces almost in each of them. The neighbourhood is surrounding by the famous beach of Copacabana and the hills. Furthermore, is easy to get access to public spaces (6) covering 6 of the total patch area. However, here we found the farther distance from a block to a public space of 800 meters (10 minutes walking), perceived as the maxiumum acceptable walking distance.

108

132 m NORTH 108 m Average Data - Regional Scale Avg. Porosity: 20 Avg. Floor Count: 10 to 26 Avg. Population: 395 per Block Avg. Block Area: 14,256 m2

BLOCK AVERAGES Block Size (Width/Depth) Block Area Semi-Public Space Built Area (Footprint)

LEBLON

IPANEMA

COPACABANA

TOTAL AVERAGE

79m / 167 m

200 m / 70 m

117 m / 87 m

132 m / 108 m

12,659 m2 - (100 )

15,200 m2 - (100 )

7,915 m2 - (100 )

11,925 m2 - (100 )

2,124 m2 - (17 )

1,434 m2 - (9 )

1,246 m2 - (13 )

1,601 m2 - (13 )

9,998 m2 - (79 )

12,576 m2 - (82 )

5,964 m2 - (75 )

9,512m2 - (80 )

Unbuilt Area

2,661 m2 - (21 )

2,618 m2 - (18 )

1,951 m2 - (25 )

2,412 m2 - (20 )

Floor Count

11 to 28

5 to 24

13 to 27

10 to 26

BLOCK CONCLUSION: Rio de Janeiro is ranked as the 6th largest city in Latin America and placed 26th in the world. this is due to the high dense and compact block morphology which demands vertical growing.

The traditional "Brazilian Slab" is the common language of the Rio's urban development in the city centre. This is easily observed due to the constrained geographical area contained by the sea and the mountains which have lead to a high dense and compact city centre.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

For the three patches analyzed we can extracted a clear differentiation of block sizes and built area proportion. Most of them arranged in towers attached to each other or high dense courtyard typologies, all of them with scarce or non space for interaction. This have been a pattern that have separated people from the public spaces, where gardening, people and environment have a synergetic relation where one stimulates each other to create relationships in tropical climates. However a poverty of this areas in the analyzed blocks presented a shortage of embedded open or semi-public spaces within the blocks domain, with less than 15 of the total built area. This immediately affects the quality of living in the apartments separated from the ground, where the average height rounds about 18 to 20 storeys.

109

For the sake of the project, an average data was extracted from the three blocks samples in order to use it as a common ground to then improve the living conditions and use it as a comparison versus the HyperBlock model.

Average Data - Regional Scale Distance to Public Spaces: 597m Block Count: 93 Density: 19,172 p/Km2 Patch Area: 2 Km2

SUPERBLOCK AVERAGES

LEBLON

IPANEMA

COPACABANA

TOTAL AVERAGE

Population

28,922

17.932

71,428

33,456

396

289

499

395

Avg. Population per Block Density Blocks Orientatation Blocks Count

21,910

15,197

20,408

19,172

North -South

East-West

North - South

North - South

73

62

143

93

SuperBlock Area

1.32 Km2

1.18 Km2

3.5 Km2

2.0 Km2

Public Spaces

0.14 - 7

0.12 Km2

0.10 Km2

0.21 Km2

Max. Distances to Public S

472 m

514 m

806 m

597 m

Floor Count (Max. / Min)

1 to 28

2 to 27

1 to 37

1 to 37

SUPERBLOCK CONCLUSION: The three selected patches showed a notable heterogeneity in terms of population, density, block count, orientation, size of the patch, buildings height and accessibility to public areas. Even when they have a marked diversity of qualities, the common quality that all of them share is an acceptable distance to public spaces avg.

597m (7.5 minutes walking distance), which will further on help in the design of the Superblocks formation, trying to rescue this characteristics from the existing urban tissues. In addition, The block average population is about 395 people in a total density of 19,172, this is almost a quarter of the expected density for the HyperBlock density of 90,000 as the massing analysis demonstrated.

Moreover, An important shift will be added to the original configuration of 7 of public spaces because part of the design strategy will concern with the increment of the existing green area proportions by the addition of more semi-public spaces, which have been losing space due to the rapid densification and informal appropriation of the ground, commonly known in the Brazilian culture. Finally, even when the density in each of the is reasonable high, the building height do not overpass 37 storeys.

All these outputs after been evaluated will inform the design of the new block typologies and the superblocks, regarding distances to public spaces, proportions and ranges of density and population per blocks.

110

132 m NORTH 108 m Average Data - Regional Scale Avg. Porosity: 20 Avg. Floor Count: 10 to 26 Avg. Population: 395 per Block Avg. Block Area: 14,256 m2

70

10-30m

Porosity

Varies

30

10-30m

Varies

Varies

10-30m

+ Target Values - Regional Scale Avg. Porosity: +- 70 Avg. Floor Count: 10 to 26 Avg. Population: Varies Avg. Block Area: Varies

4.1.2 BLOCK FORMATION:

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

The conventional strategy of vertical organization of living spaces in high dense urban settlements is measured by the floor area ratio FAR calculations. However, when effective to quantify population density by the ratio of area used in a plot, it does not ensure quality of space. To deal with this question, we will establish a set of strategies to ensure liveable spaces such as:

111

Porosity: As previously mentioned most of the built area in the analyzed samples area arranged in overcrowded vertical masses or compact courtyards buildings. To ensure porosity we will provide a configuration with a built area ratio of about 30 of the actual blocks. With this we ensure a maximum floor depth in each tower with a maximum of 30 metres. Secondary openings splitting volumes from been compact masses also will ensure a fragmentation of the geometries/buildings allowing cross ventilation for the flats, as well to the open spaces.

Embedded Open Spaces: To encourage social activities an strategy to dispose communal thresholds such as front and back patios, communal shared plazas, etc. will be embedded in each building type with the aim of ensure a percentage of green areas to every building within the new urban tissue. Green boulevards or gardened path ways, will interconnect the buildings as well to give shelter from the intense solar overheating in the humid tropical climates.

The previous block strategies will be some of the drivers to the initial aim of create a high-dense new urban model with quality of spaces and living within a sustainable habitat rescuing lost conditions from the more traditional tropical settlements.

OPEN SPACES AMBITION

GREEN SPACE TARGET 45m2 per Person

Green Spaces Distribution: Brazil already counts with the city with the higher proportion of green spaces per person as its Curitiba with 53m2 per capita.

This is a urban pattern that spread throughout different cities in the country, which demonstrates the importance of the biophilic relationship of human-nature. Therefore, one of the main ambition of this thesis is to investigate the implications that a city with such a large proportion of green spaces per person should compromise in order to have that distribution. So finally a target of 45m2 per person will be sought and distributed throw the entire new urban model.

*Curitiba #1 with 52m2 as stated by WHO.

PROGRAM: Residetial Office Commercial Institutional

Programatic Configuration: 44

CIRCULATION 23 GREEN AREAS 33

The preset target for the green spaces couple with the built area needed thrown by the massing studies, render a final proportion of two thirds expected for all the programmatic distribution divided as residential, office, commercial and institutional uses as well as the areas for circulation. The final third will be designated entirely for the green spaces. This will play an important role in the design development due to the strategies that should be implemented in order to accommodate open spaces in vertical arrangement. As well will be a challenge because some previous examples of projects with similar ambitions have reached with just half of this proportions.

GREEN SPACES 33

Public and Semi-Public Spaces Logic: Finally, the third disposed for the green spaces will be further divided in two important domains: one half for the Open Public Spaces, which we will consider as parks, open areas at ground floor, gardened circulation and green boulevards. All working together with a main goal of foster interaction which can only be encounter in a face to face relationship.

OPEN PUBLIC SPACES 16.5

SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES 16.5

112

01. Ken Yeang, The Skycourt and Skygarden, Greening the Urban Habitat. Jason Pomeroy.

QUALITY OF SPACES IN SEMI-PUBLIC THRESHOLDS Public spaces, (i.e. streets and squares), have provided for centuries a social platform that has supported society's day-to-day civic needs. It have carriage a means of transference, be that of material goods, culture, knowledge, etc. However, social changes in contemporary societies have intensified the depletion of public space and accelerated its privatization.

The semi-public realm, captured within hybrid structures, has developed through the centuries into a collective of new social spaces that posses some of the qualities that one would associate with successful public open spaces which embodied character, containing a sense of enclosure to create memorable outdoor rooms which inherit mobility, legibility and a capacity to mutate to future social, political or economical pressures into more heterogeneous functions [1].

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

The primary failure of the tower building from the modernity was the lack of public space in the vertical planning. The densification of cities had a further impact on our interactions in public. The Le Corbusier's urban model influenced a post-war generation of architects, spreading a legacy of high-density development that borrowed from his concepts in order to address slum clearance. This rocketed the prices of land and increases birth rate that lead to overcrowding. At the same time it noted the death of the public spaces.

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To cope with this problematic a new strategy of urban design should be applied in both local scale (buildings) and regional scale (neighbourhoods), tackling the harmful result of an outdated system inherited from modernity. To do so, a new strategy of urban planning facing the high dense areas with an strategy of vertical rotated Nollie's traditional figure ground plan in order to incorporate a series of open spaces within the high rise structures. A play of solids and void (porosity) should couple the segregation of green patch ensuring not just the geometrical location of the spaces to share, but also environmental qualities to promote permanency and comfort.

Therefore, alternatives urban solutions will take part as emergent architectural solutions for new hybrids of the future through an humanization of the towers configuration by widening the gathering thresholds with an embedded catalogue of public or semi-public spaces in form of elevated streets, squares, patios, etc..

CATALOGUE OF TROPICAL QUALITIES

Private

Semi-Public

Back Patios

Communal Patios

Back Terraces

Communal Back & Front

Public

Opened Plateaus

Surrounding Patios

LEGEND Elevated Streets (Circulation) Elevated Streets (Open Space)

Criss-Crossed Patios

INHERITING SOCIAL QUALITIES: The analyzed Blocks samples helped us to understand the numerical proportions of existing urban blocks in the core of Rio Centro. But, another crucial part from the experiments is how an existing vertical arrangement of units can be enhanced to become a more efficient area for living and sharing. To do so, mobility, circulation, access and patios and courtyards configurations were mapped in order to identify the hierarchical relationship between public, semi public and public domains.

After the analysis of a plethora of possible configurations a simplified catalogue of quality of spaces were filtered in order to pick out the essence of existing Brazil's and consequently Rio's communal spaces. First, the categorization was divided within three main scopes: private domain, which contains every single patio or courtyard uses confined by buildings or walls. Semi-Public spaces, as spaces in-between or shared thresholds which provide interaction

with the public and private users being accessed from multiple points and having a larger range of variation. Finally, the public uses which are mainly incorporated in form of Parks, open squares or green boulevards, commonly encounter in the beach front pavements, which indoubtly represent a landmark of the Rio's public heritage.

Inside the three categories, a distinctive set of simplified qualities were extracted: Back Patios, Communal Patios, Back Terraces, Communal Back & Front Patios, Surrounding Patios, Criss-Crossed Patios, Opened Plateaus.

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SEMI-PUBLIC TYPOLOGIES

PRIVATE TYPOLOGIES Type A

Features:

PA PA PA OS

Pu Sp Pr

Type B

R NR

Seed: Pr01_A

Features:

OS OS PA PA

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

HyperSynergies Hyper

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

OS OS PA PA

Features:

Features:

Pu Sp Pr

Features:

R

PA PA PA OS

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

OS OS PA PA

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

Features:

PA PA PA OS

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

PA PA PA OS

PA PA PA OS

Seed: Pr04_B

Features:

OS OS OS PA

Pu Sp Pr

R

Features:

OS OS OS PA

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

R NR

Features:

OS OS OS PA

Seed: SP04_A

OS OS PA PA

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

Features:

PA PA PA OS

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

Pu Sp Pr

R

Seed: SP02_B

Pu Sp Pr

R

Seed: SP03_A

Pu Sp Pr

Features:

Seed: SP01_B

Seed: SP02_A

Seed: Pr03_B

Seed: Pr04_A

Features:

Type B

Seed: Sp01_A

Seed: Pr02_B

Seed: Pr03_A

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OS OS PA PA

Seed: Pr01_B

Seed: Pr02_A

Features:

Features:

Type A

Features:

PA PA PA OS

Seed: SP03_B

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

Features:

PA PA PA OS

Seed: SP04_B

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

PUBLIC TYPOLOGIES Type A

Type B LIBRARY OF TYPOLOGIES

Features:

PA PA PA OS

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

Seed: Pu01_A

Features:

OS OS OS OS

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

Seed: SP01_B

RATIONALIZED BLOCK TYPES [TYPOLOGIES];

For an easier evaluation each of them contain the following features:

The catalogue of tropical qualities was enormously useful to identify and categorize both the main structures of open spaces and the sub-structure of quality of spaces embedded in the traditional blocks in the urban fabric. Hence, from this procedure a post-rationalized library was created in orther to work with a more adequate scale at the moment of populate our selected patch. Each of the typologies are a geometrical representation of both the initial ambition of porosity and liveable spaces and the insertion of open spaces within the buildings but at a higher resolution, the Block scale.

Type of Space: Program Areas(functions) or Open Spaces.

The blocks were divided in the same structure of private, semipublic and public spaces in order to have control of the attributes that each of them own. Moreover from each category we created a pair of typologies, type A and type B. The type A, will be from now on consider as predominantly non-residential, meaning that it will carries more than 50 of the total built area designated to any of the programmatic functions (office, institutional, commercial). The type B, in contrary, will consist of residential predominance, which means that more than 50 will be allotted with residential functions.

Degree of Privacy: Private, Semi-public or Public Spaces Program: Residential or Non-residential uses.

For the sake of the project each of the building types from the library of typologies will enclose the circulation paths. The strategies will intend to couple a higher order of circulation within the urban blocks in form of elevated streets, to maximize a new level of interaction in the heights and create shadow to the lower levels on the ground.

Program Area

Type of Space Evaluation Parameters:

A

Program

OS OS PA PA Pu Sp Pr

R NR

Degree of Privacy

LEGEND: OS PA Pr Sp Pu R NR

Open Spaces Program Area Private Programs Semi-public Programs Public Programs Residential Non-Residential

Green Area

B

Typologies by Predominance

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7. RESIDUAL MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) IS MIXED HOUSEHOLD WASTE AS WELL AS COMMERCIAL LAND INDUSTRIAL WASTES.

IT

COMPRISES HOUSEHOLD WASTE

COLLECTED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES SOME COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES E.G. FROM OFFICES, SCHOOLS, SHOPS ETC THAT MAY BE COLLECTED BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITY OR A COMMERCIAL COMPANY.

4.1.3 DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM: Polycentrism is the principle of organization of a region around several political, social or financial centres. As a result, these "cities" have no single centre, but several. Rio, in contrary contain only one city centre which is already confined within the boundaries of the Guanabara bay, facing the sea. However Barra da Tijuca contains all the facilities and infrastructure needed to become a new important hub for activities. This is even clearer after the was selected as the host for both the Olympic Games 2014 and the World Cup 2016 and both will be realized in the main Olympic park in Barra da Tijuca. This unbeatable scenario is another important criteria to be assess in the design process. The HyperBlock will be evaluated as a semi-autonomous urban model which will cope with the rapid demographic growth of Rio de Janeiro and at the same time will be integrated in the existing urban tissue and suffocate the new demands for dwellings within a sustainable habitat. The strategy is based on the success that some polycentric cities have had in terms of segregate masses through the decentralization of uses and at the same time activating several parts of the cities that still been consider city centre avoiding the obsolete remedy of the american urban model of the Urban Sprawl, which as explained in the Domain (chapter 2) cities boost the synergetic relationship of people through competition and learning.

CELL AGGREGATION:

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

In biology, Cell (from the latin "cella", meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate, aggregate, move and share substances independently, and are often called "building blocks of life".

117

The notion of decentralization and integration is a model that adapt to changes. The concept derive from the idea that every cluster can gather enough information (programmatic functions and infrastructure) needed to be able to almost sustain itself. By the waste management and energy production a close cycle of energy and functional activity is expected to be controlled within each cluster, carrying energy to supply its population and communicate with neighbouring clusters to shared benefits or evenly redistribute resources. Thus, as cells behave in living organism, cluster will censoring constant interaction between other clusters and every changes in their structure such as energy resources and population flows.

The system analyzed in this section will operates on the basis of creating a well distributed and integrated programs along the selected patch. It will also deal with the population distribution and energy management through two different strategies, Mechanical Biological Treatment of municipal organic waste and the positioning of Concentrated Solar Panels to generate enough energy to cover almost the total energy required by the entire inhabitants.

The clusters are designed to self-contain a portion of every single uses such as residential, offices, commercials, institutional and open spaces. However, even when they are designed as a whole, they will always share certain amount of resources and information (amount of energy needed, organic waste generated for treatment, open areas for the existing population, etc). This strategy will cover not just a well distributed Superblocks or group of cells after aggregated, but also all the supplies and resources needed within them. This strategy will administrate and balance the exceeding resources, by redistributing them to the closest cells by a communication and dialogue process within the entire cellular tissue.

Based on the Block and Superblock analysis of the three neighbourhoods in the Rio de Janeiro city centre, 3 different cells with different qualities were created. There are three types of cells: Cell A, has a predominant residential character, with less than 50 of the total built area accommodated into open spaces. Cell B, is primarily assigned to "other uses", which can be consider as local public functions such as offices, commercial and institutional uses.

It will contain more than 50 of open spaces, which means more interactive spaces. Cell C, will contain mixed use programs too, but with a high tendency to public spaces (open and close) such as parks, convention centres, auditoriums, halls, etc.

Finally, the cells are not intended to represent any kind of geometry or physical form. Instead, they will carry and perform all the information which must be encapsulated within the cell domain. Then, after a set of aggregation and topological distribution experiments the final ideal configuration with the best proportions will be selected.

CELLS CATEGORIZATION

20 0

Avg.Population: 662 hab.

Avg. Floors: 7 Avg. Area: 5,534.42 m2 per floor Avg. Area per Cell: 28,945 m2

80

40 20 0

Avg.Population: 687 hab.

Avg. Floors: 7 Avg. Area: 5,745.24 m2 per floor Avg. Area per Cell: 30,047.60 m2

80 60 PERCENTAGE

40 20 0

Avg.Population: 469 hab.

Avg. Floors: 7 Avg. Area: 1,301.50 m2 per floor Avg. Area per Cell: 20,496.37 m2

MBT

0

Energy:

CSP 100 80 60 40 20 0

Energy Comsumption: 1.5 Million Kw/year Gererated Waste: 376,135 Kg/year Energy Production: CSP: 2.06 of the total Collection Plant MBT: 131,293. Kw/year

Energy:

Build Space

Public Space

Gross Area

Floors

Population

Demographic / Spatial Qualities:

100

Predominant Typologies: Open Spaces

20

CSP

PERCENTAGE

60

CELL TYPE_A :

40

Energy Comsumption: 1.5 Million Kw/year Gererated Waste: 362,445 Kg/year Energy Production: CSP: 2.2 of the total Collection Plant MBT: 126,515 Kw/year

ENERGY CONTRIBUTION

100

Predominant Typologies: Non-Residential

60

Build Space

Public Space

Gross Area

Floors

Population

Demographic / Spatial Qualities:

80

MBT

40

ENERGY CONTRIBUTION

PERCENTAGE

60

100

MBT

80

CELL TYPE_A :

CSP ENERGY CONTRIBUTION

100

Predominant Typologies: Residential

Energy:

Build Space

Public Space

Gross Area

Floors

Demographic / Spatial Qualities: Population

CELL TYPE_A :

100 80 60 40 20 0

Energy Comsumption: 1.09 Million Kw/year Gererated Waste: 256,777 Kg/year CSP: 2.26 of the total Collection Plant MBT: 89,631 m Kw/year 118

4.1.4 CLUSTER GENERATION AND GROWTH STRATEGY: PARAMETERS FOR THE CELL DISTRIBUTION: In order to allocate our cells which will contain a series of blocks within its territory, we look back at nature and the different ways it handle growing processes. After testing and studying different possibilities; branching, the method used by nature to create from forking channels of rivers, snowflakes, cracks in erosions and tree branches was analyzed with the aim of create a topological distribution of our cells.. With the help of computational logics this process seem to fulfill the necessary qualities to generate our block distribution based on a repeated implementation of certain simple steps which govern the system, placing a representative (no geometrical) positioning of the cells.

Variables = [ABC] Axiom = [A] Rule Set: A = [AB] , [B,A] , [A] B = [AC] , [C,A] , [A] C = [AB] , [B,A] , [A] Total Count = 9[A], 4[B], 2[C]

Based on this assumption we create a branching algorithm that its only looking for a topological distribution of cells regarding distances close to 100 metres. It will guarantee a feasible distance for blocks formation and monitorize its behaviour when aggregated. In addition, a cell distribution algorithm was generated to work simultaneously with the positioning of the branching. Driven by simple local rules that aims to generate the highest possible density within a hierarchical setting it should handle not just an even distributed patch but also comply with a required input to populate 60 of the entire plot with Cells A (Residential uses) and the remaining 40 shared by Cells B (other uses) and Cells C (Open Spaces). All the previously mentioned should be controlled by the rule set. To do so, a branching system is implemented as computational strategy to ensure a appropriate data transfer from stem cell to a daughter cell.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

The reproduction of descendants from stem cell to its offspring will be entirely manage by the rule set. So, the aim of the experiment is to populate cells over the 1km2 plot. The growing strategy and topological variations will by further on refine and analyzed within the scope of an L-System to add a continuous hierarchical interrelationship.

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CELL AGGREGATION RULES

A

B

B

A

C

B

Option 1

Option 2

B

C

Option 1

B

Cell A: When the starting point is a cell A, two obligatory descendants will emerge [A and B], no matter the positioning (right or left).

Special Case

A

B

A

B

Option 2

C

A

A

A

Option 1

A

A

A

A

Cell B: In the case of B, a combination of [AC] or [CA] cells will be possible.

Cells B, reads the different distances to others cells and allocate the public space (Cells C) within the most centralized position.

B

Special Case

A

C

Option 2

A

A

C

Special Case

Cell C: As is the first case. C cells will genereate [AB] or [BA] descendants.

NOTE: Due to the weighting of the branching algorithm that is trying to reach a maximum cell allocation, in some cases a single brach will be needed. In that case, cells A,B and C will generate an A cell , in order to increase density.

120

boundary

GROWING STRATEGY

2

b

1

1

a boundary

100 m

01. Start: The L-system will always start with the axiom A, in order to maximize density.

02. Distances : Generations will breed whitin distances of 100 m

03. Boundary Constrain: Individual cells that meets a boundary condition will stop growing (a). If the boundary only constraints one side, a single branch containing an A cell will emerge (b).

5

4

4

3

3

3

2

2

2

1

1

1

= 400 m

a

04. Overcrowding: Cells which canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t meet the minimum distance of 100 m between them, would not be able to breed descendants (a)

05. Public Spaces: Public spaces would emerge from B cells, distributing green spaces in a maximum distamce of 500 m from any cell.

6

5

4

3 2

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

1

121

07. Generation Count: The angle of rotation of the L-System, will help to reach a maximum positioning of cells wiithin the boundaraies.

08. String Outcome: Variables = [A,B,C] Axiom = A n1 = [A,B] n2 = [B,A,A] n3 = [A,B,C] n4 = [A,B,A] n5 = [A,B,C,A,A,B,B] n6 = [A,C,B,A,B,A] Total = 25 cells Cell Distribution = 13 [A], 9 [B] ,3 [C] Cell A = 52 Cell B = 36 Cell C = 12

06. Density & Leisure: Public spaces generates Residential and Non-Residential cells to maximize the use of public space and increase density.

Observations: After let the system run based on our initial axiom and rules set, different outcomes we can extract from them: Rule set: the initial axiom is highly important for the control of the initial sectors of the patch, as well to ensure and desire zoning for the starting seed. However, what purely governed the branching is the rules implemented in the sequence. It can effectively distribute a desire amount of cells controlling its predominance. With this equation we can guarantee Residential predominance (A cells). Thus, we can nudge foward a maximum density.

Pattern: Based on the rule sets of the initial branching strings of Cells A can be identify, creating consecutive branches with up to 6 of them consecutively, only interrupted due to the border condition where the cells must stop aggregating. Secondary Cells B often shift this pattern creating a new branch with possibility not just to aggregate Cells A again, but to aggregate new Cells C, and controlling a deviation and distance from each Cell C, designated for totally public uses within a range of less than 500 metres.

Spacing: The initial diameter for each cell set to an homogeneous size of 100 metres helped to create a prototypical domain for the blocks but more important to censoring the scope of Cells C and its separation respectively from each other and guarantee the a disposition of them in a maximum range of 500 m from the farthest cell.

Angles: For the creation and refinement of the initial rule set we set all the angles fixed to 30 degrees. With this we avoid overlapping and see the patterns of how the system grows.

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03.

Site: L-System.

Wikipedia

online-encyclopedia,

P1_BUS HUB

PLOT

P3_OLYMPIC PARK

P2_MAIN AVE.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ON THE SITE

Observations:

Our selected patch have three different access. The main one coming from both the northern side of the city as from the main artery that connects Barra da Tijuca with the city centre. The other two come from the western side of the plot with access from the Olympic park and the Ciudade do Deus neighbourhood. As it is noticed the patch of 1km2 does not fulfil the entire plot due to the experiment and aim of the thesis intends to push the limits of densification within an optimal living circumstances. Nonetheless, part of the selection strategy of the patch was to pick one close to the city centre to keep the goal of populating empty spaces suitable for this kind of habitats but also expect that the model might continuous growing.

Based on the angle variations we could extract three different observations:

HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIP: An L-system or Lindenmayer system is a parallel rewriting system, namely a variant of a formal grammar, most famously used to model the growth processes of plant development, but also able to model the morphology of a variety of organisms. An L-system consists of an alphabet of symbols that can be used to make strings, a collection of production rules that expand each symbol into some larger string of symbols, an initial â&#x20AC;&#x153;axiomâ&#x20AC;? string from which to begin construction, and a mechanism for translating the generated strings into geometric structures [3].

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Using this the L-System grammar to formerly create a rule set of how the cells propagate throughout the plot, the mathematical model is now implemented to control the spacing of the cells and how they layout. The target is to understand and evaluate which angle or set of them, is the optimal in order to fulfil the patch with the least possible overlapping.

123

Fix Parameters: The initial axiom is always set to the lower right corner due to this is the access with more stress in the plot due to its connection the main street and also due to the closeness to the existing Barra da Tijuca metro station and the forthcoming station beside in the right side of the plot. Moreover, all the test are encapsulated within the real boundaries of 1000m by 1000m.

Variables: Three angles are analyzed systematically, 15 degrees, 30 degrees and 45 degrees (from left to right). A secondary level of variance is added a combinatory angles in the same test. One angle, two angles, and three angles respectively (from top to bottom). All these to see the divergences that the test presents.

The one angle test (first row), creates a more legible pattern. I can pass from highly clustered to have more empty spaces amongst cells.

The two angles test (second row), presents a less uniform disposition of the space, creating plenty more overlapping but also more empty spaces in between, what suggest that both result is counterproductive to the initial goal.

The three angles test (third row), is the more diverse in patterns recognition. The high level of variations produce even more overlapping than the two rows test.

As a result for the initial ambitions to populate cells along the patch with the least number of overlapping, the best result can be encounter in the Clustering test #2, which not just presented less overlapping cells than the other but also fulfil almost entirely the plot given an small number of cells to be removed due to this overlapping of 18 and having a legible pattern to further create the internal network system. All this occurred within a relative few generations count of 15.

BRANCHING EXPERIMENTS Topological Relationships Matrix

Clustering 01 No. Generations:13 Angles: [15] Degrees Cells: 117 Branches: 116 Ovelaping Nodes: 115

Clustering 04 No. Generations:15 Angles: [15-30] Degrees Cells: 110 Branches: 109 Ovelaping Nodes: 98

Clustering 07 No. Generations: 23 Angles: [15-30-45] Degrees Cells: 87 Branches: 86 Ovelaping Nodes: 60

Clustering 02 No. Generations:15 Angles: [30] Degrees Nodes: 93 Branches: 92 Ovelaping Nodes: 18

Clustering 03 No. Generations:31 Angles: [45] Degrees Cells: 77 Branches: 76 Ovelaping Nodes: 35

Selected Test

Clustering 05 No. Generations:30 Angles: [30-45] Degrees Cells: 85 Branches: 84 Ovelaping Nodes: 24

Clustering 06 No. Generations:35 Angles: [45-15] Degrees Cells: 88 Branches: 87 Ovelaping Nodes: 77

Clustering 08 No. Generations: 14 Angles: [30-15-45] Degrees Cells: 89 Branches: 88 Ovelaping Nodes: 66

Clustering 09 No. Generations: 16 Angles: [45-15-30] Degrees Cells: 104 Branches: 103 Ovelaping Nodes: 80

SELECTED CLUSTER Growing Sequence Matrix

Generation 02 Cells Count: 2 Cells A: 2 Cells B: 0 Cells C: 0.

Generation 04 Cells Count: 11 Cells A: 7 Cells B: 3 Cells C: 1

Generation 06 Cells Count: 23 Cells A: 13 Cells B: 7 Cells C: 3

Generation 08 Cells Count: 34 Cells A: 19 Cells B: 11 Cells C: 4

Generation 10 Cells Count: 52 Cells A: 30 Cells B: 16 Cells C: 6

Generation 12 Cells Count: 61 Cells A: 35 Cells B: 32 Cells C: 7

Generation 15 Total Cells Count: 76 Cells A: 41 Cells B: 26 Cells C: 9

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Generation 01 Cells Count: 1 Cells A: 1 Cells B: 0 Cells C: 0

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Cells Insertion Existing Cells (After Branching): 76 Added Branches: 14 Added Cells: 14 [ 13 Type A ; 1 Type C] Total Cells Count: 90

SELECTED CLUSTER Cells Distribution

Cells Final Aggregation Angles: [30] Degrees Initial Cells: 93 Deleted Nodes (Ovelaping): 18 Total Cells: 90 Branches: 89 Cells A: 54 [60 ] Cells B: 26 [29 ] Cells C: 10 [11 ]

CONCLUSION: The final experiment was to couple both logics to create the L-system on the site. As in the previous test the axiom chosen was a Cell A, with an starting point in the lower right corner of the patch.

The clustering test #2 help us to almost fulfil the plot with a total of 76 Cells in 15 generations and with the lower number of overlapping.

However, even when the test had the better performance, some holes in the patches edges where possible to be populated with new cells. So, 14 new cells were added in this cavities following the same rule set and angles logics. They lead to a total of 90 cells.

Pattern: Due to the recursive nature of the L-System rules, it tends to contain self-similarity which thereby, fractal form are easy to be recognize and then analyzed, because of the repetitive frequencies of arrangements. The most important outcome from the topological allocation of cells over the patch was the small groups that the Cells A rendered. Linear strings from two up to 8 consecutive Cells A can be recognize immediately, This is highly important due to this condition creates a homogeneous distribution of them through the site, avoiding sectorisations or areas without them. On the other hand the Cells B are scattered uniformly braking the frequency almost omnipresent of Cells A. Finally, Cells C are as controlled from the test of cells sequence guarantee in a range within 500 metres.

All this made the final topological result suitable for further develop the network logic and the geometrical insertion in the site.

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WASTE TREATMENT

CP03 CP02

P01

CP04

CP01

LEGEND: Regional Attractor Cells Centroids Closest Points Branching System

WASTE MANAGEMENT LOGIC: To create a local renewable energy system based, the strategy of place an internal Mechanical Biological Plant was decided.

I will inherit advantages associated with micro-generation projects converting the project in a micro energy-productive model which can rely in internal sources of renewable energy-generation and reduce dependences in centralized systems and also the energy transmission losses.

Therefore one of the primary problems in the development of high dense urban regions is to deal with the great amount of municipal waste. To face this limitation, a central waste processing plant was added to the plot with a minimum treatment capacity of 50,000 tons per year covering then the entire needs for 90,000 inhabitants.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

The plot is divided in 5 different regions, which will receive 1/5 of the local waste each. Thus, in this way the transmission and collection of each region is collected and sent to the central processing plant independently without having the problem of a centralized system.

127

WASTE TREATMENT

CZ03

CZ02

CZ05

CZ01 CZ03

LEGEND: Regional Attractor Cells Centroids Closest Points Branching System Collection Points Processing Plant Collection Zones

COLLECTING ZONES & PROCESSING PLANT:

Collection Zone

CZ05

The five regions will be called Collective zones, each receiving the municipal total waste of about 18,000 inhabitants each. The process works receiving material from each of the buildings within the zone and afterwards send it to the central Processing plant buried at the plot core and which will act as one of the five collecting zones and process the entire collected material.

This pollution-free process can be implemented in urban regions without jeopardizing the surrounding dwellers. Moreover it solve the waste treatment issue converting it into energy.

Collection Line

Collection Zones

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BRANCHING SYSTEM

LEGEND: Regional Attractor Cells Centroids Additional Border Points Branching System

TOPOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP: Application: From the branching system test (L-System), which successfully distribute evenly the three cells type Cells A, Cells B and Cells C, the graph above presents the interconnectivity that the branches presented and how a hierarchical connection between nodes create an string-like arrangement.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Additional points were added in the plot perimeter in order to further on create a extended graph which reach all the extension of the site.

129

INTERCONNECTIVITY

LEGEND: Regional Attractor Cells Centroids Additional Border Points Delaunay Triangulation

CONNECTING NODES: Overview: A Delaunay triangulation is a in mathematics a set of "N" points in a plane connected to maximize the minimum angle of the triangles avoiding skinny triangles. The name comes after Boris Delaunay work on this field from 1934.

Application: Thereafter the topological distribution of the cells by an branching system, the next step was to interconnect all the cells centroids, no matter which type it possess and the border points in order trace every single possible connection from each node to its closer neighbour. The web will help as weft for the subsequent steps of network creation and the different layers of circulation.

130

MAXIMAZING CONNECTIVITY

LEGEND: Delaunay Triangulation Minimum Spanning Tree Path

MINIMUM COST CONNECTION: Overview: In Graph Theory, a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) is a connected, undirected graph that connects all the vertices together by a subgraph. The graph maximize the path connecting all the nodes and creating the minimum cost walk along the entire graph.

With the Minimum Spanning Tree is then possible to weight how unfavourable the connection are.

Application:

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

After having every possible node connected from the Delaunay triangulation algorithm a secondary level of analysis was added to the generated graph. All the nodes where scanned to create a connection of every node by an undirected graph, which will then connect the nodes in a single graph with the lower cost in terms of distance.

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The MST is an efficient method to connect nodes within the shortest overall path length. Nonetheless, it is not suitable to connect neighbourhoods in a well interconnected urban patch due to its linearity and a urban network need more redundancy to generates different routes options in the urban settings.

ANALYZING CONNECTEDNESS

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LEGEND: Delaunay Triangulation Connectivity Graph Lines

INTEGRATION: Overview: In Space Syntax the fundamental idea is to analyze a network, breaking it down in graphs and maps to identify the relative connectivity and integration of those spaces. The method utilized in this experiment was the connectivity analysis, which scan the weight of each vertices by the number adjacent connecting lines.

Application: From the Minimum Spanning Tree graph a further analysis was established in order to understand the level of connectivity of each vertices in the graph. The method helped us to read and trace a weight to each of the lines to then after translate it to a geometrical path for the primary and secondary circulations.

The analysis clearly marked that the most connected vertices are located in the middle of the patch, when the least connected are bordering it. Moreover, some unconnected branches from the MST in the centre of the graph are weighted as 1 due to its lake of continuity within the graph.

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NODES RANKING

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LEGEND: Node Range 1 Node Range 2 Node Range 3 Delaunay Triangulation

INCIDENCE: Overview: A secondary layer of network analysis was realized on the graph to measure the incidence on each node. A centrality analysis to see the relative importance of a vertex within the previous graph and how influential a node is within the entire graph.

Application: From the connectivity analysis in the previous step, we got a weighting for each edges within the MST graph. Therefore, we set a ranking to each node by an algorithm that read the weight from each of the adjacent edges and sum it up within the nodes that they connect in each extreme. With this system three rankings were set and then divided in ranges.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

For example if one node contains three edges connecting itself with the weight of 3, 1 and 3 respectively, the total sum will be 7 , thus the final categorization will be under the range 2.

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This method will be further analyzed and use in the distribution of heights for the geometrical manifestation of the building blocks.

RANGE OF CONNECTIVITY :

Range 1:

2

Corresponds to all the nodes which sum up a total from the adjacent edges weighting between 1 to 4. It will contain buildings with the lowest height in the cells which contain this centroid points (nodes).

Σ=3

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Corresponds to all the nodes which sum up a total from the adjacent edges weighting between 5 to 8. All the buildings in this ranking will be located within the cells which contain this centroid point (nodes).

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Finally, this range corresponds to all the nodes which sum up a total from the adjacent edges weighting between 9 to 18. It will contain buildings with the lowest height in the cells which contain this centroid points (nodes).

Range 3 Σ = 9 to 18

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CIRCULATION NETWORK

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LEGEND: Primary Circulation [Rapid Transit Cars & Ramps] Modified Branches Delaunay Triangulation

PRIMARY NETWORK: Application: After the analysis of all the previous steps of the Minimum Spanning Tree, network connectivity, degree of incidence and ranking, we extracted our primary network which will become the link between the new hybrid model and the existing urban tissue. The primary circulation path present six different access, three located at the bottom of the plot and three in the upper side. the differential weighting and ranking help us to not just trace the route of the streets but also evaluate the over redundancy presented after the Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm, which successfully connected all the point with the lower cost of travel but without logic regarding urban networks.

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Therefore, a further assessment of each branch and its corresponding bifurcation where evaluated to finally refine the effectiveness of the final circulation.

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LEGEND: Primary Circulation [Rapid Transit Cars & Ramps] Modified Branches Delaunay Triangulation

Observations: A series of path modification along the entire graph were realized to minimize all the unnecesary circulations which only lead to cul de sacs or unneeded zig zagging deviations.

The edges were identified and replaced to finally create the layout for the primary streets.

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CIRCULATION NETWORK

LEGEND: Primary Circulation [Rapid Transit Cars & Ramps] Secondary Circulation [Walking & Cycling Pathways]

SECONDARY NETWORK: Overview: Finally, to create the embedded secondary network we recall the initial ambition of create a sustainable habitat that no just can self-sustain its own demands of energy and waste management but also to create an hybrid network system that foster wellbeing through walking and cycling green boulevards.

Therefore, part of the plan utilized to create the secondary tissue was to leave it uniquely for this two non-motorized transportation systems, due to the car based streets will be located only in the primary streets.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Application:

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The secondary walkable streets was created after running a quad subdivision, mapping all the nodes from the initial cells and the additional border points. from this set of points a recursive subdivision creates the routes that will carry walking boulevards and the parcels where the Blocks will be inserted. This parcellation give a geometrical final positioning of the Blocks domain. The interoperability and variations of the blocks within each parcel will be analyzed further on.

LEGEND: Primary Circulation [Rapid Transit Cars & Ramps] Secondary Circulation [Walking & Cycling Pathways] Cells Type A Cells Type B Cells Type C

NETWORK LAYOUT: All the algorithms and previous stages helped us to create a broader understanding of: +The aggregation by controlled rule sets and sequence logics, +A topological hierarchical disposition of cells, to propagate and distribute the population over the patch, +Assess the graph to have a more connected and integrated circulation and, +Rank possible zones for height differentiation.

Output: The final layout presents 6 different neighbourhoods contained amongst the 5 main branches of the primary street. Each of them having a proportionate distribution of all the cells types an creating differentiations in term of clusters size. The secondary streets weave the lots in between the main branches of the main streets and subsequently controlled to creates Blocks with areas from 1000 m2 to 3500 m2 approximately, suitable for the insertion of our initial Block library.

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HEIGHT ANALYSIS

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LEGEND: Primary Circulation [Rapid Transit Cars & Ramps] Secondary Circulation [Walking & Cycling Pathways] Node Range 1 Node Range 2 Node Range 3 Quad Range 1 [1 to 4 Floors] Quad Range 2 [5 to 8 Floors] Quad Range 3 [9 or More Floors]

HEIGHT RANGES: Overview:

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Application:

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The study of height have been endeavour to create non linear relationship amongst clusters and then create diversity throughout the plot.. The height gradient will be influenced by the "Node Ranges" test, which contain three strata with different weighting. Thus, recalling these ranges the quads are divided in accordance the area of the cells and the weight of its centroid (nodes). So, we will use the ranges of height constraining the buildings height and controlliing quality by the systematic analysis of the Blocks allocation inside each quad. The height ranges strategies are assign as follows:

12 10 Number of Floors

The Brazilian cities are characterize by a high dense arrays of tower in the city centre. This happen, as in every dense city in the world due to the high demand of land use and the lack of space in the core of the cities. Furthermore, Rio as analyzed in the Superblocks sizes in Copacabana, Ipanema and the Leblon neighbourhoods own a very dense urban landscape with buildings over 30 stories. From here, the aim will be driven by the aspiration of adding a high density scenario recovering the social aspects and qualities lost by the insertion of the modernist vertical towers (mapped in the catalogue of Block qualities) which isolate people from each other and vanish the possibilities for interaction.

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Range 1

Building Heights:

Range 2

Range 3

Range 1: Every quad contained within any of the cells type with nodes weighting from 1 to 4 will have the same ranges of height(1 to 4 floors) . Thus, the experiments for the buldings insertion should remain inside this bounding box. These will be consider the LowRises buildings (Small size).

Range 2: The quad contained within any of the cells with nodes weighting from 5 to 8 will have the same ranges of height(5 to 8 floors). These will be consider the Mid-Rises buildings (Medium size).

Range 3: Finally, The quad contained within any of the cells with nodes weighting from 9 to 12 will have the same ranges of height (9 to 12 floors). These will be consider the High-Rises buildings (Large size).

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CONNECTIVITY AND NETWORK

Above: Heights Layout over the Plot Bellow: Bus Rapid Transport System running in the Third Floor

CONCLUSION: Our cities are becoming more congested and polluted by cars day after day. In fact, by 2050 the number of cars worldwide will have tripled. Many cities in the world do not have the adequat infrastructure to deal with this problem. To tackle this issue, many cities have already implemented some policies, planning and promot ions, offering a cycling-centred system, functioning not just in a very efficient and fast way to connect people from point A to B in a sustainable manner but rather been vacuum cleaners preventing millions of grams of Co2 yearly by reducing tailpipe emissions.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Since 2012 Rio implemented the Bus Rapit Transport System BRT the system replaces short, fragmented bus routes with a rapidtransit corridor that gives priority to buses and have cut the travelling time up to 50 . The result is safer transport, shorter commutes, less pollution, and greater social inclusion. The thesis search for an implementation of existing urban policies to integrate the new architectural model to the existing urban tissue. Thus, two levels of circulation within the project have being analyzed:

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Primary Network / Urban Integration: It weave the surrounding street with the project only by the transit of cars and the BRT system through the primary streets. It will connect the neighbourhood of Ciudade do Deus, The Olympic Park and Barra da Tijuca.

Secondary Network / Shaded Paths: As previously stated, the spaces in-between buildings will have two layer of circulation. The first one, considered as the secondary streets, will be locate on the ground level. It will have the main access to the buildings in the first floor and will be sheltered by the tertiary streets located above in the third floor. It will serve pedestrian and cyclists.

Tertiary Network / Green Boulevards: The second space inbetween buildings is the embedded green corridors surrounding the buildings and will be used also by pedestrians and cyclists.

In addition, areas known as elevated steets will boost places for communication, containing a sense of encloure and pleasure which traces mobility, legibility and the capacity to mutate in the future and also creates shading to the lower levels.

# .-

A/ *#? , (-#.

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1ST FLOOR

Above: Pedestrian & Cycling streets diagram Bellow: The Highline Renovation, New York.

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4.2 SUPERBLOCK FORMATION Application of the computational logic

02. Site: Superbloc.

Wikidepdia

Online

Encyclopedia,

4.1.5 SUPERBLOCK FORMATION: The Superblock were popular around 1950, inherited from the modernism as solution for urban planning. Described as an area bigger than a traditional city block and compared to a neighbourhood size. Normally bounded by widely spaced, high-speed streets, rather than local streets. It was a car dependence urban model, which relied on car distances, deducting pedestrian and cyclists considering them an obsolete systems of transportation. In this way, superblocks based on their car-centred scheme, isolated units and made impossible for pedestrian to get out of them [2].

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

On the other hand, instead of having this pejorative meaning, Superblock in our architectural model of the HyperBlock is going to be designed with an specific emphasis to create a highly integrated pedestrian based urban weft. The Superblock as presented in the Emergent Network, will be contained within a primary and secondary matrix, where the primary streets will serve both cars and a Bus Rapid Transit System in order to integrate the project with the city. The secondary and tertiary layer will run along the same path

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amongst buildings but within completely different layers. Both planned to be walking and cycling based, creating corridors and green boulevards to narrow down the opportunity for social interaction and bringing vegetation closer to the urban dwellers.

Due to the deeply connected grid, the pedestrian corridors can be used as primary option to travel from point A to B, ensuring shadowed spaces in the lower streets and more exposure in the green boulevards or elevated streets.

Here we will present the computational logics to generate the Superblocks, driven by solar access analysis in order to create a quantitative assessment of the spacing between buildings and their geometrical arrangement within the Superblock domain.

Finally, some emergent patios will be further on analyzed to see how the public and semi-public space can self-adjust to create differentiation of uses and needs. The next analysis will be entirely over the territory of a selected patch, treated as a Superblock, which is the closer one to the main access of the plot.

Selected Patch

NOTE: A patch inside the plot was chosen to start simluating and evaluating the aggregation.

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Observations:

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Type: Semi-Public 01 - B

Type: Semi-Public 01 - B

Type: Semi-Public 01 - B

Type: Semi-Public 01 - B

Position: 0 degrees

Position: 90 degrees

Position: 180 degrees

Position: 270 degrees

Shadow Area: 634 m2

Shadow Area: 998 m2

Shadow Area: 852 m2

Shadow Area: 1024 m2

OVERVIEW:

FIXED PARAMETERS:

In order to ameliorate the soaring temperatures of Rio de Janeiro and to create walkable spaces within the thermal comfort, an aggregation algorithm that morphs and self-adjust the block typology to the corresponding quad into 4 different positions is tested to find and select the “best” possible orientation, which is the one that provides as much shade as possible.

1. Weather Conditions for Brazil (Summer – 1st of December to 28th of February) 2. Library of Typologies

It is important to mention that due to the computationally expensive process of running at the same time a solar access analysis, these experiments will be run after the cluster formation finish its cycle to evaluate and modify the final outcome.

VARIABLES: 1. Block types morphology (due the self-arrangement in each quad).

2. Block Orientation ( 0 ° , 90 °, 180 °, 360 °) 3. Block Height

SUPERBLOCK FORMATION LOGIC Maximaze Available Empty Quads

Start Quads Populations

Minimum Spanning Tree Path

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01. Cell Type: The first step is to identify the cell type in order to be populated with the Blocks typologies from the Library.

02. Quads Selection: Every quad contained inside the cell should be populated with a random Blocks of the same cell type up to fulfill it. (i.e. Cells A, will be only populated with Blocks type A).

03. Empty Neighbour Quads: All the surrounding quads which do not belong to other cells can be chosen by the closest cell.

Start Quads Populations

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05. Block Typology Insertion: The inserted Block typology will self-adjust to the geometrical quad edges. Thus it make a unique typology inside the urban model.

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06. Block Orientation: After inserted the building will shift posistion rotating amongst the four possible orientations untill it selects the one with more shadow casting.

Computational Logic:

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The process of SuperBlock formation through the aggregation of cell types control the geometrical arrangement locally within the cells, creating a more emergent but coherent population of Block types along the whole patch.

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07. System in Cell: Based on the previous step the entire cell is then populated with Blocks from the library.

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Selected Patch_Experiment 01

Blocks and Circulation to Calibrate:

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Observations: After the first cluster aggregation, some important calibrations in the morphology of the block types were needed due to the deformations suffered in the self-arranging process of the blocks in the quads.

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

Whereas that every block type needs to be deformed, some local tests were made in different quad sizes to calibrate the appropriate initial width and depths of the selected block types.

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ie. The right domain of the typology P_01, had a starting dimension of 6.50 m x 11.50 m which after the deformation, ended up in 3.91 m x 22.73 m, which compromise the functionality of liveable space. Thus, we discovered that to ensure coherent block sizes within acceptable distances, even though the overall shape of the blocks are rectangles, the domain of the units will always need to be a square, because thanks to the quads eccentricity the algorithm will influence the length of the geometry. Hence, the right size of the

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Connecting Bridges

Pr_01 was modified to 15 m x 12.50 m, which successfully respond to the transformations made by the aggregation algorithm.

Furthermore, the circulation embedded in the blocks (sky bridges and patios) were not properly aligned in the boundaries of the block, which resulted in mismatches among bridges and gaps throughout the elevated circulation network. Some local changes in the block types were made to try to increase the matching accuracy

Insolation Analysis T o ta l S unlig ht H o urs Value Range: 1.0 - 10.0 Hrs Š E cotect v 5 H rs 1 0 .0 0 + 9 .1 0 8 .2 0 7 .3 0 6 .4 0 5 .5 0 4 .6 0

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The solar access analysis show positive results regarding the initial aim of the aggregation which tried to maximized shaded areas Nevertheless, the block aggregation creates some overshadow areas with exposures of only 1 hour per day, Theses spaces will be tackle increasing the porosity of the blocks and network

Insolation Analysis Percent Diffuse Value Range: 28.0 - 100 Š E cotect v 5

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Percentage of Diffuse Illumination:

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Diffuse illumination plays an important role in the passive design strategy, thus an increment of porosity will nudge forward the increment of the percentage of total diffuse illumination.

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Patch_Test 2 Test Patch Selected Patch_Experiment I 02

Blocks and Circulation to Calibrate:

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Observations:

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

TThe second experiment introduced 2 new couyard block types that helped to increase the porosity of the superblock.

Nevertheless, the thickness of the sides was not the appropriate to handle deformations. These blocks were run independently to calculate the final thickness of the couyards blocks, for further experiments.

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In terms of circulation, a deficiency in thickness, was clearly visible which was solved by an increment in width of 2 metres, on the other hand the matching among circulation was still not the optimal. A simple remapping of distances using the rule of 3, measuring the longest side of the block in counterpart with the shortest side, gave us the final right positioning for circulation in each of the sides of the blocks, resulting in a 93.4 of matching accuracy.

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Connecting Bridges

The remaining 6.4 of mismatches bridges caused by the different scale values of the quads, needed to be manually adjusted at the end of the process.

Insolation Analysis T o ta l S unlig ht H o urs Value Range: 1.0 - 10.0 Hrs Š E cotect v 5 H rs 1 0 .0 0 + 9 .1 0 8 .2 0 7 .3 0 6 .4 0 5 .5 0 4 .6 0

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The increment of porosity managed to achieve an average of 4 to 5 hours of sun per day which creates a favourable scenario for passive design and for the reduction of humid spaces.

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Insolation Analysis Percent Diffuse Value Range: 28.0 - 100 Š E cotect v 5

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An increment of Diffuse Illumination was achieved by the introduction of porous blocks and circulation gaps, which resulted in ranges between 60 and 90 of total diffusse illumination. This ranges creates a comfortale pedestrian network and helps the superblock to avoid the high temperatures of Rio.

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SEMI-PUBLIC TYPOLOGIES

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Seed: Pr02_A Population: 117 hab.

Built Area: 3,674 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 3,013 m2 - [ 82 ] Open Spaces: 661 m2- [ 18 ]

Features:

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OS OS PA PA

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R NR

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PA PA PA OS

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Seed: Pr02_B Population: 204 hab.

Built Area: 8,936 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 8,708 m2 - [ 97 ] Open Spaces: 228 m2 - [ 3 ]

PA PA PA OS

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Seed: SP03_A Population: 94 hab.

Built Area: 4,115.97 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 3,737 m2 - [ 90 ] Open Spaces: 378.97 m2 - [ 10 ]

OS OS PA PA

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Pu Sp Pr

R NR

Seed: SP02_B Population: 147 hab.

Built Area: 6453.61 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 5,730.66 m2 - [ 88 ] Open Spaces: 722.95m2 - [ 12 ]

R

Seed: SP03_A Population: 210 hab.

Built Area: 9,219 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 9219 m2 - [ 100 ] Open Spaces: 0 m2 - [ 0 ]

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Seed: SP01_B Population: 96 hab.

Built Area: 4,218 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 3,822 m2 - [ 90 ] Open Spaces: 396 m2 - [ 10 ]

Seed: SP02_A Population: 131 hab.

Built Area: 5,730.66 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 5,073 m2 - [ 88 ] Open Spaces: 656.79 m2 - [ 12 ]

Seed: Pr03_B Population: 144.81 hab.

Built Area: 6,328.40 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 5,600 m2 - [ 88 ] Open Spaces: 728 m2 - [ 12 ]

Seed: Pr04_A Population: 151 hab.

Built Area: 6,611.25 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 6,352.50 m2 - [ 96 ] Open Spaces: 258.75 m2 [ 4 ]

Features:

Type B

Seed: Sp01_A Population: 102 hab.

Built Area: 4,690.96 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 4,123.71 m2 - [91 ] Open Spaces: 371 m2 - [ 9 ]

Seed: Pr02_B Population: 81 hab.

Built Area: 3,557 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 3,013 m2 - [ 84 ] Open Spaces: 544 m2 - [ 16 ]

Seed: Pr03_A Population: 141 hab.

Built Area: 6,186.32 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 5,600 m2 - [ 90 ] Open Spaces: 728.43 m2- [ 10 ]

Features:

OS OS PA PA

Seed: Pr01_B Population: 107 hab.

Built Area: 4,690.96 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 4,122.75 m2 - [ 87 ] Open Spaces: 568.21 m2 - [ 13 ]

Seed: Pr01_A Population: 119 hab.

Built Area: 5,227.46 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 4,887.5 m2- [ 93 ] Open Spaces: 336.96 m2 - [ 7 ]

Features:

Features:

Type A

Features:

PA PA PA OS

Pu Sp Pr

R

Seed: SP03_B Population: 154 hab.

Built Area: 6,736.76 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 6,692 m2 - [ 99 ] Open Spaces: 44.76 m2 - [ 1 ]

R NR

Features:

PA PA PA OS

Pu Sp Pr

Seed: SP04_B Population: 104 hab.

Built Area: 4,572.16 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 3,618.60 m2 - [ 79 ] Open Spaces: 954 m2 - [ 21 ]

R NR

PUBLIC TYPOLOGIES Type A

Type B LIBRARY OF TYPOLOGIES

Features:

PA PA PA OS

Pu Sp Pr

Seed: Pu01_A Population: 70 hab.

Built Area: 3,690 m2 - [ 100 ] Program Area: 806 m2 - [ 85 ] Open Spaces: 2884 m2 - [ 15 ]

R NR

Features:

OS OS OS OS

Pu Sp Pr

R NR

Seed: SP01_B Population: None.

Built Area: Program Area: 0 Open Spaces: 100

LEGEND Elevated Streets (Circulation) Elevated Streets (Open Spaces)

CALIBRATION OF THE LIBRARY OF TYPOLOGIES: Informed by the previous experiments a calibration and reconfiguration of the morphology of the entire library of typologies was made to properly achieve our spatial and density ambitions.

Furthermore, the quantification and calculations in terms of population, built area, program area and open spaces help us to analyze and evaluate our further experiments.

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LIBRARY SUBDIVISION:

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M

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PRIVATE TYPOLOGIES

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S

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SCALING THE LIBRARY OF BLOCK TYPES: As a mean for maintaining population, semipublic ,public, and program ratios, with the height differentiation inside the plot, each of the selected block types from the library were subdivided into 3 different scales: The low-rise or small (17.50 m), the mid-rise or medium (27.5 m) and the high-rise or large (42 m) for "A" typologies (program centred) and for "B" typologies (green area centred), having as a result 6 different variations from 1 single block type, which proved to be a means to ensure the spatial quality proposed in the initial library of typologies.

The fragmentation of the library began to broaden possibilities regarding the creation of different spatial environments and thus increasing the level of heterogenic spaces, connectivity and urban interaction.

Observations: The fragmentation and quantification of the library of typologies help us to identify and evaluate the superblock formations .

PUBLIC TYPOLOGIES Type A

PU01_A

Type B

PU01_B

Note: The public typologies are not divided by size as they always represent the quad domain of every C cell (5 or more quads) instead of individual quad as the rest of the library.

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Selected Patch_Experiment 03

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LEGEND Primary Network Lower Circulation Elevated Streets (Open Spaces) Elevated Streets (Circulation)

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4.3 THE HYPERBLOCK Complete Site Development:

"The Hyperblock"

The Hyperblock was conceive following the same ruls of the Syperblock which will be analyze

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quantitativ

157

"Evaluation Patch"

An Evaluation Patch that represent one of the most variated typologies in the patch was selected to study more in detail de quantitative and qualitative

158

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160

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164

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166

05

CRITICAL ANALYSIS_ 5.1 Architectural Evaluation & Further Development

5.0 CRITICAL ANALYSIS Architectural Evaluation

HYPERBLOCK SCALE CONCLUSION

PLOT ANALYSIS 01_ WITHOUT CELLS C (No Open Spaces).

Buildings Footprint: 451,120.52 m2 (45 )

Elevated Circulation: 201,707.40 m2 (20 )

Elevated Open Spaces: 258,545.41 m2 (25 )

Buildings Footprint: 410,706.00 m2 (41 )

Elevated Circulation: 187,267.97 m2 (18 )

Elevated Open Spaces: 236,483.31 m2 (23 )

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PLOT ANALYSIS 02_ WITH CELLS C (No Open Spaces).

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OUTCOME: Population: 73,220 hab. (30m2 of Green Spaces per person) GSI: 0.45 (45 of Total Plot Area Used in Ground Level).

FAR: 3.19 L(max.): 42m N(Network): 0.008 OSR: 0.49

Residential: 1,055,905.95 m2 Office: 223,980.05 m2 Commercial: 95,991.45 m2 Institutional: 31,997.15 m2 Green Areas: 1,055,905.95 m2

Observations: Population Bellow the original target and target of Green Spaces redifined to 30m2 per person. FAR relatively low with a maximum bulding height of 12 storeys in 42 meters.

Circulation: 735,934.45m2 Gross Building Area (GBA): 3,199,715.00 m2

OUTCOME: Population: 68,529 hab. (30m2 of Green Spaces per person) GSI: 0.41 (41 of Total Plot Area Used in Ground Level).

FAR: 2.99 L(max.): 42m N(Network): 0.008 OSR: 0.49

Residential: 988,267.92 m2 Office: 209,632.59 m2 Commercial: 89,842.53 m2 Institutional: 29,947.51 m2 Green Areas: 988,267.92 m2 Circulation: 688,792.79 m2

Observations: Similar to the previous patch analyzed but with more porosity and insertion of Open Pulic spaces in the ground level.

Gross Building Area (GBA): 2,994,751.30 m2

CONCLUSION: The conclusions for the HyperBlock Scale strand regards to the final two patches configurations. The first patch (above), present the same geometrical block distribution as the second one, however is more compact and lacks of open public spaces on the ground floor due to its incapacity of populate Cells C (for Green Areas) with the publics types from the library of typologies. The outcome is a more dense plot with a maximum target of 73,220 hab. 81 of the original ambition of 90,000 inhabitants using 45 of the total plot area on the ground floor and a open space ratio OSR of 0.49, meaning that half of the gross building area is directed to open spaces spreaded througout the plot.

On the other hand the second patch compute a total of 68,529 inhabitants been this 76 of the initial target and also with 0.49 of open space ratio OSR. Even when non of these final outcomes reach the initial target population, we can synthesize as explained in the density section in chapter 2 that the numerical evaluations such as FAR, GSI, OSR, N, L, etc. give a rough understanding of proportional density and prototypical gemetrical dimensions, however

the perceptual character as well as the addition of open public spaces in the ground floor to create porosity and reduce the sense of overcrowding and confinement.

The Final outcome is: The HyperBlock Density: 68,529(ppkm2) Height: Avg. 7 floors/Max. 12 Open Spaces: 50 of GBA

Existing Rio Development 19,172(ppkm2) Avg. 18 floors / Max. 40 7 of GBA

The HyperBlock have tripled the density of the three sample patches from Rio Centro in half of the average height. Moreover , the major benefit is found in the open spaces which it have increase seven fold.

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ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE CONCLUSION:

Final Blocks Layout

CONCLUSIONS: (Algorithmiic Approach in Enviromental Desig)

environmental design calculations inside evolutionary algorithms.

From the outset of the project, one of the most encouraging aspects of The "HyperBlock" (besides the high-density) was to create an environmental responsive urban tissue capable to integrate spatial qualities into the design.

Nevertheless, the overall efficiency of the project seems to respond at the most simple level (but heavily influential) in terms of total sun hours and shading levels for pedestrian networks that counteracts the climatic conditions of Rio de Janeiro.

The investigation of environmental strategies for climatic conditions centred in tropical humid environments such the one founded in Brazil, headed the proposal to use passive design strategies such a solar shading in ground floor, which helped the system to create a favourable condition for the emergence of pedestrian based networks.

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Despite de far-reaching capabilities of integrating solar gains as one of the main drivers of the emergent design,, some clear disadvantages related with the integration of solar analysis inside genetic algorithms affected the experiment quantification /variation for further steps , basically due to the computational limitations of

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Insolation Analysis

Insolation Analysis y

T o ta l S unlig ht H o urs Value Range: 0.0 - 10.0 Hrs Š E cotect v 5

Percent Diffuse Value Range: 28.0 - 100 Š E cotect v 5

H rs 1 0 .0 0 +

1 0 0.0+

9 .0

98.0

8 .0

9 2 .0

7 .0

8 4 .0

6 .0

7 6 .0

5 .0

6 8 .0

4 .0

6 0 .0

3.0

5 2 .0

2.0

4 4 .0

1.0

3 6 .0

0.0

2 8 .0

CONCLUSIONS: (Sunlight Hours and Diffuse Illumination) :

exposure and heat gains in the ground floor.

A few observations regarding the library of typologies could be learned from the sunlight hours and diffuse Illumination levels such as:

The implementation of compact morphologies not just creates emergent public spaces but also contributes to reduce solar gains and therefore energy consumptions.

The orientation of the block types was one of the most influential factors to the passive reduction of solar exposure, varying in some cases to up to 35 of the total sunlight hours.

57 of diffuse illumination was obtained by the implementations of internal patios and elevated streets.

The courtyard typology reduces its solar gains with the increment of its width.

The porosity of the elevated network combined with the proper orientation of the blocks administrate the total amount of solar

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CRITICAL ANALYSIS: As a result from the design research we were able to generate a library of types based on the traditional Brazilian patios and communal thresholds. The system produced Blocks and SuperBlocks formation with a varied and large range of types and qualities embedded in both scales driven by a generative system which search to control quality of spaces and boost open spaces.

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The HyperBlock was divided in 4 key strands as a divide and conquer process. The first strand, Scale, created a clear numerical understanding, filtrating the vast array of population options to not just select one of them, but also the fittest individual that rather than be a geometrical guideline, became a analytical exemplary which help for the comparison after having the final result of the HyperBlock.

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The second strand, the Environmental Performance was accomplished to minimize solar access by the analysis of the urban canyon effect and the ideal proportion of height versus the separation of the buildings. This directly informed the solar access analysis and total solar hours, which through a set of experiments we established a range from 3 to 5 hours of direct radiation with 57 of diffuse illumination, which for extreme hot humid climates is optimal creating shelter from the sun but also funneling air for a continuous ventilation which relieves from the high humidity in Brazil of more than 80 . In addition, the project was presented as a sustainable semi-autonomous architectural model, and to get under this label, we study existing examples, projections and policies entirely directed to Rio de Janeiro in this concern. Hence, having this up to date information we propose a post treatment and management system of the municipal solid wastes by a Mechanical Biological Treatment.

It generates almost 10 of the total energy needed by the achieved population and the other 90 of the total energy needed will be covered by a Concentrated Solar Panel System, which based on the Rio's latitude performs at its best.

The third strand, the Spatial Logic was the more important and more investigated because the initial ambition to populate the largest population within the most constraint patch was driven entirely by the

social logic of Brazilian space where specific qualities where possible to be design embedded of each typology and more over create a secondary layer of circulation or elevated streets which ensure just by itself 50 of the gross building area for entirely open and semi-public spaces as igniter of local face to face interrelationship.

The fourth and last strand, Network & Connectivity was formed on the creation of an emergent network. The system optimizes the connection between the topological location of the Superblocks and reduce the travelling time and distances where the primary network is presented to be integrated with the existing urban fabric. The secondary layers, in both ground level and the elevated streets where the most crucial due to it serve as completely walking an cycling centred connecting Blocks and Superblocks through a well integrated pathways.

The system so far works as an prototypical ideal urban model for tropical high-dense climates.

For further development of the project would address a deeper analysis of the network and connectivity to incorporate in the primary street a ramp system that actuates as cycling highways and reduce the reliance on cars. Moreover, the selection of the patch was done based on finding an empty space close to the city centre but also selecting one that allows the possibility of extend the project from the test analysis of 1km x 1km. The latter been address to also lead with the informal settlements. Due to favelas constitute a fundamental part of the Brazilian culture of urban development, but are still in a shadow world at the margin of urban weft. However this gap is becoming more obsolete now a days and the distinction between them should be address in a manner that consolidate them into a self-sustaining neighborhoods.

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06

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APPENDIX_ 6.1 Code & Scripts 6.2 Sampling Experiments 6.3 Image credits

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6.1 CODE & SCRIPTS

Python, Processing, Grasshopper

PYTHON: import rhinoscriptsyntax as rs from math import*

class MasterClass(object):

def __init__ (self, hub_point ,receivers, population): self.hub_point = hub_point self.pupulation = population self.receivers = receivers

def Population_to_Send (self): if self.pupulation >= 10000 or self.pupulation <=10000: substract = 10000 - self.pupulation return substract

def Distance_Func(self,points): return rs.Distance(self.hub_point,points)

distances = [] def Sorting(self): sorted_points = sorted(self.receivers , key =self.Distance_Func) for i in sorted_points[:3]: lines = rs.AddLine(self.hub_point, i) self.distances.append(rs.Distance(self.hub_point, i)) Point_and_Distances = dict(zip(sorted_points[:3], self.distances )) return Point_and_Distances

def Receivers_Population (self): final_receivers = self.Sorting() #

print final_receivers.values() final_receivers_distances = sum(final_receivers.values()) percentage = [i / final_receivers_distances for i in self.distances]

#

print percentage population_transfer = [i * self.Population_to_Send() for i in percentage]

#

print population_transfer sorted_points = sorted(self.receivers , key =self.Distance_Func) population_to_distribute = dict(zip(sorted_points[:3], population_transfer)) return population_to_distribute

class MasterClass2(MasterClass): distances = []

class MasterClass3(MasterClass): distances = []

class MasterClass4(MasterClass): distances = []

class MasterClass5(MasterClass): distances = []

#////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// #HUB_POINTS R_point = rs.GetObject("select your residential hub" , 1)

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C_point = rs.GetObject("select your commercial hub" , 1)

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G_point = rs.GetObject("select your green hub" , 1) O_point = rs.GetObject("select your office hub" , 1) I_point = rs.GetObject("select your institutional hub" , 1) #//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#RECEIVERS_POINTS Receivers_Points = rs.GetObjects( "select your points", 1)

#//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#DEFAULT POPULATION Residencial_Population = 15000 Commercial_Population =

2500

Green_Population = 12500 Office_Population = 7500 Institional_Population = 5000

#//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#INSTANCES OF THE CLASS residencial = MasterClass(

R_point, Receivers_Points, Residencial_Population)

commercial = MasterClass2( C_point, Receivers_Points, Commercial_Population) green = MasterClass3( G_point, Receivers_Points, Green_Population) office = MasterClass4( O_point, Receivers_Points, Office_Population) institutional = MasterClass5( I_point, Receivers_Points, Institional_Population)

#//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#CALLING THE CLASSES

#print residencial.Population_to_Send () #print commercial.Population_to_Send () #print green.Population_to_Send () #print office.Population_to_Send () #print institutional.Population_to_Send ()

#print residencial.Distance_Func () #print commercial.Distance_Func () #print green.Distance_Func () #print office.Distance_Func () #print institutional.Distance_Func (

#print residencial.Sorting() #print commercial.Sorting() #print green.Sorting() #print office.Sorting() #print institutional.Sorting()

#residencial.Receivers_Population() #commercial.Receivers_Population() #green.Receivers_Population() #office.Receivers_Population() #institutional.Receivers_Population()

#////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ##FINAL CHECK def final_population(): A = residencial.Receivers_Population() B = commercial.Receivers_Population() C = green.Receivers_Population() D = office.Receivers_Population() E = institutional.Receivers_Population() receivers = {x: A.get(x,0) + B.get(x,0) + C.get(x,0) + D.get(x,0) + E.get(x,0) for x in set(A).union(B).union(C).union(D).union(E)} #

print receivers default_population = [10000] final_population = [default_population[0] + item for item in receivers.values() ] final_population = dict( zip (receivers.keys() ,final_population) ) for item in final_population: rs.AddText(final_population[item] , item, .25 , "prime") return final_population

print final_population() 178

PROCESSING: UJ_DynamicNetwork04 //Import Libraries-----------------------------------------------------------------import toxi.physics.*; import toxi.physics.constraints.*; import toxi.physics.behaviors.*; import toxi.geom.*; import peasy.*; import processing.opengl.*;//Match always with the "Z" input of the size();

//Declaring Variables--------------------------------------------------------------float boundingBox = 1000;// a simple box to represent our environment Vec3D loc = new Vec3D(random(1000), random(1000), random(1000));//*****IMPORTANT int sCount = 5; int count = 0; int sSize = 20;

Vec3D sRes01Pos = new Vec3D(random(1000), random(1000), random(1000)); Vec3D sCom01Pos = new Vec3D(random(1000), random(1000), random(1000)); Vec3D sIns01Pos = new Vec3D(random(1000), random(1000), random(1000)); Vec3D sOff01Pos = new Vec3D(random(1000), random(1000), random(1000)); Vec3D sGre01Pos = new Vec3D(random(1000), random(1000), random(1000));

Receivers [] ReceiversCount = new Receivers[10];//Creates "n" RECEIVERS hub sRes sRes01;//Creates one RESIDENTIAL hub sCom sCom01;//Creates one COMMERCIAL hub sIns sIns01;//Creates one INSTITUTIIONAL hub sOff sOff01;//Creates one OFFICE hub sGre sGre01;//Creates one GREEN AREA hub

//Declaring Classes----------------------------------------------------------------VerletPhysics physics; PeasyCam cam; // a variable to store an instantiation of the library

// Font----------------------------------------------------------------------------//PFont f; //PFont f2; PFont f3; //int n1 = 5;

//SETUP-----------------------------------------------------------------------------void setup() { size(1600, 800, OPENGL); cam = new PeasyCam(this, boundingBox*1.5);//Peasy Cam f3 = createFont("Prime", 14, true); physics = new VerletPhysics();

// Make all the particles------------------------------------------------------------for (int i=0; i < ReceiversCount.length; i++) { ReceiversCount [i]= new Receivers(new Vec3D(random(1000), random(1000), random(1000)), 20, color(150));//Declaring new instance of the class

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}

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sRes01

= new sRes(sRes01Pos);//Declaring new instance of the class

sCom01

= new sCom(sCom01Pos);//Declaring new instance of the class

sIns01

= new sIns(sIns01Pos);//Declaring new instance of the class

sOff01

= new sOff(sOff01Pos);//Declaring new instance of the class

sGre01

= new sGre(sGre01Pos);//Declaring new instance of the class

for (int i= 0; i < physics.particles.size(); i++) { VerletParticle vp = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(i);

strokeWeight(5);

if (vp.isLocked()) {

stroke(255, 0, 0); } else { stroke(0, 255, 200); } point(vp.x, vp.y, vp.z); } } //DRAW---------------------------------------------------------------------------void draw() { background(0); stroke(255); strokeWeight(2); noFill(); box(1000);

sRes01.run(); sCom01.run(); sIns01.run(); sOff01.run(); sGre01.run(); for (int i=0; i < ReceiversCount.length; i++) { ReceiversCount[i].run(); }

//drawParticles(); // drawSprings(); physics.update(); }

//FUNCTIONS------------------------------------------------------------------------/* void drawParticles() { for (int i= 0; i < physics.particles.size(); i++) { VerletParticle _p = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(i);

strokeWeight(5);

if (_p.isLocked()) { stroke(255, 0, 0); } else { stroke(0, 255, 200); }

point(_p.x, _p.y, _p.z); } }

//void drawSprings() { */ void keyPressed() { if (key == 's') { save("IMG#.jpg"); } }

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Receivers:

//CLASS NAME--------------------------------------------class Receivers {

//DECLARING VARIABLES---------------------------------Vec3D loc = new Vec3D(); float sSize; color c= color(150);

//CONSTRUCTOR-------------------------------------------Receivers(Vec3D _loc, float _sSize, color _c) { c = _c; sSize = _sSize; loc = _loc; }

//METHODS------------------------------------------------

void run() { display(); Print(); dropParticles(); dropSprings(); }

void display() { //

pushMatrix();

//

noStroke();

//

fill(c);

//

translate(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

sphere(sSize);

//

strokeWeight(8);

//

stroke(0, 0, 255);

//

point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

popMatrix();

strokeWeight(8); stroke(c); point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z); }

void Print() { println ("x = "+ loc.x + " y = " + loc.y + " z = " + loc.z);//To otain acces to x,y,z coords we use the "."operator referred first to the name of the Vector(Vec3D) fill(255); textFont(f3); text("Temp Coord.: " + (" x ="+loc.x + " y =" + loc.y + " z =" +loc.z), loc.x+25, loc.y+5, loc.z); }

void dropParticles() { VerletParticle p = new VerletParticle(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z); physics.addParticle(p); count ++; }

void dropSprings() {

if (count > 1) {//Just from 2 onward because if not we are calling a particle that doesn't exist.

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VerletParticle pRes = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count);

181

//01

//

VerletParticle pCom = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+1);

//

VerletParticle pIns = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+2);

//

VerletParticle pOff = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+3);

//

VerletParticle pGre = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+4); VerletParticle r01

//

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+5);

VerletParticle r02

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+6);

//

VerletParticle r03

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+7);

//

VerletParticle r04

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+8);

//

VerletParticle r05

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+9);

//

VerletParticle r06

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+10);

//

VerletParticle r07

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+11);

//

VerletParticle r08

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+12);

//

VerletParticle r09

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+13);

//

VerletParticle r10

= (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-count+14); //15

VerletSpring sp = new VerletMinDistanceSpring(pRes, r01, 10, .01);

physics.addParticle(pRes); physics.addParticle(r01); physics.addSpring(sp); stroke(255); strokeWeight(1); line(sp.a.x, sp.a.y, sp.a.z, sp.b.x, sp.b.y, sp.b.z);

//VerletSpring sp2 = new VerletSpring(p0, p2, 10, 0.1); //physics.addSpring(sp2); } } }

Senders:

//CLASS NAME--------------------------------------------class Senders {

//DECLARING VARIABLES---------------------------------Vec3D loc = new Vec3D();

float sSize; color c; int count = 0;

//CONSTRUCTOR-------------------------------------------Senders(Vec3D _loc) { loc = _loc; }

//METHODS------------------------------------------------

void run() {

display(); Print(); dropParticles(); //dropSprings(); }

void display() { //

pushMatrix();

//

noStroke();

//

fill(c);

//

translate(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

sphere(sSize);

//

strokeWeight(8);

//

stroke(0, 0, 255);

//

point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

popMatrix();

strokeWeight(8); 182

stroke(c); point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z); }

void Print() { println ("x = "+ loc.x + " y = " + loc.y + " z = " + loc.z);//To otain acces to x,y,z coords we use the "."operator referred first to the name of the Vector(Vec3D) fill(255); textFont(f3); text("Temp Coord.: " + (" x ="+loc.x + " y =" + loc.y + " z =" +loc.z), loc.x+25, loc.y+5, loc.z); }

void dropParticles() { VerletParticle p = new VerletParticle(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z); p.lock(); physics.addParticle(p); count ++; }

/* void dropSprings() { //

if ( z > 0) {

if (count > 1) {//Just from 2 onward because if not we are calling a particle that doesn't exist.

VerletParticle p0 = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-1); VerletParticle p1 = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-2); //VerletParticle p2 = (VerletParticle) physics.particles.get(count-1-dif);

VerletSpring sp = new VerletSpring(p0, p1, 10, 0.1); physics.addSpring(sp);

//VerletSpring sp2 = new VerletSpring(p0, p2, 10, 0.1); //physics.addSpring(sp2); } }*/ }

sCommercial: //CLASS NAME--------------------------------------------class sCom extends Senders { color c= color(255, 0, 0); int sSize = 20;

//CONSTRUCTOR-------------------------------------------sCom(Vec3D _loc) { super(_loc); }

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void display() {

183

//

pushMatrix();

//

noStroke();

//

fill(c);

//

translate(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

sphere(sSize);

//

strokeWeight(8);

//

stroke(0, 0, 255);

//

point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

popMatrix();

strokeWeight(8); stroke(c); point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z); }

void Print() {

println ("x = "+ loc.x + " y = " + loc.y + " z = " + loc.z);//To otain acces to x,y,z coords we use the "."operator referred first to the name of the Vector(Vec3D) fill(255); textFont(f3); text("Commercial Hub: " + (" x ="+loc.x + " y =" + loc.y + " z =" +loc.z), loc.x+25, loc.y+5, loc.z); } }#

sGreenArea: //CLASS NAME--------------------------------------------class sGre extends Senders { color c= color(0, 255, 0); int sSize = 20;

//CONSTRUCTOR-------------------------------------------sGre(Vec3D _loc) { super(_loc); } void display() { //

pushMatrix();

//

noStroke();

//

fill(c);

//

translate(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

sphere(sSize);

//

strokeWeight(8);

//

stroke(0, 0, 255);

//

point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

popMatrix();

strokeWeight(8); stroke(c); point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z); }

void Print() { println ("x = "+ loc.x + " y = " + loc.y + " z = " + loc.z);//To otain acces to x,y,z coords we use the "."operator referred first to the name of the Vector(Vec3D) fill(255); textFont(f3); text("Green Area Hub: " + (" x ="+loc.x + " y =" + loc.y + " z =" +loc.z), loc.x+25, loc.y+5, loc.z); } }

sInstitucional:

//CLASS NAME--------------------------------------------class sIns extends Senders { color c= color(0, 175, 255); int

sSize = 20;

//CONSTRUCTOR-------------------------------------------sIns(Vec3D _loc) { super(_loc); }

void display() { //

pushMatrix();

//

noStroke();

//

fill(c);

//

translate(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

sphere(sSize);

//

strokeWeight(8);

//

stroke(0, 0, 255);

//

point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

popMatrix(); 184

strokeWeight(8); stroke(c); point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z); }

void Print() { println ("x = "+ loc.x + " y = " + loc.y + " z = " + loc.z);//To otain acces to x,y,z coords we use the "."operator referred first to the name of the Vector(Vec3D) fill(255); textFont(f3); text("Institutional Hub: " + (" x ="+loc.x + " y =" + loc.y + " z =" +loc.z), loc.x+25, loc.y+5, loc.z); } }

sOffice:

//CLASS NAME--------------------------------------------class sOff extends Senders { color

c= color(235, 0, 255);

int sSize = 20;

//CONSTRUCTOR-------------------------------------------sOff(Vec3D _loc) { super(_loc); }

void display() { //

pushMatrix();

//

noStroke();

//

fill(c);

//

translate(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

sphere(sSize);

//

strokeWeight(8);

//

stroke(0, 0, 255);

//

point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

popMatrix();

strokeWeight(8); stroke(c); point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z); }

void Print() { println ("x = "+ loc.x + " y = " + loc.y + " z = " + loc.z);//To otain acces to x,y,z coords we use the "."operator referred first to the name of the Vector(Vec3D) fill(255); textFont(f3); text("Office Hub: " + (" x ="+loc.x + " y =" + loc.y + " z =" +loc.z), loc.x+25, loc.y+5, loc.z); } }

sResidential:

//CLASS NAME--------------------------------------------class sRes extends Senders { color c= color(255, 250, 0); int sSize = 20;

//CONSTRUCTOR--------------------------------------------

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sRes(Vec3D _loc) {

185

super (_loc); }

void display() { //

pushMatrix();

//

noStroke();

//

fill(c);

//

translate(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

sphere(sSize);

//

strokeWeight(8);

//

stroke(0, 0, 255);

//

point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z);

//

popMatrix();

strokeWeight(8); stroke(c); point(loc.x, loc.y, loc.z); }

void Print() { println ("x = "+ loc.x + " y = " + loc.y + " z = " + loc.z);//To otain acces to x,y,z coords we use the "."operator referred first to the name of the Vector(Vec3D) fill(255); textFont(f3); text("Residential Hub: " + (" x ="+loc.x + " y =" + loc.y + " z =" +loc.z), loc.x+25, loc.y+5, loc.z); } }

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GRASSHOPPER:

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HyperSynergies Hype perrSy p pe Syne nerg ne rgie rg ies ie s

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SAMPLING EXPERIMENTS Solar & Wind Analysis

Fixed Parameters: Analysis Type: Daylight (Natural Light Levels) Period: All year Weather Condition: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Raytrace: 4,696 Sky Iluminance: 11,500 lux Height: 2.5 meters

A

lu x

lu x

lu x

lu x

5620+

5580+

5650+

5580+

5130

5070

5120

5050

4640

4560

4590

4520

4150

4050

4060

3990

3660

3540

3530

3460

3170

3030

3000

2930

2680

2520

2470

2400

2190

2010

1940

1870

1700

1500

1410

1340

1210

990

880

810

720

480

350

280

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: MinLux:

A1 5m x 5m 25 m2 5620 720

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

A2 5m x 7.5 m 37.5 m2 5580 480

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

A3 5m x 10 m 50 m2 5620 350

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

A4 5m x 12.5 m 62.5 m2 5580 280

SELECTED INDIVIDUAL

lu x

lu x

B

lu x

lu x

6310+

5640+

5600+

5620+

5760

5130

5080

5090

5210

4620

4560

4560

4660

4110

4040

4030

4110

3600

3520

3500

3560

3090

3000

2970

3010

2580

2480

2440

2460

2070

1960

1910

1910

1560

1440

1380

1360

1050

920

850

810

540

400

320

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

B1 7.5m x 5m 37.5 m2 6310 810

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

B1 7.5m x 7.5m 56.25 m2 5640 540

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

B3 7.5m x 10m 75 m2 5600 400

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

B4 7.5m x 12.5m 93.75 m2 5620 320

SELECTED INDIVIDUAL

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

C

203

lu x

lu x

lu x

lu x 6300+

5560+

5650+

5650+

5760

5060

5130

5120

5220

4560

4610

4590

4680

4060

4090

4060

4140

3560

3570

3530

3600

3060

3050

3000

3060

2560

2530

2470

2520

2060

2010

1940

1980

1560

1490

1410

1440

1060

970

880

900

560

450

350

Name: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

C1 10m x 5m 50 m2 6300 900

Name: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

C2 10m x 7.5m 75 m2 5560 560

SELECTED INDIVIDUAL

Name: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

C3 10m x 10m 100 m2 5650 450

Name: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

C4 10m x 12.5m 125 m2 5620 350

lu x

lu x

lu x

lu x

6280+

6330+

6310+

6300+

5700

5760

5760

5760

5120

5190

5210

5220

4540

4620

4660

4680

3960

4050

4110

4140

3380

3480

3560

3600

2800

2910

3010

3060

2220

2340

2460

2520

1640

1770

1910

1980

1060

1200

1360

1440

480

630

810

900

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: MinLux:

D4 5m x 12.5m 62.5 m2 6280 480

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

D3 5m x 10m 50 m2 6330 630

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

Fixed Parameters: Analysis Type: Daylight (Natural Light Levels) Period: All year Weather Condition: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Raytrace: 4,696 Sky Iluminance: 11,500 lux Height: 5 meters

D2 5m x 7.5m 37.5 m2 6310 810

Test Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

D D1 5m x 5m 25 m2 6300 900

SELECTED INDIVIDUAL

lu x

lu x

lu x

lu x

6260+

6320+

6300+

6300+

5690

5760

5760

5770

5120

5200

5220

5240

4550

4640

4680

4710

3980

4080

4140

4180

3410

3520

3600

3650

2840

2960

3060

3120

2270

2400

2520

2590

1700

1840

1980

2060

1130

1280

1440

1530

560

720

900

1000

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

E4 7.5m x 12.5m 93.75 m2 6260 560

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

E3 7.5m x 10m 75 m2 6320 720

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

E2 7.5m x 7.5m 56.25 m2 6300 900

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

E E1 7.5m x 5m 37.5 m2 6300 1000

SELECTED INDIVIDUAL

lu x

lu x

lu x

lu x

6330+

6310+

6290+

6300+

5760

5760

5760

5790

5190

5210

5230

5280

4620

4660

4700

4770

4050

4110

4170

4260

3480

3560

3640

3750

2910

3010

3110

3240

2340

2460

2580

2730

1770

1910

2050

2220

1200

1360

1520

1710

630

810

990

1200

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

F4 10m x 12.5m 125 m2 6330 630

Test: Size: Area: Min Lux: Max Lux:

F3 10m x 10m 100 m2 6310 810

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

F2 10m x 7.5m 75 m2 6290 990

Test: Size: Area: Max Lux: Min Lux:

F F1 10m x 5m 50 m2 5300 1200

SELECTED INDIVIDUAL 204

Wind Gusts Analysis - Primitives

Velocity - m/s 10

Top View Section View

9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5

ANALYSIS:

5 4.5

CUBE_

+Inlet & Outlet: Due to the cube's plannarity the generated wind performance presents a large area of wind pressure reduction when the gust hit the initial face. Similarly, the current after the geometry is prolongated in a long trail of air speed reduced. A minimun aceleration of the stream is identified on the sides of the geometry.

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

+Turbulence: A sharp squared corner acompained with a wide area of impact generates an area of turbulence in the outlet face. This happend due to a combination of a continous flow alond the sides of the cube creating a negative or null wind stream space.

0.5 0

Velocity - m/s 10

Top View Section View

9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5

TRIANGLE_

ANALYSIS:

4.5 4

+Inlet & Outlet: The sharpest edge was encounter in the triangular shape. The inlet area is almost zero, therefor the wind barrier is unperceptable. Besides, and small increase in the side gusts were encountered due to the angular faces of the geometry

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

+Turbulence: Similar to the oulet planar face of the cube, the trail is significantly and both, an area of null air and turbulence are generated from the outlet negative face where the air stream does not hit.

1 0.5 0

Velocity - m/s 10 9.5

Top View Section View

9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5

TRUNCATED PYRAMID_

4.5 4 3.5

HyperSynergies Hyper Synergies

3

205

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

ANALYSIS: +Inlet & Outlet: The truncated pyramid is as offsping of the cube (with small modifications), showed a similar performance. No dramatic wind acceleration and the wind barrier at the inlet is proportional to the size of the geometry width. +Turbulence: As previously mentioned, the trail and outlet speed got reduced in a similar fashion to cube. However in the lower part where more area is added the air speed turned null, while at the top where the geometry became narrower the air pass throw easily.

Velocity - m/s Top View Section View

10 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5

ANALYSIS:

5 4.5

+Inlet & Outlet: The cylinder, is the only single curved geometry tested in this experiment. Due to its smooth surface it does not creates a large area stopping the wind in the inlet. Also generates a considerable air current increases on the sides.

4

CILINDER_

3.5 3 2.5 2

+Turbulence: Large areas of null or zero air speed, together with a turbulent area are presented after the wind gusts pass the geometry. The traces are considerable long and proportional to the geometry width.

1.5 1 0.5 0

Velocity - m/s Top View Section View

10 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5

ANALYSIS:

5

+Inlet & Outlet: The torus as the first tridimensional smooth surface (doubly curved), presented a high performance in air performance. The inlet barrier in notably small compared to the others primitives. Increases in the wind gusts are found on the sides of the shape where the smooth sides speed up by about 1 째 celsius.

4

4.5

TORUS_

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

+Turbulence: The negative face presented an small area of null or zero air movement, and the trail traces a large area of air reduction of a width similar to the geometry amplitude.

0.5 0

Velocity - m/s Top View Section View

10 9.5 9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6

ANALYSIS: +Inlet & Outlet: The sphere as the second doubly curved geometry presented similar performance than the torus. Smalls reduction at the initial face of the geometry and air speed increases at the shape sides. +Turbulence: However longer null-air and turbulence area affected the performance of the primitive.

5.5 5 4.5 4

SPHERE_

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

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Image Credits

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Link http://1.bp.blogspot.com/Ͳu4YUPEO2Vbc/T8i9rXnOfpI/AAAAAAAAAVk/nBCfTDrCxg0/s640/scaling3.jpg http://thepoliticsforums.com/threads/9382ͲTheͲfacesͲofͲurbanͲsprawl http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg http://cache.boston.com/universal/site_graphics/blogs/bigpicture/yemen_10_29/y01_16824015.jpg http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/futurecapetown/219011/infographicͲworldͲsͲtallestͲbuildingsͲ2013ͲdominatedͲasia http://travelingcanucks.com/wpͲcontent/uploads/2011/10/PyramidsͲofͲGizaͲEgyptͲ20.jpg http://www.fracͲcentre.fr/gestion/public/upload/oeuvre/maxi/CHAN_999_01_135_a.jpg http://www.fracͲcentre.fr/collection/collectionͲartͲarchitecture/indexͲdesͲauteurs/auteurs http://www.inhabitat.com/wpͲcontent/uploads/LinkedHybridBuilding12.jpg http://archiͲartcode.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/skyͲvillageͲcopenhagensͲnewͲhighͲrise.html http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=63252531 http://onthefourthfloor.com/wpͲcontent/uploads/2013/08/Rio.jpg http://sceneryͲwallpapers.com/rio_de_janeiro_night_wallpaperͲwallpapers.html http://images.usatoday.com/travel/_photos/2007/02/07/rio.jpg google earth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Barra_Panorama.jpg google earth http://www.newsecuritybeat.org/wpͲcontent/uploads/2012/07/Rocinha_Rio_Slum.jpg http://breakingenergy.com/wpͲcontent/uploads/sites/2/2013/08/146395643.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Haase_Lubeck_MBT.JPG http://globalnvcorp.com/images/Solar/4%20Parabolic%20Through%20CSP%20Plant.jpg http://www.abstratil.com.br/wpͲcontent/uploads/2012/06/ArpoadorͲIpanemaͲLeblon_low.gif http://boidus.co.uk/wpͲcontent/uploads/IMG_4298_Photo_Fabio_Knoll.jpg http://www.bitelog.com/imagesͲitems/pfoodͲmicroscopeͲpicture0000004_0012.jpg http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7019/6814063131_1f22775865_o.jpg http://pulpbits.com/wpͲcontent/uploads/2013/12/CellsͲunderͲaͲmicroscope.jpg http://www.technologicvehicles.com/Content/news/1441/Heathrow_POD.jpg http://www.inhabitat.com/wpͲcontent/uploads/hlfingersofgrass.jpg

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