Physical Education (A level) Diet/Ergogenic Aids C Jones Please note that you may see slight differences between this paper and the original.
Duration: Not set
Candidates answer on the Question paper. OCR supplied materials: Additional resources may be supplied with this paper. Other materials required: • Pencil • Ruler (cm/mm)
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • • • • • •
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write clearly and in capital letters. Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only. Answer all the questions, unless your teacher tells you otherwise. Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer. Where space is provided below the question, please write your answer there. You may use additional paper, or a specific Answer sheet if one is provided, but you must clearly show your candidate number, centre number and question number(s).
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES • The quality of written communication is assessed in questions marked with either a pencil or an asterisk. In History and Geography a Quality of extended response question is marked with an asterisk, while a pencil is used for questions in which Spelling, punctuation and grammar and the use of specialist terminology is assessed. • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. • The total number of marks for this paper is 45. • The total number of marks may take into account some 'either/or' question choices.
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Answer all the questions.
1.
Evaluate the dietary intake of the recreational endurance performer shown in Table 1 below. Include recommendations for improvement of the dietary intake in your answer. State one way in which the diet of an elite endurance performer should contrast with the diet of a recreational endurance performer. Dietary Component
% of Dietary Intake
Protein
15
Fat/lipids
45
Carbohydrate
40 Table. 1 [5]
2.
Discuss the use of RhEPO (recombinant erythropoietin) as a method of enhancing performance. [5]
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3.
Three males performed a sit and reach test, after carrying out a suitable warm up. Table 1 shows their results. Table 1 Sit and reach score (cm)
Subject
Age
Rating
Sedentary individual
20
5
Average
Rugby player
30
−
Below average
Gymnast
16
38
Outstanding
Glycogen loading is a method used to improve performance. i.
Describe the process of glycogen loading.
[3] ii.
How effective is glycogen loading as a means of performance enhancement for endurance activities?
[3]
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4.
Identify two types of ergogenic aids that would benefit an aerobic athlete and explain how they enhance performance. [5]
5.
Explain why cooling aids are used as a method of improving performance and helping recovery. Give an example of one cooling aid. [5]
6.
Compare erythropoietin (EPO) and human growth hormone (HGH) as ergogenic aids to performance.
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[5]
7.
Compare creatine and bicarbonate as ergogenic aids to sports performance.
[4]
8(a).
Describe intermittent hypoxic training (IHT). Outline one benefit and one risk of intermittent hypoxic training.
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[4]
(b).
A gymnast is encouraged to follow a healthy, balanced diet by his coach. i.
Explain how carbohydrates, vitamins and fibre in the gymnast’s diet support training and performance.
[3] ii.
Assess the possible long term effects on the gymnast if he regularly follows a diet that is high in fat and low in proteins.
[2]
END OF QUESTION paper
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Mark scheme Question
Answer/Indicative content
Marks
Guidance
5 marks max Sub max 4 for both evaluation and recommendation
Sub max 4 for evaluation & recommendations 1. (Evaluation)
Protein levels good / within recommended guidelines
2. (Evaluation)
Fat % too high / above recommended guidelines
3. (Evaluation)
CHO % too low / below recommended guidelines.
Examiner’s Comments
This was answered well by some candidates who
1
15% Protein / 4. maintain protein (Recommendation) intake
evaluated the dietary intake accurately and then went on 5
to make recommendations based on this evaluation. For example, that the fat intake is too high and the recommendation would be decrease the fat intake. Many
Less than 45% fats 5. / lipids / decrease (Recommendation) fat intake
candidates recognise that the elite endurance performer requires higher levels of carbohydrates.
More than 40% CHO’s / 6. carbohydrates / (Recommendation) increase CHO intake 7. Follow a balanced (Recommendation) diet Sub max 1 for contrast 10 – 15% more / 8. contrast for elite increased CHO’s / endurance carbohydrates intake / carboperformer loading Total
5 Examiner’s Comments
5 marks for 5 from: 2
5 Many candidates showed a good awareness of the
Use of RhEPO
effects of RhEPO on performance and the better
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1. (EPO / Rh EPO hormone)
EPO / Rh EPO is a hormone that is injected into the body
2. (RBCs / haemoglobin)
Increases the volume of red blood cells / haemoglobin in athlete’s body.
2. (O2)
more oxygen can be transported around the body or allows athlete to transport more oxygen to the working muscles to perform aerobically for longer
3. (aerobic)
Increases the ability to produce energy aerobically / VO2max / aerobic capacity / delays OBLA / fatigue or useful to aerobic performers / e.g. cycling, rowing, marathon runners
4. (cheating)
Cheating / unfair / illegal / immoral
5. (hard to detect)
Difficult to test for so performers get away with it / can use under- threshold volume without detection
candidates responded well to the command word ‘discuss’ and gave both positive and negative effects. A minority of candidates related their answer to blood doping or the muscle-building use of steroids. Many candidates scored full marks for this question, recognising the benefits on performance but also the considerable drawbacks related to cheating and impacts on the health of the performer.
Heart attack / problems or increased 6. (health blood pressure or consequences) increased viscosity of blood or blood clotting 7. (infection from needles)
Contamination of needles / HIV / hepatitis / blood borne virus
Reduced resting HR 8. (performance which will reduce CO / effects) blood flow
9. (natural)
Decreased natural production of EPO which will reduce RBC production / compromise longevity of career
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Total
6
Three marks from:
(7 days before event) - significantly reduce carbohydrate intake / high protein diet
3
i
(7-3 days before event) - train at high intensity each day
3 (AO1)
Do not accept carbo-loading on its own.
(depletion) - ... this causes severe glycogen depletion in muscles
(3 days before event) - taper training / rest (3 days before event) - Eat high carbohydrate diet
Three marks from: Effective in terms of:
increased stores of glycogen (in both muscles and liver) / can double overall stores of glycogen
which delays fatigue / hitting the wall 3
ii
(AO3)
But can cause:
weight gain (caused by) / water retention (during depletion phase) muscle stiffness / fatigue (during depletion phase) irritability / poor quality training
Total
6
Identify two types of ergogenic aids that would benefit an
suitable aid / equipment that provides
aerobic athlete and explain how they enhance performance
resistance for an aerobic athlete, for example
5 marks for 5 of:
pulleys would include ergometer type
Sub max 2 for types of ergogenic aid
machines that swimmers may use, or aids
Use of dietary manipulation / carb loading / pre 1) (food) competition meals / high carb food / post competition meal / caffeine 2) (fluid) 4
Energy drinks / fluid intake / high carb drink
3)
Gene doping
4)
Blood doping
5)
EPO / Rh EPO
such as parachutes.
Explanations must correctly match the type of ergogenic aid that the candidate has identified.
Maximum of two marks for each of the two aids chosen - up to maximum of three marks
5
Examiner’s Comments
6) Cooling jacket / ice packed (Cooling towels / ice baths / ice vests aids) 7) (training aids)
Point 7 – Credit should be given for any
Most candidates identified two types of ergogenic aids that would benefit an aerobic athlete, although a minority of candidates gave ergogenic aids more suited to
Pulleys or valid aerobic example / Oxygen tents
anaerobic performers and therefore could not score the marks available. Many correctly identified blood doping, cooling aids and dietary manipulation as ergogenic aids
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Sub max 3 for explanation of how enhance performance -
as well as other aids such as gene doping. The better
Maximum of two for each aid. Food (2 marks sub sub max)
candidates then went on to explain how each of the two aids identified could enhance performance. The lower
Carbohydrate loading increases body’s store of glucose / 8) carbohydrate / Carboloading / glycogen prior to caffeine performance Or caffeine increases FFA metabolism
scoring candidates explained how each of their ergogenic aids but did not explain how they might benefit the aerobic performer.
9) Pre comp meal / high carb snack
High CHO meal 2 -4 hours before event increased glycogen stores so athlete has more fuel for aerobic energy system so can resynthesise ATP
10) During performance
High CHO snack during performance benefits athletes in activity lasting longer than 45 minutes by replenishing glycogen stores
11) Benefit
For an aerobic athlete this would allow them to perform for longer as a greater fuel supply for the system.
Fluid (2 marks sub sub max)
12) Drinks
Hypo / hyper or isotonic type of drinksor variety of drinks that have varying levels of glucose
13) Reduces risk of dehydration Benefit Restores glycogen stores 14) enabling athlete to perform for Benefit longer period of time Quicker recovery / quicker 15) restoration of glycogen stores Benefit ready for performance again Gene doping (2 marks sub sub max)
16) Super athletes
Genetic manipulation could produce super athletes
17) Benefit
Could manipulate genes / DNA in order to gain certain qualities such as endurance
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18) Specific gene
Certain genes have been identified as having sporting benefits, such as ACE gene improving efficiency of mitochondria.
Blood doping / EPO / (2 marks sub sub max)
19) EPO
Stimulates red blood cell production
RBCs are removed and stored so body adapts to 20) Blood training with less RMB / less removed haemoglobin / performs with less O2 21) New blood
Body makes more blood / more RBCs / more haemoglobin (to make up for the loss)
Original blood is injected 22) Blood back so more RBCs / returned haemoglobin so can transport more oxygen More oxygen available means athlete can perform 23) More aerobically for longer / O2 delaying fatigue Or increase aerobic capacity Performing aerobically for 24) More longer means less lactic acid built up so delaying O2 fatigue. Cooling aids (2 marks sub sub max)
Cools core body 25) Reduces temperature before temperature performing in hot conditions.
26) Benefit
Helps body to sustain intensity and speed or reducing thermal strain, or maintains performance for longer.
27) Aids recovery
Aids recovery by delivering / flushing oxygen..
Ice bath / post performance cooling 28) Removes aids will help the lactic acid removal of lactic acid which will aid recovery. Training Aids (2 marks sub sub max)
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(Provide a resistance) that is specific to the actual movement used in 29) Specificity performance, e.g. swimmers using a pulley / ergometer machine Or Eq 30) Benefit
Enables athletes to train specific muscles or to replicate movement or Eq
Total
5
Explain why cooling aids are used as a method of improving performance and helping recovery. Give an example of one aid. 5 marks for 5 of: Sub max 4 for :explanation of cooling aid use
5
1. (temperature)
Cooling aids can reduce (core) temperature or sustain exercise for longer in hot environment or delays overheating or prevents dehydration
2. (injury / pain)
Ice can be used to treat injuries by reducing pain / soreness
3. (swelling)
Cooling aids can be used to reduce swelling / oedema / inflammation
Sub max 4 marks max for explanation of why cooling aids are used Sub max One mark for example of a cooling aid Do not accept: (the acronym) RICE (on its own)Do not accept ‘reduce risk of injury’
5
Examiner’s Comments
Many candidates showed a good awareness of the use
Cooling aids can result in 4. vasoconstriction (vasoconstriction) that reduces blood flow
of cooling aids, but the higher scoring candidates showed clearly how cooling aids can help performance and recovery. The vast majority of candidates could name a cooling aid used in sport.
Flush of 5. (recovery after oxygenated blood / removal of cooling vasodilation helps aid) remove lactic acid Flush of 6. (recovery after oxygenated blood removal of cooling helps to repair damage / reduces aid) DOMS Using cooling aids 7. (thermal strain) reduces thermal strain of competing © OCR 2017. You may photocopy this page.
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in warm climates to help performance Sub max 1 for: example of one cooling aid.
8. (examples)
Ice or ice packs / wraps
9. (examples)
Ice baths / cold water (immersion)
10. (examples)
Fan cooling
11. (examples)
Cold water spraying
12. (examples)
Cooling jacket / vest
Total
6
5
Five marks from: EPO
HGH
Status
Illegal
Illegal
What it benefits
Aerobic benefit
Anaerobic benefit
How it benefits
Increased RBC / haemoglobin / increased O2 transport to muscles
Muscle hypertrophy / increased muscle mass
Why it benefits
Increased aerobic capacity / cardiovascular fitness / endurance
Increased strength / speed / power
Response must be a comparison of EPO and HGH for 5 (AO1)
Side effects
Used by
Used by anaerobic athletes to improve training / speed up recovery
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HGH. Sub-max of 2 marks for correct points showing knowledge but which are not direct comparisons.
Abnormal Increased organ blood growth / viscosity / acromegaly CHD / strokes / cancers
Total
full marks, e.g. 1 mark for ‘status’ of both EPO and
Used by aerobic athletes to increase strength endurance / speed / power 5
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Four marks from:
1.
Creatine helps to increase stores of phosphocreatine / PC in muscles and bicarbonate increases buffering / removal of lactic acid
2. 7
Creatine increases maximum / explosive strength /
4
power / speed and bicarbonate increases strength
(AO1)
endurance 3.
Both are legal
4.
Both are nutritional aids
5.
Both have similar side-effects or can cause stomach cramps / diarrhoea
Total
4
Two marks from:
1.
Intervals of breathing air low in oxygen and normal
2.
Using a mask (to deliver hypoxic air) / altitude
3.
Work interval last several minutes or sessions last
air
generator
from 15 to 90 minutes 4.
Training can last from 4 to 8 weeks
Sub max 2 for describing hypoxic training Two marks for: Do not credit reference to altitude training 5. 8
a
(Benefit) Increase in EPO / haemoglobin / red blood
4
cells / oxygen carrying capacity of blood or improved
(2 x AO1
Examiner’s Comments
mitochondrial status / volume / increase rate of
2 x AO3)
Quite poorly answered overall. Many looked at altitude
aerobic adaptation to training / don’t require high
training or only addressed the benefits and risks and did
altitude / easier / less expensive / less disruptive than
not do the first part of the question. Points 2 and 5 from
altitude training / good for endurance performers /
the mark scheme were awarded most often.
increased intensity and duration before fatigue / increase endurance 6.
(Risk) Reduced speed / power output / oxygen flux / increased fatigue or not safe for those with respiratory or cardiovascular health issues / lose motivation or disrupt training patterns / decreased immune function / benefits quickly lost after training ceases / hard to reach normal work rates under hypoxic conditions
Three marks for: Function of each nutrient must link to gymnast in 1.
training.
(Carbohydrates) provide energy for training / competition
b
i
2.
3
(Vitamins) essential functions for health or strengthen / repair tissue or boost immunity which means
(AO2)
Point 3: credit reference to fibre having any benefit for gymnast
training is not disrupted by illness/muscle injury 3.
(Fibre) digestive health or stabilises glucose /
Examiner’s Comments
cholesterol levels / prevents constipation which
Exam technique in terms of learners’ ability to link
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means gymnast has more energy for training / more
knowledge to the gymnast was the main issue here. The
comfortable for performance / weight control / absorb
reference to fibre affecting a gymnast was recognised to
more nutrients
be difficult and thus BOD was given for correct reference to the effect of fibre on an individual. Learners often did not relate to training and performance, they also wrote a lot for 3 marks, going into details of all the different vitamins.
Two marks for:
1.
(High fat) weight gain / increased body fat mass / increased % body fat / obesity / diabetes / CHD / a Do not accept more fat/fatter on its own for point 1.
diet high in high density lipoproteins e.g. avocados could lead to less cholesterol. ii
2.
(Low protein) lower immunity / increased risk of
2 (AO3)
Examiner’s Comments
illness / infections or lower muscle mass / less
Generally well answered many getting
opportunity for muscle hypertrophy / slower repair of
‘weight gain’ and ‘repair of muscle’.
muscle / decreased efficiency of actin and myosin / reduced efficiency of sliding filaments / slower nerve transmission to muscle
Total
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9
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