The Short and Long Term Effects of Exercise Questions

Q1.

Which acid can build up as a result of fatigue?

A

Formic

B

Hydrochloric

C

Citric

D

Lactic (Total 1 mark)

Q2.

Which one of these is an immediate effect of exercise?

A

Improvement in muscular endurance

B

Improvement in stamina

C

Increase in aerobic fitness

D

Increase in heart rate (Total 1 mark)

Q3.

Fatigue often occurs when a person is participating in a physical activity.

What is meant by the term ‘fatigue’?

(Total 1 mark)

Q4.

Explain how fatigue may occur and state the negative effect that it can have on a performer in a named physical activity.

(Total 2 marks)

Q5.

Give three short-term effects of exercise.

(Total 3 marks)

Q6.

If a sportsperson takes part in a lot of physical activity they may experience fatigue as a result.

State what fatigue is and explain the effects it could have on a sportsperson’s performance in football, swimming or cross country.

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(Total 4 marks)

Q7.

If fatigue occurs, it can affect performance. (i)

What is meant by fatigue?

(2)

(ii)

Give an example from a physical activity and explain the effect that fatigue could have on that performance.

(2) (Total 4 marks)

Q8.

Using an example from a sport of your choice, identify the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint.

(Total 4 marks)

Q9.

Why does fatigue occur during physical activity?

(Total 5 marks)

Q10.

Amar has been training for months in preparation to complete a half marathon. He trains four times a week and does a mixture of steady state running, stretching and weight training. (a)

Amar’s cardiovascular endurance will improve as a result of completing steady state running.

State three other long-term effects that Amar is likely to experience as a result of completing steady state running.

(3)

(b)

Just before exercising, Amar may encounter a slight rise in heart rate.

What is this slight rise called and what is it caused by?

(2)

(c)

During one of his training sessions, Amar decided to record his heart rate every two minutes. Some of the figures he recorded are shown in the table below.

Time into run (minutes)

12

14

16

18

20

Heart rate (BPM)

128

130

130

132

134

If Amar is 20 years old, do the recorded figures suggest that he was working in his aerobic training zone? Justify your answer.

(3) (Total 8 marks)

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Mark schemes Q1.

Lactic [1]

Q2.

[AO1 = 1] D [1]

Q3.

[AO1 = 1] Award one mark for stating what is meant by the term fatigue.

•

Fatigue is a feeling of extreme or severe (physical or mental) tiredness or exhaustion (1)

Accept any other suitable response.

[1]

Q4.

[AO1 = 1

AO2 = 1]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks AO1 •

over exertion (1)

•

prolonged physical activity (1)

•

build-up of lactic acid (1)

•

lack of oxygen to the muscles (1)

•

when energy demand out-strips supply (1)

AO2 •

lose concentration (1)

•

be substituted (1)

•

make unforced errors (1)

•

not be able to (keep up with) play (1)

Accept any other suitable response.

NB Do not accept performance will decrease / get worse unless qualified.

[2]

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Q5.

Three such as: •

skin goes red/ vasodilation;

•

body temperature rises/ body gets hot;

•

body starts to sweat/ sweating;

•

dehydration/ thirsty/ nauseous/ faint;

•

breathing rate increases/ breathless/ panting;

•

O2 debt/ lactic acid build up;

•

increased minute volume;

•

increased tidal volume;

•

increased gaseous exchange;

•

heart beats faster/ heart rate increases;

•

increased stroke volume;

•

increased cardiac output;

•

blood pressure rises/ increases;

•

muscles tire;

•

muscles ache/ pain;

•

cramp;

•

stitch.

[3]

Q6.

[AO1 = 2

AO2 = 2]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks AO1 (Sub-max 2 marks) •

Either physical or mental, fatigue is a feeling of extreme tiredness (1)

•

Due to a build up of lactic acid or working for long periods of time (1)

AO2 (Sub-max 2 marks) •

Temporary loss of strength or energy so that you are unable to carry on (1)

•

Concentration levels will drop leading to more mistakes (1)

•

Skill levels will drop which could lead to substitution (1)

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Accept any other suitable response.

[4]

Q7. (i)

Award up to two marks for correctly stating what fatigue is: •

When the body, or parts of the body, get so tired/through the amount of work they have been called on to do/that they stop working properly, or sometimes altogether.

Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.

2

(ii)

Award up to two marks for correctly giving an example of fatigue occurring in a physical activity: •

A games player being so tired near the end of a game/that their skill levels decrease and/or they are no longer able to carry on.

Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.

2

[4]

Q8.

[AO1 = 2 AO2 = 2] AO1 • Flexion (1) • Extension (1) 2

AO2 Answers must contain the movement and a relevant sporting example.

• (Flexion) lifting a hockey stick in preparation to strike the ball (1) • (Extension) movement of the stick downwards to strike the ball (1) Accept any suitable sporting example to identify movement. Answers must be relevant to either flexion or extension at a hinge joint.

2

[4]

Q9.

Fatigue occurs because: •

Muscles can no longer repeat their contractions

•

The capability for physical work is diminished

•

Oxygen supply is reduced / oxygen debt

•

Glycogen store in the muscles is depleted

•

Glycogen store in the liver is depleted

•

Glucose in the blood is depleted

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•

Lactic acid in the muscles is produced

•

Blood sugar level drops

accept….(for max three marks)…. you have worked hard / you have been doing strenuous activity for a long time / you are unfit / the body is tired / you haven't eaten / slept / haven't trained energy used up you haven't rehydrated [5]

Q10.

[AO2 = 3] (a)

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.

• • • • •

Body shape may change to less fat content / leaner (1) Improved muscular endurance (1) Improved stamina (1) Increase in the size of the heart / hypertrophy (1) Lower resting heart rate / bradycardia (1)

Accept any other long term effect of completing steady state running. Do not accept improved cardiovascular endurance.

Max 3 marks

[AO1 = 2] (b)

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.

• •

(It is called) anticipatory rise (1) (It is caused by the) release of adrenaline (1) Max 2 marks

[AO1 = 1 (c)

AO2 = 1

AO3 = 1]

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.

AO1 • 220 – age (60-80%) (1) AO2 • 220 – 20 = 200, 60 – 80 % = 120 – 140 bpm (1) AO3 • All figures in this zone so it is the aerobic training zone (1) Max 3 marks

[8]

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Examiner reports Q3.

This question was answered correctly by the majority of students. Those students who failed to gain a mark did not qualify tiredness with extreme / severe.

Q4.

Students in most cases correctly referred to either a prolonged period of exercise or the build-up of lactic acid, for the first mark. Students failed to gain a mark when they referred to ‘at the end of a football match’, without any reference to how long the player had been playing in the game. The other common incorrect response was ‘lack of sleep’. The effect that fatigue has on performance was slightly less well explained. ‘Lack of concentration’ and ‘unable to keep up with play’ were the most common correct responses.

Q5.

Well answered.

Answers were generally good featuring most commonly .increased heart rate and breathing rate, red face, hot and sweating. Some candidates did not think solely of the short term and in error put longer term benefits.

Q7.

Most candidates were able to state what was meant by the term fatigue in part (i) but in part (ii) not all candidates fully explained their answer by considering the effect on performance of their particularly identified activity. There were still an alarmingly high number of candidates who thought that fatigue did in some way refer to ‘fat levels’ or even body composition despite the fact that this point has been made in several past feedback reports!

Q9.

Mixed response.

The answers required were the physiological basis of becoming tired. Candidates were able to identify that fatigue occurred due to muscles no longer working: due to a lack of oxygen and the build up of an oxygen debt; due to the build up of lactic acid; due to exhausting energy/ glycogen supplies and due to dehydration.

Where responses were mixed it was usually because circumstantial reasons were given.

For example, “worked too hard”, “not slept”, and “not eaten”.

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