Ethical and Socio-Cultural Issues in Physical Activity and Sport Questions

Q1.

Which one of these types of drug is taken to mask the pain caused by injury?

A

Anabolic agents

B

Diuretics

C

Narcotic analgesics

D

Peptide hormones (Total 1 mark)

Q2.

Etiquette is: A

Written rules which are sometimes enforced

B

The unwritten rules

C

The official rules of an activity

D

Specific guidelines for officials (Total 1 mark)

Q3.

The part of a balanced diet mainly responsible for muscle growth and repair is: A

Carbohydrates

B

Vitamins

C

Proteins

D

Fats (Total 1 mark)

Q4.

Which one of the following is an example of etiquette?

A

Distracting a batsman in cricket

B

Contact with an opponent in netball

C

Arguing with the referee in football

D

Shaking hands with your opponent

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at the end of a badminton match (Total 1 mark)

Q5.

All of the following are examples of etiquette in football except: A

Kicking the ball out of play to stop the game when a player is injured

B

Shaking hands with the referee at the end of the match

C

Kicking the ball away when a free kick has been awarded against you

D

Signalling to the referee that you touched the ball last before it went out of play (Total 1 mark)

Q6.

Which one of these is an effect of blood doping?

A

A decreased red blood cell count

B

A decreased white blood cell count

C

An increased red blood cell count

D

An increased white blood cell count (Total 1 mark)

Q7.

Correct etiquette is important when taking part in physical activities. (a)

Explain what is meant by etiquette.

(1)

(b)

Give an example of when you would expect etiquette.

(1) (Total 2 marks)

Q8.

Using a sporting activity of your choice, suggest why performers may use beta blockers.

(Total 2 marks)

Q9.

Many performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) are not allowed in sport. However, some performers still take them because of the positive effect that they have on their bodies.

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Taking PEDs can also cause negative side effects.

Complete the table to identify one positive effect of anabolic agents on the performer’s body and one possible negative side effect of diuretics on the performer’s body.

Performance enhancing drugs and their effects

Performance enhancing drug

One positive effect on the performer’s body

One possible negative side effect on the performer’s body

Anabolic agents

Diuretics

High blood pressure

Increased amount of water excreted in urine (Total 2 marks)

Q10.

Performers face lengthy bans from competing if they are caught taking a performance enhancing drug.

Identify two possible non-physiological reasons why a performer may risk taking a performance enhancing drug.

(Total 2 marks)

Q11.

Give three examples of good sportsmanship.

(Total 3 marks)

Q12.

Correct etiquette is expected in sporting activities. (a)

Define etiquette.

(1)

(b)

Describe two examples of correct sporting etiquette.

(2) (Total 3 marks)

Q13.

Suggest three possible negative effects of having spectators at a sporting event.

(Total 3 marks)

Q14.

Define gamesmanship.

(Total 1 mark)

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Q15.

Spectators are very important at most sporting events. (i)

Describe one benefit of having spectators at a sporting event.

(2)

(ii)

Describe one possible problem of having spectators at a sporting event.

(2) (Total 4 marks)

Q16.

Correct etiquette is expected in sports activities. (i)

What is meant by etiquette?

(1)

(ii)

Describe two examples of correct sporting etiquette.

(4) (Total 5 marks)

Q17.

Hooliganism has changed the way spectators are controlled at sporting events. State and describe three measures that have been taken to ensure good spectator behaviour at sporting events.

(Total 6 marks)

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Mark schemes Q1.

[AO1 = 1] C [1]

Q2.

The unwritten rules [1]

Q3.

Proteins [1]

Q4.

Shaking hands with your opponent at the end of a badminton match [1]

Q5.

Kicking the ball away when a free kick has been awarded against you [1]

Q6.

[AO1 = 1] C [1]

Q7. (a)

[AO1 = 1] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of one mark •

A convention or unwritten rule in an activity which is not enforceable but is usually observed (1)

Accept any other suitable response.

1

(b)

[AO2 = 1] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of one mark Award up to two marks for an actual example of correct etiquette taking place: •

In a football match the ball is kicked out of play to enable an injured player to receive treatment (1)

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•

Following the restart after a ball being kicked out to allow treatment to take place the ball is then returned to the opposition (1)

•

At the end of a rugby game a tunnel is formed and the opponents are clapped through and off the pitch (1)

•

At the end of a tennis match the players thank the umpire and shake their hand (1)

Accept any other suitable response.

1

[2]

Q8.

[AO2 = 2] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.

• • •

To reduce heart rate / muscle tension / blood pressure, e.g. more relaxed on the tee in golf (1) To reduce the effects of adrenaline, e.g. greater control over shot distances in golf (1) To improve fine control/preciseness, e.g. will assist putting/chipping in golf (1)

Accept any other suitable suggestions of why a performer may use beta blockers. The suggestion must be linked to a suitable sporting activity.

[2]

Q9.

[AO1 = 2] Award up to one mark for each positive effect on the performer’s body and up to one mark for each possible negative side effect on the performer for each PED, up to a maximum of four marks.

Performance enhancing drug

One positive effect on the performer’s body

One possible negative side effect on the performer’s body

One mark for one of the following: •

Increase muscle size / strength of muscle (1)

•

Faster recovery from exercise (1)

Anabolic agents

Maximum 1 mark One mark for one of the following: Diuretics

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•

Sodium / potassium salts excreted as well (1)

•

Muscle weakness

(1) •

Heart damage (1) Maximum 1 mark [2]

Q10.

[AO1 = 2] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.

• • • •

Increased chances of success (1) Fame (1) Wealth (1) Level playing field (1)

Accept any other suitable reason why a performer may risk taking a performance enhancing drug. Answers must refer to non-physiological reasons.

[2]

Q11.

Three such as: •

fair play ‒ don't attempt to cheat;

•

assisting an opponent/colleague in the event of injury/potential danger;

•

shaking hands before and after a competition; (including 3 cheers and clapping)

•

accepting decisions;

•

calling a 'let' in a disputed decision;

•

no time wasting;

•

accepting victory and defeat without arrogance or resentment;

•

thanking officials;

•

kicking ball out of touch when someone is injured;

•

walking in cricket;

•

admitting a foul in snooker.

NB not gamesmanship.

[3]

Q12.

[AO1 = 1] (a) Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of one mark.

• •

A convention or unwritten rule in an activity (1) It is not an enforceable rule but is usually observed (1) Page 7 of 11

Accept any other suitable definition of etiquette.

1

[AO2 = 2] (b) Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.

• • • •

If a player is injured in football, the opposition kick the ball out of play to stop the game (1) After a ball is kicked out to stop play in football, the ball is given back to the other team (1) Batters are clapped out on to the pitch in cricket as they come out to bat (1) Shaking hands after a match with the officials / opponents (1)

Accept any other suitable example of correct sporting etiquette.

2

[3]

Q13.

[AO1 = 3] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks.

• • • • •

Negative effect on performance of performer(s) / team(s) as a result of increased pressure from the spectators (1) Potential for crowd trouble / hooliganism / violence / unruly behaviour (1) Safety costs / concerns / policing / CCTV (1) Negative effect on participation numbers amongst younger performers who have been put off by crowd / spectator behaviour (1) Creation of a negative atmosphere (1)

Accept any other suitable outline of a possible negative effect of having spectators at a sporting event.

Max 3 marks

[3]

Q14.

[AO1 = 1] (a) Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of one mark.

•

Attempting to gain an advantage by stretching the rules to the limit (1)

Accept any other suitable definition of gamesmanship.

1

[AO2 = 2] (b)

Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks.

• • • •

Grunting in tennis to put an opponent off a shot (1) Pretending to be injured in football so that the ball is kicked out of play, thus stopping the momentum of the opposition (1) Calling a timeout in basketball to put off an opposition player before they take a free-throw / icing the shooter (1) Coming out to bat in cricket with two right handed gloves and then wasting time to sort out the problem (1)

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Accept any other suitable example of gamesmanship. Examples must be related to named sporting activities.

2

[3]

Q15. (i)

Award up to two marks for a correct response. The benefit must be stated, the way in which it actually assists: •

Finance, spectators paying to watch an event/or helping to pay for it either taking place or contributing to players’ wages etc.

•

Support, spectators cheering on their team/ can help them to be more successful.

Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.

2

(ii)

Award up to two marks for a correct response. The problem must be stated, and the way in which it actually disrupts: •

Crowd behaviour/competitions can be disrupted or even stopped altogether if crowds riot or misbehave

•

Crowd control/controlling crowds and marshalling them can be very expensive and can raise health and safety issues.

Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.

2

[4]

Q16. (i)

Award one mark for correctly stating what etiquette is: •

A convention or unwritten rule in an activity/which is not an enforceable rule but is usually observed.

1

(ii)

Award one mark for each correct example of etiquette: (cause and effect) •

Soccer – if a player is injured/the opposition kick the ball out of play to stop the game

•

Soccer – after a ball is kicked out to stop play/the ball is given back to the other team

•

In cricket – batters are clapped out on to the pitch/as they come out to bat

•

Shaking hands after a match/with the officials.

Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.

4

[5]

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Q17.

Award up to two marks for each full and detailed description.

(One mark for stating, one mark for why.)

•

Qualified stewards at events/ to watch the crowd and help seat them/help with emergency situations such as evacuation

•

Increased police presence/to ensure correct behaviour to and from games or events

•

Use of video surveillance/ to identify trouble makers

•

All-seater stadia/ to ensure no overcrowding

•

Upgrading facilities/ to make sure that they are safer

•

Fencing removed from perimeter of pitches/ to allow crowds to get out in an emergency

•

All ticket matches or membership schemes/to prevent known trouble makers from attending

•

More severe penalties for trouble makers/to discourage hooliganism.

Accept the above and any other suitable responses.

[6]

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Examiner reports Q7. (a) (b)

Most candidates gained at least one mark for ‘an unwritten rule’, only the more able candidates achieved both marks.

Some very good examples were given and achieved full marks.

Q11.

Well answered.

There appeared to be plenty of scope for candidates to present three different examples of good sportsmanship, even without presenting them in a negative form, though many candidates relied on a similar limited range of instances ‘3 cheers, shaking hands, clapping opponents, and swapping shirts’ were considered too similar to score separate marks.

Q15.

This question was answered very well by the majority of candidates who were clearly able to identify both the benefits and possible problems of having spectators at events in parts (i) and (ii).

Q16.

The majority of candidates were aware of what etiquette was in part (i) although there were still some candidates who did not seem aware of the term. Examples given in part (ii) were generally good and the candidates did seem well capable of describing the example in sufficient detail to attain both of the marks available.

Q17.

Answered well by the majority of candidates with many achieving maximum marks. Some candidates did refer to fences around pitches which have now been removed. The majority of candidates were able to come up with three different measures and describe them reasonably well.

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