Q1. Which one of these is incorrect? A
The skeleton provides oxygen for the working muscles
B
The skeleton provides protection for vital organs
C
The skeleton provides structural shape and points for attachment
D
The skeleton provides support (Total 1 mark)
Q2. Which one of the following statements describes the term ‘extension’ at a hinge joint? A
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
B
The movement of a limb which decreases the angle at a joint
C
The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
D
The movement of a limb which increases the angle at a joint (Total 1 mark)
Q3. Which of the following statements best describes ‘abduction’ at a ball and socket joint? A
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
B
The movement of a limb in a complete circle at a joint
C
The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body
D
The movement of a limb which decreases the angle of a joint (Total 1 mark)
Q4. Which one of these causes plantar flexion at the ankle? A
Gastrocnemius
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B
Hamstrings
C
Quadriceps
D
Tibialis anterior (Total 1 mark)
Q5. Which bones are found at the shoulder joint? A
Femur and tibia
B
Humerus and radius
C
Scapula and humerus
D
Tibia and fibula (Total 1 mark)
Q6. Which bones are found at the elbow joint? A
Femur and tibia
B
Humerus and radius
C
Scapula and humerus
D
Tibia and fibula (Total 1 mark)
Q7. Which of the following muscle movements occur when the arm bends at the elbow? A
The biceps contract and the triceps relax
B
The biceps relax and the triceps relax
C
The triceps contract and the biceps contract
D
The triceps contract and the biceps relax (Total 1 mark)
Q8. Give one type of joint in the body. (Total 1 mark)
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Q9. What attaches muscle to bone? (Total 1 mark)
Q10. In which part of the body are the following muscle groups? (i)
pectorals
(ii)
quadriceps (Total 2 marks)
Q11. Name two muscles in the upper body. (Total 2 marks)
Q12. (i)
What type of joint is found at the shoulder?
(ii)
Name two types of movement at the shoulder. (Total 3 marks)
Q13. The image below shows a rugby player throwing the ball during a lineout.
Complete the table to identify: • • •
the type of joint operating at the elbow the agonist muscle causing the movement at the elbow from Position A to Position B the type of contraction occurring in the agonist muscle at the elbow to cause this movement. Type of joint
Agonist muscle
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Type of contraction
(Total 3 marks)
Q14. The image shows a performer weight training. This movement is brought about by the muscular and skeletal systems working together.
Š ruigsantos/iStock/Thinkstock
Explain how the muscles and bones work together to produce the movement from position A to position B. (Total 3 marks)
Q15. Name the three major bones which are located in the arm. (Total 3 marks)
Q16. Explain how muscles and bones work together to produce movement. (Total 4 marks)
Q17. Movement is brought about by the muscular and skeletal systems working together. Using an example, explain how muscles and bones work together to produce movement. (Total 4 marks)
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Q18. Flat bones provide a protective function within the body. Name two flat bones and, using a sporting action of your choice, suggest how these bones provide protection during performance. (Total 4 marks)
Q19. Physical activity requires movement using bones and muscles. (i)
Name three major bones which are located in the leg. (3)
(ii)
Name two muscles which are also located in the leg. (2) (Total 5 marks)
Q20. Holding a balanced position is important in many physical activities. Give one static balance and explain how the muscles work to maintain this balance. (Total 5 marks)
Q21. Movement is one of the functions of the skeleton. (i)
Name three other functions. (3)
(ii)
Explain the function of cartilage in relation to movement. (2) (Total 5 marks)
Q22. Movement occurs when bones and muscles work together. (i)
Explain what is meant by extension. (2)
(ii)
Give two examples of sporting situations where extension occurs. (2)
(iii)
Name a muscle which produces the movement that you have chosen in one of your examples above. (1) (Total 5 marks)
Q23.
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Explain the role of the skeletal system in producing movement of the body. (Total 5 marks)
Q24. The image shows a young athlete running. The running action involves the use of many joints within the body.
(a)
Identify the type of synovial joint working at the shoulder. (1)
(b)
Outline how two of the features of the shoulder joint aim to prevent injury occurring. (2)
(c)
Identify the plane and the axis about which the running action takes place. (2) (Total 5 marks)
Q25. Movement occurs through the combination of the skeletal system and the muscular system. (i)
State one bone, one joint and one muscle which would be involved when the arm is moved. (3)
(ii)
Explain what is meant by abduction. (2) (Total 5 marks)
Q26. (a)
The diagram shows a trampolinist performing a seat drop.
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Identify the type of movement that has taken place at the hip from Position A to Position B and the agonist muscle which has caused the movement. (2)
(b)
Evaluate the importance of muscular endurance to a trampoline performer when performing a routine. (4) (Total 6 marks)
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Mark schemes Q1. [AO1 = 1] A [1]
Q2. The movement of a limb which increases the angle at a joint [1]
Q3. The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body [1]
Q4. [AO1 = 1] A [1]
Q5. [AO1 = 1] C [1]
Q6. [AO1 = 1] B [1]
Q7. The biceps contract and the triceps relax [1]
Q8. One from: •
ball and socket; accept “ball” or “socket”
•
hinge;
•
pivot;
•
gliding;
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•
condyloid;
•
saddle;
•
synovial;
•
freely moveable;
•
fixed/immoveable. [1]
Q9. Tendon [1]
Q10. (i)
The chest. accept… the torso/the trunk 1
(ii)
(The front of) The thigh. accept…upper leg/the leg 1
[2]
Q11. Two such as: •
biceps;
•
triceps;
•
pectorals;
•
abdominals;
•
intercostal;
•
deltoids;
•
trapezius;
•
latissimum dorsi;
•
heart/cardiac;
•
bracialis. [2]
Q12. (i)
Ball and socket
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(accept….synovial) (accept…. freely moveable) 1
Two from…
(ii) •
Flexion;
•
Extension
•
Abduction
•
Adduction
•
Circumduction
•
Elevation
•
Depression
•
Rotation accept…forwards / backwards / up / down / circling (for max one mark.) 2
[3]
Q13. [AO1 = 1
AO2 = 2]
Accept one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks. Type of joint
Agonist muscle
Type of contraction
AO1
AO2
AO2
Hinge (1)
Tricep / triceps brachii (1)
Concentric (1) (Do not accept isometric) Max 3 marks
[3]
Q14. [AO2 = 3] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of three marks. Answers must refer to the movement from A to B • • • • • •
Bicep is the agonist / the prime mover which contracts / shortens to cause the movement from A to B (1) Biceps are attached to bones in the lower arm via tendons (1) Biceps contraction causes a pull on the bones in the lower arm (radius) (1) Causing flexion at the elbow (1) Tricep is the antagonist which relaxes / lengthens during the movement (1) Contraction of the bicep allows movement at the third class lever (1) Page 10 of 19
Accept any other suitable explanation of how the muscles and bones work together to produce the movement from Position A to Position B. [3]
Q15. Award one mark for each correctly identified bone: •
humerus
•
radius
•
ulna. [3]
Q16. [AO2 = 4] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks. • • • • •
Muscles are attached to bones via tendons (1) The origin is attached to the stationary bone / the insertion is attached to the moving bone (1) Muscles are arranged in (antagonistic) pairs / because they can only pull (1) The agonist or prime mover contracts (shortens) / and the antagonist, relaxes (lengthens) (1) Movement only occurs at a joint, where two bones meet (1)
NB 1 mark for stating one muscle contracts or shortens, and the other relaxes or lengthens. [4]
Q17. [AO1 = 4] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks • • • •
Muscles are attached to bones via tendons (1) The origin is attached to the bone that doesn’t move whilst the insertion is attached to the bone that moves (1) Muscles can only pull / and are arranged in pairs (1) One muscle contracts (shortens or flexes or agonist or prime mover) and one muscle relaxes (lengthens or antagonist) (1)
•
Ligaments keep the joint stable (1)
•
Movement can only occur at a joint (1)
Accept any other suitable response. [4]
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Q18. [AO1 = 2 AO2 = 2] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks. Award up to a maximum of two AO1 marks and up to a maximum of two AO2 marks. • •
Cranium (1 × AO1) Provides protection for the brain whilst heading a football / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• •
Sternum (1 × AO1) Provides protection to the heart when controlling a football on the chest / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• •
Scapula (1 × AO1) Provides protection for the shoulder joint during contact made with another player when catching a netball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• •
Ribs (1 × AO1) Protect the lungs during any impact with a hockey ball / equivalent (1 × AO2)
• •
Pelvis (1 × AO1) Protects the reproductive system / bladder during contact made in a rugby tackle / equivalent (1 × AO2)
The bones can be credited for AO1 (up to a maximum of 2 marks) but the example must be applied to the protective role of the named bone during a sporting action for AO2 (up to a maximum of 2 marks). Alternative appropriate sporting actions can be credited. [4]
Q19. (i)
Award one mark for each correctly named bone: •
Femur
•
Patella
•
Tibia
•
Fibula. 3
(ii)
Award one mark for each correctly named muscle: •
Gluteals
•
Quadriceps
•
Hamstrings
•
Gastrocnemius/calf
•
Soleus. 2
[5]
Q20.
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one static balance to be named (1 mark). (key is stationary) In order to hold the body in a still position, the joint(s) must be kept in the same position (1 mark) [named joints no extra mark] by: •
the muscles working in pairs (1 mark)
•
working at the joint - must work isometrically (1 mark) not: one muscle contracts, the other relaxes - they must maintain contraction/pull (1 mark) without changing length (1 mark)
•
a muscle ‘fixing’ the joint
•
standing on one leg (1 mark)
•
muscles of the (upper) leg (Q+H) work together (1 mark), contract isometrically (1 mark) to hold the knee locked (1 mark) could also apply in arm
•
correct names for appropriate muscles working together (1 mark);
In a handstand this would involve muscles working at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, neck, vertebrae, hip, knee and ankle! [5]
Q21. (i)
Award one mark for each correct function of the skeleton other than movement. •
Support
•
Protection
•
Shape
•
Blood production
•
Mineral storage. 3
(ii)
Award up to two marks for a correct explanation. •
Cushions between bones
•
To stop rubbing during movement
•
Acts as a shock absorber
•
Stabilises joints
•
Prevents excess movement
•
Allows easier movement
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Accept the above or any other acceptable answer. 2
[5]
Q22. (i)
Award up to two marks for correctly explaining what extension is: •
The increasing of an angle/between two bones
•
A joint which is straightened so that one of the bones of the joint moves/away from the other
•
The action of opening/ a joint. 2
(ii)
Award one further mark for each correct example given: •
Straightening the leg at the knee when kicking a football
•
Straightening the arm at the elbow when throwing a ball
•
A correct actual example such as performing a triceps extension. Accept the above plus any other suitable examples. 2
(iii)
Award one mark for each correctly named muscle which must correspond to the answer given in (ii) above: •
Straightening the leg at the knee ‒ quadriceps
•
Straightening the arm at the elbow ‒ triceps. 1
[5]
Q23. [AO1 = 5] Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of five marks •
The skeletal system allows movement at a joint (1)
•
Short bones enable finer controlled movements whilst long bones enable gross movement (1)
•
The different joint types allow different types of movement (1)
•
Hinge joint allows extension and flexion whilst ball and socket allows flexion, extension, abduction and adduction and circular motion (1)
•
The skeleton provides a point of attachment for muscles (1)
•
When muscles (contract) they pull the bone (1)
Accept any other suitable response. [5]
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Q24. [AO1 = 1] (a) Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of one mark. •
Ball and socket (1) 1
[AO1 = 2] (b)
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks. • • •
Shape of the articular surface / bones – allows bones to fit together (1) Ligaments – attach bone to bone / restrict movement (1) Joint capsule / fibrous capsule – lined with synovial membrane / encloses / supports / joints (1) Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid (1) Synovial fluid – provides lubrication (1) Cartilage (hyaline / articular) – prevents friction / stops bones rubbing together (1) Bursae (sacks of fluid) – to reduce friction (1)
• • • •
Accept any other suitable explanation of features of the shoulder joint that prevent injury occurring. Answers must refer to the shoulder joint. 2
[AO2 = 2] (c)
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks. • •
Sagittal (plane) (1) Transverse (axis) (1) 2
[5]
Q25. (i)
Award one mark for correctly stating a bone in the arm, one mark for correctly stating a joint and one further mark for correctly stating a muscle. •
bones ‒ humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
•
joints ‒ shoulder, elbow, wrist (possible hinge in fingers)
•
muscles ‒ biceps, triceps 3
(ii)
Award up to two marks for correctly explaining abduction •
the movement of a bone or limb / away from the body 2
[5]
Q26. [AO2 = 2]
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(a)
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of two marks. • •
Type of movement – Flexion (1) Agonist muscle – Hip flexor (1) Max 2 marks
[AO1 = 1 (b)
AO2 = 1
AO3 = 2]
Award one mark for each of the following points up to a maximum of four marks. AO1 • (Muscular endurance is the) ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions avoiding fatigue (1) AO2 • Body is constantly moving / uses arms and legs throughout (1) • Often 10 bounces (1) • Specific moves may be repeated, e.g. bounces (1) AO3 • Marks could be lost in a competitive routine if muscles fatigue and cause loss of technique (1) • Routine is not that long and not particularly enduring (1) • Argument that other components are more important (strength, power, balance, flexibility) (1) • E.g. power needs to be generated off of the bed to gain the height required (1) Accept any other suitable evaluative point about the importance of muscular endurance to a trampoline performer. Answers must be linked to performance in a routine. Max 4 marks
[6]
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Examiner reports Q3. This was a multiple choice question. There was a range in how well this question was answered. The level of difficultly of this question varied, although the majority of students were able to pick up marks here.
Q7. This was a multiple choice question. There was a range in how well this question was answered. The level of difficultly of this question varied, although the majority of students were able to pick up marks here.
Q8. Well answered. Most candidates were able to give a type of joint. Usually ball and socket or hinge.
Q9. Well answered. The majority of candidates were able to identify ‘tendon’ as the structure attaching muscle to bone; where the answer was wrong, ligament was often the answer given.
Q10. Well answered. While answers were generally good, many candidates put upper and lower body respectively which was considered too vague.
Q11. Well answered. ‘Biceps’ and ‘triceps’ were common answers but by no means the only ones. Some abbreviations for abdominals (‘abs’), pectorals (‘pecs’) and lattissimus dorsi (‘lats’) were accepted.
Q12. (i)
Well answered The most popular response was ball & socket, a few did refer to synovial joint.
(ii)
Well answered. The most popular responses were flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Less able candidates tended to use simple responses like up, down, forwards and
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backwards.
Q15. Many candidates achieved full marks. They had clearly learnt the location of bones. The main concern in this question was spelling, with a large number spelling ‘humerus’ incorrectly.
Q16. Students appeared to have been ‘drilled’ in stating the following facts about the link between muscles and bones to produce movement: • muscles work in pairs • muscles can only pull on the bones • muscles are attached to bone by a tendon • movement occurs at a joint. This allowed these students to access all four marks early in their response. However, students who tried to answer the question with a more detailed explanation, with reference to one muscle shortening and one muscle relaxing, often failed to include the correct terminology ie agonist / antagonist, therefore falling short of gaining two marks. Very few students referred to the origin and insertion, but those that did were mostly correct in stating which was attached to the stationary bone and which to the moving bone. Students who did not gain any marks often wrote about the skeletal system and types of joints, and the type of movement that occurs, rather than how muscles and bones work together.
Q17. This question was answered well but in many cases good answers did not achieve full marks as they lacked a relevant example. Students commonly used the biceps and triceps contracting and relaxing, and working as a pair. Few students referred to origin/insertion.
Q19. The question was generally answered quite well but the general standard of spelling was appalling. A decision was made to give candidates the benefit of the doubt for ‘tibula’ and ‘fibia’ and there was a great deal of positive marking of this question where examiners were left to decipher what the candidate meant. This was adopted for parts (i) and (ii) and bad spelling was clearly considered when QWC marks were then being awarded. The majority of candidates were able to correctly identify the bones and muscles.
Q20. Poorly answered. The stork stand and headstand/handstand were popular initial responses. Gaining one mark did not seem to be a problem. Candidates knew that muscles work in pairs and the term antagonistic appeared in many responses. However, few knew the physiology underpinning a static balance. They could name appropriate muscles but candidates
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appeared to have little idea of how muscles work isometrically. That contraction occurs without movement. Responses often referred to muscles contracting and relaxing.
Q21. Both parts of the question were well answered.
Q22. Most candidates were able to give a basic explanation of extension but many were vague and their response could equally have applied to abduction! In part (ii) most candidates were able to give appropriate examples but these were often rather unclear with just an activity being identified as opposed to the ‘sporting situation’ being clearly identified. Similarly, in part (iii) the movement referred to was not always clarified and the benefit of the doubt was given to candidates for mentioning either the agonist or antagonist involved in the movement.
Q23. Students struggled to gain marks on this question as many referred to the muscular system / muscles working in antagonistic pairs rather than the skeletal system. The majority of marks awarded were for statements such as ‘the joint allows movement’, ‘the tendon is the point of attachment’ and ‘the bone is pulled by the muscle’. Few students correctly named different types of joints in the body and the movements possible at these joints. Many students used the terms ‘flexion’, ‘extension’, ‘abduction’ and ‘adduction’ but did not state which types of joint they occurred at. A very limited number of responses correctly identified the role of short and long bones in relation to movement.
Q25. This was generally answered well. In part (ii) candidates dropped a mark because they didn’t state from the centre or midline. Few candidates chose to draw an annotated diagram but those who did, and who labelled it correctly, were awarded marks.
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