The View from Ventress 2016

Page 1

2016

The University of Mississippi

TheView fromVentress News from the College of Liberal Arts |

libarts.olemiss.edu

IMAGE BY NASA

PHOTO BY ROBERT JORDAN

Two black holes are entwined in a gravitational tango in the artist’s conception (above). Supermassive black holes at the hearts of galaxies are thought to form through the merging of smaller ones, such as those depicted here. The 2015–16 University of Mississippi LIGO team included (from left) Camillo Cocchieri, visiting scholar; Mohammad Afrough, graduate student; Marco Cavaglià, associate professor of physics and astronomy; Katherine Dooley, assistant professor of physics and astronomy; and Jared Wofford and Hunter Gabbard, both undergraduate research assistants.

Gravitational Waves Detected 100 Years After Einstein’s Prediction

U

An illustration of two black holes merging and the gravitational waves that ripple outward as the black holes spiral toward each other. The black holes—which represent those detected by LIGO on December 26, 2015—were 14 and 8 times the mass of the sun, until they merged, forming a single black hole 21 times the mass of the sun. The equivalent of 1 solar mass was converted into gravitational waves.

IMAGE BY LIGO/T. PYLE

niversity of Mississippi physicists contributed to the historic discovery confirming a major prediction of Albert Einstein’s 1915 general theory of relativity and opening an unprecedented new window into the cosmos. For the first time, on September 14, 2015, at 4:51 a.m., scientists observed ripples in the fabric of spacetime called gravitational waves. The milestone detection marks the beginning of the new field of gravitationalwave astronomy. “Gravitational waves arrive at the earth from cataclysmic events in the distant universe,” said Marco Cavaglià, associate professor of physics and astronomy and assistant Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Scientific Collaboration spokesperson. They carry information about their dramatic origins and about the nature of gravity that cannot otherwise be obtained. The detected gravitational waves were produced during the final fraction of a second of the merger of two black holes into a single, more massive spinning black hole. The existence of gravitational waves had been predicted by Einstein, but never observed. Twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detectors in Livingston, Louisiana, and

Hanford, Washington, registered the September occurrence as well as a second black hole collision on December 26, 2015. The LIGO system of two identical detectors constructed to detect incredibly tiny vibrations from passing gravitational waves was conceived and built by MIT and Caltech researchers and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) with significant contributions from other US and international partners. Research and analysis of data from the detectors are carried out by a global group of scientists. UM has been a member of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration since Dr. Cavaglià joined in 2007. “The LIGO detectors are the most precise measurement devices ever built,” said Katherine Dooley, assistant professor of physics and astronomy and senior member of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, who designed techniques to control the angular pointing of the laser beam, helping push the limits of the precision measurement technology needed to make these detections possible. “The gravitational waves create phenomenally small changes in the distance between two points in space, and we use laser light to measure that change in distance.” continued on page 3


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