ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN ENERGY MODELING INPUTS ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
ENERGY MODELING METHODOLOGY L E V E R A G I N G T E C H N O L O G Y T O D E L I V E R S M A R T E R , M O R E S U S TA I N A B L E B U I L D I N G D E S I G N S
SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
AUTHOR - CHRISTOPHER WINGATE FACULTY ADVISOR - BLAINE BROWNELL MS&R ADVISOR - THOMAS MEYER DATE - AUGUST 2012 MADE POSSIBLE BY A PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND MEYER, SCHERER & ROCKCASTLE, LTD
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE
PROJECT TEAM
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
Energy Modeling Methodology is the result of a unique col-
Academic UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA COLLEGE OF DESIGN
laboration between the academic and professional worlds CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
of architecture. Renee Cheng, Head of the University of
Research Project ENERGY MODELING
Minnesota School of Architecture, created a semester long work/study program that pairs Master of Architecture stu-
Meyer Scherer & Rockcastle, Ltd. Program Coordinator - Thomas Meyer, FAIA Project Support - Allison Salzman, AIA
This paper is a result of the pilot semester of the project.1
Profession MS&R architecture KFI engineering
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
Faculty Advisor - Blaine Brownell, Assistant Professor Student Researcher - Christopher Wingate, M.Arch Candidate
dents with local design firms to conduct research projects.
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
University of Minnesota School of Architecture Program Coordinator - Renee Cheng, Head of School of Architecture
Students enrolled in the program split their time between
- Sam Edelstein
Karges-Faulconbridge, Inc. Energy Simulation Engineer - Katherine R. Edwards
the classroom and the office, but their focus is always di-
TOOLS OF DESIGN
rected by the research project. This structure harnesses the
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
strengths of the university and the private sector in conducting mutually beneficial research. Architecture firms
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
benefit from the exploration of innovative processes, tools,
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
and techniques by university students and faculty, and the university is able to vet its research in the real world, us-
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE • Implement research on real projects and generate real world results
SMARTER CONCEPTS
ing experienced professionals to shape academic concepts
•
Research reviewed by experienced professionals
into adoptable methodologies. At the center of it all is an
•
Research must fit within existing budgets, schedules, and work flows
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
invaluable opportunity for students; they gain experience
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
and make connections in the field while learning a unique
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
skill set that makes them attractive to future employers.
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
OPTIMIZED ENERGY MODELING PROCESS Energy Modeling Methodology was written and researched
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
by Christopher Wingate while paired with Meyer Scherer
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
& Rockcastle, ltd.2 The research is focused on develop-
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
ing an energy modeling methodology for small to medium sized architecture firms that can be used to help inform early concept, schematic, and design development decisions.
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
ACADEMIC RESEARCH • Explores the latest approaches, innovations, and technologies •
OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
Encourages the technical and conceptual understanding of tools and processes through extended investigation
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
1.
University of Minnesota Master of Architecture program, www.arch.design.umn.edu.
2.
Meyer Scherer & Rockcastle, ltd. www.msrltd.com.
3.
Karges-Faulconbridge, Inc. www.kfiengineers.com.
COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH BETWEEN THE UNIVERSITY AND THE PROFESSION
•
Inform decisions throughout the design process
•
Easy to use
•
Communicates graphically
ABOUT THE STUDY PROFESSIONAL HOURS
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
ACADEMIC HOURS 5
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
PROJECT TIMELINE
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
CLIMATE CHANGE
Chart Title
Energy Modeling Methodology wouldn’t have been possible without the collaborative efforts of multiple organiza-
6 12%
tions and individuals.
5 12%
ARCHITECTURE 2030
1 10%
2
The program was structured to split the student research-
ACADEMIC 259 hours
er’s time between the classroom and the office. Christo-
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
pher Wingate spent 10 hours per week conducting research
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
for academic credit under the guidance of faculty advi-
MS&R 24% 301 HOURS
JUNE
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
KFI 74
JULY
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
3 6%
4 36%
MAY
sor Blaine Brownell and an additional 15 hours per week DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
HOURS WORKED BY INSTITUTION
MS&R was overseen by Thomas Meyer, founding principal, and counted for IDP credit.1 A team of MS&R profesChart Title
sionals also provided weekly feedback on the progress of
Energy Modeling Methodology was also informed by
(TA)
Christopher Wingate’s position as a teaching assistant for CLIMATE ANALYSIS
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
(MS&R)
Wingate (U of M)
Thermal and Luminous Design, a graduate studio focused on sustainable design through energy modeling.2
2 24%
Wingate
4 36%
3 6%
The
FEBRUARY
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
MARCH
ell Wingate
team
Bro wn
5 12%
1 10%
MS&R
SMARTER CONCEPTS
6 12%
s
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
gineer from KFI, collaborated on portions of the research.
ard
the project. Katherine Edwards, an energy simulation en-
Edw
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
APRIL
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
at Meyer Scherer & Rockcastle. Research completed at
teaching position ran concurrently with the work/study program.
HOURS WORKED BY INDIVIDUAL
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Firms that participate in the work/study program receive
JANUARY
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
a strong return on their investment. During this study, MS&R invested 301 hours of its time into the program. It
KEY
RESEARCH HOURS
benefited from an additional 259 hours funded by the UniITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
versity of Minnesota. In a business climate that makes research and development difficult, this work/study program enables firms to push the profession forward by leveraging the resources and expertise of the University of Minnesota.
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
1.
NCARB Intern Development Program, www.ncarb.org
2.
ARCH 5516 Thermal and Luminous Design, http://www.zeropluscampus.umn.edu/
Chris Wingate, U of M Student Researcher 155 Chris Wingate, MS&R Student Researcher
226
Chris Wingate, U of M Teaching Assistant
66
Blaine Brownell, U of M Faculty Advisor
38
MS&R Energy Modeling Team
75
Katherine Edwards, KFI Engineer
74
Combined Total Hours Spent on the Project
634
The horizontal lines of the graph split each month into four representative weeks. Each person’s weekly hours are represented additively at these intersections. The height of the highest peak or valley at each week represents the total hours worked by all people on the project. Individual weekly hours are read by measuring the difference between the peak of the category and the peak directly below it. PROJECT TIMELINE AND HOURS WORKED
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
COMPARING ENERGY MODELING SOFTWARE : EQUEST AND IES VE
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
Energy Modeling Methodology development began by
The subcategories are similar across each category, analyz-
After scoring the software, the research team created an-
CLIMATE CHANGE
choosing an energy modeling software. When the research
ing characteristics such as the time required to complete a
other matrix that highlighted the selection criteria that most
project started, MS&R had already narrowed its search
task, ease of using the software, and the graphical quality
heavily impacted a software’s ability to influence early de-
ARCHITECTURE 2030
for an energy modeling program down to eQUEST by the
of its output. This structure allowed the research team to
sign decisions. We found that the most important aspect of
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
Department of Energy and IES VE by Integrated Environ-
compare software in a variety of ways. By averaging the
a successful energy model was its ability to match the three
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
mental Solutions.1,2 MS&R initially wanted to use energy
software’s scores in each subcategory, a metric emerged that
dimensional qalities of the design concept. The process of
modeling at the beginning of the design process to help in-
gave a quick overview of the energy modeling program.
creating an energy model always involves simplifying a de-
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
sign model, but a successful energy model will still retain
form conceptual and schematic design decisions, so a set of selection criteria was developed with that goal in mind.
For example, the average score of each category’s Time Re-
the feel of the design intent, convincing the design team
The criteria was based around the steps necessary to cre-
quired subcategory was calculated and given the title Speed.
that the architecture is actually shaping the energy model’s
ate, analyze, and compare energy models of early concep-
This metric is a score out of 5 that illustrates the amount of
performance. IES VE uses a Sketchup plugin to create its
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
tual schemes. Please see the following three pages for the
time it takes to complete a given task with the software. A
energy models, giving architects the ability to easily capture
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
full selection criteria matrix and score comparison between
higher score is always related to better performance. The
the volumetric intent of their designs. By contrast, eQUEST
eQUEST and IES VE.
other subcategories were scored and averaged in the same
creates an energy model by tracing over an AutoCAD draw-
manner. The results can be seen at the bottom of the selec-
ing, extruding floor plans, and controlling other geometric
Each category in the selection criteria matrix represents a
tion criteria in the scoring boxes labeled Speed, Ease of Use,
elements with spreadsheet-based parameters. This severs
step necessary to create an energy model or to run an energy
Data Quality, Graphics, and Workflow.
the connection between design intent and energy analysis,
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
1. Climate Analysis - Use the software to analyze the site’s specific climate and its ramifications on design.
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
2. Design Model - Create an energy model from a design
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
3. Base Model - Create a baseline energy model to compare performance of design options against.
Total Score. IES VE received a higher total score than eQUEST. It also outscored eQUEST in every subcategory, with the largest margins in Graphics and Workflow. This is due to IES VE
5. Daylighting - Use an energy model to test daylighting
being designed and marketed to architects as well as en-
performance. 6. Thermal Analysis - Use energy modeling to analyze thermal performance.
OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
scores for each software were calculated in the box labeled
4. Solar Shading - Use the software to run a shadow study.
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
The scores were also tallied for each category. The overall
concept .
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
inturrupting the feedback loop necessary to turn analytical
modeling analysis. The categories are:
7. Conceptual Model Comparisons - Compare the performative characteristics of multiple concept models.
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
1.
eQUEST, doe2.com/equest
2.
IES VE, www.iesve.com
gineers. Although both software platforms will accurately model the energy performance of a building, IES VE is designed with visual thinkers in mind, emphasizing the ability to create spatially complex three dimensional energy models and run graphically rich analyses.
tests into generative project ideas.
eQUEST
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
Score
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
Notes
Quality of Data
0
Not available.
Graphical Output
0
Not available.
File Import / Export Options
0
Not available.
Climate-Specific Design Strategies Included
0
Not available.
Time Required
3
Ease of Use Quality of Data
5
Five minutes.
5
Clear, concise results.
3
Included data gives great overview, but not enough for detailed analysis.
4
Three simple graphs combine key information.
2
Graphics can only be exported as image files, not vectors.
3
A few basic climate-specific design strategies are included, but other tools outperform it.
Two to four hours to create geometry. Four to eight hours to assign model data.
3
Two to four hours to create geometry. Four to eight hours to assign model data.
4
Modeling is tedious. Inputting model data is made easier by wizard and smart presets.
3
Geometry is imported from sketchup. Assigning model data can be overwhelming at first.
4
Energy use and ROI feedback is accurate. Daylighting studies not available.
5
Full suite of analyses available once model is defined in IES.
Graphical Output
3
Results displayed in simplistic charts and graphs. No plan overlays or 3D views available.
4
Analysis results are graphically rich, but can only be exported as image files.
File Import / Export Options
3
Must retrace AutoCAD drawings to create model. Graphical output is image file only.
5
Design model geometry is imported from sketchup. Easy workflow.
Strength of Link Between Actual Design and Design Model
2
Model is simplistic 3D extrusion of AutoCAD. Doesn’t feel like the design at all.
5
Creating geometry in sketchup allows for strong 3D correlation between idea and model.
Time Required
5
Base model is created automatically.
4
Five minutes, after you have a fully defined design model.
Ease of Use
5
Base model is created automatically.
4
After you have a fully defined design model, it automatically matches a base model to it.
Quality of Data
5
The automatically created base model has the same functionality as your design model.
2
The only data included is kBTU / square foot.
Graphical Output
3
Base model has same graphical output as the design model. Simplistic charts and graphs.
0
None .
File Import / Export Options
3
Created automatically, so same import/export problems as the design model.
0
None.
Base Model Helps Understand Effects of Design Options
5
Base and design models have same functionality. Can be seamlessly compared.
1
Base model is automatically created, but its data is severely limited.
Time Required
3
Add an extra two hours to modeling process.
5
Thirty minutes. Shading devices modeled in Sketchup, so creation is fast.
Ease of Use
3
Shading devices must be defined via text inputs for each opening.
5
Once shades are in, they can be accounted for in all daylight and thermal analyses.
Quality of Data
5
eQUEST is considered an accurate modeling program.
5
IES models the impact of shading accurately.
Graphical Output
1
Must view effects of shading as a potential energy savings strategy (lowered cooling load).
4
Analysis results are graphically rich, but can only be exported as image files.
File Import / Export Options
1
None. Shading is defined via text inputs for each opening.
4
Shading geometry imported from Sketchup. Graphic output limited to image files.
Integration of Solar Shading with Thermal Analysis
5
eQUEST accurately simulates the effects of shading on energy use.
5
IES models the impact of shading on daylight and thermal analyses accurately.
Time Required
3
No separate daylight analysis included, although daylighting does affect thermal analysis.
3
10 minutes to 12 hours depending on quality settings.
Ease of Use
3
No separate daylight analysis included, although daylighting does affect thermal analysis.
4
You have to get the geometry into IES through Sketchup. Can’t import directly from Rhino.
Quality of Data
1
Daylighting levels can not be simulated, only how daylight affects energy performance.
5
Full suite of daylight analysis tools available including the very accurate Radiance engine.
Graphical Output
1
Must view daylight as a potential energy savings strategy (lower lighting load).
5
Results can be viewed in a number of formants including contours, perspectives, etc.
File Import / Export Options
1
None. Daylighting analysis is turned on via a check box.
3
Geometry must come into IES from Sketchup. Graphic output limited to image files.
Ability to Test a Design’s Affect on Daylighting Levels
1
No way to view daylighting levels.
5
Daylighting levels can be analyzed in plan, section, and perspective renderings.
Time Required
5
Five to thirty minutes depending on complexity of model.
5
Ten to sixty minutes depending on complexity of model.
Ease of Use
4
Scheduling an HVAC systems input is helped by a wizard and smart default settings.
3
Scheduling and HVAC systems input is complicated without help from M/E consultant.
Quality of Data
5
eQUEST is an acceptable energy modeling software for a variety of certification programs.
5
Output a bevy of graphs and raw data. Highly accurate with correct HVAC systems.
Graphical Output
3
Charts and graphs clearly illustrate impacts of design options, but aesthetically lacking.
4
Analysis results are graphically rich, but can only be exported as image files.
File Import / Export Options
3
HVAC systems must be manipulated in eQUEST.
3
HVAC systems must be manipulated in IES.
Accuracy Compared to Other Accepted Modeling Programs
5
eQUEST is an acceptable energy modeling software for a variety of certification programs.
3
IES with APACHE HVAC module is highly accurate. Without module it is inaccurate.
Time Required
5
One hour per massing study to model. Two additional hours to analyze.
4
One hour per massing study to model. Four additional hours to analyze.
Ease of Use
3
Geometry must be traced from AutoCAD plans. Wizard for inputting model data.
4
Creating geometry is very easy. Geometry and building data can be defined in Sketchup.
Quality of Data
4
Can quickly compare design options by looking at key energy use metrics. No daylighting.
5
You can run the full suite of analyses on massing models once they are in IES.
Graphical Output
3
Charts and graphs are easy to create but somewhat limited in scope.
4
Analysis results are graphically rich, but can only be exported as image files.
File Import / Export Options
3
Must retrace AutoCAD drawings to create model. Graphical output is image file only.
5
Massing model geometry is imported from sketchup. Easy workflow.
Strength of Link Between Actual Design and Concept Model
2
Model is simplistic 3D extrusion of AutoCAD. Doesn’t feel like the design at all.
5
Creating geometry in sketchup allows for strong 3D correlation between idea and model.
Thermal Analysis
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
Not available.
Daylighting
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
Not available.
0
Solar Shading
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
0
Ease of Use
Base Model
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
Time Required
Design Model
ARCHITECTURE 2030
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
Score
Climate Analysis
PROJECT TIMELINE
CLIMATE CHANGE
IES VE
Notes
Concept Model Studies
Category Averages and Total Score SPEED
4.0
EASE OF USE
3.7
DATA QUALITY GRAPHICS
4.5
2.3
ENERGY MODELING SOFTWARE COMPARISON
0 19 26 18 10 25 20
WORKFLOW TOTAL SCORE
2.3
117
SPEED
4.1
EASE OF USE
4.0
DATA QUALITY GRAPHICS
4.7
4.2
22 25 11 28 25 24 27
WORKFLOW TOTAL SCORE
3.7
161
eQUEST
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
Score
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
Notes
Quality of Data
0
Not available.
Graphical Output
0
Not available.
File Import / Export Options
0
Not available.
Climate-Specific Design Strategies Included
0
Not available.
Time Required
3
Ease of Use Quality of Data
5
Five minutes.
5
Clear, concise results.
3
Included data gives great overview, but not enough for detailed analysis.
4
Three simple graphs combine key information.
2
Graphics can only be exported as image files, not vectors.
3
A few basic climate-specific design strategies are included, but other tools outperform it.
Two to four hours to create geometry. Four to eight hours to assign model data.
3
Two to four hours to create geometry. Four to eight hours to assign model data.
4
Modeling is tedious. Inputting model data is made easier by wizard and smart presets.
3
Geometry is imported from sketchup. Assigning model data can be overwhelming at first.
4
Energy use and ROI feedback is accurate. Daylighting studies not available.
5
Full suite of analyses available once model is defined in IES.
Graphical Output
3
Results displayed in simplistic charts and graphs. No plan overlays or 3D views available.
4
Analysis results are graphically rich, but can only be exported as image files.
File Import / Export Options
3
Must retrace AutoCAD drawings to create model. Graphical output is image file only.
5
Design model geometry is imported from sketchup. Easy workflow.
Strength of Link Between Actual Design and Design Model
2
Model is simplistic 3D extrusion of AutoCAD. Doesn’t feel like the design at all.
5
Creating geometry in sketchup allows for strong 3D correlation between idea and model.
Time Required
5
Base model is created automatically.
4
Five minutes, after you have a fully defined design model.
Ease of Use
5
Base model is created automatically.
4
After you have a fully defined design model, it automatically matches a base model to it.
Quality of Data
5
The automatically created base model has the same functionality as your design model.
2
The only data included is kBTU / square foot.
Graphical Output
3
Base model has same graphical output as the design model. Simplistic charts and graphs.
0
None .
File Import / Export Options
3
Created automatically, so same import/export problems as the design model.
0
None.
Base Model Helps Understand Effects of Design Options
5
Base and design models have same functionality. Can be seamlessly compared.
1
Base model is automatically created, but its data is severely limited.
Time Required
3
Add an extra two hours to modeling process.
5
Thirty minutes. Shading devices modeled in Sketchup, so creation is fast.
Ease of Use
3
Shading devices must be defined via text inputs for each opening.
5
Once shades are in, they can be accounted for in all daylight and thermal analyses.
Quality of Data
5
eQUEST is considered an accurate modeling program.
5
IES models the impact of shading accurately.
Graphical Output
1
Must view effects of shading as a potential energy savings strategy (lowered cooling load).
4
Analysis results are graphically rich, but can only be exported as image files.
File Import / Export Options
1
None. Shading is defined via text inputs for each opening.
4
Shading geometry imported from Sketchup. Graphic output limited to image files.
Integration of Solar Shading with Thermal Analysis
5
eQUEST accurately simulates the effects of shading on energy use.
5
IES models the impact of shading on daylight and thermal analyses accurately.
Time Required
3
No separate daylight analysis included, although daylighting does affect thermal analysis.
3
10 minutes to 12 hours depending on quality settings.
Ease of Use
3
No separate daylight analysis included, although daylighting does affect thermal analysis.
4
You have to get the geometry into IES through Sketchup. Can’t import directly from Rhino.
Quality of Data
1
Daylighting levels can not be simulated, only how daylight affects energy performance.
5
Full suite of daylight analysis tools available including the very accurate Radiance engine.
Graphical Output
1
Must view daylight as a potential energy savings strategy (lower lighting load).
5
Results can be viewed in a number of formants including contours, perspectives, etc.
File Import / Export Options
1
None. Daylighting analysis is turned on via a check box.
3
Geometry must come into IES from Sketchup. Graphic output limited to image files.
Ability to Test a Design’s Affect on Daylighting Levels
1
No way to view daylighting levels.
5
Daylighting levels can be analyzed in plan, section, and perspective renderings.
Time Required
5
Five to thirty minutes depending on complexity of model.
5
Ten to sixty minutes depending on complexity of model.
Ease of Use
4
Scheduling an HVAC systems input is helped by a wizard and smart default settings.
3
Scheduling and HVAC systems input is complicated without help from M/E consultant.
Quality of Data
5
eQUEST is an acceptable energy modeling software for a variety of certification programs.
5
Output a bevy of graphs and raw data. Highly accurate with correct HVAC systems.
Graphical Output
3
Charts and graphs clearly illustrate impacts of design options, but aesthetically lacking.
4
Analysis results are graphically rich, but can only be exported as image files.
File Import / Export Options
3
HVAC systems must be manipulated in eQUEST.
3
HVAC systems must be manipulated in IES.
Accuracy Compared to Other Accepted Modeling Programs
5
eQUEST is an acceptable energy modeling software for a variety of certification programs.
3
IES with APACHE HVAC module is highly accurate. Without module it is inaccurate.
Time Required
5
One hour per massing study to model. Two additional hours to analyze.
4
One hour per massing study to model. Four additional hours to analyze.
Ease of Use
3
Geometry must be traced from AutoCAD plans. Wizard for inputting model data.
4
Creating geometry is very easy. Geometry and building data can be defined in Sketchup.
Quality of Data
4
Can quickly compare design options by looking at key energy use metrics. No daylighting.
5
You can run the full suite of analyses on massing models once they are in IES.
Graphical Output
3
Charts and graphs are easy to create but somewhat limited in scope.
4
Analysis results are graphically rich, but can only be exported as image files.
File Import / Export Options
3
Must retrace AutoCAD drawings to create model. Graphical output is image file only.
5
Massing model geometry is imported from sketchup. Easy workflow.
Strength of Link Between Actual Design and Concept Model
2
Model is simplistic 3D extrusion of AutoCAD. Doesn’t feel like the design at all.
5
Creating geometry in sketchup allows for strong 3D correlation between idea and model.
Thermal Analysis
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
Not available.
Daylighting
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
Not available.
0
Solar Shading
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
0
Ease of Use
Base Model
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
Time Required
Design Model
ARCHITECTURE 2030
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
Score
Climate Analysis
PROJECT TIMELINE
CLIMATE CHANGE
IES VE
Notes
Concept Model Studies
Category Averages and Total Score SPEED
4.0
EASE OF USE
3.7
DATA QUALITY GRAPHICS
4.5
2.3
ENERGY MODELING SOFTWARE COMPARISON
0 19 26 18 10 25 20
WORKFLOW TOTAL SCORE
2.3
117
SPEED
4.1
EASE OF USE
4.0
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ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
eQUEST
IES VE
PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
Source Drawing - AutoCAD
Source Drawing - AutoCAD or Revit
Creating Rooms - Tracing Plans
Creating Rooms - Extruding Plans
Modeling Roof - Check Box
Modeling Roof - 3D Geometry
Final Model - Simple Box
Final Model - Complex Geometry
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
MODELING IN EQUEST AND IES VE
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
While comparing eQuest and IES VE, the research team concluded that one of the most important aspects of an en-
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
ergy modeling software is its ability to create a model that matches the three dimensional intent of the design. The images on the right show the considerable differences between the programs’ approach to modeling.
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
eQuest creates a model by tracing and extruding masses from an autoCAD plan. Other geometric information, like pitched rooves and glazing, is controlled by check boxes. The final model resembles an extruded box, modified by
SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS
spreadsheet-like inputs. Complex sectional characteristics are impossible to capture.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
IES VE uses a Sketchup plugin to create its energy models. DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
This allows designers to accurately represent the design in-
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
tent in their energy models. The 3D model is able to cap-
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ture complex geometry, important sectional characteristics, and the intent of the design, building confidence that the
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
energy model actually responds to changes in the archi-
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
chosen over eQuest as MS&R’s energy modeling software.
tecture. This is the number one reason why IES VE was
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON - CREATING AN ENERGY MODEL IN EQUEST AND IES VE
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
“WE TEND TO RUSH TOWARD THE COMPLEX WHEN TRYING TO SOLVE A DAUNTING PROBLEM, BUT IN THIS CASE, SIMPLICITY WINS. BETTER BUILDINGS, RESPONSIBLE ENERGY USE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY CHOICES ARE ALL WE NEED TO TACKLE BOTH ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND CLIMATE CHANGE.” - Edward Mazaria, Architect and founder of Architecture 2030
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE IMPACT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
Climate change. Global warming. Extreme weather. These
Architecture 2030 explains that the building sector con-
themes seem to dominate news headlines as humanity’s im-
sumes nearly half of all energy produced in the United
pact on the planet shifts from scientific theory to a force
States. It was also responsible for 46.7% of U.S. CO2 emis-
that can be experienced first hand with increasing frequen-
sions in 2010. To make matters worse, building sector en-
cy. From the destruction of coral reefs to the shrinking of
ergy consumption and CO2 emissions are projected to rise
the world’s glaciers, it is clear that our climate is changing.
faster than any other source between now and 2030.
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
The scientific community is in agreement that humanity is
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
causing the change, and carbon dioxide is our weapon of
The graph U.S. Energy Consumption by Subdivided Sector
choice. As we pump CO2 into the atmosphere by burning
shows that the vast majority of energy use attributed to the
fossil fuels, it acts as a “greenhouse” gas, trapping the sun’s
building sector is used to operate buildings. This includes
heat in our atmosphere and leading to a gradual increase
all the energy needed to heat, cool, and light buildings over
in the Earth’s temperature. Scientists predict this will have
their life spans. For an even clearer illustration on how op-
dire consequences including rising sea levels, the increasing
erating buildings impacts energy use, look at the graph U.S.
frequency of severe weather, drought, and a massive destruc-
Electricity Consumption By Sector; a full 75% of the elec-
tion of ecosystems across the globe. It is time for humanity
tricity used in the U.S. goes into operating buildings.
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
U.S. ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR1
U.S. ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SUBDIVIDED SECTOR1
to act, and the built environment is poised to play a pivotal role in redefining our relationship with climate.
If architects design buildings that are more energy efficient, we can drastically reduce the energy demands of the planet
Architecture 2030 sums up the important role the built en-
and slow the pace of global warming. With enough down-
vironment has to play in the fight against climate change on
ward pressure, we can even reach carbon neutrality. So
its website:1
what are these targets and what does it take to get there?
Architecture 2030 provides a guideline.
“Problem: The Building Sector Solution: The Building Sector”
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
1.
Architecture 2030. www.architecture2030.org
U.S. ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR1
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
“THE MAJOR PART [OF A BUILDING’S ENERGY USE] - 40% - IS DESIGN. EVERY TIME WE DESIGN A BUILDING, WE SET UP ITS ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND ITS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PATTERN FOR THE NEXT 50-100 YEARS. THAT’S WHY THE BUILDING SECTOR AND THE ARCHITECTURE SECTOR IS SO CRITICAL. IT TAKES A LONG TIME TO TURN OVER.” - Edward Mazaria, Architect and founder of Architecture 2030
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
ARCHITECTURE 2030 - A ROAD MAP TO RECOVERY
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
Architecture 2030 is optimistic about the positive impact
Meeting these targets requires the design of more energy
the built environment can have on reducing domestic energy
efficient buildings, the development of new building tech-
use over the next twenty years. It points to the projection
nologies and systems, and the implementation of renewable
that by 2035, approximately 75% of the built environment
energy sources. Of these categories, it is building design
will be either new or renovated.1 Architecture 2030 calls
that can have the greatest impact on energy reductions. It is
for architects to seize this opportunity, challenging them to
design that will create buildings that are in tune with their
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
design each new or renovated building to meet ever increas-
natural environments and harvest the local climate to con-
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ing energy targets, leading us to carbon neutrality by 2030.
dition their interiors, resulting in a more efficient, and more
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
appealing, built environment. Architecture 2030 developed its energy reduction targets by working backward from the greenhouse gas emissions
Environmentally sensitive designs require an environmen-
reductions scientists predicted were necessary to reach by
tally sensitive design approach, one that seeks to understand
2050 to avoid catastrophic climate change. In an interview
the climate at the outset of the process, collaborates with the
with BLDG BLOG, Ed Mazaria explains, “Working back-
entire design team on sustainable strategies, and adopts the
wards from those reductions, and looking at, specifically,
tools necessary to test and develop them into sustainable ar-
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
the building sector – which is responsible for about half of
chitecture. Integrated Energy Design shows what this new
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
all emissions – you can see what we need to do today. We
process might look like.
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ARCHITECTURE 2030 FOSSIL FUEL ENERGY REDUCTION TARGETS1
need an immediate, 50% reduction in fossil fuel, greenhouse gas-emitting energy in all new building construction. And
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
since we renovate about as much as we build new, we need
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
that reduction by 10% every five years – so that by 2030 all
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
COMPOSITION OF THE BUILDING SECTOR BY 20351
a 50% reduction in renovation, as well. If you then increase new buildings use no greenhouse gas-emitting fossil fuel energy to operate – then you reach a state that’s called carbon
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
neutral. And you get there by 2030. That way we meet the targets that climate scientists have set out for us.”1
1.
Architecture 2030. www.architecture2030.org
MEETING THE 2030 CHALLENGE1
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
“AN INTEGRATED DESIGN MIGHT BEGIN WITH THE REDUCTION OF HEAT LOADS IN THE OCCUPIED SPACE THROUGH THE USE OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING FIXTURES AND DAY LIGHTING. THAT MAY MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO REDUCE SUPPLY-AIR FLOW RATES, LEADING TO LESS PRESSURE DROP IN THE AIR-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND ALLOWING FOR SMALLER FANS TO BE INSTALLED. FURTHER, AS A RESULT OF ALL OF THOSE DOWNSTREAM CHANGES, IT MAY ALSO BE POSSIBLE TO SPECIFY A SMALLER COOLING PLANT.” - Energy Design Resources
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
pied space through the use of energy-efficient lighting fix-
how a project is delivered, bringing together owners, design-
tures and daylighting. That may make it possible to reduce
ers, and consultants to work towards creating sustainable
supply-air flow rates, leading to less pressure drop in the
and energy efficient buildings. Integrated Energy Design,
air-distribution system and allowing for smaller fans to be
a process developed by Energy Design Resources, outlines
installed. Further, as a result of all of those downstream
how to accomplish that. Of the process’s six steps, the first
changes, it may also be possible to specify a smaller cooling
three provide the strongest guidance for our Energy Model-
plant.”2 This process can result in energy savings, cost sav-
ing Methodology.
ings, and increased occupant comfort.
1. Plan for energy efficiency right from the beginning of
3. Run whole-system analyses that treat a building as a
1
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
the design process. SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
complete system, taking into account the interactions among all of the building’s systems.
The diagram on the right illustrates that the greatest potential to affect the energy use of a building occurs at the
According to Energy Design Resources, “Whole-systems
beginning of the design process. As the design continues,
analysis is an evaluative process that treats a building as
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
decisions are locked into place, making changes difficult.
a series of interacting systems instead of looking at build-
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
Therefore, it is imperative that planning for energy efficien-
ing systems as individual components that function in iso-
cy is implemented from the start.
lation.” It takes a specialized tool to run a whole-systems
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
analysis, and that tool is energy modeling. In order to de2. Identify integrated design strategies that will reduce life-
liver more sustainable buildings, we need to redefine our de-
time costs while also improving occupant comfort.
sign process, planning for energy efficiency from the start, developing integrated sustainable design strategies, using
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
Energy Design Resources gives an example of why integrated design strategies are so effective. “An integrated design
OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
might begin with the reduction of heat loads in the occu-
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
1.
Integrated Energy Design, Energy Design Resources, www.energydesignresources.com
energy modeling to analyze building performance.
Occupancy
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
Meeting the Architecture 2030 challenge requires rethinking
Construction
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
Construction documents
Figure 1: Energy-saving opportunities and the design sequence
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
Design development
ARCHITECTURE 2030
Schematic design
CLIMATE CHANGE
Programming
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
Potential cost-effective energy savings
Level of design effort
Phase of design process Source: ENSAR Group and E SOURCE
ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES AND THE DESIGN SEQUENCE1
ABOUT THE STUDY
AN ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECT NAMED VITRUVIUS WROTE THAT A BUILDING MUST BE CONSIDERED “WITH REFERENCE TO FUNCTION, STRUCTURE, AND BEAUTY.”
Construction Systems
...THINK OF THE VITRUVIAN FACTORS AS THE LEGS OF A
Materiality
TRIPOD CALLED ARCHITECTURE.
NONE CAN STAND
Structure
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
ALONE; EACH IS DEPENDENT UPON THE OTHER TWO TO
Firmness
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
FORM THE WORK OF ARCHITECTURE.1
PROJECT TIMELINE
- James O’Gorman, from ABC of Architecture.
CLIMATE CHANGE
ity od mm n Co ctio Fun am gr Pro get d Bu
ARCHITECTURE 2030
Architecture
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
In 27 BC, Vitruvius wrote a definition of architecture that
De ligh t Be aut Ae y sth Em etic oti s on al I mp act
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
is still relevant. He wrote that architecture must exhibit VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
three qualities - firmness, commodity, and delight. Firmness is concerned with structure and construction systems; commodity is related to function, program, and budget; and delight describes the beauty, aesthetics, and emotional im-
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
THE VITRUVIAN TRIANGLE
pact of a building.
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
A cornerstone of Energy Modeling Methodology is that
Energy Performance
building performance is viewed as an integral part of architecture. Energy modeling doesn’t reside outside of the design
Construction Systems
process, it is used to enhance architecture’s core qualities.
Materiality
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
Firmness
the Vitruvian Triangle. The emotional impact of a building tecture’s environmental impact should be considered just as
act mp
project, fully explore the impact of their design on architec-
al I
a design team’s ability to understand the issues that affect a
ent
Integrated energy modeling into the design process enhances
nm
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
iro
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
mance directly effects a building’s structure and materiality.
Env
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
ity od mm n Co ctio Fun am gr Pro get d Bu
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
Architecture
its function, program, and budget are, and energy perfor-
ture’s core qualities, and deliver a richer, more sustainable OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
aut y s Em the oti tics on al I mp act Da ylig ht
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
Be
is enhanced by optimizing its use of natural daylight, archi-
final project.
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
THE VITRUVIAN TRIANGLE REDEFINED - USING ENERGY MODELING TO ENHANCE DESIGN
Ae
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
t
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Structure
Designing for energy performance is a natural extension of
ligh
SMARTER CONCEPTS
De
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
Before we can push the design process forward, we must first understand the thought process that powers it. Thomas Fisher, Dean of the University of Minnesota’s College of Design, diagrammed how design thinking was distinct from problem solving in a 2011 lecture to his Principles of Design Theory class.
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
CONCLUSIONS
EXPERIMENTS
GENERALIZATIONS
DATA COLLECTION, EVIDENCE, OBSERVATIONS
FACTS, EVIDENCE, OBSERVATIONS
Deductive and inductive reasoning are two types of problem solving. Throughout their academic lives, students are taught the value of linear thought processes, training them to search for one correct solution to a given problem. Deductive reasoning is more commonly known as the scientific method. It involves making a hypothesis, running experiments to test the hypothesis,
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
HYPOTHESIS
and evaluating the resulting evidence to determine if it is correct. Inductive reasoning works in reverse; a person makes an array of observations, constructs generalizations that connect the obser-
DEDUCTIVE REASONING1
vations, and arrives at a conclusion when a generalized statement can be used to explain the entire set of observations. Although these processes are useful, it is important to realize that they will only lead to solutions that lay in the original field of inquiry. These processes explain existing phenomena, they do not create new phenomena.
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
Creativity is powered by design thinking, a decidedly non-linear process. Design thinking involves addressing a problem by looking at a multitude of issues that define it and using them to gener-
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
ate and explore new avenues of possibility. Some discoveries will
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
take a step back, revisiting prior assumptions. Still others will
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
push the process forward while others will cause the designer to redefine the original problem all together, generating a unique trajectory of their own. It is precisely design thinking’s chaotic,
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
non-linear nature that enables it to create in innovative discoveries. Architecture is very much a product of design thinking. 1.
Tom Fisher, Lecture, September 2010, University of Minnesota College of Design
DESIGN THINKING1
INDUCTIVE REASONING1
ABOUT THE STUDY
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
CONCEPT
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
DESIGN PROCESS AND ENERGY MODELING
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE
While non-linear design thinking powers creative innovation, architects must also inhabit the linear world of the in this overlap, acting as a catalyst to help architects make
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
informed decisions at each stage of development, leading to projects that can meet the Architecture 2030 challenge.
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
The creative process by its very nature pulls inspiration from a variety of sources, ensuring that the final result of
TOOLS OF DESIGN ENERGY MODELING INPUTS ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
DESIGN PROCESS
ENERGY MODELING
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
ENERGY MODELING
design process to deliver a project. Energy modeling exists
ENERGY MODELING
ARCHITECTURE 2030
a design, as well as the criteria used to judge it, will be unique. It is usually the architect’s own narrative that is used to test the merit of early conceptual development.
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
As a project progresses, the design must meet a variety of
SMARTER CONCEPTS
ments. Energy performance should be thought of in the
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
same way; the conceptual intent of a design must be bal-
other demands, from structural loads to fire safety require-
anced against given performance standards to improve the PSYCHROMETRIC CHART DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
quality of the project. Energy modeling should be used at tainability are addressed throughout the process.
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
Over time, this enhanced design process will result in ac-
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
cumulated sustainable expertise within the office. Energy
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
DESIGN PROCESS WITH ENERGY MODELING
each stage of design to ensure energy performance and sus-
modeling reacts to the specifics of a project, but the sustainable strategies it points to can be abstracted and digested as new and improved rules of thumb. Future designs will
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
start from an ever-more informed position, improving the sustainability and energy efficiency of each successive building.
ACCUMULATED EXPERTISE FROM ENERGY MODELING
DESIGN PROCESS AND ACCUMULATED EXPERTISE FROM ENERGY MODELING
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
TOOLS OF DESIGN
Design Study
Architectural offices must accept that there is no single piece of software that consolidates all of the functionality necessary to create and execute a design. Rather, firms
Design Study
flow that matches the character of the office. The diagram on the right maps the software tools and workflow patterns MS&R uses during design studies. The
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
studies themselves are the building block of the design pro-
DESIGN THINKING
DESIGN STUDY - THE MOLECULE OF DESIGN THINKING
cess. Each study uses the project’s current state as input, TOOLS OF DESIGN
Design Study
must work with a collection of tools, developing a work-
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
Design Study
3D PRINTER
explores the design, and creates output that can inform the project and spark the next study.
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
MS&R uses Revit as its primary modeling software and ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
treats Rhino and Sketchup as design models. Design mod-
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
els can be thought of as digital sketches; the software ensketch can’t inform the project until it leaves the design-
Energy modeling software enables MS&R to analyze the CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
performance of design studies. IES VE uses Sketchup to
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
create the 3D geometry for the energy model. It is not
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
N MODEL
Y MODE IMAR L PR
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
DESIG
they are deposited into Revit.
ANALYSIS
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
models don’t become fully interwoven into the project until
VISUALIZATION
er’s desk and is shared with the team, the results of design CLIMATE ANALYSIS
ILLUSTRATOR
REVIT
AUTOCAD
REVIT
SKETCHUP RHINO
PDF SKETCHUP
possible to import Rhino geometry directly into IES VE,
PHOTOSHOP
however Sketchup can be used to translate Rhino geometry and then export it to IES VE.
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT IES VE
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
INDESIGN
PHOTOSHOP
RHINO
ables quick explorations of ideas. However, much like a
DOCUMENTATION
SMARTER CONCEPTS
VRAY
MS&R’s software and workflow fosters collaboration within a design team while still allowing for individual creative freedom.
PHYSICAL MODEL
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
DESIGN STUDY TOOLS AND WORKFLOW
VRAY
INDESIGN
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PHASES AND TECHNOLOGY MS&R uses a variety of software throughout the design
CONCEPT
process. Design Phases and Software Implementation il-
SCHEMATIC DESIGN
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION
TOOLS OF DESIGN
multiple concepts. Revit is integrated throughout, building
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
up the digital model as the design progresses. Once the Construction Documents phase is reached, the majority of
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
digital modeling occurs within the detailed Revit model. Energy modeling is used during every phase, but it has the greatest impact on design at the beginning of the process. It is used during Concept and Schematic Design to analyze the climate and test the performance of early design studies, helping inform and improve design decisions.
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
Energy modeling has long been thought of as too compli-
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
effectively. Viewing it alongside other design software puts
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
it in perspective; it is simply another tool that helps address
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
Multiple Schemes
Design Options
Design Options
Site Analysis
Model Complex Geometry
Model Complex Geometry
Model Complex Geometry
Existing Conditions
Visualization
Visualization
3D Detailing
Quantity Analysis
Final Systems Definitions
Final Systems Integration
RFI’s
Test Fit Program
System Integration
Final Design Development
Supplemental Sketches
Program Refinement
Typical Details
Construction Sequencing
Construction Sequencing
Prelim. Systems Definition
Door / Finish Schedules
Atypical Details
Prelim. Systems Integration
Coordination
Contract Documents
Infrastructure Identification
Quantity Analysis
Massing and Energy Use
Share Model with Engineer
Share Model with Engineer
Share Model with Engineer
Glazing Percentage Studies
Prelim. Daylight Analysis
Detailed Daylight Analysis
Regulatory Compliance Model
Concept Comparison
Prelim. Thermal Analysis
Detailed Thermal Analysis
Massing Studies Spatial Quality 3D Printed Models
Zoning Analysis Program Studies Existing Conditions
Climate Analysis Initial Daylight Analysis Initial Shadow Studies
cated and specialized to be utilized in the design process
a specific set of decisions that must be made during the design process. Effective implementation of energy model-
SUPPLEMENTAL
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
RHINO GRASSHOPPER SKETCHUP
the ability of the software to quickly model and explore
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
are used heavily in the beginning of the process, leveraging
REVIT
each stage of design. Rhino, Grasshopper, and Sketchup
IES VE
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
MAIN MODEL
gram also shows the weighted emphasis of the software at
ENERGY MODEL
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
DIGITAL SKETCHING
lustrates when and how each software is used. The dia-
CLIMATE CONSULTANT
Climate Analysis
NEWFORMA
Communication Management
Communication Management
Communication Management
Information Management
ADOBE CS5
Presentation
Presentation, Rendering
Presentation, Rendering
Presentation
RFI’s, Info Management
ing allows design teams to address a wider scope of issues, improving design decisions and ultimately the performance of the building itself.
Light
Weighted Emphasis of Software
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
DESIGN PHASES AND SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
heavy
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
Energy Modeling Input Category
1
The inputs that go into an energy model are common across all software packages.
2
The modeling software
combines climate data with information about the building form, construction types, occupancy types, occupancy 4, 5
loads, building systems, and building system schedules to
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS
2)
Building Form
4)
Occupancy Types
5)
Occupancy Loads
6)
Building Systems
7)
Building System Schedules
6, 7
These inputs can be broken into categories by looking at ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
Climate Data
3) Construction Types 3
analyze the energy use of the building.
TOOLS OF DESIGN
1)
whether the architect or engineer is responsible for them during the design process. Climate is a given condition directly related to the project’s site. Building form, construction types, and occupancy types are controlled by the
Design Team Responsibility
Architect
Engineer
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS AND DESIGN TEAM RESPONSIBILITY
architect’s programming and design. Occupancy loads, building systems, and building systems schedules are in the engineer’s domain.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
An energy model can be represented as a stacked set of DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
inputs. When each input is defined with project specific information, the model will be at its most accurate, as shown in Fully Defined Energy Model.
Fully Defined Energy Model
Partially Defined Energy Model
Energy Model
Energy Model
Climate Data
Climate Data
Building Form
Building Form
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
If you don’t input project specific information into a category, the model will instead rely on pre loaded default
Construction Types
Construction Types
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
settings. In this state, an energy model will still perform
Occupancy Types
Occupancy Types
analyses, it just won’t be as accurate as a model that has
Occupancy Loads
Occupancy Loads
Input Defined by Architects
Building Systems
Building Systems
Input Defined by Engineers
Building Systems Schedules
Building Systems Schedules
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
been fully defined by project specific information. As each OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
input becomes project-specific, the results become more accurate.
DEFINING ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
Key
Undefined Energy Model Input (Program Default)
ABOUT THE STUDY ENGINEERS
ARCHITECTS
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
Analyze climate
PROJECT TIMELINE
Analyze site
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
Explore program
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
Identify energy budget
ARCHITECTURE 2030
CURRENT ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
Analyze climate Identify building systems budget
Currently, energy modeling, if it happens at all, occurs at
Identify systems design strategies
the end of design development. Engineering consultants
Develop building systems narrative
create an energy model by defining each input based on
CONCEPT / SCHEMATIC DESIGN
CLIMATE CHANGE
Identify construction budget Identify design strategies
Create massing studies
the finalized design. Because the design is actually a com-
Explore siting options
posite of decisions made during the duration of the design
Explore design options
process, the engineers in effect collapse a tree of decisions
Initial investigation of materials
made over time and turn them into energy modeling inputs.
Explore building systems design options
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
COMBINE DESIGN
The results of this type of energy model are an accurate prediction of how the building will perform, but they are
Detailed exploration of building geometry
an ineffective design tool. The current process places en-
CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
ergy modeling too late in the design process, turning it into more of an autopsy of performance rather than a generative tool to inform the design.
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
If we want energy modeling to be used to facilitate design
Calculate heating, cooling, and lighting loads
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
decisions, it must be implemented at the start of a proj-
Size building systems
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
ect and used throughout its duration. The following pages diagram what this process looks like.
FINALIZE DESIGN
Energy Model Climate Data
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Building Form Construction Types
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
Occupancy Types Occupancy Loads
OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
SMARTER CONCEPTS
Building Systems Building Systems Schedules
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE - CURRENT PRACTICE
Detailed exploration of construction systems Detailed exploration of materials
ABOUT THE STUDY ENGINEERS
ARCHITECTS
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
Analyze climate
PROJECT TIMELINE
Climate Data
Analyze site
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
Explore program
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
Identify energy budget
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE - PHASE I
ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
Analyze climate Energy Modeling Timeline - Proposed Phase I shows how
Identify building systems budget
to implement energy modeling at the earliest stages of de-
Identify systems design strategies
sign. At the beginning of a project, the design team starts
Develop building systems narrative
an energy model by defining Climate Data and Occupancy
CONCEPT / SCHEMATIC DESIGN
CLIMATE CHANGE
Types with project-specific information. When the team begins exploring massing and materials, they input infor-
TOOLS OF DESIGN
mation about Building Form and Construction Types into
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
the model for different design options, running compara-
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
Create massing studies
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
Concept sketches allow designers to evaluate how well different designs conform to the site and embody the concept, but are understood to not initially tackle issues like ADA
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
accessibility and fire egress. Relative performance testing
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
Occupancy Loads
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Construction Types Occupancy Types Occupancy Loads Building Systems Building Systems Schedules
Size building systems
different options perform against one another even though the results are not 100% accurate. If engineers and architects share an energy model, it can
Calculate heating, cooling, and lighting loads
Detailed exploration of building geometry
Detailed exploration of construction systems
be passed from architects to engineers as design development begins. Energy Modeling Timeline - Proposed Phase
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
1 realigns the creation of an energy model more closely
OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
with the way decisions are made during the design process.
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
Simulate energy use
Phase II explores the potential of sharing an energy model
Detailed exploration of materials FINALIZE DESIGN
during design development. ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE - PHASE 1
Climate Data Building Form
Explore design options
Energy Model
in energy modeling is similar; it informs the designers how
Building Systems Building Systems Schedules
Construction Types
COMBINE DESIGN
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Occupancy Types Occupancy Loads
Explore siting options
Climate Data
Think of relative performance testing like a concept sketch.
Construction Types
Energy Model
Explore building systems design options
is accurate enough to evaluate the relative performance of
Building Form
Identify design strategies
Initial investigation of materials
tive tests between them. At this stage, the software’s output the options.
Identify construction budget
Building Form
SMARTER CONCEPTS
Energy Model
Occupancy Types
Building Systems Building Systems Schedules
ABOUT THE STUDY ENGINEERS
ARCHITECTS
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
Analyze climate
PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
ARCHITECTURE 2030
Climate Data
Analyze site
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE - PHASE II
Explore program Identify energy budget
Energy Modeling Timeline - Phase II illustrates the power of sharing an energy model between architects and engineers during design development. As the design progresses Analyze climate
and the model’s default settings are replaced by projectINTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
specific information, the results become more accurate. In
Identify building systems budget
Phase II, engineers and architects collaborate on the same
Identify systems design strategies
energy model, using their combined knowledge to fully de-
Develop building systems narrative
fine all of its inputs and ensure accurate results.
CONCEPT / SCHEMATIC DESIGN
CLIMATE CHANGE
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
Energy Model
Identify construction budget
Building Form Construction Types Occupancy Types Occupancy Loads Building Systems Building Systems Schedules
Identify design strategies
Energy Model
Create massing studies
Climate Data Building Form
Explore siting options
Construction Types
After schematic design, architects hand the model to the
Explore design options
Occupancy Loads
engineers who fill in its inputs for occupancy loads, build-
Initial investigation of materials
ing systems, and building systems schedules. If the engi-
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
neers hand the model back to the architects, both parties
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
now have an energy model fully defined with project-specific information.
Occupancy Types
Building Systems Building Systems Schedules
Explore building systems design options COMBINE DESIGN Energy Model Climate Data Building Form
SMARTER CONCEPTS
Equipped with a fully defined model, architects can now
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
fine tune a project during Design Development by using the
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
energy model to run iterative tests. Not only can the results
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
Occupancy Types Occupancy Loads Building Systems Building Systems Schedules
be used to test how different options for building form and construction types perform against one another, the results are now an accurate projection of the building’s energy use.
Size building systems
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
Both relative performance comparisons and accurate performance projections are useful. By sharing an energy model, architects and engineers can start with relative comparisons early in the design process and work towards accurate projections as the design is developed. This will help the team integrate building performance into the entire design process, keeping projects on track to reach Architecture 2030’s performance goals.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
Construction Types
Detailed exploration of building geometry
Energy Model Climate Data Building Form Construction Types Occupancy Types Occupancy Loads
Energy Model
Calculate heating, cooling, and lighting loads
Detailed exploration of construction systems
Climate Data Building Form Construction Types Occupancy Types Occupancy Loads Building Systems
Official energy model for certification
Building Systems Schedules
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE - PHASE II
Detailed exploration of materials FINALIZE DESIGN
Building Systems Building Systems Schedules
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE
SMARTER CONCEPTS Concept design provides an ideal opportunity for design teams to set aggressive energy goals and leverage energy
ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
modeling to steer projects towards them.
phase, designers have a great deal of flexibility in exploring strategies to minimize energy use and maximize building performance. At the same time, the project schedule pres-
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
sures the design team to be efficient in their explorations
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
and design recommendations. Integrating energy modeling
TOOLS OF DESIGN ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
CONCEPT DESIGN ENERGY MODELING METHODOLOGY
During this
PROCESS GOAL
Help inform design decisions during concept design
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Easy to use
along with a clearly defined process will make the most out of this opportunity by helping designers make informed decisions.
Able to efficiently compare design options
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
Produce graphical output
The goal of the Energy Modeling Methodology during concept design is to help inform design decisions. To achieve this, it must be:
SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
•
Easy to use
•
Able to efficiently compare design options
•
Produce graphical output
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
A clearly defined process will help the design team utilize energy modeling efficiently. The process should follow
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
these principles chronologically:
Define energy goals Understand and diagram climate Identify passive and energy efficient design strategies Use energy modeling to compare design options Interpret results holistically
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
•
Define energy goals
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
•
Understand and diagram climate
•
Identify possible passive and energy efficient design
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
METHODOLOGY
strategies
OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
•
Use energy modeling to compare design options
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
•
Interpret results holistically
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
Sustainable and energy efficient buildings come in a variety of shapes and sizes but they share one thing in common -
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
they respond to their local climates. Unfortunately, this is the exception rather than the rule for today’s built environment. Beginning with the Lever House in 1952, buildings became sealed boxes, separating themselves from climactic
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
considerations and instead relying on cheap energy from
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
fossil fuels to run HVAC systems that conditioned their in-
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
teriors.
LEVER HOUSE, 1952, 1ST SEALED CURTAIN WALL SKYSCRAPER 1
Architects must reverse this trend using a design process SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
that embraces site sensitivity and uses passive strategies to harness local climactic conditions. This process starts with a thorough understanding of climate before design begins.
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
Two excellent tools that help a design team understand
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
their site’s climate and its impact on design are IES VE and
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
Climate Consultant. The following pages give an overview of the tools.
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
1.
Lever House, photo by David Shankbone, Photobucket. media.photobucket.com/image/lever%20 house/HansPB/USA/Lever_House_by_David_Shankbone.jpg.
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR LAKE ITASCA BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER
ABOUT THE STUDY
Tulsa_bayStudy 001
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
31/July/2012 at 12:46 PM
PROJECT TIMELINE
INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS LTD
CLIMATE
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
Climate metrics
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
energy modeling software, gives an excellent overview of
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
climactic conditions. The report consists of three columns,
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
one containing climate graphs, the second containing critical climate metrics, and the third serving as an explanation of how to read and interpret the first two.
2
Temperature :
TOOLS OF DESIGN
The center graph in the first column is a strong startENERGY MODELING INPUTS ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS
Copyright © 2012 IES Limited All rights reserved
ing point for analyzing climate. It quickly illustrates the months that have cold stress (require cooling), heat stress conditioning). It also shows when peak temperatures and rainfall occurs, and what months contain diurnal swings of
Moisture and humidity4:
greater than 9 degrees. In a snapshot, designers can start to understand the climate. If there are more heating stress
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
months than cooling, the design should place emphasis on
Max. moisture content 0.021 lb/lb Min. moisture content 0.000 lb/lb Mean moisture content 0.009 lb/lb Mean relative humidity 66.9 % Wind5:
minimizing heating loads. If diurnal swings of greater than DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
9 degrees occur in the summer, there may be potential to
Copyright © 2012 IES Limited All rights reserved
Annual rainfall 40.591" in Driest month Jan with 1.539" in rainfall Wettest month May with 5.598" in rainfall Wettest summer month May Wettest winter month Apr Driest summer month Jul Driest winter month Jan Wettest six months May Sep Jun Apr Oct Mar
strategies didn’t immediately pop in your head, no worry; the explanatory column on the right points them out for you.
Solar energy7:
The information in the middle column has been paired
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
down to the most important climate metrics. Reading and
Annual hourly mean global radiation(a) 187.0 Btu/h•ft 2 Mean daily global radiation(b) 1420.5 Btu/ft2 Annual solar resource(c) 519.3 Btu/ft2.yr Annual mean cloud cover(d) 3.9 oktas Degree days8:
digesting it will give design teams a strong initial under-
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
Annual mean speed 15.8 ft/s Annual mean direction E of N 179.6° Precipitation6:
use night flushing as a passive cooling strategy. And if these
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
Warmest month Jul Max annual temperature (Jul) 102.9 °F Warmest six months Jul Aug Jun May Sep Oct Coldest month Jan Min annual temperature (Jan) -0.9 °F Coldest six months Jan Dec Feb Nov Mar Apr Number of months warmer than 50.0°F mean = 8 Diurnal temperature swing3: 0 months swing > 68 °F, of which 0 are in the warmest 6M 0 months swing 59 to 68 °F, of which 0 are in the warmest 6M 11 months swing 50 to 59 °F, of which 5 are in the warmest 6M 1 months swing 41 to 50 °F, of which 1 are in the warmest 6M 0 months swing < 41 °F
(require heating), or are comfortable (require little to no
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
3A Cfa
Warm humid Humid temperate (mild winters), Fully humid; no dry season, Hot summer (sub-tropical), Mild winters, hot muggy summers with thunderstorms Chosen weather file is TulsaTMY2.fwt Rainfall location: Tulsa, USA Summer is potentially most dominant - the design must minimise cooling energy. Latitude is mid - solar radiation on south/east/west walls is significant. Solar radiation on roofs is significant. Summer is hot/warm. Summer also has a large diurnal range. Humidity is often greater than normal comfort limits. Winter is mild. There may be seasonal destructive storms (Hurricanes, Typhoons). Wind patterns: Typically westerly winds. Insects may be an issue. ASHRAE 90.11 Koeppen-Geiger1
Climate Metrics, an automated report within the IES VE
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
Tulsa Intl Airport
CLIMATE ANALYSIS - IES VE
standing of climate. For a more in depth study, turn to
HDD(64.4) = 4094.3 CDD(50.0) = 5114.8 Copyright © 2012 IES Limited All rights reserved
Climate Consultant. GRAPHIC CLIMATE ANALYSIS FOR TULSA, OKLAHOMA
The climate report provides the headlines you need to know about the weather file you have selected 1. The Ashrae 90.1 climate classes are based around the Koeppen-Geiger classification system, but provide better definition in temperate and maritime zones. See also Koeppen Geiger and Kottek, Greiser,Beck, Rudolf and Rubel 2. Note the coincidence of wet or dry seasons and warm or cold seasons e.g. Wet summers, dry summers, wet winters etc 3. A good diurnal swing (monthly mean of the daily swing) during the warmest months indicates the potential for passive night time cooling and the use of thermal mass 4. Moisture content the nominal comfort range is 0.004-0.012 lb/lb If moisture content is 0.020 lb/lb or above either all year or in summertime it is an issue. High humidity high temp. cause comfort stress. 5. Wind speeds: less than 4.9 ft/s light and calm 4.9-26 ft/s breeze 26-45 ft/s strong breeze greater than 45 ft/s gale and above 6. Typically what does annual rainfall mean: Wet 67 inches Temperate 20 to 59 inches Dry 12 inches Desert 4 inches 7. Globally what is the range? a. 48 to 143 b. 634 to 2061 c. 254 to 697 d. 1.5 to 8 8. Globally what is the range? HDD 32 to 11432 CDD 32 to 11732
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE ANALYSIS - CLIMATE CONSULTANT
ARCHITECTURE 2030
Climate Consultant is a free tool developed by UCLA.1 It INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
is an excellent source for graphically representing climactic information. The tool is used by loading a climate file and clicking
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
through the various graphic representations of the data.
TOOLS OF DESIGN
Everything from monthly temperature range to wind roses
TEMPERATURE RANGE
MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES
DRY BULB AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
SKY COVER RANGE
WIND VELOCITY RANGE
WIND ROSE
are covered. ENERGY MODELING INPUTS ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
Walking through the Climate Consultant is an excellent
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
way to study certain aspects of climate in detail. During
SMARTER CONCEPTS
the development of Energy Modeling Methodology, I was asked to research the climate in Tulsa for a library MS&R was working on. The design team was interested in how
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
to cool a garden space next to the library using passive
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
strategies. By looking at the graph Temperature Range, we quickly saw that the average temperature in July was
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
85 degrees. We also learned from the Dry Bulb x Relative Humidity graph that the relative humidity hovered around 66% in July. This combination of heat and humidity meant that passive cooling strategies relying on evapotranspiration wouldn’t be that effective. However, the wind patterns in the area showed that the summer breezes came directly
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
from the south. This positioned them to flow right through
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
the project’s outdoor garden. After learning this, the design team focused its initial passive cooling strategies around
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
shading and harnessing the wind to passively condition the outdoor garden. 1.
Climate Consultant, www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu/
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
After a design team becomes familiar with climate, the next
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
step is to determine how it might affect design. Luckily, a
CLIMATE CHANGE
tool has been developed that clearly illustrates the effec-
ARCHITECTURE 2030
tiveness of a variety of passive design strategies in a given climate - the psychrometric chart.1
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
Psychrometric charts work by setting up a system of axes capable of graphing dry-bulb temperature, humidity ratio,
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
relative humidity, and wet-bulb temperature. Climate data points are then graphed on the chart, usually in the form of hourly data for the entire year. Once these points are graphed, you can get a quick visual overview of the climate
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
by looking at the pattern of dots.
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART SHOWING HUMAN COMFORT ZONE
A comfort zone is then imposed on the chart. This shows the ranges of temperature and humidity that people are comfortable in. Dots that land inside this area donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need
SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
any heating, cooling, or humidity alteration to maintain human comfort. Dots that sit outside of it show the hours in the year where the climate does need conditioning to reach comfort levels.
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Finally, a series of passive design strategies can be selected in the upper left hand corner. The user clicks on a strategy and an associated area is graphed on the psychrometric chart showing the climactic conditions it can effectively temper. One a strategy is active, the chart also calculates the percentage of yearly hours it effectively conditions.
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
Users can quickly cycle through the passive strategies, getOPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
ting visual feedback on how effective each strategy is in their specific climate.
1.
The Psychrometric Chart is part of the Climate Consultant software. www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu/
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART SHOWING NATURAL VENTILATION AND INTERNAL HEAT GAIN
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
The power of diagrams lies in their ability to bring phe-
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
nomena into the visual realm, facilitating understanding
CLIMATE CHANGE
and communication. In architecture, where practitioners
ARCHITECTURE 2030
are inherently visual people, diagraming a phenomena enables it to be part of the design conversation. Climate is
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
not exempt from this rule; if climactic considerations are
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
to be interwoven into the design process, they must be diagrammed throughout a project’s development.
context
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
Climate Overview
right was developed to facilitate MS&R’s understanding
periods of heat in summer, yet far enough south to miss the extreme
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
of the Tulsa climate and how it affected the design of a
Mexico is often noted, due to the high humidity, but the climate is
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
cold of winter. The influence of warm moist air from the Gulf of essentially continental characterized by rapid changes in temperature. Generally the winter months are mild. Temperatures occasionally fall
tic information like wind direction and magnitude and the
below zero but only last a very short time. Temperatures of 100
sun path over an aerial view, they now become generative
September, but are usually accompanied by low relative humidity and
forces for the design. Can the design harness the summer
of pleasant, sunny days and cool, bracing nights.
winds and block the winter winds? Will the project be shaded by nearby buildings?
S
At latitude 36 degrees, Tulsa is far enough north to escape the long
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
library they were working on. By simply overlaying climac-
IND
W
a project’s other generative forces. The graphic on the
ER
begin diagramming its most important aspects alongside
CLIMATE INT
TOOLS OF DESIGN
After researching climate, designers should immediately
W
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
19:40
5:12
degrees or higher are often experienced from late July to early a good southerly breeze. The fall season is long with a great number
SITE
Rainfall is ample for most agricultural pursuits and is distributed favorably throughout the year. Spring is the wettest season, having an abundance of rain in the form of showers and thunderstorms. The steady rains of fall are a contrast to the spring and summer showers and provide a good supply of moisture. The greatest amounts of snow are received in January and early March. The snow is usually
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
Adding key climate metrics to the graphic helps the design
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
team gain a more nuanced understanding of how climate
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
place an extreme cooling load on unshaded areas of the site? Does the high relative humidity make natural ventila-
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
Finally, writing a short climate overview acts like a textbased version of a diagram; it quickly brings together sa-
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
Max annual temperature (July)
102.9 F
Min annual temperature (Jan)
0.9 F
Mean relative humidity
66.9 %
Annual mean wind speed
15.8 ft/s
Annual rainfall
40.59 in
Mean daily global radiation
1420.5 Btu/sqft
Annual mean cloud cover
3.9 oktas
Heating Degree Days
4094.3
Cooling Degree Days
5114.8
lient information into a format that facilitates understand-
DS ER WIN
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
7:36
SUMM
tion an ineffective strategy?
17:08
By the Numbers
WINTER WINDS
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
might affect the design. Will the high daily global radiation
light and only remains on the ground for brief periods.
Meyer, Scherer & Rockcastle, ltd
ing and communication. TULSA CLIMATE DIAGRAM
36
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
A project’s diagrams should continue to address climate
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
throughout the design process. After completing the initial climate analysis for Tulsa, I explored passive and active
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
strategies for conditioning the project’s outdoor garden
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS
GARDEN STUDY Climate Metrics
Investigated Strategies
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
102.9 F
1.
Capture rainfall on roof and in garden
Min annual temperature (Jan)
0.9 F
2.
Store rainfall in underground cisterns
spatial constraints of the site with the climactic conditions
Mean relative humidity
66.9 %
3.
Potential to cool rainfall through a ground
7.
Use tensile fabric to shade garden
Annual mean wind speed
15.8 ft/s
heat exchanger
8.
Verify if garden and greenwall can condition
Annual rainfall
40.59 in
Mean daily global radiation
1420.5 Btu/sqft
indirect evaporative cooling by running water
Annual mean cloud cover
3.9 oktas
over roof
placed on the sheet, ensuring they would be referenced dur-
4.
ing the process.
5.
garden and funneling it into an air ground heat
and green wall with canopy structure
Explore cooling library interior through
exchanger 11.
Explore using summer breezes from the south to help condition garden
PV panels produce electricity and shade roof
exchanger to precondition ventilation air for
outdoor areas through evapotranspiration 9. 10.
Test viability of using an air ground heat the library
12.
Consider using preconditioned air for library ventilation
Investigate collecting air at northern end of
Wind flow and annual rainfall stood out as potential drivThe resulting design proposal then looked at the ways wa-
1 5 7
1
7
4
6
6
ter could be passively collected, stored, cooled, and then
5
4
9
used to condition the garden and the interior of the library. A combination of evapotranspiration and harnessing the
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
wind patterns might help further condition the air in the
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
garden, and this precooled air sould then be drawn through
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Study integrating irrigation system for garden
Max annual temperature (July)
ers of passive design, and they were added to the diagram. CLIMATE ANALYSIS
6.
space. First I created a graphic that combined the existing that affected the design. Important climate metrics were
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
context
10 8
8
12
an air / ground heat exchanger and used to condition the library’s interior.
2
2
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
11
11
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
3
3
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % Meyer, Scherer & Rockcastle, ltd
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
INVESTIGATED SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES FOR THE TULSA GARDEN
39
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
WIND ANALYSIS IES VE was used to conduct a wind flow analysis for MS&R’s Tulsa Central Library project. After earlier diagrams identified the possibility of using the site’s wind flow
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
patterns to passively cool the project’s garden space, the
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
design team wanted to explore the issue in more detail us-
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
ing energy modeling. MicroFlo is a computational fluid dynamics application that is a part of IES VE.1 It can be used to study internal or external air flow. For this study, the design team was
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
interested in how a design option would affect wind flow through the garden area between the library and parking
TULSA GARDEN WIND FLOW ANALYSIS - INITIAL CONDITION
ramp. The project’s garden, library, parking ramp, and surrounding buildings were modeled as simple masses. The team then referenced the initial climate studies to determine the average summer wind speed and direction. The values, 16 feet per second blowing from South to North, were input in MicroFlo. The software then computed wind flow patterns through the site.
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
The images show the results of the analysis. They each depict a sectional slice of the modeled wind field that cuts through the garden. As the scale shows, red areas represent wind speeds of 16 feet per second and dark blue areas represent zones with speeds near 0 feet per second.
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
The design option explored in the lower image interrupts wind flow at the garden’s surface but still allows air to cir-
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
culate above. The design team used this information to inform the next round of design explorations. 1.
IES VE MicroFLO User Guide. www.iesve.com/content/downloadasset_2287
TULSA GARDEN WIND FLOW ANALYSIS - DESIGN OPTION
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
CONCEPTUAL MASSING STUDIES COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
1
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
• What questions are you trying to answer?
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
DEFINE THE GOAL • What variables are you testing?
Massing studies are a cornerstone of concept design. Diagrams, hand sketches, and digital and physical models help
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
architects visualize, test, and refine early massing concepts.
2
Energy modeling can add another layer of analysis to the
• Design decisions are complicated with a multitude of influences. Clear selection criteria
mix, allowing the design team to consider a massing op-
facilitates decision making
tion’s impact on energy performance as well. ENERGY MODELING INPUTS ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
• Use existing standards as selection criteria when possible.
Using energy modeling to test massing concepts ensures that issue of energy efficiency and sustainability will shape the design from its earliest stages. Because the design teams
3
CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
feedback from early energy modeling can put a design on
lenge; because there are so many initial variables, it can DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
be difficult to compare and analyze the performance of di-
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
vergent concepts against one another. However, if design
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
• Model only the detail necessary to facilitate decision making.
track to meet aggressive performance goals. Unfortunately, this inherent strength is also the process’s greatest chal-
BUILD AN ENERGY MODEL • Simplify the model.
have so much creative freedom at the start of a project, SMARTER CONCEPTS
CREATE SELECTION CRITERIA
4
RUN ANALYSES • What analyses are necessary to shape your decision? • What output is required to match your selection criteria?
teams adopt a process that starts by clearly defining goals
• Are there additional analyses that can give you a more holistic view of performance?
and ends with a wholistic comparison of design options across a wide range of selection criteria, the methodology can overcome this challenge and help inform those crucial initial design decisions.
5
INTERPRET RESULTS HOLISTICALLY • Always think holistically. Sustainability is not an end goal, it is part of good design. • Balance energy modeling results with other important design aspects when making design decisions.
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE
1
DEFINE THE GOAL
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
Comprehensively compare massing options across selection
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
criteria that integrating the project’s main design drivers with
CLIMATE CHANGE
DEFINE THE GOAL
energy performance.
ARCHITECTURE 2030
Lake Itasca Biological Research Station, a MS&R project INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
targeting net-zero energy use, was used as the platform to develop much of the Energy Modeling Methodology. When research began, the project had already completed Schematic Design and was awaiting the start of Design
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
Development. This allowed the research team freedom to
TOOLS OF DESIGN
focus on process development rather than project deliver-
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
ables because the work was conducted outside of the standard fee and scheduling pressures of a project. This spe-
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
cific portion of the methodology, Concept Massing Studies,
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
revisited early concept studies as the basis of comparison.
SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS
Although these studies were conducted well after initial design decisions had been made, the process that emerged will be implemented on future MS&R projects to steer concept design.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
An early challenge for the design team was to choose a massing option that not only responded to the project’s de-
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
sign drivers but also put it on track to achieve its net-zero
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
energy goal. In response, I created a process that combined
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
energy modeling with other selection criteria in comprehensively evaluating three different massing schemes. The first step in the comparison was defining its goal. The goal was defined as:
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
“Comprehensively compare massing options across selection criteria that integrating the project’s main design drivers with energy performance.” CONCEPTUAL MASSING OPTIONS FOR ITASCA BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH STATION
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? 2
CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
CREATE SELECTION CRITERIA
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
Using energy modeling to help in the comparison of conceptual massing options is a powerful tool that is inher-
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
ently difficult to use; because there are so many initial variables at play, it is a challenge to compare analysis results
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
Balance the Economic, Social, and Environmental impacts of various massing options
ECONOMIC • Efficient to operate • On budget • Functional
between massing options. However, by developing clear selection criteria, the design team can facilitate massing op-
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
CREATE SELECTION CRITERIA
tion comparisons that will help steer the project in a successful direction.
SOCIAL • Sensitive to historic fabric • Building will be the visitor arrival point, meeting place, and social center
MS&R always strives to work with the client to clearly
• Interior and exterior public spaces
define a project’s goals at the outset of design. These goals SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
become the benchmark of the project, acting as both a generative force and a set of criteria to judge design decisions against.
CULTURAL • Contemporary building that will not be confused with original historic buildings of the field station • Embody the “field station” experience by enhancing outdoor activities and nature appreciation
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
When creating selection criteria to facilitate the compari-
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
son of concept massing options, the research team began with the project’s goals. They were split into categories,
• Posses a compelling identity
Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental. The last
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
category, Environmental, already contained aggressive per-
• Approach “zero net energy” within the limits of the budget
formance standards that could be analyzed by energy mod-
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
eling. The first three, while outside the domain of energy
• Use natural light to illuminate interior during operating hours
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
modeling, are integral to the project’s success. Including
• Utilize passive design strategies and make them an experiential and educational part of the building
the entire lists ensures that massing options are compared OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
in a holistic manner.
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT DESIGN PERFORMANCE SELECTION CRITERIA FOR THE ITASCA BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH STATION
ABOUT THE STUDY 2
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
CREATE SELECTION CRITERIA
Balance the Economic, Social, and Environmental impacts of various massing options
ECONOMIC
PROJECT TIMELINE
SOCIAL EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
CULTURAL
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
• Using existing standards as selection criteria when possible
ENVIRONMENTAL
USE EXISTING STANDARDS FOR SELECTION CRITERIA
•
Approach “zero net energy” within the limits of the budget
•
Use natural light to illuminate interior during operating hours
•
Utilize passive design strategies and make them an experiential and educational part of the building
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
While outlining selection criteria for the Itasca concept
DESIGN PERFORMANCE SELECTION CRITERIA FOR THE ITASCA BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH STATION
massing comparisons, the research team searched for existVITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
ing standards that could be used to augment the list. The environmental category called for the design to use natu-
• Modify existing standards for your project to create selection criteria
ral light to illuminate the interior during operating hours. IESNA standards exist that govern the lighting levels in
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
various programmatic spaces.1 The research team adapted
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
them to the project’s program and used them as a bench-
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Lux
Foot Candles
20-30-50
2-3-5
Simple orientation for short temporary visits
B
50-75-100
5-7.5-10
Working spaces where visual tasks are only occasionally performed
C
100-150-200
10-15-20
Performance of visual tasks of high contrast or large size
D
200-300-500
20-30-50
Performance of visual tasks of medium contrast or small size
E
500-750-1000
50-75-100
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast or very small size
F
1000-1500-2000
100-150-200
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast or very small size over a prolonged period
G
2000-3000-5000
200-300-500
range of illuminance values required by the categories. The
Performance of very prolonged and exacting visual tasks
H
5000-7500-10000
500-750-1000
research team listed the various programs the Itasca proj-
Performance of very special visual tasks of extremely low contrast and small size
I
10000-15000-20000
1000-1500-2000
mark to test natural lighting performance when comparing massing options. IESNA lists nine categories that cover a variety of programs in its lighting standards. Attached to each are a
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
the illuminance levels that matched. The selection criteria
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Ranges of Illuminance
A
ect contained and, consulting the IESNA standards, chose
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Illuminance Category
Public spaces with dark surroundings
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
Type of Activity
Reference Work-Plane
General lighting throughout spaces
Illuminance on task Illuminance on task, obtained by a combination of general and local lighting
ILLUMINANCE CATEGORIES AND ILLUMINANCE VALUES FOR GENERIC TYPES OF ACTIVITIES IN INTERIORS
called for the design to use natural light to illuminate the interiors during operating hours; this chart contained the lighting levels required to meet this goal. And energy mod-
Itasca Programmatic Spaces
Illuminance Category
eling analyses were later used to test if the concept massing options could hit these targets.
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
1.
IESNA Illumination guidelines are published by IESNA. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory republished them on their website. www.wbdg.org/pdfs/usace_lightinglevels.pdf
Ranges of Illuminance Lux
Foot Candles
Lab Area
E
500-750-1000
50-75-100
Office Area
D
200-300-500
20-30-50
Auditorium
D
200-300-500
20-30-50
Mechanical
D
200-300-500
20-30-50
Lobby
B
50-75-100
5-7.5-10
Circulation
B
50-75-100
5-7.5-10
Rest Rooms
B
50-75-100
5-7.5-10
ITASCA DAYLIGHTING TARGETS
Reference Work-Plane
Illuminance on task
General lighting throughout spaces
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? 3
CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
BUILD AN ENERGY MODEL
Simplify, simplify, simplify. Model only the level of detail necessary to facilitate decision making.
BUILDING AN ENERGY MODEL
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
Energy modeling is used to analyze and compare the performative aspects of massing options. When creating the
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
energy model, it is important to simplify it as much as possible. At this early stage of design, it is important for an energy model to be quick to make and to be able to provide enough information to facilitate a relative comparison.
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
These energy models don’t have to accurately predict the
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
building’s energy use down to the nearest kBtu/sf. Instead
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
they need to contain only the detail necessary to differentiate them from one another and capture each concept’s unique features that may affect energy use.
SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
The building’s geometry should be simplified. Any rooms
ITASCA CONCEPT SKETCH WITH DETAILED ROOM DIVISIONS
that are similar should be grouped together into a single zone. The images on the right show an early concept plan
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
for Itasca. The second image illustrates how the energy
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
model combines multiple offices into a single zone as well
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
REST ROOMS
as combining the lab spaces and their support areas. This speeds up the modeling process considerably while still keeping enough definition to provide results accurate enough to facilitate a relative comparison.
AUDITORIUM LOBBY OFFICE
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
LAB SPACES
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
CIRCULATION
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
1.
IES VE Sketchup Plugin User Guide. http://www.iesve.com/content/downloadasset_2867
COMBINE SIMILAR ROOMS INTO SINGLE ZONES WHEN BUILDING AN ENERGY MODEL1
OFFICE
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
A 1) CONCEPT DRAWING PROJECT TIMELINE
B 2) SKETCHUP MODEL
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
C 3) SKETCHUP IES ENERGY MODELING PLUG IN
CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
D 4) IES ENERGY MODEL
BUILDING AN ENERGY MODEL
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
Because IES VE uses a Sketchup plugin to create its energy models, going from concept sketch to three dimensional en-
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
ergy model is quick and easy. The images on the right start by showing a concept drawing that has been imported into Sketchup. Because the most important differences were the sectional characteristics and glazing placement between the
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
massing options, these were captured in detail. Again, using Sketchup makes modeling this detail very easy. When creating an energy model in Sketchup, do not model wall thickness. Energy models deal in zones, looking at the
SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS
space between defining elements, not at the elements themselves. Define the geometry with simple planes.1
A) CONCEPT SKETCH
B) SKETCHUP MODEL
C) SKETCHUP IES ENERGY MODELING PLUG IN
D) IES ENERGY MODEL (DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS SHOWN)
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
After the sketchup model is complete, the IES Plugin auDIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
tomates the process that converts it into an energy model.
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
The plugin searches the model for enclosed areas and turns
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
them into zones that can be read by IES VE. Finally, it exports the converted model into IES VE where the full suite of analyses can be run on it.
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
1.
IES VE Sketchup Plugin User Guide. http://www.iesve.com/content/downloadasset_2867
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE
RUNNING ANALYSES
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
4
RUN ANALYSES
Chose analyses that will help inform decision making in a holistic manner
Once an energy model is created, design teams need to choose analyses that will provide them with the information necessary to make an informed decision. For the
CONCEPT SKETCH
ENERGY MODEL
DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS
KBTU/SF
Itasca project, our selection criteria was broken into four categories: economic, social, cultural, and environmental.
70
Energy modeling analyses can help test the performance of the concept massing options in the environmental category.
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
The environmental category of the selection criteria called for a building that approaches zero net energy, uses natural
CONCEPT 1
light, and utilizes passive design strategies. The first two criteria, energy use and natural lighting, can be easily analyzed by an energy model. It is much more difficult and
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
71
time consuming to analyze passive design strategies with an energy model, so the design team instead relied on climate research and the psychrometric chart to determine what passive strategies might be effective. CONCEPT 2
A massing conceptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy use can be determined by running a thermal analysis with IES VE ApacheSim.1 Remember that the performance comparisons between massing
74
options will be relative; define the building geometry and CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
make quick assumptions about the rest of the energy modeling inputs. When running a thermal analysis, focus on heating and cooling loads instead of energy use, as building systems, an unknown at this point in the process, have little
CONCEPT 3
effect on them. Daylight analyses use IES VE Flucs DL. Run tests for the
79
winter and summer solstice. Then measure and graph lighting levels in foot candles to enable comparisons with
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
the lighting selection criteria. 1.
IES VE ApacheSim User Guide. www.iesve.com/content/downloadasset_2883
2.
IES VE FlucsDL User Guide. http://www.iesve.com/content/downloadasset_2307
CONCEPT 3
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE
INTERPRETING RESULTS
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
The final steps in comparing conceptual massing options is compiling the analyses, interpreting the results, and making a decision. The most important thing to remember is to think holistically. The graphic on the right brings together the four massing
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
options, the energy modeling results, and the original selec-
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
tion criteria. Architecture must respond to a wide range of
5
INTERPRET RESULTS HOLISTICALLY
Balance energy modeling results with other important design aspects when making design decisions
factors; combining all of this information helps ensure that
te
r
criteria.
r te ac
COMPARING CONCEPT MASSING OPTIONS
ial nt t gh l li ra tu na e
Us
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4
2
2
1
1
3
5 4
2 1
3
5 4
2 1
3
5 4
2 1
3
at th n
sig de ive
ss pa e
Us
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1 5 4
2 1
3
5 4
2 1
3
5
5 2 1
Concept 4
was decided to be the best direction for the project.
4
use. But, after looking at the full range of design drivers, it
3
10867 sf
Glazing to Floor Area Ratio - 21.30%
4
11497 sf
Exterior Wall Area -
3
5
this option may have been tossed out for its higher energy
4
79 kBtu / SF
Total Floor Area -
3
Thermal Loads -
ar
gy er en o
tz er ch
oa Ap
pr
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
1
Concept 3
If the concept massing comparison wasn’t done holistically,
e
ex
pe
EN M N RO
ne
VI EN 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3
3 2 1
7902 sf
Glazing to Floor Area Ratio - 15.44%
4
12069 sf
Exterior Wall Area -
2
design strategies as experiential elements. ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
74 kBtu / SF
Total Floor Area -
3
el and into the lab, received high marks for using passive
Thermal Loads -
2
ing into a sun corridor and then through a translucent pan-
5
Concept 2
1
And the unique section, with skylights on the south stream-
2
10262 sf
1
13295 sf
Exterior Wall Area -
rie
e nc rie pe
ex n” io
at St ld
Fie e“
th
Em
bo
dy
TA L
ar ch e
ch
iqu
iqu un
ith
ith
gw bu il
din ry
bu il
ra
ry Co
nt
em
po
ra po em nt
din
gw
L RA LT U U Co
er Int
un
es Sp
C
nd io
ra
ac
lp rP
ito Ex
te
rio
e be
ild Bu
ub lic
ic br
vis
Fa
th
or ist
ill
H ing
w
to
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 5
70 kBtu / SF
Total Floor Area -
4
Thermal Loads -
Glazing to Floor Area Ratio - 9.82%
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
3
Concept 1
much higher glazing percentage than the rest of the models. the only one to achieve the IESNA lighning benchmarks.
OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
10262 sf
the highest energy use with 79 kBtu/sf, it also contained a
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
13295 sf
Exterior Wall Area -
Glazing to Floor Area Ratio - 9.82%
The concept outperformed the rest in daylighting and was
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
70 kBtu/sf
Total Floor Area -
1
to continue in the direction of Concept 4. Although it had
Thermal Loads -
2
After scoring the concept options, the design team elected
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
THERMAL ANALYSIS
deemed more critical than others.
SMARTER CONCEPTS
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
ic
L IA C DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS
itiv e
CONCEPTS
ns
also weight the scores if certain aspects of the project are
Se
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
SO
be scored for each selection criteria. Design teams can
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
ra
rr
iva
To facilitate the decision making process, the concepts can ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
e
oi
nt
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
ar
an
d
ac
te
so
r
cia
lc
TOOLS OF DESIGN
each concept is evaluated against the full range of selection en
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ENERGY MODELING METHODOLOGY
CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
ITERATIVE ANALYSIS
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
Energy modeling is a perfect match for the design development phase.
Aid designers in fine tuning a design
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Easy to use
During design development, large-scale
decisions have been made, a concept has been locked in, and the project team spends the majority of their time fine tuning the design. Energy modeling thrives in this environment, leveraging its strength as an analytical tool that is
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
most effective when studying isolated variables. Designers
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
can use energy modeling to help dial in a range of design
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
PROCESS GOAL
Able to efficiently compare design options Produce graphical output
development decisions using iterative analyses. An iterative analysis takes one variable, be it the R value of
SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
a wall, the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s glazing percentage, or the geometry or a room, testing baseline performance against a series of options that all slightly modify it. By using iterative analyses, the design team can optimize conditions. In practice, this
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
usually involves using energy modeling to find a range of
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
optimized conditions and setting them as bracketed targets
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE ANALYSIS OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
for the design to hit.
METHODOLOGY
Create a baseline energy model of the schematic design Identify key aspects of the design to fine tune Use iterative analysis to bracket optimized conditions Interpret results holistically
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030 INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0 VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES As buildings strive to reach higher levels of energy efficiency, the quality of their envelopes becomes very important. Having a well insulated, well designed, and well constructed envelope is critical to the performance of a design. So just how much insulation is necessary? Energy modeling can help answer this perennial question. R-value is a measurement of thermal resistance used to
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
describe the performance of building materials. It is ex-
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
pressed as the thickness of the material divided by its ther-
SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
WALL ASSEMBLY Material
mal conductivity. Materials with higher insulating capaci-
.08
1” Rigid Insulation - Extruded Polystyrene
5
5/8” OSB Sheathing
0.63
3 1/2” Cellulose Blown Insulation
13.65
calculated by adding the R-values of its component parts
2 1/2” Cellulose Blown Insulation
9.75
5 1/2” Cellulose Blown Insulation
21.45
together. U-value, used to describe the thermal resistance
5/8” OSB
.63
1” Rigid Insulation - Extruded Polystyrene
5
of windows, is simply the reciprocal of R-value.
5/8” Gypsum Board
.56
ties have a higher R-value. The R-value for an assembly is
TOTAL R VALUE OF ASSEMBLY
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
R Value
5/8” Hardy Panel
57.47
Energy modeling and iterative analysis can help design teams dial in optimized target R-values for a building’s envelope.
11” COMPACTED GRAVEL FILL BACKFILL
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
As a target, the values help guide the design while still al-
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
cisions holistically. While iterative analysis will provide a
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
range of optimized R-values, it is still up to the design team
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
lowing for the flexibility necessary to address design de-
1 1/2” FLOWABLE FILL
12” COMPACTED GRAVEL FILL
to factor in the cost, durability, constructability, sustainability, and aesthetic and conceptual impact of designing
UNDISTURBED SOIL
the envelope to achieve the recommended values. 1
Section - Double Stud Wall 1 1/2" = 1'-0"
WALL SECTION AND R-VALUES
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
PROJECT TIMELINE
The design team for MS&R’s Itasca Biological Research
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
Center wanted to determine target values for effective lev-
ITASCA ENERGY MODELING
els of insulation in the project’s envelope. The process be-
Wall R Value Wall R Value
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
13 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
gan by creating a base energy model, setting the envelope’s
CLIMATE CHANGE
R-values to code-minimum levels. The performance of this
ARCHITECTURE 2030
base condition was analyzed using IES VE ApacheSim and graphed as the design’s total annual heating and cooling
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
Design Model
Heating Loads Cooling Loads Total Loads 619827 133190 753017 606219 134041 740260 585561 136064 721625 572214 137022 709236 563177 137661 700838 556650 138115 694765 551702 138445 690147 547822 138699 686521 544698 138904 683602 542131 139080 681211 539987 139237 679224 538173 139384 677557
Wall R-Value
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Cooling Loads Total Loads Heating Loads 619827 133190 753017 610011 132955 742966 602558 133113 735671 596704 133215 729919 591980 133288 725268 588089 133352 721441 584833 133421 718254 582076 133503 715579 579720 133601 713321 577687 133715 711402 575913 133820 709733 574368 133953 708321
Roof R-Value
Wall R Value
load.1
Roof R Value Roof R Value
Slab R Value Slab R Value 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Heating Loads Cooling Loads Total Loads 619827 133190 753017 578573 139255 717828 556004 142875 698879 540864 145434 686298 530198 147311 677509 522290 148740 671030 516184 149870 666054 511331 150786 662117 507375 151544 658919 504103 152174 656277 501334 152719 654053 499110 153159 652269
Slab R-Value
Roof R Value
Window R Value Window R Value Heating Loads Cooling Loads Total Loads 1.5 619827 133190 753017 2 542684 135236 677920 3 466900 145821 612721 4 428415 152660 581075 5 405152 157421 562573 6 376684 178931 555615 7 365494 182487 547981 8 357087 185288 542375 9 350540 187547 538087 10 345291 189409 534700 11 340991 190969 531960 12 337402 192294 529696
Window R-Value
Slab R Value
Window R Value
750000
750000
750000
750000
700000
700000
700000
700000
650000
650000
650000
650000
600000
600000
600000
600000
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
Each assembly was then studied independently using iterative analysis. With the rest of the building remaining at
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
code-minimum levels, each successive iteration would raise
TOOLS OF DESIGN
the R-value of the assembly being tested by 5 and model
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
its impact on heating and cooling loads. Eleven iterations were completed for each assembly.
Annual heating and cooling load (kBtu/sf) Scale consistent across assemblies
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
ITASCA ENERGY MODELING Wall R Value 550000 Wall R Value
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS
The results all show that heating and cooling loads are re-
500000
duced when the assembly’s R-value is increased. However, by studying the slope of each graph, the design team could see where the performance benefits of additional R value began to plane out. When the cost of increasing an as-
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
sembly’s R-value is factored in, it became clear that these
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
changes in slope signaled the point where increased insulation no longer carried a strong return on investment. These target values were highlighted in yellow. The lighter shade of yellow indicated increased R-values that, while not returning a large performance benefit, might still be necessary to achieve the project’s net-zero energy targets. The orange line marks where the R-values were previously set during schematic design.
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
The top row of graphs also illustrates the relative perfor-
Heating Loads Cooling Loads Total Loads 619827 133190 753017 606219 134041 740260 585561 136064 721625 572214 137022 709236 563177 137661 700838 556650 138115 694765 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 551702 138445 690147 547822 138699 Current: 686521 R63 544698 138904 683602 542131 139080 681211 539987 139237 679224 538173 139384 677557
Wall R Value
Roof R Value 550000 Roof R Value
Heating Loads Cooling Loads Total Loads 30 619827 133190 753017 35 610011 132955 742966 40 602558 133113 735671 45 596704 133215 729919 50 591980 133288 725268 500000 55 588089 133352 721441 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 60 584833 133421 718254 65 582076 133503 715579 Current: R178 70 579720 133601 713321 Model Data 75 577687 133715 711402 Floor Area 11740 80 575913 133820 709733 Volume 215865 85 574368 133953 708321 Ext. Wall Area 10434 Ext. Opening Area 3300 Ext. Roof Area 13223 Roof R Value
Heating Loads Cooling Loads Total Loads 619827 133190 753017 578573 139255 717828 556004 142875 698879 540864 145434 686298 530198 147311 677509 522290 148740 671030 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 516184 149870 666054 511331 150786 662117 Current: R93 507375 151544 658919 504103 152174 656277 501334 152719 654053 499110 153159 652269
Slab R Value
Window R Value 550000 Window R Value Heating Loads Cooling Loads Total Loads 1.5 619827 133190 753017 2 542684 135236 677920 3 466900 145821 612721 4 428415 152660 581075 5 405152 157421 562573 500000 6 376684 178931 555615 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 7 365494 182487 547981 8 185288 542375 Current:357087 R4.3 9 350540 187547 538087 10 345291 189409 534700 11 340991 190969 531960 12 337402 192294 529696
Window R Value
748321
737557
743321
727557
738321
729696
732269
679696 712269
733321 717557 728321
629696 692269
707557 723321 697557 718321
687557
579696
672269
713321
708321
677557 13
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
652269 30
35
40
45
50
55
Current: R63
60
65
70
75
80
85
Current: R178 Model Data Floor Area Volume Ext. Wall Area Ext. Opening Area Ext. Roof Area
er. The graphs show that increasing the window R-value IES VE ApacheSim User Guide, http://www.iesve.com/content/downloadasset_2883
500000
10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 40 45 50 55 60 65
747557
mance benefits of addressing one assembly against anoth-
1.
Slab R Value 550000 Slab R Value
752269
Annual heating and cooling load (kBtu/sf) Scale to fit data per assembly
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
13 15 20 25 30 35 13 15 40 45 50 55 60 65
Design Model
ITASCA ITERATIVE ANALYSIS OF R-VALUES
11740 215865 10434 3300 13223
529696 10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Current: R93
1
2
3
4
5
Current: R4.3
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
ABOUT THE STUDY A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
OPTIMIZING GLAZING PERCENTAGE
SUN CORRIDOR DAYLIGHT STUDY Target Standard - LEED 2009 Credit 8.1: Daylight
PROJECT TIMELINE EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
percentage on Itasca’s south facing sun corridor. Daylight-
Standard Used - LEED Innovation in Design Credit
Option 1
Option 2
Option 3
Starting condition
Remove every fourth window
Remove every other window
46% Glazing
29% Glazing
17% Glazing
Average Daylight FC - 87.3 Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES
Average Daylight FC - 62.5 Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES
Average Daylight FC - 37.5 Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - NO
Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - YES
Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - NO
Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - NO
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED
associated Innovation in Design credit to serve as the target. The standard called for 95% of a design’s regularly occupied spaces to achieve daylighting levels between 25 and 500 foot candles measured at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm on September 21st. ITASCA BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION - Design Development
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
IES VE includes a LEED Credit 8.1 navigator that analzes
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN
the design for credit compliance. I simply modeled the sun
Daylight Optimization 08.21.2012
SUN CORRIDOR DAYLIGHT STUDY
corridor with a variety of glazing percentages in IES VE,
Target Standard - LEED 2009 Credit 8.1: Daylight
ran the navigator, and interpreted the results. The top im-
LEED Credit 8.1 - 10 foot candle minimum daylight in 75% of occupied space at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm on September 21st.
age shows the graphical output from the IES VE analysis. CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
Results File - 120820 Sun Co LEEED Daylight Study
Because the project is pursuing LEED certification, the design team used LEED Credit 8.1 - Daylighting and an
SMARTER CONCEPTS
September 21st.
ing targets were developed before beginning the analysis.
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
daylight in 95% of occupied space at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm on
Model - IES VE FlucsDL with sky set to Clear Sky
ARCHITECTURE 2030
TOOLS OF DESIGN
LEED Innovation in Design Credit - 25 foot candle minimum
these effects when using energy modeling to optimize them. The study on the right was used to optimize the glazing
DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
occupied space at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm on September 21st.
gy use and daylighting potential. It is important to balance
CLIMATE CHANGE
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
LEED Credit 8.1 - 10 foot candle minimum daylight in 75% of
Glazing percentage has a strong impact on a project’s ener-
LEED Innovation in Design Credit - 25 foot candle minimum daylight in 95% of occupied space at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm on September 21st.
It marks areas of the design that comply with the standard in green. It also reports the percentage of the design that complies. This allowed me to quickly hone in on glazing
Standard Used - LEED Innovation in Design Credit Model - IES VE FlucsDL with sky set to Clear Sky Option 4 Remove every 4th window. Decrease size of all windows. 20% Glazing
Option 5 Remove every 4th window. Decrease size of all windows. 16% Glazing
Option 6 Remove every 4th window. Decrease size of all windows. 13% Glazing
Average Daylight FC - 83.3
Average Daylight FC - 62.8
Average Daylight FC - 42.3
Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - YES
Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - YES
Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - YES
Results File - 120820 Sun Co LEEED Daylight Study 4
percentages and patterns that achieved the standard. CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
After running a series of iterative analyses, I found the minimum glazing percentage that still achieved the daylighting targets. Thermal analysis was carried out by engineering consultants, revealing that the minimum condition actually
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING %
didn’t out perform the original heavily glazed design due to a balance between passive heating gains and lowered heat losses. Because of this, the design team felt free to maximize the glazing to capture the unique site views of
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
ITASCA BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION - Design Development
Lake Itasca. ITASCA GLAZING PERCENTAGE OPTIMIZATION
Daylight Optimization 08.21.2012
ABOUT THE STUDY LAB DAYLIGHT STUDY
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION PROJECT TIMELINE
Daylighting can be optimized by analyzing glazing percent-
WHY ENERGY MODEL?
age as well as glazing design. Intelligent sizing and placeshown on this page were completed to optimize glazing in the Itasca Biological Research Centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lab spaces. Once
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
again, an iterative approach to energy modeling was used.
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED
occupied space at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm on September 21st.
daylight in 95% of occupied space at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm on September 21st. Standard Used - LEED Innovation in Design Credit Model - IES VE FlucsDL with sky set to Clear Sky.
ment of glazing will facilitate daylighting. The studies
ARCHITECTURE 2030
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
LEED Credit 8.1 - 10 foot candle minimum daylight in 75% of
LEED Innovation in Design Credit - 25 foot candle minimum
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
CLIMATE CHANGE
Target Standard - LEED 2009 Credit 8.1: Daylight
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
Results File - 120820 Lab LEED Daylight Study
Option 1
Option 2
Option 3
Starting Condition
Raised Skylight
Lowered North glazing to view height
Average Daylight FC - 28.9 Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - NO
Average Daylight FC - 31 Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - NO
Average Daylight FC - 29.5 Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - NO
Because the study was focused solely on the labs, I created a new energy model of a single lab space and an adjacent section of sun corridor. The sun corridor was included because the labs are designed to pull daylight from the sun
TOOLS OF DESIGN
corridor. Like the glazing percentage optimizations shown
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
on the previous page, these studies used LEED Credit 8.1 -
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS
Daylighting as the target and the IES VE navigator to test
ITASCA BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION - Design Development
Daylight Optimization 08.21.2012
for compliance. LAB DAYLIGHT STUDY
What is unique about the challenge of studying the place-
Target Standard - LEED 2009 Credit 8.1: Daylight
ment of glazing is that there are unlimited possibilities; it
LEED Credit 8.1 - 10 foot candle minimum daylight in 75% of occupied space at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm on September 21st.
would be impossible to methodically test all of the pos-
LEED Innovation in Design Credit - 25 foot candle minimum daylight in 95% of occupied space at 9:00 am and 3:00 pm on September 21st.
sible permutations in search of an optimal design. Instead, PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
designers must analyze results for trends, leading them to-
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE
wards designs that meet the criteria.
Standard Used - LEED Innovation in Design Credit Model - IES VE FlucsDL with sky set to Clear Sky Results File - 120820 Lab LEED Daylight Study 4
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS
Option 5 Two skylights at edges of room 26% Roof Glazing. 21% North Facade Glazing.
Option 6 One large skylight in center 32% Roof Glazing. 21% North Facade Glazing.
Average Daylight FC - 41.1
Average Daylight FC - 38.2
Average Daylight FC - 39.7
Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - YES
Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - YES
Meet LEED 8.1 Daylight Target - YES Meet LEED IDC Daylight Target - YES
The first set of analyses studies the effect of moving a
CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
north-facing skylight up. The results indicated that this
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
brought more daylight into the interior. The second set of
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Option 4 Thin and wide skylight 32% Roof Glazing. 21% North Facade Glazing.
studies builds off this and shows the minimum glazing size and placement of three design options that all achieve the target daylighting levels.
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
ITASCA BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION - Design Development
ITASCA DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS
Daylight Optimization 08.21.2012
ABOUT THE STUDY LAB SECTION 1
A UNIQUE COLLABORATION
Daylight Performance - Achieves LEED 2009 Credit 8.1: Daylight Achieves LEED 2009 IDC Credit for Optimal Daylighting Performance Average Daylight = 43.6FC
PROJECT TIMELINE Thermal Performance -
EQUEST AND IES VE COMPARISON
WHY ENERGY MODEL? CLIMATE CHANGE ARCHITECTURE 2030
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
INTEGRATED ENERGY DESIGN
DESIGN PROCESS 2.0
The final step in the daylight optimization studies was to test the resulting geometries holistically. After finding two
VITRUVIUS REDEFINED DESIGN THINKING EVOLVED TOOLS OF DESIGN
glazing options for the lab space that achieved the daylighting targets, they were diagrammed to test their ability to facilitate the project’s other goals. In a sense, this brought the process full circle, combining a detailed daylighting analy-
ENERGY MODELING INPUTS
sis with the original climate diagrams to help te team make
ENERGY MODELING TIMELINE
an informed design decision. Both options lent themselves
ENERGY MODELING & CONCEPT DESIGN SMARTER CONCEPTS CLIMATE ANALYSIS PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
ITASCA BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION - Design Development
Daylight Optimization 08.21.2012
well to harnessing the site’s wind flow patterns, bringing in the summer breezes through low windows in the south
LAB SECTION 3
facade and allowing them to vent out of the operable sky-
Daylight Performance - Achieves LEED 2009 Credit 8.1: Daylight Achieves LEED 2009 IDC Credit for Optimal Daylighting Performance Average Daylight = 41.4 FC
light. However, Lab Section 3 provided additional shading
Thermal Performance -
for the skylights from the summer sun, added more south facing roof surface area for mounting PV panels, and furthered some of the project’s original aesthetic intentions.
DIAGRAMMING CLIMATE CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES WIND ANALYSIS CONCEPT MASSING STUDIES
By using a combination of analysis techniques and always striving to present results graphically and in a holistic manner, the design team was able to make well informed de-
ENERGY MODELING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
cisions throughout the process. This kept the project on
ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENT
mance goals, but also in achieving excellence in the other
OPTIMIZING R-VALUES
track to be successful in not only meeting energy perforareas of architecture described by Vitruvius - firmness, commodity, and ultimately, delight.
OPTIMIZING GLAZING % OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT
ITASCA BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION - Design Development
ITASCA DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS AND SECTIONAL STUDIES
Daylight Optimization 08.21.2012