UC11 May-June 1975 by Christopher Squire

Mysterious energiesdack to See keepihgdhe autonomous bedsite Getting a goat* alternative culture* PIUSNews. Reviews a d much more

umbe~11

UNDERCURRENTS is published Bi-monthly by Undercurrents Limited, 275 Finchley Road, London NW3 6 LY, England, a democratic, nonprofit company without share capital and limited by Guarantee. Printed in England by Prestagate Ltd., Reading. International Standard Serial Number 0306 239 2.

Number 11

~av-luk1975

EDDIES. The usual brew of News, Scandal, Eddie Currents, Gossip and Reports. LETTERS. Your chance to get your own back on us, HIVING OFF MR CUBE. Sylvia Lee tells about the secret life of bees and explains how bee keeping can be a fascinating way of providing all the sweetness you need. HOW THE LAND TURNED SOUR. Dave Elliott looks at the Government sponsored "back to the land" movements of the depressed 30s, and identifies in their failure some mistakes which modern "back-tothe-landers" must avoid. MYSTERIOUS ENERGIES: an interview with Paul Screeton, editor of The Ley Hunter.author of Quicksilver Heritage, and researcher into the hidden secrets of ancient Britain.

AS BELOW. SO ABOVE. Colin Taylor explains how blocks made of ~om~resiwd~ubsoil can beused to hake cheap, strong, o houses. WIND POWER SPECIAL FEATURE. Theory and practice of small-scah wind power generation; complete designs for alowkost windcharger built from scrap parts; product review of the only small commerciallyproduced windchargedavailable in the UK rd and Godfrey Boyle.

SUBSCRIPTIONS cost 62.50 sterling ($6.50. or equivalent in other currencies) for six issues posted by second class/surface mail to any country. SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE UNITED STATES

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ZHANGE OF ADDRESS Because of a reorgan, isation in the company with which, until recent-

ly, we shared an office in London ( at 275 Finchley Road, London NW3) we have been unexpectedly forced to change our address. Until further notice, letters for Undercurrents should be sent to 11, Shadwell, Uley, Dursley, Gloucestershire. To telephone us about distribution, subscriptions or general editorial matters, call Uley (code, from London: 0453 86)636. If it's about business call Chris Hutton-Squire on 01 836 4363 ext 144 (day) or 01 897 "989 (night'

CONTRIBUTIONS. We welcome unsolicited articles, news items, illustrations, photographs, etc. from our readers. Though every care is taken with such material, we cannot be responsible for its loss or damage, and we cannot undertake to return it unless it is accompanied by an appropriate stamped envelope addressed to the sender. To make life easierfor our typesetters, manuscripts for publication must be typed clearly on one side of the page only, with double or triple spacing and at least one inch margin on each side of the type. OK?

HANE INDIGESTION?Methane gas production from waste in Britain has so far been disappointingly unsucceSsful. Godfrey Boyle looks at a new, small-to-medium sized design which may have solved many of the problems.

The Copyright c of all articles in Undercurrents belongs to Un ercurrents Limited, unless otherwise stated, and thev must n be reproduced without our permission. But we wffl will 'normally give permission for our material to be wd, without charge, for non-profit purpows, on condition that Undercurrents is credited.

THE HOUSE THAT JAAP BUILT. Peter Harper gives the lowdown on a ingenious "autonomous bedsitter" built i n Holland by jaap t'Hoft of the Dutch Small Earth Project.

HELPERS: If you're interested in helping on

MIND EXPANSION: RIPOFF OR REVALATION? Richard Elen and Chris Hutton-Squire investigate some of the mind-expanding techniques currently on offer in London

CREDITS. Undercurrents

Undercurrents in any way write en phone for details of our weekly meetings.

is designed and edited by Sally and Godfrey Boyle. Martin Ince edits the Reviews and assembles the advertisements. Chits Hutton-Squire tries to manage everyone else and does a little bit of everything. Pat ~ o y n e ! battles against the Nuclear juggernaut, Peter Cockerton is trying to digest our accounts, and Tony Durham is, well, invaluable. Ann Ward set the type and Barbara Kern drew together the events listings. Among the other good people who in one way or another help to make Undercurrents possible are: Graham Andrews, Gavin Browning, Charlie Chitterbuck Duncan Campbell, Dave Elliott, Sooty ~leftheriou,Richard Elen, Brian Ford, ~ e r b i eGirardet, Peter Harper, Ian Hogan, Roger Hall, Cliff Harper, John Prudhoe, Martyn Partridge, Kit Pedler, Patpivers, Peter Sommer, the Taylor Brothers, Nigel Thomas, Geoff Watts, Joy Watt, The Wildwoodmen, and Woody. Thanks to them all and to the people we've f o r gotten. This issue's cover was drawn by Martyn Turner. Last issue's cover was by Jaap van der Pol: sorry for not crediting you until now, Jaap. 1

GETTING YOUR GOAT. Before you unhook yourself from UniDairies, it's wise to know that goat keeping isn't just all free milk and cheese, says Tom Kewell. Do it, but without illusions. TOWARDS AN ALTERNATIVE CULTURE. Part IIof Woodys thoughtful essay on how we might set about building a culture in which we live for each other rather than against each other. REV1EWS. The Dispossessed by Ursula Ie Guin;The Journal of the New Alchemists; Leaving the 20th Century; The Age of Plenty; A Christian View, by E. F. Schumacher;MedicalNemesis by Ivan IIKch; The Whole Earth Epilog; and Public Works by Walter Szykitka.

The Browns Ferry i Kerr-McGee were guil anufacturing defective ac or fuel rods for a reacto Richland, Washington.

and hit the culvert on the e side of the highway, where

k with which polyuret burns that although th

asleep at the wheel. Ty marks in the mud at th

dence is also s t

e reason for the crash it l o 'ees had been fore

West of Edinburgh,

footpath &;sing the hill, a public ark. a few desolatelooking brick buildings are fencedoff an aconcrere corn-

according to friends, found i t "impossible t o describe the size". Reporters at the subsequcnt court ~ d s ehcdrd how they then left the placc qune

rte quarry faces, an old man tends a few rose beds sea ttere around the compound, and

until, inevitably, their homes were raided four months lat During the raid on one of th youth*/ homes, in an Edinburgh >uburb near Corsior

discharged without a fuss rovided thev heln keen t aJnscoti a state wcret. Ck'.irl\. the Govirnnii.'nt of the continued

an old garden shed.

the subterranean cavern

(hCCS), rendering them (in the words o f that immortal refugee from Disneyland, Ron Ziegler) "inoperative". All five ECCS were put out o f action in unit one 'at a stroke'. There was no melt down or release o f radioactivity because the reactor, luckily, had been operating normally, but in the event of

suit could have been very nasty indeed. (Brown's Ferry, one of the world's largest nuclear power stations, has fission product invent equivalent t o the fa1 several thousand Hir type bombs.) The simultaneous f a i l ~ r cof five independant safety b y $ tems has come as a severe

This, as assiduous readers of Undercurrents 9 will know, pooh poohed the idea of nucear armageddon and equate the likelihood of dying in a clear accident with that o f ing h i t by a falling meteori But Professor Rasmussen's analvsis depended very largely on the indenenr1fnt nature of e various safety systems -

The learned professor's reaction to refutation so swift and sudden i s as yet un However, rumours (no d untrue and maliciously ded) are now in circula the effect that the gent1 ant has been driven to t point of a nervous breakdown b i a hail o f ill-t?rn~ercd abuse

marvelled at the ind electric mach 1959 on the Isle

load, an aerofoil would soak ds. And at high ai

ound for the rest of

ak, releasing a spinni ich, friz-bee like, cou decapitate all and sun

ported oil And to se will have to be pare possible - they ha

UNDERCURRENTS 11 outside Sweden, though production o f the seed beans ' controlled by Weibulls, h o are unable to meet the emand that has been created. & M expect to sell more an 50,000 packets this year nd to have to disappoint a

ector, himself. admits that tht '\ are puzzled. They considered giving them a nitrogen innoculation to supplement that fixed by the bean's bacteria, but Weibull's advised them that there was no point. The low yield they attribute to thi cold weather we had in July ast year which reduced the

owed. A lively co

aw the bean but not a bi Undismayed, they've rai

one who is doubtful about this year's seed should con his local Plant Health and

erence to Landskron

Supplying seed that fails to tion ce

This misleading statement has been replaced this year by

f the Earth's Vegetarian

display o f hubris, they've committed themselves to a yield figure (equivalent to 14 Ib of beans from one packet containing 5 oz of seed)

en, it is grown both as avegetable and as a farm crop. T & M have acquired the world rights for Fiskeby V

ply a suitable sample. As to the failure o f the grow, T & M's Managing Dir-

that will.

Cyclists Touring Club (French Version) with tl help of Friends of the Earth and Nature et Further information and bookings fiom lean. 0 Purley Way, Croydon

ical conversion of solai energy, production processes in conifer forests, and aquatic systems. The date is Friday June 27th and the venue is Imperial College, London. Further details fr Dr. l. Barber, Dept. of Botany. Imperial Colleg London SW7.

y 7th:Uth 1975. e course has been planned to provide a balance between a simple scientific introduction t o soil ology and the practical application of organic rming methods. The fifth in a series, i t will elude guidance on small scale husbandry. Also cluded will be a visit t o an organic farm or

MONTREUX, Switzerland is to be the the First International Conference on Conve sion of Refuse to Energy, from November 3

AND DON'T FORGET: There's a big rally in protes Anti-abortion Bill, in Land It needs your support

8021 Zurich, Switzerland. CREATIVE SOCIAL SURVIVA three-week summer camp at Cam Houses Fa Wharfodale No. Yorhe from 6 t h - 27th August Learn t o overcome attitudes and values which prevent a harmonious change of lifestyle, sh your skills and crafts establishing an instant

12 19 July this year, at the Leeuwenhorst Congres Center, Noordwijkerhout, Netherland It is to be a festival of nonviolent political alte natives, a sharing of ideas, experiences, visions and skills, with workshops, happenings and exhibits for four davs. followed hv four dav, far discussion a m o n g G 1 members. Details, etc,

R MEET, in Nonnand

Participation from the floor was kept to a minimum; one peaker was told to shut up

rtment of Energy, put down a sceptical questioner about the nuclear power programme during the recent 'selfsufficiency' conference, organised by Newscientist, at the Cafe Royal in London.

is it doing dabbling with what Marshall called the "silly" subject o f self-sufficiency? IPC Business Training Ltd., who are professional conference organisers, originally proposed a conference on Energy Conservation. When the asked New Scientist (also owned by IPC) for their opinion, they

behave to their peers what can they think of the rest of us? On the other hand several boring prepared "interjectiops" were accepted, even though they were totallyirrelevant to such discussion as there was. Peter Laurie, the conference organiser, should consult the OED : Interjection: "a natural

Energy Research Establishbe well aware of the dangers of nuclear power, but if so he gave no sign o f it. Instead, like a new graduate from a

explore a coherent for our nation'. An

HERE HAVE ALL THE FOE'fs GON

exclamation like ah! or whew!" (or "bosh!", perhaps?) RAPE ! The day was not all wasted. In the afternoon Dr. Kenneth Blaxter gave a 10% and substantial answer to the question 'Can Britain Feed Herself?' This is printed in and should be read by any serious student Of the problem. He concludes that i t be even without the mass return to the land which some wouId like see- In it would Only require an increase in the farm labour force of about one-third. The main contraint is not protein, as one might think, but fat: we only produce onetenth of the fats we eat. The solution is to grow more oilseed rape and t o make margarine out o f it. Sixty times as much i n fact. (This would also please the bees and their keepers: rape is an excellent source of nectar). It is quite impossible t o produce enough butter to fill the gap. There simply isn't the land. In fact our present consumption of butter, 16 Ib per head per year, of which we produce only a quarter, would be c to 2 l b per head per ye Butter would become a we'd all have t o eat mar instead. I s this too high to pay for self-sufficiency?

at proposed power station sites; and Wal-

(Tom Burke is Local Group Co-ordinat

UNDERCURRENTS 1

DICAL ECOLOG} y's food needs could be catred for by backyard growing.

that although the home consumption o f energy is not at

ra bureaucrats.

and there was the unusual phenomenon of the theorist academic trying to learn from the worker. Col James of Sydney Uni's Eco-house and Eco-tech workshop enthused "it was great to have the worker. thehiooie and the academic working ' together". A new publication "The Radical Ecologist" came out during the conference, and will continue. Also, networks of like-minded oeoDle inter-

in the transportation from . Re-

one owns the sun, so there has

1 ood stuff about sun in it. earine in everv i s

posiumat ~ o t t l i e b~ u t t w e i l e r lnsttitute in CH-8803 Rusch-

on tact:^^^^^, ~ e o n h i d s t r . 27. CH-8001 Zurich. Switzer-

contains some ads. BlabI written in German and a able at: Box 97, CH Porrentruy. A subscr for 26 issues (about o costs about Ă&#x201A;ÂŁ3 There are a lot o f

native technology and Iifestyles, have been set up throughout the country. "Whole Swiss Catalog".

consensus.

Gruene, CH-8803 Ruse

16,000 people were at a demonstration, and the government i s quite embarrassed..

Allhcu"h t h e r e i e

o cover such t t h e anewer of sour^Ă˘â&#x20AC;&#x161;

clear risks,

isks from n u c l e a r o n t a m i n a t i o n as bein-,'

CROP YIELDS

he l a s t i s e u e .

It i s

1 researched a r t i c l e t h i s f i e l d , end P2t nZ1e h a s s u c c e s s f u i l y

i t i o n , no allowanc: i s made f c r r e & l o n c , l v r . r i a t i o n s o r crop r e s u l t s n different'soils.

s e x p e r i m e n t a l prom e b o d y d o i n g h i s ow r i p , farm, community elf-sufficiency etc. e e d s i n f o b a s e d on t allowing c r i t e r i a : 1) e f f i c i e n c y , ( 2 ) a f e t y , ( 3 ) economy. Somebody w r i t i n g a b o u t A.T. s h o u l d b e a r i n

tomorrow. Rory, GzraKQ C i t r o e n , 11 r u e de l a Gare,

ELECT A DIGGER b u i l d i n g p r o c e s s e s , and a l i s t o f t o o l s needed;

The Digger P a r t y of Albion was o r i g i n a l l y conceived by members of

ments s h o u l d be p u b l i s h -

t h e S O s , whose p e r s o n a l

a b l e t o compile more c o r r e c t ve&ets.ble y i e l d s t a t i s t i c s . I n uddi t i o n , we a r e i n v e s t i g a t i n g i n t e n s i v e crop r o t a t i o n s t o t r y and e x t r s c t t h e maximuic food p r o d u c t i o n from a s m a l l a r e a of land. I f any r e a d e r o f c u r r e n t s would l i k e t o h e l p i n t h e above survey, would s h e o r he p l e a s e send a stamped a d d r e s s e d

Social Responsibility

erous other factors, were able t o give it. Here, then, is a more his reply comes not from any BSSRS trine-ridden', 'pre-War world view' , but from two individuals who a liberated society. o. have criticisms o f that Confer. The structure prevented any easy

i n capitalist countries. The whole of Sunday was given over to a free discussion o f the issues, generally oscillating between 'traditional' and 'libertarian' socialist positions. The review was insultina to the

Saving energy, for example, means little i f the institutions which create the waste are not challenged. Self-sufficiency for a few individuals means nothing i f monopoly capital continues t o dominate world food markets and oeo~les'lives.

opte rather than having veloped for efficiency, mulation o f wealth, wh

ith these condition, but to work. That means fac ntradictions which we've nderstand and articulate.

report was symptomatic o f an increa

e author not mention the sort o f lib

economistic demands are trans uestion working conditions, th usual union procedures - as ha with Citroen workers?

some AT hardware. F

t last we have some

was happening in the AT field

UNDERCURRENTS

feldy now are about the balance of payments - or worse. 'Doom Valley', blare theScottish Daily Mail in its contributi o the bandwagon. A recent Scotsman a le demonstrated a characteristic obses ith the water wheel, while saying "0th the original ideas. Oppression and e itation from outside are no stranger tiand from the highland dearances he class struggle on Clydeside*. My view of Aberfeldy i s rather differe I t matters not to farmers here about indu

n instability, leading eventually to too ice inflation and eventually shortage, d the downfall o f the cities. We've se

i n September 1

Ie of this process at Aberfeld~i s the ab5ence of dairy farming, 2nd the consequent transport of milk 33 miles from Perth. No fresh local vegetables are available. a"-toetypica"y a with abundant wind and water, Aberfeldy

unim and the people Some of the town*s fallow land is now raising ve getahles, AT has even crept in, through avisit from the area's solitary solar heater owner, some *down river Tay, His

agriculture that has motivated t berfeldy group. One of the, a doc s an active campaigner for natural1

hich hasn't helped the id

I . ~ i n i o u iusi'~i ~t ,

u-IL--tii;rJl d:'J UJ*..

Honey is also an antiseptic - in f'ct

e hospitals now use honey-irnpregndressings. Lemon and honey is o f h 11 to relieve colds and sore throats, nd honey and glycerine ointment is got d bruises and chdpoed faces and hand,. e . arp P-ISV t.n kpen the initi.ii ........... . ~ ,Once . I . ~ ~ ' ; ~ ~ h ji ii L'c'c'll ~ l l 'll...!. l , n I .[-~II:\ hnrii-v flee i.)l ~hii'ii,',; Â¥c pr.i\"Ji, ,t-, .t n:~i.., U , I \ f.,r m~iMnt;c.111 ~

-. ~.

a so useful for stopping drawers fro icking by waxing the runners; and s g thread which has been pulled acro a cake o f beeswax does not tang1 But the prime importance o f t o the community as a who! ugh perhaps not to the bee fact that bees are the most inatins insects in existence. Pollination I iniprovr n ari.'al- i u r r o u n d ' n ~hi\:>, and, i i bee, *re kept in 41. orchard .-spf: dnd cherries .I v. one . containing ..~ ~~~. ancles.~ t h i n thr amount ~ n quiLty n .-,I i r ~ i pi.)t ~

,...?

the Danish oi, originally a type o f mead; and the word beer comes from the Saxon beor, m~',iningd her. I n IJCI when nÃˆt I ! in1.i were f i s t ntioJuccu into F.nk land by Flemish immigrants they were prohibited because they "spodt the tdste o f the drink (and) endangered the life of the people". Early hives were made of straw, wicker and mud, or rushes, and at the end,of each season the bees would either be driv,n nil ,i"..i thr IM c . frniini.J in \ihi.h ~ . rtfii.. L O ~)ii\ \ \ u ~ l cnr,itl\ i J \\3y? pi/! ,h - ,>Imi; ners w r e kilk-,j 0, mi' o,+nrr

this 'bee space', and the development o a hive o f moveable and interchangeable part<, medii; ' n i t ni.'c~.,'p i i q ci,ut~iueicl o p fr J I ~ ,I niiiiLnq ,ICI . i t \ nt~.)dci.,it aturdl life-style of the

were crushed and hungup in muslin so t the honey dripped out into a bowl. is method o f keeping bees was in use ntil quite recently in some country area>, and a few old cottages still have cavities in the walls to accommodate straw 'skeps'. in 1789 a 'leaf-hive' was developed. s consisted o f hinged wooden frames which could be separated and examined uilhoul Jisturoi'nrf the ot-z, tino.. \ . B,.t lttc mt>st useful d'Jii.inir 111 oi-ekci-p nd was in 1851 when Langstroth. an American hi.'Chri'per, des'anea an upcn-lopped (I i c , '-diner likr those in use ti~d;i\, ~ h 1 - n' 1 1 -

and mammals, bees on the other hand liv wholly on nectar and pollen from flower Bees can he divided into solitarfw and so /a/ species - and obviou>Iy domestic hon ey bees iirc evolved from the latter -\ swarm ol bees., such as you may have scci hdnging from the branch of a tree, i s a m a s o f insects clinging together; it mav weigh up to 6 Ibs, and contain up t o I , J . ! O usi-.ti. -\ ~,eecolony ~ u h ~ . i'i i .$.,rin ' 7 , . . x u in '1 nne, tree', uf c , r b c l I, reallv one creature with manv se~arate P - i fin>. l i ~ h u or n i ~ i & t I n.tho-I thr

Anyone deciding to keep bees wi the experience far more rewardins i f t try to discover ail they can about the n i % n l nnrrs .inJ U ~ i , h . Beei inii *.ISPI .I i i c r n - d n,, in it Ã£ i t i c it,. ifo' ~ i i i n ' i s nti.t.n, f r u t ~.c<e

ich is mixed with

rone 24 days, and a queen 15 days. The ew bee wilt bite through i t s wax capping nd will be helped out by nursery workers leaned and groomed and fed. At first i t s

Queens

nce, and finally foraging queen wilt generally live years, and will lay up to n that time, but queens h

s are aware o f it and become agitated e quickly because they miss this sub-

. As a rule the harder a bee works t h e ter her life span. Bees reared in the mer months when there is a great deal ctivity live for about five weeks, while her with a very special rich food secre from the heads of the 'nursery' workcalled 'royal jelly'. A diet o f royal jelly makes a oerfect female bee: but the workers, though female, are all under-developed. Nearly always, more than one quee cell is made, and either the first q hatch will go round and find the o queen cells and made a hole in the sting the occupant to death, or, in event of two hatching at once, a fig take place and the winner will sting her opponent to death. The workers take no part in these fights, merely disposing of the body of the vanquished The new virgin queen will make herself acauainted with the hive for a few davs. and she will then start to take a few ex-' pioratory ghts, varying from two or three minutes, and lengthening to 10 or 15 minutes. These enable the queen to establish the position o f the hive in relation t o surrounding objects. In about 10 days she be ready to mate; there no . reliable evidence to show how often she mates, but Butler (see bibliography), beieves that most queens mate with about five drones before laying any eggs. On her mating flight, the queen leaves the hive and i s followed by a stream of drones; the fastest flying drones mate with her and then die, since the act of mating tears out their genitaliea. The queen returns to the flight board o f the hive where she i s greet-

L s ize produces dones (males). In fact, the

ize of the cell determines the sex of the emergent bee. I f the queen puts her abdomen into a larger cell then the egg passes straight out o f her body unfertilized 2nd will produce a drone;whereas with the smaller cell, as the egg is squeezed Out i t i s fertilised with sperm and will produce a worker. I n winter, a brood area will be concentrated in the centre of a comb, and usually workers will be hatched from there. As the weather becomes warmer and the colony disperses to the edges o f combs, where drone ce!ls are usually situated, then

ti1 the following spring, because bees do y little work in the winter. A few hours ter hatching and frequently after this the new bee will solicit food from passing workers. This process, which involves the older worker in regurgitating brood food (a mixture o f nectar and pollen), also resuits in the exchange of queen substance, to assure the bees in the colony that the queen i s still there. The new bee will go on soliciting food and cleaning out cells, or re maining on the brood and helping to incubate it. After four days she will start t o help herself t o honey from the stores, and will also eat pollen which is stored in cells. The pollen will provide her with protein which helps develop the glands which secrete brood food, and it is at this stage that the worker will be involved in feedin young larvae. Gradually the pharynge glands which secrete the brood food become smaller, and the wax producin glands in the abdomen will have become more active. so the voune bee will beein comb building and repairing cells. ~ t a b o u this time she starts to make her first 'orien tation' flights. Colin Butler suggests that the reason why the bee leaves the hive at this time i s because she is stimulated to de facate, this is the first time that she will have done so. Bees never defacate inside the hive if they are healthy. He next task will be taking supplies of nectar and pollen from returning foragers and putting them into stores;at this time too she will be cleaning the hive of debris. Then when she has had enough orientation flights to know her way about she will start to forage for all the things the hive needs, nectar, pollen, water, propolis (a waxy substance like that found on sticky

and releases more poison into your bloodstream. If the sting remains in, then scrape it off with a knife or thumbnail. Usually there will be a swelling round the sting

ther plant, where, i f the plant is of the e species, i t will fertilize the plant. can often occur within one flower, plant strains become stronger and hier after cross-pollination. ectar consists o f water and sugar traces o f protein, salts, acids, enzyma n d aromatic substances. When bees ake honey from nectar they break down e sugars it contains into simple sugars, lucose and fructose; they do this by eans o f an enzyme, invertase. hen a foraging bee returns t o th he regurgitates the contents o y stomach, and it i s given to o e household bees who will go et part of the hive and 'proces consists of swallowing and reg g the honey over and over again ater is removed from the nectar by evaporation in the warm atmosphere of the ive. When the honey i s ready it is placed a storage cell and a full cell i s capped r with wax. Honey which has not been e is designed so that i f she nance while foraging she can art o f the stomach and release so r into her own system. the hive lacks sub tar - pollen for instance - an bee will feel a craving for this substa will be attracted by the dances of polforagers, and will go an fetch pollen. he i n turn comes back and performs a l e n dance she will recruit oollen foraethe substance has

most often at the edges will be filled with r becomes warmer and e bees start to move outwards from the ght cluster they occupy i n winter at the centre of the brood area. The queen then has more room t o move out and lav drone eggs, *hich .lie unteri:li?c-o,'in<] pt'd~ce male bees.

or i n back gardens. There is usually ample food available from parks and gardens in towns, and town bees suffer less than country bees from crop spraying. They require little attention: none at ail in winter, and even in summer all that is usually required i s a weekly or fortnightly check to see that all i s well in the hive. Certain precautions should be taken against bee stings: they dislike the smells of oers~iration,tobacco. dlcdhol, and and the) do not ' like dark colours or sudden movements.

at once. This is most unusual, though, after beekeeping for a while almost co plete immunity is obtained. I have know a beekeeper of many years standing wh was stune about the face bv, a crowd o f angry oecs after their hive was moved, and he did not feel their stinas or habe the

UNDERCURRENTS 11

They are gentle, prolific, and have a high resistance to disease. Site An orchard is ideal, but anywhere, preferably shaded, will do. The hive entrance should face away from paths and roads, as bees tend to fly in a straight line out and in. ( I f the bees have a fence placed a few yards away, they will rise above it. This raises their flight path and they do not fly down again straight away.) Don't put bees in a field with other animals: the hives will be overturned, and the animals stung. In towns, bees may be kept in attics (withaccess to outside), and on rooftops.

Hives

ge the bees t o set up

is importantto make all th standard dimensions given the hive. Probably the best and simplesi hive to use for beekeeping in Britain is the National (see pamphlet). An additional piece of useful equipment is a 'queen ex-

ables you to confine the queen t o the lower chamber of the hive (the brood chamber), so that the upper part o f the hive (the 'super') contains only honey and no brood. Then, when the time comes to remove the surplus honey in the top of the

dation. This consists o f sheets of wax im-

A bee consumes about ten units of y to produce one unit of wax, and ling o f wax by providing foundation, returning empty frames to the hive to increase the honey harvest.

ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT

smoker

as little disturbance as possibl smoker to puff into the hive t times at the entrance. Slo roof, remove the feeder more smoke over the fr out and e'< imine the

ESENT economic climate to ~- hearing of firms folding businessescrashing. ~~t ifs not the that's behind the prob. conomjc recession lems that seem to be underming BRAD'S brave effort t o investisate and demonstrate e feasibility o f alternative small scale hnology and alternative life styles. The unders, Robin and Janine Clarke left .~

communities and many o f the radical collectives and communes of the past few years - lacked this strong central authoritarian control and fell apart. Their cammitment t o political projects and programmes seemed insufficient t o shield them from internal psychological stresses, doctrinal disputes and the effects of environmental pressures. It i s possible to

existing communities, jobs and so on After all, BRAD and ssmilar groups are often made up o f middle class individuals who can cash in their middle class credentials, mortgages and so on, and fund their experiments. They can also reenter convcntional jobs i f they fail. It's all part of the current inequality in 'life chances'. B for most other people, the options are

But can state-run schemes or funds be nd? Or were they inseparable? hem to support and develop an alternative ociety? Would more self-re4iant developnts be more appropriate? Or, alternat-

need, clothing, housing, implements, etc. right there in their own little vil

socio-economic relations in the wider soc-

independent developments within or at least on the fringes of the existing society can enable people to move towards alter-

ive Technology: both act as motivating 'utopias', thus aiding and stimulating the transitionand also help sort out some o f the practical prob-

to the transition to a more socially vironmentally appropriate society,

LNUERCURRENTS 1 1 !

cvervwhcri.': free schools -ind hous:!~?. sociations, food and era icycles, squats and wor These counter-culture de hin the 'underground' ca bryonic formulations of ety. A t the same time, curing within the mainst such as flexible worki hment, creches and chi1 ties, community land grants, grants for small scale industries, a whole range of welfare and education orovisions. To varv in^ degrees these might enable people t o exocriment with different 'work' and 'Ieisure' patterns and to vary their lifestyles. Hopeful people exploring alternatives within the system in this way might be able to make use of the experience of those on the fringe, the 'underground' n thus act as a source o f ideas and altertiyes. But there is a danger with this meal approach, based as it i s on rewithin, and the support of, the sys- i t is the danger of co-option. i s perhaps dangerous to rely too h on the benevolence o f capitalism, even in i t s social-democratic/liberal guise. These new developmentsare only introduced in order to head o f f conflict - as sops. The paternalistic system can, i f it finds that such freedoms are being 'abused' or that they no longer serve i t s purpose, ~

.,.~

~~~~r

1880's but part o f the and Settlement Asociations scheme established in the -... 1930's in Britain, as one 'solution' to the recess:on. Other idedi included work camps ~ e up t i)y the government t u retrain workers in new skills, and massive relocation schemes. Since we are again faced with recession fand an environmental crisis) it is uorth IouKing more closely at these uh.it dre the imol~calionsof idea\ tn ~~~~~

Act attendance at thebe instrucliotidl Government training centres had been set I p in 1925, providing courses of six moncamps could be made com~ulsorvfor oersons ibho came under the ~nemployment duration in bricklaying, carpen tering, painting, wood machinin Assistance Boaru. i f the Government so desired. inet-making, upholstering, Frenc ng and so on. But they were insu The basic motiva t to deal with the flood of unskill mav have been ohilan on the class-ridden notionthat workers rkers that were thrown out of wo would be happy to have some work, what ing the recession. The Ministry ever it was, and at whatever pay. It was 's Instructional Centre, the first o f also a cheap way to get 'public works' don which opened in 1929, were geared to As the Royal Commissi training the less-skilled worker. Labour Exchange managers .pressed the unempIo~- ment said in 1932: "It is hardly possible to avoid the quesed to voiunteer as trainees on twelvetion as to whether, by the organisation week sessions. Most of the camps were in of some form of public work, use coulc remote districts and they were usually resnot be made of this great reserve of validential, men being housed in barrack-like uable labour, and the workers have the huts. A married man with adult dependsatisfaction of giving some return for ents received four shillings per week plus the money expended on their main tenthe dependent's benefit; asingle man just ance. . . . In Germany. . some co 4s. While at the camp he would cease to siderable success has been achieved draw labour exchange benefits, the rest this respect, and we believe that so of his benefit being claimed to cover the thing of the sort is s cost of maintenance at the camp. The this coun try." work was usually forest-clearing, roadmakThe economic advantages ing, drainage, timbering, excavating, quarwould cost Â£ million to pay rying and levelling. Although some efforts work at trade union rates usm were also made at providing rudimentary for twelve months whereas training in carpentry, boot-repairing and so on, the emphasis was heavily on out". to pay unemployment bene the same number of men for the sam door heavy manual work. It is not surprisperiod would cost only about ing that the centres came t o be called 'slave camps' and earned the hostility of the Â£240,000"

SUNDERLAND LADS AT W O R K : OVERSEEH ON 1 l G l i ' r

labour movement. The conditions were atrocio~s man\ trainees lelt and there sere numerous demonitrations strikes and walkouts. The trainees often had to work in bad weather, the food was poor, the living acromodation was bad. visits home or 10 local towns were limited, the clothe, dnd beds provided were lous), medical aid minimal (many men not used to

By 1935, something like 7,000 men were involved on J vuluntdry oasis, and aithough the Comrnisiiun had recornmended that this was the best they also remarked that the ' . . saw no objection the application of compulsion if opporfunitiesexist for the provision of O C C U ~

workers permanen

the Land Settlement Association, uting Â£75,00 for three years on is of Â£ for every Â£ raised by pub-

wanted to eat. The message for us today is that we should realise, when thinking our way towards decentralised self-sufficiency, that it will be hard to make such a system work at the macro-socio-economic level if we do not, at the same time, consider radical restructuring the entire economic system Without this more radical change, we1 meaning philanthropy can lead to (or a disguise for) incipient fascism and a turn to authoritarian feudalism. Iffoo shortages and unemployment are once

'leisure*. Some more ambitious groups trying to obtain government aid to pu chase land so that they can set up community-controlled small scale indu tries, co-ops and so on - the Liverpool Dockland Action group is one example The recent Community Land Bill make

f control can be shifted

we can at least use such schemes to

transitional developments over which the people concerned can have more direct control. It may k foolish to rely on the state, in any way, as those ly seeking aid from the sta set up workers co-operativ found. But i t may be poss locus of control to some e

as regards to land and agr ly come about through radi s in the wholeof society.

than is possible now. But this has to be

RefeEnms:

also The Problem of Distressed

ow ever,

the publication of a new book on the subject of ley lines and their attendant manifestations seemed a good enough place t o begin our quest, and so the pid Undercurrents Freak Science 'Research Team', consisting of Chris Huttonire, his ally Rex Holman and Richard Elen,made the long trek up t o the county of the eveland (Durham) - Hartlepool, t o be precise - t o visit Paul Screeton, y Hunter and author of the new book Quicksilver Her;Ă&#x201A;ÂĽ@@

YSTE E

t o be done; for instance, Michell, in The Flying Saucer Vision makes the comment that there are no experts on'flying saucers You cOuldalmOsta~ply the same thing ley hunting. No-one has yet come up with an all-embracing theory which will fit all the various. . threads toaether. And whilst " we can't do that, a certai people are going t o take its a 'crank cult'. The one rea y goo thing about i t is that, unlike flying sa dom, leys have not, so far a t least, brou in the religious cultists. Richard Like the Aetherius societ Chris: This question of the scepti of the Undercurrents group have ed how they have looked at maps levs and have failed. It strikes me t

he said "It's Scorplo round here. If you vicar showed us the points of interest He

some o f the vicars who retire t o these

the curvature of the Earth but you do it that way, it's notexact is one aspect where a good equaii

b a t they linkedsacredsites isa statement that ffTs is where we should really he l o o k

Hunter, says that from his researches suite a number of stone circles seem to

draw a line, say through Delhi, Cairo etcetera, ana sav "They're all wlioions

UNDERCURRENTS 1 1 have the ability to do i t accurately. Chris: This areurnen[ aboui cbrc aturi' has " been presented t o me on several separate occasions, though without any exact knowledge as to how it works out, in terms of yards on the ground. What is your standard of accuracy? Paul. The auestion of standards Of accuracy i s a very difficult one, because, of course. the Ordnance Survey itself is not articularly accurate. When you go from a hch to a different scale, you will find rences. You lust can't make maps tally accurate. This is one of the annoythings. A criticcan easily say "Itdoes o n one map, but something else on ther, and thatproves you're wrong.'' roves that the OS can be wrong. I t Idalsoprove that we're wrong. To find solute accuracy in this sort of thing is rhaos imoossi'ble Not that I'm being ultra-critical of the - far from i t I would hate t o have t rvey t o that degree of accuracy. Some e mightask exactly how of particularly psychic, bu a feel for it Certain peop lent a t dowsing can tell th the power is moving. I f y

seem to be associated with them. This is h r I'm reallv interested in. But there is also this very definite, physical manifestatson that doesnotseem t o haveanything to do with the type of rock. I f it was just the stone i ~ e l f ,you mightexpect the effect atany time of the day But you don't I've checked this. I'm sure this is not subjective. U i c h i ~ i lYou xi.'! the i ~ m cfce,,ni: if m u put your hand into an Orgone accumulator Paul: I think it's gota lot to do with these sorts of energy: orgone, Odic force, Prana, and so o n , ,, Richard- What Reich called the 'Life Force' Chris: But you're talking about several different forces; I would expect there only to be one or two - I don't accept that there-are so many. You're multiplying concepts beyond all reason. I can't believe the

fact that people see. for instance, elementals., that I have seen w e sliohtlv - . blurred. and Richard'sseen one very clearly, and' probably more psychic than me Richard. You're definitely psyc the way.. . Paul What makes you say Richard I lust feel that v , ~ n \ .DUI I'm a nil oi a i ~ - o , e c i ixien~; t i s t ihrn: dii! s . . . . Chris. He's really got no business writi for Undercurrents at all . . "you're Paul: I fsel thatprehistoric man wa some way, closer to this 'other dimen 1 think thatpeople who live in thecou try, rather than suburbia, are, equal1 nearer to what, for want o f a better we could call the 'essence' - I don't the word God. Prehistoric man, in h would have been farmore receptive such a power, and to understand i t 'ally since the Industrial Revolution we cannotso easily see through t o t h i s p o w certain people have got some kind of t into it, and are trying t o make n d o f way towards if and the 'safest' way into this. 'loonies' who become at rious occult sciences and

built an accum

t There's great reason t o feel a certain distrust o f the way the US Government

tromagnetic aspect could be measure Then we could definitely get some kin ologist a l w g who would say "1 seen

we not trust our other senses

is felt by one of the hic, also: so many stra d o n g leys which don't

strictly, butequally, when you come t o a 'pseudo-science', (if you darecall i t that) likepsychometry, it'samazing the numher of different revelations somebody will come out with who goes to Stonehenge - about who builtit, w h a t i t was used for. andso on. I must sav that the bits ofpsychometry I d i d forthe book were probably subjective as well. Chris: T. C. Lethbridge satisfied himself that psychometry was subjective. Sometimes he had the distinct ideas the psychometric readings were being plucked out of his mind. . . Paul: Strangely enough, Lethbri liked the !&a of leys . . . Chris: Perhaps he thought it was ical?

scientists, they don't mind being proved wrong now and again. Even with someone like Velikovsky, it's only the straight

We finally left in the early crept Southward. The homeward sion returned to more normal the strategies for the abolition o f nuc

people on our side o f the fence just say "well, I think he'sgot his time scales wrong", or whatever; we don't seem to suffer what is reality? suffer from so many "scientists of unreason" as straight science does. Someone should write something about narrowThorsons Publishers L. minded scientists; call it something like "Scientists in Collision". . .

Flying Saucer

Vision hb

eld. OldStones of Land's End is a iption of the leys connecting the o standing stones in that area. It also c tains a long essay setting out MicheU

Ghost andGhoul

Ă&#x201A;ÂŁ1.5

h deserves to be better known. I that Routledge have not seen fit to

different theories. Bu astronaut theory, whi I'd hate t o be on a pla

say "60072 Sunstar", and it would be. And I got this off to a fine art, in the end.

Warminster Mystery and the more philosophical UFOs and the New Age. Again,

Pretty good going. I just don't know how

nonpl t

the discussion becam

pb). A detailed description of the Glastonbury Zodiac. 6 . The Lev Hunter. Edited and published by

Boscawen Circle

Colin Bord's book Mys nes an area 100 metres

oes give eight-figure grid references I the stones and crosses he describe hese define an area 10 metres squa

41.18

tiering can be hard, soul-destro k, particularly i f you are work r own, digging, preparing, and iterally tons of soil to form a re feet of walling. Good rammi oi s, though, contain a fairly high percenge of pebbles, which makes them virtualimpossible to press machine made blocks from. Rammed earth, however, i s n ideal solution where a large number o f ople with a small amount o f expertise out to quickly erect a good quality, ost dwelling - maybe as a comain advantage to the owner buildsing earth blocks is that the work ead over a lone oeriod of time handlein block form and there are not the same restrictions on the building's shape which the use o f shuttering for rammed earth walls presents The blocks are allowed to dry and cure before they are built into a wall, which reduces shrinkage cracking to a minimum. Good rammed earth can only be built with a limited range of sandy soils, but there are few clayey soils than cannot be used in puddled form - that is, mixed with a sufficient quantity of water (16 20%) to distribute particles uniformly throughout the material, creating a homogenous mass of graded particles.

Puddled earth block buildings were s

in some farm buildings after that. Clay Lump was probably the best of the traditional Earth Wall techniques in Britain. Generally, these were puddled monolithic techniques, the best known being Devonian Cob and Wiltshire Chalk Mud

0 ABOVE In Undercurrents 8, Colin Taylor described how some traditional tech for building with rammed subsoil are now being revived. He now describes a m modern variation of these techniques, which involves compressing the earth into individual blocks, rather than ramming it between shutters to make a monolithi London Brick Compa squeezing-their-own . .

. .

shape of the moulds in the machine, it is possible t o produce a wide range of soill cement materials - . such as 'U' shaped

en, 43 to 44% water, and 1 - 2% sifyingagent; the water i s released

compressive streng can be anything up inimum required to der Building Regula

'red for a day or two, keeping the moist. Soil lime blocks should be moist for at least seven days, (14

the required moisture content. The ks are cured i n the same way as soill ther solutions such as resins, waste ucts (sump oil, mollasses, latex) and

All earth walls, including block wails,

in cavity form, so increasing their insulation and retaining the properties o f heavy mass and thermal storage. Earth has many unique qualities and an Colin Tavlor

Cytryns, S. - So// Construction. Hous ion, Ministry of Labour, Israel, Weizmann Science Press of Israel, 1957. cription of the properties of certain soils. Ransom W. H. - So// Stabilization - a Review of Principles and Practice 1963, Tropical Building Studies No. 5. Department of Science and Industrial Research, Building REsearch Station. H.M.S.O. London.

OF S O i l Mi 110 REPLACED

continued from page 14 cr i s not often available in Britain under the right conditions, but when honey i s obtamed from heather i t has a particular jelly-like consistency and is very difficult to extract, but it i s the most nutritious honey available. The surplus for the year i, generally all stored h} the end of July, or beginning of August, so in an ordinary this i s the best time to remove honey. bees should be allowed to keep any e they may gather. ractor i s an expensive item an r reason why i t i s a good idea eping Society, because thin usudlly kept in common and de available to members who need hem. The frames are fitted into the extracor and whirled round verv fast so that the

stocks frequently, particularly to practice their own favourite form of swarm prevention, while others believe that the minimum amount of interference with the natural functions o f the colonv is best. Thus, at the two extremes, there are those beekeeoers who ooen their hives once a week during spring and summer, and those who do so onlv three or iour times a vear. Most books on beekeeping are written by the first sort of beekeeper as they tend t o be fanatical about bees. The second sort, naturally, have very much less to say. Those operations which are generally condered to be essential are; cleaning of the ;addition of queen exextra chambers for honey storood rearing in May/june/july; al o f surplus honey July/August.

Sylvia Lee

Lindauer, M. Communication among social bees. Harvard U.P. 1961 Ă&#x201A;ÂŁ3.30 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES &FOOD PAMPHLETS

Advice to inrending beekeeper Advisory leaflet no. 283. Revised

Bees farfruit pollination Advisory leaflet 328. Revis

Beeswax from the apiary. Advisory leaflet no. 347. 1959.

The British National Hive. Advisory leaflet no. 367. 1961. (Thisgiv ensions for making hive).

Feeding bees. Advisory leaflet 4 1 2 . 1 9 6 3 .

8tigmtciy beekeepins Advisory leaflet 344. 1950

The pollination of apples and pea Advisory leaflet 377. Revised 1971.

c o u n t r y , a p p e a r s t o have

on wind noc:cr, by a d e s c r i p t i o n s i & n and how perforiuinc; s o f a r . t i s s u e , ~0'11 hrve roLress r e p o r t ,

r twice as much wind power at e of year when it is most needed.

r, so the velocity-duration curve ven value of the mean annual wi can be drawn fairly accurately. ty-duration curve shows the flu

t e a t low wind speeds and have a top

their power uulput is proportional to the sauarc of the aiamrier of the 'propeller' (blades'. In other words, double the size of the propeller, and the power output ill increase b y a factor of four.

el. We used 2 inch mild steel

tower vertical. Control Mechanisms

540

1360

2660

46W

3 6

40 75

150

8 18

11 24

120 230

160 310

200 390

UNDERCURRENTS 11

CURE FOR METHAN This basic approach has METHANE WAS ONCE the great brown been exploited by Bio Gas hope of the Alternative Technology movePlant of Midhurst in Sussex6?who thi ment a member of the revered holy trin. Spring announced two intriguing new i t y of Sun, Wind and Shit whose "natural, endless, free" pow rm ester designs. The company's latest SY IIand System Ill digesters are the first a l l our lives. small-to-medium scale products of their type which have been produced, as far as

e w'll be installing one of his ional Centre for the D native Technology at : he describes himself as an alternative technologi tone thing I'm sceptical f the capital recove s. These are h a d of thibasic system and do not include cost of various accessories which would probably be essential i n most circumsta for instance, an accessory cabinet (Ă&#x201A;ÂŁ19.5 the tank heater

and fertiliser from the dung

e, and then connect up your

r. But slowly, gradually, lessnews began to filter through. blow when Harold Bate, idol of

Farmers' "~co-House"in So though it did turn out some er, stubbornly refused to gen

could be the most important output of

One o f Mitchell's sue self digester designed along (maybe he can be persuade

UNDERCURRENTS 11 'Self-sufficiency', that meretricious con-

cept/tendency/archetype/sloganmade rich

systems, and this can be even more expensive than doing it conventionally. But what is this gap? There's the rub. High autonomy and high demand, i.e.

cchnology and lifestyles. Its Leeflang, is the editor of De

ces of s u p ~ l vsuch as water, sewerage, .. . elecr : c i t \ , gds, fuels, dnd fooa; 0i course, i t ' s not that CJIY or A C would dl1 habe done it

ably owing to the assumptions of, and con-

struction tend to be rough and ready

Architecthead of Cambridee Universitv's , ure ~ e ~ a r ~ m e n t i s t"enthusiasts" ~les im~o\erishedarchitecture students. soar-

struction. and much is reauired in ma ance. In consequence, wch dwellings lend to b e c u l t u r a l l ~undccfotable l o the Dersui

, UNDERCURRENTS 11

d as it exists now. What are the most

The solar collector. An array of 20 one m$tr" square panel radiators, connected in parallel. This photograph shows the construction before blacking and glazing.

pipe later to be housed in a brick

king: 415 litreslday via sand f i t sh1Shower: water direct from header, wast : water hand-pumped from waste-w room, with external outlet. emperature: 1

8 day, ~

waste water tank. ter tank under bathroom

lS0cnit1".

to house via insulated buried pipes.

Concrete foundation 18cm thick? chamber a double cyli

Plasticised canvas inflatable, capacity 4

bears wind generator and solar still. (photo: John Donati

ost people believe they haven't. Selfaintenance also reduces costs, because

It is interesting to compare the house with others. On the "enthusiast" side,

posal and food. It was often erratic in performance, and cost about Ă&#x201A;ÂŁ500,; head. On

RESS. Some late news from oved into the house on Sunday 2nd of ch dnd had some friends round to help The next day the Boxtel Fire Brigade filled the basement with 15 cubic meters of water, while national TV

making some special flanges to fix this, and meanwhile we have to wait for the insulation to dry out. In February we did some measurements on the solar collector on sunny days and i t reached temperatures o f 37 C The windmill has been oueratine auite satisfac-

arc wailing for hctter weather before we

n z on outside temnorriturc- whirh

N O EXPANSI 0 N

What I Think When I Med Well. I could tell vou that I rout vou but vou wouldn't iindersra You'dunderstand but I can't. I me this here guitar is gone bust 1hate to sit crosslegged

WHAT I think about when I med If only two per cent of the people of the world w tation, " says the Maharishi, " all our problems cou is easv t o be cynical about such extravagant clai ays be justified rol, Psychocybernetics, Arica Open Path ost accounts of T and similar techniques are written either by enthusiastic converts or by jaded sceptics. So it is hard to set a balanced view of what is being offered. M y own opinion is that the Buddhists are right: the claims made for a particular course or method or guru should not be taken too seriously. I n particular, guru hunting is a waste of time. I t i s born out of laziness and conceit and leads only to disappointment and disillusion. Everything depends on yourself and little or nothing on the method you choose. I t i, no more than ' A finger oointine to the Moon'and only a fool confuses the two. u t here, nevertheless; are a couple of personal descriptions of two methods on ondon today. The first relates my own experience of Maxwell Cade's -Cybernetics' classes at the Franklin School o f Contemporary Studies. I n the Richard Elen describes the 'Silva Mind Control' course he took recently. r the Moon, you have to find that for yourself. "Work out your own salvation, gence", as the Buddha put it. Chris Hutton-Squire

I remember it well the empty heads the fire like dancing hairs and goo

them without delay8'*.

keting himself) which measure the waves directly and produce an audi signal when the student is in 'alpha 'theta'. These devices - mechanised

ctice so the main work o f each ses-

t do them. To help, Cade has ano

anscendental Meditation. ~.~ S t , London SW2 0 1 . 2403103. Ă&#x201A;ÂŁ25 (Soecial rates for cwules. oensioners and ~

}ou cdn learn to r i s e or ovver vour bluud !emoeral~rea1 t o u r exlremi1;es 31 will.

Maxwell Cade

into a bucket o f ice or o f boi r. Many people have poor veri ulation, so they teelthe cold a

Either way, it's overprice function better in the w

f people have benefited from practising M. What I obiect to is the crude and inere way in which i t i s marketed by Mr

an's hype that is an insult to one's c intelligence. But not Cade. The troubl as, however, that he had too much to

or hardnosed sce

alifornia that it never occurs to the hat a more straightforward, not to nderstated, approach might be mor

RCURRENTS 7 1

THAT WE TRAI

. explains various levels of consciousness

ally, but all the time, and absolutely. I a i d ten cases that day and each one was 00%. As far as I know, wo were nearly everyone else's. Not only did I get irnpressions of the various illnesses, but accurate

Finally, we undertook a short mental , in the form of a guided mediation,

I leave you t o your beliefs. o t you accept the existence o

'UNDERCURRENTS 11

Cellulose fermentation in the rumen

snatch the odd mouthful of washing ng out to dry, and will also sometimes paper and similar substandes, but none

organism and host ensures rients to both but it is as well to that digestion within the rumen i

you have had them castrated. So d until the Springgrasi

barley straw, or dried bracken. Wheat aw isn't much use and green bracken oxic effects, having been known to blindness in sheep.

once it's down it stays how much it cost you. Housed goats need

are two or three weeks old Not that the

cur, and more rarely three or more kids re born. Birth weight varies with the breed and other factors, but our records an average o f 7 - 8 Ibs. ds are born with eyes open and are eir feet almost at once looking For a o suck. For the first few days after' ding the udder will supply colostrum. i s will provide the kid with many o f the antibodies i t needs to survive in a world filled with micro-organisms. After a short ace o f time the kid becomes incapable absorbing these essential antibodies, so to make sure i t gets a decn k within twenty minutes o f birth, esn't make the attempt itself. Colis also a fairly laxative food and kid's bowels moving. on t be surprised a t any dark looking aeces which appear, these are the contents f the bowels which were ingested via the The dam usually makes an effort to lick kids dry, not because she wants them but because she will seek to replace e of the manv oints o f bodv fluids lost

wind. Kids are enjoyable to rear by hand, if you have the time. If you don't hand rear, your milking goat wilt not provide you with the milk you want, as supply will keep pace with the demands of the kid. After about six months she is likely to start t o dry UD if the kid runs with her. Additional lactors drc involveu here for, f tnc k d stays on the ddm, it will very i k e k be a, near A w l d dnima. a, vou could find. This is not t o say that'it would not be just as good as a hand reared kid, but you'll never get near it. For the first t w o weeks kids will need five bottles a day, starting with 8 oz feeds and working up to 1 pint. After that the feeds can be adjusted to four per day for a week or so, and then down to three a day. By this time they should be on 1 A

i s everv 21 davs. but this can varv, a da-, two either side. o n e of our goats cycles ad 19 days, and seems none the worse for it. A slight discharge o f clear mucus, a briskly wagging tail and sometimes a l o t of calling will tell you soon enough when your 1 goatling is in season. Bear in mind that 150 days, and work out when you want he to kid. .Then take her off to a suitable ma1 goat for mating. During pregnancy she will need normal feeding for the first three months and an increased diet for the last eisht weeks. A high level of feeding throughout the preg-' nancy can lead to kids which are simply TOO big to he norn with ease, dnd a h:gh mneral diet cdn lc;id to kids whose bones arc- to0 brittle at birth. Kids ^row berv slowly in the first twe b e weeks of prig. nani.) anu ther fooa requirements tire

ts milk and the child was unable to

and the names and addresses of loc

the soft cheeses the easie e same pint of milk from a cow has been

members you will get a fair idea o f goatkeeping will demand o f you. It's be ter than jumping in at the deep e

T HELPS t o have a picture, or ocial change i n your mind whe to change society. Most radical e a simple model of social chang uallv seen as oolitical change - w

versus Left model as used by those with radical views (1.e. Right and Left radicals). Those with so calledmoderate views the conservatives (small c) of all central parties - sometimes use a cunning vanation of figure 1 (a) in which the ends are bent back to form a circle. This allows em to deduce that 'extremists' (radicals) Left and Right are 'as bad as each ow these models have no sense o f socolution, o f real peoples actively maked, they give one the s as some kind of game of those who use them, at just about sums i t up. A social model which takes account of evolution shown In Its simplest form at figure 1 (b). (Note that in this case there is no such thing as a Right wing radical: any political force moving against the wheel of history i s reactionary by definition.) This type of thinking has been accompanied by great advances in social understanding, and

an unstable condition. (This s be confused with the conflicts betwe lone individuals, groups and species, competition may be stable in an over-all coiogical sense). Thus the greater part o he triangle contained by the three exemes is uninhabitable (indicated by the otted lines). All real social groups must e close to the line between hierarchy an ommunity. This i s observed to be the

expose' the image with other ideas allowing some kind of social organisation), this concept i s highly damaging to the growth of understanding which might guide constructive action for change. I will

icai force on the stage o f history -

u t with the growth of human civihsa ,especially in the modern era, very im tant changes have been taking place ir man nature and human society - the o are dialectically related to each othei ourse. It is as though there were two t human societies completely inte with each other; not just consistii people and those, but often cowithin the same individual. A t the psychological level, part o f the change has been the gradual triumph of rational over instinctive patterns of thought. With the older thinking, another human beine would be classified as either friend or foe. With the emergence of 'rational man' it becomes oossible to think o dnothcr humdn bring as an ob'ecl who5e needs cdn be used as 3 means to one's ow

ified t o take account of these va o interpret historical change as a process, but the early confidenc Partly in response to the spectacle o f apitalist' and 'socialist' states with unpleasant features, partly as a sy

independent of instinctive (or subjective) attitudes. Those concerned can have relations of friendship, enmity, indifference or not even know each othe

which are fairly stable. The tion has begun. Whereas in figure 2(a), societies. as figure 2(b). It is not onlv the

nds of development, are also

s struggle. This in turn explains a numr of situations which have been observed

er Russian 'socialism 's greater unorthodox greater interest to us are t ing the one we suffer fro ave matured to the point whe

much conservative ideology.) We can now return to another subject ive muth which i s just as ridiculous as th one above, though this is not obvious at first. The libertarian model shown at figure 1(c) holds up the liberated individ ual, the free human being, as i t s target: a social bonds are seen as oppressive. But

combination of them. But it has convincingly demonstrated that in man is man the 'animal'. Compare such an animal, even ape colonies

towards alienation th

the obvious remark

so the objective purpose o f these radicals' moves through alienated anarchy to socizl hy and beyond (figure 3(b)). aving said all that, we can now define clarity our own social purpose: we

condition of the other.

tension with each other. When an inual, religious or political group, or e society, loses i t s faith in its own ness, disintegration is on the cards. need to prove we are right almost like e need bread. So we often create some

one-dimensional methods of

o f the rational o

greatest: all make their contribu re vital still is the victory of qu quantity. The comparison of,

d ceased: an unreal

ents o f manipulation and c en in defence o f the culture

will be received sympathetically. As a

also reasonable to suppose

summed up in

The new society of Anarres devel

in this framework. We see Anarresti iety through the eyes of the physici Sherek, his friends and acquaintances. The novel is the story of Sherek's strivi to live out his Odonian anarchist princi les, and his development of a new kind I t i s also the story of how his co .physics. . sc;ousnes\ as a member of that society leads him to an unpopular course o f action, which he take-, oreciselv because he feels responsibility. [he realisedl that he was in fact a revolutionary: but he felt profoundly that he was such bv virtue of his uobrinaina and education as an Odonian and aAnarresti. He could not rebel again society, because his society, proper1 ceived, was a revolution a perma one, an ongoing process. To reasse validity and strength. . one need act, without fear of punishment an out hope of reward: act from the

before the action of the

from Nowhere. This anarchist socUrras a full load

characters are real. Sherek i s a product the ideology of his world and we s world and Urras through his eyes. most important part of Anarresti s i s the way people relate to one anoth and the possibilities opened up by th social organisation. The most reviled of behaviour are those summed up derogatory terms 'propertarian' an 'profiteer', together with the accus 'you're egoising!' The artificial ianguag Pravic, together with the education of Anarres, leads to a practice in which

UNDERCURRENTS 11

...the derogatory terms 'Propertarian' and 'Profiteer', together with the accusation: 'You're egoising' ,"

rson will say "the room I am using" ther than "my room". Every person on Anarres has a different e or six-lettered name, with no sex distinction implied. The roots of sexual oppression and repression have been removed. The language helps:

with an established physicist: "Sabul hadceased to be a func ingphysicist yearsago;his high reputa ion was built on expropriations from other minds. Sherek was to do th andSabu1 would take the credit . So they had bargained, Sabul and he, bargain-

akes a speech which expresses the feelg deep within him of the human possib. lities realisable in the society he corn from, and o f the qualities needed to hieve such a societv: ' I f it is Anarres want, if it is the future you seek, then I fell you that you must come to it with empty hands. Yoi You can cannot buy the Revolution. only be the Revolution. I t is in your spirit or it is nowhere. " The demonstration i s bloodily broken

notsomething

physics'. A syndicate is set up to icate with Urrasti physicists, and

action of the story firmly i n our world future. He says of his visit to Urras: ". I finished the work at last.

human solidarity, an d though I was very that by pursuing the am betraying the other. opertarians buy the truf

cratised socialist state, he is told why he was invited to A-lo: "Why do they bring you here from the

' . . there is nothing, no that we Anarresti need!.

Ursula Ie Guin shows us Urras from

y by the help of the Hainish

om another world. ve here a new Utopia, a new vie

a district laundry. ods distribu tory, a th , . No doors were loc ere were no disguises,

o f .~eoole. . . tolerated. who wande not forming part of any community. In Abennay Sherck ha, to compromise

they say, 'May you be reborn on Anarres!' At the anti-war demonstration, Sherek

othing. Nothing, Sherek. We forfeitchance for Anarres centuries aoo. - . I before i t ever came in to being." Gavin Browning ,

UNDERCURRENTS 11 ' T h e consumption o f c o m m o d i t i e s

has created a passive living dea

l i s t o f the membership o f the Situationis International he omits a biblio

g the Twentieth Century - The complete Work o f the Siiuationist ternational. Editedb y Christopher Free Fall Publications. 1974. 8%

May days o f Paris 1968. Situationism was the main tendency from which the March 22nd Movement descended - despite the situationists' walk-out at its refusal to expel known Stalinists. But, as happened IEW the writings of spectacle is with the other spontaneous movements of a spectacle of the writings. T o that time, May '68 was t o be the beginning se situationism, t o Present it as a of the end of the Situationist International. historical documents is to pass The next, and final, edition o f infemationites on theory which was, i n all ale situatimniste did not appear until Sepessence, located i n action. tember 1969 and was entitled 'Revue de The Situationist International a section francaise de 1'l.S.' This contained existed from 1958 to 1969. In total it their own analysis: nly ever had 70 members, and at any one "The dawn which in a single moment oint i n time considerably less, but the lights tip the whole ahape o f the new world fluence it exerted was fantastically greater - ^st was mhst we saw ihsn May in than its numbers would suggest. France. The red and black flags of workers' Situationism emerged from the Postdemocracy flew t o p t h e r i n Die wind. The Dada Lettrist movement, developing the axe is laid to the root o f the tree. A n d i f Lettrist critique of art into a total critique we, to howeversmallan extent, have emof society. Capitalism, either in its Western blazoned our name on the reawakening of form i t s statist Eastern form. has reducihic movement~,~~ it is n o t t o ~ r e c o w eam/ . or . ~~~. c-d life to d stale of conlplct~'voyeurism. single moment o f i t nor toattain anyparof commodities h.15 l h c cconsmp~~on ticular celebrity. Now we are sure of a satcreated a passive libinn death. "Young isfactory conclusion to all we have done: people everywhere have been allowed to the Sl will be superseded." ween love and a garbage disposAs selected works the most important re they have chosen the omission from Leaving the Twentieth Cenunit"(Gilles Ivain, Formry is an excerpt from On StudentPovCity, I.S. 1, 1958). erfy, One could also have expected an exrybody wants to breathe tract from Vaneigem's Revolution of breathe and a l o t of Every Day Life. These aside, it does very eop e say we be able to breathe later'. comnrehensmelv cover the drift of situat~ n d m o s t p e o p l edon't die because they 'Ă&#x192;ÂŁni theory and is excellently produced, are already dead." (Graffitti, Nanterre, A t 80p for 170 pages of historically-

1975) says that the S.I. lacke standing of tragedy. And the Caucus o f Labor Committees own inimitable understandin The loose and programless anarchist 'left cover' counterga

(New Solidarify, Aug. 28 and Septem 6, 1974). I f this last somewhat-dubious assert

s is that final magic moment in human history when we finally become what we are to

BLIC EPI 5. elass and iust the size vou The Last Whole Earth Ca%lag Random House (Penguin in UK), 448 pp, $5.00. Public Works, edited & compiled by Walter Szykitka, Links Books, 1024 pp, Ă&#x201A;ÂŁ5.00

n the glass. Pour a little molten lead into t h i s hole and the piece o f glass will drop out." (You knew that too, eh7 What's a smart Alec like you doing reading a magazine like this, anyway?) " 'We are as gods and might as well get But these official publications, by their goodat it' Yes." very nature, can onlv deal with the world THAT OUOTATION mav sound familiar. as itis, not as we would like it to be. For but it's not from the celebrated Last t h i s reason, sections like the one on TransWhole Earth Catalog, or from its new offport and Communication are disappointspring, the Whole Earth Epilog. It's from ing: there's a huge, 92 page chapter on car the introduction to Public Works, a masrepair which, apart from being far too long, sive new volume compiled and edited by carries detail to the point of triviality. And Walter Szykitka, whose 1024 pages recentthere's not a word about alternative energy Iv landed with a thud on this side o f the sources, low-energy transport, or the posAtlantic. sible use of decentralisation and telecomA better title for Public Works mieht have been The Whole Earth ~ncyclopaedia, munications to reduce our need for transport. for it reoresents an attempt to deal in Of course the sheer amount o f depth with the i.-ntire, enbrrnuL.5 range ol useful information in the book's subjects w h i ~ nthe Cataloo .ind Eoilo.~ 2 million-odd words make i t a work which have merely reviewed. he idea, sayseveryone should have access to. But the Stvkitka. was t o write "the ultimate how"straight" perspective o f the contents to book". units i t s effectiveness as an inspirational " I f vou were lost in the wilderness, and

ose, finally come crashing out of the Iderness, with flags flying, in yourselfade Land Rover with four wheel drive, a triumphant return to civilisation." It's not surprising that,as Szykitka readily admits, Public Works does not live up to so impossible a specification. Even to attempt to produce a Whole Earth Encyclopaedia , you'd need an Encyclopaedia Britfanica-sized budget, an army o f freakedout researchers, and ii very long time. Havng none of thcse, S ~ y k i t k ahas resorli'J to thr expedient o l assembling a large dmuunt of already-printed "how-to" materidl, mostly frum obscure Government oamoh cis. hence the "Public Works" title. ese cover with varying equacy many of the areas which our tative Whole Earth Encyclopaedia uld deal with. Some of the details in instance, that according t o a US Air ce manual on survival in the wilderness' n ounce of 12% rontenone will kill ry fish for half a mile down a stream

their unwillingness to spell out a coherent politca diid L'ult~idllfiinit'uurk into which their dazzling drrd) o i d c a j iind gadgets is supposed t o fit. The Whole Earth Catalog sent shivers uf delight down my spine when I cdnie across a copy muie thdn live )ears ago I n n God, ib i t that lonr?l. I was t~tillated. to the p o i n t o f orgasm, by the orosuect o f "access t o tools" [unfortunate metaphor, this), tools thdt could help create the uracticdl alternative sm-ietv which most o f us. until then, hdd iniuherrntly dre,inied about. It nab as i f Stewart Brand and his friends hdd taken Ruszak's Making o f a Counter Culture dnd turned i t intoa detailed recipe huuk. The Catalog was, to adapt the phrase of Buckminster hulk'r, its $odfather, an annotated Index l o the Operating MdnudI Ior Spaceship firth. No *under t sold a million cuoics. But, as with all titillation trips, the excitement of the Catalo~endedfor me when I began t o want the real thing. 1 wanted the Ooeratina Manual itself, not the Index not even an annotated one. I w ~ n t e d Whole Earth Encvclooaedia. not the Whole Earth catalog. More than that. I increasingly felt that

reallv trying, build an entirely new civilistion - a new economics, a new science, a new technology, a new morality, a new olitics, a new culture - without deration o f tactics, strategy, ultim goals, and not least,how to overco Now it's true that the new Who Epilog i s a little more explicit politically, but only a little. There's an article by Odu on Energy, an excellent guide to China am an equally-good section on Soft Technolo! But apart from being more thoroughly written and produced than the Catalog, and aoart from being. exoect., ",as vou'd , amazing value for money, the book sticks to basicaliv the same formula as its oredecessors. What the Eoiloo needs i s a clear. coherent, stirring introduction like ~ z ~ k i t k a ' s . Szvkitka believes that the "Movement" of 1968 (or thereabouts), which at the time seemed destined to sweep humanity irresisibly "across the threshold of human tran formation" failed because "the vision of a new social order was imperfectly develope it fell short of stimulating an amalgamatioi of causes that would have forced mental socialchange. . . . we simply need to go all taking the simplest o f princip es terhuman relationships - co-operation -

.. .

seated human need, a need which i s only no# cap-ibl~UIbeing fulfilled. Why now? Uecduse t e ~ t ~ i ~ o l ohds i ' \ tid&.in;ed to thi; necessary level ofsophistication; because communications can now allow everyone to couperdte e ~ s i l yand ; because if \\c don't make Utc.,pl.i work nou, it's obliviur tor us 3.1. "Yes, I believe this i s it", Szykitka concludes in a Ivrical final uaraeraoh., "that this is what we have allbeen waiting fur, thdt this i s that final 'mane' moment in human histor) when we finally become what we drc to becomf. Some ma', call i t ii revolution. But I believe rcvolutiuii i5 really the wrong word fur it, hcc.i~sewhat i s hdppening today naa never happened be f~)reand will never hd pen agam. And wncn i t is over. we wi I find ourselves on another, aiid higher, plane of existence, with effects more ~ r u f n u n dth,in tho-if growing out of the first glimmerings of intelligence in humans uncertain millenia ago. we will finally catch sight o f avision of our true potential. We will see that we are thc mo>t inipr!ndnt ~IcIerminantof our uun f ~ i u r tiind ' that u e can nccomc whatever we choose to become. We will see that the vast energies of our universe

.. .

ves no precise answers - or, more precisely, no answers at all.'

hint is yes. Complete break

nds on the division of iatrogenesis

" I t hasbeen eitablished," says Illich, "that one out of every five patiens ad-

Illich gives us nu prcci-ie answers or, more precisely, no answers at all. The

inc, and arc already convinced of the limits to industrid1 society, you will ledrn

UNDERCURRENTS 1 1

ich they would never for a

e faithful to this doctr i t is in terms of selfle

Schumacher. He m things right we nee

row created by peopl

re done on Saturdays

determined. The huma

side Europe in any case. 5 . That investment would laneuish. unhappy consequences for the jobs any workers. The reality is that, once ncouragement to concentrate capital eve opmenton the Continent which British membership o f the EEC has been found to generate i s eliminated, the level of investment in this country could wed start going ahead again. 6. That Britain i s i n such a bad shape in the economic sense that she cannot afford to leave the Common Market however impressive the other arguments

IN THE INTERESTS o f Truth, and t o redress the balance somewhat between the fat moneybags of Con O'Neill's 'Britain in Europe' campaign and the meagre resources o f the anti-Common Market groups, we are printing the following excerpt from renegade Financial Times columnist Gordon Tether's pamphlet The &eat Common Market Conspiracy, (published by the 'Get Britain Out' Group, 67 Upper Berkeley St., London W1H 7DH at 25s post free). it is obvious that the referendum is a farce, and that our rulers have n o more intention of allowing us t o quit the EEC than they have of letting us decide anyt else of importance. It's not often that Undercurrents shares a bed with even re gade Financial Times columnists and we know that many of the fellow the anti-Market side are every b i t as repulsive as their opponents. None think it wrong t o say 'a plague on both your houses'. This may be quite appro at an election (Don't Vote, It Only Encourages Them as Peace Mews puts it) b referendum i s something different. Our rulers have been trapped into holding it. ignore it is to play their game, the tired old game of rule by Parliament. expect the anti-Marketeers to win the day but a big N o vote will show our 'co for all men governing'. It will further weaken their already flimsy morale and stren then that of radical groups of all kinds. It would be a tragic error t o forgo such a

misrepresentations, exaggerations and sheer untruths so significant is that m

words o f ~ d m u n dBurke - that

come from staying i n the EEC, the most terrible fate will befall the British people if they should be "misguided" enough to elect to withdraw. Here are some examples of these fictions, along with the related facts. 1. That the official figures show that in the first year after Britain's entry into Europe, EEC investment in this country soared to some Ă&#x201A;ÂŁ2,00 million. The reality is that this jump entirely reflected borrowing by Britain from Continental banks to fin-

Britain was only a fraction of the move ment of similar finance in the opposite direction. 2. That virtually the whole of the rest

believing that only a yes vote

by i m t a n t l ~plunge the Country into its "worst economic Crisis ever". The reality

is that> as

is not

should always have the last say dies hard. But other very powerful factors are clear1 also at work. And while one hesitates t o use the word conspiracy, it is inescapabl that those who see themselves as havin

pro-Market propaganda excesses have the effect of generating unnecessary anxiety

good imitation o f one. What the British public has to

UNDERCURRENTS 1

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