Youth in Cyprus Aspirations, Lifestyles & Empowerment
CYPRUS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009
copyright Š 2009 !
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" " + + Q $ ! & " $ Q + " " S ! & T - " " S ! & T Q 9 ! & - " " ! & 7 ! & " $ " " U S - , + " ! & 7 - + " " T $ @ % " " " " " :ĂĐŽ ŝůůĞƌƐ ^ĞŶŝŽƌ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ DĂŶĂŐĞƌ ĐƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ dƌƵƐƚ
CONTENTS IN BRIEF
ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ
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&ŽƌĞǁŽƌĚ
/s
KǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ
y/
WƌĞĨĂĐĞ
ϭ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ KŶĞ
džĂŵŝŶŝŶŐ LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ,ƵŵĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ >ĞŶƐ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ dǁŽ
/ƚ͛Ɛ ůů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ &ĂŵŝůLJ
ϭϱ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ dŚƌĞĞ
LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
Ϯϵ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ &ŽƵƌ
LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ĂŶĚ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ
ϰϵ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ &ŝǀĞ
>ŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞƐ ŽĨ LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ͗ &ƌŽŵ >ĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ,ĞĂůƚŚ ,ĂďŝƚƐ
ϲϭ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ^ŝdž
^ŽĐŝĞƚĂů /ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝŽͲWŽůŝƟĐĂů WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ
ϴϱ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ^ĞǀĞŶ
ƫƚƵĚĞƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ LJƉƌƵƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ KƚŚĞƌ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ
ϭϬϳ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŝŐŚƚ
LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ LJƉƌƵƐ WƌŽďůĞŵ
ϭϮϳ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ EŝŶĞ
LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ĂƐ WĞĂĐĞ ƵŝůĚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŐĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŶŐĞ
ϭϱϳ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ dĞŶ
ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͗ ŵƉŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ
ϭϳϳ
ϱ
zŽƵƚŚ ŚĂƌƚĞƌ ĨŽƌ LJƉƌƵƐ
ϭϴϳ
ŶŶĞdž /
YƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞ DĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ
ϭϵϭ
ŶŶĞdž //
ĞŵŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ zŽƵƚŚ ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ^ƵƌǀĞLJ ;z ^ϭͿ ^ĂŵƉůĞ
ϭϵϲ
EŽƚĞƐ
ϭϵϴ
ŝďůŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
ϮϬϲ
CONTENTS
ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ
///
&ŽƌĞǁŽƌĚ
/s
KǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ
y/
WƌĞĨĂĐĞ ŚĂƉƚĞƌ KŶĞ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ dǁŽ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ dŚƌĞĞ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ &ŽƵƌ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ &ŝǀĞ
ϭ
džĂŵŝŶŝŶŐ LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ,ƵŵĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ >ĞŶƐ B @ D U $ $ * V ( U - * D D ' " % /ƚ͛Ɛ ůů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ &ĂŵŝůLJ D 8 $ ) 8 D , A " ) * 8 U $ D $ 8 LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ $ 8 % ' ' WX ' U - $ $ ' * B ' B ' B ' U $ Y * ' " $ ' U E Z , ZG , E ' G , E * * '( ' B U ' " D Z ! 9 , LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ĂŶĚ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ D ' $ E ) + D ' $ ) ' ' 8 D $ H U R R + % ' " ' >ŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞƐ ŽĨ LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ͗ &ƌŽŵ >ĞŝƐƵƌĞ ĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƚŽ ,ĞĂůƚŚ ,ĂďŝƚƐ E % D 8 $ $ - $ B " B D Y * + % ' B G ' * ( * ( % B $ B ( B-A[ - * V " - " B B E D
ϱ ϱ ϳ ϵ ϭϭ ϭϮ ϭϱ ϭϱ ϮϬ Ϯϭ Ϯϱ Ϯϵ Ϯϵ Ϯϵ ϯϬ ϯϭ ϯϯ ϯϰ ϯϳ ϯϵ ϰϰ ϰϲ ϰϵ ϰϵ ϱϬ ϱϭ ϱϮ ϱϱ ϱϴ ϲϭ ϲϭ ϲϯ ϲϱ ϲϵ ϲϵ ϳϮ ϳϮ ϳϯ ϳϲ ϳϳ ϳϴ ϴϬ ϴϭ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ^ŝdž
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ^ĞǀĞŶ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŝŐŚƚ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ EŝŶĞ
ŚĂƉƚĞƌ dĞŶ
^ŽĐŝĞƚĂů /ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝŽͲWŽůŝƟĐĂů WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ E * # D H G " * ) - D 8 ) D A V " % V " ) ) % 8 V " ) * $ - D * ƫƚƵĚĞƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ LJƉƌƵƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ KƚŚĞƌ ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ D - D , A " ' ) V " ) G A " # - # - U 8 \ \ - # - U E + 8 LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ LJƉƌƵƐ WƌŽďůĞŵ 8 $" D 8 ' * $ - - D 8 D G * D , A " @ % * D , G ) 8 * G " $" " H % " ! * $ % E * % D , A " * 8 " G ' " LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ ĂƐ WĞĂĐĞ ƵŝůĚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŐĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŚĂŶŐĞ D % D @ S T $ % D % ' " D ' D R + $ " - ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͗ ŵƉŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ D 8 ' ' E B * # - - # - D * H ' D 8
ϴϱ ϴϱ ϴϲ ϴϴ ϵϭ ϵϰ ϵϲ ϵϵ ϭϬϬ ϭϬϮ ϭϬϳ ϭϬϳ ϭϭϮ ϭϭϱ ϭϭϴ ϭϮϬ ϭϮϭ ϭϮϯ ϭϮϳ ϭϮϳ ϭϮϴ ϭϯϭ ϭϯϮ ϭϯϳ ϭϯϵ ϭϰϭ ϭϰϱ ϭϰϳ ϭϰϵ ϭϱϯ ϭϱϳ ϭϱϴ ϭϲϬ ϭϲϭ ϭϲϳ ϭϳϰ ϭϳϳ ϭϳϳ ϭϳϴ ϭϳϵ ϭϴϭ ϭϴϮ ϭϴϯ ϭϴϯ ϭϴϰ
zŽƵƚŚ ŚĂƌƚĞƌ ĨŽƌ LJƉƌƵƐ
ϭϴϳ
ŶŶĞdž /
YƵĂŶƟƚĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ YƵĂůŝƚĂƟǀĞ DĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJ
ϭϵϭ
ŶŶĞdž //
ĞŵŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ zŽƵƚŚ ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ^ƵƌǀĞLJ ;z ^ϭͿ ^ĂŵƉůĞ
ϭϵϲ
EŽƚĞƐ
ϭϵϴ
ŝďůŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ
ϮϬϲ
ŽdžĞƐ ( X XU B D ( X WU 8 8 ( 2 XU B % ( 4 XU R D A Y ( 4 WU D G $ ( 4 2U G $ ) U * $ '( ( 4 3U * ' " E F ( 4 4U B ' D ( 1 XU ; D ( 1 WU A E U D ( 1 2U ) U ( / XU ) + O Y ( . XU % + 4W X35 H - ( ( . WU ' D U - ( . 2U $ G ) U 9 * * ( . 3U % * > 6
ϳ ϭϬ ϰϯ ϲϮ ϲϳ ϲϴ ϴϭ ϴϮ ϴϲ ϵϬ ϵϭ ϭϮϯ ϭϱϵ ϭϲϲ ϭϳϭ ϭϳϯ
dĂďůĞƐ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
ϲ ϭϳ ϭϴ ϭϵ Ϯϭ ϯϭ ϯϰ ϯϱ ϯϳ ϯϴ ϰϬ ϰϰ ϰϰ ϰϱ ϱϭ ϱϮ ϱϯ ϱϯ ϱϰ ϱϰ ϱϲ ϲϯ ϲϲ ϳϰ ϳϱ ϳϲ ϳϵ ϴϬ ϴϳ ϴϴ ϵϮ ϵϰ ϵϰ ϵϱ ϵϱ ϵϲ ϵϴ
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
ϵϵ ϭϬϳ ϭϬϴ ϭϬϵ ϭϭϬ ϭϭϮ ϭϭϯ ϭϭϰ ϭϭϲ ϭϭϳ ϭϭϴ ϭϭϵ ϭϮϬ ϭϮϭ ϭϮϮ ϭϮϵ ϭϮϵ ϭϯϬ ϭϯϭ ϭϯϯ ϭϯϱ ϭϯϴ ϭϰϭ ϭϰϮ ϭϰϯ ϭϰϲ ϭϰϳ ϭϰϵ ϭϱϬ ϭϱϭ ϭϱϯ ϭϱϵ ϭϲϬ ϭϲϮ ϭϲϰ ϭϲϳ ϭϲϵ ϭϲϵ
&ŝŐƵƌĞ 8 0 XU - $" %
ϭϯϰ
OVERVIEW
- $ @ ,ƵŵĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ZĞƉŽƌƚ
, - Q @ H +# $ + # $ @ ( " " " $ % #" zŽƵƚŚ ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ^ƵƌǀĞLJ :D *X< X 155 " W55/ ) W550 $ " Q U % - % " ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽŶ zŽƵƚŚ ĚǀŝƐŽƌLJ ŽĂƌĚ :D < W3
$ " $ B - ( :B -< 5 .X3 + % 2W X0W :W55.< B # " O
D ' " % - % @ # 7 " D + " ' " ( " " # $ " R " + + "
D U % " Z ,
*
Z , B " Z , " " " ( " " + $ Z , $ # ( " F @ " " 9 " " $ P " " " $ #
:X.15< # & : 15 < H +# + 6 Q O $ + :> X./3< " ĚĞ ĨĂĐƚŽ * ! - W552 " H E 7 " P : W553<
6 ' :) W553< " ĂƋƵŝƐ ĐŽŵŵƵŶĂƵƚĂŝƌĞ Q # " + " " @ @ ! $ + F B " " X4 W3 X24 555 X30 555 ( X4 4^ --
$ 8 U - $ H +# $ + # _ "
@ B " , @ P $ @ : V " " < : + " < $ & P " " # R " D " , "
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Q " + ' $ ( + H $ + : S T< R ( H $ + _ P - W552 " $ + # + $ + # $ + " H +# ---
H +# " % :W550< $
" Q $ H E ! $ + # $ $ + # H +# " " + " " - - + # WX " @ " " $ " # $ & + O # (
D E H ' $ " #@ + ! + H +# :X5 W^< " ' $ $ + # :W2 0^< & ( " $ & V " H +# 6 S @ T " S " + T ) $ + # 6 S " ! T H +# $ + # 6 $ " Q @ : < " P Q @ + @ + " + $ , " +
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: " $ + # " O < * + + + - ( " ( " * " " ! " $ ( F " " P " " $ " [ + " " "
- # " !
# # - ! " " $ + # # H +# 7 ( :" " < :" < " & " U " D " " & G @P H +# $ + # " ! $ B % #
D U ) - $ # H , Q " ' " , " H $ + " " # ( " # " Z) , Z) ' , Z' , 32^ :30^ H +# 2.^ $ + # < Z , " 25^ Z Q H +, :W0^ H +# < Z Q $ + , :2W^ $ + # < ( " Z , @ + 01^ H +# 44^ $ + # " Z , ( H +# $ + # : " < G " O
$ U 8 G D & F " H +# @ [ " " + #X./3 _ $ + # 9 Q ( " " " " " " " + " " " " " D H +# $ + # $ @ , :15^ H +# 30^ $ + # < " & " & " O $ " H +# & " H +# " " $ + # F ! Q 7 @ !
* D % D ( " ( " Q " + " " + " " @ " - " + @ " S T S T H +# " S T " S # ( T $ @ $ + # " S " T S " & T G @ " " D " H +# + " " " 6 " H +# $ + # $ + # + " + G O + + " " " " R
# + " + 6 #`#
O
PR E FAC E
R B % D Y $ @ B % $
! ( + + ) @ % ! " @ H +# $ + # $ + @ U
$ Q Q " % " " " " + " $ ( # + W550 $ " % @ zŽƵƚŚ ŵƉŽǁĞƌŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ zŽƵƚŚ ZĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ " " $ B % > W55/ " hŶŝƚĞĚ EĂƟŽŶƐ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ WƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞ ʹ ĐƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ dƌƵƐƚ ;hE WͲ dͿ #" $ LJƉƌƵƐ zŽƵƚŚ ŝĂůŽŐƵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ # H +# $ + # LJƉƌƵƐ zŽƵƚŚ ŝĂůŽŐƵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ LJƉƌƵƐ ^ŽĐŝĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĞŶƚƌĞ ;< DͿ #" ( V $ " " " " ( - Q Q " 9 zŽƵƚŚ ƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ ^ƵƌǀĞLJ ;z ^ϭͿ #
" $
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6 " ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŶĂŝƌĞ 0X Q " H +# $ + # - !
, _ " " + _ V " ' _ " _ " # & X $ " # # " " " X4 W3 @ $ !
7 :
< $ " X 1XW " W55/ ) W550 " " + @ ' " Q Q " ! * ** :* + * * < " " - 15 ŝŶͲĚĞƉƚŚ ŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁƐ " " 25 H +# 25 $ + # " X4 W3 * " " V " V _ & " @ P z ^ϭ " " % " O " @ ! # " ĨŽůůŽǁͲƵƉ ƐƵƌǀĞLJ ;z ^ϮͿ " z ^ϭ # " - > W550 "# ( # Q " " 052 $ % " Q # " 9
6
"
$ D U H D A % LJƉƌƵƐ zŽƵƚŚ ŝĂůŽŐƵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ " " Q U % - % - WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚŽƌLJ ĐƟŽŶ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ;W ZͿ @ " 9 % " " " W * /ŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟǀĞ ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽŶ $ ! Q + , " 2 - Q H +# $ + # 6 @ zŽƵƚŚ ĚǀŝƐŽƌLJ ŽĂƌĚ ;z Ϳ " @ LJƉƌƵƐ zŽƵƚŚ ŝĂůŽŐƵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ z W3 H +# $ + # X4 W3 $" H +# " $ + # " P " # " _ O " O z $ z 2 # " + $ + > W55/ W550 "
" + z " $ + # H +#
( @ " + z " " " + P Q " ( " Q $ " Q Q $ Q z " + P z " " " " O " V H +# $ + # _ z " " Q " % @ " + z " + " LJƉƌƵƐ zŽƵƚŚ ŚĂƌƚĞƌ $ " % Z , " " 3
1
CHAPTER ONE
EXAMINING CYPRIOT YOUTH THROUGH THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LENS B $ % " H +# $ + # % " U V Q " $ " S T - " , " , ( @ " - " # ĞdžƚĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ ĐŚŽŝĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵƐ " ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŚƵŵĂŶ ĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ $ : < B - ( :B -< X..5 ) 6 H B - ! Q " # $
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2 CHAPTER TWO
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WĞŽƉůĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ŝŶ ůŽǀĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ŚŽŶĞƐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͘ EŽƚŚŝŶŐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ůŝĞƐ ĐĂŶ ŐŽ ŽŶ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ;Đŝǀŝů ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐͿ͕ ƌƵƌĂů &ĂŵĂŐƵƐƚĂ
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ZĞƐƉĞĐƚ ĨŽƌ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͛Ɛ ŝĚĞĂƐ͖ ďƵƚ ŽĨ ĐŽƵƌƐĞ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ͕ ďĞƐŝĚĞƐ ƚŚŝƐ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ĚŽ ʹ ďƵƚ ďĞŝŶŐ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵů ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϴ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ &ĂŵĂŐƵƐƚĂ
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d ŝƐ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƐĞŶƐĞ ĂŶĚ ŵŽŶĞLJ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϳ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞůŝŵŝŶĂƌLJ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ Ă ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ ŝƐ ŵŽŶĞLJ͙ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŵŽŶĞLJ ŵĂŬĞƐ ůŝĨĞ ĞĂƐŝĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƉĞĂĐĞĨƵů͘ / ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ďĞŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ŵŽŶĞLJ ĐĂŶ ĐĂƵƐĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ĐĂŶ ƉƵƚ ĂŶ ĞŶĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽǀĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͘ ůƐŽ͕ ƚŽůĞƌĂŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ĨŽƌ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͘ Ƶƚ / ŝŶƐŝƐƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŵŽŶĞLJ ŝƐ ǀŝƚĂůůLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĨŽƌ Ă ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ĂŶĚ ůŽŶŐͲůĂƐƟŶŐ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϭ͕ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů dƌŝŬŽŵŽ
$ @ " # F $ + # ( $ + # @ F 7 " ( * " $ + # " & @ " U /Ĩ LJŽƵ ĂƌĞ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ůŝĨĞ ĂŶĚ LJŽƵ ĂƌĞ ŚĂƉƉLJ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ůŽǀĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ ŐĂŝŶĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ LJŽƵƌ ƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ ƚŚĞŶ Ă ƉĞƌƐŽŶ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƌĞĂĚLJ ĨŽƌ Ă ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ĂŶĚ ůŽŶŐͲůĂƐƟŶŐ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ ĂƐ ǁĞůů͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
H +# " ! O @ $ + # : " @ < " U tĞůů͕ ŝƚ ĚĞƉĞŶĚƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ƉŽŽƌ ďƵƚ ŚĂƉƉLJ͘ dŚĞŶ ĂŐĂŝŶ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ƌŝĐŚ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ŵŝƐĞƌĂďůĞ͘ /Ŷ Ă ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͕ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽŶĞLJ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĂŬĞƐ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϴ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ;ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐͿ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƉĂƌƚͲƟŵĞ ƐĂůĞƐƉĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
" 2.^ H +# 23^ $ + # S T S T $ # " " U ĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞLJ ŐĞƚ ƚŽ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ͕ ƐŽƌƚ ŽĨ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ůĞĂƌŶ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ĐŽƉĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ĂůŽŶĞ͕ ƚŽ ƌĞůLJ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ c d ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁŝůů ŚĞůƉ ƚŚĞŵ ĐŽŶĨƌŽŶƚ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ŝŶ ůŝĨĞ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ƐŚŽƉ ŽǁŶĞƌ͕ ŵĂƌƌŝĞĚ͕ ϭ ĐŚŝůĚ
DLJ ŵŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŽůĚ ŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ ŝƚ ǁĂƐ ŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ĞǀĞŶ ŝŵĂŐŝŶĞ Ă Őŝƌů ŝŶǀŝƟŶŐ ŚĞƌ ďŽLJĨƌŝĞŶĚ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŽ ŚĞƌ ŚŽŵĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ĚŝŶŶĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ŚĞƌ ĨĂŵŝůLJ͘ Ƶƚ ŶŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ LJŽƵŶŐ ǁŽŵĞŶ ĚŽ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌůLJ͘ ^ŽŵĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĞǀĞŶ ůŝǀĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ďĞŝŶŐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ ƚŽ ŽŶĞ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƐĞĐƌĞƚĂƌLJ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
zĞƐ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽŶĞ ǁŝůů ŐĞƚ ƚŽ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ďĞƩĞƌ c\d / ŵĞĂŶ ŶŽƚ ƚŽ ŐŽ ŐĞƚ ŵĂƌƌŝĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƐƚĂLJ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ŬŶŽǁŝŶŐ ĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ůĂƚĞƌ ĐŽŵƉůĂŝŶ ƚŚĂƚ ͞ŵLJ ŚƵƐďĂŶĚ ĚŽĞƐŶ͛ƚ ĚŽ ĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŚŽŵĞ͕͟ ͞ŵLJ ŚƵƐďĂŶĚ ĚŽĞƐŶ͛ƚ ĚŽ ƚŚŝƐ͕͟ ͞ŵLJ ǁŝĨĞ ĚŽĞƐŶ͛ƚ ĚŽ ƚŚĂƚ͕͟ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ĚŝǀŽƌĐĞĚ ĨŽƌ ƐŝůůLJ ƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ʹ LJŽƵ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ͍ ĞƩĞƌ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĂŶĚ͕ ŝĨ ƚŚĞLJ͛ƌĞ ŶŽƚ ƐƵŝƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͕ Ăƚ ůĞĂƐƚ ƚŽ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞ Ăƚ ƚŚŝƐ ƉŽŝŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ ĂŌĞƌ ƚŚĞLJ͛ǀĞ ŐŽƩĞŶ ŵĂƌƌŝĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŚĂĚ ďĂďŝĞƐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ĞĂƌůLJ ƐĐŚŽŽů ůĞĂǀĞƌ͕ ǁĂƌĞŚŽƵƐĞŵĂŶ͕ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/ƚ͛Ɛ ƌĞĂůůLJ ƵƉ ƚŽ ĞĂĐŚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͙ tŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ǁĞ ƐĂLJ ƚŽ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ĐŚŽŽƐĞ ŶŽƚ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ŵĂƌƌŝĞĚ͍ dŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŚŽŝĐĞ ŝƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĞĂĐŚ ĚĂLJ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϵ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ <LJƌĞŶŝĂ
cE d ŝƐ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ƚŚŝŶŐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ LJŽƵ ŐĞƚ ƚŽ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͕ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞLJ ƚŚŝŶŬ͕ ĂŶĚ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝĨ ŝƚ͛Ɛ ĨŽƌ Ă ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ƌĞĂƐŽŶ c d ŝƚ ŝƐ ǁŽƌƚŚ ƐƚĂLJŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ͕ / ŵĞĂŶ͕ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ƚŽ
ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ ďĞƩĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨĂƵůƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ c d ƚŚĞŶ͕ ůĞƚ͛Ɛ ƐĂLJ͕ ƚŽ ĞŶƚĞƌ ƚŚŝƐ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͖ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ŐĞƚ ŵĂƌƌŝĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŵ͕ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ǁŚĂƚ ŬŝŶĚ ŽĨ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ƐĐŚŽŽů͕ ƐĂůĞƐƉĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ĚŝǀŽƌĐĞĚ͕ Ϯ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
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- " " " ( " " + G P " O ( 42 H +# " @ " D ( " ( " " " Q
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/Ĩ / ĐŽƵůĚ ŚĂǀĞ c " @ hd ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ / ǁĂƐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͕ ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐ ŝƚ ǁŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ Ă ĨĂŝůĞĚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚŝƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĚŽŶĞ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ŽŶĞ ŐĞƚƐ ƚŽ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ͕ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ c d͕ ƚŚĂƚ ŐŽĞƐ
ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƐĂLJŝŶŐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ĐĂƐŚŝĞƌ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
* " " _ U &ƌŽŵ ǁŚĂƚ / ƐĞĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ ŽĨ ŵŝŶĞ͕ ŵŽƐƚ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ĚŽ ƐŽ ǁĞůů c\d /Ĩ LJŽƵ ůŝǀĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŝƚ͛Ɛ ůŝŬĞ LJŽƵ ŐĞƚ ďŽƌĞĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ͙ŝƚ͛Ɛ ůŝŬĞ LJŽƵ ŐĞƚ ƚŽ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽŽ ǁĞůů ʹ ďƵƚ LJŽƵ ƐŚŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚ͕ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ůĞĂǀĞ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ͚ƵŶĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚ͕͛ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŬŶŽǁ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ƐŽ ƚŚĞLJ ƐƟůů ͚ĂƩƌĂĐƚ͛ LJŽƵ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/ Ăŵ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͘ EŽǁĂĚĂLJƐ͕ ƐŽŵĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƚƌLJ ƚŽ ďĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ďLJ ĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐ ŝŶ ƐƵĐŚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͘ tŚLJ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞLJ ĂĨƌĂŝĚ ŽĨ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ ƚŚŽƵŐŚ͍ / ƚŚŝŶŬ ŝƚ͛Ɛ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞLJ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ĂƐƐƵŵĞ ĂŶLJ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͘ Ƶƚ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ƌĞĂůůLJ ůŽǀĞ LJŽƵƌ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌ ƚŚĞŶ ǁŚLJ ƐĂLJ ͚ŶŽ͛ ƚŽ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͍ / ŵĂLJ ďĞ ǁƌŽŶŐ ďƵƚ / ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƚŽĚĂLJ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ǀĞƌLJ ŝƌƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ŚŽƵƐĞǁŝĨĞ
/ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ĮŶĚ ŝƚ ƌŝŐŚƚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƐŽŵĞǁŚĞƌĞ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞ ǁĞ͕ LJŽƵƚŚ ŝŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕ ŚĂǀĞ ŐŽŶĞ ŽǀĞƌďŽĂƌĚ͙ŐĞƫŶŐ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ ƚŽŽ ƐŽŽŶ͕ ŐĞƫŶŐ ŵĂƌƌŝĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ Ă ďĂďLJ ƚŽŽ ƋƵŝĐŬůLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĚ ĚŝǀŽƌĐĞ ĐŽŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ LJŽƵ͛ƌĞ ůĞŌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚŝůĚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶ ŵŽƐƚ ĐĂƐĞƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŽŶĞ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ ŝŶ Ă ĚŝǀŽƌĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌĞŶƚƐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ŝŶ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ĐŽŵƉĂŶLJ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
$ + # H +# D ( : < U / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƐƵĐŚ ĂŶ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ c d ǁŝůů ŵŽǀĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ŵLJ
ďŽLJĨƌŝĞŶĚ ĂŶĚ / ŐŽƚ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ĂŌĞƌ Ă ǁŚŝůĞ ǁĞ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘ KƵƌ ĨĞĞůŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚƐ ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ͘ ĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ƚĂŬĞŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚŚŽŽĚ ĐĂŶ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ůĂƚĞƌ ŽŶ͖ ŶŽƚŚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞĚ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ;ƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJͿ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ DŽƌĨŽƵ
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŶŽŶƐĞŶƐĞ͖ / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƉĞƌƐŽŶ ǁŚŽ ŝƐ ƚǁĞŶƚLJ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚ ŝƐ ŵĂƚƵƌĞ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ ĨŽƌ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ;Đŝǀŝů ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐͿ͕ ƌƵƌĂů &ĂŵĂŐƵƐƚĂ
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ǁƌŽŶŐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƐƟůů ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ ŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ ŝƐ ĐŚŝůĚŝƐŚ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/Ĩ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞŶ͛ƚ ŐŽƚ Ă ũŽď͕ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ĂīŽƌĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůŝĨĞ͙ĂŶĚ ŝĨ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ŵĂƚƵƌĞ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŶŽƚ ŐĞƚ ŵĂƌƌŝĞĚ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌ ŐŝƌůƐ ĂŌĞƌ ĞŝŐŚƚĞĞŶ͖ ďƵƚ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ĨŽƌ ďŽLJƐ͕ ŝƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂŌĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĂŐĞ ŽĨ ƚǁĞŶƚLJ͘ / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ͕ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĂŐĞ ŽĨ ƚǁĞŶƚLJ͕ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂƌĞ ŵĂƚƵƌĞ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ ĨŽƌ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϮ͕ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƐĞƌǀĂŶƚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
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3 CHAPTER THREE
CYPRIOT YOUTH AND EDUCATION
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* " @ + 7 ' ůŝŶŐƵĂ ĨƌĂŶĐĂ # / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞũƵĚŝĐĞ ŝŶ LJƉƌƵƐ ƚŚĂƚ c d ĂƌĞ ďĞƩĞƌ͖ ƉĞƌŚĂƉƐ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ ǁŽƌŬ ĨĂƐƚĞƌ c d͘ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƌŝŐŚƚ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ LJŽƵ ůĞĂƌŶ ŚŽǁ ƚŽ ƐƉĞĂŬ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ ǁĞůů c' d͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϴ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů >ŝŵĂƐƐŽů
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ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŝŶ dƵƌŬĞLJ͖ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ƐƚƵĚLJ Ă ůŽƚ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶ ƌĞĂĐŚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ǁĂŶƚ͘ Ƶƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŚĂŶĚ͕ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ŝůůĞŐĂů ƐŽ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ƌĞĂĐŚ LJŽƵƌ ŐŽĂů͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ŝŶ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ƐƚŽƌĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/Ĩ LJŽƵ ůŽŽŬ Ăƚ ŝƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ Ă ůŽƚ ŽĨ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŶŐůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ &ƌĂŶĐĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƵƌŽƉĞ ŝƐ ŵƵĐŚ ďĞƩĞƌ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϳ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ǁŽƌŬƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ƐƚŽƌĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
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/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ c d ŽƵƌ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ŝƐ ŝŶ Ă ďĞƩĞƌ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ƚŚĂŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ;ƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJͿ͕ ƌƵƌĂů dƌŝŬŽŵŽ
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" /ƚ ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ŵĞ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ / ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƉƵƌƐƵĞ Ă ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ / Ăŵ ŶŽƚ ƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ ũƵƐƚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŬĞ ŽĨ ƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϵ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ DŽƌĨŽƵ
/ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ / ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞ ŚĂƐ
ůĞĚ ƚŽ ŵLJ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ ďƵƚ / ŶĞĞĚ ĂŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ĐĂƌĞĞƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ŵLJ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ;Đŝǀŝů ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐͿ͕ ƌƵƌĂů &ĂŵĂŐƵƐƚĂ
dŽ ŵĞ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ͕ ƚŚĂŶŬƐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ / ŚĂǀĞ͕ / ǁĂƐ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ŐŽŽĚ ũŽď͕ ǁŝƚŚ ŐŽŽĚ ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŚŽƵƌƐ͕ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ŐŽŽĚ ƐĂůĂƌLJ͙ǁŚŝĐŚ͕ ŽŬ͕ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ ǁŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ũŽď͕ ĂŶĚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĂůůŽǁƐ LJŽƵ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ďĞƩĞƌ ůŝĨĞ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ŶƵƌƐĞ͕ ĐŽŚĂďŝƟŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ŚĞƌ ďŽLJĨƌŝĞŶĚ͕ ƌƵƌĂů >ŝŵĂƐƐŽů
/ƚ ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƉƌĞƉĂƌŝŶŐ Ă ƉĞƌƐŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĂů ůŝĨĞ ĂŶĚ ĂůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ƐƚĂŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ĨĞĞƚ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůůLJ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϮ͕ Đŝǀŝů ƐĞƌǀĂŶƚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
sĞƌLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ ƚŽŽů ĨŽƌ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŶŐ ŝŶ LJŽƵƌ ůŝĨĞ c\d ŝƚ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĨŽƌ ĐĂƌĞĞƌ ƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƚƐ ďƵƚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂůƐŽ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƐ LJŽƵ ĂƐ Ă ƉĞƌƐŽŶ c\d zŽƵ ďƌŽĂĚĞŶ LJŽƵƌ ŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƐ͕ LJŽƵ ĂƌĞŶ͛ƚ ŶĂƌƌŽǁͲŵŝŶĚĞĚ͕ LJŽƵ ŐĞƚ ƚŽ ŬŶŽǁ ŶĞǁ ǁĂLJƐ ŽĨ ƚŚŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕ ŶĞǁ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ͕ ƐŽŵĞǁŚĞƌĞ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ͕ LJŽƵ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ŵŽƌĞ ŽƉĞŶͲŵŝŶĚĞĚ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů >ŝŵĂƐƐŽů
' " " S T Q 6 ! @ " # _ ( 7 S T 7 " Q @ /ƚ ĚĞƉĞŶĚƐ͕ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ ďƵƚ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶ ĂůƐŽ ďĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ůŝĨĞ͛Ɛ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ĨŽƌ Ă ƉĞƌƐŽŶ ƚŽ ďĞ ǁŚŽůĞ Žƌ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ĂŶĚ͕ ĂƐ Ă ͚ƉƌŽƉĞƌ͛ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ͙c d ŵƵƐƚ ŚĂǀĞ ĂŶ ĂůůͲĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐŝŶŐ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ůŝĨĞ Žƌ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ĂŶĚ͕ ŝĨ ŝƚƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ Ă ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ďŽƚŚ͕ ƚŚĞŶ
ƐŽ ŵƵĐŚ ƚŚĞ ďĞƩĞƌ c\d / ƐƚƵĚLJ ŵŽƌĞ ĨŽƌ ŵLJƐĞůĨ͕ ĨŽƌ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ůĂƚĞƌ ŽŶ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŬŶŽǁ ŝĨ / ǁŝůů ĞŶŐĂŐĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŵLJ ĮĞůĚ ŽĨ ƐƚƵĚLJ͙ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĞ ŐĞƚ Ăƚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͖ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ Ă ƌĞĂů ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͘ /Ŷ ŵLJ ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ ƌĞĂů ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƉůĂĐĞ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƐĐŚŽŽů͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϴ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ &ĂŵĂŐƵƐƚĂ
* " " _ " $ + # " @ " / ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞ ĂŶLJ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ŽŶ ŽƵƌ ǁŽƌŬ ůŝĨĞ͙/ ŚĂǀĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚ ŝƚ͘ dŚĞ ŽŶůLJ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ƉŽƐƚƉŽŶĞƐ ŽƵƌ ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘ /Ŷ ŵLJ ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ͕ ϳϬй ŽĨ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ ĞŶƌŽůů ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞLJ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƉŽƐƚƉŽŶĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͘ ůƐŽ͕ ŝĨ ƚŚĞLJ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ Ă ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĚĞŐƌĞĞ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƟŵĞ͕ ĂƐ ƐĞƌŐĞĂŶƚƐ͕ ƚŽ ϭϮ ŵŽŶƚŚƐ͘ ĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŽƵƌ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ůŽǁ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ŝŶ ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ ƐƚŽƌĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ͕ ŝŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŽ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐ͘ dŚĞ ŽŶůLJ ďĞŶĞĮƚ ŝƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ĂƌĞ ĞĚƵĐĂƚĞĚ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ŽŶůLJ ϭϮ ŵŽŶƚŚƐ ŽĨ ŵŝůŝƚĂƌLJ ĚƵƚLJ͘ EŽďŽĚLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĚĞĐĞŝǀĞ ŚŝŵƐĞůĨ ƚŚĂƚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ ŝŶ Ăůů ĐĂƐĞƐ͘ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŵĂŝŶůLJ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ Đŝǀŝů ƐĞƌǀĂŶƚ ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͖ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĐĂƌĞ ĂďŽƵƚ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϭ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ;ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐͿ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ DŽƌĨŽƵ
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/ ůŝǀĞ ŝŶ LJƉƌƵƐ ĂŶĚ ŚĞƌĞ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ŶŽ ĐŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ ƐŽ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ƚŽ ŵĞ ŝŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ŵLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ƐƚƵĚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ͕ ĞŶĚ ƵƉ ĂƐ ƉŽůŝĐĞŵĞŶ͕ ǁŚŝůĞ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ǁŚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ŶŽƚ ŐŽƚ ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ ƵƐĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ ;ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐͿ ƚŽ ŚĞůƉ ƚŚĞŵ ĮŶĚ ũŽďƐ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ;ƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJͿ͕ ƌƵƌĂů dƌŝŬŽŵŽ
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/ ĮŶŝƐŚĞĚ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ ƐĐŚŽŽů Ă ǁŚŝůĞ ĂŐŽ͘ Ƶƚ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝĨ ƌĞǀŝƐŝŶŐ ƚĞdžƚŬƐ ŝƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ŽĨ ǁƌŝƟŶŐ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ŵŽƌĞ ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚůLJ͕ ŝŶ Ă ŵŽƌĞ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ǁĂLJ͕ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐŵ͕ Žƌ ƌĂĐŝƐŵ͕ Žƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽĚĂLJ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƉĞƌƉĞƚƵĂƚĞĚ͙ WĞƌŚĂƉƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ĞĚŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ǁŝůů ďƌŝŶŐ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĂŶĚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĐůŽƐĞƌ͘͘͘ WĞƌŚĂƉƐ Ă ŶĞǁ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂĚĚĞĚ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĞdžŝƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ŽŶůLJ
ďĂĚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ďƵƚ ŐŽŽĚ ŽŶĞƐ ƚŽŽ͕ ũƵƐƚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ c d 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ǁŽƌŬƐ ĂƐ Ă ƐĞĐƌĞƚĂƌLJ͕ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
$ + # ( + H +# - " $ ( + $ + # U ƵƌŝŶŐ ŽƵƌ ůLJĐĞƵŵ ƐĐŚŽŽů LJĞĂƌƐ͕ ǁĞ ǁĞƌĞ ƚĂƵŐŚƚ ĂďŽƵƚ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ŬŝůůĞĚ ƵƐ͕ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂĚ ďĂĚ ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶƐ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƵƐ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞLJ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƚŽ ĞdžĐůƵĚĞ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͗ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ƚĞdžƚ ŬƐ ďĞŐĂŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŶŽƐŝƐ ĂŶĚ ĞŶĚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŶŽƐŝƐ͘ dŚĞLJ ǁĂŶƚĞĚ ƵƐ ƚŽ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĂƌĞ Ğǀŝů͙ dŚŝŶŐƐ ĂƌĞ ďĞƩĞƌ ŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ ŽƵƌ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ƚĞdžƚŬƐ͙ / ŚĂǀĞŶ͛ƚ ƐĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ŽŶĞƐ͕ ďƵƚ ĨƌŽŵ ǁŚĂƚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐĂLJ͕ ŝƚ ƐĞĞŵƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŽŵĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďĂĚ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ĂďŽƵƚ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϭ͕ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/ ĮŶĚ Ăůů ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĂŵƵƐŝŶŐ͙ / ŵĞĂŶ͕ ŝŵĂŐŝŶĞ͊ KŶ ƚŚĞ ŽŶĞ ŚĂŶĚ͕ ǁĞ ǀŝƐŝƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽƵƚŚ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ʹ ƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ƚĂůŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ͘͘͘ KŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŚĂŶĚ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƐƟůů ƚĞĂĐŚ ƵƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ŬŝůůĞĚ ƵƐ ĂŶĚ͕ ĂƐ Ă ƌĞƐƵůƚ͕ ƐŽŵĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƐƟůů ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂů ŝŶƚĞŶƟŽŶ ŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ŝƐ ƚŽ Ŭŝůů ƵƐ͊ / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ůŝŬĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ůĞƐƐŽŶƐ ʹ ƚŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ǁŚLJ / ŐŽƚ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁĞƐƚ ƐĐŽƌĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĂƚ ůĞƐƐŽŶ͊ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϳ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ DŽƵƌĨŽƵ
* $ + # H +# " _ " W553 U KƵƌ DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĚĞĐŝĚĞĚ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ƚĞdžƚŬƐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞ ŽůĚ ŽŶĞƐ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ ŚŽƐƟůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŚĂƚƌĞĚ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ / ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚŝƐ ǁĂƐ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ŝĚĞĂ͙ Ƶƚ ƚŚĞ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ƌĞĨƵƐĞ ƚŽ ĚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ͙ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƐĞ͗ ǁĞ ƐĂŝĚ
͚LJĞƐ͛ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŶŶĂŶ WůĂŶ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ďƌŝŶŐ ƉĞĂĐĞ ƚŽ LJƉƌƵƐ͕ ďƵƚ ƚŚĞLJ ƐĂŝĚ ͚ŶŽ͙͛ tĞ ŵƵƐƚ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŝŶ ƵŶŝƐŽŶ͘
ĂŶĚ ŵĂŬĞƐ ƵƐ ůŽŽŬ ŐŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ďĂĚ͕ ǁĞ ŵƵƐƚ ƉƵƚ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ŐŽŽĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŐŽŽĚ͕ ŽƵƌ ďĂĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ďĂĚ͘
dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϴ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ <LJƌĞŶŝĂ
'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϵ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
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ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ĂŶĚ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽĨ LJƉƌƵƐ
$ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ŝĂůŽŐƵĞ ĂŶĚ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŽĨ LJƉƌƵƐ : B %< B % ' B % B % '* G $ ,
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4 CHAPTER FOUR
CYPRIOT YOUTH AND EMPLOYMENT
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dŚĞ ƉŽůŝĐĞ ŬĞĞƉ ĂƌƌĞƐƟŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ƉŽƐƐĞƐƐ ƐŵĂůů ĂŵŽƵŶƚƐ ŽĨ ĚƌƵŐƐ͖ ƚŚĞLJ ŶĞǀĞƌ ĂƌƌĞƐƚ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞ ƚƌĂĸĐŬŝŶŐ ŽĨ ĚƌƵŐƐ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϮ͕ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ͕ <LJƌĞŶŝĂ
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/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŵĂŶĚ ĨŽƌ ĚƌƵŐƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŶŽƌƚŚ ŝƐ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ďƵƚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƉƉůLJ ŝƐ ŚŝŐŚ͘ dŚĞ ĚƌƵŐƐ ĂƌĞ ŇŽǁŶ ŝŶ ĨƌŽŵ dƵƌŬĞLJ͘ tĞ ŚĞĂƌ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŵ ĂƌƌĞƐƟŶŐ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƌƚ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ ĂŶĚ LJĞƚ ƚŚĞLJ ƐƟůů ŬĞĞƉ ƐŵƵŐŐůŝŶŐ ĚƌƵŐƐ ŝŶ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ĂƐ ƐĞĐƌĞƚĂƌLJ͕ &ĂŵĂŐƵƐƚĂ
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^ĞdžƵĂů ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƚĂ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘ ĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ͕ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ůĞĂƌŶ ĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ǁĂƚĐŚŝŶŐ ƚĞůĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ Žƌ ǀŝĚĞŽƐ͘
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6 CHAPTER SIX
SOCIETAL INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIO-POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
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/ Ăŵ ŝŶ ŵLJ ŚŽŵĞ͖ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌ ŝƐ ŝŶ ŚŝƐ ŚŽŵĞ͘
'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ĐĂƐŚŝĞƌ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
- " " * + " O U zĞƐ͕ ŝĨ / Ăŵ Ă ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕ LJĞƐ / ĐĂŶ c d / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ƚŚŝŶŬ / ǁŝůů ƌĞĂĐŚ ƚŚĂƚ ƉŽŝŶƚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ͕ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ŝƚ͕ /͛ŵ ŶŽƚ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ ǁŚŽ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĂďůĞ ƚŽ ǀŽŝĐĞ ŵLJ ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůLJ͘ /͛ŵ Ă ƌĞŐƵůĂƌ Őŝƌů ǁŚŽŵ ŶŽďŽĚLJ ŬŶŽǁƐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ;ƉƌĞͲƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͿ͕ ǁŽƌŬƐ Ăƚ Ă ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ďĂŶŬ͕ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ WĂƉŚŽƐ
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7 CHAPTER SEVEN
ATTITUDES TOWARDS CYPRUS AND THE OTHER COMMUNITY D -
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/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ h ǁŝůů ďĞ ĂŶ c ! d ĚƌĞĂŵ ĨŽƌ LJƉƌƵƐ͕ ŝĨ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ŬĞĞƉ ŽŶ ŐŽŝŶŐ ůŝŬĞ ƚŚŝƐ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϭ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
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/ ůŝŬĞ ƚŚĞŵ͖ ƚŚĞLJ ĚŝĚŶ͛ƚ ĐĂƵƐĞ ŵĞ ĂŶLJ ŚĂƌŵ͘
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8 CHAPTER EIGHT
CYPRIOT YOUTH ON THE CYPRUS PROBLEM
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WĞŽƉůĞ ƉƌĞĨĞƌ ƚŽ ƐƉĞĂŬ ŶĞŐĂƟǀĞůLJ ĂďŽƵƚ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͘ / ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞLJ ĨĞĞů ĚŝƐĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚ͖ ƚŚĞLJ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ƐĞĞ ĂŶLJ ŚŽƉĞ ĨŽƌ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ LJƉƌƵƐ WƌŽďůĞŵ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϳ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƌƵƌĂů <LJƌĞŶŝĂ
ƉĂƌĞŶƚ ŵĂLJ ƚĞůů ŚŝƐ ĐŚŝůĚ ƚŚĂƚ ͚ǁĞ ůŽƐƚ ĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ŽƵƌ ŚŽƵƐĞ ĂŶĚ ŽƵƌ ƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐ͛ ͙ ƚŚĞ ĐŚŝůĚ ŵĂLJ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ŚĞĂƌ ƚŚŝƐ Ăůů ŚŝƐ ůŝĨĞ͙ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͕ ϭϰͲϭϴ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
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/ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ĂŐƌĞĞ c H +# " @ d͗ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ĂĨƌĂŝĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ dƵƌŬŝƐŚ ĂƌŵLJ͕ ƐŽ ƚŚĞLJ ĚŽ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ƐŽůǀĞ ƚŚĞ LJƉƌƵƐ WƌŽďůĞŵ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϳͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
8 " " + " ! ! U ŽƚŚ ŽƵƌ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ LJŽƵƚŚ ƐŚŽǁ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ c d͘ Ƶƚ ŽƵƌ ůĞĂĚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵ͕ ŽŶĞ ƐĂLJƐ ƚŚŝƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐĂLJƐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ĞůƐĞ͙ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶůLJ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ĮŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϰͲϭϴ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
) $ + # H +# "
@ - H +# U cH +# " d ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞLJ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŚĂǀĞ ŵƵĐŚ ŽĨ Ă ƉƌŽďůĞŵ͘ Ƶƚ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ďŝŐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͗ EŽ ŽŶĞ ƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƐĞƐ ƵƐ͘͘͘ KƵƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ͘͘͘ dŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ǁŚLJ ǁĞ ǁĂŶƚ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͕ ϭϳͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
$ ( " + " " " " " " U WĞƌƐŽŶĂůůLJ͕ / ǁŽƵůĚ ůŝŬĞ ƚŽ ŐĞƚ ƚŽ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞŵ c$ + # dU / ǁŽƵůĚ ůŝŬĞ ƚŽ ƚĂůŬ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŵ ĂŶĚ ŚĞĂƌ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ďĞůŝĞĨƐ ƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶĞĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŽƵƌ ƚǁŽ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͙ǁŚĂƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂĚĞ ƵƐ ĐŽŵĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ Ăƚ ŶŽǁ͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϰͲϭϴ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
/ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŚĂǀĞ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ ďƵƚ / ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ c d͕ ǁŚŽŵ / ĐĂŶ ŵĞĞƚ ŝŶ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ĂĐƚŝǀŝƚŝĞƐ͘ / ƌĞĂůůLJ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ůĞĂƌŶ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŵ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϳͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
/ ǁŽƵůĚ ůŝŬĞ ƚŽ ůĞĂƌŶ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǁĂLJ ŽĨ ůŝĨĞ͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϰͲϭϴ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ŵŽƌĞ ƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ƚŽ ƐŽůǀĞ ƚŚĞ LJƉƌƵƐ WƌŽďůĞŵ͙ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞLJ ŶĞĞĚ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ Ă ďĞƩĞƌ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ďĞƩĞƌ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͙ďƵƚ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ŚĂǀĞ Ăůů ƚŚĞƐĞ ʹ ŚŽǁ ĐĂŶ ǁĞ ĞdžƉĞĐƚ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ĂĐĐĞƉƚ ĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐ͍ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͕ ϭϳͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
G " " Q " _ !#
U
$ + # W553 H +# U
dŽ ŚĂǀĞ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ LJŽƵ͕ LJŽƵ ŵƵƐƚ ƐŚŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ĂƌĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĂďůĞ͙LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ͙ŚŽǁ ĐĂŶ LJŽƵ ǁŚĞŶ LJŽƵ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŐŽ ŶĞĂƌ ƚŚĞŵ͍
dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ƐĂŝĚ ͞zĞƐ͟ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŶŶĂŶ WůĂŶ͘ Ƶƚ ƚŚĞLJ cH +# d ƐĂŝĚ ͞EŽ͘͟ dŚŝƐ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ǁĂŶƚ ĂŶLJ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘͟
;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϰͲϭϴ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϳͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
$ " 8 $ + # H +# " " " $ + X./3UWX4
>ŽǀĞ͕ ŽŶůLJ ůŽǀĞ ĐĂŶ ƐĂǀĞ ƵƐ͘ c8 d ƐŽ ŵĂŶLJ LJĞĂƌƐ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐ ŚĂƚƌĞĚ͕ ƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌůLJ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝƚŝĐŝĂŶƐ ĨƌŽŵ ďŽƚŚ ƐŝĚĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞLJ ƐŚŽǁ ĨĂĐƚƐ ƐƵďũĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͖ LJŽƵ ƐĞĞ ŽŶĞ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ŽǀĞƌ ŚĞƌĞ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ĂƐ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͕ ǁĞ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞ ͞ŽďũĞĐƚŝǀĞ ƚƌƵƚŚ͟ ʹ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ǁŚLJ ĞĂĐŚ ƐƚĂLJƐ ǁŝƚŚ ͞ƚŚĞŝƌ
ƚƌƵƚŚ͕͟ ĂŶĚ ƵƐĞƐ ŝƚ ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞůLJ͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϳͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
" H % " ! * $ W550 % + " " " ( " O " @ $ z ^ϭ " " F - ( " O V :z ^Ϯ< " ( @ P " F " " LJƉƌƵƐ zŽƵƚŚ ŝĂůŽŐƵĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ "# " + " % O " # * :W/^< H +# $ + # + " WX1 $ " " " " ! # V " U tŝƚŚ ŚƌŝƐƚŽĮĂƐ ĂƐ ƉƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ŵŽǀĞ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĂŚĞĂĚ͕ ƚŚĂƚ͛Ɛ ǁŚLJ ŚŝƐ ƐůŽŐĂŶ ǁĂƐ ͞/ ůŽŽŬ ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͘͟ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂͿ
ƚŽ ŚĂƉƉĞŶ ŵŽƌĞ c d͘ Dƌ͘ WĂƉĂĚŽƉŽƵůŽƐ ŚĞůĚ Ă ƚŝŐŚƚĞƌ ŐƌŝƉ ŽŶ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ͘ ,ŝƐ ĂƚƚŝƚƵĚĞ ǁĂƐ͗ ͞/ ǁŝůů ŚŽůĚ ĨĂƐƚ ƚŽ ŵLJ ƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶƐ͗ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ŐŝǀĞ ŵĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ͕ / ĂĐĐĞƉƚ ŶŽƚŚŝŶŐ͘͟ tŚĞƌĞĂƐ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ Dƌ͘ ŚƌŝƐƚŽĨŝĂƐ ŝƐ ŵŽƌĞ ĨůĞdžŝďůĞ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ƌĞĂĚLJ ƚŽ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐ ĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƚĂďůĞ͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϵ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂͿ
/ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŚƌŝƐƚŽĮĂƐ ŝƐ ŵŽƌĞ c d ŚƵŵĂŶŝƚĂƌŝĂŶ͘ / ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ ƚŚĂƚ ŽŶĐĞ ŚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ Ăůů ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͕ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͕ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͕ Žƌ ƌŵĞŶŝĂŶͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ʹ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ĂŶĚ ĞƋƵĂů͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ WĂƉĂĚŽƉŽƵůŽƐ ŶĞǀĞƌ ƐĂŝĚ ĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐ ůŝŬĞ ƚŚŝƐ͙/ ƉƌĞĨĞƌ ŚƌŝƐƚŽĮĂƐ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞ ŚĞůĚ ƉŽǁĞƌ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ƟŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ ŵŽǀĞ ŝƐ ŵĂĚĞ͙ ƚŚŝƐ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ Ă ĨĂǀŽƵƌĂďůĞ ĂƫƚƵĚĞ c " d ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƐƚ͙ ,Ğ ŝƐ ƚƌLJŝŶŐ ƚŽ ďƌŝŶŐ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĂŶĚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĐůŽƐĞƌ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϰͲϭϴ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
* 1W^ $ + # H +# :W1^< + " ! - "
" " " " ! " U / ĨĞĞů ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ŶŽ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ ŝƐ c d ƐƟůů͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ŚƌŝƐƚŽĮĂƐ ŝƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ c\d ďƵƚ ŶŽƚŚŝŶŐ ŚĂƐ ŚĂƉƉĞŶĞĚ LJĞƚ͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϰͲϭϴ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
dŚĞ ĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚŽĚĂLJ͙/ ŵĞĂŶ ŝƚ ŝƐ ďĞƩĞƌ ŶŽǁ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
* " % " " U / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂŶLJŽŶĞ ĚŽƵďƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ŚĂƐ Ă ͞ƐŽĨƚĞƌ͟ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ LJƉƌƵƐ WƌŽďůĞŵ͙ƚŚĂƚ ŚĞ ǁĂŶƚƐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ
H +# :31^< S + "T " S T " O @ :" XW^ $ + # < % " " # " ! "
" + O "
R 44^ H +# 35^ $ + # S " T " 2X^ W/^ S T " G 7 ( W^ H +# .^
$ + # O " "# :z ^Ϯ< " + " H +# $ + # $ :z ^ϭ<U
Ž LJŽƵ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĂŶĚ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĐĂŶ ŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ƚŚĞ ďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĨŽƌĐĞ ƚŚĞŵ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞůLJ͍ D
-
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21^
20^
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dĂďůĞ ϴ͘ϭϭ͗ ďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ KǀĞƌĐŽŵĞ ĂƌƌŝĞƌƐ ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ^ĞƉĂƌĂƚŝŽŶ ʹ z ^ ϭ ǀĞƌƐƵƐ z ^Ϯ
21^ H +# " " + " _ @ X0^ "# $ " :2X^< 7 + " X/^ " P Z , + " $ @ O @ F
G " &
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P W552 ( E * " " P $ " "
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S 6 " Z , T_ " S @ + T WX/ * P " " % E * P + E * 2 W550U " " @ 7 " @
G " " H +# $ + # : " " P H +# _ $ + # & , " "
H +# " <
$ % E * P W552 @ $ " E * " ( O " G " E *
- 3/^ H +# 42^ $ + # E * " ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ " " 24^ "
/Ŷ LJŽƵƌ ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ >ĞĚƌĂ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ŝƐ͗ H
$
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4^
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dĂďůĞ ϴ͘ϭϮ͗ dŚĞ KƉĞŶŝŶŐ ŽĨ >ĞĚƌĂ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ƌŽƐƐŝŶŐ ʹ WŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ Žƌ EĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ ^ƚĞƉ͍
" " E * ( " " - " H +# $ + # " + " " " " " dŚĞ ŐŽŽĚ c d ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ŚĂƉƉĞŶĞĚ͕ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ >ĞĚƌĂ c* d ŽƉĞŶĞĚ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŵĂŶLJ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ŐŽ ŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐĂĨĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ďĂƌƐ͕ ůŝƐƚĞŶ ƚŽ ŵƵƐŝĐ͙ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ŐŽ ŵĞĞƚ ƚŚĞŵ͕ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ͘ /ƚ͛Ɛ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ĞĂƐLJ ƚŚŝŶŐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϳ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ƉĂƌƚͲƟŵĞ ĂƐ ƐĂůĞƐƉĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
c$ E * d ǁĂƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďĞƐƚ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ŵĂĚĞ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ĨĞǁ LJĞĂƌƐ͘ EŽǁ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶ ƚƌĂǀĞů ĞĂƐŝůLJ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐŝĚĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶ ĚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ĂŶLJ ƚƌŽƵďůĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ǁŝůů ŚĞůƉ ƵƐ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ďĞƚƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ǁŝůů ĂůůŽǁ ƵƐ ƚŽ ĞŶũŽLJ ŵŽƌĞ ƚƌĂĚĞ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚŝƐ ǁĂLJ͕ ĞĂĐŚ ƐŝĚĞ ǁŝůů ďĞŶĞĨŝƚ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϭ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƐĞĐƌĞƚĂƌLJ͕ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
d͘ ƚ ůĞĂƐƚ ŶŽǁ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ƐĞĞ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŽŶ Ă ƌĞŐƵůĂƌ ďĂƐŝƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ŐŽŽĚ͘ Ƶƚ LJŽƵŶŐ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ǀŝƐŝƚ ŽƵƌ ƐŝĚĞ͙ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ĨĂŶĂƚŝĐƐ͖ c d ŽůĚĞƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ƉƌĞĨĞƌ ƚŽ ĐƌŽƐƐ ĨƌŽŵ >ŽŬŵĂĐŦ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
G ( " " " " O 8 " " " * H +# ( % " " " $ + # / ĨĞĞů ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ďĂĚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĚŝƐĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŵŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĞĂĐŚ ƐŝĚĞ͘ EŽǁ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚĂŶŐĞƌ͘ ŶLJƚŚŝŶŐ ĐŽƵůĚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶ͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
/ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ǁŽƵůĚ ůŽƐĞ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů͘ dƵƌŬƐ ŵĂLJ ƐƚĂLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƌĞĞ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ ǁŝůů ŶŽƚ ŬŶŽǁ ǁŚŽ ƐƚĂLJƐ͙ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ ĐƌŝŵĞ ƌĂƚĞ ŵĂLJ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ c E * d ǁĂƐ Ă ŐŽŽĚ ƐƚĞƉ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ͛ǀĞ ĐƌŽƐƐĞĚ ŽǀĞƌ ǁĞ ŚĂĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŽ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůŝĨĞ ĂůƐŽ͘ ŶĚ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĞŵ ďĞƩĞƌ͕ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ďĞƩĞƌ ŝĚĞĂ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŵ͘ / ŵĞĂŶ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ŝĚĞĂƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŵ͘͘͘ ĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŬŶŽǁ ĂŶLJƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ƐŽŵĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŵƉŽƐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝĚĞĂƐ ŽŶ LJŽƵ͘
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;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϰͲϭϴ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
G " 30^ H +# 13^ $ + #
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'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ;ϱ ŵŽƐƚ ĐŝƚĞĚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐͿ
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LJŽƵ ŽŶůLJ ƐŚŽǁ ƚŽ ŐŽ ƚŽ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͕ ŶŽƚ ƚŽ ŐŽ ƚŽ c d LJŽƵƌ ŽǁŶ ŝƐůĂŶĚ͊
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'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϭ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ >ŝŵĂƐƐŽů
dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
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&Žƌ ŵĞ ŝƚ ŝƐ ďĞƩĞƌ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ƚǁŽ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞ ƐƚĂƚĞƐ͘ tĞ ĐĂŶ ǀŝƐŝƚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ʹ ďƵƚ ŝĨ ǁĞ ĨŽƌĐĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĐŽŵƉůŝĐĂƚĞĚ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
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&ŝƌƐƚ ŽĨ Ăůů͕ / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ Ă ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĨŽƌ Ă ǀŝĂďůĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ / ĐŽƵůĚ ŶĞǀĞƌ ůŝǀĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ dƵƌŬƐ c d͙ / ǁŽƵůĚ ŶŽƚ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ c\d / ǁŽƵůĚ ŶĞǀĞƌ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŵ ʹ ĐĂůů ŝƚ ƌĂĐŝƐŵ ŝĨ LJŽƵ ǁŝƐŚ͘
tŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ĞŶƟƚůĞĚ ƚŽ ƐŽŵĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ c d ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŐĞƚ ƚŚĞŵ͙ ƚŚĞ c$ + # d ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŐŝǀĞ ƚŚĞŵ ďĂĐŬ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ĮŶĚ ƐŽŵĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ͘
'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ĐŚĞŵŝƐƚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů >ŝŵĂƐƐŽů
dŽ ƚĞůů ƚŚĞ ƚƌƵƚŚ͕ / ŚĂǀĞ ƐŽŵĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ͘ / ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŬŶŽǁ ŝĨ / ĐĂŶ ƚƌƵƐƚ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ʹ / ŵĞĂŶ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ Žƌ ƐŽůĚŝĞƌƐ͘ ^Ž ŝƚ ŝƐ ďĞƩĞƌ ƚŽ ůŝǀĞ ŝŶ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
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tĞ ĂƌĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĐĞĂƐĞͲĮƌĞ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ƐŝŐŶ Ă ƉĞĂĐĞ ĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚ͘ KƵƌ ĨĂƚŚĞƌƐ ŬĞĞƉ ƚĞůůŝŶŐ ƵƐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ǁĂƌ ŵĞŵŽƌŝĞƐ͘ /Ŷ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƌĞĂĐŚ ƉĞĂĐĞ͕ ǁĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ Ɛŝƚ ĂŶĚ ƚĂůŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ʹ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŶ ĂŐƌĞĞ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ǁŝůů ŶŽƚ ƚĂůŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ďĂĚ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ Ă ŚŽƐƟůĞ ǁĂLJ͘ KƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞ͕ Ăůů ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ǁŝůů ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
G S TU ƉĞĂĐĞĨƵů LJƉƌƵƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ĂŶĚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĞƋƵĂů ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŵŽǀĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ dƵƌŬŝƐŚ ĂŶĚ ƌŝƟƐŚ ďĂƐĞƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞĂů͘ ;'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϰͲϭϴ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
* $ + # S T " ' _ @ & # U / ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ŝŶ ƉĞĂĐĞ ďƵƚ ĂƐ Ă LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ / ƌĞĂůůLJ ǁĂŶƚ ƉĞĂĐĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ďĞƩĞƌ ũŽď ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ďĞƩĞƌ ƐĐŚŽŽůŝŶŐ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ hŶŝŽŶ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
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zŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĂŶ ŝŶĨĞƌŝŽƌ ǀŽŝĐĞ͘ dŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ ĂƐ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ĐůĂƐƐ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚƌƵĞ͘ >ŽŽŬ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĐŚŽŽů͗ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ůŝƐƚĞŶ ƚŽ ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌƐ͙ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ĂƐŬŝŶŐ LJŽƵ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͙LJŽƵ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŐŚƚ ƚŽ ĂƐŬ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͕ LJŽƵ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ĐƌŝƟĐŝnjĞ͘ >ŽŽŬ Ăƚ ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐ͗ ƚŚĞLJ ĐƌŝƟĐŝnjĞ LJŽƵ c d LJŽƵ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƌŝŐŚƚƐ͙ ^Ž / ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŽ ďĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ŝƐ Ă ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞ͙ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƵƌ ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͘
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŚĂǀĞ ŶŽ ƐƵĐŚ ƌŝŐŚƚ c " d͘ dŚŝƐ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ĨĞĞů ĨƌĞĞ ƚŽ ƚĂůŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ŝĚĞĂƐ Žƌ ƚŽ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ ŝŶ ƉƵďůŝĐ͘ EŽ ŽŶĞ ĂƐŬƐ ĨŽƌ ŽƵƌ ŝĚĞĂƐ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
tŚĂƚĞǀĞƌ LJŽƵƚŚ ŵŝŐŚƚ ĚŽ͕ ŝĨ ƚŚĞ ďŝŐ ƉŽǁĞƌƐ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ǁĂŶƚ ŵĞ ƚŽ ƐĂLJ ŝƚ͕ ŝƚ ǁŝůů ĚĞĮŶŝƚĞůLJ ŶŽƚ ďĞ ŚĞĂƌĚ͘ KŬ͕ ŝƚ ŵŝŐŚƚ ďĞ ŚĞĂƌĚ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚ ǁŝůů ŶŽƚ ďĞ ƚĂŬĞŶ ŝŶƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞ ŝƐƐƵĞ ŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŚƵŐĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ Ăƚ ƐƚĂŬĞ͘
;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϮϬ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ƐŽůĚŝĞƌ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ WĂƉŚŽƐ
KŶĞ͛Ɛ ƐĞŶƐĞ ŽĨ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵŝŶĞ ƌĂŝƐĞĚ ŵĞ ƚŽ ĨĞĞů ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ŵLJ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ŵĂŬĞ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ďƌŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ĚƌĂƐƟĐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ĞǀĞŶ ƚŚĞ LJŽƵƚŚ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĞdžŝƐƚ ĂƌĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůůLJ Žƌ ͚ŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĐĂůůLJ͛ ďLJ ƐŽŵĞ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ƉĂƌƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŝƐ ĚĞƉƌŝǀĞƐ c d ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ ĂŶĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ͘
R ! " " ͞LJŽƵŶŐ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ĂƐƐŝƐƚ ŝŶ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ Ă ƉĞĂĐĞĨƵů ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ LJƉƌƵƐ WƌŽďůĞŵ͟ @ H +# :1.^< S T S T " $ @ " $ + # 45^ " S T S T " H " # # ! $ $ @ @ % $
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'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
) @ U / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŽ c d ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ĂĚƵůƚƐ ĚĞĐŝĚĞ ĂůŽŶĞ c\d ƐŽ ǁĞ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ͕ ŶŽƌ ĚŽ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJ c d͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ĂƐ ƉŽůŝĐĞǁŽŵĂŶ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
,Žǁ ƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJ ĚŽ LJŽƵ ĂŐƌĞĞ Žƌ ĚŝƐĂŐƌĞĞ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ͗ D *
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W3^ H +# 22^ $ + # " $ 6 O @ ! $ ! 8 " # " " * + " + " @ + " U zŽƵƚŚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞ ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ LJƉƌƵƐ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ǁŚĞŶ Ă ŵŽǀĞ ƚĂŬĞƐ ƉůĂĐĞ͕ ǁŚĞŶ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ŚĂƉƉĞŶƐ͕ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ Ă ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽŶ LJŽƵƚŚ ʹ ĂŶĚ ŶŽƚ ƚŚĞ ϲϬ LJĞĂƌͲŽůĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ϳϬ LJĞĂƌͲŽůĚƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵĞŶƚĂůŝƚLJ ŚĂƐ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ďĞ ŽǀĞƌ ϲϬͲϲϱ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ DW ĐĂŶ ďĞ Ă ƉĞƌƐŽŶ ŽĨ ϮϱͲϯϬ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚ͘ ^Ž͕ ƚŚĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ŵƵƐƚ ƚĂŬĞ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ͕ ĂƐ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ĚŽŝŶŐ ŶŽǁ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚĂŬĞ Ă ůĞĂĚŝŶŐ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ŽĨ LJƉƌƵƐ ʹ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ͕ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů͕ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĞƚĐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ůĂǁLJĞƌ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ WĂƉŚŽƐ
$ " + " U zŽƵƚŚ ŵƵƐƚ ƚĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŝŐŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƉůĂĐĞ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞ ŽůĚ ŚĂǀĞ ŐŽŶĞ ĂƐƚƌĂLJ c\d / ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ŵĂŶLJ ƉŽůŝƟĐŝĂŶƐ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ŽĨ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ĞůĚĞƌůLJ ĂŐĞ͕ ƚŚĞLJ ƐƟůů ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ϭϵϳϰ ĂŶĚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ͘ tĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ŶŽǁ ŐĞƚ ĂǁĂLJ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚŝƐ ŝĚĞĂ͕ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ĐŽŵĞ ĐůŽƐĞƌ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ c d ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ŽĨ
LJƉƌƵƐ͖ ǁĞ ůŝǀĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŝƐůĂŶĚ͕ ƐŽ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ĮŶĚ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ;ƉƌĞͲƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͿ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ Ăƚ Ă ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ďĂŶŬ͕ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ WĂƉŚŽƐ
tĞ ĂƌĞ Ăůů ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ Ăƚ ƚŚŝƐ ĂŐĞ ǁĞ͛ƌĞ Ăƚ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƵƐ ǁŚŽ ǁŝůů ŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ ĂƐ ůŽŶŐ ĂƐ ǁĞ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶ ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƉƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ ƉĂƐƐĞĚ ŽŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘ tĞ ŵƵƐƚ ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌ ŽƵƌ ŽǁŶ ƚƌƵƚŚ ĂŶĚ ƚƌLJ ƚŽ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŝƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝĨ ǁĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŝƚ ƉƌŽƉĞƌůLJ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ďĞůŝĞĨƐ͕ ǁĞ ǁŝůů ŵĂŬĞ ŝƚ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
* U zŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂƌĞ c\d ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ͘ Ƶƚ͕ ŝŶ ƐŽŵĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ĂƌĞ ƌĞĂůůLJ ĂĐƟǀĞ͘ / ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƚŚĞLJ ĐŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ŝŶ ŚĞůƉŝŶŐ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ƚŚŝŶŬ ĂďŽƵƚ ďŝĐŽŵŵƵŶĂů ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͘ ^Ɵůů͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƐŽŵĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ LJŽƵŶŐ ĂŐĞ ĂŶĚ ůĂĐŬ ŽĨ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϴ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ
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* " _ / ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĚĞƉĞŶĚ ŽŶ ƵƐ͘ KƚŚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ ŝŶ ŝƚ͙ / Ăŵ ŶŽƚ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚ͘
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/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĞ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ LJƉƌƵƐ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĚĞƉĞŶĚ ŽŶ ƵƐ͕ ŝƚ ĚĞƉĞŶĚƐ ŽŶ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘ tĞ ĐŽŵĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŚĞƌĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŵLJ ŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ƚĂŬĞŶ ŝŶƚŽ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ͙ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϴ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ͕ ƉĂƌƚͲƟŵĞ ƐĂůĞƐƉĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
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/ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ă ĐŽƵƉůĞ ŽĨ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐ ǁŚĞŶ / ǁĂƐ ŝŶ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ͘ ƵƌŝŶŐ ŵLJ ĮƌƐƚ ŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞƌƐ ĂƐŬĞĚ ƵƐ ƚŽ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŽƵƌ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ͙ ĨŽƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƚŽ ůŝƐƚ ƚŚĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ǁĞďƐŝƚĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ǀŝƐŝƚ͘ / ĚŝĚ ŶŽƚ ĮŶĚ ƚŚŝƐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ƚŽ ďĞ
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# + # + " + " ůĞdžŝƐ >LJƌĂƐ &ŽƵŶĚĞƌ ĂŶĚ WƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů /ŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚŽƌ ŽǀĞƐ KůLJŵƉŝĐ DŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ X E :W55/< ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ WƐLJĐŚŽͲ^ŽĐŝĂů /ŵƉĂĐƚƐ ŽĨ ĂŶ /ŶƚĞƌͲ ƚŚŶŝĐ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƉŽƌƚ /ŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ ŽŶ 'ƌĞĞŬ ĂŶĚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚ LJƉƌŝŽƚ zŽƵƚŚ͘ * W E D + n ; + :W554< ^ƉŽƌƚƐ ĂƐ Ă ŵĞĚŝƵŵ ĨŽƌ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŚĂŶŐĞ͘ X2 ' * ) " '
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dŚĞƐĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĂŬĞ ƵƐ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŵŽƌĞ ĂƌĞ ďĞƩĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ũƵƐƚ ĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƚŽ Ă ĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͕ ƐŝƫŶŐ ĚŽǁŶ ĂŶĚ ƚĂůŬŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞŵ͘ tŚĞŶ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ LJŽƵ ĚŽ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ LJŽƵ ŶŽƌŵĂůůLJ ĚŽ Ăƚ LJŽƵƌ ĂŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ LJŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ŝŶ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ͕ ůŝŬĞ ŐŽŝŶŐ ŽƵƚ ĚĂŶĐŝŶŐ͕ ŐŽŝŶŐ ŽƵƚ ƚŽ ŚĞĂƌ ŵƵƐŝĐ c\d ŝƚ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŚŝƐ ĨĂǀŽƵƌŝƚĞ ďĂŶĚ ŝƐ LJŽƵƌ ĨĂǀŽƵƌŝƚĞ ďĂŶĚ ƚŽŽ͘ tŚĞŶ / ǁĞŶƚ ƚŽ >ĞĚƌĂ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐ Ă ďĂŶĚ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƐŝĚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ Ă ďĂŶĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐŝĚĞ͘ dŚĞLJ ǁĞƌĞ ƉůĂLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŵƵƐŝĐ͘ tĞ ĐŽƵůĚ ƚĂůŬ ƚŽ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͖ ǁĞ ŵĞƚ ŶĞǁ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂůŝnjĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ůŽƚ ŝŶ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ͘ tĞ Ăůů ůŝŬĞ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ŵŽǀŝĞƐ͕ ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ŵƵƐŝĐ͕ ǁĞ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ƚŚŝŶŐ͕ ĂďŽƵƚ ŚŽǁ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ ƚŚĞ ǁŚŽůĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ͙ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϳ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ƉĂƌƚͲƟŵĞ ĂƐ ƐĂůĞƐƉĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
$ @ " U dƌLJ ƚŽ ďĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŵŽƌĞ ŽŌĞŶ ʹ ǁĞ ƚƌLJ ƚŽ ŐŽ ŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĞƌĞ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĞ ƚŚĞŵ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ǁĞĞŬͲĞŶĚƐ͕ ƐŽŵĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ǁĞĞŬĞŶĚƐ ƚŚĞLJ ĐŽŵĞ ƚŽ ƐĞĞ ƵƐ͘ Ƶƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŚĂƌĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ŽŶůLJ Ă ĨĞǁ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ƚƌLJ ƚŽ ďƌŝŶŐ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘ " " " # # " + U
KŶĞ ǁĂLJ Žƌ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͕ ŝƚ ĚĞƉĞŶĚƐ ŽŶ ƵƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘ tŚĞŶ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ŝƐ ƉƵƚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ĚĂŶĐĞƐ͕ Žƌ ƐŽŵĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨŽƌ ƉĂŝŶƟŶŐƐ ůĞƚ͛Ɛ ƐĂLJ͕ ŝƚ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂů ƐƚƵī ʹ ůŝŬĞ ĚĂŶĐĞ͕ Ăƌƚ͕ ĐƌĞĂƟǀĞ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ůŝŬĞ ƉŽƩĞƌLJ͙ǁŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ŝŶ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ǁŝůů ŚĞůƉ ƚŚĞŵ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ Ă ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ͘ ^Ž͕ ǁŚĞŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƌŽŵŽƚĞ ƚŚŝƐ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚͬ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚƌƵƐƚ ǁŝůů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ ʹ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ďĂƐŝĐĂůůLJ ǁŚĂƚ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐ͙ tĞ ĚŽŶ͛ƚ ƚƌƵƐƚ ĞĂĐŚ ŽƚŚĞƌ͙ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ ǁŝůů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉ͕ ĂŶĚ ƐŽ ǁĞ ǁŝůů ĮŶĚ ŝƚ ĞĂƐŝĞƌ ƚŽ ĐŽŚĂďŝƚ͙ĂŶĚ ƐŽ Ă ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ͘ KŬ͕ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ĂƐ ĞĂƐLJ ĂƐ / Ăŵ ƉƵƫŶŐ ŝƚ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ƐƚĞƉ ƚŽ ďƌŝŶŐ ƵƐ ĐůŽƐĞƌ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϰ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ ĂƐ Ă ƐĞĐƌĞƚĂƌLJ͕ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
G ( U dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ǁŚĂƚ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ƚƌLJŝŶŐ ƚŽ ĚŽ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ LJŽƵƚŚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ǁŝƚŚ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͘ dŽ ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƚ ƚŚĞ ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞ͗ ͞EŽ ŵŽƌĞ LJŽƵ͕ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ƚŽŽ͊͟ tĞ ŬŶŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͘ tŚĞŶ / ǁĂƐ ŝŶ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĞƌĞ ƟŵĞƐ ǁŚĞŶ / ŵĞƚ ƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŵ͖ ǁĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚ ƚŚĞ LJƉƌƵƐ WƌŽďůĞŵ ĂŶĚ ǁĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƐŽŵĞ ƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͘ tĞ ĐĂŶ ůŝǀĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ͕ ďƵƚ ŶŽƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ dƵƌŬŝƐŚ ƐĞƩůĞƌƐ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ Ϯϯ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ ;ƉƌĞͲƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶͿ͕ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĚ Ăƚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞ ďĂŶŬ͕ ĞŶŐĂŐĞĚ͕ ƵƌďĂŶ WĂƉŚŽƐ
G + ! ( & + ( ) X.10 8 " W552# W553 " $ + # U dŚĞ LJŽƵŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŶ &ƌĂŶĐĞ ŚĂĚ ĚĞŵŽŶͲ ƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĚ ŽĨ Ăůů ƚŚŽƐĞ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĞLJ ĨŽƌĐĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘ tĞ ĐĂŶ ĚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ ŚĞƌĞ ŝŶ LJƉƌƵƐ͘ Ɛ ŵLJ ĨƌŝĞŶĚ ŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ͕ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ ŽƵƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
" ( # " H +# Ky ϵ͘ϰ
$ + # + + " W35
ZĞĐŽŶĐŝůŝĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů :ƵƐƚŝĐĞ WĞĚĂŐŽŐŝĞƐ WƌŽũĞĐƚ
$ % * > 6 % ' $ : % '$< 6 $ X3# 6 ) W55/ "
> W550 $ 6 " " + 6 _ " + _ " _ 'ŽŽĚ ƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐ ŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚ͗ a % U 6 # & a " O " : < - " Q ( " ! + : < a * " 8 " + # $ + " ( " a # 6 a " " a R % 6 a * ( 6 " + a + : 9 < % ! + Z , ! " " + * " $ + " + $ " + " " ( O " 6 # ( $ Q ( ( " 6 ŚĂƌĂůĂŵďŽƐ sƌĂƐŝĚĂƐ͕ džĞĐƵƟǀĞ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ Z d
_ ' + " P @ ( @
" + ' 8 " + U
DŝŶŐůŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŵ ŝƐ ŐŽŽĚ͕ ǁĞ ŚĂŶŐ ŽƵƚ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ĚĞĞƉĞƌ ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐŚŝƉ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĞdžŝƐƚ͕ ŽŶ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚLJ ŽĨ ĐƵůƟǀĂƟŶŐ ŝƚ͖ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĨĂĐƚ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ĚŝǀŝĚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďůĞŵ / ďĞůŝĞǀĞ͕ ĨƌŽŵ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ĐůĂƐƐŵĂƚĞƐ /͛ǀĞ ŚĂĚ͕ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ůŝǀĞƐ͕ Ăƚ ƐĐŚŽŽů͕ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚ ŝƐ ŽŶůLJ ĨŽƌ Ă ĨĞǁ ŚŽƵƌƐ͘ dŽ ŵĞĞƚ ƵƉ ĂŌĞƌǁĂƌĚƐ͕ ĂƐ LJŽƵ ǁŽƵůĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ĨƌŝĞŶĚ͕ ŝƐ ŵƵĐŚ ŚĂƌĚĞƌ͘ tĞ ŚĂǀĞ ŽƵƌ ůŝǀĞƐ ŚĞƌĞ͖ ƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůŝǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ ƚŚĞƌĞ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ǀĞƌLJ ĨĞǁ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĞ ĐĂŶ ĚŽ ũŽŝŶƚůLJ͘ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϵ͕ ŚŝŐŚ ƐĐŚŽŽů ŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ͕ ƐŝŶŐůĞ͕ ƌƵƌĂů EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌůLJ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ ǁŝůů ĂůůŽǁ ƵƐ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚ ŽŶĞ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ʹ ƐŚŽƌƚͲƚĞƌŵ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ͘ dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞ͕ ϭϳ͕ ĐŽůůĞŐĞ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚ͕ EŝĐŽƐŝĂ
/ ŚĂǀĞ 'ƌĞĞŬͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ͘ / ŵĞƚ ƚŚĞŵ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐĂŵƉ͘ tĞ ŚĂǀĞ ǀĞƌLJ ŐŽŽĚ ĨƌŝĞŶĚƐŚŝƉƐ ƚŚĞƌĞ͘ Ƶƚ ƚŚĞŶ ǁĞ ĐŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚ͕ ŶŽƚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƐŽŵĞ ďĂĚ ĨĞĞůŝŶŐƐ͕ ďƵƚ ƐŝŵƉůLJ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ĚŝĚŶ͛ƚ ŚĂƉƉĞŶ͘
" + " ! #
' D R + $ " - D % H +# $ + # " + " ( " " # 9 " - "
;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚƐ ϭϳͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
) " P " " - (
O " cH +# $ + # d ŽŶůLJ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ƐŽůƵƟŽŶ ŝƐ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŽůǀĞĚ͘ ŽŵŝŶŐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ŶŽǁ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ĂŶ ĞĂƐLJ ƚŚŝŶŐ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
tĞ ĐŽƵůĚ ůŝǀĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĞŵLJ͘ tĞ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŽƵƌ ŵŝŶĚƐ͘ /Ĩ ǁĞ ƚŚŝŶŬ ŽĨ ŽƵƌƐĞůǀĞƐ ĂƐ Ă ŵĞŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵĞ c d͕ ĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĞĂƐŝĞƌ ĨŽƌ ƵƐ͘ ;dƵƌŬŝƐŚͲ LJƉƌŝŽƚ͕ ϭϵͲϮϰ LJĞĂƌƐ ŽůĚͿ
8 S + " T W3X B " " S " + T W3W - P + - + + " " " " $ "
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10 CHAPTER TEN
CONCLUSION: EMPOWERING CYPRIOT YOUTH
EĞǀĞƌ ĚŽƵďƚ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƐŵĂůů ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƞƵů͕ ĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĚ ĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ ĐĂŶ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͘ DĂƌŐĂƌĞƚ DĞĂĚ
D
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$ # " ! " " 7 # Z , 8 X.05 " " " ! "
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tĞ͕ ƚŚĞ LJŽƵƚŚ ŽĨ LJƉƌƵƐ͗
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q " " " q 6 " Z , " " q O Q " " q " "
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ANNEX I: Quantitative And Qualitative Methodology
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ISBN 978-9963-634-75-0
www.undp-act.org
CYPRUS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009
place against the background noise of the Cyprus Problem.
stakeholders in the future of the island, namely youth. More speci@cally the Report
administered to over 1,600 young Cypriots across the island, the Report examines the
the other community and young peoplesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; opinions on religion, health and building peace in behaviours of young Greek-Cypriots and Turkish-Cypriots residing on the island today. lives through the prism of youth empowerment and responsibility and analyses how these two factors aOect the development of young Cypriots.
and countries in which they live. While it is the responsibility of parents, educators, civil