FIELD SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF NATIONWIDE AWARENESS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN TURKEY

ENABLING ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPERATION OF TURKEY’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE

FIELD SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF NATIONWIDE AWARENESS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN TURKEY

February 2012 | Ankara

Index Index

Slide No

General Frame

…………………………

5-6

Research Frame

………………………..

7-9

Demographic Structure of the Research

…………………………

10-12

Climate Change

…………………………

13-24

Adaptation & Mitigation

…………………………

25-36

Willingness to pay

…………………………

37-45

Result

…………………………

46-49

2

General Frame Purpose and Scope

General Frame Purpose and Scope

• With this research; • Level of awareness of public on climate change, • Mitigation and adaptation activities carried out by public, • The willingness to pay to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have been examined.

• The research has provided findings that will shape the action plans of

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning on climate change.

4

Research Frame Method and Sampling

Research Frame Questionnaire Preparation • At the beginning of the study, a brainstorming meeting was realized. During the brainstorming meeting, a matrix was designed according to possible hypotheses and assumptions related to the purpose of the research.

The questionnaire was formed based on this matrix. After the pilot study, the questionnaire was finalized.

Climate Change

Mitigation

Level

Source

Is it seen as a problem? How serious is this problem? Where (Spontaneous and assisted does this problem stand compared to other issues? What are (Spontaneous and assisted recall) recall) Which ones are ways to its most important causes? What are its most important Which ones are ways to struggle? struggle? consequences?

What are the sources of information? How much do you trust in those sources?

Approach

Climate fund (the ones who are negatively affected by the climate change)

Most effective ways. How effective are the indicated ways?

Action

What kind of vital changes? Which ones are appropriate?

Being open to education (the question of h2)

What are the actions you carry on?

Most effective ways (Hydroelectric plants, Renewable Energy, Nuclear Plant). How effective are the indicated ways?

Labelling of products – Interest and Follow Up What are the actions you carry on? Labeling of products.

(Preference)

Individual / Social Roles

Willingness to Pay

What is climate change? Description. Would it create new jobs? Should lessons about it be given in the schools?

Whether the struggle against climate change will create new professions and employment? Its positive and negative impacts on poverty and economic growth? And why?

Perception

Awareness/ Knowledge

Adaptation

Public Private sector NGO

Among the given options, selected attributed duties/responsibilities for each institution structure

Considering that each product you buy emits greenhouse gasses, would you voluntarily pay a nominal amount of money to reduce these impacts? How much would you pay for a shopping of 100 TL? Would you pay more for climate-friendly products? If not, why?

Research Frame Method and Sampling

• The target audience is composed of individuals between the ages of 15-69 and live within the

boundaries of Turkey.

• The universe of the research is Turkey.

• The sampling element is households.

• The survey unit is randomly selected individuals (according to the Kish selection table) living in households which are in accordance with the interview.

• Sampling is selected in the settlements which include NUTS 1 Regions and 26 Water Basins.

• Considering the negative situations such as insufficiency of households in the determined street/main street/village, inexistence of determined street/main street/village, refusal etc., in total 3.600 interviews were selected from the address list as 2.340 interviews in urban and 1.260 interviews in rural areas.

• 3.166 interviews were conducted as 2.036 interviews in urban areas, 1.130 in rural areas.

7

Demographic Structure of the Research

Demographic Structure of the Research Provinces of Realized Interviews Istanbul

24,6

Ankara

9,2

Izmir

9,0

Konya

6,7

Antalya

6,1

Bursa

5,7

Samsun

5,1

Adana

4,8

Balıkesir

4,8

Aydın

4,2

Gaziantep

3,7

Erzurum

3,3

Kütahya

3,1

Sivas

2,8

Bitlis

2,6

Isparta

2,6

Artvin

Basins of Realized Interviews

1,7

Marmara Ergene Sakarya Konya-Kapalı Kızılırmak Kuzey Ege Susurluk Fırat Küçük Menderes Gediz Büyük Menderes Doğu Akdeniz Antalya Ceyhan Seyhan Yeşilırmak Doğu Karadeniz Çoruh Batı Akdeniz Akarçay Batı Karadeniz Aras Dicle Burdur Van-Kapalı Asi

8,1 7,3 6,1 4,8 4,6 4,6 4,5 4,0 4,0 3,8 3,4 3,3 3,3 2,4 2,3 2,2 2,1 1,9 1,6 1,2 1,2 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8

Urban-Rural Breakdown of Interviews

20,1

Urban; 64,3

Rural; 35,7

According to the general census of TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) in 2000; in Turkey 68% of households live in urban areas, 32% live in rural areas. Proportion of visited households in urban and rural areas has almost the same proportion of Turkey.

Base : 3166

9

Demographic Structure of the Research Age Distribution of Interviewees

Gender Distribution of Interviewees

15-19 years 20-24 years

Female 48,5

Male; 51,5

9,3

25-29 years

11,2

30-34 years

11,6

35-39 years

10,2

40-44 years

9,6

45-49 years

9,8

50-54 years

10,4

55-59 years

According to the general census of TUIK(Turkish Statistical Institute) in 2010; the gender distribution in Turkey is even. The gender distribution of the research has almost the same proportion of Turkey’s gender distribution.

6,7

7,8

60-64 years

6,8

65-69 years

6,8

The average age of interviewees is 40.7. Since people over age 15 are included in the study, the average age of interviewees is higher than the average of TUIK.

Base : 3166

10

Climate Change

Climate Change Perception Description of Climate Change What is climate change?

Change in seasons

39,5

Drought/Waterlessness

13,5

Disturbances on weather conditions

9,3

Air pollution Global warming Non-existence of winter season

7,0 6,0 3,9

Degradation of the natural balance

2,7

Decrease in rainfall

2,6

Depletion of ozone layer

2,5

Temperature increase

2,2

Environmental pollution

2,0

Non-existence of four seasons

1,8

• The climate change is mostly associated with the change in seasons. • There is a small segment which associates the climate change with global warming.

%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.

Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.

Values under 1.8% are not included in the chart.

Climate Change Perception Opinions Related to Economic Aspects of Climate Change I will show you some expressions related to economic aspects of struggle against climate change. Would you please indicate the expression you strongly agree?

The struggle against climate change and the economy are both important. However; the struggle against climate change should have the priority.

43,2

Even it's a damage to the economy, the struggle against climate change should have the priority.

21,0

The struggle against climate change and the economy are both important. However; the economy should have the priority.

20,0

Even it causes climate change, the improvement of economy should have the priority.

3,0

• It is seen that the perception of struggle against climate change is high among the public. • However, the economic growth should not be ignored, too.

Climate Change Perception Level of Agreement on Expressions about Climate Change Please indicate your level of agreement by looking at the card and reply as “1 Strongly disagree, 5 Strongly agree” on each of the expressions about climate change which I am going to read.

Total of Positive Values

Index

8,81,1 0,4 15,5

74,1

60,7

6,73,5 1,0 16,4

72,4

59,3

46,4

10,21,4 0,3 16,2

71,9

58,9

Mean Line %61,0 Lessons about climate change should be given in primary and high schools.

34,7

Climate change can be prevented by taking precautions.

39,5

29,2

The people should definitely participate in struggle against climate change.

43,1

25,4

Climate change affects economic growth negatively.

28,0

43,1

9,9 1,9 0,3 16,9

71,0

58,2

Climate change creates poverty.

28,9

39,7

11,1 3,2 0,2 16,9

68,6

56,2

11,6 3,6 1,1 16,3

67,5

55,3

20,3

58,3

47,8

Struggle against climate change is a duty of the state.

24,9

Struggle against climate change creates new professions and employment.

Effects of climate change are exaggerated.

Climate change cannot be prevented even though precautions are taken.

Strongly agree

Agree

42,5

20,2

38,1

14,2

6,6 0,5

9,1

24,3

12,5

21,1

14,2

18,8

33,4

27,4

11,9

20,1

13,8

21,4

14,6

18,2

32,0

26,2

Neither agree nor disagree

Disagree

Strongly disagree

No idea

Base : 3166

• It is observed that the wish that lessons about climate change should be given in primary and high schools is very high.

14

The Climate Change Awareness/Information Level Various Problems’ Importance Level for the World

Various Problems’ Importance Level for Turkey Now, I am going to read you some other problems. Would you please indicate how important the problem of ………………… (READ THE EXPRESSIONS ONE BY ONE) is for Turkey; in other words, would you please indicate its importance level by looking at the card?

Now, I am going to read you some problems. Would you please indicate how important is the problem of ………………… (READ THE EXPRESSIONS ONE BY ONE) for the world; in other words, would you please indicate its importance level by looking at the card?

Total of Positive Values

Mean Line %92,2 The spread of epidemic diseases

52,2

Depletion of food and beverage resources

52,2

Waterlessness/Drought

52,9

43,5 43,4 41,8

2,5 1,0 95,7 2,6 1,2 95,7 3,3 1,4 94,7

Index 51,9 51,9 51,4

Wars between countries

49,9

44,2

3,8 1,1 94,1

51,0

Global warming

49,2

43,8

5,0 1,4 93,0

50,4

Rapid increase in world population

46,9

45,3

4,9 1,4 92,2

45,8

45,6

5,8 1,7 91,4

49,6

Proliferation of nuclear weapons

47,1

43,6

5,1 3,2

90,7

49,2

Climate change

46,9

82,7

44,8

Very important Important Neither important nor unimportant Unimportant Not important at all No idea

Those who do not have any idea is the most for climate change.

Total of Positive Values Index

Poverty

51,1

44,9

2,5 1,0

96,0

52,6

Unemployment

55,3

40,3 2,9 1,0

95,6

52,4

Terror

57,3

37,3 2,9 1,8

94,6

51,8

Waterlessness/Drought

49,8

44,2

4,3 1,0

94,0

51,5

Economic crisis

46,6

47,4

4,1 1,2

94,0

51,5

Inadequacy of education

46,6

47,1

4,3 1,3

93,7

51,3

Environmental pollution

50,7

43,0

4,5 1,0

93,6

51,3

Global warming

47,3

5,6 1,9

50,0

Global economic crisis

35,8 3,0 13,7

Mean Line %91,3

Base : 3166

44,4

91,8

50,3

Corruption

41,9

48,8

6,6 1,7

90,7

49,7

High crime rate

43,6

45,9

7,6 1,3

89,5

49,0

Traffic

41,7

45,8

9,3 1,2

87,5

47,9

Political instability

40,4

45,1

10,2 2,2

85,5

46,8

80,7

44,2

Climate change

45,0

35,7 4,9 13,8

Very important Important Neither important nor unimportant Unimportant Not important at all No idea

Climate Change Awareness/Information Level Level of Knowledge about Climate Change Please indicate your level of knowledge as “1-Very poor, 5-Very good” about the issues I am going to read. .

Total of Positive Values

Index

12,5

55,8

41,3

11,1

49,6

39,9

10,7

47,8

10,5

46,9

Mean Line %11,2 About causes of climate change 1,6 10,9

About adaptation to climate change 1,010,1

About struggle against climate change 1,5 9,3

About effects of climate change on our lives 4,4 6,1

Very good

Good

16,1

13,3

14,8

16,5

41,3

30,1

34,3

34,6

38,9

Neither good nor poor

34,2

Poor

Very poor

Base : 3166

• It is observed that the public has some idea about climate change, however the knowledge is insufficient.

16

Climate Change Awareness/Information Level Causes of Climate Change In your opinion, what are the causes of climate change?

Benchmark England Air pollution

52,6

22,7%

Deforestation

33,7

10,5%

Increase in the number of factories and plants

33,0

8,7%

Waste water mixing in streams, rivers and seas

28,7

Population growth

18,9

-

Increase in number of automobiles

14,7

-

Increase in fuel consumption

13,9

-

Increase in individual consumption

13,7

-

Increase in greenhouse gases

11,8

Migrations

11,6

Unplanned urbanization / squattering Increase in air travel Depletion of ozone layer

10,5 3,8 1,6

11,2% 16,2%

14.2% of the interviewees do not have any idea about the causes of climate change.

Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.

Values under 1.6% are not included in the chart.

• It is observed that the public does not know the real causes of climate change.

• Awareness related to real causes of climate change is low.

• Air pollution, which is a result of climate change is seen as the most important cause.

Climate Change Awareness/Information Level Impacts of Climate Change on Various Natural Phenomena Now, I am going to read you some natural phenomena. Please indicate the impact level of climate change on these natural phenomena by looking at the card and evaluating between 1 and 5 points?

Mean Line %75,6

Total of Positive Values

Index Temperatures above seasonal averages Increase in drought Melting of glaciers Water reduction in water basins Increasing frequency of heavy rainfall Sea level rise

33,7

45,3

39,4

39,3

35,6

39,2

33,1

41,5

35,2

39,3

31,1

40,9

4,7 1,0 0,4 14,8

79,0

52,2

5,1 0,9 0,5 14,7

78,7

52,1

7,80,7 0,4 16,3

74,8

49,5

7,90,8 0,4 16,4

74,5

49,3

6,82,7 0,7 15,3

74,5

49,3

9,31,1 0,5 17,1

72,0

47,6

Highly effective

Effective

Neither effective nor ineffective

Ineffective

Highly ineffective

I don't know Base : 3166

• It is observed that the most important indicators of climate change are increase in temperatures and drought. • The least observed impact of climate change is the sea level rise.

18

Climate Change Source Sources of Information Related to Climate and Environmental Issues Now, I am going to show you the sources of information related to climate and environmental issues on a card. Please indicate the first 3 effective sources of information from which you get information about climate change?

TV programs

46,7

TV news

43,9

Family members

28,6

Acquaintances like friends, neighbours

24,2

Newspaper reports

19,5

Universities and scientists

17,0

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning

15,7

Teachers

11,4

Chaplains

8,0

Advertisements

7,6

Internet news and webpages

5,7

Radio news

5,7

Statements made by political authorities

4,4

Non-governmental organizations or associations

3,9

Village headmen

3,5

United Nations

3,4

Magazines

The source which information is mostly taken from is television.

0,5

13.2% of those who were interviewed, have no knowledge about sources of information related to climate and environmental issues.

Base : 3166

19

Climate Change Source Level of Trust in Sources of Information About Climate and Environmental Issues Please indicate your level of trust in information source of ………………………. about climate and environmental issues by looking at the card and evaluating between 1 and 5 points ?

Mean Line %86,7Total of Positive Magazines

52,9

United Nations

48,6

Family members Teachers

Radio news Immediate surroundings

Statements made by political authorities

7,2 0,8

40,1

42,3

9,3 0,6

46,8

39,0

9,9 0,9

48,0

30,7

Chaplains

6,6 0,6

47,5

50,1

Village headmen

6,0 0,3

41,4

44,4

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning

4,6

55,8

51,3

Universities and scientists

Internet news and webpages

46,8

37,6

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning

Newspaper reports

47,1

12,2 0,8

54,0

42,3 20,4 22,2

13,80,2 1,3

41,9

15,40,4

63,5

11,6 0,6 3,9

61,1

14,4 2,2

33,6

48,6

13,8 0,7 3,3

46,4

13,0 0,7 4,3

35,5

TV news

26,2

55,5

16,8 0,2 1,4

TV programs

26,0

54,1

17,6 0,4 2,0

Advertisements

25,7

46,1

Somewhat high

Neither high nor low

Very high

Base : 3166

20,3 Somewhat low

7,1 0,8

Very low

Values

Index

Base

100,0 95,4 93,4 92,8 91,9 90,2 89,2 87,0 84,8 84,2 84,0 83,3 82,3 81,9 81,7 80,1 71,8

57,7 55,0 53,9 53,5 53,0 52,0 51,4 50,2 48,9 48,6 48,4 48,0 47,5 47,2 47,1 46,2 41,4

17* 109 907 497 360 539 111 123 618 253 181 180 767 138 1391 1480 241

*Not statistically significant

Climate Change Approach Level of Climate Change Impact on the World and Turkey

Level of Concern about Climate Change Problem

Now, I am going to read you some expressions about the level of climate change impact on the world and Turkey. Please indicate the expression you strongly agree.

Please indicate your level of concern about climate change problem in Turkey by looking at the card and evaluating between 1 and 5 points.

Very concerned Climate change impacts in Turkey are less than other countries

Climate change impacts in Turkey are the same with other countries

Climate change impacts in Turkey are more than other countries

15,2

29,2 Quite concerned

24,6

%26,8 of those who were interviewed, have no knowledge about the impacts of climate change.

19,4

50,8

Neither concerned nor unconcerned

Quite unconcerned

Very unconcerned

12,8

6,9

%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.

1,5

Base : 3166

21

Climate Change Action Level of Perceived Seriousness of Climate Change Now, I am going to read you some expressions about the level of seriousness of climate change. Please indicate the one you strongly agree.

Benchmark Climate change is a serious problem and immediate action must be taken.

34,6

There is enough evidence to prove climate change and to take some precautions would be beneficial.

34,3

We do not know enough about climate change and more research should be done at first

I think that climate change isn't happening at all.

16,7

1,5

Ä°ngiltere

Amerika

41,0%

17,0%

36,0%

• The rate of people who think that immediate action against climate change must be taken is 68.9%

18,0%

24,0%

• %12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.

4,0%

7,0%

33,0%

22

Adaptation & Mitigation

Adaptation & Mitigation Awareness/Knowledge Effectiveness Level of Various Practices to Struggle against Climate Change Would you please indicate how effective you find the practices, which I am going to read you, regarding the struggle against climate change?

Total of Positive Values Index

Mean Line %69,9 To unplug electronic appliances when not in use

30,4

43,5

9,5 1,6 0,2 14,7

73,9

52,9

To use public transport more

30,8

41,6

9,5 2,1 0,2 15,8

72,4

51,8

To use energy saving light bulbs

30,2

41,9

10,2 1,4 0,2 16,2

72,1

51,6

To reduce waste

30,0

41,9

10,7 1,6 0,2 15,5

71,9

51,4

To buy low energy white goods

28,0

42,1

12,1 1,7 0,1 16,1

70,1

50,1

To make thermal insulation

26,9

43,0

11,0 2,5 0,2 16,5

69,9

50,0

11,3 2,5 0,3 16,5

69,4

49,6

To sort waste according to their types

30,4

39,1

To buy products labeled as environment friendly

25,9

43,1

12,3 1,8 0,1 16,7

69,0

49,4

Not to raise home's temperature too much

26,6

42,1

12,6 1,6 0,1 17,0

68,6

49,1

To consume fruits and vegetables in their season

24,9

13,9 2,0 0,2 15,8

68,1

48,7

43,2

To install double glazed windows

26,7

41,3

12,2 2,3 0,0

17,4

68,1

48,7

To prefer to walk or bicycle for short distances

27,1

40,9

12,4 3,2 0,3 16,2

68,0

48,6

66,7

47,7

To use fuel efficient cars Highly effective

Effective

24,1

42,6

Neither effective nor ineffective

Ineffective

Base : 3166

Energy saving are considered to be the most efficient practices. On the other hand, practices related to transportation are below the average, except the practice of “To use public transport more�.

12,1 3,8 0,1

17,3

Ineffective at all

No idea

Adaptation & Mitigation Approach Level of Attention Paid to Environment-Friendly Labels While Buying Products Would you please indicate by looking at the card, whether you would pay attention, when there is a label emphasizing that the product you are about to buy is produced through less harmful and environment-friendly methods?

I always pay attention

8,8

I mostly pay attention

23,2

I sometimes pay attention

I rarely pay attention

I never pay attention

24,4

%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.

• Although 66.0% is very concerned about the climate change, only 32.0% pays attention to environmentfriendly labels while buying products. • That is to say, although the interest in climate change is high, the level of realized actions is low.

18,2

12,6

Base : 3166

25

Adaptation & Mitigation Action Individual Practices to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change (Spontaneous Recall)

Individual Practices to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change (Assisted Recall)

Would you please indicate the individual practices you make in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change with or without a purpose of financial gain or savings?

Now, I am going to read you some practices. Would you please indicate the individual practices you make in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change with or without a purpose of financial gain or savings?

17,4

I make energy savings

8,7

I make water savings

Mean Line %57,7 To unplug electronic appliances when not in use

7,5

I keep my environment clean I use energy saving light bulbs

5,7

I sort waste

5,4

I use public transport / I drive less

4,8

• %38,2 do not do any practice,

69,1

18,0

12,9

To use energy saving light bulbs

65,9

21,2

12,9

To consume fruits and vegetables in their season

64,4

22,8

12,9

To buy low energy white goods

60,8

26,3

12,9

To prefer to walk or bicycle for short distances

60,7

26,5

12,9

To reduce waste

59,2

27,9

12,9

To use public transport more

58,7

28,5

12,9

Not to raise home's temperature too much

57,0

30,1

12,9

I do afforestation

3,7

I have thermal insulation

2,7

I use natural gas

2,0

I do not use any aerosol products

1,4

I use recycled products

1,4

I protect the nature

1,4

I buy environmental-friendly products

1,2

To use fuel efficient cars

I use high quality coal

1,1

• %12,9 has no idea about climate change.

To sort waste according to their types

52,9

34,2

12,9

To install double glazed windows

52,4

34,7

12,9

To make thermal insulation

52,2

34,9

12,9

To buy products labeled as environment friendly

52,2

35,0

12,9

I do

I don't do

44,2

43,0

12,9

No idea

Base : 3166

26

Adaptation & Mitigation Action Future Attitudes Towards Climate Change Now, I am going to show you some expressions about attitudes which might be adopted in the future against climate change. Please indicate the expression you strongly agree by looking at the card?

Benchmark We will have to change our way of living, in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

New technologies will emerge, in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

16,6

Although climate change is a major problem, I believe that people will take no action about this issue.

Base

United States

27,0%

32,0%

26,0%

21,0%

13,0%

17,0%

22,9

We will learn to live in a warmer climate.

Since climate change is not a major problem, I believe that people will take no action about this issue.

England 34,1

11,3

2,2

21,0%

24,0%

3,0%

7,0%

Turkey

England

United States

3166

1056

1200

• It is observed that the public accepts the climate change problem, and will tend to change their way of living in the future.

%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.

27

Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Most Effective Channel for a Future Awareness Campaign of Government Which channel would be the most effective one, when the government conducts an awareness campaign about climate and environmental issues?

Television Schools

75,1 7,9

Newspaper

1,5

Radio

1,0

Internet

1,0

Magazines

0,2

Seminars / Meetings

0,1

Mosques

0,1

Ministry

0,1

Village headman's office

0,1

%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.

• It is observed that the television is considered to be the most effective channel of communication for climate and environmental issues. • To indicate names of trusted institutions in a campaign on television would increase the effectiveness of the campaign.

Base : 3166

28

Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Most Important Duties of Public in order to Struggle against Climate Change What are the most important duties of public in order to struggle against climate change?

Not to pollute the environment

9,4

To plant a tree

5,0 3,0

To protect forests

2,0

I use environmentally harmless products

1,8

To pay attention to air pollution

1,8

To use recyclable products

1,6

To take care of the nature

1,6

• 39.6% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; • 3.6% indicated that the public does not have any duty about this subject.

1,5

To obey the rules

1,2

To teach at schools

1,1

To restrict the use of products such as…

To raise the public awareness

10,1

To create awareness

To use public transport

What are the most important duties of public/governmental organizations in order to struggle against climate change?

14,4

To make energy and water savings

To sort wastes

Most Important Duties of Public / Governmental Organizations in order to Struggle against Climate Change

1,0

To use natural gas instead of coal

1,0

Not to cut down trees

1,0

Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.

Values under 0.9% are not included in the chart.

17,2

To plant a tree

4,6

To teach at schools

3,9

To increase controls

3,6

To apply penal sanctions

2,3

To bring laws into action

2,1

To protect forests

1,4

To filter wastes

1,1

To make announcements through…

1,0

To provide energy savings

0,8

To care environmental cleanliness

0,8

To come up with projects

0,7

To make notifications on TV

0,7

To encourage agricultural irrigation

0,7

To protect nature

0,7

To provide financial support

0,7

• 47.6% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; • 2.4% indicated that the public / governmental organizations do not have any duty about this subject.

Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.

Values under 0.7% are not included in the chart.

Base : 3166

29

Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Most Important Duties of Private Sector Establishments in order to Struggle against Climate Change

Most Important Duties of Non-Governmental Organizations in order to Struggle against Climate Change

What are the most important duties of private sector establishments in order to struggle against climate change?

What are the most important duties of non-governmental organizations in order to struggle against climate change?

To visit households to raise public awareness

To filter waste

5,4

Not to pollute the environment

1,9

To advertise / To make announcements

1,6

To be conscious

1,4

To work without harming the environment

1,2

The chemicals should be controlled

1,1

Not to throw factory waste to the nature

0,9

To produce products harmless to the nature

0,9

To provide financial support

0,8

To obey laws

0,8

To use qualified personnel

0,8

• 70,9% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; • 4,0% indicated that the public does not have any duty about this subject.

Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.

Values under 0.8% are not included in the chart.

9,9

To organize seminars

1,5

To organize trainings

1,2

To advertise / To make announcements

0,9

To organize meetings

0,9

To organize more events to lead the public

0,8

To increase activities

0,5

To conduct campaigns

0,4

To plant a tree

0,3

To protest

0,3

To distribute brochures

0,2

Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.

Not to pollute the environment

0,2

To act together with government and public

0,2

Values under 0.2% are not included in the chart.

• 78.3% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; and • 4.4% indicated that the non-governmental organizations do not have any duty about this subject.

Base : 3166

30

Adaptation & Mitigation Roles The Most Effective Institution In Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts Which institution is the most effective one in mitigation of climate change impacts?

Awareness of Practices Made by Government to Struggle Against Climate Change Do you know any practice carried on by the government to struggle against climate change?

Prime ministry

28,3

Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning

26,8

Municipalities United Nations

19,1

No, I don’t know; 89,2

3,3

Non-Governmental Organizations

2,0

Media

1,8

Developed countries

1,6

Scientists and universities

0,9

Other

0,8

Yes, I know; 10,8

• Ministries are considered to be the most effective institution in mitigation of climate change impacts.

• Practices carried on by the government to struggle against climate change are not known by the majority of public.

Base : 3166

31

Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Practices Made by Government to Struggle Against Climate Change You have indicated that you know some practices made by government to struggle against climate change. Would you please indicate these practices?

To recycle waste and garbages

7,7

To use less water at agricultural production by improving agricultural irrigation systems

3,7

To encourage buildings for practices providing energy efficiency like thermal insulation

2,4

To promote energy sources like solar and wind energy

2,2

To encourage practices of organic farming

2,2

To promote recyclable energy sources

2,1

To promote public transport

1,9

To promote hydroelectric energy sources

1,8

To promote nuclear energy

1,6

To make afforestation

1,5

To arrange workshops and campaigns to increase consumer knowledge

1,3

To encourage investments which will create less environmental pollution

1,2

To promote bicycling

1,0

89.2% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know any practice to struggle against climate change.

Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.

Values under 1.0% are not included in the chart.

Base : 3166

32

Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Level of Effectiveness of Practices Made by Government to Struggle Against Climate Change Now, I am going to read you some practices which might be realized by government. Please indicate how effective you find these practices regarding mitigation of climate change impacts by looking at the card?

Total of Positive Values Index

Mean Line %67,7 To recycle waste and garbages

35,0

4,4 0,5 0,2

17,3

77,6

57,3

7,6 1,1 0,1

17,2

74,0

54,7

42,5

To arrange workshops and campaigns to increase consumer knowledge and change their habits Government should encourage investments which will create less environmental pollution To use less water at agricultural production by improving agricultural irrigation systems

29,7

40,7

10,5 1,6 0,1

17,4

70,4

52,0

30,1

39,7

10,3 1,1 0,3

18,5

69,8

51,6

To encourage practices of organic farming

29,7

39,4

10,6 1,3 0,1

18,9

69,0

51,0

31,2

42,8

To promote public transport

27,0

41,9

10,4 2,4 0,3

18,0

68,9

50,9

To encourage buildings for practices providing energy efficiency like thermal insulation

28,2

40,2

10,8 2,1 0,4

18,3

68,4

50,5

10,4 1,5 0,6

19,5

68,0

50,2

18,6

66,4

49,0

65,0

48,0

23,4

59,7

44,1

23,4

54,8

40,5

To promote energy sources like solar and wind energy

31,2

To promote bicycling

30,4

To promote recyclable energy sources To promote hydroelectric energy sources To promote nuclear energy

Highly effective

Effective

36,7

35,9

26,6

9,7

38,4

25,0

11,6 1,4 0,4

34,7

22,9

31,9

Neither effective nor ineffective

3,3 2,1

11,4 11,6

Ineffective

2,82,7

5,1 5,2

21,6

Ineffective at all

No idea

Base : 3166

33

Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Level of Effectiveness of Various Practices to Struggle Against Climate Change Would you please indicate how much effective you find the expressions I am going to read you about struggle against climate change by looking at the card?

Total of Positive Values Index

Mean Line %74,1 To protect clear water resources

40,4

39,5

4,1 0,3 0,1 15,7

79,9

53,9

To struggle against flood and overflow

37,2

41,2

4,9 0,6 0,1 16,0

78,4

52,9

To make agricultural production according to changing climate conditions

37,8

39,6

5,5 0,5 0,2

16,4

77,4

52,2

6,00,8 0,3

16,8

76,2

51,4

8,70,4 0,1

16,7

74,1

50,0

72,4

48,9

67,7

45,7

67,1

45,3

To raise awareness about health impacts of extreme hot and cold weather

33,8

To protect species of plants&animals, and their habitat

33,8

To struggle against contagious diseases

33,8

Natural disaster insurance

32,3

Agricultural insurance

Highly effective

Effective

42,4 40,3

38,6 35,3

30,5

36,5

Neither effective nor ineffective

Ineffective

8,01,1 0,4

18,2

9,4 2,0 0,6

20,3

10,5 2,2 0,6

19,6

Ineffective at all

No idea

Base : 3166

34

Willingness to Pay

Willingness to Pay Willingness to Pay More For a Product The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Produced with Environment-Friendly Methods Product Worth 100 TL You have indicated that you would pay more If you know that a product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods, would you pay more for this product?

for a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environmentfriendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?

Average No idea about climate change; 12,9

2,4 4,5 2,5 8,8

No; 53,9

Yes; 33,2

12,1 TL

• The average value that will be paid by the whole target audience is 4.0 TL.

5,3

More than 50 TL 25,01 TL - 50 TL 20,01 TL- 25 TL

25,3 15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL 5,01 TL - 10 TL 49,9 1 TL - 5 TL

Base : 3166

Less than 1 TL 1,3 Base : 1051

36

Willingness to Pay Gender The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL

You have indicated that you would pay more for a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?

Do not want to pay added value

66,8

67,9

65,7

71,5

64,2

68,7

76,1

64,8

63,5

15,01 TL and more 10,01 TL - 15 TL

Overall 4,00 TL 12,05 TL

18,6

16,8

15,5

18,5

Male

Male

15,1

Female

Female

Overall Public People willing to pay added value

17,3

8,0 3,0 8,8

Urban Overall

18,5

7,1 2,2 9,7

Male

15,4

6,0 1,2 10,8

4,6 1,1 7,0

Female

17,0

4,2 1,1 6,0

Rural Overall

6,7 2,4 7,6

Overall

5,4 1,2 9,2

6,0 1,8 8,4

3,5 0,9 4,4

Overall Turkey Male Female 4,05 TL 3,95 TL 11,81 TL 12,33 TL

Overall 3,22 TL 11,29 TL

Overall

Male

Female

Overall

3166

1631

1535

Rural

1130

699

431

Urban

2036

932

1104

Rural Areas Male 3,99 TL 12,74 TL

Female 1,96 TL 8,21 TL

Overall 4,44 TL 12,39 TL

5,01 TL - 10 TL

5 TL and less

Urban Areas Male 4,09 TL 11,21 TL

Female 4,73 TL 13,42 TL

Willingness to Pay Age The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL

You have indicated that you would pay more for a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?

Do not want to pay added value More than 20 TL 66,8

65,1

70,4

64,8

65,1

69,4

69,7

15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL

2,9 1,2 2,6 2,8

3,1 2,9 1,8 8,4

2,3 2,8 1,4 6,6

17,0

16,4

Overall

15-19 Age

25,3 20-29 Age

2,3 4,1 1,7 8,3

3,6 2,6 1,0 9,8

18,8 30-39 Age

3,0 3,1 1,4 6,8

2,6 1,9 2,1 7,5

17,9

16,3

16,3

40-49 Age

50-59 Age

60-69 Age

5,01 TL - 10 TL Less than 5 TL

Overall Turkey

Overall Public People willing to pay added value

Base

Overall 3166

15-19 years 213

Overall

15-19 Age

20-29 Age

30-39 Age

40-49 Age

50-59 Age

60-69 Age

4,00 TL 12,05 TL

4,54 TL 15,36 TL

4,65 TL 13,34 TL

3,79 TL 10,78 TL

4,36 TL 12,49 TL

3,39 TL 11,07 TL

3,39 TL 11,20 TL

20-29 years

30-39 years

648

688

40-49 years 613

50-59 years 575

60- 69 years 429

38

Willingness to Pay Education The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL

You have indicated that you would pay more for a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?

66,8

17,7

32,1

16,8

15,7

17,5

20,8

University degree and above

16,8

2,5 2,9 1,6 8,6

High school

17,3

9,7

Primary education

3,2 3,2 2,4 8,1

Urban General

1,5 2,1 0,8 5,4

9,0 4,2 4,8 10,7

University degree and above

1,9 2,3 1,1 6,0

3,8 3,3 2,2

3,9 3,7 2,0 11,8

High school

21,8

17,9

More than 20 TL

Primary education

17,5

7,1 3,6 3,6

50,5

61,2

68,6

Rural General

16,2

8,8 4,1 4,7 11,4

73,3

64,2

University degree and above

17,0

71,5

65,3

High school

2,1 2,6 1,3 7,2

3,8 3,6 2,1 11,0

49,2

Primary education

3,1 2,9 1,8 8,4

62,0

General

Base

70,7

Do not want to pay added value

35,7

3166

2215

634

317

1130

978

124

28

2036

1237

510

289

Overall Turkey Overall

Primary education

Overall Public

4,00 TL

People willing to pay added value

12,05 TL

Rural

High school

University and above

Overall

Primary education

3,06 TL

5,32 TL

7,92 TL

3,22 TL

10,44 TL

14,00 TL

15,59 TL

11,29 TL

15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL 5,01 TL - 10 TL Less than 5 TL

Urban

High school

University and above

Overall

Primary education

High school

University and above

2,76 TL

5,58 TL

8,89 TL

4,44 TL

3,31 TL

5,26 TL

7,82 TL

10,33 TL

16,09 TL

13,83 TL

12,39 TL

10,51 TL

13,55 TL

15,81 TL

Willingness to Pay Willingness to Pay Higher Electricity Bills If the The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Change Impacts Climate Change Impacts Would you pay higher electricity bills, if the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts?

No idea about climate change; 12,9

If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?

Average

• The average added value of the whole target Yes; 22,0 audience is 1,9 TL.

No; 65,1

8,8 TL 0,6 2,6 1,9 6,61,9 0,6 2,6 4,06,6 4,0 27,7 27,7

52,7 52,7

Base : 3166

4,0 4,0

50 TL'den fazla More than 50 TL 25,01 TL - 50 TL 25,01 TL - 50 TL 20,01 TL- 25 TL 20,01 TL- 25 TL 15,01 TL - 20 TL 15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL 5,01 TL - 10 TL 5,01 TL - 10 TL 1 TL - 5 TL 1 TL - 5 TL 1 TL'den az Less than 1 TL

Base : 697

40

Willingness to Pay Gender The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?

Do not want to pay added value 78,0

78,4

77,6

79,5

76,7

77,2

77,5

82,6

77,7

15,01 TL and more

12,4

12,6

12,9

Female

Male

Rural Overall

3,0 0,9 6,6

2,6 0,9 6,8

14,2

12,2

13,0

Overall Turkey

Overall Overall Public People willing to pay added value

1,93 8,79

Rural Areas

5,01 TL - 10 TL 3,5 1,0 6,4 11,4

5 TL and less

Male

12,5

1,2 0,7 4,6 10,9

2,0 0,9 5,4

Female

1,7 0,8 5,1

Urban Overall

2,9 0,9 6,0

Male

2,2 0,8 6,2

Female

2,6 0,9 6,1

Overall

10,01 TL - 15 TL

Urban Areas

Male

Female

Overall

Male

Female

Overall

Male

Female

2,07 9,26

1,79 8,26

1,61 7,84

1,73 7,72

1,41 8,09

2,11 9,26

2,33 10,42

1,94 8,32

Overall

Male

Female

Overall

3166

1631

1535

Rural

1130

699

431

Urban

2036

932

1104

Willingness to Pay Age The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?

Do not want to pay added value 20 TL and more 75,9

77,0

78,0

76,7

77,6

80,2

15,01 TL - 20 TL

81,1

10,01 TL - 15 TL

5,01 TL - 10 TL 1,1 1,5 0,9 6,1

1,4 1,4 1,4 5,2

1,9 0,8 1,2 8,0

0,9 1,2 1,2 6,5

0,7 1,8 0,3 6,2

12,5

13,6

12,2

12,6

Overall

15-19 Age

20-29 Age

30-39 Age

0,7 2,3 0,9 4,3

14,4

1,4 1,4 0,5 5,1

11,7

10,5

40-49 Age

50-59 Age

60-69 Age

5 TL and less

T端rkiye Geneli Overall

15-19 Age

Overall Public

1,93 TL

People willing to pay added value

8,79 TL

Base

Overall

3166

15-19 years

213

20-29 Age

30-39 Age

40-49 Age

50-59 Age

60-69 Age

1,93 TL

2,48 TL

1,72 TL

1,86 TL

1,76 TL

1,79 TL

8,39 TL

10,30 TL

7,68 TL

7,99 TL

8,86 TL

9,51 TL

20-29 years

648

30-39 years

688

40-49 years

613

50-59 years

575

60- 69 years

429

Willingness to Pay Education The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?

Do not want to pay added value

78,0

81,3

75,1

20 TL and more

53,6

60,9 79,5

80,9

61,6

74,2

77,2

75,3

81,6

15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL

3,2 1,3 1,6 1,1 1,5 0,9 6,1

0,3 1,1 0,8 4,4

12,2

High school

University degree and above

Urban General

Primary education

High school

University degree and above

3166

2215

634

317

1130

978

124

28

2036

1237

510

289

Overall Turkey Overall

Primary education

Overall Public

1,93 TL

People willing to pay added value

8,79 TL

Rural

High school

University and above

Overall

Primary education

1,49 TL

2,48 TL

3,91 TL

1,61 TL

7,98 TL

9,96 TL

9,99 TL

7,04 TL

5 TL and less

18,3

12,9

10,5

Primary education

15,3

0,8 1,5 0,4 5,2

Rural General

12,5

17,9

5,01 TL - 10 TL

13,5

2,0 1,8 1,8 6,3

University degree and above

12,9

1,5 1,6 0,9 6,6

High school

13,4

18,3

0,4 1,2 0,8 5,1

1,6 2,4 0,8 5,6

Primary education

Base

11,4

14,8

General

12,5

0,6 1,4 0,6 4,8

1,9 1,9 1,6 6,2

3,5 1,4 1,7

28,6

Urban

High school

University and above

Overall

Primary education

High school

University and above

1,44 TL

2,48 TL

3,68 TL

2,11 TL

1,54 TL

2,48 TL

3,93 TL

7,53 TL

9,63 TL

7,92 TL

9,26 TL

8,35 TL

10,04 TL

10,24 TL

Conclusion

Conclusion



It is observed that although the interest level of public is high, the knowledge level is low. The public has some idea about climate change, however the knowledge level is insufficient. ● The



causes of climate change, the precautions to be taken are not known enough.

The most important problems of climate change impacts in the world are; the spread of epidemic diseases, depletion of food and beverage resources, waterlessness/drought.

However this issues are the impacts of climate change. If the communication activities can associate the concerns of public with climate change; some improvements would be realized in terms of struggle.

Conclusion



In general climate change is perceived as change in seasons. Another important perception, the increase in drought and waterlessness is more emphasized by rural residents.



The public mostly tends to do practices related to energy saving. To emphasize practices related to savings would be more effective in communication.

Conclusion

â—? The

communication with the public opinion should not be restricted with the aim of raising the

given importance to climate change through the impacts of climate change. The public is aware

that both public and government have duties in struggle against climate change. However, the support given to participation of public is higher than the expectations from government.

Therefore, concrete precautions should be suggested to public opinion, and understandable, clear projects should be made with government.

â—? It

is observed that the most effective channel in communication is television programs and

news. Also village headmen are an important channel in rural areas. By raising awareness of village headmen, the rural part of communicational activities might be carried on.