ENABLING ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPERATION OF TURKEY’S SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
FIELD SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF NATIONWIDE AWARENESS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN TURKEY
February 2012 | Ankara
Index Index
Slide No
General Frame
…………………………
5-6
Research Frame
………………………..
7-9
Demographic Structure of the Research
…………………………
10-12
Climate Change
…………………………
13-24
Adaptation & Mitigation
…………………………
25-36
Willingness to pay
…………………………
37-45
Result
…………………………
46-49
2
General Frame Purpose and Scope
General Frame Purpose and Scope
• With this research; • Level of awareness of public on climate change, • Mitigation and adaptation activities carried out by public, • The willingness to pay to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have been examined. • The research has provided findings that will shape the action plans of
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning on climate change.
4
Research Frame Method and Sampling
Research Frame Questionnaire Preparation • At the beginning of the study, a brainstorming meeting was realized. During the brainstorming meeting, a matrix was designed according to possible hypotheses and assumptions related to the purpose of the research. The questionnaire was formed based on this matrix. After the pilot study, the questionnaire was finalized. Climate Change
Mitigation
Level
Source
Is it seen as a problem? How serious is this problem? Where (Spontaneous and assisted does this problem stand compared to other issues? What are (Spontaneous and assisted recall) recall) Which ones are ways to its most important causes? What are its most important Which ones are ways to struggle? struggle? consequences? What are the sources of information? How much do you trust in those sources?
Approach
Climate fund (the ones who are negatively affected by the climate change)
Most effective ways. How effective are the indicated ways?
Action
What kind of vital changes? Which ones are appropriate? Being open to education (the question of h2)
What are the actions you carry on?
Most effective ways (Hydroelectric plants, Renewable Energy, Nuclear Plant). How effective are the indicated ways? Labelling of products – Interest and Follow Up What are the actions you carry on? Labeling of products. (Preference)
Individual / Social Roles
Willingness to Pay
What is climate change? Description. Would it create new jobs? Should lessons about it be given in the schools? Whether the struggle against climate change will create new professions and employment? Its positive and negative impacts on poverty and economic growth? And why?
Perception
Awareness/ Knowledge
Adaptation
Public Private sector NGO
Among the given options, selected attributed duties/responsibilities for each institution structure
Considering that each product you buy emits greenhouse gasses, would you voluntarily pay a nominal amount of money to reduce these impacts? How much would you pay for a shopping of 100 TL? Would you pay more for climate-friendly products? If not, why?
Research Frame Method and Sampling
• The target audience is composed of individuals between the ages of 15-69 and live within the
boundaries of Turkey. • The universe of the research is Turkey. • The sampling element is households. • The survey unit is randomly selected individuals (according to the Kish selection table) living in households which are in accordance with the interview. • Sampling is selected in the settlements which include NUTS 1 Regions and 26 Water Basins. • Considering the negative situations such as insufficiency of households in the determined street/main street/village, inexistence of determined street/main street/village, refusal etc., in total 3.600 interviews were selected from the address list as 2.340 interviews in urban and 1.260 interviews in rural areas. • 3.166 interviews were conducted as 2.036 interviews in urban areas, 1.130 in rural areas.
7
Demographic Structure of the Research
Demographic Structure of the Research Provinces of Realized Interviews Istanbul
24,6
Ankara
9,2
Izmir
9,0
Konya
6,7
Antalya
6,1
Bursa
5,7
Samsun
5,1
Adana
4,8
Balıkesir
4,8
Aydın
4,2
Gaziantep
3,7
Erzurum
3,3
Kütahya
3,1
Sivas
2,8
Bitlis
2,6
Isparta
2,6
Artvin
Basins of Realized Interviews
1,7
Marmara Ergene Sakarya Konya-Kapalı Kızılırmak Kuzey Ege Susurluk Fırat Küçük Menderes Gediz Büyük Menderes Doğu Akdeniz Antalya Ceyhan Seyhan Yeşilırmak Doğu Karadeniz Çoruh Batı Akdeniz Akarçay Batı Karadeniz Aras Dicle Burdur Van-Kapalı Asi
8,1 7,3 6,1 4,8 4,6 4,6 4,5 4,0 4,0 3,8 3,4 3,3 3,3 2,4 2,3 2,2 2,1 1,9 1,6 1,2 1,2 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8
Urban-Rural Breakdown of Interviews
20,1
Urban; 64,3
Rural; 35,7
According to the general census of TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) in 2000; in Turkey 68% of households live in urban areas, 32% live in rural areas. Proportion of visited households in urban and rural areas has almost the same proportion of Turkey.
Base : 3166
9
Demographic Structure of the Research Age Distribution of Interviewees
Gender Distribution of Interviewees
15-19 years 20-24 years
Female 48,5
Male; 51,5
9,3
25-29 years
11,2
30-34 years
11,6
35-39 years
10,2
40-44 years
9,6
45-49 years
9,8
50-54 years
10,4
55-59 years
According to the general census of TUIK(Turkish Statistical Institute) in 2010; the gender distribution in Turkey is even. The gender distribution of the research has almost the same proportion of Turkey’s gender distribution.
6,7
7,8
60-64 years
6,8
65-69 years
6,8
The average age of interviewees is 40.7. Since people over age 15 are included in the study, the average age of interviewees is higher than the average of TUIK.
Base : 3166
10
Climate Change
Climate Change Perception Description of Climate Change What is climate change?
Change in seasons
39,5
Drought/Waterlessness
13,5
Disturbances on weather conditions
9,3
Air pollution Global warming Non-existence of winter season
7,0 6,0 3,9
Degradation of the natural balance
2,7
Decrease in rainfall
2,6
Depletion of ozone layer
2,5
Temperature increase
2,2
Environmental pollution
2,0
Non-existence of four seasons
1,8
• The climate change is mostly associated with the change in seasons. • There is a small segment which associates the climate change with global warming.
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.
Values under 1.8% are not included in the chart.
Climate Change Perception Opinions Related to Economic Aspects of Climate Change I will show you some expressions related to economic aspects of struggle against climate change. Would you please indicate the expression you strongly agree?
The struggle against climate change and the economy are both important. However; the struggle against climate change should have the priority.
43,2
Even it's a damage to the economy, the struggle against climate change should have the priority.
21,0
The struggle against climate change and the economy are both important. However; the economy should have the priority.
20,0
Even it causes climate change, the improvement of economy should have the priority.
3,0
• It is seen that the perception of struggle against climate change is high among the public. • However, the economic growth should not be ignored, too.
Climate Change Perception Level of Agreement on Expressions about Climate Change Please indicate your level of agreement by looking at the card and reply as “1 Strongly disagree, 5 Strongly agree” on each of the expressions about climate change which I am going to read.
Total of Positive Values
Index
8,81,1 0,4 15,5
74,1
60,7
6,73,5 1,0 16,4
72,4
59,3
46,4
10,21,4 0,3 16,2
71,9
58,9
Mean Line %61,0 Lessons about climate change should be given in primary and high schools.
34,7
Climate change can be prevented by taking precautions.
39,5
29,2
The people should definitely participate in struggle against climate change.
43,1
25,4
Climate change affects economic growth negatively.
28,0
43,1
9,9 1,9 0,3 16,9
71,0
58,2
Climate change creates poverty.
28,9
39,7
11,1 3,2 0,2 16,9
68,6
56,2
11,6 3,6 1,1 16,3
67,5
55,3
20,3
58,3
47,8
Struggle against climate change is a duty of the state.
24,9
Struggle against climate change creates new professions and employment. Effects of climate change are exaggerated. Climate change cannot be prevented even though precautions are taken. Strongly agree
Agree
42,5
20,2
38,1
14,2
6,6 0,5
9,1
24,3
12,5
21,1
14,2
18,8
33,4
27,4
11,9
20,1
13,8
21,4
14,6
18,2
32,0
26,2
Neither agree nor disagree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
No idea
Base : 3166
• It is observed that the wish that lessons about climate change should be given in primary and high schools is very high.
14
The Climate Change Awareness/Information Level Various Problems’ Importance Level for the World
Various Problems’ Importance Level for Turkey Now, I am going to read you some other problems. Would you please indicate how important the problem of ………………… (READ THE EXPRESSIONS ONE BY ONE) is for Turkey; in other words, would you please indicate its importance level by looking at the card?
Now, I am going to read you some problems. Would you please indicate how important is the problem of ………………… (READ THE EXPRESSIONS ONE BY ONE) for the world; in other words, would you please indicate its importance level by looking at the card?
Total of Positive Values
Mean Line %92,2 The spread of epidemic diseases
52,2
Depletion of food and beverage resources
52,2
Waterlessness/Drought
52,9
43,5 43,4 41,8
2,5 1,0 95,7 2,6 1,2 95,7 3,3 1,4 94,7
Index 51,9 51,9 51,4
Wars between countries
49,9
44,2
3,8 1,1 94,1
51,0
Global warming
49,2
43,8
5,0 1,4 93,0
50,4
Rapid increase in world population
46,9
45,3
4,9 1,4 92,2
45,8
45,6
5,8 1,7 91,4
49,6
Proliferation of nuclear weapons
47,1
43,6
5,1 3,2
90,7
49,2
Climate change
46,9
82,7
44,8
Very important Important Neither important nor unimportant Unimportant Not important at all No idea
Those who do not have any idea is the most for climate change.
Total of Positive Values Index
Poverty
51,1
44,9
2,5 1,0
96,0
52,6
Unemployment
55,3
40,3 2,9 1,0
95,6
52,4
Terror
57,3
37,3 2,9 1,8
94,6
51,8
Waterlessness/Drought
49,8
44,2
4,3 1,0
94,0
51,5
Economic crisis
46,6
47,4
4,1 1,2
94,0
51,5
Inadequacy of education
46,6
47,1
4,3 1,3
93,7
51,3
Environmental pollution
50,7
43,0
4,5 1,0
93,6
51,3
Global warming
47,3
5,6 1,9
50,0
Global economic crisis
35,8 3,0 13,7
Mean Line %91,3
Base : 3166
44,4
91,8
50,3
Corruption
41,9
48,8
6,6 1,7
90,7
49,7
High crime rate
43,6
45,9
7,6 1,3
89,5
49,0
Traffic
41,7
45,8
9,3 1,2
87,5
47,9
Political instability
40,4
45,1
10,2 2,2
85,5
46,8
80,7
44,2
Climate change
45,0
35,7 4,9 13,8
Very important Important Neither important nor unimportant Unimportant Not important at all No idea
Climate Change Awareness/Information Level Level of Knowledge about Climate Change Please indicate your level of knowledge as “1-Very poor, 5-Very good” about the issues I am going to read. .
Total of Positive Values
Index
12,5
55,8
41,3
11,1
49,6
39,9
10,7
47,8
10,5
46,9
Mean Line %11,2 About causes of climate change 1,6 10,9
About adaptation to climate change 1,010,1
About struggle against climate change 1,5 9,3
About effects of climate change on our lives 4,4 6,1
Very good
Good
16,1
13,3
14,8
16,5
41,3
30,1
34,3
34,6
38,9
Neither good nor poor
34,2
Poor
Very poor
Base : 3166
• It is observed that the public has some idea about climate change, however the knowledge is insufficient. 16
Climate Change Awareness/Information Level Causes of Climate Change In your opinion, what are the causes of climate change?
Benchmark England Air pollution
52,6
22,7%
Deforestation
33,7
10,5%
Increase in the number of factories and plants
33,0
8,7%
Waste water mixing in streams, rivers and seas
28,7
Population growth
18,9
-
Increase in number of automobiles
14,7
-
Increase in fuel consumption
13,9
-
Increase in individual consumption
13,7
-
Increase in greenhouse gases
11,8
Migrations
11,6
Unplanned urbanization / squattering Increase in air travel Depletion of ozone layer
10,5 3,8 1,6
11,2% 16,2%
14.2% of the interviewees do not have any idea about the causes of climate change.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers. Values under 1.6% are not included in the chart.
• It is observed that the public does not know the real causes of climate change. • Awareness related to real causes of climate change is low. • Air pollution, which is a result of climate change is seen as the most important cause.
Climate Change Awareness/Information Level Impacts of Climate Change on Various Natural Phenomena Now, I am going to read you some natural phenomena. Please indicate the impact level of climate change on these natural phenomena by looking at the card and evaluating between 1 and 5 points?
Mean Line %75,6
Total of Positive Values
Index Temperatures above seasonal averages Increase in drought Melting of glaciers Water reduction in water basins Increasing frequency of heavy rainfall Sea level rise
33,7
45,3
39,4
39,3
35,6
39,2
33,1
41,5
35,2
39,3
31,1
40,9
4,7 1,0 0,4 14,8
79,0
52,2
5,1 0,9 0,5 14,7
78,7
52,1
7,80,7 0,4 16,3
74,8
49,5
7,90,8 0,4 16,4
74,5
49,3
6,82,7 0,7 15,3
74,5
49,3
9,31,1 0,5 17,1
72,0
47,6
Highly effective
Effective
Neither effective nor ineffective
Ineffective
Highly ineffective
I don't know Base : 3166
• It is observed that the most important indicators of climate change are increase in temperatures and drought. • The least observed impact of climate change is the sea level rise. 18
Climate Change Source Sources of Information Related to Climate and Environmental Issues Now, I am going to show you the sources of information related to climate and environmental issues on a card. Please indicate the first 3 effective sources of information from which you get information about climate change?
TV programs
46,7
TV news
43,9
Family members
28,6
Acquaintances like friends, neighbours
24,2
Newspaper reports
19,5
Universities and scientists
17,0
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning
15,7
Teachers
11,4
Chaplains
8,0
Advertisements
7,6
Internet news and webpages
5,7
Radio news
5,7
Statements made by political authorities
4,4
Non-governmental organizations or associations
3,9
Village headmen
3,5
United Nations
3,4
Magazines
The source which information is mostly taken from is television.
0,5
13.2% of those who were interviewed, have no knowledge about sources of information related to climate and environmental issues.
Base : 3166
19
Climate Change Source Level of Trust in Sources of Information About Climate and Environmental Issues Please indicate your level of trust in information source of ………………………. about climate and environmental issues by looking at the card and evaluating between 1 and 5 points ?
Mean Line %86,7Total of Positive Magazines
52,9
United Nations
48,6
Family members Teachers
Radio news Immediate surroundings
Statements made by political authorities
7,2 0,8
40,1
42,3
9,3 0,6
46,8
39,0
9,9 0,9
48,0
30,7
Chaplains
6,6 0,6
47,5
50,1
Village headmen
6,0 0,3
41,4
44,4
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning
4,6
55,8
51,3
Universities and scientists
Internet news and webpages
46,8
37,6
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning
Newspaper reports
47,1
12,2 0,8
54,0
42,3 20,4 22,2
13,80,2 1,3
41,9
15,40,4
63,5
11,6 0,6 3,9
61,1
14,4 2,2
33,6
48,6
13,8 0,7 3,3
46,4
13,0 0,7 4,3
35,5
TV news
26,2
55,5
16,8 0,2 1,4
TV programs
26,0
54,1
17,6 0,4 2,0
Advertisements
25,7
46,1
Somewhat high
Neither high nor low
Very high
Base : 3166
20,3 Somewhat low
7,1 0,8
Very low
Values
Index
Base
100,0 95,4 93,4 92,8 91,9 90,2 89,2 87,0 84,8 84,2 84,0 83,3 82,3 81,9 81,7 80,1 71,8
57,7 55,0 53,9 53,5 53,0 52,0 51,4 50,2 48,9 48,6 48,4 48,0 47,5 47,2 47,1 46,2 41,4
17* 109 907 497 360 539 111 123 618 253 181 180 767 138 1391 1480 241
*Not statistically significant
Climate Change Approach Level of Climate Change Impact on the World and Turkey
Level of Concern about Climate Change Problem
Now, I am going to read you some expressions about the level of climate change impact on the world and Turkey. Please indicate the expression you strongly agree.
Please indicate your level of concern about climate change problem in Turkey by looking at the card and evaluating between 1 and 5 points.
Very concerned Climate change impacts in Turkey are less than other countries
Climate change impacts in Turkey are the same with other countries
Climate change impacts in Turkey are more than other countries
15,2
29,2 Quite concerned
24,6
%26,8 of those who were interviewed, have no knowledge about the impacts of climate change.
19,4
50,8
Neither concerned nor unconcerned
Quite unconcerned
Very unconcerned
12,8
6,9
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
1,5
Base : 3166
21
Climate Change Action Level of Perceived Seriousness of Climate Change Now, I am going to read you some expressions about the level of seriousness of climate change. Please indicate the one you strongly agree.
Benchmark Climate change is a serious problem and immediate action must be taken.
34,6
There is enough evidence to prove climate change and to take some precautions would be beneficial.
34,3
We do not know enough about climate change and more research should be done at first
I think that climate change isn't happening at all.
16,7
1,5
Ä°ngiltere
Amerika
41,0%
17,0%
36,0%
• The rate of people who think that immediate action against climate change must be taken is 68.9%
18,0%
24,0%
• %12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
4,0%
7,0%
33,0%
22
Adaptation & Mitigation
Adaptation & Mitigation Awareness/Knowledge Effectiveness Level of Various Practices to Struggle against Climate Change Would you please indicate how effective you find the practices, which I am going to read you, regarding the struggle against climate change?
Total of Positive Values Index
Mean Line %69,9 To unplug electronic appliances when not in use
30,4
43,5
9,5 1,6 0,2 14,7
73,9
52,9
To use public transport more
30,8
41,6
9,5 2,1 0,2 15,8
72,4
51,8
To use energy saving light bulbs
30,2
41,9
10,2 1,4 0,2 16,2
72,1
51,6
To reduce waste
30,0
41,9
10,7 1,6 0,2 15,5
71,9
51,4
To buy low energy white goods
28,0
42,1
12,1 1,7 0,1 16,1
70,1
50,1
To make thermal insulation
26,9
43,0
11,0 2,5 0,2 16,5
69,9
50,0
11,3 2,5 0,3 16,5
69,4
49,6
To sort waste according to their types
30,4
39,1
To buy products labeled as environment friendly
25,9
43,1
12,3 1,8 0,1 16,7
69,0
49,4
Not to raise home's temperature too much
26,6
42,1
12,6 1,6 0,1 17,0
68,6
49,1
To consume fruits and vegetables in their season
24,9
13,9 2,0 0,2 15,8
68,1
48,7
43,2
To install double glazed windows
26,7
41,3
12,2 2,3 0,0
17,4
68,1
48,7
To prefer to walk or bicycle for short distances
27,1
40,9
12,4 3,2 0,3 16,2
68,0
48,6
66,7
47,7
To use fuel efficient cars Highly effective
Effective
24,1
42,6
Neither effective nor ineffective
Ineffective
Base : 3166
Energy saving are considered to be the most efficient practices. On the other hand, practices related to transportation are below the average, except the practice of “To use public transport more�.
12,1 3,8 0,1
17,3
Ineffective at all
No idea
Adaptation & Mitigation Approach Level of Attention Paid to Environment-Friendly Labels While Buying Products Would you please indicate by looking at the card, whether you would pay attention, when there is a label emphasizing that the product you are about to buy is produced through less harmful and environment-friendly methods?
I always pay attention
8,8
I mostly pay attention
23,2
I sometimes pay attention
I rarely pay attention
I never pay attention
24,4
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
• Although 66.0% is very concerned about the climate change, only 32.0% pays attention to environmentfriendly labels while buying products. • That is to say, although the interest in climate change is high, the level of realized actions is low.
18,2
12,6
Base : 3166
25
Adaptation & Mitigation Action Individual Practices to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change (Spontaneous Recall)
Individual Practices to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change (Assisted Recall)
Would you please indicate the individual practices you make in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change with or without a purpose of financial gain or savings?
Now, I am going to read you some practices. Would you please indicate the individual practices you make in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change with or without a purpose of financial gain or savings?
17,4
I make energy savings
8,7
I make water savings
Mean Line %57,7 To unplug electronic appliances when not in use
7,5
I keep my environment clean I use energy saving light bulbs
5,7
I sort waste
5,4
I use public transport / I drive less
4,8
• %38,2 do not do any practice,
69,1
18,0
12,9
To use energy saving light bulbs
65,9
21,2
12,9
To consume fruits and vegetables in their season
64,4
22,8
12,9
To buy low energy white goods
60,8
26,3
12,9
To prefer to walk or bicycle for short distances
60,7
26,5
12,9
To reduce waste
59,2
27,9
12,9
To use public transport more
58,7
28,5
12,9
Not to raise home's temperature too much
57,0
30,1
12,9
I do afforestation
3,7
I have thermal insulation
2,7
I use natural gas
2,0
I do not use any aerosol products
1,4
I use recycled products
1,4
I protect the nature
1,4
I buy environmental-friendly products
1,2
To use fuel efficient cars
I use high quality coal
1,1
• %12,9 has no idea about climate change.
To sort waste according to their types
52,9
34,2
12,9
To install double glazed windows
52,4
34,7
12,9
To make thermal insulation
52,2
34,9
12,9
To buy products labeled as environment friendly
52,2
35,0
12,9
I do
I don't do
44,2
43,0
12,9
No idea
Base : 3166
26
Adaptation & Mitigation Action Future Attitudes Towards Climate Change Now, I am going to show you some expressions about attitudes which might be adopted in the future against climate change. Please indicate the expression you strongly agree by looking at the card?
Benchmark We will have to change our way of living, in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change. New technologies will emerge, in order to mitigate the impacts of climate change.
16,6
Although climate change is a major problem, I believe that people will take no action about this issue.
Base
United States
27,0%
32,0%
26,0%
21,0%
13,0%
17,0%
22,9
We will learn to live in a warmer climate.
Since climate change is not a major problem, I believe that people will take no action about this issue.
England 34,1
11,3
2,2
21,0%
24,0%
3,0%
7,0%
Turkey
England
United States
3166
1056
1200
• It is observed that the public accepts the climate change problem, and will tend to change their way of living in the future.
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
27
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Most Effective Channel for a Future Awareness Campaign of Government Which channel would be the most effective one, when the government conducts an awareness campaign about climate and environmental issues?
Television Schools
75,1 7,9
Newspaper
1,5
Radio
1,0
Internet
1,0
Magazines
0,2
Seminars / Meetings
0,1
Mosques
0,1
Ministry
0,1
Village headman's office
0,1
%12,9 of those who were interviewed has no idea about climate change.
• It is observed that the television is considered to be the most effective channel of communication for climate and environmental issues. • To indicate names of trusted institutions in a campaign on television would increase the effectiveness of the campaign.
Base : 3166
28
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Most Important Duties of Public in order to Struggle against Climate Change What are the most important duties of public in order to struggle against climate change?
Not to pollute the environment
9,4
To plant a tree
5,0 3,0
To protect forests
2,0
I use environmentally harmless products
1,8
To pay attention to air pollution
1,8
To use recyclable products
1,6
To take care of the nature
1,6
• 39.6% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; • 3.6% indicated that the public does not have any duty about this subject.
1,5
To obey the rules
1,2
To teach at schools
1,1
To restrict the use of products such as…
To raise the public awareness
10,1
To create awareness
To use public transport
What are the most important duties of public/governmental organizations in order to struggle against climate change?
14,4
To make energy and water savings
To sort wastes
Most Important Duties of Public / Governmental Organizations in order to Struggle against Climate Change
1,0
To use natural gas instead of coal
1,0
Not to cut down trees
1,0
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers. Values under 0.9% are not included in the chart.
17,2
To plant a tree
4,6
To teach at schools
3,9
To increase controls
3,6
To apply penal sanctions
2,3
To bring laws into action
2,1
To protect forests
1,4
To filter wastes
1,1
To make announcements through…
1,0
To provide energy savings
0,8
To care environmental cleanliness
0,8
To come up with projects
0,7
To make notifications on TV
0,7
To encourage agricultural irrigation
0,7
To protect nature
0,7
To provide financial support
0,7
• 47.6% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; • 2.4% indicated that the public / governmental organizations do not have any duty about this subject.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers. Values under 0.7% are not included in the chart.
Base : 3166
29
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Most Important Duties of Private Sector Establishments in order to Struggle against Climate Change
Most Important Duties of Non-Governmental Organizations in order to Struggle against Climate Change
What are the most important duties of private sector establishments in order to struggle against climate change?
What are the most important duties of non-governmental organizations in order to struggle against climate change? To visit households to raise public awareness
To filter waste
5,4
Not to pollute the environment
1,9
To advertise / To make announcements
1,6
To be conscious
1,4
To work without harming the environment
1,2
The chemicals should be controlled
1,1
Not to throw factory waste to the nature
0,9
To produce products harmless to the nature
0,9
To provide financial support
0,8
To obey laws
0,8
To use qualified personnel
0,8
• 70,9% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; • 4,0% indicated that the public does not have any duty about this subject.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers. Values under 0.8% are not included in the chart.
9,9
To organize seminars
1,5
To organize trainings
1,2
To advertise / To make announcements
0,9
To organize meetings
0,9
To organize more events to lead the public
0,8
To increase activities
0,5
To conduct campaigns
0,4
To plant a tree
0,3
To protest
0,3
To distribute brochures
0,2
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers.
Not to pollute the environment
0,2
To act together with government and public
0,2
Values under 0.2% are not included in the chart.
• 78.3% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know anything about the subject; and • 4.4% indicated that the non-governmental organizations do not have any duty about this subject.
Base : 3166
30
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles The Most Effective Institution In Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts Which institution is the most effective one in mitigation of climate change impacts?
Awareness of Practices Made by Government to Struggle Against Climate Change Do you know any practice carried on by the government to struggle against climate change?
Prime ministry
28,3
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning
26,8
Municipalities United Nations
19,1
No, I don’t know; 89,2
3,3
Non-Governmental Organizations
2,0
Media
1,8
Developed countries
1,6
Scientists and universities
0,9
Other
0,8
Yes, I know; 10,8
• Ministries are considered to be the most effective institution in mitigation of climate change impacts. • Practices carried on by the government to struggle against climate change are not known by the majority of public. Base : 3166
31
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Practices Made by Government to Struggle Against Climate Change You have indicated that you know some practices made by government to struggle against climate change. Would you please indicate these practices?
To recycle waste and garbages
7,7
To use less water at agricultural production by improving agricultural irrigation systems
3,7
To encourage buildings for practices providing energy efficiency like thermal insulation
2,4
To promote energy sources like solar and wind energy
2,2
To encourage practices of organic farming
2,2
To promote recyclable energy sources
2,1
To promote public transport
1,9
To promote hydroelectric energy sources
1,8
To promote nuclear energy
1,6
To make afforestation
1,5
To arrange workshops and campaigns to increase consumer knowledge
1,3
To encourage investments which will create less environmental pollution
1,2
To promote bicycling
1,0
89.2% of the interviewees indicated that they do not know any practice to struggle against climate change.
Sum exceeds 100.0% due to multiple answers. Values under 1.0% are not included in the chart.
Base : 3166
32
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Level of Effectiveness of Practices Made by Government to Struggle Against Climate Change Now, I am going to read you some practices which might be realized by government. Please indicate how effective you find these practices regarding mitigation of climate change impacts by looking at the card?
Total of Positive Values Index
Mean Line %67,7 To recycle waste and garbages
35,0
4,4 0,5 0,2
17,3
77,6
57,3
7,6 1,1 0,1
17,2
74,0
54,7
42,5
To arrange workshops and campaigns to increase consumer knowledge and change their habits Government should encourage investments which will create less environmental pollution To use less water at agricultural production by improving agricultural irrigation systems
29,7
40,7
10,5 1,6 0,1
17,4
70,4
52,0
30,1
39,7
10,3 1,1 0,3
18,5
69,8
51,6
To encourage practices of organic farming
29,7
39,4
10,6 1,3 0,1
18,9
69,0
51,0
31,2
42,8
To promote public transport
27,0
41,9
10,4 2,4 0,3
18,0
68,9
50,9
To encourage buildings for practices providing energy efficiency like thermal insulation
28,2
40,2
10,8 2,1 0,4
18,3
68,4
50,5
10,4 1,5 0,6
19,5
68,0
50,2
18,6
66,4
49,0
65,0
48,0
23,4
59,7
44,1
23,4
54,8
40,5
To promote energy sources like solar and wind energy
31,2
To promote bicycling
30,4
To promote recyclable energy sources To promote hydroelectric energy sources To promote nuclear energy
Highly effective
Effective
36,7
35,9
26,6
9,7
38,4
25,0
11,6 1,4 0,4
34,7
22,9
31,9
Neither effective nor ineffective
3,3 2,1
11,4 11,6
Ineffective
2,82,7
5,1 5,2
21,6
Ineffective at all
No idea
Base : 3166
33
Adaptation & Mitigation Roles Level of Effectiveness of Various Practices to Struggle Against Climate Change Would you please indicate how much effective you find the expressions I am going to read you about struggle against climate change by looking at the card?
Total of Positive Values Index
Mean Line %74,1 To protect clear water resources
40,4
39,5
4,1 0,3 0,1 15,7
79,9
53,9
To struggle against flood and overflow
37,2
41,2
4,9 0,6 0,1 16,0
78,4
52,9
To make agricultural production according to changing climate conditions
37,8
39,6
5,5 0,5 0,2
16,4
77,4
52,2
6,00,8 0,3
16,8
76,2
51,4
8,70,4 0,1
16,7
74,1
50,0
72,4
48,9
67,7
45,7
67,1
45,3
To raise awareness about health impacts of extreme hot and cold weather
33,8
To protect species of plants&animals, and their habitat
33,8
To struggle against contagious diseases
33,8
Natural disaster insurance
32,3
Agricultural insurance
Highly effective
Effective
42,4 40,3
38,6 35,3
30,5
36,5
Neither effective nor ineffective
Ineffective
8,01,1 0,4
18,2
9,4 2,0 0,6
20,3
10,5 2,2 0,6
19,6
Ineffective at all
No idea
Base : 3166
34
Willingness to Pay
Willingness to Pay Willingness to Pay More For a Product The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Produced with Environment-Friendly Methods Product Worth 100 TL You have indicated that you would pay more If you know that a product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods, would you pay more for this product?
for a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environmentfriendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?
Average No idea about climate change; 12,9
2,4 4,5 2,5 8,8
No; 53,9
Yes; 33,2
12,1 TL
• The average value that will be paid by the whole target audience is 4.0 TL.
5,3
More than 50 TL 25,01 TL - 50 TL 20,01 TL- 25 TL
25,3 15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL 5,01 TL - 10 TL 49,9 1 TL - 5 TL
Base : 3166
Less than 1 TL 1,3 Base : 1051
36
Willingness to Pay Gender The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL
You have indicated that you would pay more for a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?
Do not want to pay added value
66,8
67,9
65,7
71,5
64,2
68,7
76,1
64,8
63,5
15,01 TL and more 10,01 TL - 15 TL
Overall 4,00 TL 12,05 TL
18,6
16,8
15,5
18,5
Male
Male
15,1
Female
Female
Overall Public People willing to pay added value
17,3
8,0 3,0 8,8
Urban Overall
18,5
7,1 2,2 9,7
Male
15,4
6,0 1,2 10,8
4,6 1,1 7,0
Female
17,0
4,2 1,1 6,0
Rural Overall
6,7 2,4 7,6
Overall
5,4 1,2 9,2
6,0 1,8 8,4
3,5 0,9 4,4
Overall Turkey Male Female 4,05 TL 3,95 TL 11,81 TL 12,33 TL
Overall 3,22 TL 11,29 TL
Overall
Male
Female
Overall
3166
1631
1535
Rural
1130
699
431
Urban
2036
932
1104
Rural Areas Male 3,99 TL 12,74 TL
Female 1,96 TL 8,21 TL
Overall 4,44 TL 12,39 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL
5 TL and less
Urban Areas Male 4,09 TL 11,21 TL
Female 4,73 TL 13,42 TL
Willingness to Pay Age The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL
You have indicated that you would pay more for a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?
Do not want to pay added value More than 20 TL 66,8
65,1
70,4
64,8
65,1
69,4
69,7
15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL
2,9 1,2 2,6 2,8
3,1 2,9 1,8 8,4
2,3 2,8 1,4 6,6
17,0
16,4
Overall
15-19 Age
25,3 20-29 Age
2,3 4,1 1,7 8,3
3,6 2,6 1,0 9,8
18,8 30-39 Age
3,0 3,1 1,4 6,8
2,6 1,9 2,1 7,5
17,9
16,3
16,3
40-49 Age
50-59 Age
60-69 Age
5,01 TL - 10 TL Less than 5 TL
Overall Turkey
Overall Public People willing to pay added value
Base
Overall 3166
15-19 years 213
Overall
15-19 Age
20-29 Age
30-39 Age
40-49 Age
50-59 Age
60-69 Age
4,00 TL 12,05 TL
4,54 TL 15,36 TL
4,65 TL 13,34 TL
3,79 TL 10,78 TL
4,36 TL 12,49 TL
3,39 TL 11,07 TL
3,39 TL 11,20 TL
20-29 years
30-39 years
648
688
40-49 years 613
50-59 years 575
60- 69 years 429
38
Willingness to Pay Education The Amount of Added Value to Pay for a Product Worth 100 TL
You have indicated that you would pay more for a product, if you know that this product is produced with less harmful and environment-friendly methods. What is the maximum amount of added value you are willing to pay for a product worth 100 TL?
66,8
17,7
32,1
16,8
15,7
17,5
20,8
University degree and above
16,8
2,5 2,9 1,6 8,6
High school
17,3
9,7
Primary education
3,2 3,2 2,4 8,1
Urban General
1,5 2,1 0,8 5,4
9,0 4,2 4,8 10,7
University degree and above
1,9 2,3 1,1 6,0
3,8 3,3 2,2
3,9 3,7 2,0 11,8
High school
21,8
17,9
More than 20 TL
Primary education
17,5
7,1 3,6 3,6
50,5
61,2
68,6
Rural General
16,2
8,8 4,1 4,7 11,4
73,3
64,2
University degree and above
17,0
71,5
65,3
High school
2,1 2,6 1,3 7,2
3,8 3,6 2,1 11,0
49,2
Primary education
3,1 2,9 1,8 8,4
62,0
General
Base
70,7
Do not want to pay added value
35,7
3166
2215
634
317
1130
978
124
28
2036
1237
510
289
Overall Turkey Overall
Primary education
Overall Public
4,00 TL
People willing to pay added value
12,05 TL
Rural
High school
University and above
Overall
Primary education
3,06 TL
5,32 TL
7,92 TL
3,22 TL
10,44 TL
14,00 TL
15,59 TL
11,29 TL
15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL 5,01 TL - 10 TL Less than 5 TL
Urban
High school
University and above
Overall
Primary education
High school
University and above
2,76 TL
5,58 TL
8,89 TL
4,44 TL
3,31 TL
5,26 TL
7,82 TL
10,33 TL
16,09 TL
13,83 TL
12,39 TL
10,51 TL
13,55 TL
15,81 TL
Willingness to Pay Willingness to Pay Higher Electricity Bills If the The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Change Impacts Climate Change Impacts Would you pay higher electricity bills, if the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts?
No idea about climate change; 12,9
If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?
Average
• The average added value of the whole target Yes; 22,0 audience is 1,9 TL.
No; 65,1
8,8 TL 0,6 2,6 1,9 6,61,9 0,6 2,6 4,06,6 4,0 27,7 27,7
52,7 52,7
Base : 3166
4,0 4,0
50 TL'den fazla More than 50 TL 25,01 TL - 50 TL 25,01 TL - 50 TL 20,01 TL- 25 TL 20,01 TL- 25 TL 15,01 TL - 20 TL 15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL 5,01 TL - 10 TL 5,01 TL - 10 TL 1 TL - 5 TL 1 TL - 5 TL 1 TL'den az Less than 1 TL
Base : 697
40
Willingness to Pay Gender The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?
Do not want to pay added value 78,0
78,4
77,6
79,5
76,7
77,2
77,5
82,6
77,7
15,01 TL and more
12,4
12,6
12,9
Female
Male
Rural Overall
3,0 0,9 6,6
2,6 0,9 6,8
14,2
12,2
13,0
Overall Turkey
Overall Overall Public People willing to pay added value
1,93 8,79
Rural Areas
5,01 TL - 10 TL 3,5 1,0 6,4 11,4
5 TL and less
Male
12,5
1,2 0,7 4,6 10,9
2,0 0,9 5,4
Female
1,7 0,8 5,1
Urban Overall
2,9 0,9 6,0
Male
2,2 0,8 6,2
Female
2,6 0,9 6,1
Overall
10,01 TL - 15 TL
Urban Areas
Male
Female
Overall
Male
Female
Overall
Male
Female
2,07 9,26
1,79 8,26
1,61 7,84
1,73 7,72
1,41 8,09
2,11 9,26
2,33 10,42
1,94 8,32
Overall
Male
Female
Overall
3166
1631
1535
Rural
1130
699
431
Urban
2036
932
1104
Willingness to Pay Age The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?
Do not want to pay added value 20 TL and more 75,9
77,0
78,0
76,7
77,6
80,2
15,01 TL - 20 TL
81,1
10,01 TL - 15 TL
5,01 TL - 10 TL 1,1 1,5 0,9 6,1
1,4 1,4 1,4 5,2
1,9 0,8 1,2 8,0
0,9 1,2 1,2 6,5
0,7 1,8 0,3 6,2
12,5
13,6
12,2
12,6
Overall
15-19 Age
20-29 Age
30-39 Age
0,7 2,3 0,9 4,3
14,4
1,4 1,4 0,5 5,1
11,7
10,5
40-49 Age
50-59 Age
60-69 Age
5 TL and less
T端rkiye Geneli Overall
15-19 Age
Overall Public
1,93 TL
People willing to pay added value
8,79 TL
Base
Overall
3166
15-19 years
213
20-29 Age
30-39 Age
40-49 Age
50-59 Age
60-69 Age
1,93 TL
2,48 TL
1,72 TL
1,86 TL
1,76 TL
1,79 TL
8,39 TL
10,30 TL
7,68 TL
7,99 TL
8,86 TL
9,51 TL
20-29 years
648
30-39 years
688
40-49 years
613
50-59 years
575
60- 69 years
429
Willingness to Pay Education The Amount of Extra Payment for Electricity Bill, If the Revenues are Used for Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts If the revenues are used for mitigation of climate change impacts, how much would you pay more for the electricity bill each month?
Do not want to pay added value
78,0
81,3
75,1
20 TL and more
53,6
60,9 79,5
80,9
61,6
74,2
77,2
75,3
81,6
15,01 TL - 20 TL 10,01 TL - 15 TL
3,2 1,3 1,6 1,1 1,5 0,9 6,1
0,3 1,1 0,8 4,4
12,2
High school
University degree and above
Urban General
Primary education
High school
University degree and above
3166
2215
634
317
1130
978
124
28
2036
1237
510
289
Overall Turkey Overall
Primary education
Overall Public
1,93 TL
People willing to pay added value
8,79 TL
Rural
High school
University and above
Overall
Primary education
1,49 TL
2,48 TL
3,91 TL
1,61 TL
7,98 TL
9,96 TL
9,99 TL
7,04 TL
5 TL and less
18,3
12,9
10,5
Primary education
15,3
0,8 1,5 0,4 5,2
Rural General
12,5
17,9
5,01 TL - 10 TL
13,5
2,0 1,8 1,8 6,3
University degree and above
12,9
1,5 1,6 0,9 6,6
High school
13,4
18,3
0,4 1,2 0,8 5,1
1,6 2,4 0,8 5,6
Primary education
Base
11,4
14,8
General
12,5
0,6 1,4 0,6 4,8
1,9 1,9 1,6 6,2
3,5 1,4 1,7
28,6
Urban
High school
University and above
Overall
Primary education
High school
University and above
1,44 TL
2,48 TL
3,68 TL
2,11 TL
1,54 TL
2,48 TL
3,93 TL
7,53 TL
9,63 TL
7,92 TL
9,26 TL
8,35 TL
10,04 TL
10,24 TL
Conclusion
Conclusion
It is observed that although the interest level of public is high, the knowledge level is low. The public has some idea about climate change, however the knowledge level is insufficient. ● The
causes of climate change, the precautions to be taken are not known enough.
The most important problems of climate change impacts in the world are; the spread of epidemic diseases, depletion of food and beverage resources, waterlessness/drought. However this issues are the impacts of climate change. If the communication activities can associate the concerns of public with climate change; some improvements would be realized in terms of struggle.
Conclusion

In general climate change is perceived as change in seasons. Another important perception, the increase in drought and waterlessness is more emphasized by rural residents.

The public mostly tends to do practices related to energy saving. To emphasize practices related to savings would be more effective in communication.
Conclusion
â—? The
communication with the public opinion should not be restricted with the aim of raising the
given importance to climate change through the impacts of climate change. The public is aware
that both public and government have duties in struggle against climate change. However, the support given to participation of public is higher than the expectations from government. Therefore, concrete precautions should be suggested to public opinion, and understandable, clear projects should be made with government.
â—? It
is observed that the most effective channel in communication is television programs and
news. Also village headmen are an important channel in rural areas. By raising awareness of village headmen, the rural part of communicational activities might be carried on.