Berbera Profile , First Steps Towards Strategic Urban Planning

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urban development programme for the somali region

BERBERA first steps towards strategic urban planning

1

The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions or recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), the Governing Council of UN-HABITAT or its Member States. Excerpts from this publication, except the satellite image, may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2008. This publication was prepared by Ombretta Tempra and Michael Bergmann. Substantial inputs were given by Katja Schäfer, Filiep Decorte, Marco van der Plas and Edward Miller. All pictures by the © UN-HABITAT Somalia office. The Berbera Satellite image is provided by DigitalGlobe © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. HS/942/07E ISBN: 978-92-113-1918-7 United Nations Human Settlements Programme publications can be obtained from UN-HABITAT Regional and Information Offices or directly from: P.O.Box 30030, GPO 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Fax: +(254-20) 762 40 60 e-mail: unhabitat@unhabitat.org website: http://www.unhabitat.org Printed at UNON/Publishing Services Section/Nairobi

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BERBERA first steps towards strategic urban planning

INTRODUCTION

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7KLV GRFXPHQW LOOXVWUDWHV WKH ÂżUVWV VWHSV WR FLW\ planning through a participatory strategic approach. ,W FRPELQHV WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH SDUWLFLSDWRU\ SODQQLQJ SURFHVV XQGHUWDNHQ E\ WKH FLW\ RI %HUEHUD WKURXJK FLW\ SURÂżOLQJ DQG WKH FLW\ FRQVXOWDWLRQ ZLWK WKH VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV RI WKH FLW\ GHYHORSHG E\ 81 +$%,7$7 7KH PDLQ REMHFWLYHV RI WKLV SXEOLFDWLRQ

Ë EDFNJURXQG – the present: general information

Ă‹ D FLW\ SURÂżOH XQGHUWDNHQ E\ D WHDP RI ORFDO experts, prepared the necessary database for the %HUEHUD &LW\ &RQVXOWDWLRQ DQG JDYH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR LGHQWLI\ DQG PRELOL]H NH\ VWDNHKROGHUV IRU WKH participatory planning process.

Ă‹ D FLW\ FRQVXOWDWLRQ EXLOW D FRPPRQ YLVLRQ IRU WKH GHVLUHG IXWXUH RI WKH FLW\ LGHQWLÂżHG SULRULW\ needs and related areas of strategic intervention, DQG UHDFKHG DQ DJUHHPHQW RQ WKH DFWLRQ plans to be implemented and on the roles of the GLIIHUHQW VWDNHKROGHUV FRQFHUQHG 7KLV SURFHVV LV UHĂ€HFWHG LQ WKH %HUEHUD 8UEDQ 3DFW

Ă‹ GRFXPHQWLQJ WKH SURFHVV XQGHUWDNHQ E\ %HUEHUD 0XQLFLSDOLW\ XVLQJ FLW\ SURÂżOLQJ DQG WKH city consultation. >>> more on this on page 46

Ă‹ UHFRUGLQJ WKH RXWFRPHV RI WKH ÂżUVW EURDG consensus on urban issues, priority urban interventions, action plans, and the urban pact. >>> see the ‘planning strategies’ section on pages 12–20

>>> more on this on page 46–48.

Ă‹ DQ XUEDQ VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV carried out by 81 +$%,7$7 H[SHUWV JLYHV D EDVLF VSDWLDO understanding of the city and highlights concrete challenges and priority areas of intervention in a proposed strategic development plan.

Ă‹ LQWURGXFLQJ VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV as a tool for strategic planning. >>>see the ‘spatial analysis’ section on pages 22–33

Ă‹ SURYLGLQJ D FRPSUHKHQVLYH PHWKRGRORJLFDO WRRO IRU VWUDWHJLF XUEDQ SODQQLQJ

>>> more on this on page 44.

Ă‹ DQ DFWLRQ SODQ DJUHHG E\ WKH ORFDO VWDNHKROGHUV during the city consultation, aimed at testing and demonstrating the validity of the applied principles of strategic development planning. The projects VHOHFWHG LQYROYHG WKH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI %XUVDGH playground. >>> more on this on page 50.

Ă‹ complementing the documentation of the process XQGHUWDNHQ ZLWK WHDFKLQJ OHDUQLQJ WHFKQLTXHV and didactic tips for local authorities and technical persons involved in the urban development of the city.

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Ă‹ YLVLon

– the future: WKH VORJDQ IRU %HUEHUDœV development, chosen by the participants of the city consultation.

Ë SODQQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV IRU DFWLRQ – building the future: GXULQJ WKH %HUEHUD &LW\ &RQVXOWDWLRQ ORFDO actors highlighted basic services, urban governance, economic development, the environment, strategic planning, and urban poor and displaced population settlements as priorities to be addressed; precise operational strategies and action plans were LGHQWL¿HG LQ OLQH ZLWK WKHVH SULRULWLHs.

Ă‹ spatiDO IUDPHZRUN

– putting actions in place(s): a spatial analysis of the city, which puts the required priority interventions into a spatial perspective.

Ë GHVLUHG VWUXFWXUH – turning vision into reality: a SURSRVHG VWUDWHJLF GHYHORSPHQW SODQ IRU %HUEHUD to serve as an example and basis for discussion in the urban planning process.

Ă‹ WRZDUGV LPSOHPHntation: an idea of an indicative road map for the implementation of the strategies SURSRVHG E\ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV RI WKH %HUEHUD &LW\ Consultation.

Ă‹ tabOHV methodological information and further details on the urban spatial analysis, city consultation, urban pact, action plans, and DGGLWLRQDO SURMHFWV LPSOHPHQWHG LQ %HUEHUD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EDFNJURXQG – the present

SRWHQWLDO IRU GHYHORSPHQW

YLVLRQ – the future

WRZDUGV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

SODQQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV IRU GHYHORSPHQW – building the future

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basic services ..............................................................................................12 XUEDQ JRYHUQDQFH HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW HQYLURQPHQW VWUDWHJLF SODQQLQJ XUEDQ SRRU DQG GLVSODFHG SRSXODWLRQ VHWWOHPHQWV

VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV – putting actions in place(s)

structuring elements ................................................................................ functional layout .................................................................................. services and infrastructure ..................................................................... XUEDQ PRUSKRORJ\

–

the road map

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BACKGROUND the present chronology 1286 Berbera is mentioned for the ďŹ rst time by Ibn Sa’id and other Arab geographers and travellers. around 1600 Berbera replaces Saylac as the foremost commercial and cultural centre of Islamic inuence in the Horn of Africa. Known as the capital of the medieval Muslim state of Adal, Berbera remains under the authority of the sharifs of Mocha and the Ottoman Turks until 1875. 1875–1884 The city is ruled as an Egyptian protectorate. The British explorer Richard Burton describes the city as the ‘true key [to] the Red Sea [and] WKH FHQWUH RI (DVW $IULFDQ WUDIÂżFÂś 1891–1941 After the British occupation of the north-eastern Somali region, Berbera serves as the colonial capital and the main seaport of British Somaliland until 1941, when the capital is moved to Hargeisa. 1945–1970 Soviet inuence leads to improved port facilities and increases in trade. 1970–1991 Warfare destroys much of the port and the wider infrastructure of the city. Both the cement factory and the water distribution system become unusable. from 1991 onwards With growing political stability in Somaliland, the port of Berbera remains a key source of income for the region. Exports include sheep, goats, camels, hides, ghee, frankincense, myrrh, and gum Arabic.

Strategically located on the Gulf of $GHQ %HUEHUD LV WKH PDMRU SRUW RI Somaliland, and one of the most important entry points for goods KHDGLQJ WR +DUJHLVD DQG (WKLRSLD Economic recovery is inhibited by widespread destruction of the urban and industrial infrastructure DQG E\ ZHDN JRYHUQDQFH ,QVXIÂżFLHQW SURYLVLRQ RI EDVLF services is one of the main problems for the local population.

SRSXODWLRQ $ UHFHQW 81 +$%,7$7 VXUYH\ HVWLPDWHV D SRSXODWLRQ RI SHRSOH LQFOXGLQJ D GLIÂżFXOW WR YHULI\ QXPEHU RI GLVSODFHG SHRSOH. 2WKHU VRXUFHV HVWLPDWH D WRWDO RI The city has seen a decrease in population over the past years, accentuated by seasonal migrations to the cooler inland cities during the hot season.

WRSRJUDSKy Situated on the southern shores of the Gulf of $GHQ %HUEHUD VLWV DW DQ DYHUDJH HOHYDWLRQ RI three metres above sea level. The landscape DURXQG WKH WRZQ LV VHPL GHVHUW

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Satellite image by Š 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

vision the future

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Berbera historical area: men in a cafeteria

planning strategies for development building the future 'XULQJ WKH %HUEHUD &LW\ &RQVXOWDWLRQ WKH ORFDO VWDNHKROGHUV DJUHHG RQ SULRULW\ LQWHUYHQWLRQV IRU WKHLU FLW\ EDVHG RQ NH\ GHYHORSPHQWDO FKDOOHQJHV LGHQWL¿HG LQ WKH %HUEHUD &LW\ 3UR¿OH 7KLV VHFWLRQ RIIHUV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH SUREOHPV WKDW ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG E\ WKH VWDNHKROGHUV LQ UHODWLRQ WR ¿YH NH\ SUREOHP DUHDV EDVLF VHUYLFHV JRYHUQDQFH HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW environmental degradation, and city strategic planning. )RU HDFK SUREOHP DUHD WKLV FKDSWHU LOOXVWUDWHV VSHFL¿F VWUDWHJLF REMHFWLYHV DQG NH\ DFWLRQV DV RXWOLQHG E\ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV LQ WKH %HUEHUD &LW\ &RQVXOWDWLRQ

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strategies for development building the future

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,QDGHTXDWH DQG H[SHQVLYH electricity.

3URYLGH UHJXODU FKHDS HOHFWULFLW\ to meet the overall demands of the city.

'HYHORS PHFKDQLVPV WR SURYLGH DQ adequate electricity supply.

Water scarcity, poor water distribution, and poor water quality.

3URYLGH VDIH DQG FOHDQ GULQNLQJ ZDWHU IRU DOO %HUEHUD UHVLGHQWV $ PLQLPXP RI SHUFHQW RI households to have a private water connection.

*HQHUDWH VXIÂż FLHQW UHYHQXH to modernize and improve the capacity of the water agency. 0RQLWRU WKH ZDWHU TXDOLW\

3RRU VDQLWDWLRQ DQG K\JLHQH

,PSURYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI KHDOWK FDUH services and disease prevention methods, focusing in particular on the needs of mothers and children.

Combine government and international agency forces to design better health services.

3RRU HGXFDWLRQ V\VWHP 3URYLGH KLJK TXDOLW\ HGXFDWLRQ services.

Strengthen and further develop the education system through participatory mechanisms.

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basic services

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The location of health & education facilities

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The areas in need of drainage works

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The road network in your city Water & electricity provision in your city

NH\ DFWLRQV &UHDWH D WHFKQLFDO FRPPLWWHH RI JRYHUQPHQW RI¿ FLDOV DQG SULYDWH VHFWRU UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV WR H[SORUH options for the improvement of the electricity supply. ,GHQWLI\ SULYDWH LQYHVWRUV ZLWK DQ LQWHUHVW LQ LQYHVWLQJ LQ HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV Explore different privatization options for the public electricity plant. ,GHQWLI\ DOWHUQDWLYH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV VXFK DV VRODU V\VWHPV DQG LQYLWH DJHQFLHV FDSDEOH RI VXSSRUWLQJ WKLV LQLWLDWLYH L H $GYHQWLVW 'HYHORSPHQW 5HOLHI $JHQF\

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6 R P H GDWD (VWDEOLVK UHODWLRQV ZLWK LQWHUQDWLRQDO DJHQFLHV DQG ORFDO 1*2V DFWLYH LQ WKH ZDWHU VHFWRU Train the technical and administrative staff of the water agency. ,QFUHDVH WKH QXPEHU RI ZDWHU FRQQHFWLRQ SRLQWV ERUHKROHV DQG ZHOOV 5HSODFH WKH 'XEDDU ZDWHU GLVWULEXWLRQ SLSHV ZKRVH FDSDFLW\ KDV EHHQ UHGXFHG WR SHUFHQW GXH WR OHDNDJHV DQG FDOFLXP FDUERQDWH GHSRVLWV (VWDEOLVK D ODE DW WKH ZDWHU DJHQF\ PDQGDWHG WR PRQLWRU WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH GULQNLQJ ZDWHU &UHDWH D PHWKRG WR ¿ OWHU WKH ZDWHU DW WKH ERRVWHU VWDWLRQ

Number of properties with: piped water supply: sewerage system: electricity: proper road access:

1,712 4,440 1,882 6,358

(24%) (63%) (26%) (90%)

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5DLVH LQWHUQDWLRQDO DQG QDWLRQDO DZDUHQHVV RQ WKH KHDOWK QHHGV RI WKH FLW\ DQG UHTXHVW VXSSRUW 'HYHORS D ORFDO KHDOWK FDUH SROLF\ DQG GH¿ QH WKH XVH RI FHQWUDO JRYHUQPHQW KHDOWK VXEVLGLHV )RUP D VHPL LQGHSHQGHQW FRPPLWWHH WR RYHUVHH WKH KHDOWK FDUH VHUYLFHV 'H¿ QH D ORFDO SROLF\ RQ HSLGHPLF DQG VH[XDOO\ WUDQVPLWWHG GLVHDVHV DQG EXLOG FRRSHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ the local council and religious leaders to increase awareness. 5HKDELOLWDWH DOO VFKRROV WKURXJK FRPPXQLW\ SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG FUHDWLRQ RI UHFUHDWLRQDO IDFLOLWLHV OLEUDULHV and laboratories. 3URYLGH DGHTXDWH HOHFWULFLW\ DQG DFFHVV WR VDIH GULQNLQJ ZDWHU WR DOO VFKRROV 0XQLFLSDOLW\ DQG FRPPXQLW\ WR VXEVLGL]H WHDFKHUV¶ VDODULHV DQG GHYHORS WUDLQLQJ VFKHPHV IRU WKHP ,PSURYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH H[LVWLQJ 4XUDQLF VFKRROV Strengthen local education committees.

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'HYHORS DQ HIIHFWLYH administrative system.

,PSURYH WKH HI¿ FLHQF\ RI PXQLFLSDO departments through the evaluation of VWDII HI¿ FLHQF\ DQG WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI VWDII PRUDOH E\ FRQVLGHULQJ VWDII GHPDQGV

3RRU UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ the local council and the community.

,PSURYH WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV of the municipal authorities and increase the joint efforts of all urban development VWDNHKROGHUV

,QYROYH WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG DOO VWDNHKROGHUV LQ WKH LGHQWL¿ FDWLRQ planning, implementation, and monitoring of municipal projects. (QKDQFH FURVV VHFWRUDO FROODERUDWLRQ DQG SXEOLF SULYDWH SDUWQHUVKLSV

3RRU PXQLFLSDO UHYHQXH collection system.

,QFUHDVH UHYHQXHV E\ percent.

'HYHORS D VRXQG SODQ IRU UHVWUXFWXULQJ the revenue collection system.

'DPDJHG JRYHUQPHQW buildings.

Enhance the attractiveness of the city through the refurbishment of selected government buildings. 5HKDELOLWDWH WKH GDPDJHG infrastructure.

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The location of the institutional buildings

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&RQGXFW D EDVHOLQH VWXG\ RI WKH PXQLFLSDO GHSDUWPHQWV¶ IXQFWLRQDO HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG FRQVLGHU WKH recommendations made in such a study. 'LVPLVV DOO µJKRVW HPSOR\HHV¶ 'HYHORS WUDLQLQJ VFKHPHV IRU ORFDO FRXQFLOORUV DQG PXQLFLSDO VWDII 5HRUJDQL]H PXQLFLSDO RSHUDWLRQDO VWUXFWXUHV

Form a committee to foster the relationship between the local council and the community. The local council to initiate frequent meetings with different segments of society. 5DLVH DZDUHQHVV DPRQJ JRYHUQPHQWDO DQG FLYLO VRFLHW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DERXW WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI EXLOGLQJ successful cooperative mechanisms. 5HJLVWHU DOO ORFDO 1*2V DQG FLYLO VRFLHW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV DFWLYH LQ %HUEHUD

&RQGXFW D EDVHOLQH VWXG\ WR DVVHVV WKH GUDZEDFNV RI WKH H[LVWLQJ UHYHQXH FROOHFWLRQ V\VWHP DQG assess potential new revenue sources. ,GHQWLI\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO DJHQFLHV WKDW FDQ DVVLVW WKH PXQLFLSDOLW\ LQ GHYHORSLQJ PRUH HIIHFWLYH DFFRXQWLQJ and revenue collection systems. ,QWURGXFH QHZ DFFRXQWLQJ SURFHGXUHV WR LPSURYH FRQWURO PHFKDQLVPV DQG SUHYHQW FRUUXSWLRQ 5HGXFH WD[ HYDVLRQ WKURXJK DZDUHQHVV UDLVLQJ RQ WKH EHQH¿ WV RI D IXQFWLRQLQJ UHYHQXH FROOHFWLRQ V\VWHP 'HYHORS WUDLQLQJ VFKHPHV IRU UHYHQXH FROOHFWRUV DQG LPSURYH WKH FDSDFLW\ RI WKH LQWHUQDO DXGLW XQLW

Survey the buildings requiring rehabilitation to estimate the refurbishment cost. Notify all concerned government institutions about the status of their buildings, and determine which buildings should be given priority. Form a technical committee mandated to oversee the rehabilitation process.

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problem

objective

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Economic stagnation.

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,QFUHDVH HFRQRPLF DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH WRZQ

0D[LPL]H WKH XVH RI H[LVWLQJ economic resources.

Exploit the economic potential of the port, its fuel depots, and the airport facilities.

,QFUHDVH WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI DQG WKH PDUNHWV IRU ORFDOO\ SURGXFHG JRRGV

,PSURYH WKH SURGXFWV ,PSURYH WKH PDUNHWV ,PSURYH WKH VNLOOV DQG FDSDFLW\ RI WKH ORFDO producers and traders.

'LODSLGDWHG DQG QRQ IXQFWLRQDO industrial infrastructure.

5HKDELOLWDWH WKH H[LVWLQJ FHPHQW ¿ VKHU\ DQG VDOW IDFWRULHV

,GHQWLI\ LQYHVWRUV LQWHUHVWHG LQ WKH rehabilitation.

3RRU FROODERUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH local council and the business community.

,PSURYH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ the local council and the business community.

'HYHORS D IUDPHZRUN WR LQFOXGH PHPEHUV RI WKH EXVLQHVV FRPPXQLW\ LQ WKH GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVV

Unemployment and limited YRFDWLRQDO VNLOOV

Create employment opportunities DQG LPSURYH WKH VNLOOV RI WKH ORFDO population.

Conduct vocational training. 3URPRWH TXLFN LPSDFW HPSOR\PHQW generating projects.

economic development economic development economic develo

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economic development

NH\ DFWLRQV (QFRXUDJH SXEOLF SULYDWH SDUWQHUVKLSV DQG SULYDWH LQYHVWPHQWV 'HVLJQ DQ DSSURSULDWH SULYDWL]DWLRQ SROLF\ 'HYHORS D SROLF\ DQG PRQLWRULQJ PHFKDQLVP IRU WKH UHJXODWLRQ RI VPDOO EXVLQHVVHV Formulate a national policy to increase the regional competitiveness of the port. 5HYLHZ WKH H[LVWLQJ WD[DWLRQ UDWHV FRPSDUH WKHP WR RWKHU SRUWV LQ WKH UHJLRQ DQG HYHQWXDOO\ ORZHU WKH import taxes. 0RQLWRU DQG LPSURYH WKH TXDOLW\ RI ORFDOO\ SURGXFHG JRRGV &UHDWH D WHFKQLFDO FRPPLWWHH WR VWXG\ PDUNHW SRWHQWLDO LQ WKH UHJLRQ ,QYROYH WKH ORFDO EXVLQHVV FRPPXQLW\ WKH ORFDO FRXQFLO DQG WKH FKDPEHU RI FRPPHUFH LQ SODQQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV IRU H[SDQGLQJ WKH PDUNHW IRU ORFDO JRRGV (VWDEOLVK WUDLQLQJ VFKHPHV IRU WKH ORFDO JRRGV SURGXFHUV DQG UHJXODWH WKHLU ZRUN

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The proposed location of a Free Trade Zone

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The potential for economic development

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The location of the industrial areas The location of the livestock holding grounds

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/RFDO DXWKRULWLHV DQG FRQFHUQHG PLQLVWULHV WR LGHQWLI\ DQG DWWUDFW ORFDO DQG H[WHUQDO LQYHVWRUV The local council to develop a policy to help meet the interests of the investors. 'HVLJQ TXLFN LPSDFW SURMHFWV IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH VDOW DQG ¿ VKHU\ LQGXVWULHV

Establish regular meetings between the local council and the business community. 5DLVH DZDUHQHVV RQ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI FRRSHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SXEOLF DQG SULYDWH VHFWRUV Encourage the municipality to form unions among different business sectors.

,PSURYH WKH FROODERUDWLRQ DPRQJ WKH LQVWLWXWLRQV¶ GHSRVLWDULHV RI YRFDWLRQDO VNLOOV NQRZOHGJH Upgrade the quality of existing vocational schools and establish new courses, focusing particularly on the involvement of disadvantaged groups, with the support of local and international organizations. Conduct an unemployment survey at the city level. $WWUDFW LQYHVWRUV DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO DJHQF\ SURMHFWV

opment economic development economic development economic development economic

strategies for development building the future (QYLURQPHQWDO GHJUDGDWLRQ LV SRVLQJ VHYHUH KHDOWK ULVNV WR %HUEHUDÂśV UHVLGHQWV (QYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQ PHDVXUHV DQG ZDVWH management are therefore two of the highest priorities.

problem

objective

strategy

Environmental degradation.

Establish a clean and healthy urban environment.

Encourage collaboration among WKH PXQLFLSDOLW\ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI Environment, the community, and local and international agencies to protect and upgrade the urban environment.

3RRU K\JLHQH

,PSURYH WKH KHDOWK FRQGLWLRQV RI %HUEHUD UHVLGHQWV

(VWDEOLVK DQ HIÂż FLHQW VROLG DQG OLTXLG waste collection and disposal system. ,PSURYH DZDUHQHVV RQ K\JLHQH DQG WKH environment. &UHDWH DSSURSULDWH E\ ODZV

environmental upgrading

NH\ DFWLRQV 'HYHORS DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQVHUYDWLRQ SROLF\ WR EH LPSOHPHQWHG DQG PRQLWRUHG E\ %HUEHUD &LW\ &RXQFLO ZLWK WKH KHOS RI WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ DQG SULYDWH SXEOLF SDUWQHUVKLSV Form a local committee mandated to monitor environmental conditions. ,QVWLWXWH D µ%HUEHUD (QYLURQPHQW 'D\¶ WR UDLVH DZDUHQHVV RQ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI D FOHDQ XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW 2UJDQL]H DQ WUHH SODQWLQJ FDPSDLJQ Utilize animal dung as a fertilizer. Construct small dams for the dry rivers around the city.

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The public open spaces

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The proposed area for coastal development

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The proposed natural conservation zones

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'HYHORS D EDVHOLQH VXUYH\ WR H[SORUH GLIIHUHQW JDUEDJH PDQDJHPHQW RSWLRQV ,GHQWLI\ DGGLWLRQDO VLWHV IRU JDUEDJH FROOHFWLRQ DQG ZDVWH GLVSRVDO 5DLVH DZDUHQHVV RQ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI ZDVWH FROOHFWLRQ DQG LWV LPSDFW RQ WKH KHDOWK FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH population. ,PSURYH WKH FLW\¶V GUDLQDJH V\VWHP Train municipal staff on hygiene and sanitation management procedures. 3URKLELW WKH NHHSLQJ RI DQLPDOV ZLWKLQ UHVLGHQWLDO DUHDV

onment environment

strategies for development building the future

7KH %HUEHUD &LW\ &RQVXOWDWLRQ SRLQWHG RXW WKH QHHG IRU DQ integrated approach towards the comprehensive resolution of WKH NH\ SUREOHPV RI WKH FLW\ SRRU EDVLF VHUYLFHV D VWDJQDQW economy, and environmental degradation. :KHQ DXWKRULWLHV KDYH ZHDN ¿ QDQFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO FDSDFLW\ and the enforcement of regulations is problematic, the need for involving all urban development actors in planning for GHYHORSPHQW LV SDUWLFXODUO\ VWURQJ $ WUDQVSDUHQW SODQQLQJ SURFHVV PD[LPL]HV WKH EHQH¿ WV RI HYHU\ XUEDQ LQWHUYHQWLRQ SXEOLF DV ZHOO DV SULYDWH IRU WKH GLUHFW EHQH¿ W RI WKH LQYHVWRUV and the city as a whole. 7KH 6SDWLDO $QDO\VLV VHFWLRQ LV HQWLUHO\ GHGLFDWHG WR WKH TXHVWLRQ of how to translate the most urgent needs of the city into integrated spatial planning.

problem

objective

strategy

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Unstructured city development. $EDQGRQLQJ RI WKH KLVWRULFDO ROG town.

7UDQVIRUP %HUEHUD LQWR D FOHDQ EHDXWLIXO DQG ZHOO RUJDQL]HG city.

%XLOG WKH SODQQLQJ FDSDFLW\ RI %HUEHUD 0XQLFLSDOLW\

,PSURYH SODQQLQJ FDSDFLW\ ZLWKLQ WKH PXQLFLSDOLW\ Train the relevant municipal staff in basic urban planning approaches. Create a strategic urban planning unit within the municipality.

3UHSDUH D VWUDWHJLF development plan for the city.

$FTXLUH D VDWHOOLWH LPDJH RI WKH FLW\ Name the main streets and survey existing properties. 'LYLGH WKH FLW\ LQWR FRPPHUFLDO UHVLGHQWLDO LQGXVWULDO DQG governmental zones. 'H¿ QH VSDFHV IRU SXEOLF XVH SDUNV VFKRROV WKHDWUHV VSRUWV JURXQGV HWF ,GHQWLI\ GLUHFWLRQV IRU WKH FLW\¶V IXWXUH HFRQRPLF JURZWK 5DLVH DZDUHQHVV RQ WKH EHQH¿ WV RI FLW\ SODQQLQJ ,QYROYH DOO XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW VWDNHKROGHUV LQ WKH SODQQLQJ process.

city strategic planning + urban poor & displaced population settlements city strate

city strategic planning + urban poor & displaced population settlements the city, the services, and the poor 7KH ORQJ WHUP GHYHORSPHQW RI D FLW\ LV KHDYLO\ LQÀ XHQFHG E\ WKH urban models informing its growth. Creating a compact city, which accommodates new expansions in the vacant space of the consolidated XUEDQ IDEULF DOORZV WKH HI¿ FLHQW DQG FRVW HIIHFWLYH PDLQWHQDQFH RI urban services and infrastructure. This reduces the cost of services for the urban poor as well as for the host community.

physical separation = social segregation integration = social symbiosis

The diagrams below represent two opposite types of development ORJLF

dispersed city Ë rDSLG XUEDQ H[SDQVLRQ DQG JUHDW ODQG FRQVXPSWLRQ

Ë LQFUHDVHG FRVW RI VHUYLFHV DQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH

Ë PRUH GLI¿ FXOW DQG H[SHQVLYH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ

Ë HQFRXUDJHG VRFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF VHJUHJDWLRQ

Ë ZKDW ZH EXLOG LV DQ H[SUHVVLRQ RI FXOWXUDO DQG VRFLDO YDOXHV Ë LVRODWLQJ WKH SRRU PHDQV SURMHFWLQJ WKH LGHD RI UHMHFWLQJ WKH SRRU

Ë EXLOGLQJ FLWLHV EXLOGLQJ FRPPXQLWLHV Ë LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FRPPXQLWLHV UHGXFHV VRFLDO VHJUHJDWLRQ DQG LVRODWLRQ

Ë FRQVROLGDWLRQ LQFUHDVHG RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU VRFLDO VXSSRUW V\VWHPV WR À RXULVK

segregation means: doubling of services = doubling of costs

compact city Ë ¿ OOHG YDFDQW ODQG ZLWKLQ WKH WRZQ OLPLWV

Ë OLPLWHG FRQVXPSWLRQ RI ODQG Ë VKDUHG IDFLOLWLHV DQG VHUYLFHV DQG FRVW HIIHFWLYH Ë HDVLHU DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ

Ë LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FRPPXQLWLHV Ë HQKDQFHPHQW RI ORFDO HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV FRQVROLGDWHG VHWWOHPHQWV QHZ VHWWOHPHQWV VHUYLFHV

This is the urban development model suggested for Berbera.

Ë HVWDEOLVKLQJ D VHSDUDWH VHWWOHPHQW LPSOLHV HVWDEOLVKLQJ DOO WKH VHUYLFHV DQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUH WKDW JRHV ZLWK LW

Ë WKH GRXEOLQJ RI LQIUDVWUXFWXUH GRXEOHV WKH LPPHGLDWH LQVWDOODWLRQ FRVWV DQG DOVR WKH ORQJ WHUP PDLQWHQDQFH FRVWV

Ë WKHUH LV QR RSSRUWXQLW\ WR VXEVLGL]H UHKDELOLWDWH DQG VKDUH H[LVWLQJ VHUYLFHV

egic planning + urban poor & displaced population settlements city strategic planni 21

Berbera: women in a courtyard

22

spatial analysis put actions in place(s)

This section helps to develop a basic spatial understanding of the city and its main characteristics and dynamics. Spatial analysis is one of the most important tools for strategic planning, because it enables all urban GHYHORSPHQW VWDNHKROGHUV WR SODQ DQG SRVLWLRQ WKHLU LQWHUYHQWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ to an overall development strategy, maximizing the results of their investments WR WKH EHQH多W RI WKH ZKROH FLW\

spatial analysis put actions in place(s)

7KH SRUW /RFDWHG VWUDWHJLFDOO\ RQ WKH RLO URXWH %HUEHUD KDV D GHHS VHD SRUW WKDW ZDV FRPSOHWHG LQ DQG LV VWLOO WKH PDLQ FRPPHUFLDO SRUW IRU 6RPDOLODQG 7KH VHDSRUW LV D PDMRU WUDGLQJ KXE LQ WKH UHJLRQ ERWK IRU LPSRUWHG DQG H[SRUWHG JRRGV :KLOH LQWHUQDWLRQDO QRQ UHFRJQLWLRQ MHRSDUGL]HV 6RPDOLODQG¶V DELOLW\ WR EHQH¿W IURP DQG SDUWLFLSDWH LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH %HUEHUD SRUW FRQWLQXHV WR EH RQH RI WKH IHZ YLDEOH DFFHVVLEOH WUDGLQJ SRLQWV IRU WKH +RUQ RI $IULFD 7KH FXUUHQW HPSKDVLV WRZDUGV GHYHORSLQJ WKH µEXVLQHVV FRUULGRU¶ ZLWK (WKLRSLD IXUWKHU VWUHQJWKHQV %HUEHUD¶V UROH DV D SRWHQWLDO UHJLRQDO FHQWUH IRU HFRQRPLF growth.

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tip

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what are structuring elements? Structuring elements are outstanding and recognizable urban factors around which the space and activities of the city are organized. ,GHQWLI\LQJ WKHVH HOHPHQWV DQG DGHTXDWHO\ WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKHLU LPSDFW RQ WKH SURMHFW LV crucial for planning any urban intervention.

7KH DLUSRUW %HUEHUD¶V DLUSRUW ZDV EXLOW E\ WKH 5XVVLDQV DQG ODWHU GHVLJQDWHG E\ 1$6$ DV HPHUJHQF\ ODQGLQJ VWULS IRU WKH VSDFH VKXWWOH WKH UXQZD\ LV UHFRJQL]HG DV WKH ORQJHVW LQ $IULFD DQG KDV WKH FDSDFLW\ WR DFFRPPRGDWH ODUJH DLUFUDIW 7KLV IXUWKHU LPSURYHV WKH FLW\¶V SRWHQWLDO DFFHVVLELOLW\ +RZHYHU WKH DLUSRUW FXUUHQWO\ VXIIHUV IURP SRRUO\ EXLOW VWUXFWXUHV and related facilities and is in need of an airport clearance zone.

7KH KLVWRULF WRZQ

example: road repair 0DSSLQJ WKH VWUXFWXULQJ HOHPHQWV ± PDLQ SXEOLF EXLOGLQJV PDUNHWV PDLQ FRPPHUFLDO areas, etc. ± is necessary to correctly prioritize road XSJUDGLQJ LQWHUYHQWLRQV ,Q WKLV ZD\ WKH FLWL]HQU\ ZLOO EHQH¿W DW PLQLPXP FRVW

6LQFH WKH 2WWRPDQ SHULRG WKH KLVWRULFDO DUHDV ± QDPHO\ 'DURROH DQG %DUZDTR ± KDYH been continuously inhabited. The old town has a special character and its buildings have YHU\ SHFXOLDU DUFKLWHFWXUDO IHDWXUHV 0DQ\ RI WKH VWUXFWXUHV VXUYLYHG ERPELQJV GXULQJ the civil war, but negligence and ownership issues have led to the collapse of buildings LQ UHFHQW \HDUV ,Q VSLWH RI KDYLQJ DFFHVV WR EDVLF VHUYLFHV ZDWHU DQG HOHFWULFLW\ WKH FLW\ VWLOO KDV PDMRU FKDOOHQJHV D GHFUHDVLQJ SRSXODWLRQ DQG D SRRU VDQLWDWLRQ V\VWHP which cannot contend with the debris, solid waste, and drainage problems.

structuring elements 6

6WUXFWXULQJ HOHPHQWV the port the old port historical town public buildings public open spaces PDUNHW power station fuel depot graveyard

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municipality hospital FHQWUDO SROLFH VWDWLRQ WKHDWUH LQ UXLQV

SULVRQ ROG PLOLWDU\ KRVSLWDO LQ UXLQV

PRVTXH KRWHO GLVWULFW FRXUW DQG JRYHUQRU¶V RI¿FH

7KH URDG QHWZRUN main roads secondary roads

to Djibouti

WR +DUJHLVD DQG %HUEHUD $LUSRUW

WR 6KHLNK DQG %XUDR DQG WR %HUEHUD¶V &HPHQW )DFWRU\

&RPPRGLWLHV LPSRUWHG WKURXJK WKH %HUEHUD SRUW

spatial analysis put actions in place(s)

&RPPHUFH %HUEHUD¶V JHRJUDSKLFDO SRVLWLRQ DQG ULFK KLVWRU\ PDGH the town a commercial and industrial hub for the region. Nevertheless, this big potential is not fully exploited, and a VHULHV RI LQYHVWPHQWV DUH QHHGHG WR UDLVH WKH SUR¿OH RI WKH FLW\ LQ WKH ORFDO UHJLRQDO DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO PDUNHWs. TKH SDUWLFLSDQWV RI WKH %HUEHUD &LW\ &RQVXOWDWLRQ KLJKOLJKWHG VRPH VWUDWHJLHV WR HQKDQFH FRPPHUFH DQG WUDGH 81 +$%,7$7 DVVLVWHG %HUEHUD 0XQLFLSDOLW\ LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI D QHZ PDUNHW ZLWK PRGHUQ KHDOWK DQG VDIHW\ VWDQGDUGV VHH SDJHV ± EXW IXUWKHU LQWHUYHQWLRQV DQG WKH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI RWKHU NH\ FRPPHUFLDO VWUXFWXUHV DUH QHHGHG 3RUW UHODWHG commercial facilities should be given high priority.

Industry

tip how does the functional layout help? ,Q HYHU\ FLW\ GLIIHUHQW DFWLYLWLHV DUH LQWHUZRYHQ in the urban space. The tensions generated by this mix can create great potential for economic development, cultural exchange, and social FRKHVLRQ EXW PD\ DOVR JHQHUDWH FRQÀLFW 7KH functional layout analysis prepares the ground for well planned and fruitful economic and social strategic interventions.

%HUEHUD LV KRPH WR D SURPLVLQJ LQGXVWULDO VHFWRU DOWKRXJK LW LV SUHVHQWO\ ODUJHO\ G\VIXQFWLRQDO ,QGXVWULDO DUHDV DQG related facilities, such as warehouses and fuel depots, are ORFDWHG DFURVV WKH FLW\ Several large, privately owned warehouses and storage • IDFLOLWLHV DUH ORFDWHG DORQJ WKH URDG WR +DUJHLVD $GGLWLRQDO ZDUHKRXVHV H[LVW LQ WKH FLW\ FHQWUH DQG • IXUWKHU QRUWK 3XEOLFO\ RZQHG WKH\ DUH PRVWO\ GDPDJHG and dysfunctional. The fuel depot near the harbour is very active and • functioning well. $ ¿VKHU\ D FHPHQW IDFWRU\ DQG D SDLQW SURGXFWLRQ • FRPSDQ\ DUH ORFDWHG DORQJ WKH URDG WR %XUDR 3XEOLFO\ owned and currently functioning at low capacity, these industries offer great potential for future economic development. 3DJHV DQG H[SOLFDWH VRPH RI WKH VWUDWHJLHV LGHQWL¿HG E\ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV RI WKH %HUEHUD &LW\ &RQVXOWDWLRQ WR UHYLWDOL]H WKH WRZQ¶V LQGXVWULHV DQG ERRVW WKH ORFDO HFRQRP\

others biscuits dates cigarettes soap car spares cloth pasta FRRNLQJ RLO fuel rice wheat sugar building materials tonnes (1000)

&RPPRGLWLHV H[SRUWHG WKURXJK WKH %HUEHUD SRUW

camels cattle goats and sheep KLGHV DQG VNLQV No.

%HUEHUD SRUW DQG DLU WUDI¿F

Q RI ÀLJKWV n. of passengers À\LQJ LQ n. of passengers À\LQJ RXW cargo arrived by air WRQQHV

cargo departed by air WRQQHV Q RI VKLSV Q RI GKRZV

Source: Berbera Port Authorities and Ministry of Civil Aviation and Air Transport, 2003

Berbera port

Berbera cement factory

functional layout

/HJHQG IRUPDO XUEDQ IDEULF PDLQO\ residential or mixed use

inIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV PDLQO\ residenWLDO

liYHVWRFN KROGLQJ JURXQGV institutional areas industries, warehouses, and port areas graveyard PDUNHWV DQG VODXJKWHUKRXVHV commercial areas the port the old port

spatial analysis put actions in place(s)

see detailed map of the water distribution in this area on the next page

to

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/HJHQG PDLQ ZDWHU SLSH œœ DQG œœ

damaged water pipe VHFRQGDU\ ZDWHU SLSH œœ œœ DQG œœ

ZDWHU WDQN water point VROLG ZDVWH GLVSRVDO VLWH LQIRUPDO

main mosque education facility health facility PDUNHW RU VODXJKWHUKRXVH private power supply public power supply critical drainage areas RQO\ DVVHVVHG IRU WKH 'DUROH DQG %DUZDTR DUHDV

.

services and infrastructure

:DWHU $ EDVLF ZDWHU VXSSO\ ZDV LQWURGXFHG GXULQJ WKH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUH DQG H[WHQGHG GXULQJ %ULWLVK colonial rule. Since the provision of water ZDV QRW VXIÂżFLHQW D SDUDOOHO ZDWHU V\VWHP ZDV DGGHG E\ WKH ,WDOLDQ 1*2 &223, ZKLFK extended the pipe system to settlements of ,'3V DQG XUEDQ SRRr. ,Q VpLWH RI WKHVH LQWHUYHQWLRQV WKH %HUEHUD water system needs major rehabilitation and XSJUDGLQJ %\ FRQQHFWLQJ WKH WZR LQQHU FLW\ ULQJ SLSHOLQHV DQG H[WHQGLQJ WKH SLSH QHWZRUN WR WKH H[SDQVLRQ DUHDV RI WKH WRZQ DQG SRFNHWV of urban fabric that were not considered during previous upgrading projects, all citizens of %HUEHUD ZLOO KDYH DFFHVV WR ZDWHU 7KH ODWHVW VXUYH\V FRQÂżUP WKDW WKHUH LV VXIÂżFLHQW IUHVK ZDWHU EHLQJ SURYLGHG E\ WKH 'XEDU 6SULQJV DQG )DUDGHHUR :HOOV +RZHYHU WKH SLSHOLQHV to these sources of water are clogged and need to be replaced. %HtZHHQ DQG WKH *HUPDQ )HGHUDO $JHQF\ IRU 7HFKQLFDO 5HOLHI LPSOHPHQWHG WKH 6XSSRUW WR %HUEHUD :DWHU 6XSSO\ 3URMHFW funded by the European Commission. The project addressed the rehabilitation DQG UH HTXLSSLQJ RI WKH PDLQ ZHOOÂżHOG DW )DURRK 'KHHUH UHSDLU DQG H[SDQVLRQ RI WKH WRZQÂśV GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHPV ZDWHU PHWHULQJ UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI WKH ZDWHU RIÂżFHV LPSURYHG billing systems, and management support to WKH %HUEHUD :DWHU $JHQF\ 'XULQJ WKLV SHULRG ÂżUVW GLVFXVVLRQV RQ D SRWHQWLDO SXEOLF SULYDWH partnership for the operation of the water supply system were initiated, but could not be followed through due to resistance from the water agency and the general public. $ WHFhnical assessment of the water distribution system and a feasibility study for the upgrading of

WKH ZDWHU V\VWHP ZHUH FDUULHG RXW UHFHQWO\ $IWHU WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI D SXEOLF SULYDWH SDUWQHUVKLS IRU WKH PDQDJHPHQW RI %HUEHUD :DWHU $JHQF\ 81,&() LV JRLQJ WR SURYLGH DVVLVWDQFH IRU WKH upgrading and extension activities. (OHFWULFLW\ Electricity is currently provided by a private power company and sold at rates unaffordable to many. The public power plant needs to be rehabilitated, SRVVLEO\ WKURXJK D SXEOLF SULYDWH SDUWQHUVKLp. 'UDLQDJH 7KH KLVWRULFDO FLW\ FHQWUH RI %HUEHUD LV ORFDWHG FORVH WR WKH VHD DQG OLHV DW VHD OHYHO 'XULQJ WKH VHDVRQDO UDLQV WKH RYHUÀRZ GUDLQV ÀRRG OLNH into the sea with the natural draining channels passing through the town, and water stagnates at certain locations. 'XULQJ high tide, however, the sea tends to ÀRZ LQWR WKH WRZQ DQG EDUULHUV KDYH EHHQ constructed that do not permit the water to drain off. Furthermore, the existing drainage system has been poorly maintained, and solid ZDVWH EORFNV WKH WUHQFKHV 6WDJQDQW ZDWHU LV a breeding ground for mosquitoes, and the unfortunate sanitation conditions create an unhealthy environment. The municipality has tried to solve the drainage problems through ad hoc interventions, which KDYH SURYLGHG D WHPSRUDU\ VROXWLRQ +RZHYHU DQ HIIHFWLYH ORQJ WHUP VROXWLRQ PXVW EH IRXQG WR address the seasonal and tidal challenges. The municipality and representatives of the affected communities have established a 'UDLQDJH 7DVN )RUFH $Q LQLWLDO DVVHVVPHQW KDV been conducted and a comprehensive storm water drainage proposal is currently being

GUDIWHG $Q LPSRUWDQW LVVXH WR EH FRQVLGHUHG LV WKH ORFDO FRQWULEXWLRQ RI WKH YDULRXV VWDNHKROGHUV to raise awareness and sustain a drainage system that functions well. 6ROLG ZDVWH 'XULQJ WKH 81 +$%,7$7 7HFKQLFDO DQG ,QVWLWXWLRQDO $VVLVWDQFH 3URMHFW LPSOHPHQWHG LQ WKH ROG ODQGÂżOO VLWH ZDV ODUJHO\ FOHDUHG RI JDUEDJH DQG DQ DGHTXDWHO\ GHVLJQHG QHZ ODQGÂżOO VLWH ZDV constructed to improve the disposal of solid waste. +RZHYHU DGGLWLRQDO ZDVWH FROOHFWLRQ VLWHV QHHG WR EH LGHQWLÂżHG ZLWKLQ WKH WRZQ DQG PDQDJHPHQW RI the collection needs to be improved.

spatial analysis put actions in place(s)

7KH 'DUROH DUHD is the older part of the city, characterized by a compact grid pattern, with a major axis branching from the centre of town and heading to the seaside in the northern part of the city. The settlement patterns are dense, SUHGRPLQDQWO\ ZLWK RQH RU WZR ÀRRU URZ EORFNV DQG QDUURZ SORWV VRPH RI ZKLFK H[WHQG LQWR D EDFN\DUG DUHD /DQG DQG KRXVHV DUH JHQHUDOO\ SULYDWHO\ RZQHG 7KLV historical part of the town is suffering from neglect, and many houses are in a state of ruin, in spite of the architectural value of some of the buildings. 7KH LQIRUPDO VHWWOHPHQWV DUH VSUDZOLQJ RQ WKH RXWVNLUWV RI %HUEHUD 7KH PDNHVKLIW VWUXFWXUHV DUH HUHFWHG RXW RI SODVWLF DQG LURQ VKHHWV DQG VHUYLFH SURYLVLRQ LV OLPLWHG 5HVLGHQWV mainly purchase water from private vendors, at high cost. The two main settlements are -DPDOD\D D DQG %XUDR 6KHLNK E DQG F 6RPH SDUWV RI WKHVH DUHDV F DUH QHYHUWKHOHVV XQGHUJRLQJ D SURFHVV RI SURJUHVVLYH ¾IRUPDOL]DWLRQœ DQG TXLWH D QXPEHU RI VWUXFWXUHV EXLOW ZLWK SHUPDQHQW PDWHULDOV DUH WDNLQJ VKDSH ,'3 FRPPXQLWLHV KDYH EHHQ DVVLJQHG SORWV IRU VHWWOHPHQW LQ WKH QHZ H[SDQVLRQ DUHD G ZKHUH DQ HPHUJHQF\ ZDWHU VXSSO\ LV EHLQJ SURYLGHG

7KH 6KD¡DE DUHD J LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D ORRVH GHQVLW\ SDWWHUQ /DQG

tip understanding urban morphology Urban morphology is the study of the physical form of a city, which consists of patterns, building sizes and shapes, architecture, population density, and land uses. This discipline deals with the social forms that are expressed in the physical layout of a city and conversely, the impact that the physical form of the city has on its social aspects.

tip how does urban morphology help? 7KH YHU\ IRUP LQ ZKLFK XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW WDNHV SODFH LV VWURQJO\ LQĂ€XHQFLQJ WKH FLW\ÂśV RYHUDOO economic and social development. Understanding the potential and threats of the different morphological types is an important step towards a balanced and inclusive city design.

and structures are predominantly publicly owned and accommodate PRVWO\ JRYHUQPHQWDO LQVWLWXWLRQV 3RRUO\ VHUYLFHG WKH DUHDÂśV ZDU WRUQ infrastructure continues to degenerate. This is visible in the many DPRUSKRXV VSDFHV DQG YDFDQW SRFNHWV ZKLFK VHHP WR EH XQGHUXWLOL]HG

)RUPDO UHVLGHQWLDO DUHDV 7KH 0RVFRZ QHLJKERXUKRRG H Âą D IRUPHU 5XVVLDQ FDPS Âą FRQVLVWV RI EXLOGLQJ XQLWV DOLJQHG LQ URZV and separated by wide roads, which create a distinctly deserted DWPRVSKHUH W\SLFDO RI 6RYLHW SRSXODU DUFKLWHFWXUH 2WKHU RQH VWRUH\ URZ XQLWV FRPPRQO\ NQRZQ DV ,QGLDQ /LQHV I H[KLELW D VLPLODU characteristic. These housing units, most of which are public property, are currently occupied by returnees, mostly illegally and without payment of rent. /DUJH FRPSRXQGV PDLQO\ KRVWLQJ LQVWLWXWLRQDO EXLOGLQJV RU public services buildings.

example: 6KDÂśDE 7KH VHWWOHPHQWÂśV ORRVH GHQVLW\ SDWWHUQ SXQFWXDWHG E\ DPRUSKRXV RSHQ VSDFHV DQG YDFDQW SRFNHWV RI ODQG has resulted in a rather unstructured zone, untidy and QRW WDNHQ FDUH RI 7KH SXEOLF VSDFHV RI WKH 6KDÂśDE area could undergo refurbishing and maintenance. Clear shapes and functions should be assigned to HYHU\ RSHQ SRFNHW RI ODQG DQG WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU maintenance should be assigned to groups of citizens.

/DUJH FRPSRXQGV KRVWLQJ ODUJH LQGXVWULDO IDFLOLWLHV RU warehouses.

urban morphology

a

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f

b

d

e

potential for development turning vision into reality

potential for development turning vision into reality

within town

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Darole area, the historical part of Berbera town

To attract more occupants, improve access to livelihood opportunities, and generate employment in the QHLJKERXUKRRG D EHWWHU FRQQHFWLRQ WR WKH FHQWUH RI WKH WRZQ LV UHTXLUHG $ UHDUUDQJHPHQW RI WKH OD\RXW EDVHG RQ WKH H[LVWLQJ XUEDQ SDWWHUQ LV DGYLVHG 3DUWLFXODU HPSKDVLV LV WR EH SODFHG RQ HQYLURQPHQWDO DVSHFWV WUHH SODQWLQJ DQG GUDLQDJH ZRUNV LQ RUGHU WR PLWLJDWH WKH KDUVK ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH VXPPHU VHDVRQ DQG beautify the neighbourhood.

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Berbera: women at the old market

towards implementation the road map

CASE STUDY: REHABILITATION OF THE CEMENT FACTORY* PROBLEM: OBJECTIVE:

Activity: CONSULTATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE OPTIONS TO REHABILITATE THE FACTORY IDENTIFICATION OF PRIVATE INVESTORS, THE COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION, AND INTERESTED HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES EXPLORATION OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP OPTIONS IDENTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES PREPARATION OF A ROAD MAP FOR IMPLEMENTATION, INDICATING THE ROLE OF EACH STAKEHOLDER ESTABLISHING A STEERING COMMITTEE AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE COLLECTING FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND SETTING UP A MANAGEMENT MECHANISM TENDERING REHABILITATION AND CONSTRUCTION WORKS MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES MONITORING AND EVALUATION STAKEHOLDER MOBILIZATION AND AWARENESS RAISING

*

Dilapidated and non-functional industrial infrastructure. Rehabilitate the existing cement factory.

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The Berbera City Consultation identified the rehabilitation of the cement factory as a priority. A new consultation can consolidate and review this outcome and focus further on the possible options for the factory rehabilitation. A detailed investigation of the possible investors and donors (including members of the community willing to contribute to this process) should be conducted. Their commitment should be made public and recorded in writing. The contribution of central and local authorities should be included. A technical team of experts should investigate possible options to put in place a public-private partnership for the management and maintenance of the factory. A technical team of experts should investigate possible options for alternative electricity sources and related investors. After the preliminary study, a clear road map for implementation should be prepared. The role of each stakeholder should be clearly stated, together with the time frame for implementation. The steering committee should meet regularly and include representatives of the donors and investors, members of the municipality and key ministries, representatives of the district administration and business community, and all key implementing partners. The technical committee should meet frequently and be composed of the project manager, representatives of the donors and investors, and representatives of the district administration. The technical committee is mainly concerned with issues directly related to project implementation. The successful implementation of the project is directly dependent on the budget available. Define how much is being provided by the government, the municipality, and the donors. Is the community willing to participate in the implementation? How much are the investors willing to contribute? What will be the maintenance costs, and who is going to sustain them? Are other service providers willing to provide services at subsidized prices? Is the international community able to contribute? Etc. If the rehabilitation of the factory entails some construction activities, the tender for the identification of the contractor should be organized and awarded. The technical committee should oversee the tender process. The construction activities should be supervised by the project manager in collaboration with the technical committee. When the solution for the management of the factory is agreed upon, a clear management system should be put in place. If necessary, by-laws and agreements should be drafted with the participation of the local authorities and other interested stakeholders. The monitoring and evaluation of the project is based on the performance of all stakeholders and the level of satisfaction of the city’s population. If the overall evaluation is positive, the lessons learned will be used to inform the replication of the project. All key urban development actors have to be involved in the process, from the identification of priorities to the project implementation. Accurate identification and mobilization is needed.

tables the approach the ongoing projects the completed projects

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BERBERA CITY CONSULTATION 15 January ± 18 January 2005*

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The objective of the event was to increase community participation in urban life, building consensus on priority needs for city development and

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agreeing on appropriate strategies to solve the most urgent problems.

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* the Berbera City Consultation was carried out during the UN-HABITAT Good Local Governance and Leadership Training Programme (2003–2005)

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URBAN PACT

:KDW LV DQ 8UEDQ 3DFW" $Q XUEDQ SDFW LV D GRFXPHQW WKDW WUDQVODWHV WKH UHVXOWV RI D FLW\ FRQVXOWDWLRQ LQWR D GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ WRRO IRU WKH ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG DOO XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW DFWRUV LQ WKH city. WKDW DUH WKH REMHFWLYHV RI WKH 8UEDQ 3DFW" Ë (QGRUVLQJ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH FLW\ FRQVXOWDWLRQ DV RI¿FLDO SROLF\ RI WKH PXQLFLSDOLW\ Ë $SSURYLQJ WKH IROORZ XS DQG FRRUGLQDWLRQ PHFKDQLVPV SURSRVHG GXULQJ WKH FLW\ FRQVXOWDWLRQ Ë )RUPDOL]LQJ DJUHHPHQW RQ SULRULWLHV IRU DFWLRQ ZLWKLQ VSHFL¿F WLPH IUDPHV Ë 3URSRVLQJ DQ LQVWLWXWLRQDO IUDPHZRUN DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ PHFKDQLVP VWUXFWXUH WR VXSSRUW the implementation of the agreement. Ë $GYRFDWLQJ WKDW WKH PXQLFLSDOLW\ WDNHV WKH DJUHHG SULRULWLHV LQWR DFFRXQW ZKHQ GHFLGLQJ RQ the budget allocations, and that the technical departments of the municipality integrate the SULRULWLHV LQWR WKHLU ZRUNSODQV Ë 0DNLQJ H[SOLFLW WKH SDUWQHUV DQG WKH KXPDQ WHFKQLFDO DQG ¿QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV FRPPLWWHG WR the implementation of the activities. HRZ WR SUHSDUH DQ 8UEDQ 3DFW" 6WHS $IWHU WKH FRQVXOWDWLRQ IDFLOLWDWRUV VKRXOG SUHSDUH D GUDIW GRFXPHQW FDSWXULQJ WKH strategies and priority actions agreed at the consultation and summarizing the commitments made by the participants. 6WHS The draft urban pact should be reviewed by a small group composed of the major VWDNHKROGHUV 7KH H[HFXWLYH FRPPLWWHH RI WKH ORFDO FRXQFLO VKRXOG YHULI\ WKDW WKH GRFXPHQW UHÀHFWV DQG UHVSHFWV WKH FRPPLWPHQWV PDGH GXULQJ WKH FRQVXOWDWLRQ 6WHS 7KH XUEDQ SDFW VKRXOG EH RI¿FLDOO\ DSSURYHG LQ WKH ¿UVW RI¿FLDO PHHWLQJ RI WKH 0XQLFLSDO &RXQFLO 6WHS 2QFH WKH XUEDQ SDFW LV DSSURYHG LW VKRXOG EH PDGH SXEOLF WR WKH FLWL]HQU\ WKURXJK SUHVV UHOHDVHV UDGLR DQG 79 EURDGFDVWV DQG SRVWHUV WKDW VXPPDUL]H LWV PDLQ HOHPHQWV +RZ WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH 8UEDQ 3DFW LV LPSOHPHQWHG"

Ë 6HW XS WKH ZRUNLQJ JURXSV DQG RWKHU SDUWLFLSDWRU\ PHFKDQLVPV Ë 2UJDQL]H D PHHWLQJ ZLWK NH\ VWDNHKROGHUV IRU HYDOXDWLRQ DQG IROORZ XS Ë Establish the agreed monitoring arrangements. Ë %H FRPPLWWHG

,1752'8&7,21 %DVHG RQ WKH RXWFRPH RI WKH %HUEHUD &LW\ &RQVXOWDWLRQ WKH ORFDO FRXQFLO RI %HUEHUD

Ë is grateful to the different representatives of WKH GLIIHUHQW VWDNHKROGHUV RI %HUEHUD IRU WKHLU contribution to the city consultation.

Ë DFNQRZOHGJHV WKDW WKH FLW\ FRQVXOWDWLRQ LV DQ important participatory tool to decide on an appropriate strategy for the development of %HUEHUD WDNLQJ WKH SHUVSHFWLYHV RI WKH GLIIHUHQW VWDNHKROGHUV LQWR DFFRXQW UHOLJLRXV OHDGHUV the government, traditional leaders, the private VHFWRU ORFDO 1*2V ZRPHQ¶V JURXSV DQG \RXWK groups.

Ë WKDQNV WKH VWDNHKROGHUV ZKR FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH rehabilitation of the playground.

THE APPROACH

BERBERA URBAN PACT 4 - 7 April 2005* Counterparts: APD, Amoud University, and Hargeisa University Facilitators: Asha Mohamed Ahmed and Mohamed Mihileh Boqoreh 675$7(*,& 2%-(&7,9(6 7KH ORFDO FRXQFLO RI %HUEHUD DJUHHV RQ WKH IROORZLQJ VWUDWHJLF REMHFWLYHV Ë $FKLHYH DGHTXDWH DQG HTXLWDEOH DFFHVV WR VHUYLFHV IRU DOO %HUEHUD UHVLGHQWV Ë 'HYHORS IUHH WUDGH IDFLOLWLHV DQG LPSURYH LQWHUQDO DQG H[WHUQDO PDUNHWV Ë *HQHUDWH QHZ MREV WKURXJK WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI ORFDO YRFDWLRQDO VNLOOV DQG UHYLWDOL]H WKH SRWHQWLDO HFRQRPLF UHVRXUFHV RI %HUEHUD. ACTI21 3/$16 7KH ORFDO FRXQFLO RI %HUEHUD DFFHSWV WKH VWUDWHJLF SODQ UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH FLW\ FRQVXOWDWLRQ DV DQ DJUHHG XSRQ IUDPHZRUN IRU DFWLRQ DQG DJUHHV WR HODERUDWH DQG LPSOHPHQW WKH IROORZLQJ DFWLRQ SODQV LQ FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK DOO UHOHYDQW VWDNHKROGHUs. 6XSSO\ HOHFWULFLW\ WR WKH FLW\ DW D UHDVRQDEOH SULFH Ë Create technical committees composed of government and private sector members to explore different options for rehabilitating the electricity plant. Ë Search for private investors interested in the electricity plant. Ë Explore different options to privatize the electricity plant. Ë ,QYHVWLJDWH DOWHUQDWLYH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV DQG LQYLWH DJHQFLHV WKDW FDQ VXSSRUW these initiatives. ProYLGH FOHDQ ZDWHU WR DOO %HUEHUD UHVLGHQWV Ë Cover the existing boreholes and dig new boreholes. Ë ,QFUHDVH WKH QXPEHU RI ZDWHU FRQQHFWLRQV Ë 5HSODFH WKH FORJJHG ZDWHU SLSHV Ë &UHDWH D PHWKRG WR ¿OWHU WKH ZDWHU DW WKH ERRVWHU VWDWLRQ Ë Establish a lab at the water agency to monitor the quality of the water. Ë Train the technical and administrative staff of the water agency. Ë (VWDEOLVK UHODWLRQV ZLWK LQWHUQDWLRQDO DJHQFLHV DQG ORFDO 1*2V DFWLYH LQ WKH ZDWHU VHFWor. 'HYHORS DQ XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW SODQ WR UHRUJDQL]H WKH FLW\ DQG PDNH LW FOHDQ EHDXWLIXO DQG ZHOO RUJDQL]HG Ë 5DLVH DZDUHQHVV RQ WKH QHHG WR KDYH VRXQG WRZQ SODQ Ë 1DPH WKH PDLQ VWUHHWV DQG UHKDELOLWDWH SXEOLF VSDFHV SDUNV VFKRROV WKHDWUHV HWF Ë 3ODQW WUHHV DORQJ WKH FRDVW

FUNDING 7KH ORFDO FRXQFLO RI %HUEHUD DJUHHV WR PRELOL]H DOO VWDNHKROGHUV VXFK DV WKH JRYHUQPHQW WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU WKH FRPPXQLW\ WKH GLDVSRUD DQG GRQRUV WR Ë 2SHQ DFFRXQWV IRU VSHFL¿F DFWLRQV Ë Write project proposals. Ë 3UHVHQW WKH XUEDQ SDFW DQG VWUDWHJLF SODQ WR GLIIHUHQW LQWHUQDWLRQDO organizations. 02'(6 2) &2//$%25$7,21 :,7+ ',))(5(17 67$.(+2/'(56 7KH 0XQLFLSDO &RXQFLO KDV DJUHHG WR LPSURYH FROODERUDWLRQ DPRQJ WKH PDQ\ %HUEHUD XUEDQ GHYHORSPHQW VWDNHKROGHUV Ë (VWDEOLVK GHYHORSPHQW FRPPLWWHHV RI VWDNHKROGHUV ZKR SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH FLW\ consultation. Ë Ensure that local teams report to the local council on the outcomes of the development committees on a monthly basis. Ë 0DNH DYDLODEOH RI¿FH IDFLOLWLHV PXQLFLSDOLW\ PDFKLQHU\ VHFUHWDULDO VHUYLFHV DQG a conference hall. Ë Conduct quarterly coordination meetings between the local council and VWDNHKROGHUV IRU VKDULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH DFKLHYHPHQWV DQG FRQVWUDLQWV RI development projects and activities. 52/( 2) :20(1 /RFDO FRXQFLOORUV DFNQRZOHGJHG WKH FUXFLDO FRQWULEXWLRQ RI ZRPHQ WR ORFDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI LQFOXGLQJ WKHP LQ WKH GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ SURFHVV Women should be empowered socially, economically, politically, and technically. ENDORSEMENT 7KH /RFDO &RXQFLO XOWLPDWHO\ DSSURYHG WKH %HUEHUD 8UEDQ 3DFW +RZHYHU WKH leadership of the city requires support and capacity building for planning, coordination, and development control activities.

* the Berbera Urban Pact was a result of the Berbera City Consultation carried out during the UN-HABITAT Good Local Governance and Leadership Training Programme (2003–2005)

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ACTION PLAN $FWLRQ SODQQLQJ LV D UHVXOW RULHQWHG W\SH RI SODQQLQJ OLPLWHG LQ LWV VFRSH ¿QDQFLDOO\ IHDVLEOH DQG HDV\ WR LPSOHPHQW ZLWK WKH UHVRXUFHV WKDW DUH immediately available.

2EMHFWLYHV RI DFWLRQ SODQV

Ë Using a concrete example to demonstrate to local authorities and the community the concept of participatory planning.

Ë 7DFNOLQJ DQ LVVXH RI SULRULW\ LQ D VSHFL¿F DUHD DQG DFKLHYLQJ WDQJLEOH results in a short period of time.

Ë 8VLQJ WKH VXFFHVVIXO UHVXOWV WR VXSSRUW WKH PRELOL]DWLRQ RI VWDNHKROGHUV for participatory planning of a broader scope.

Ë 5DLVLQJ FLWL]HQV¶ DZDUHQHVV RQ WKH EHQH¿WV RI SDUWLFLSDWRU\ SODQQLQJ 7KH DFWLRQ SODQV WR EH LPSOHPHQWHG ZHUH FKRVHQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH IROORZLQJ FULWHULD

Ë $GGUHVV WKH QHHGV RI D VSHFL¿F GLVDGYDQWDJHG FRPPXQLW\ Ë $UH FRQVLGHUHG D SULRULW\ E\ WKH ORFDO FRXQFLO NH\ VWDNHKROGHUV DQG WKH target community;

Ë $LP DW YLVLEOH VKRUW WHUP LPSURYHPHQWV Ë 0RELOL]H WKH FRQWULEXWLRQV RI YDULRXV VWDNHKROGHUV Ë 6KRXOG QRW KDYH REVWDFOHV WKDW FDQ RQO\ EH VROYHG LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP H J ODQG GLVSXWHV VRLO SROOXWLRQ HWF

Ë $OORZ IRU LPPHGLDWH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7KH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI %XUVDGH 3OD\JURXQG ZDV FKRVHQ DV WKH SULRULW\ DFWLRQ SODQ IRU WKH FLW\ RI %HUEHUD E\ WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV RI WKH FLW\ FRQVXOWDWLRQ

Satellite image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

THE APPROACH

BERBERA ACTION PLAN REHABILITATION OF BURSADE PLAYGROUND* 2%-(&7,9(6

A&7,9,7,(S

Ë 3URmote sports in the Sahil region, as a recreational

Ë 5HKDELOLtation of the fence and provision of the gates. Ë Construction of a hall for indoor games, a library room, two

activity and a potential source of employment. Ë (QFRXUDJH %HUEHUD \RXWK WR HQJDJH LQ VSRUW DFWLYLWLHV DV D SHDFH EXLOGLQJ SURFHVV DQG DV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR engaging in bad habits. Ë 5HKDELOLWDWH D SXEOLF IDFLOLW\ ZKHUH FKLOGUHQ DQG \RXWK FDQ be trained. 52/(6 $1' 5(63216,%,/,7,(6 2) 7+( ',))(5(17 67$.(+2/'(RS

Ë 7KH /RFDO 7HDP DQG WKe mayor prepared the action

Ë Ë Ë

Ë

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plan and distributed the responsibilities among the VWDNHKROGHUV 81 +$%,7$7 SUHSDUHG WKH SODQ IRU WKH LQWHUYHQWLRQ 7KH /RFDO 7HDP DQG WZR PHPEHUV RI WKH FRPPXQLW\ collected the community contributions. 7KH PD\RU WKH /RFDO 7HDP D ORFDO HQJLQHHU DQG WZR members of the community supervised the rehabilitation DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURFHVV 81 +$%,7$7 WUDLQHUV DOVR supervised the process. $ ORFDO H[HFXWLYH RI¿FHU D PHPEHU RI WKH ORFDO WHDP and one community member were accountable for the rehabilitation and construction process. The mayor FHUWL¿HG WKH H[SHQGLWXUHV 0HPEHUV RI WKH <RXWK $VVRFLDWLRQ WRRN FDUH RI WKH VWRUDJH of the construction materials. $3' DQG 81 +$%,7$7 XQGHUWRRN PRQLWRULQJ DQG evaluation.

FODVVURRPV IRU LQIRUPDO HGXFDWLRQ RQH EDVNHWEDOO FRXUW WZR RI¿FHV DQG WZR ODWULQHV DOO FRQWULEXWHG E\ 81,&() RESULTS

Ë %XUVDGH 3OD\JURXQG UHKDELOLWDWHG Ë $GGLWLRQDO IDFLOLWLHV SURYLGHG Ë /RFDO DXWKRULWLHV DQG FRPPXQLW\ WUDLQHG RQ SDUWLFLSDWRU\ action planning.

Ë ,QWURGXFWLRQ RI WKH FRQFHSW RI D FRPPXQLW\ FRQWULEXWLRQ IRU WKH implementation of strategic priorities of common interest.

* the Berbera Action Plan was implemented after the deliberations of the Berbera City Consultation under the UN-HABITAT Good Governance and Leadership Training Programme (2003–2005)

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community-driven development and community-driven recovery 7KH SURMHFW IXQGHG E\ WKH :RUOG %DQN DQG WKH 'HSDUWPHQW IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'HYHORSPHQW RI WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP DQG LPSOHPHQWHG E\ WKH :RUOG %DQN 81,&() 'DQLVK 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO DQG 81 +$%,7$7 IRFXVHV on strengthening community capacities to plan and implement village and neighbourhood projects in close FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH GLVWULFW DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ :KLOH LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR KDYH D ORQJ WHUP VWUDWHJ\ WR EXLOG ORFDO administrative capacities, it is equally important that in the medium term the local governance structures are DEOH WR FKDQQHO IXQGV LQ D FRVW HIIHFWLYH ZD\ WR FRPPXQLWies. TKH &'' &'5 DSSURDFK KDV EHHQ SLORWHG LQ %HUEHUD DQG %RURPD DQG LV EHLQJ UHSOLFDWHG LQ RWKHU 6RPDOLODQG FLWLHV 2%-(&7,9(6 2) 7+( 352*5$00(

Ë 6WUHQJWKHQ WKH FDSDFLW\ RI WKH 'LVWULFW &RXQFLOV HQVXULQJ SURSHU UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK WKHLU WDUJHW communities in the city and in the surrounding villages.

Ë 3URPRWH GLVFXVVLRQV DW WKH GLVWULFW OHYHO WKDW FODULI\ WKH UROHV DQG UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV RI GLIIHUHQW VWDNHKROGHUV 'LVWULFW &RXQFLO QHLJKERXUKRRG DQG YLOODJH OHYHO VWUXFWXUHV WUDGLWLRQDO OHDGHUV FLYLO VRFLHW\ PLQLVWULHV HWF HVSHFLDOO\ ZLWK UHJDUG WR VHUYLFH GHOLYHU\ DQG EXGJHW DOORFDWLRQV Ë Ensure training and capacity building at the community level on local leadership and management and the role of women in local governance. Ë 'HYHORS DSSURSULDWH OLQNDJHV EHWZHHQ FRPPXQLW\ DFWLRQ SODQQLQJ DQG GLVWULFW SODQQLQJ LQFOXGLQJ ZKHUH SRVVLEOH D UHÀHFWLRQ RI FRPPXQLW\ DFWLRQ SODQQLQJ LQ GLVWULFW EXGJHW DOORFDWLRQV Ë 3URYLGH WHFKQLFDO VXSSRUW LQ XUEDQ SODQQLQJ DQG ORFDO HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW WR SUHSDUH DSSURSULDWH &RPPXQLW\ $FWLRQ 3ODQV $&7,9,7,(6

,Q %HUEHUD 'LVWULFW WHQ FRPPXQLWLHV ZHUH VHOHFWHG IRU SLORWLQJ WKH &RPPXQLW\ 'ULYHQ 'HYHORSPHQW DQG 5HFRYHU\ 3URMHFW 2XW RI WKHVH WHQ IRXU DUH %HUEHUD XUEDQ FRPPXQLWLHV :DGDMLU %DUZDTR 'DUROH DQG %XUDR 6KHLNK DQG VL[ DUH UXUDO FRPPXQLWLHV $EGDO 'RKR *XEDQ /DID 5XXJ 7XOR 'KLELMR /DV &LLGOH DQG /DDOH\V Each of these communities developed a &RPPXQLW\ $FWLRQ 3ODQ ZLWK VKRUW WHUP PRQWKV DQG ORQJ WHUP \HDUV DQG EH\RQG development priorities. 7KH SULRULWLHV LGHQWL¿HG E\ WKH XUEDQ FRPPXQLWLHV IRU WKH &RPPXQLW\ $FWLRQ 3ODQV DUH

Ë :$'$-,5 ± LQFRPH JHQHUDWLRQ YRFDWLRQDO training centre, water, health, electricity, sanitation, infrastructure, and housing.

Ë 7UDLQLQJ DQG FDSDFLW\ EXLOGLQJ RQ OHDGHUVKLS DQG PDQDJHPHQW VNLOOV IRU FRPPXQLW\ OHDGHUV DQG WKH

Ë %$5:$42 ± LQFRPH JHQHUDWLRQ VDQLWDWLRQ

role of women in local governance for community representatives. Ë 3UHSDUDWLRQ DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI &RPPXQLW\ $FWLRQ 3ODQV. Ë ,QWHJUDWLRQ RI &RPPXQLW\ $FWLRQ 3ODQV LQ GLVWULFW OHYHO SODQQLQJ DQG EXGJHW DOORFDWLRQV WKURXJK 'LVWULFW VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV LQFRUSRUDWLQJ WKH &RPPXQLW\ $FWLRQ 3ODQV IRU SODQQLQJ SXUSRVHV DQG IXUWKHU SULRULWL]HG /RFDO (FRQRPLF 'HYHORSPHQW $FWLRQ 3ODQV 2. Strategic planning, a participatory exercise that culminates in district consultations and the preparation of VWUDWHJLF GLVWULFW SODQV LQGLFDWLQJ D OLVW RI SULRULW\ DFWLRQV DQG WKH UROHV RI WKH GLIIHUHQW VWDNHKROGHUV 'LVWULFW SDFWV EHWZHHQ WKH WDUJHW FRPPXQLWLHV DQG WKH GLVWULFW DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RQ D VKDUHG SURJUDPPH RI DFWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ WKH QHFHVVDU\ EXGJHW DOORFDWLRQV 7KH GLVWULFW SDFWV IRUPDOL]H WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH strategic planning process.

PDUNHW ZDWHU LQIUDVWUXFWXUH HOHFWULFLW\ DQG awareness.

Ë '$52/( ± LQFRPH JHQHUDWLRQ HGXFDWLRQ VDQLWDWLRQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH PDUNHW DZDUHQHVV and security.

Ë %85$2 6+(,.+ ± ZDWHU LQFRPH JHQHUDWLRQ housing, education, sanitation, infrastructure, and security.

ONGOING PROJECTS

COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT and RECOVERY IN BERBERA Satellite Image by © 2004 DigitalGlobe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

[Urban Stakeholders CORE TEAM/ STEERING COMMITTEE…]

Objective: development [plan] of Berbera Town [physical, social, envronmental, economical]

Communities

MAYOR OF BERBERA

Wadajir

Others…

Local Authority

Barwaaqo Daroole

EXECUTIVE OFFICER

DFID

Cordination Focal Point

Worldbank World Bank

Administration

DRC

Financial Department

UNICEF

Burao/ Sheikh

STIPA UN-HABITAT

Planning

Local NGO‘s

VAYS

SAHIL

YOVENCO

CDD/ R MURUQ MASKAX

CCG

YOUTH

WOMEN

TRAD. LEADERS

Civil Society

Social Department

GAVO

Etc.

CORE TEAM ALHANAN

Electricity

Private Sector

Water Agency

6KRUW WHUP SULRULWLHV RI WKHVH FRPPXQLWLHV ZHUH costed and community contributions and the role of HDFK VWDNHKROGHU ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHG %HUEHUD 'LVWULFW UHYLHZHG DQG DSSURYHG WKH SODQV DOORZLQJ WKH FRPPXQLWLHV WR DFFHVV :RUOG %DQN grants, as well as funding from other sources. 7KH ZKROH SURFHVV EHQH¿WHG IURP WKH FRQWLQXRXV VXSSRUW RI 81,&() 'DQLVK 5HIXJHH &RXQFLO WKH :RUOG %DQN DQG 81 +$%,7$7 $W WKH WLPH RI ZULWLQJ the process was ongoing.

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municipal revenue generation through property taxation 2QH RI WKH PRVW VHULRXV SUREOHPV IRU XUEDQ FHQWUHV LQ WKH GHYHORSLQJ ZRUOG ± DQG 6RPDOLODQG LV QR H[FHSWLRQ ± LV LQDGHTXDWH ¿QDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV /RFDO DQG FHQWUDO JRYHUQPHQWV UHTXLUH PRQH\ to provide basic services, infrastructure, and education and health facilities. Normally, central governments obtain funds through sales and income tax, and local governments through property taxes, development fees, and central government funds. The advantage of property taxation over RWKHU W\SHV RI WD[DWLRQ LV WKDW SURSHUWLHV FDQ HDVLO\ EH LGHQWL¿HG 7KH FKDOOHQJH LV KRZ WR VHW XS DQ HI¿FLHQW WD[ FROOHFWLRQ V\VWHP EDVHG RQ SURSHUW\ WD[DWLRQ LQ D FRXQWU\ ZKHUH WKH ODQG LQIRUPDWLRQ LV OLPLWHG WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDO FDSDFLW\ RI WKH ORFDO DXWKRULWLHV LV ZHDN DQG WKH FDSDFLW\ RI WKH SURIHVVLRQDOV needs to be built. 7R LPSOHPHQW D SURSHUW\ WD[DWLRQ V\VWHP XS WR GDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV QHHGHG ,GHDOO\ D ODQG LQIRUPDWLRQ V\VWHP VXFK DV D FDGDVWUH QHHGV WR EH GHYHORSHG $W LWV KHDUW LV D GDWDEDVH WKDW UHFRUGV DOO WKH SURSHUWLHV LQ D FLW\ UHJLVWHULQJ HDFK VWUXFWXUH¶V VL]H XVDJH DQG RFFXSDQF\ 6XFK D GDWDEDVH DVVLVWV local governments in equitably and comprehensively collecting property tax. Further developed, it can DOVR DVVLVW LQ JHQHUDO ODQG PDQDJHPHQW UHVHWWOLQJ SHRSOH DQG VROYLQJ ODQG GLVSXWHV ,Q GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV LQVWLWXWLRQDO VWDELOLW\ KDV DOORZHG D PRGHUQ FDGDVWUDO V\VWHP WR HPHUJH RYHU WLPH %XW WKH Somali region has lost a generation of professionals and institutional memory, and land records and property data are outdated and incomplete. :LWK WKH JRDO RI XVLQJ SURSHUW\ WD[DWLRQ WR JHQHUDWH PXQLFLSDO UHYHQXH IRU SXEOLF ZRUNV LQ 81 +$%,7$7 DQG +DUJHLVD 0XQLFLSDOLW\ GHFLGHG WR LPSOHPHQW D SURSHUW\ VXUYH\ 7KH SODQ WR FUHDWH a database of all the properties in each urban centre and a methodology for classifying them and GHYHORSLQJ WD[ ELOOV $IWHU FDUHIXO FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LW ZDV GHFLGHG WR GHYHORS D GDWDEDVH ZLWK D OLPLWHG QXPEHU RI YDULDEOHV IRU HDFK SURSHUW\ HVVHQWLDO IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ SURSHUW\ WD[ $ VDWHOOLWH LPDJH ZDV XVHG WR FUHDWH D EDVH PDS LGHQWLI\LQJ DOO WKH EXLOGLQJV DQG WKURXJK UDSLG ¿HOG VXUYH\V WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VWUXFWXUHV ZHUH FROOHFWHG $OO GDWD ZHUH VWRUHG LQ D *HRJUDSKLFDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP *,6 IRU TXLFN UHWULHYDO DQG PDSSLQJ 7KLV DSSURDFK KDV SURYHQ WR EH IDVW DQG UHODWLYHO\ FKHDS $W D ODWHU VWDJH WKH GDWDEDVH FRXOG EH H[SDQGHG LQWR D IXOO FDGDVWUDO V\VWHP 7KH SURMHFW KDV LOOXVWUDWHG KRZ D *HRJUDSKLFDO ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP SURSHUW\ VXUYH\ WR IDFLOLWDWH SURSHUW\ WD[DWLRQ FDQ EH GRQH UDSLGO\ DQG FRVW HIIHFWLYHO\ DOORZLQJ ORFDO JRYHUQPHQWV WR UDLVH UHYHQXH WKDW FDQ EH LQYHVWHG LQ XUJHQWO\ QHHGHG SXEOLF ZRUNV and services.

ONGOING PROJECTS

BERBERA PROPERTY REGISTRATION 8QWLO UHFHQWO\ %HUEHUD /RFDO &RXQFLO UHOLHG RQ RXWGDWHG DQG LQFRPSOHWH SDSHU based land records, and only a portion of the properties in the municipality were in the land register and property tax roll.

3UHOLPLQDU\ UHVXOWV RI WKH %HUEHUD SURSHUW\ VXUYH\

81 +$%,7$7 LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK %HUEHUD /RFDO &RXQFLO KDV GHYHORSHG D *HRJUDSKLF ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP ZLWK WKH SULPDU\ REMHFWLYH RI SURYLGLQJ WKH required information on property location and characteristics to improve the SURSHUW\ WD[DWLRQ V\VWHP WKH PXQLFLSDOLW\¶V XUEDQ SODQQLQJ SURFHVV DQG VHUYLFH GHOLYHU\ 7KH SURSHUW\ VXUYH\ IRU WKH %HUEHUD *HRJUDSKLF ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHP SURMHFW ZDV FRPSOHWHG LQ -DQXDU\ 7KH SURSHUW\ VXUYH\ FRQVLVWHG RI WKUHH PDLQ VWHSV

Ë $FTXLVLWLRQ RI D JHR UHIHUHQFHG KLJK UHVROXWLRQ VDWHOOLWH LPDJH 4XLFNELUG Ë 2Q VFUHHQ GLJLWL]LQJ RI WKH LPDJH WR FUHDWH D PDS VKRZLQJ DOO EXLOGLQJV DQG other features such as main roads, rivers, the airport, etc.

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into an exercise of resolving land disputes, as different claims surfaced UHJDUGLQJ WKH SURSRVHG VLWH IRU WKH LQWHQGHG PDUNHW H[SDQVLRQ 8OWLPDWHO\ D QHZ YDVWO\ LPSURYHG PDUNHW KDV HPHUJHG ZLWK D YHQWLODWLRQ V\VWHP WKDW SURWHFWV ERWK YHQGRUV DQG SURGXFWV IURP %HUEHUD¶V LQWHQVH VXPPHU KHDW 7KH YDULRXV YHQGRU JURXSV RSHUDWLQJ LQ WKH PDUNHW DUHD ZHUH DOVR mobilized and empowered through an improved formal organizational structure VHH LPDJHV RQ WKH ULJKW VLGH RI WKLV SDJH .

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UN-HABITAT ACTIVITIES IN SOMALILAND

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mes.

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Donors and Partners

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