United Nations Pavilion Magazine

联合国馆

EXPO 2010 SHANGHAI CHINA

2010年中国上海世博会

Contents 目录 01 02 06-07

Secretary General ／ 秘书长 Commissioner General ／ 副秘书长

The United Nations Pavilion magazine is a special edition published by the United Nations. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. Use of the term “ country ” does not imply any judgment by the authors or the United Nations as to the legal orother status of any territorial entity.

Edited and produced by the United Nations Design, Layout and Printing: Shanghai Zhongdao Advertising Co. Ltd. Edition: First edition, July 2010 ISBN: 978-92-1-132253-8 Price: RMB 85 Copyright United Nations

United Nations Pavilion

08-09

Commissioner General: Dr. Awni Behnam Coordinator and Pavilion Director: Dr. Lars Reutersward Deputy Coordinator and Pavilion Director: Jianguo Shen Technical Director: Jane Nyakairu Events Manager: Maria-Jose Olavarria Design Manager: Katja Makelainen Pavilion Manager: Daniel Vilnersson Deputy Pavilion Design and Manager: Helena Norlen Assistant to Commissioner General: Manuel Vega-Cuberos Website: www.unshanghaiexpo.org

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Contents 目录 03 04

United Nations ／ 联合国 10-11 United Nations Pavilion ／ 联合国馆 12-13 14 15 16 17

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PERMANENT EXHIBITIONS ／ 长期展区 CHANGING EXHIBITIONS ／ 短期展区 CREATIVE CORRIDOR ／ 创意走廊 FORUM ／ 论坛 UN SHOP ／ 联合国商店

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United Nations Organizations ／ 联合国组织 18-19 20-21 22-23 24-25 26-27 28-29

IFAD / 国际农业发展基金 ILO / 国际劳工组织 IMO / 国际海事组织 OHCHR / 人权高专办 UNAIDS / 艾滋病规划署 UNCCD / 防治沙漠化公约

30-31 32-33 34-35 36-37 38-39 40-41

UNCTAD / 贸易和发展会议 UNDP / 发展计划署 UNECE / 欧洲经济委员会 UNEP / 环境计划署 UNESCAP / 亚太经济与社会委员会 UNESCO / 教育、科学及文化组织

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20-21

22-23

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28-29

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Contents 目录 06

United Nations Organizations ／ 联合国组织 46-47 48-49 50-51 52-53 54-55 56-57 58-59

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UNGC / 联合国全球契约 UNHABITAT / 人居署 UNHCR / 难民事务高级专员公署 UNICEF / 儿童基金会 UNISDR / 国际灭灾战略 UNITAR / 训练研究所 UNMAS / 联合国扫雷部门

60-61 62-63 64-65 66-67 68-69 70-71 72-73

UNODC / 毒品和犯罪问题办公室 UNPA / 联合国邮政管理处 UNWTO / 世界旅游组织 WFP / 世界粮食计划署 WHO / 世界卫生组织 WIPO / 世界知识产权组织 THE WORLD BANK / 世界银行

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50-51

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United Nations ／ 联合国 74 75 76 77 78

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 千年发展目标 THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM 联合国系统 UNITED NATIONS in China

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Message from Mr. Ban Ki-moon, United Nations Secretary-General With half of humanity now living in an urban environment, the world is at the dawn of a new urban era. Expo 2010 in Shanghai, under the theme “Better City, Better Life”, is the first global exposition dedicated to the potential and the problems of urban living in the 21st century.

The United Nations pavilion at Expo 2010, with the theme “One Earth, One UN”, will showcase the wide-ranging efforts of the UN

联合国秘书长潘基文致辞

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国

如今，半数的人类生活在都市中，全球进 入了新都市时代的初期阶段。2010 年上海世博 会的主题是 “ 城市，让生活更美好 ”，它是首次 以 21 世纪都市生活的潜力和问题为主题的 全球博览会。

system to help the world to achieve sustainable urban development. The exhibitions will display not only our knowledge and best practices, but also our unity of purpose advancing this crucially important agenda.

Let us work together to promote social justice and harmony, environmental protection and the overall well-being of the world’ s urban-dwellers.

Ban Ki-moon

让我们齐心协力，促进社会的公正和谐、 环境保护以及世界各地都市居民的生活安康。

潘基文

2010 年世博会的联合国馆以 “ 一个地球， 一个联合国 ” 为主题，它将展示联合国大家庭 为推动都市的可持续发展所做的大量工作。 其间不但将展示我们的知识和最佳实践，而且 还将展示我们联手推进这项重要行动的决心。

UN Secretary General , Ban Ki-moon 6

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Message from Mr. Ban Ki-moon, United Nations Secretary-General With half of humanity now living in an urban environment, the world is at the dawn of a new urban era. Expo 2010 in Shanghai, under the theme “Better City, Better Life”, is the first global exposition dedicated to the potential and the problems of urban living in the 21st century.

The United Nations pavilion at Expo 2010, with the theme “One Earth, One UN”, will showcase the wide-ranging efforts of the UN

联合国秘书长潘基文致辞

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国

如今，半数的人类生活在都市中，全球进 入了新都市时代的初期阶段。2010 年上海世博 会的主题是 “ 城市，让生活更美好 ”，它是首次 以 21 世纪都市生活的潜力和问题为主题的 全球博览会。

system to help the world to achieve sustainable urban development. The exhibitions will display not only our knowledge and best practices, but also our unity of purpose advancing this crucially important agenda.

Let us work together to promote social justice and harmony, environmental protection and the overall well-being of the world’ s urban-dwellers.

Ban Ki-moon

让我们齐心协力，促进社会的公正和谐、 环境保护以及世界各地都市居民的生活安康。

潘基文

2010 年世博会的联合国馆以 “ 一个地球， 一个联合国 ” 为主题，它将展示联合国大家庭 为推动都市的可持续发展所做的大量工作。 其间不但将展示我们的知识和最佳实践，而且 还将展示我们联手推进这项重要行动的决心。

UN Secretary General , Ban Ki-moon 6

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The United Nations section at Expo2010 is pleased to present its first edition of the UN Pavilion magazine to our readers.

Because of the unique importance of the theme of Shanghai World Expo 2010 “Better City, Better Life”, the United Nations Pavilion has been designed and constructed in such a manner as to bring the greatest possible focus on this important theme which impacts the whole world community.

The Secretary General of United Nation Mr. Ban Ki-moon chose the theme “One Earth, One UN” for the Pavilion to reflect our united efforts to work towards economically, socially and environmentally sustainable cities.

The UN Pavilion showcases the great urban challenges facing developed and developing countries such as urban poverty and climate change, as well as new ideas, solutions and actions taken by various UN agencies and their partners to build better cities and better living conditions, and to meet the Millennium Development Goals.

It is my sincere wish that the noble message of the United Nations is further carried forward and reinforced with this illustrative and exciting magazine.

Dr. Awni Behnam United Nations Commissioner General Expo2010

The theme of the One Earth is centered on the inescapable notion that we all have to share this one planet in building a “better city and better life”.

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国

2010 年世博会的联合国展区谨向读者发布 第一期《联合国馆》杂志。 由于上海 2010 年世博会的主题 “ 城市， 让生活更美好 ” 具有独特的重要性，因此 联 合 国馆的设计和建造均立意于突出这个 影响全世界民众的重大主题。

所采取的行动。 我深切期望，通过这本丰富多彩的杂志， 联合国的美好愿望能够得到实现和加强。

Awni Behnam 博士 2010 年上海世博会联合国展区总代表

联合国秘书长潘基文选择 “ 一个地球， 一个联合国 ” 作为该馆的主题，以体现我们 正齐心协力打造经济、社会以及环境可持续 城市。 “ 一个地球 ” 主题的中心是：在 “ 城市， 让生活更美好 ” 的实现过程中，我们共同拥有 这唯一的地球。 联合国馆展示了发达国家和发展中国家 所面对的巨大都市挑战，例如都市贫困、气候 变化，此外还有联合国各机构及其伙伴为打 造更好的城市、更佳的居住环境以及为了实现 千年发展目标而构思的新想法、解决方法和

UN Commissioner General , Dr. Awni Behnam 8

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The United Nations section at Expo2010 is pleased to present its first edition of the UN Pavilion magazine to our readers.

Because of the unique importance of the theme of Shanghai World Expo 2010 “Better City, Better Life”, the United Nations Pavilion has been designed and constructed in such a manner as to bring the greatest possible focus on this important theme which impacts the whole world community.

The Secretary General of United Nation Mr. Ban Ki-moon chose the theme “One Earth, One UN” for the Pavilion to reflect our united efforts to work towards economically, socially and environmentally sustainable cities.

The UN Pavilion showcases the great urban challenges facing developed and developing countries such as urban poverty and climate change, as well as new ideas, solutions and actions taken by various UN agencies and their partners to build better cities and better living conditions, and to meet the Millennium Development Goals.

It is my sincere wish that the noble message of the United Nations is further carried forward and reinforced with this illustrative and exciting magazine.

Dr. Awni Behnam United Nations Commissioner General Expo2010

The theme of the One Earth is centered on the inescapable notion that we all have to share this one planet in building a “better city and better life”.

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国

2010 年世博会的联合国展区谨向读者发布 第一期《联合国馆》杂志。 由于上海 2010 年世博会的主题 “ 城市， 让生活更美好 ” 具有独特的重要性，因此 联 合 国馆的设计和建造均立意于突出这个 影响全世界民众的重大主题。

所采取的行动。 我深切期望，通过这本丰富多彩的杂志， 联合国的美好愿望能够得到实现和加强。

Awni Behnam 博士 2010 年上海世博会联合国展区总代表

联合国秘书长潘基文选择 “ 一个地球， 一个联合国 ” 作为该馆的主题，以体现我们 正齐心协力打造经济、社会以及环境可持续 城市。 “ 一个地球 ” 主题的中心是：在 “ 城市， 让生活更美好 ” 的实现过程中，我们共同拥有 这唯一的地球。 联合国馆展示了发达国家和发展中国家 所面对的巨大都市挑战，例如都市贫困、气候 变化，此外还有联合国各机构及其伙伴为打 造更好的城市、更佳的居住环境以及为了实现 千年发展目标而构思的新想法、解决方法和

UN Commissioner General , Dr. Awni Behnam 8

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ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国 The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. Due to its unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the Organization can take action on a wide range of issues, and provide a forum for its 192 Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees.

The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its System (specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better place. The Organization works on a broad range of fundamental issues, from sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, to promoting democracy, human rights, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines,

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expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future generations.

联合国是 1945 年第二次世界大战后成立 的国际组织。 当时共有 51 个国家承诺通过国际 合作和集体安全来维护和平、发展国家间 友 好 关系、促进社会进步、提高生活水平和 保护人权。 由于其独特的国际性质，和其 《宪章》 赋予的权利，该组织可就广泛的问题采取 行动，并通过大会，安全理事会，经济及社会 理事会和其他机构和委员会，为其 192 个会员 国提供一个论坛来表达他们的观点。 联合国工作的范围达到了地球每个角落。 虽然联合国最著名的是维持和平，建设和平， 预防冲突和人道主义援助，但是联合国及其 系统组织（专门机构，基金和方案）还通过 许多其他方式，影响着我们的生活并使世界 变得更加美好。联合国工作范围广泛又具体， 它包括可持续发展、环境和难民保护、救助 灾民、打击恐怖主义、推动裁军和不扩散、 促进 民主、 保护人权、治理政务、 经济发展、社会发展， 国际卫生、清除地雷、扩大粮食生产等。 为了给 当代和后代一个更安全的世界，联合国正在 协调努力地去实现其目标。

“一个地球，一个联合国” “o n e e a r t h ，o n e u n ” copyright Christian Lindgren-cover.jpg

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PERMANENT EXHIBITIONS ／ 长期展区 United Nations around the world © Shanghai Zhongdao Advertising Co.,Ltd./Xie Lin 联合国的足迹遍布全球。© 上海中导广告有限公司/ 谢林

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国 12 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

PERMANENT EXHIBITIONS ／ 长期展区 Messages on “Better City, Better Life” © United Nations/Christian Lindgren 联合国馆传递着“城市，让生活更美好的”理念。© 联合国/Christian Lindgren

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国 United Nations Pavilion Magazine 13

CHANGING EXHIBITIONS / 短期展区 Almost every week, the United Nations Pavilion features a different changing exhibition on a wide variety of urban issues.

June: Invisible in the city – Internationally renowned photographer and former Afghan refugee, Zalma ї Ahad, explores the lives of urban refugees in Bogota, Colombia, Johannesburg and Kuala Lumpur. © Shanghai Zhongdao Advertising Co.,Ltd./Xie Lin

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国 14 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

几乎每周，联合国馆会针对许多城市问题，组织一些短期性展览。 六月主题：城市中的无形 通过国际知名摄影师的镜头和前阿富汗难民赞比亚阿哈德的口述，展示了城市难民们在波哥大、 哥伦比亚、约翰内斯堡和吉隆坡的点滴生活。© 上海中导广告有限公司/谢林

Creative Corridor / 创意走廊 Cities as cradles of the creative economy. Visitors can take photographs of themselves in the Creative Corridor and download the pictures from UN Pavilion website www.unshanghaiexpo.org © Shanghai Zhongdao Advertising Co.,Ltd./Xie Lin 城市—创意经济的摇篮。游客们可以在创意长廊内拍摄照片并且可以登陆世博会联合国馆网站 www.unshanghaiexpo.com下载各自拍摄的照片。© 上海中导广告有限公司/谢林

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国 United Nations Pavilion Magazine 15

FORUM / 论坛 Celebrities and famous speakers often engage with the public in the Forum.

The Forum also shows many films about the work of the United Nations © United Nations/Daniel Vilnersson 馆内召开的论坛经常有知名人士和著名演说家助阵。论坛上还会播放许多 有关联合国内部工作状况的电影。© 联合国/Daniel Vilnersson

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国 16 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

UN SHOP / 联合国商店 The UN shop has a large selection of gift items © Shanghai Zhongdao Advertising Co.,Ltd./Xie Lin 联合国的商店有大量可供选择的礼品。© 上海中导广告有限公司／谢林

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国 United Nations Pavilion Magazine 17

Ｍｏｖｅ ｄｏｗｎ ｔｏ ａｖｏｉｄ ｔｈｅ ｏｎｅ ｌｉｎｅ ｐａｒｔ ｏｆ ４ｔｈ ｐａｒａｇｒａｐｈ．

联 合 国 国 际 农 业 发 展 基 金

Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty

The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) works with poor rural people. It helps them to grow and sell more food to increase their incomes and determine the direction of their own lives. Since 1978, IFAD has invested over US$11 billion in grants and low-interest loans in developing countries, empowering some 340 million people to break out of poverty.

Carmen Julia Palacio: From the mangrove ecosystem to seafood entrepreneurship on the Pacific coast of Colombia.

My name is Carmen Julia Palacio. Since the age of seven, I have collected mussels from the mangroves in the rural region of San Andres de Tumaco, on the Pacific coast of Colombia, one of the primary forms of subsistence for families living near the mangrove ecosystem. My mother, brothers, sisters and I would leave home at 4:00 in the morning, having had only

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www.ifad.org

coffee for breakfast, to search for the small marine shells that have supported our family and paid for my brothers’ education.

We would spend most of the day extracting the pianguas (black mussels) from the ground, and as we

Cuero, and other Afro-Colombian women established ASCONAR to represent us all, young and old.

Today we are very happy with everything we have accomplished. We are very proud to see we have been able to contribute to improving the situation of

Our dream is gradually coming true. dug in the dirt looking for the biggest shells, we would entertain ourselves with songs, poems and games that we learned from our ancestors. In my region, mussel collecting has been done for generations.

the women who continue to work in piangua collection. We show the mussel collectors how to minimize damage to the mangroves during harvesting and help them earn more for their work.

In 1991 I stopped collecting mussels to become the leader of a social organization, the Nariño Mussel Collectors Association (ASCONAR). A handful of us, Crujilda Velasco, Florentina Hurtado, Olga Mirina Angulo, Maria Odilia Ortiz, one man Ernesto Vicente

Today we are commercial enterprise of hydro-biological products: we have a purification plant with a vacuum-packing system, a refrigerator, freezer, and industrial oven, and – most importantly – a group of women who collect the mussels for marketing. We sell mussels, beach oysters

and smoked fish: a whole series of products that we are introducing into the market as clean, healthy products at fair prices for buyers, and above all for our producers.

Our organization is recognized at the local, municipal, national and even international levels. Our achievements have been possible thanks to support from IFAD’ s Regional Programme in Support of Rural Populations of African Descent in Latin America (ACUA), which is helping add value to our products through processing and strengthening our marketing strategies. Thanks to this programme, we are developing a restaurant to offer a cultural experience: A Taste of the Mangrove.

Carmen Julia Palacio Nariño Mussel Collectors Association (ASCONAR)

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The International Fund for Agricultural Development

联 合 国 国 际 农 业 发 展 基 金

Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty

www.ifad.org

The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) works with poor rural people. It helps them to grow and sell more food to increase their incomes and determine the direction of their own lives. Since 1978, IFAD has invested over US$11 billion in grants and low-interest loans in developing countries, empowering some 340 million people to break out of poverty.

coffee for breakfast, to search for the small marine shells that have supported our family and paid for my brothers’ education.

Carmen Julia Palacio: From the mangrove ecosystem to seafood entrepreneurship on the Pacific coast of Colombia.

pianguas (black mussels) from the ground, and as we dug in the dirt looking for the biggest shells, we would entertain ourselves with songs, poems and games that we learned from our ancestors. In my region, mussel collecting has been done for generations.

been able to contribute to improving the situation of the women who continue to work in piangua collection. We show the mussel collectors how to minimize damage to the mangroves during harvesting and help them earn more for their work.

In 1991 I stopped collecting mussels to become the leader of a social organization, the Nariño Mussel Collectors Association (ASCONAR). A handful of us, Crujilda Velasco, Florentina Hurtado, Olga Mirina Angulo, Maria Odilia Ortiz, one man Ernesto Vicente

Today we are commercial enterprise of hydro-biological products: we have a purification plant with a vacuum-packing system, a refrigerator, freezer, and industrial oven, and – most importantly – a group of women who collect the mussels for

My name is Carmen Julia Palacio. Since the age of seven, I have collected mussels from the mangroves in the rural region of San Andres de Tumaco, on the Pacific coast of Colombia, one of the primary forms of subsistence for families living near the mangrove ecosystem. My mother, brothers, sisters and I would leave home at 4:00 in the morning, having had only

18 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

We would spend most of the day extracting the

Cuero, and other Afro-Colombian women established ASCONAR to represent us all, young and old.

Today we are very happy with everything we have accomplished. We are very proud to see we have

Our dream is gradually coming true.

marketing. We sell mussels, beach oysters and smoked fish: a whole series of products that we are introducing into the market as clean, healthy products at fair prices for buyers, and above all for our producers.

国际农业发展基金会（IFAD）致力于与贫困农 村人口合作，帮助他们通过种植和销售更多粮食来 提高收入并决定自己生活的方向。从1978起，国际 农业发展基金会已在发展中国家投资110多亿美元， 提供补贴和低息贷款，使约3.4亿人摆脱了贫困。

Our organization is recognized at the local, municipal, national and even international levels. Our achievements have been possible thanks to support from IFAD’ s Regional Programme in Support of Rural Populations of African Descent in Latin America (ACUA), which is helping add value to our products through processing and strengthening our marketing strategies. Thanks to this programme, we are developing a restaurant to offer a cultural experience: A Taste of the Mangrove.

卡门•朱莉亚•帕拉西奥（Carmen Julia Palacio）： 从红树林走出来的海产品企业家

Carmen Julia Palacio Nariño Mussel Collectors Association (ASCONAR)

我叫卡门•朱莉亚•帕拉西奥，生活在哥伦比亚 太平洋沿岸图马科（Tumaco）圣安德利斯（San Andres）农村地区。从七岁起，我就开始从红树林 中采贝—这也是生活在红树林生态系统附近家庭的 主要生存方式。在喝过咖啡作为早餐后，我的母亲、 兄弟、姐妹和我清晨4点就离开家去红树林里搜寻 海贝，以此维持家庭生计和支付我的兄弟们的学费。 我们大部分时间都忙着从地上采集黑贝 （pianguas） ；当我们在泥里挖掘和寻找最大的海贝时， 我们会像我们的先辈教给我们的那样，唱歌、诵诗、做

游戏来自娱自乐。 在我们的地区， 采贝已有数代的历史。 1991 年，我停止采贝，成为一家社会组织—拿里 诺（Nariño）采贝协会（ASCONAR）的领导人。拿里诺 采贝协会由克鲁济尔达•韦拉斯科（Crujilda Velasco） 、

如今我们已发展成为一家水产品企业：我们拥 有一家净化厂，配备了真空包装系统、冷藏和冷冻 设备以及工业烤箱，最重要的是，我们还拥有一支 采贝和销售“娘子军”。我们向市场推出了海贝、牡 蛎和熏鱼等一系列干净、健康产品，以公平的价格

卡门•朱莉亚•帕拉西奥 拿里诺采贝协会（ASCONAR）

我们的梦想正在逐步变为现实。 弗洛伦蒂娜•乌尔塔多（Florentina Hurtado）、奥尔加• 米里纳•安古洛（Olga Mirina Angulo）、玛丽亚•奥迪利 亚•奥尔蒂斯（Maria Odilia Ortiz）等非裔哥伦比亚女性 及 埃 内 斯 托•维 森 特•奎 罗 先 生（Ernesto Vicente Cuero）建立，以代表所有采贝人的利益。 现在，我们对我们取得的成绩感到十分高兴。 通过我们的努力，继续从事采贝工作的女性的生活 条件得到改善，我们为此十分自豪。同时，我们也 在指导采贝人如何最大程度降低采贝活动对红树林 的损害，并帮助他们提供工作收入。

销售给购买者和生产商。 我们的组织得到了来自本地、全市、全国及其全 世界的认可。而这一些都离不开国际农业发展基金会 “ 支持拉丁美洲非裔农村人口地区计划 ”（ACUA）的 大力支持，该计划帮助我们通过加工和加强我们的营 销战略来增加我们产品的价值。在该计划的支持下， 我们还正在建设一家餐厅，以为更多人提供非凡的文 化体验：红树林的味道。

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 19

International Labour Organization

联 合 国 国 际 劳 工 组 织 The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency devoted to achieving opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity.

Its main aims are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue in handling work-related issues. The ILO is the only tripartite UN agency that brings governments, employers and workers together.

She started a kindergarten in an unused trade union club and began a training course to become a qualified kindergarten teacher and psychological consultant.

30 Yuan (US$4.4). Huang was inspired. She realized that a business providing home services could earn quick money from a small investment.

But in 1999 the kindergarten had to be torn down to make way for a municipal building project. Once again she had to take up casual work to make ends meet. It was a difficult time and she admits to feeling despair.

In September 2004 “Sister Huang’ s Home Service” opened. With only three employees, Huang was both boss and worker, distributing publicity material and doing the cleaning.

But in March 2004 a phone call changed her life.

But her efforts were rewarded; her business built a reputation for reliability, and more and more customers came.

She soon spotted a suitable opportunity. “The more I was involved with laid-off workers and farmers who had lost their land, the more I found they were unwilling to work,” she recalls. Many would rather live on limited government subsidy than look for a job.

“Such idea is obviously not wise”.

But, with her ambition fired up by the SYB course, Huang Guorong was not satisfied. One year later her business had expanded to become “Chengdu Sister Huang’s Cleaning Service Com, Ltd.”, offering commercial cleaning and gardening as well as domestic services.

In response, she started an employment training school, providing technical and psychological help to unemployed people. She taught the first classes for every group herself, using her own story to show the trainees how hard work can bring changes.

The local government, recognizing the difficulties she had overcome, let her company do some urban cleaning work. “The government has supported me greatly ever since I started my own business,” she recalls.

In 2009 she invested in two restaurants. “I always choose labour-intensive industries because I hope to help more unemployed people, especially those in their 40s and 50s find decent employment,” she said.

In just six years, Huang Guorong blossomed from an insecure employee into a successful business woman.

She now looks after her family and employs more than 800 employees and faces life with more confidence and independence than she ever thought possible.

Once again, opportunity knocked on her door.

Li Gang, Secretary of the Communist Party District Committee and Director of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of Wenjiang District wrote a letter of thanks for Huang Guorong’s efforts in helping laid-off workers and to the company staff for helping to keep the city beautiful. It was the first such letter written by the leaders of Wenjiang’s government to a private business.

One day her sewer was blocked. She called a plumber who cleared the pipe in less than a minute and charged

Huang Guorong felt that, as an entrepreneur with a growing business, she should think not only of money

“Work like an Ant, live like a Butterfly” Turning laid-off women workers into entrepreneurs In just six years Huang Guorong has made a magnificent transformation from laid-off worker to the employer of more than 800 people.

The 45-year-old woman learned early that she needed to keep her hands busy. As an employee of the Wenjiang Nitrogenous Fertilizer Plant, the frequent sicknesses of her young child often put her in great need of money.

Forced to find extra income, she set up a stall outside a school after work, selling bookmarks and postcards.

Then she moved into selling bread, which generated a few more Yuan.

But in 1997 she faced a crisis. The fertilizer plant went bankrupt and Huang Gurong was laid off.

Without her regular, if small, salary and with more and more competition from other bakers, Huang realized she needed to change her trade again.

20 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

The unemployment registration center of the Employment Bureau of Wenjiang District invited her to a Start Your Business (SYB) training designed for laid-off workers. The Bureau told her that SYB was a training course developed for unemployed people by the International Labour Organization and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. What’ s more, the training was subsidized by the Government.

During the seven day course Huang learned how to start and run a successful business. The course awoke in her a deeply-held ambition. Huang Guorong felt the course could be the foundation for her future success, one that, without the SYB training, it might have taken her whole life to find.

But, although Huang now knew she wanted to be an entrepreneur, she lacked a good business idea.

but also of social responsibilities. She kept asking herself; “How can I let my staff live better and be secure in their jobs? How can I give something back to society?”

She attributes her success to three things; her own efforts, her team, and the help she received from the government and ILO’s SYB programme.

“Work like an ant, live like a butterfly,” she advises.

www.ilo.org

国际劳工组织（ILO）是专门处理劳工问题的联 合国专门机构。ILO旨在为全球人口实现在自由、平 等、安全和有人性尊严的环境中开展体面而富有成效 的工作机会。ILO的宗旨是促进工作权益、鼓励体面 就业机会、提升社会保障并加强工作相关事项的对话。ILO 是联合国唯一的由成员国三方代表（雇主、雇员和政 府）组成的组织。 “就像 一个蚂蚁工作，蝴蝶一样生活” 帮助下岗女工成长为企业家 短短6年间，黄国荣（音译）从一名下岗工人成 长为一名管理着800余名员工的企业家。 今年45岁的黄国荣很早就懂得自己需要拥有一 双勤劳的双手的道理。作为温江氮肥厂的一名职工， 年幼的孩子频繁患病让她始终处于需要筹措医药费的 境地。

面包摊竞争压力，黄国荣明白自己需要再一次转行。 她利用一个废弃的工会俱乐部开设了一家幼儿 园，并参加相关培训课程，成为一名具备专业资质的 幼师和心理咨询师。 但是1999年由于市政建设，幼儿园被迫面临拆 迁。她不得不再一次开始做些零活以保持收支平衡。 那段时间异常艰难，她承认自己当时感到非常绝望。 2004年3月，一通电话改变了她的命运。 温江区就业局失业登记中心邀请她参加了专门 为下岗工人设计的“开展自己的事业”（SYB）培训课 程。就业局告诉她，SYB是由国际劳工组织与人力资 源和社会保障部联合举办的专为失业人员设置的培训 课程。培训由政府提供资助。

为了增加收入，黄国荣下班后会在学校门口摆摊， 卖些书签和明信片。之后她又开始卖面包，可以多增 加几块钱的收入。

在为期7天的培训课程中，黄国荣学习了如何成 功地开展并经营业务。课程激起了她内心深处的雄心 壮志。黄国荣感到课程为她未来的成功打下了一个基础， 而如果不参加SYB培训，她可能需要用尽一生的时间 去追寻。

但是，1997年黄国荣遭遇了一次重大危机。化 肥厂倒闭，她失业了。

虽然黄国荣现在知道自己想要成为一名创业者， 她还是缺少一个良好的商业理念。

缺少了这份虽然微薄却稳定的收入，加上来自其他

机会再一次叩响了她的大门。

一次，家里的下水管堵住了。她找来水管工修理。 水管工花了不到一分钟的时间就解决了问题，向她收 取了30元（合计US$4.4）。从中黄国荣得到了启发。 她发现家政服务可以通过很小的投资迅速获得回报。 2004年9月，“国荣家政服务”正式挂牌成立。当时 黄国荣手下只有3名员工，自己既当老板又当小工，也 参与宣传资料的分发和清洁工作。 但是她的付出是有回报的：可靠的服务品质为 她赢得了良好的口碑，越来越多的顾客慕名而来。 然而，被SYB课程所燃起的高远志向并没有因为 这些小小的成就而感到满足。一年后，她拓展了自己 的业务，成立了“国荣成都保洁清洗有限公司”，提供 专业清洁、园艺和家政服务。 地方政府体恤黄国荣的创业艰辛，让她的公司 承包了一些城市清洁工作。“自从我创业以来，政府 为我提供了极大的支持。” 温江区区委书记、人大常委会主任李刚曾专门 写信感谢黄国荣为帮助下岗职工再就业工作所作出的 贡献，也向他们为美化城市所付出的努力表达了感谢。 这是温江政府首次专程给民营企业写感谢信。 作为一家正处于成长期的企业管理者，黄国荣 感到自己不能单单考虑经济效益，还必须考虑社会责任。

她不断自问“如何能够让我的员工生活得更好？如何 保障他们工作岗位的稳定？我可以如何回报社会？” 不久，她便发现了这样一个合适的机会。“与下 岗职工、失地农民接触得越多，我越发觉他们缺乏工 作的意愿，”黄国荣说到。他们中的很多人宁愿依靠 微薄的政府救济生活，也不愿找一份工作。“这种想 法显然不明智。” 有鉴于此，她开设了一家就职培训学校，专为 失业人员提供技术和心理辅导。她自己会担任每个班 级第一堂课的讲师，用自己的故事来告诉学员们通过 努力工作是能够改变现状的。 2009年，她投资了两家餐馆。“我一直选择劳动 密集型行业，因为我希望帮助更多的失业人员、特别 是‘4050’人员能够实现再就业，”黄国荣表示。 短短6年间，黄国荣从一个工作没有保障的职工蜕 变为一个成功的商业女性。现在的她不仅有能力照顾 自己的家庭，还为800余名员工提供生活保障。而她从 中所获得的自信与独立感是6年前的她所无法想象的。 谈起自己成功的原因，她总结为三点：自己的 努力、团队的配合与政府的帮助、以及国际劳工组织 举办的SYB课程。 “像蚂蚁一样工作，像蝴蝶一样生活，”她提议道。

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 21

International Labour Organization

联 合 国 国 际 劳 工 组 织 The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency devoted to achieving opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity.

Its main aims are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue in handling work-related issues. The ILO is the only tripartite UN agency that brings governments, employers and workers together.

She started a kindergarten in an unused trade union club and began a training course to become a qualified kindergarten teacher and psychological consultant.

30 Yuan (US$4.4). Huang was inspired. She realized that a business providing home services could earn quick money from a small investment.

But in 1999 the kindergarten had to be torn down to make way for a municipal building project. Once again she had to take up casual work to make ends meet. It was a difficult time and she admits to feeling despair.

In September 2004 “Sister Huang’ s Home Service” opened. With only three employees, Huang was both boss and worker, distributing publicity material and doing the cleaning.

But in March 2004 a phone call changed her life.

But her efforts were rewarded; her business built a reputation for reliability, and more and more customers came.

She soon spotted a suitable opportunity. “The more I was involved with laid-off workers and farmers who had lost their land, the more I found they were unwilling to work,” she recalls. Many would rather live on limited government subsidy than look for a job.

“Such idea is obviously not wise”.

But, with her ambition fired up by the SYB course, Huang Guorong was not satisfied. One year later her business had expanded to become “Chengdu Sister Huang’s Cleaning Service Com, Ltd.”, offering commercial cleaning and gardening as well as domestic services.

In response, she started an employment training school, providing technical and psychological help to unemployed people. She taught the first classes for every group herself, using her own story to show the trainees how hard work can bring changes.

The local government, recognizing the difficulties she had overcome, let her company do some urban cleaning work. “The government has supported me greatly ever since I started my own business,” she recalls.

In 2009 she invested in two restaurants. “I always choose labour-intensive industries because I hope to help more unemployed people, especially those in their 40s and 50s find decent employment,” she said.

In just six years, Huang Guorong blossomed from an insecure employee into a successful business woman.

She now looks after her family and employs more than 800 employees and faces life with more confidence and independence than she ever thought possible.

Once again, opportunity knocked on her door.

Li Gang, Secretary of the Communist Party District Committee and Director of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of Wenjiang District wrote a letter of thanks for Huang Guorong’s efforts in helping laid-off workers and to the company staff for helping to keep the city beautiful. It was the first such letter written by the leaders of Wenjiang’s government to a private business.

One day her sewer was blocked. She called a plumber who cleared the pipe in less than a minute and charged

Huang Guorong felt that, as an entrepreneur with a growing business, she should think not only of money

“Work like an Ant, live like a Butterfly” Turning laid-off women workers into entrepreneurs In just six years Huang Guorong has made a magnificent transformation from laid-off worker to the employer of more than 800 people.

The 45-year-old woman learned early that she needed to keep her hands busy. As an employee of the Wenjiang Nitrogenous Fertilizer Plant, the frequent sicknesses of her young child often put her in great need of money.

Forced to find extra income, she set up a stall outside a school after work, selling bookmarks and postcards.

Then she moved into selling bread, which generated a few more Yuan.

But in 1997 she faced a crisis. The fertilizer plant went bankrupt and Huang Gurong was laid off.

Without her regular, if small, salary and with more and more competition from other bakers, Huang realized she needed to change her trade again.

20 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

The unemployment registration center of the Employment Bureau of Wenjiang District invited her to a Start Your Business (SYB) training designed for laid-off workers. The Bureau told her that SYB was a training course developed for unemployed people by the International Labour Organization and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. What’ s more, the training was subsidized by the Government.

During the seven day course Huang learned how to start and run a successful business. The course awoke in her a deeply-held ambition. Huang Guorong felt the course could be the foundation for her future success, one that, without the SYB training, it might have taken her whole life to find.

But, although Huang now knew she wanted to be an entrepreneur, she lacked a good business idea.

but also of social responsibilities. She kept asking herself; “How can I let my staff live better and be secure in their jobs? How can I give something back to society?”

She attributes her success to three things; her own efforts, her team, and the help she received from the government and ILO’s SYB programme.

“Work like an ant, live like a butterfly,” she advises.

www.ilo.org

国际劳工组织（ILO）是专门处理劳工问题的联 合国专门机构。ILO旨在为全球人口实现在自由、平 等、安全和有人性尊严的环境中开展体面而富有成效 的工作机会。ILO的宗旨是促进工作权益、鼓励体面 就业机会、提升社会保障并加强工作相关事项的对话。ILO 是联合国唯一的由成员国三方代表（雇主、雇员和政 府）组成的组织。 “就像 一个蚂蚁工作，蝴蝶一样生活” 帮助下岗女工成长为企业家 短短6年间，黄国荣（音译）从一名下岗工人成 长为一名管理着800余名员工的企业家。 今年45岁的黄国荣很早就懂得自己需要拥有一 双勤劳的双手的道理。作为温江氮肥厂的一名职工， 年幼的孩子频繁患病让她始终处于需要筹措医药费的 境地。

面包摊竞争压力，黄国荣明白自己需要再一次转行。 她利用一个废弃的工会俱乐部开设了一家幼儿 园，并参加相关培训课程，成为一名具备专业资质的 幼师和心理咨询师。 但是1999年由于市政建设，幼儿园被迫面临拆 迁。她不得不再一次开始做些零活以保持收支平衡。 那段时间异常艰难，她承认自己当时感到非常绝望。 2004年3月，一通电话改变了她的命运。 温江区就业局失业登记中心邀请她参加了专门 为下岗工人设计的“开展自己的事业”（SYB）培训课 程。就业局告诉她，SYB是由国际劳工组织与人力资 源和社会保障部联合举办的专为失业人员设置的培训 课程。培训由政府提供资助。

为了增加收入，黄国荣下班后会在学校门口摆摊， 卖些书签和明信片。之后她又开始卖面包，可以多增 加几块钱的收入。

在为期7天的培训课程中，黄国荣学习了如何成 功地开展并经营业务。课程激起了她内心深处的雄心 壮志。黄国荣感到课程为她未来的成功打下了一个基础， 而如果不参加SYB培训，她可能需要用尽一生的时间 去追寻。

但是，1997年黄国荣遭遇了一次重大危机。化 肥厂倒闭，她失业了。

虽然黄国荣现在知道自己想要成为一名创业者， 她还是缺少一个良好的商业理念。

缺少了这份虽然微薄却稳定的收入，加上来自其他

机会再一次叩响了她的大门。

一次，家里的下水管堵住了。她找来水管工修理。 水管工花了不到一分钟的时间就解决了问题，向她收 取了30元（合计US$4.4）。从中黄国荣得到了启发。 她发现家政服务可以通过很小的投资迅速获得回报。 2004年9月，“国荣家政服务”正式挂牌成立。当时 黄国荣手下只有3名员工，自己既当老板又当小工，也 参与宣传资料的分发和清洁工作。 但是她的付出是有回报的：可靠的服务品质为 她赢得了良好的口碑，越来越多的顾客慕名而来。 然而，被SYB课程所燃起的高远志向并没有因为 这些小小的成就而感到满足。一年后，她拓展了自己 的业务，成立了“国荣成都保洁清洗有限公司”，提供 专业清洁、园艺和家政服务。 地方政府体恤黄国荣的创业艰辛，让她的公司 承包了一些城市清洁工作。“自从我创业以来，政府 为我提供了极大的支持。” 温江区区委书记、人大常委会主任李刚曾专门 写信感谢黄国荣为帮助下岗职工再就业工作所作出的 贡献，也向他们为美化城市所付出的努力表达了感谢。 这是温江政府首次专程给民营企业写感谢信。 作为一家正处于成长期的企业管理者，黄国荣 感到自己不能单单考虑经济效益，还必须考虑社会责任。

她不断自问“如何能够让我的员工生活得更好？如何 保障他们工作岗位的稳定？我可以如何回报社会？” 不久，她便发现了这样一个合适的机会。“与下 岗职工、失地农民接触得越多，我越发觉他们缺乏工 作的意愿，”黄国荣说到。他们中的很多人宁愿依靠 微薄的政府救济生活，也不愿找一份工作。“这种想 法显然不明智。” 有鉴于此，她开设了一家就职培训学校，专为 失业人员提供技术和心理辅导。她自己会担任每个班 级第一堂课的讲师，用自己的故事来告诉学员们通过 努力工作是能够改变现状的。 2009年，她投资了两家餐馆。“我一直选择劳动 密集型行业，因为我希望帮助更多的失业人员、特别 是‘4050’人员能够实现再就业，”黄国荣表示。 短短6年间，黄国荣从一个工作没有保障的职工蜕 变为一个成功的商业女性。现在的她不仅有能力照顾 自己的家庭，还为800余名员工提供生活保障。而她从 中所获得的自信与独立感是6年前的她所无法想象的。 谈起自己成功的原因，她总结为三点：自己的 努力、团队的配合与政府的帮助、以及国际劳工组织 举办的SYB课程。 “像蚂蚁一样工作，像蝴蝶一样生活，”她提议道。

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 21

The International Maritime Organization is responsible for safety, security, efficiency of international shipping and protection of the environment from shipping activities.

Cities, shipping and the global economy Modern cities are reliant on their connections. Trade is their lifeblood and the sea the principal artery of world trade. Ships have always provided the only really cost-effective method of bulk transport over any great distance. More than 90% of global trade is carried by sea, delivering the goods and providing the commerce that modern cities need to prosper.

Shipping in the 21st century is the safest and most environmentally benign form of commercial transport.

Shipping underpins international commerce and the world economy. We live in a global society which could not function were it not for ships and the shipping industry.

A challenging environment The sea has always provided a potentially hazardous and dangerous working environment.

More than ever before safety and efficiency are now inseparable. Accidents are not only undesirable outcomes in themselves, they also have a negative impact on the supply chain on which the global economy depends.

The work of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Shipping needs international standards that can be accepted by all. A common approach enables ships to ply their trade around the world and ensures that countries and cities can be confident that receiving foreign ships does not place their safety, security and environmental integrity at an unreasonable risk.

IMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for facilitating international standards for shipping. IMO’ s main task has been to develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory framework for international shipping. It covers environmental considerations, legal matters, technical co-operation, issues that affect the overall efficiency of shipping and maritime security.

The direct output of IMO’ s regulatory work is a comprehensive body of international conventions, supported by literally hundreds of guidelines and recommendations that, between them, govern just about every facet of the shipping industry.

Shipping delivers the trade on which modern cities rely. IMO helps ensure shipping is safe, secure and environmentally friendly.

国际海事组织负责国际航运安全、安保和效率以 及保护环境免受航运活动影响。

在过去十年中，船舶产生的大气污染也已降低。 发动 机效率已大为提高。 通过改进船体设计和使用更大载 货能力的船舶， 排放得以降低而燃油效率得到了提高。 新的国际法规通过对来自船舶废气的氧化硫 （SOx）和氧化氮（NOx）排放设定正式限制以及禁止 臭氧耗损物质的排放，来帮助保持城市清洁。 船舶设计和全球法规进一步的改进和完善预期 将进一步降低燃油消耗，从而减少空气污染和温室气 体排放。 国际海事组织（IMO）的工作 航运需要为各方所接受的国际标准。通用做法使 船舶能够在全球从事贸易并确保各个国家和城市确 信接受外国船舶不会对其安全、安保和环境完整性带 来不合理的风险。 国际海事组织是联合国负责推行国际航运标准 的专门机构。国际海事组织的主要任务是建立和维 持一个全面的国际航运法规框架，包括环境考虑因素、 法律事务、技术合作、影响整体航运效率和海事安全 的问题。 国际海事组织的法规工作的直接成果是一系列 全面的国际公约， 以及数百项指引和建议， 内容涉及航 运业的所有方面。 航运为现代城市提供了赖以存在的贸易。国际海 事组织帮助确保航运安全和环保。

城市、航运和全球经济 Shipping is one of the least environmentally damaging forms of commercial transport. Shipping is also a relatively small contributor to the total volume of atmospheric emissions compared to road vehicles and public utilities such as power stations.

Atmospheric pollution from ships has reduced in the l a s t d e c a d e . T h e r e h a v e b e e n s i g n i fi c a n t improvements in engine efficiency. Improved hull design and the use of ships with larger cargo carrying capacity have led to a reduction in emissions and an increase in fuel efficiency.

New international regulations help keep cities clean by setting formal limits on sulphur oxide (SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from ship exhausts and prohibiting deliberate emissions of ozone-depleting substances.

Future improvements in ship design and global regulations are expected to lead to further reductions in fuel oil consumption with consequent reductions in air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

22 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

现代城市依赖于它们之间的联系。贸易是它们赖 以生存和发展的血液，而海洋则是世界贸易的大动脉。 船舶是唯一真正成本有效的长途散装运输方式。海上 运输占到了全球贸易的 90% 以上，为现代城市带来 了货物和商业，促进了它们的繁荣。 航运是 21 世纪最安全环保的商业运输方式。 航运 巩固了国际商业和世界经济的基础。 如果没有船舶和 航运业， 我们所生活的全球社会也就无法正常运转。 充满挑战的环境 海洋是一个充满潜在危险的工作环境。 现在，安全和效率比以往任何时候都密不可分。 事 故不仅会带来直接的损失，也会对全球经济所依赖的 供应链产生负面影响。

International Maritime Organization

国

际

海

事

组

织

www.imo.org

航运是对环境破坏最小的商业运输方式。与公路 车辆以及发电站等公用事业相比，航运所产生的总大 气排放量也相对较低。

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 23

The International Maritime Organization is responsible for safety, security, efficiency of international shipping and protection of the environment from shipping activities.

Cities, shipping and the global economy Modern cities are reliant on their connections. Trade is their lifeblood and the sea the principal artery of world trade. Ships have always provided the only really cost-effective method of bulk transport over any great distance. More than 90% of global trade is carried by sea, delivering the goods and providing the commerce that modern cities need to prosper.

Shipping in the 21st century is the safest and most environmentally benign form of commercial transport.

Shipping underpins international commerce and the world economy. We live in a global society which could not function were it not for ships and the shipping industry.

A challenging environment The sea has always provided a potentially hazardous and dangerous working environment.

More than ever before safety and efficiency are now inseparable. Accidents are not only undesirable outcomes in themselves, they also have a negative impact on the supply chain on which the global economy depends.

The work of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Shipping needs international standards that can be accepted by all. A common approach enables ships to ply their trade around the world and ensures that countries and cities can be confident that receiving foreign ships does not place their safety, security and environmental integrity at an unreasonable risk.

IMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for facilitating international standards for shipping. IMO’ s main task has been to develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory framework for international shipping. It covers environmental considerations, legal matters, technical co-operation, issues that affect the overall efficiency of shipping and maritime security.

The direct output of IMO’ s regulatory work is a comprehensive body of international conventions, supported by literally hundreds of guidelines and recommendations that, between them, govern just about every facet of the shipping industry.

Shipping delivers the trade on which modern cities rely. IMO helps ensure shipping is safe, secure and environmentally friendly.

国际海事组织负责国际航运安全、安保和效率以 及保护环境免受航运活动影响。

在过去十年中，船舶产生的大气污染也已降低。 发动 机效率已大为提高。 通过改进船体设计和使用更大载 货能力的船舶， 排放得以降低而燃油效率得到了提高。 新的国际法规通过对来自船舶废气的氧化硫 （SOx）和氧化氮（NOx）排放设定正式限制以及禁止 臭氧耗损物质的排放，来帮助保持城市清洁。 船舶设计和全球法规进一步的改进和完善预期 将进一步降低燃油消耗，从而减少空气污染和温室气 体排放。 国际海事组织（IMO）的工作 航运需要为各方所接受的国际标准。通用做法使 船舶能够在全球从事贸易并确保各个国家和城市确 信接受外国船舶不会对其安全、安保和环境完整性带 来不合理的风险。 国际海事组织是联合国负责推行国际航运标准 的专门机构。国际海事组织的主要任务是建立和维 持一个全面的国际航运法规框架，包括环境考虑因素、 法律事务、技术合作、影响整体航运效率和海事安全 的问题。 国际海事组织的法规工作的直接成果是一系列 全面的国际公约， 以及数百项指引和建议， 内容涉及航 运业的所有方面。 航运为现代城市提供了赖以存在的贸易。国际海 事组织帮助确保航运安全和环保。

城市、航运和全球经济 Shipping is one of the least environmentally damaging forms of commercial transport. Shipping is also a relatively small contributor to the total volume of atmospheric emissions compared to road vehicles and public utilities such as power stations.

Atmospheric pollution from ships has reduced in the l a s t d e c a d e . T h e r e h a v e b e e n s i g n i fi c a n t improvements in engine efficiency. Improved hull design and the use of ships with larger cargo carrying capacity have led to a reduction in emissions and an increase in fuel efficiency.

New international regulations help keep cities clean by setting formal limits on sulphur oxide (SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from ship exhausts and prohibiting deliberate emissions of ozone-depleting substances.

Future improvements in ship design and global regulations are expected to lead to further reductions in fuel oil consumption with consequent reductions in air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

22 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

现代城市依赖于它们之间的联系。贸易是它们赖 以生存和发展的血液，而海洋则是世界贸易的大动脉。 船舶是唯一真正成本有效的长途散装运输方式。海上 运输占到了全球贸易的 90% 以上，为现代城市带来 了货物和商业，促进了它们的繁荣。 航运是 21 世纪最安全环保的商业运输方式。 航运 巩固了国际商业和世界经济的基础。 如果没有船舶和 航运业， 我们所生活的全球社会也就无法正常运转。 充满挑战的环境 海洋是一个充满潜在危险的工作环境。 现在，安全和效率比以往任何时候都密不可分。 事 故不仅会带来直接的损失，也会对全球经济所依赖的 供应链产生负面影响。

International Maritime Organization

国

际

海

事

组

织

www.imo.org

航运是对环境破坏最小的商业运输方式。与公路 车辆以及发电站等公用事业相比，航运所产生的总大 气排放量也相对较低。

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 23

International Telecommunication Union ITU Committed to connecting the world I TU is the leading U nited Nations agency for information and communication technology issues, and the global focal point for governments and the private sector in developing networks and services. Its mission is to connect the world. Established in 1865, ITU boasts a global partnership of 191 member countries and over 700 private-sector companies.

But K007 does not always do the cooking. Over the power lines in the home, video recipes (with subtitles for Tian) can be transmitted directly from the fridge to the high-definition television screens anywhere in the house. Ji and Tian love to cook and try out recipes from all around the world. They are well known in Shanghai for their dinner parties.

Over the glistening waters of the East China Sea, the sun rises on a beautiful summer morning in Shanghai, China. The warm sunlight activates the sensors on Ji and Tian’ s window blinds, which open slowly. The digital radio in the bedroom switches itself to their favourite station. Ji awakes and taps the screen next to her bed, activating their house assistant, “K007”, a humanoid robot. In her morning daze, she selects breakfast from the images on the screen. As natural light streams into the room, Tian wakes up too. He turns off the radio, and using simple voice commands, he checks for updates of his favourite show and views his latest messages over a text-enabled high-definition screen, adapted to his hearing problems.

As Ji leaves home for her media company, she takes her “IMT-Advanced” mobile phone from the universal charger. As well as dramatically cutting the number of chargers produced, the universal design has reduced the energy consumed while charging. The environmental monitoring system in her IMT-Advanced mobile phone alerts her that water is leaking from the garden tap. She activates the automatic call to the plumber. She also sees, thanks to a smart chip embedded in her mobile device, how well the family has been doing on energy savings over the last month. As she drives to work, the global positioning satellite-based system in her new electric car alerts her of a traffic jam due to flooding from heavy rains and gives her directions to the nearest tramway (and where to find a parking space). While in the tram, she checks her messages. It takes her much less time now that there is a secure system in place to protect her from unwanted e-mail messages (commonly known as “spam”) and from cyberattacks.

Ji heads for the bathroom and while showering, she watches the latest news and music videos projected onto the shower wall. The water was heated using solar energy. In the kitchen, K007 puts a breakfast packet into the microwave oven. The radio tag on the wrapping tells the oven how long to heat the contents.

K007 is learning to “cook” by downloading recipes online. These come with instructions on how robots can make hot meals from ingredients in a refrigerator.

Over his lunch of celery sticks and low-fat roast duck, Tian signs in to “YourPlace” on the network in order to update his personal profile and upload some short video clips for his family and friends to view when they have time. He is an amateur film-maker and often modifies clips of existing films to make them either funny or thought-provoking. Tian submits them to the video website “Vids4me”. His videos always receive high ratings from viewers. If only he could convert his

A day in the life of Ji and Tian in the city of Shanghai

film-making hobby into a new career — he is already making money from his videos. Maybe Ji’ s media company has some ideas! But first, Tian will have to finish his thesis in 3D cinema. He has been keenly following studies on 3D television at ITU. When Ji and Tian enter the kitchen after a hard day’ s work, dinner is on the table, steaming hot! K007 greets them in Spanish, “buenos noches”. By downloading interactive learning files from the Internet, K007 can practise conversations in several languages with Ji and Tian every day. Meanwhile, Fabo the dog runs in, barking, through a small door that opens automatically, sensing the chip in his ear. Fabo is very entertaining and Tian is distracted from his meal.

Using the digital recorder embedded in his watch, Tian quickly shoots a video clip of Fabo. Despite its size, the watch takes remarkably high-quality footage!

Before going to bed, Ji and Tian speak to their eight-year-old daughter, Mei Mei, via a high-definition videoconferencing link — she is staying with her grandparents in Montreal, Canada, for the summer.

Mei Mei’ s parents tell her about a notification they received during the day from an unknown person making contact through her website. They tell their daughter of the dangers in cyberspace and provide her with the guidelines for protecting children online to help her safely navigate her digital world. A global identification system also helps Mei Mei and her parents make sure that only authorized people can have access to information about her or get in touch with her through the network.

technologies, Mei Mei’ s parents can now sleep in peace, knowing that she is safe and well.

国际电联：致力于连通世界 小季和小田：上海生活一日

The story of Ji and Tian describes services and technologies available today, and imagines those that may be available tomorrow due to ongoing technological innovation. And such a story could not be possible without the work of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), notably in the areas of advanced wireless communications, cybersecurity, digital broadcasting, disaster relief, digital image compression, high-definition television, home networking standards, power-line communications, traffic management, and technologies to help mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change.

国际电信联盟供稿 中国上海。一个美丽的夏日清晨。太阳从波光粼 粼的中国东海上冉冉升起。温暖的阳光启动了小季和 小田家百叶窗上的传感器，百叶窗徐徐打开。卧室里 的数码收音机自动调到他们最喜爱的频道。小季睁开 双眼，在她床边的屏幕上点了一下，启动了她家的机 器人管家 “K007”。她睡眼惺忪地在屏幕上点了几个 图像，选定了早餐。自然光洒进卧室，小田也醒来了。 他关上收音机，用几句简单的语音指令在（专门解决 他听力困难的）图文高清电视屏幕上查看了一下最近 几期他喜欢的节目，并浏览了新近收到的短信。 小季走向浴室。 她一边淋浴，一边观看浴室墙上的 最新新闻和音乐视频投影。 水是太阳能加热的。 厨房里， K007 将一份早餐送入微波烤箱。早餐包装上的电子 标签告诉微波烤箱加热所需的时间。K007 通过从网上 下载菜谱来学习 “ 烹饪 ”。 菜谱中含有指令，告诉机器人 如何从冰箱中取出原料，制作热腾腾的饭菜。 但 K007 不总做饭。 （为小田配了字幕的）视频菜谱可通过家里 的电源线路，直接从冰箱传送到家中任何地方的高清 电视屏幕上。 小季和小田酷爱烹调，经常试做世界各地 的菜肴。 他们举办的宴会在上海相当知名。

小季准备离家去媒体公司上班了。 她从通用充电器 上拿起她的 “IMT-Advanced” 手机。 这种充电器的出现 不仅显著减少了充电器的生产量，而且它的通用设计 还可在充电的同时节省能源。小季 “IMT-Advanced” 手机上的环境监测系统提醒她， 花园的水龙头有些漏水。 她给水管工发出自动呼叫。 由于她手机中装有智能芯片， 她还看到了上个月全家的节能情况。 在开车上班的路上， 她的新型电动车上的全球卫星定位系统提示，暴雨导致 的洪水造成了交通堵塞，并给她提供了离她最近的有轨 电车站的方位（以及在哪里可找到停车位的信息）。在 有轨电车上，小季查看了短信。由于安装了安全系统， 可以避免收到无用电子邮件（通常称为 “ 垃圾信息 ”）并 防止受网络袭击， 小季现在查看短信用的时间短多了。 小田的午饭是芹菜条和低脂烤鸭。 他边吃边在网上 的 “Your Place” 登录，以便更新他的个人资料，同时 上传一些视频短片，供他的亲戚朋友茶余饭后观看。 小田是个业余电影制片人，经常将一些现成的电影编 辑成幽默的或令人深思的片段。小田将这些短片提供 给视频网站 “ Vids4me”。观众对他的视频短片评价 很高。如果他能够将制片的副业转为主业该多好—他 的视频短片已经可以赚钱了。也许小季的媒体公司 可以给出点主意！但是，小田先得完成他的 3D 影院 论文。他一直在认真学习国际电联的 3D 电视课程。 一天劳累之后，当小季和小田走进厨房时，热腾 腾的晚餐已经放在桌上了！ K007 用西班牙语迎接

他们：“buenos noches”（晚上好）。K007 从互联网上 下载一些互动式学习材料，每天用多种语言和小季、 小田对话。这时，名叫 “ 花宝 ” 的小狗汪汪地叫着，从 一个自动开启的小门跑了进来。小门是通过狗耳内置 芯片控制的。花宝活泼可爱，吸引了小田的目光。他放 下筷子，立即用手表上的数码摄像机为花宝拍摄了一 个视频短片。尽管手表不大，但拍摄质量一流！ 在睡觉之前，小季和小田通过高清视频会议链路 与他们 8 岁的女儿梅梅通了话。梅梅正在加拿大蒙特 利尔爷爷奶奶那儿度暑假。梅梅的父母告诉她，那天 他们收到了一个通知，一个陌生人想通过她的网站与 她的联系。他们给梅梅讲了网上存在的危险，并告诉 她有关保护在线儿童的导则，帮助她安全使用网络。 全球识别系统也可以给梅梅和她的父母提供帮助，确保 只有获得授权的人才能了解她的信息，或通过网络与 她联系。

和技术的畅想。如果没有国际电信联盟（ITU）所开展 的工作，尤其是在先进的无线电通信、网络安全、数字 广播、赈灾、数字图像压缩、高清电视、家庭联网标准、 电力线通信、业务量管理以及帮助减缓和适应气候变化 影响的技术等领域所开展的工作，这个故事不可能 成为现实。 国际电联是联合国在信息通信技术领域的主导 机构，而且还是各国政府和私营部门在发展网络与业务 方面的全球协调机构。国际电联的使命是连通世界。 国际电联于 1865 年成立，与 191 个成员国和 700 多 个私营部门公司建立了全球伙伴关系。

广播、电视和（固定和移动）电话以及互联网跨越 时空， 将我们联系在一起。 由于有了这些信息通信技术， 梅梅的父母现在可以安然入睡，因为他们知道梅梅 安全、健康。 补充报道 小季和小田的故事是对我们今天所使用的服务 和技术的描述，也是技术创新给我们带来的未来服务

The radio, the television, the telephone (fixed and mobile) and the Internet connect us together, irrespective of distance and time zone. Thanks to the power of these information and communication

International Telecommunication Union

国

际

电

信

联

盟

www.itu.int

24 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 25

International Telecommunication Union ITU Committed to connecting the world I TU is the leading U nited Nations agency for information and communication technology issues, and the global focal point for governments and the private sector in developing networks and services. Its mission is to connect the world. Established in 1865, ITU boasts a global partnership of 191 member countries and over 700 private-sector companies.

But K007 does not always do the cooking. Over the power lines in the home, video recipes (with subtitles for Tian) can be transmitted directly from the fridge to the high-definition television screens anywhere in the house. Ji and Tian love to cook and try out recipes from all around the world. They are well known in Shanghai for their dinner parties.

Over the glistening waters of the East China Sea, the sun rises on a beautiful summer morning in Shanghai, China. The warm sunlight activates the sensors on Ji and Tian’ s window blinds, which open slowly. The digital radio in the bedroom switches itself to their favourite station. Ji awakes and taps the screen next to her bed, activating their house assistant, “K007”, a humanoid robot. In her morning daze, she selects breakfast from the images on the screen. As natural light streams into the room, Tian wakes up too. He turns off the radio, and using simple voice commands, he checks for updates of his favourite show and views his latest messages over a text-enabled high-definition screen, adapted to his hearing problems.

As Ji leaves home for her media company, she takes her “IMT-Advanced” mobile phone from the universal charger. As well as dramatically cutting the number of chargers produced, the universal design has reduced the energy consumed while charging. The environmental monitoring system in her IMT-Advanced mobile phone alerts her that water is leaking from the garden tap. She activates the automatic call to the plumber. She also sees, thanks to a smart chip embedded in her mobile device, how well the family has been doing on energy savings over the last month. As she drives to work, the global positioning satellite-based system in her new electric car alerts her of a traffic jam due to flooding from heavy rains and gives her directions to the nearest tramway (and where to find a parking space). While in the tram, she checks her messages. It takes her much less time now that there is a secure system in place to protect her from unwanted e-mail messages (commonly known as “spam”) and from cyberattacks.

Ji heads for the bathroom and while showering, she watches the latest news and music videos projected onto the shower wall. The water was heated using solar energy. In the kitchen, K007 puts a breakfast packet into the microwave oven. The radio tag on the wrapping tells the oven how long to heat the contents.

K007 is learning to “cook” by downloading recipes online. These come with instructions on how robots can make hot meals from ingredients in a refrigerator.

Over his lunch of celery sticks and low-fat roast duck, Tian signs in to “YourPlace” on the network in order to update his personal profile and upload some short video clips for his family and friends to view when they have time. He is an amateur film-maker and often modifies clips of existing films to make them either funny or thought-provoking. Tian submits them to the video website “Vids4me”. His videos always receive high ratings from viewers. If only he could convert his

A day in the life of Ji and Tian in the city of Shanghai

film-making hobby into a new career — he is already making money from his videos. Maybe Ji’ s media company has some ideas! But first, Tian will have to finish his thesis in 3D cinema. He has been keenly following studies on 3D television at ITU. When Ji and Tian enter the kitchen after a hard day’ s work, dinner is on the table, steaming hot! K007 greets them in Spanish, “buenos noches”. By downloading interactive learning files from the Internet, K007 can practise conversations in several languages with Ji and Tian every day. Meanwhile, Fabo the dog runs in, barking, through a small door that opens automatically, sensing the chip in his ear. Fabo is very entertaining and Tian is distracted from his meal.

Using the digital recorder embedded in his watch, Tian quickly shoots a video clip of Fabo. Despite its size, the watch takes remarkably high-quality footage!

Before going to bed, Ji and Tian speak to their eight-year-old daughter, Mei Mei, via a high-definition videoconferencing link — she is staying with her grandparents in Montreal, Canada, for the summer.

Mei Mei’ s parents tell her about a notification they received during the day from an unknown person making contact through her website. They tell their daughter of the dangers in cyberspace and provide her with the guidelines for protecting children online to help her safely navigate her digital world. A global identification system also helps Mei Mei and her parents make sure that only authorized people can have access to information about her or get in touch with her through the network.

technologies, Mei Mei’ s parents can now sleep in peace, knowing that she is safe and well.

国际电联：致力于连通世界 小季和小田：上海生活一日

The story of Ji and Tian describes services and technologies available today, and imagines those that may be available tomorrow due to ongoing technological innovation. And such a story could not be possible without the work of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), notably in the areas of advanced wireless communications, cybersecurity, digital broadcasting, disaster relief, digital image compression, high-definition television, home networking standards, power-line communications, traffic management, and technologies to help mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change.

国际电信联盟供稿 中国上海。一个美丽的夏日清晨。太阳从波光粼 粼的中国东海上冉冉升起。温暖的阳光启动了小季和 小田家百叶窗上的传感器，百叶窗徐徐打开。卧室里 的数码收音机自动调到他们最喜爱的频道。小季睁开 双眼，在她床边的屏幕上点了一下，启动了她家的机 器人管家 “K007”。她睡眼惺忪地在屏幕上点了几个 图像，选定了早餐。自然光洒进卧室，小田也醒来了。 他关上收音机，用几句简单的语音指令在（专门解决 他听力困难的）图文高清电视屏幕上查看了一下最近 几期他喜欢的节目，并浏览了新近收到的短信。 小季走向浴室。 她一边淋浴，一边观看浴室墙上的 最新新闻和音乐视频投影。 水是太阳能加热的。 厨房里， K007 将一份早餐送入微波烤箱。早餐包装上的电子 标签告诉微波烤箱加热所需的时间。K007 通过从网上 下载菜谱来学习 “ 烹饪 ”。 菜谱中含有指令，告诉机器人 如何从冰箱中取出原料，制作热腾腾的饭菜。 但 K007 不总做饭。 （为小田配了字幕的）视频菜谱可通过家里 的电源线路，直接从冰箱传送到家中任何地方的高清 电视屏幕上。 小季和小田酷爱烹调，经常试做世界各地 的菜肴。 他们举办的宴会在上海相当知名。

小季准备离家去媒体公司上班了。 她从通用充电器 上拿起她的 “IMT-Advanced” 手机。 这种充电器的出现 不仅显著减少了充电器的生产量，而且它的通用设计 还可在充电的同时节省能源。小季 “IMT-Advanced” 手机上的环境监测系统提醒她， 花园的水龙头有些漏水。 她给水管工发出自动呼叫。 由于她手机中装有智能芯片， 她还看到了上个月全家的节能情况。 在开车上班的路上， 她的新型电动车上的全球卫星定位系统提示，暴雨导致 的洪水造成了交通堵塞，并给她提供了离她最近的有轨 电车站的方位（以及在哪里可找到停车位的信息）。在 有轨电车上，小季查看了短信。由于安装了安全系统， 可以避免收到无用电子邮件（通常称为 “ 垃圾信息 ”）并 防止受网络袭击， 小季现在查看短信用的时间短多了。 小田的午饭是芹菜条和低脂烤鸭。 他边吃边在网上 的 “Your Place” 登录，以便更新他的个人资料，同时 上传一些视频短片，供他的亲戚朋友茶余饭后观看。 小田是个业余电影制片人，经常将一些现成的电影编 辑成幽默的或令人深思的片段。小田将这些短片提供 给视频网站 “ Vids4me”。观众对他的视频短片评价 很高。如果他能够将制片的副业转为主业该多好—他 的视频短片已经可以赚钱了。也许小季的媒体公司 可以给出点主意！但是，小田先得完成他的 3D 影院 论文。他一直在认真学习国际电联的 3D 电视课程。 一天劳累之后，当小季和小田走进厨房时，热腾 腾的晚餐已经放在桌上了！ K007 用西班牙语迎接

他们：“buenos noches”（晚上好）。K007 从互联网上 下载一些互动式学习材料，每天用多种语言和小季、 小田对话。这时，名叫 “ 花宝 ” 的小狗汪汪地叫着，从 一个自动开启的小门跑了进来。小门是通过狗耳内置 芯片控制的。花宝活泼可爱，吸引了小田的目光。他放 下筷子，立即用手表上的数码摄像机为花宝拍摄了一 个视频短片。尽管手表不大，但拍摄质量一流！ 在睡觉之前，小季和小田通过高清视频会议链路 与他们 8 岁的女儿梅梅通了话。梅梅正在加拿大蒙特 利尔爷爷奶奶那儿度暑假。梅梅的父母告诉她，那天 他们收到了一个通知，一个陌生人想通过她的网站与 她的联系。他们给梅梅讲了网上存在的危险，并告诉 她有关保护在线儿童的导则，帮助她安全使用网络。 全球识别系统也可以给梅梅和她的父母提供帮助，确保 只有获得授权的人才能了解她的信息，或通过网络与 她联系。

和技术的畅想。如果没有国际电信联盟（ITU）所开展 的工作，尤其是在先进的无线电通信、网络安全、数字 广播、赈灾、数字图像压缩、高清电视、家庭联网标准、 电力线通信、业务量管理以及帮助减缓和适应气候变化 影响的技术等领域所开展的工作，这个故事不可能 成为现实。 国际电联是联合国在信息通信技术领域的主导 机构，而且还是各国政府和私营部门在发展网络与业务 方面的全球协调机构。国际电联的使命是连通世界。 国际电联于 1865 年成立，与 191 个成员国和 700 多 个私营部门公司建立了全球伙伴关系。

广播、电视和（固定和移动）电话以及互联网跨越 时空， 将我们联系在一起。 由于有了这些信息通信技术， 梅梅的父母现在可以安然入睡，因为他们知道梅梅 安全、健康。 补充报道 小季和小田的故事是对我们今天所使用的服务 和技术的描述，也是技术创新给我们带来的未来服务

The radio, the television, the telephone (fixed and mobile) and the Internet connect us together, irrespective of distance and time zone. Thanks to the power of these information and communication

International Telecommunication Union

国

际

电

信

联

盟

www.itu.int

24 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 25

THE OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER for HUMAN RIGHTS

联合国人权事务高级专员办事处 www.ohchr.org

Human Rights for “Better City, Better Life” How can human rights help make cities a better place to live? What are the connections between human rights and living a better life?

"Better City, Better Life," the theme of Expo 2010 represents a common wish of the whole humankind for better living. This aspiration has a lot to do with human rights, as their universal relevance was first envisioned and accepted by countries worldwide in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights almost 62 years ago. Today, the universality of human rights continues to unite us in our quest for making the world a better place for everyone.

The Declaration and a range of international human rights instruments include a broad conception of human rights. They promote and protect rights which encompass not only civil liberties, but also economic and social rights such as the right to adequate standard of living, the right to adequate housing, the right to health, and the right to participate in cultural life. There are human rights conventions that protect the rights of children, women, persons with disabilities and migrant workers and prohibit all forms of discrimination.

Through its work worldwide, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) promotes such a conception of human rights, where civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights are universal, interdependent, and indivisible. Human rights considerations help us make better decisions on what actions to take or avoid so that we can develop cities and urban environments that are respectful of human dignity.

The United Nations Human Rights office The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), headquartered in Geneva and present in some 50 countries worldwide, has a unique mandate from the international community to promote and protect all human rights. It does so through human rights standard-setting, monitoring and implementation.

OHCHR offers leadership, works objectively, educates and takes action to empower individuals and assist governments in upholding human rights. It also provides substantive, secretariat and research support to UN human rights mechanisms such as the Human

26 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

Rights Council and its independent experts, and expert committees that monitor the implementation of core human rights treaties.

Official Website: www.ohchr.org

职责。它在人权方面发挥着领导作用，以客观态度工 作，开展人权教育，采取行动向个人赋权并协助政府 维护人权。它同时也承担实质性、秘书处和研究工作， 支持联合国人权机制，如人权理事会及其独立专家、 监督核心人权条约执行情况的专家委员会等的工作。 官方网址：www.ohchr.org

联合国人权事务高级专员办事处

The right to adequate housing is a case in point. The elements that define the idea of adequate housing include the legal security of tenure (which entails protection from arbitrary forced evictions), availability of services (such as clean water, sanitation and electricity), and a location which allows access to employment options, health-care services, schools, child-care centres and other social facilities. Thus, the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing requires the existence of a protective legal framework and an

appropriate urban planning which ensures access to services and infrastructure.

Other human rights, such as the right to health and the right to education, also require the provision of adequate facilities (health-care centres, hospitals and schools) in appropriate proportion to the needs of the city dwellers. Gross disparities in the provision of such services between richer and poorer areas of the city may constitute discrimination. In fact, economic, social and cultural rights require particular attention to the rights of those who are worse off.

The principle of non-discrimination, which is a special focus of OHCHR for 2010, is indispensable if we want to make cities a better place to live not only for some but for all.

home - so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world. Yet they are the world of the individual person; the neighborhood he lives in; the school or college he attends; the factory, farm, or office where he works. Such are the places where every man, woman, and child seeks equal justice, equal opportunity, equal dignity without discrimination.

Unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Without concerted citizen action to uphold them close to home, we shall look in vain for progress in the larger world."

Human rights are crucial for achieving “Better City, Better Life” everywhere and for everyone.

A human rights approach is also key to ensuring good governance of cities. Transparency, accountability and participation are important components of a human rights approach. To be respectful of human rights, urban planning, development and management should allow for participation of concerned groups, such as residents who may be affected by urban renewals and large-scale constructions. Public decision-making should be transparent and the public should have access to information, especially when it involves decisions affecting large groups of people and their way of life. Accountability requires the existence of mechanisms to hold public officials responsible in cases of corruption or abuse of power.

"Where, after all, do universal human rights begin?” asked Eleanor Roosevelt, who chaired the drafting process of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which involved representatives from all regions of the world. And her answer was: “In small places, close to

健康权和受教育权等其他人权同样需要提供 足够的设施，要按适当比例配置保健中心、医院和学校等 设施，以满足城市居民的需求。如果在城市的富人 居住区与穷人居住区提供的此类服务差距巨大，可能 会构成歧视。事实上，经济、社会和文化权利要求特别 关注弱势群体。 要想将城市建设成面向所有人而非一部分人的 更加美好生活之地，非歧视原则必不可少。这也是 人权高专办 2010 年特别关注的问题。

人权怎样有助于使城市更适宜居住？人权与生 活更美好有哪些关联？

城市规划和发展必须考虑弱势群体或边缘人群 的权利，以及一些社会群体在实现他们的权利时所 遇到的具体困难。例如，如果不采取特别措 施以确保 建筑物和城市设施能够无障碍进入，残疾人和老年人 的自由行动将受到严重限制，他们也无法自由地享用 文化娱乐设施。

2010 年世界博览会的主题 “ 城市，让生活更美好 ”， 反映了全人类对更加美好生活的共同向往，这一愿望 与人权有很大关联。 差不多六十二年前， 《世界人权宣言》 首次展望以及肯定了人权的普遍相关性，并为世界各 国所接受。今天，人权的普遍性继续将我们团结起来， 为建设一个更加美好的世界而努力。

人权化路径（A human rights approach）也是确保 城市得到善治的关键。 人权化路径还包括透明、问责和 参与。鉴于对人权的尊重，应该允许利益相关群体，如 那些可能受到城市改造和大规模建设影响的居民， 参与城市规化、发展和治理的进程。问责制需要建立 机制，让公职人员对腐败和滥用权力承担责任。

《世界人权宣言》和一系列国际人权公约包含了 一个广义的人权概念。它们所促进和保护的，不只是 公民自由权利， 也包括经济和社会权利， 如适足生活权、 居住权、健康权和文化参与权等。还有一些人权公约 保护儿童权利、 妇女权利、 残疾人权利和移徙工人权利， 以及禁止一切形式的歧视等。

“ 归根到底，人权是从哪里开始呢？ ” 埃莉诺•罗斯福 问到，她主持了由世界各地代表参与的《世界人权宣言》 的起草。 她进而回答说：“ 从小地方，离家很近的地方 开始——很近，很小，在世界任何地图上都找不到。 然而， 这些地方是个人所在的世界、是生活的街区、是读中学 或大学的地方、是工作的工厂、农田或办公室。 这些就是 每个男人、女人和儿童不受歧视地寻求平等的司法、 平等的机会、平等的尊严的地方。 除非这些权利在这些 地方具有实际意义，否则它们在任何地方都没有什么 实际意义。 如果公民不起来关心维护身边的这些权利， 也就谈不上更大范围的世界进步。 ”

人权让城市生活更美好 Urban planning and development should take into consideration the rights of vulnerable or marginalized groups, and the specific difficulties encountered by some social groups in realizing their rights. For example, freedom of movement or access to cultural and recreational facilities would be severely curtailed for persons with disabilities and older persons if no specific measure is taken to ensure the physical accessibility of buildings and city facilities.

服务设施。因此，享有居住权不仅需要一套法律框架 来保障，还需要制定一个合适的城市规划，确保有完善 的服务与基础设施。

公民权利、政治权利和经济、社会、文化权利是 一体的、它们相互依存、不可分割，联合国人权事务高级 专员办事处通过其全球工作网络，推进这一人权概念。 对人权的考量有助于我们更好地决断该做什么或 不该做什么，这样，我们能促进人们尊重人的尊严，改善 城乡风貌。

对任何地方、任何人来说，人权是实现 “ 城市， 让生活更美好 ” 的关键因素。

居住权就是一个例子。适当居所包括以下因素： 所有权的法律保障（不被强制拆迁），完善的服务 （如洁净水、卫生和电力设施），所在社区能提供就业 机会，配有卫生保健、中小学校、幼儿园以及其他社会

联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（ 简称人权高 专办）具有促进与保护所有人权的特殊使命，其总部 设在日内瓦，并在世界 50 多个国家设有办事机构。 人权高专办通过人权标准制定、监督与执行来履行其

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 27

THE OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER for HUMAN RIGHTS

联合国人权事务高级专员办事处 www.ohchr.org

Human Rights for “Better City, Better Life” How can human rights help make cities a better place to live? What are the connections between human rights and living a better life?

"Better City, Better Life," the theme of Expo 2010 represents a common wish of the whole humankind for better living. This aspiration has a lot to do with human rights, as their universal relevance was first envisioned and accepted by countries worldwide in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights almost 62 years ago. Today, the universality of human rights continues to unite us in our quest for making the world a better place for everyone.

The Declaration and a range of international human rights instruments include a broad conception of human rights. They promote and protect rights which encompass not only civil liberties, but also economic and social rights such as the right to adequate standard of living, the right to adequate housing, the right to health, and the right to participate in cultural life. There are human rights conventions that protect the rights of children, women, persons with disabilities and migrant workers and prohibit all forms of discrimination.

Through its work worldwide, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) promotes such a conception of human rights, where civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights are universal, interdependent, and indivisible. Human rights considerations help us make better decisions on what actions to take or avoid so that we can develop cities and urban environments that are respectful of human dignity.

The United Nations Human Rights office The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), headquartered in Geneva and present in some 50 countries worldwide, has a unique mandate from the international community to promote and protect all human rights. It does so through human rights standard-setting, monitoring and implementation.

OHCHR offers leadership, works objectively, educates and takes action to empower individuals and assist governments in upholding human rights. It also provides substantive, secretariat and research support to UN human rights mechanisms such as the Human

26 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

Rights Council and its independent experts, and expert committees that monitor the implementation of core human rights treaties.

Official Website: www.ohchr.org

职责。它在人权方面发挥着领导作用，以客观态度工 作，开展人权教育，采取行动向个人赋权并协助政府 维护人权。它同时也承担实质性、秘书处和研究工作， 支持联合国人权机制，如人权理事会及其独立专家、 监督核心人权条约执行情况的专家委员会等的工作。 官方网址：www.ohchr.org

联合国人权事务高级专员办事处

The right to adequate housing is a case in point. The elements that define the idea of adequate housing include the legal security of tenure (which entails protection from arbitrary forced evictions), availability of services (such as clean water, sanitation and electricity), and a location which allows access to employment options, health-care services, schools, child-care centres and other social facilities. Thus, the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing requires the existence of a protective legal framework and an

appropriate urban planning which ensures access to services and infrastructure.

Other human rights, such as the right to health and the right to education, also require the provision of adequate facilities (health-care centres, hospitals and schools) in appropriate proportion to the needs of the city dwellers. Gross disparities in the provision of such services between richer and poorer areas of the city may constitute discrimination. In fact, economic, social and cultural rights require particular attention to the rights of those who are worse off.

The principle of non-discrimination, which is a special focus of OHCHR for 2010, is indispensable if we want to make cities a better place to live not only for some but for all.

home - so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world. Yet they are the world of the individual person; the neighborhood he lives in; the school or college he attends; the factory, farm, or office where he works. Such are the places where every man, woman, and child seeks equal justice, equal opportunity, equal dignity without discrimination.

Unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Without concerted citizen action to uphold them close to home, we shall look in vain for progress in the larger world."

Human rights are crucial for achieving “Better City, Better Life” everywhere and for everyone.

A human rights approach is also key to ensuring good governance of cities. Transparency, accountability and participation are important components of a human rights approach. To be respectful of human rights, urban planning, development and management should allow for participation of concerned groups, such as residents who may be affected by urban renewals and large-scale constructions. Public decision-making should be transparent and the public should have access to information, especially when it involves decisions affecting large groups of people and their way of life. Accountability requires the existence of mechanisms to hold public officials responsible in cases of corruption or abuse of power.

"Where, after all, do universal human rights begin?” asked Eleanor Roosevelt, who chaired the drafting process of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which involved representatives from all regions of the world. And her answer was: “In small places, close to

健康权和受教育权等其他人权同样需要提供 足够的设施，要按适当比例配置保健中心、医院和学校等 设施，以满足城市居民的需求。如果在城市的富人 居住区与穷人居住区提供的此类服务差距巨大，可能 会构成歧视。事实上，经济、社会和文化权利要求特别 关注弱势群体。 要想将城市建设成面向所有人而非一部分人的 更加美好生活之地，非歧视原则必不可少。这也是 人权高专办 2010 年特别关注的问题。

人权怎样有助于使城市更适宜居住？人权与生 活更美好有哪些关联？

城市规划和发展必须考虑弱势群体或边缘人群 的权利，以及一些社会群体在实现他们的权利时所 遇到的具体困难。例如，如果不采取特别措 施以确保 建筑物和城市设施能够无障碍进入，残疾人和老年人 的自由行动将受到严重限制，他们也无法自由地享用 文化娱乐设施。

2010 年世界博览会的主题 “ 城市，让生活更美好 ”， 反映了全人类对更加美好生活的共同向往，这一愿望 与人权有很大关联。 差不多六十二年前， 《世界人权宣言》 首次展望以及肯定了人权的普遍相关性，并为世界各 国所接受。今天，人权的普遍性继续将我们团结起来， 为建设一个更加美好的世界而努力。

人权化路径（A human rights approach）也是确保 城市得到善治的关键。 人权化路径还包括透明、问责和 参与。鉴于对人权的尊重，应该允许利益相关群体，如 那些可能受到城市改造和大规模建设影响的居民， 参与城市规化、发展和治理的进程。问责制需要建立 机制，让公职人员对腐败和滥用权力承担责任。

《世界人权宣言》和一系列国际人权公约包含了 一个广义的人权概念。它们所促进和保护的，不只是 公民自由权利， 也包括经济和社会权利， 如适足生活权、 居住权、健康权和文化参与权等。还有一些人权公约 保护儿童权利、 妇女权利、 残疾人权利和移徙工人权利， 以及禁止一切形式的歧视等。

“ 归根到底，人权是从哪里开始呢？ ” 埃莉诺•罗斯福 问到，她主持了由世界各地代表参与的《世界人权宣言》 的起草。 她进而回答说：“ 从小地方，离家很近的地方 开始——很近，很小，在世界任何地图上都找不到。 然而， 这些地方是个人所在的世界、是生活的街区、是读中学 或大学的地方、是工作的工厂、农田或办公室。 这些就是 每个男人、女人和儿童不受歧视地寻求平等的司法、 平等的机会、平等的尊严的地方。 除非这些权利在这些 地方具有实际意义，否则它们在任何地方都没有什么 实际意义。 如果公民不起来关心维护身边的这些权利， 也就谈不上更大范围的世界进步。 ”

人权让城市生活更美好 Urban planning and development should take into consideration the rights of vulnerable or marginalized groups, and the specific difficulties encountered by some social groups in realizing their rights. For example, freedom of movement or access to cultural and recreational facilities would be severely curtailed for persons with disabilities and older persons if no specific measure is taken to ensure the physical accessibility of buildings and city facilities.

服务设施。因此，享有居住权不仅需要一套法律框架 来保障，还需要制定一个合适的城市规划，确保有完善 的服务与基础设施。

公民权利、政治权利和经济、社会、文化权利是 一体的、它们相互依存、不可分割，联合国人权事务高级 专员办事处通过其全球工作网络，推进这一人权概念。 对人权的考量有助于我们更好地决断该做什么或 不该做什么，这样，我们能促进人们尊重人的尊严，改善 城乡风貌。

对任何地方、任何人来说，人权是实现 “ 城市， 让生活更美好 ” 的关键因素。

居住权就是一个例子。适当居所包括以下因素： 所有权的法律保障（不被强制拆迁），完善的服务 （如洁净水、卫生和电力设施），所在社区能提供就业 机会，配有卫生保健、中小学校、幼儿园以及其他社会

联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（ 简称人权高 专办）具有促进与保护所有人权的特殊使命，其总部 设在日内瓦，并在世界 50 多个国家设有办事机构。 人权高专办通过人权标准制定、监督与执行来履行其

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 27

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国 The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, or DESA, helps countries around the world meet their economic, social and environmental challenges. DESA’ s mission, to promote development for all, reflects a fundamental concern for equity and equality in countries large and small, developed and developing. It underscores the need for all stakeholders - governments, UN and other international organizations, civil society and the private sector - to do their part to improve economic and social well-being. This focus on equitable participation by all people and nations is what makes the United Nations unique and gives the development agenda its universal legitimacy.

城市，让生活更美好 —— 世界快速城市化所面临的挑战 ２００８ 年，全世界首次有半数人口居住在城市，这 是人类具有里程碑的事件，并且这种城市化的趋势没 有减弱的迹象。 在亚洲和非洲，尽管仍有百分之六十的人口居住 在乡村，其不断膨胀中的城市人口势将居全球多数。 在当今不断城市化的世界中，如何平衡环境保护、社 会公平与经济繁荣是二十一世纪面临的主要挑战。

因素。从可持续发展的角度来看，这些服务之间是相 互关联的。 如果从一个全局的高度来管理这些基础服务， 那么一个领域的进步将促进其他领域的发展。 联合国经济和社会事务部对城市产业生态学以及 物资流动矩阵的研究显示，降低污染并使效益最大化， 存在很多机会。 在建有适当的基础设施和机构情况下， 对一个领域的可持续管理如废物处理，能提高其他领域 的效率并降低成本， 如减少空气污染并改善饮用水供给。 交通和污染这两大问题互相交织，而综合性的方 案通常可以帮助城市同时解决这两大挑战。如果城市 能够提供一个规划良好、运作高效的公共运输系统， 货物、服务的流通以及人员流动将更为顺畅，并将二 氧化碳的排放降至最低，空气质量得到改善，城市用 地以及水道的使用更为合理。使用可再生清洁能源、 设立自行车道等其他相关措施，也能鼓励可持续交通 的发展，并减轻当地污染状况、改进公共卫生并提高 城市生活质量。 城市和农村地区存在着动态共生的关系。 只有提高 农村经济生产力，才能确保城市地区众多人口的食物供 应充足且民众能负担得起。 相应地，城市经济也为农产 品提供了巨大的市场， 并为农村移居者提供了经济机会。 加强城市和农村地区之间的联系，能为投资、基础实施 建设， 尤其是城乡间的交通和通讯等创造新的机会。

可持续。凡在那些妇女能够积极参与规划和管理的地 区，社会和经济发展的成果更显著。妇女参与规划和 管理使得城市应对社会的能力更为出色，并且增加了 公众的参与意识和整体的主人翁意识。 改进地方治理为双赢之策 在当今全球化的时代，不同国家的城市之间乃至 同一国家之间的城市，都在为本地能成为生活、工作、 旅游的优先选择而相互竞争。引进商业和旅游，以及 能吸引大规模的直接投资都很重要。 通过提升基础设施、 服务和地方政府质量，城市可以努力改善其可居住性 并增强竞争力。 地方政府能力建设是建设可持续城市的最关键 的环节。 没有人比当地社区更清楚他们缺少何种服务， 以及何种水平的服务能改进他们的健康和福祉。地方 政府需要改进或建立有效且透明的财务管理和预算 体系，鼓励私营部门活动，并将公众意见纳入到决策 过程。 在很多发展中国家，中央政府仍然是城市财政和 投资的一个关键来源。然而，这种安排在很多地区已 经越来越成为问题及低效。当经济处于困难时期，以 及国家预算表现为赤字时，在基础设施方面的投资通 常最先被削减。因此，服务缺位在发展中国家不断崛 起的城市中还是严重的。

为妇女提供更好的机会 城市人口增长预计将主要集中在欠发达地区的 城市以及城镇。尤其是亚洲，该地区城市人口预期增 长 １８ 亿，非洲、拉丁美洲及加勒比海地区则将分别增 长 ９ 亿和 ２ 亿。因此，二十一世纪的城市化主要是集 中在发展中世界的城市现象。 “ 城市，让生活更美好 ” 概括了发展中世界所面临的发展挑战。 我们如何建立并维持可持续的城市地区呢？我 们又如何通过控制空气污染、处理废弃物、提供基础 服务以及减少交通拥堵等，以确保城市能继续成为机 遇和增长的地域呢？我们怎样确保城市的吸引力与 活力，并使每个人尤其是弱势群体，都拥有生存空间 呢？我们怎样汲取过往经验来实现这些？ 联合国经济和社会事务部的分析表明，应在可持 续发展的总体框架内，以一体化的方式应对这些相互 关联的挑战。从改进地方治理到应对气候变化，从可 持续交通到高能效建筑，从保护文化遗产到促进城乡 互动，在诸多领域实施全局化推进的策略，将为城市 的长期发展提供最好的机遇，并为所有问题提供了可 持续的、互赢的解决方案。 二十一世纪城市的可持续性 能提供更好的基础服务，诸如教育、医疗卫生、住房、 用水、环境卫生、交通和能源，以及体面的就业机会， 应当是现代城市的标志，并且也是吸引人流入城市的

28 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

男女公平和平等为城市的社会和经济发展提供 了机会。相对于农村地区，城市有很多优势，诸如更好 的儿童保育，卫生保健和教育。城市还可以提供更多 的就业机会，多样化的生活和更多参与政治的机会。 然而，城市妇女也面临一些重大的挑战，城市贫 困就是其中一个大问题。 贫困势必削弱城市的潜在优势。 在很多发展中国家的都市地区，贫穷的社区没有足够 的基础设施，这些社区缺乏安全的住房、交通、教育、 就业和社会服务。人身安全是这些贫困社区妇女和儿 童们每天面临的问题。 不幸的是，各种形式的暴力，从恐吓到性骚扰和攻击， 在城市中更为普遍，这些都限制了妇女和儿童的活动， 减少了她们寻找工作、 社会服务和休闲活动的自由。 然而，改进城市的物质环境能降低风险，比如通 过增加街道、停车场和公园的照明，在比较安全的地 方设立公交汽车站、公共厕所、市场、学校和其他基本 设施及服务。 这些措施以及宣传活动，不仅能够为妇女 改进一个城市的安全、吸引力以及社会环境，同时也 为当地创造了经济机会，并且鼓励妇女参与城市生活 的各个层面。 妇女的参与以及将性别问题纳入城市的政策、规划、 管理和预算程序，将会使城市发展更加公平并最终更

为了履行转移给他们的服务职责，以及城市化步 伐所产生的资本投资需求，城市政府需要获得更多、 更好的信贷渠道。随着城市愈益在竞争性的金融环境 下争取资金，治理问题就发挥作用了，地方政府的能 力需要加强，并且建有更有效的、面向服务的机构。信 息和通讯技术将在这一进程中发挥关键作用。电子政 务正在成为不可缺少的工具，赋予公民在政府决策中 发挥更大作用。 在治理和提供基本服务外，最终取决于市民保持 参与并作出合理的选择。通过教育和建立公众意识的 措施，将城市可持续发展告知社会公众，这是建设更 美好城市的关键。重复使用、回收、并采用现有的最环 保的解决方案，可以产生重大的差别。如果城市的数 百万人开始更为明智的选择，如参与当地政府，选择 有机和当地种植的食物，尽可能地步行或骑自行车， 节约水和能源，购买环保产品等，所有这些累加起来 可以产生巨大的差别。改进服务可以在一个城市建立 信任。 这是一个双向的过程。 同时，这也是实现“ 城市， 让生活更美好 ”的关键。 侧栏 －联合国经济和社会事务部 联合国经济和社会事务部（联合国经社部）帮助 世界各国应对经济、社会和环境的挑战。联合国经社 部的各项工作基于联合国发展议程，即人类进步根植 于自由、平等、团结、宽容、尊重自然和相互尊重等价

值观的共同理念。联合国发展议程形诸于过去二十年 来联合国的各次峰会和其他会议。这一议程是一个就 一系列广泛的问题所达成的前所未有的全球共识，包 括减贫、 卫生、 赋予妇女权力进行治理、 融资和环境等。 在这些领域和其他领域所取得的进展，正在通过千年 发展目标进行测度。 此外，该议程致力于解决那些事关人们的生活和 生计的各项问题。这些问题包括全球化的冲击、国家 之间和国家内部的不平等、发展中国家参与全球经济 治理、应对全球性危机如气候变化、以及发展与冲突 之间的关系等。

在推进发展议程中，联合国经社部的使命是促进 所有国家尤其是最贫弱国家的发展，这一使命是基于 所有国家 －－－ 无论国家大小还是发达国家抑或发展 中国家 －－－ 皆公平、平等的根本共识。为成功履行这 一使命，所有利益相关者包括政府、联合国和其他国 际组织、民间社会和私营部门，都必须各自努力。所有 种族和国家都平等和合作性的参与，这一具联合国鲜 明特点的理念，使发展议程获得了普遍合法性。 在监测和执行促进经济和社会进步的全球承诺 包括千年发展目标等诸方面，联合国经社部承担着核 心的角色。通过对可持续发展、社会发展、性别平等和 赋予妇女权力、人口和森林等领域的国别报告，进行 综合数据和分析而评价各个层面的进展，包括融资促 发展、能源、水和卫生设施、消费和生产、以及公共管 理，并尤其关注知识共享和扩大使用信息通讯技术。

Department of Economic and Social Affairs

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www.un.org United Nations Pavilion Magazine 29

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＮＡＴＩＯＮＳ 联合国 The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, or DESA, helps countries around the world meet their economic, social and environmental challenges. DESA’ s mission, to promote development for all, reflects a fundamental concern for equity and equality in countries large and small, developed and developing. It underscores the need for all stakeholders - governments, UN and other international organizations, civil society and the private sector - to do their part to improve economic and social well-being. This focus on equitable participation by all people and nations is what makes the United Nations unique and gives the development agenda its universal legitimacy.

城市，让生活更美好 —— 世界快速城市化所面临的挑战 ２００８ 年，全世界首次有半数人口居住在城市，这 是人类具有里程碑的事件，并且这种城市化的趋势没 有减弱的迹象。 在亚洲和非洲，尽管仍有百分之六十的人口居住 在乡村，其不断膨胀中的城市人口势将居全球多数。 在当今不断城市化的世界中，如何平衡环境保护、社 会公平与经济繁荣是二十一世纪面临的主要挑战。

因素。从可持续发展的角度来看，这些服务之间是相 互关联的。 如果从一个全局的高度来管理这些基础服务， 那么一个领域的进步将促进其他领域的发展。 联合国经济和社会事务部对城市产业生态学以及 物资流动矩阵的研究显示，降低污染并使效益最大化， 存在很多机会。 在建有适当的基础设施和机构情况下， 对一个领域的可持续管理如废物处理，能提高其他领域 的效率并降低成本， 如减少空气污染并改善饮用水供给。 交通和污染这两大问题互相交织，而综合性的方 案通常可以帮助城市同时解决这两大挑战。如果城市 能够提供一个规划良好、运作高效的公共运输系统， 货物、服务的流通以及人员流动将更为顺畅，并将二 氧化碳的排放降至最低，空气质量得到改善，城市用 地以及水道的使用更为合理。使用可再生清洁能源、 设立自行车道等其他相关措施，也能鼓励可持续交通 的发展，并减轻当地污染状况、改进公共卫生并提高 城市生活质量。 城市和农村地区存在着动态共生的关系。 只有提高 农村经济生产力，才能确保城市地区众多人口的食物供 应充足且民众能负担得起。 相应地，城市经济也为农产 品提供了巨大的市场， 并为农村移居者提供了经济机会。 加强城市和农村地区之间的联系，能为投资、基础实施 建设， 尤其是城乡间的交通和通讯等创造新的机会。

可持续。凡在那些妇女能够积极参与规划和管理的地 区，社会和经济发展的成果更显著。妇女参与规划和 管理使得城市应对社会的能力更为出色，并且增加了 公众的参与意识和整体的主人翁意识。 改进地方治理为双赢之策 在当今全球化的时代，不同国家的城市之间乃至 同一国家之间的城市，都在为本地能成为生活、工作、 旅游的优先选择而相互竞争。引进商业和旅游，以及 能吸引大规模的直接投资都很重要。 通过提升基础设施、 服务和地方政府质量，城市可以努力改善其可居住性 并增强竞争力。 地方政府能力建设是建设可持续城市的最关键 的环节。 没有人比当地社区更清楚他们缺少何种服务， 以及何种水平的服务能改进他们的健康和福祉。地方 政府需要改进或建立有效且透明的财务管理和预算 体系，鼓励私营部门活动，并将公众意见纳入到决策 过程。 在很多发展中国家，中央政府仍然是城市财政和 投资的一个关键来源。然而，这种安排在很多地区已 经越来越成为问题及低效。当经济处于困难时期，以 及国家预算表现为赤字时，在基础设施方面的投资通 常最先被削减。因此，服务缺位在发展中国家不断崛 起的城市中还是严重的。

为妇女提供更好的机会 城市人口增长预计将主要集中在欠发达地区的 城市以及城镇。尤其是亚洲，该地区城市人口预期增 长 １８ 亿，非洲、拉丁美洲及加勒比海地区则将分别增 长 ９ 亿和 ２ 亿。因此，二十一世纪的城市化主要是集 中在发展中世界的城市现象。 “ 城市，让生活更美好 ” 概括了发展中世界所面临的发展挑战。 我们如何建立并维持可持续的城市地区呢？我 们又如何通过控制空气污染、处理废弃物、提供基础 服务以及减少交通拥堵等，以确保城市能继续成为机 遇和增长的地域呢？我们怎样确保城市的吸引力与 活力，并使每个人尤其是弱势群体，都拥有生存空间 呢？我们怎样汲取过往经验来实现这些？ 联合国经济和社会事务部的分析表明，应在可持 续发展的总体框架内，以一体化的方式应对这些相互 关联的挑战。从改进地方治理到应对气候变化，从可 持续交通到高能效建筑，从保护文化遗产到促进城乡 互动，在诸多领域实施全局化推进的策略，将为城市 的长期发展提供最好的机遇，并为所有问题提供了可 持续的、互赢的解决方案。 二十一世纪城市的可持续性 能提供更好的基础服务，诸如教育、医疗卫生、住房、 用水、环境卫生、交通和能源，以及体面的就业机会， 应当是现代城市的标志，并且也是吸引人流入城市的

28 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

男女公平和平等为城市的社会和经济发展提供 了机会。相对于农村地区，城市有很多优势，诸如更好 的儿童保育，卫生保健和教育。城市还可以提供更多 的就业机会，多样化的生活和更多参与政治的机会。 然而，城市妇女也面临一些重大的挑战，城市贫 困就是其中一个大问题。 贫困势必削弱城市的潜在优势。 在很多发展中国家的都市地区，贫穷的社区没有足够 的基础设施，这些社区缺乏安全的住房、交通、教育、 就业和社会服务。人身安全是这些贫困社区妇女和儿 童们每天面临的问题。 不幸的是，各种形式的暴力，从恐吓到性骚扰和攻击， 在城市中更为普遍，这些都限制了妇女和儿童的活动， 减少了她们寻找工作、 社会服务和休闲活动的自由。 然而，改进城市的物质环境能降低风险，比如通 过增加街道、停车场和公园的照明，在比较安全的地 方设立公交汽车站、公共厕所、市场、学校和其他基本 设施及服务。 这些措施以及宣传活动，不仅能够为妇女 改进一个城市的安全、吸引力以及社会环境，同时也 为当地创造了经济机会，并且鼓励妇女参与城市生活 的各个层面。 妇女的参与以及将性别问题纳入城市的政策、规划、 管理和预算程序，将会使城市发展更加公平并最终更

为了履行转移给他们的服务职责，以及城市化步 伐所产生的资本投资需求，城市政府需要获得更多、 更好的信贷渠道。随着城市愈益在竞争性的金融环境 下争取资金，治理问题就发挥作用了，地方政府的能 力需要加强，并且建有更有效的、面向服务的机构。信 息和通讯技术将在这一进程中发挥关键作用。电子政 务正在成为不可缺少的工具，赋予公民在政府决策中 发挥更大作用。 在治理和提供基本服务外，最终取决于市民保持 参与并作出合理的选择。通过教育和建立公众意识的 措施，将城市可持续发展告知社会公众，这是建设更 美好城市的关键。重复使用、回收、并采用现有的最环 保的解决方案，可以产生重大的差别。如果城市的数 百万人开始更为明智的选择，如参与当地政府，选择 有机和当地种植的食物，尽可能地步行或骑自行车， 节约水和能源，购买环保产品等，所有这些累加起来 可以产生巨大的差别。改进服务可以在一个城市建立 信任。 这是一个双向的过程。 同时，这也是实现“ 城市， 让生活更美好 ”的关键。 侧栏 －联合国经济和社会事务部 联合国经济和社会事务部（联合国经社部）帮助 世界各国应对经济、社会和环境的挑战。联合国经社 部的各项工作基于联合国发展议程，即人类进步根植 于自由、平等、团结、宽容、尊重自然和相互尊重等价

值观的共同理念。联合国发展议程形诸于过去二十年 来联合国的各次峰会和其他会议。这一议程是一个就 一系列广泛的问题所达成的前所未有的全球共识，包 括减贫、 卫生、 赋予妇女权力进行治理、 融资和环境等。 在这些领域和其他领域所取得的进展，正在通过千年 发展目标进行测度。 此外，该议程致力于解决那些事关人们的生活和 生计的各项问题。这些问题包括全球化的冲击、国家 之间和国家内部的不平等、发展中国家参与全球经济 治理、应对全球性危机如气候变化、以及发展与冲突 之间的关系等。

在推进发展议程中，联合国经社部的使命是促进 所有国家尤其是最贫弱国家的发展，这一使命是基于 所有国家 －－－ 无论国家大小还是发达国家抑或发展 中国家 －－－ 皆公平、平等的根本共识。为成功履行这 一使命，所有利益相关者包括政府、联合国和其他国 际组织、民间社会和私营部门，都必须各自努力。所有 种族和国家都平等和合作性的参与，这一具联合国鲜 明特点的理念，使发展议程获得了普遍合法性。 在监测和执行促进经济和社会进步的全球承诺 包括千年发展目标等诸方面，联合国经社部承担着核 心的角色。通过对可持续发展、社会发展、性别平等和 赋予妇女权力、人口和森林等领域的国别报告，进行 综合数据和分析而评价各个层面的进展，包括融资促 发展、能源、水和卫生设施、消费和生产、以及公共管 理，并尤其关注知识共享和扩大使用信息通讯技术。

Department of Economic and Social Affairs

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www.un.org United Nations Pavilion Magazine 29

The United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS

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www.unaids.org UNAIDS, the joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, is an innovative joint venture of the United Nations family, bringing together the efforts and resources of ten UN organizations in the AIDS response to help the world prevent new HIV infections, care for people living with HIV, and mitigate the impact of the epidemic.

With its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS works in more than 80 countries worldwide with other UN organizations.

UNAIDS focuses on advocating for effective action on the AIDS epidemic, providing strategic information and policies to guide efforts in the AIDS response worldwide, tracking, monitoring and evaluation of the epidemic and providing AIDS-related epidemiological data and analysis, engaging civil society and developing partnerships, and mobilizing financial, human and technical resources to support an effective response.

Children born of hope in Viet Nam Hand in hand with her five-year-old son at 7 a.m., Ngan hurries out of her small home in Thanh Xuan, the area in Hanoi where she lives. She is on her way to do some early morning grocery shopping before taking her son to

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his kindergarten, just like the many other mothers you can see when a new day starts in the city. But Ngan’ s story is different: she is HIV-positive and is now 22 weeks into her second pregnancy.

child before, during and after delivery. Better equipped obstetric facilities with staff knowledgeable on HIV and prevention of mother-to-child-transmission are much needed at the provincial level.

Ngan still remembers the shock of her HIV-positive result at a routine antenatal check-up during her first pregnancy five years ago. The following months, when she dealt with her own emotions and fears, were tough. At the same time, Ngan faced discrimination from the community and even her own family. The anxiety of transmitting the virus to her baby was with her day and night.

Ngan considers herself luck that the virus was not transmitted to her son from her, because she had access to prevention of mother-to-child services.

Without these services, the chances of passing HIV to the baby are 30 to 40 percent. With the provision of comprehensive prevention services, the transmission rate can be reduced to less than 2 percent.

Thanks to the early discovery of Ngan’ s HIV status, she received antiretroviral therapy during the first quarter of her pregnancy. Huy, Ngan’ s son, was born a healthy boy free of HIV in October 2004.

When the sun sets over Hanoi, Ngan has already picked up Huy from the kindergarten, making their way home on the bustling streets of Hanoi.

Ngan is expecting her second baby. She visits the Tay Ho Day Care Centre for an antenatal check to make sure that everything is okay with the baby she carries. Her doctor tells her that she is in good health and that the baby is now 450 grams.

HIV-positive women in Viet Nam’s provinces who want to become mothers are still concerned about where to get the comprehensive care for both mother and

Helping each other out after a long day, Ngan and her husband Quang cook together in their small house in the Thanh Xuan district of Hanoi.

Father and son play in together after dinner, but the evening is not ending yet for husband and wife. Ngan is an active member of the White Dove Club, a self-help group of people living with HIV covering the southern district of Thanh Xuan. Every night Ngan visits locations frequented by injecting drug users in the area.

The White Dove Club team collects used syringes and needles and distributes clean ones to the people who inject drugs. Her husband Quang, a former drug user, drives Ngan around while their son stays at home with his grandparents.

Ngan and Quang have regained the acceptance of their neighbours because people appreciate that they lead a healthy life. Ngan’ s parents-in-law, whose other two sons died from drug use, are proud of their eldest son for the support and care he shows his family.

作为联合国下属的一项创新的艾滋病病毒/艾滋 病合作计划，联合国艾滋病规划署通过整合十个联 合国组织的艾滋病防治努力和资源，帮助全世界预 防新的艾滋病病毒感染、为艾滋病病毒感染者提供 关怀以及降低疫情影响。

在第一次怀孕期间，她在一次常规胎检中被查 出感染了艾滋病病毒。在接下来的几个月里，她一 直沉浸在悲伤和恐惧中。同时，阿银还受到了来自 社区、甚至是自己家人的歧视。怕把病毒传给孩子 的担心也日夜折磨着她。

联合国艾滋病规划署总部位于瑞士日内瓦，与 其它联合国组织在全世界80多个国家开展合作。

由于阿银的艾滋病病毒病情被及早发现，她在 怀孕的第一个季度就接受了抗逆转录治疗。2004年 10月，阿银的儿子小辉呱呱坠地，他很健康，也没 有感染艾滋病病毒。

联合国艾滋病规划署致力于倡导有效控制艾滋 病疫情的行动，提供战略信息和政策以指导全世界 艾滋病防治努力，跟踪、监控和评估疫情和提供艾 滋病相关流行病学数据和分析，鼓励民间团体参与 并建立伙伴关系，以及调动资金、人力和技术资源 为有效防治提供支持。 希望与新生：一个越南母亲的故事 早上7点，阿银拉着她五岁儿子的手匆匆走出她 位于河内青春郡的小屋。就像你清晨在这个城市看 到的许多其它母亲一样，她会先去买一些杂货，再 送儿子去幼儿园。但阿银却有一点与别人不同：她 是一位艾滋病病毒感染者，现在已是她第二次怀孕 的22周。

如果没有这些服务，艾滋病病毒传给胎儿的机率为 30-40%。而通过提供全面的预防服务，母婴传播机 率可降至2%以下。

外两个儿子都因吸毒而丧命，他们为大儿子对家庭 的支持和照顾感到十分自豪。

日落时分，阿银已从幼儿园接回小辉，沿着河 内熙熙攘攘的街道回家了。 在忙碌了漫长的一天之后，阿银和她的丈夫阿 光一起在他们河内青春郡的小屋里生火做饭。

阿银现在正期待第二个宝宝的出世。她来到 西湖日间护理中心进行胎检，以确定她怀的宝宝 一切正常。医生告诉她，她身体良好，胎儿现在 体重已有450克。

晚饭后，父亲会逗儿子玩一会，但对于这对夫 妻而言，这个晚上并没有结束。阿银是一名积极的 白鸽俱乐部成员，该俱乐部是由青春郡南部的艾滋 病病毒感染者组成的自助团体。每天晚上，阿银都 会造访该地区注射吸毒者经常出没的地方。

在越南各个省份，想做妈妈的艾滋病病毒女性 感染者仍在为到哪里才能得到全面的分娩前、分娩 期间和分娩后母婴护理而担心。各个省亟需装备更 完善的产科医院以及掌握艾滋病病毒及母婴传播预 防知识的医务人员。

白鸽俱乐部团队收集用过的针管和针头，并向 注射吸毒者分发干净的针管和针头。她的丈夫阿光 以前曾是一名吸毒者，而现在他开车送阿银到各处 地点以协助她的工作。他们的儿子与爷爷奶奶呆在 家里。

由于她接受了母婴传播预防服务，她感染的病 毒并没有传给她的儿子，因此阿银觉得自己很幸运。

阿银和阿光重新得到了邻居的接纳，因为人们 十分赞赏他们这种健康的生活方式。阿银公婆的另

联合国儿童基金会 United Nations Pavilion Magazine 31

www.unicef.org

The United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS

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www.unaids.org UNAIDS, the joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, is an innovative joint venture of the United Nations family, bringing together the efforts and resources of ten UN organizations in the AIDS response to help the world prevent new HIV infections, care for people living with HIV, and mitigate the impact of the epidemic.

With its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS works in more than 80 countries worldwide with other UN organizations.

UNAIDS focuses on advocating for effective action on the AIDS epidemic, providing strategic information and policies to guide efforts in the AIDS response worldwide, tracking, monitoring and evaluation of the epidemic and providing AIDS-related epidemiological data and analysis, engaging civil society and developing partnerships, and mobilizing financial, human and technical resources to support an effective response.

Children born of hope in Viet Nam Hand in hand with her five-year-old son at 7 a.m., Ngan hurries out of her small home in Thanh Xuan, the area in Hanoi where she lives. She is on her way to do some early morning grocery shopping before taking her son to

30 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

his kindergarten, just like the many other mothers you can see when a new day starts in the city. But Ngan’ s story is different: she is HIV-positive and is now 22 weeks into her second pregnancy.

child before, during and after delivery. Better equipped obstetric facilities with staff knowledgeable on HIV and prevention of mother-to-child-transmission are much needed at the provincial level.

Ngan still remembers the shock of her HIV-positive result at a routine antenatal check-up during her first pregnancy five years ago. The following months, when she dealt with her own emotions and fears, were tough. At the same time, Ngan faced discrimination from the community and even her own family. The anxiety of transmitting the virus to her baby was with her day and night.

Ngan considers herself luck that the virus was not transmitted to her son from her, because she had access to prevention of mother-to-child services.

Without these services, the chances of passing HIV to the baby are 30 to 40 percent. With the provision of comprehensive prevention services, the transmission rate can be reduced to less than 2 percent.

Thanks to the early discovery of Ngan’ s HIV status, she received antiretroviral therapy during the first quarter of her pregnancy. Huy, Ngan’ s son, was born a healthy boy free of HIV in October 2004.

When the sun sets over Hanoi, Ngan has already picked up Huy from the kindergarten, making their way home on the bustling streets of Hanoi.

Ngan is expecting her second baby. She visits the Tay Ho Day Care Centre for an antenatal check to make sure that everything is okay with the baby she carries. Her doctor tells her that she is in good health and that the baby is now 450 grams.

HIV-positive women in Viet Nam’s provinces who want to become mothers are still concerned about where to get the comprehensive care for both mother and

Helping each other out after a long day, Ngan and her husband Quang cook together in their small house in the Thanh Xuan district of Hanoi.

Father and son play in together after dinner, but the evening is not ending yet for husband and wife. Ngan is an active member of the White Dove Club, a self-help group of people living with HIV covering the southern district of Thanh Xuan. Every night Ngan visits locations frequented by injecting drug users in the area.

The White Dove Club team collects used syringes and needles and distributes clean ones to the people who inject drugs. Her husband Quang, a former drug user, drives Ngan around while their son stays at home with his grandparents.

Ngan and Quang have regained the acceptance of their neighbours because people appreciate that they lead a healthy life. Ngan’ s parents-in-law, whose other two sons died from drug use, are proud of their eldest son for the support and care he shows his family.

作为联合国下属的一项创新的艾滋病病毒/艾滋 病合作计划，联合国艾滋病规划署通过整合十个联 合国组织的艾滋病防治努力和资源，帮助全世界预 防新的艾滋病病毒感染、为艾滋病病毒感染者提供 关怀以及降低疫情影响。

在第一次怀孕期间，她在一次常规胎检中被查 出感染了艾滋病病毒。在接下来的几个月里，她一 直沉浸在悲伤和恐惧中。同时，阿银还受到了来自 社区、甚至是自己家人的歧视。怕把病毒传给孩子 的担心也日夜折磨着她。

联合国艾滋病规划署总部位于瑞士日内瓦，与 其它联合国组织在全世界80多个国家开展合作。

由于阿银的艾滋病病毒病情被及早发现，她在 怀孕的第一个季度就接受了抗逆转录治疗。2004年 10月，阿银的儿子小辉呱呱坠地，他很健康，也没 有感染艾滋病病毒。

联合国艾滋病规划署致力于倡导有效控制艾滋 病疫情的行动，提供战略信息和政策以指导全世界 艾滋病防治努力，跟踪、监控和评估疫情和提供艾 滋病相关流行病学数据和分析，鼓励民间团体参与 并建立伙伴关系，以及调动资金、人力和技术资源 为有效防治提供支持。 希望与新生：一个越南母亲的故事 早上7点，阿银拉着她五岁儿子的手匆匆走出她 位于河内青春郡的小屋。就像你清晨在这个城市看 到的许多其它母亲一样，她会先去买一些杂货，再 送儿子去幼儿园。但阿银却有一点与别人不同：她 是一位艾滋病病毒感染者，现在已是她第二次怀孕 的22周。

如果没有这些服务，艾滋病病毒传给胎儿的机率为 30-40%。而通过提供全面的预防服务，母婴传播机 率可降至2%以下。

外两个儿子都因吸毒而丧命，他们为大儿子对家庭 的支持和照顾感到十分自豪。

日落时分，阿银已从幼儿园接回小辉，沿着河 内熙熙攘攘的街道回家了。 在忙碌了漫长的一天之后，阿银和她的丈夫阿 光一起在他们河内青春郡的小屋里生火做饭。

阿银现在正期待第二个宝宝的出世。她来到 西湖日间护理中心进行胎检，以确定她怀的宝宝 一切正常。医生告诉她，她身体良好，胎儿现在 体重已有450克。

晚饭后，父亲会逗儿子玩一会，但对于这对夫 妻而言，这个晚上并没有结束。阿银是一名积极的 白鸽俱乐部成员，该俱乐部是由青春郡南部的艾滋 病病毒感染者组成的自助团体。每天晚上，阿银都 会造访该地区注射吸毒者经常出没的地方。

在越南各个省份，想做妈妈的艾滋病病毒女性 感染者仍在为到哪里才能得到全面的分娩前、分娩 期间和分娩后母婴护理而担心。各个省亟需装备更 完善的产科医院以及掌握艾滋病病毒及母婴传播预 防知识的医务人员。

白鸽俱乐部团队收集用过的针管和针头，并向 注射吸毒者分发干净的针管和针头。她的丈夫阿光 以前曾是一名吸毒者，而现在他开车送阿银到各处 地点以协助她的工作。他们的儿子与爷爷奶奶呆在 家里。

由于她接受了母婴传播预防服务，她感染的病 毒并没有传给她的儿子，因此阿银觉得自己很幸运。

阿银和阿光重新得到了邻居的接纳，因为人们 十分赞赏他们这种健康的生活方式。阿银公婆的另

联合国儿童基金会 United Nations Pavilion Magazine 31

www.unicef.org

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was established to mobilize concerted and coordinated action to address threats from desertification, land degradation and drought. Its main strategic goals are to improve the living conditions of affected populations, generate global benefits and mobilize resources through partnerships.

Land enRichment, Recovery and Rehabilitation leads to BETTER CITY BETTER LIFE Desertification: better cities better life. What does desertification have to do with cities? A lot, we tell you.

Urbanization promotes desertification through the overexploitation of scare resources. Cities, on the other hand, are often the main recipients of desertification-induced migrants leaving their land due to food insecurity, poverty, wood and water shortages, and conflict.

At least 1.2 billion poor live in the drylands, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report of 2006. That means that one out of six people today is a poor drylands inhabitant.

According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, drylands populations suffer from the poorest economic conditions. They lag behind the rest of the world in development and human well-being indicators such as infant mortality. In short, the poor in the drylands are among the poorest of the poor in the world.

Poverty is very closely linked to cities. In many developing countries, the urban poor depend on food produced from the city’ s outskirts to meet their daily needs. This can lead quickly to over-cultivation for two reasons. Drylands are fragile ecosystems. And in many developing countries, rural populations and the urban poor depend on land-based activities to generate income as a way to alleviate poverty. Thus, consequences of high urbanization for countries where drylands take up a significant proportion of the land are ominous.

An entitlement-based approach to the threats of desertification, land degradation and drought has the potential to advance the human rights of low-income groups living in dryland ecosystems. Attention to land in the drylands is critical to poverty eradication and sustainable ecosystems in both the urban and rural areas. UNCCD promotes sustainable land management to enhance food productivity and sustainable agricultural production systems.

32 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

《联合国防治荒漠化公约》（UNCCD）的设立 旨在动员大家协调一致的行动来抵制荒漠化、土地 退化及干旱的威胁。其主要的战略目标在于改善受 灾人口的生活条件、让全球受益及通过合作来动员 各种资源的利用。

千年生态系统评估报告显示，旱地居民所处的 经济环境最为恶劣。无论在发展还是诸如婴幼儿死 亡率等人类福祉指标方面，他们都落后于世界其它 地区。简言之，干旱地区的贫苦人口是世界最穷困 的人口之一。

土地肥沃、恢复和复原让城市及生活更美好

贫困与城市紧密相连。许多发展中国家中，城 市贫困人口的日常所需都依赖于其市郊的食物生产。 这可能快速地导致过度耕作，原因有二。其一，旱 地生态系统十分脆弱。而许多发展中国家的农村人 口和城市贫困人口都依赖于土地活动来创造收入， 减轻贫困。从而，旱地占其国土重大比例的国家的 高度城市化所带来的后果不容乐观。

荒漠化、城市与生活。荒漠化与城市有何干系？ 我们告诉你，关系大着呢。城市化进程导致了稀缺 资源的过度开采，从而催生了土壤的荒漠化。而另 一方面，城市通常沦为由荒漠化导致的移民的主要 移居地，这些移民由于粮食不安全、贫困、树木及 水资源短缺、冲突等各种原因离开其原来居住的土地。 据2006年千年生态系统评估报告显示，至少12 亿贫困人口皆居住在旱地。这意味着当今世界六分 之一的人口为贫困旱地的居民。

探寻抵御荒漠化、土地退化和干旱的威胁的基 于权利的方法将有可能增进旱地生态系统低收入居 民群体的人权。关注干旱地区的土地对于根除城市 及农村地区贫困现象、打造可持续的生态系统尤为

关键。UNCCD正致力于促进可持续的土地管理，旨 在提高食品生产力，增进可持续的农业生产系统。

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

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www.unccd.int.org

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 33

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was established to mobilize concerted and coordinated action to address threats from desertification, land degradation and drought. Its main strategic goals are to improve the living conditions of affected populations, generate global benefits and mobilize resources through partnerships.

Land enRichment, Recovery and Rehabilitation leads to BETTER CITY BETTER LIFE Desertification: better cities better life. What does desertification have to do with cities? A lot, we tell you.

Urbanization promotes desertification through the overexploitation of scare resources. Cities, on the other hand, are often the main recipients of desertification-induced migrants leaving their land due to food insecurity, poverty, wood and water shortages, and conflict.

At least 1.2 billion poor live in the drylands, according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report of 2006. That means that one out of six people today is a poor drylands inhabitant.

According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, drylands populations suffer from the poorest economic conditions. They lag behind the rest of the world in development and human well-being indicators such as infant mortality. In short, the poor in the drylands are among the poorest of the poor in the world.

Poverty is very closely linked to cities. In many developing countries, the urban poor depend on food produced from the city’ s outskirts to meet their daily needs. This can lead quickly to over-cultivation for two reasons. Drylands are fragile ecosystems. And in many developing countries, rural populations and the urban poor depend on land-based activities to generate income as a way to alleviate poverty. Thus, consequences of high urbanization for countries where drylands take up a significant proportion of the land are ominous.

An entitlement-based approach to the threats of desertification, land degradation and drought has the potential to advance the human rights of low-income groups living in dryland ecosystems. Attention to land in the drylands is critical to poverty eradication and sustainable ecosystems in both the urban and rural areas. UNCCD promotes sustainable land management to enhance food productivity and sustainable agricultural production systems.

32 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

《联合国防治荒漠化公约》（UNCCD）的设立 旨在动员大家协调一致的行动来抵制荒漠化、土地 退化及干旱的威胁。其主要的战略目标在于改善受 灾人口的生活条件、让全球受益及通过合作来动员 各种资源的利用。

千年生态系统评估报告显示，旱地居民所处的 经济环境最为恶劣。无论在发展还是诸如婴幼儿死 亡率等人类福祉指标方面，他们都落后于世界其它 地区。简言之，干旱地区的贫苦人口是世界最穷困 的人口之一。

土地肥沃、恢复和复原让城市及生活更美好

贫困与城市紧密相连。许多发展中国家中，城 市贫困人口的日常所需都依赖于其市郊的食物生产。 这可能快速地导致过度耕作，原因有二。其一，旱 地生态系统十分脆弱。而许多发展中国家的农村人 口和城市贫困人口都依赖于土地活动来创造收入， 减轻贫困。从而，旱地占其国土重大比例的国家的 高度城市化所带来的后果不容乐观。

荒漠化、城市与生活。荒漠化与城市有何干系？ 我们告诉你，关系大着呢。城市化进程导致了稀缺 资源的过度开采，从而催生了土壤的荒漠化。而另 一方面，城市通常沦为由荒漠化导致的移民的主要 移居地，这些移民由于粮食不安全、贫困、树木及 水资源短缺、冲突等各种原因离开其原来居住的土地。 据2006年千年生态系统评估报告显示，至少12 亿贫困人口皆居住在旱地。这意味着当今世界六分 之一的人口为贫困旱地的居民。

探寻抵御荒漠化、土地退化和干旱的威胁的基 于权利的方法将有可能增进旱地生态系统低收入居 民群体的人权。关注干旱地区的土地对于根除城市 及农村地区贫困现象、打造可持续的生态系统尤为

关键。UNCCD正致力于促进可持续的土地管理，旨 在提高食品生产力，增进可持续的农业生产系统。

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

联

合

国

防

治

荒

漠

化

公

约

www.unccd.int.org

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 33

10-day Empretec training course for entrepreneurs, and the firm began to prosper.

Now Ebenut has 15 full-time and 20 part-time workers, occupies two buildings in Ghana's capital city of Accra, and produces four tons per month of bite-sized pineapple, coconut, mango, banana, and papaya snacks, along with similar dried-vegetable products. The food has been certified as organic by the European Union, and 85% of it is exported to Switzerland and Germany. Much of the rest goes to Senegal, where, in 2006, Ebenut won a government award for the best packaged agro-business product in Africa.

Ms. Apea-Kubi and her company are a good example of how entrepreneurship helps to improve lives and speed economic progress in developing countries.

Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) make up the majority of businesses in industrialized nations and provide the majority of jobs. Competitive and creative, SMEs are where many new ideas and products are born. But economists who study developing countries have long been concerned about what they call the "missing middle." The world's poorer nations frequently have large businesses (often connected with the government or with transnational corporations) and very small, informal businesses.

What is missing are standard, legally incorporated small- and medium-sized firms.

Empretec was founded in 1988 to address this shortage and to support existing SMEs, and to date has trained over 180,000 aspiring entrepreneurs.

Many have founded or expanded companies and have created hundreds of thousands of jobs. The programme now operates through Empretec centres in 27 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Ms. Apea-Kubi took her basic training course at Empretec Ghana and has since attended Empretec workshops in accounting and management, quality management, and packaging.

Support of SMEs reflects many of the concerns and activities of UNCTAD, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Ebenut is prospering because of the connection between trade and development -- it has long been clear that poor nations can help raise living standards by selling on international markets and by linking into the global economy.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) helps developing countries benefit from the global economy. In recent years it has focused on a major shift affecting the world's poorer nations: a massive population migration from the countryside to the cities.

UNCTAD was founded in 1964 on a principle that has been confirmed by China's spectacular economic growth in recent decades: trade in goods and services – and the flows of international investment that support it – are a powerful force for development.

Growing economies are increasingly centred in cities, which serve as hubs of manufacturing, services, jobs, technology, banking, and investment. China has thrived in recent decades by capitalizing on these urban ingredients of economic growth.

34 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

UNCTAD’ s work is based on three pillars: research and analysis on how developing nations can expand their industry and services and create more jobs; technical cooperation projects to help countries e.g., to streamline their customs procedures, attract foreign investments and encourage the creation of small businesses; and consensus building e.g. “South-South” trade agreements to promote increasing exchange of technology, goods and services.

UNCTAD’ s work is based on three pillars: research and analysis on how developing nations can expand their industry and services and create more jobs; technical cooperation projects to help countries e.g., to streamline their customs procedures, attract foreign investments and encourage the creation of small businesses; and consensus building e.g. “South-South” trade

agreements to promote increasing exchange of technology, goods and services.

Paully Apea-Kubi was appalled at the waste she saw when she visited pineapple and mango farms in Ghana in the mid-1990s. "Farmers grew so much, but the export market was limited. Huge quantities were left over. There were no storage facilities, so the fruit just rotted. Farmers left it in piles, hoping someone would come by and take it."

Ms. Apea-Kubi founded a company called Ebenut Ghana Ltd., to dry, preserve, and package this leftover fruit and sell it as snack food. ("Ebenut" is a modification of the Ghanaian word for "coconut.")

She began in 1995 with one worker producing 25 kilograms per month. In 1996, she took UNCTAD's

UNCTAD also has long advised developing countries to diversify their economies -- too many have depended on exporting basic farm goods. Ebenut's snack foods are processed goods -- a step up the economic value chain. Processed foods generate steadier demand for farmers' crops and sell for higher

prices. UNCTAD also has advocated steps to create urban jobs, because young people in many developing countries are moving from farms to cities. crops and sell for higher prices. UNCTAD also has advocated steps to create urban jobs, because young people in many developing countries are moving from farms to cities.

Ebenut, in its small way, helps. It not only provides urban jobs but supplies reliable income to 15 mango farmers, 10 pineapple farmers, 10 papaya farmers, and two banana plantations. "Most of them nearly gave up a few years ago," Ms. Apea-Kubi says.

"Because I buy in large quantities from them, they kept their farms. They didn't move to the city. Some of their children even came back from Accra."

Ebenut's organic products are an example of another hopeful trend. African farmers, who often have small plots and can't afford chemicals and pesticides, have experience with growing "naturally." With some training, they can produce food that is certified as organic and sells for premium prices in European and North American markets. Ms. Apea-Kubi, in West A f r i c a , b e n e fi t s g r e a t l y f r o m h e r E U o r g a n i c certification. Similarly UNCTAD, working with a number of partner organizations, won approval in 2007 for an East African Organic Products Standard, the second regional organic standard in the world following that developed by the EU. Ebenut is now preparing to export two traditional Ghanaian dishes -- Jollof rice and cassava-and-vegetables -- as convenience food to the United States. That will mean more jobs and add to Ghana's fledgling culture of entrepreneurship. When small businesses are founded and succeed, they create a sense of practical optimism: families and communities realize that going into business is a feasible and effective way of escaping poverty.

联合国贸易开发会议（UNCTAD）旨在帮助发展 中国家从全球经济中受益。近年来，UNCTAD将关注 的重点聚焦于对全球贫困国家产生重大影响的一个显 著转变上：即，大量人口从乡村往城市迁徙。 第一届UNCTAD于1964年召开，其宗旨与核心 原则为：商品和服务贸易——以及为此提供支持的 国际投资流——是发展的重大推动力量。中国经济 在近几十年的杰出表现正印证了这一原则。成长型 经济体正日益向城市集中，将城市变为制造、服务、 求职、技术、银行和投资据点。通过对这些城市经 济增长元素进行资本化，中国经济在近几十年中取 得了飞速的发展。 UNCTAD的工作主要基于三大支柱：对发展中 国家如何能够拓展自己的工业和服务、并创造更多

就业岗位进行研究与分析；帮助各国就简化海关手 续、吸引外资并鼓励小企业成长开展技术合作；以 及就通过“南南”贸易协议等推动技术、商品和服务 更广泛的交流建立共识。 20世纪90年代中期，当Paully Apea-Kubi参观加 纳的菠萝园和芒果园时，她为眼前所见的大量浪费 感到震惊。“果农种植得太多了，而出口市场非常有限。 大量水果出口无门，形成浪费。那里没有储存设施， 因此水果最终都腐烂了。果农把水果堆在一起，希 望有人会来接手买下。” Apea-Kubi女士成立了Ebenut Ghana Ltd.公司， 对剩余的水果进行干燥、防腐处理并加以包装，将 它们做成零食销售。（“Ebenut”取自加纳语“椰子”的 谐音。）1995年公司创立之初，全部员工就是一名 工人，每月产量为25公斤。次年，Apea-Kubi女士参 加了UNCTAD组织的为期10天的Empretec企业家培 训课程，公司就此开始取得了长足的发展。 目前，Ebenut公司旗下包括15名全职工人和20 名兼职工人，并在加纳首都阿克拉拥有两栋办公楼。 公司每月生产的小块菠萝、椰子、芒果、香蕉、番木 瓜休闲零食和其他蔬果干产品达4吨。公司生产的食 品获欧盟有机认证，其中85%出口瑞士和德国。其他 出口目标国家还包括塞内加尔。2006年，Ebenut在 非洲荣获由政府颁发的最佳包装农业综合产品奖。 Apea-Kubi女士和她的公司为企业如何为改善发 展中国家生活水平并促进经济发展做出贡献树立了 良好的榜样。中小型企业（SMEs）是工业化国家商业 的主要模式，并创造了最多的工作岗位。SMEs竞争力 和创造力兼备，是孕育许多新理念和新产品的摇篮。 但是，从事发展中国家研究的经济学家们长期以来 一直为一个问题感到忧虑，即他们口中所称的“中坚 的缺失”。全球范围内，欠发达国家往往都拥有大型 企业（常常与政府或大型跨国公司有联系）和规模 很小的非正式企业，但是依法注册成立的标准中小 型企业则呈现缺失的状态。

的国家数量实在过多。Ebenut生产的休闲零食属于 加工商品——在经济价值链上来讲这是一个进步。 加工食品可以为农产品带来更稳定的需求量，并可 以卖出更高的价格。UNCTAD还主张创造城市工作 岗位，因为很多发展中国家的年轻人正从农场向 城市迁徙。 Ebenut通过自己的努力为这一目标作出贡献。 公司不仅创造城市工作岗位，而且也为15名芒果果 农、10名菠萝果农、10名番木瓜果农和2个香蕉种 植场提供稳定的收入。“几年前，他们中的大多数都 几乎要放弃了，” Apea-Kubi女士说道。“因为我大量 地从他们那里购买，他们保住了自己的农场。他们 并没有向城市迁徙。有些人的孩子甚至还从阿克拉 回来了。” Ebenut的有机产品还揭示了另一种很有前景的 趋势。拥有小片土地但却无法承担化学药品和杀虫 剂费用的非洲难民体验到了“自然地”成长。通过培训， 他们能够生产经过认证的有机食品，并在欧洲和北 美市场溢价销售。在西非经营企业的Apea-Kubi女士 从欧盟有机认证中获益良多。UNCTAD与伙伴组织 合作，在2007年获得了东非有机食品标准审批通过， 这是继欧盟标准后全球第二个地区性有机标准。 Ebenut 目 前 正 准 备 将 两 种 加 纳 传 统 食 品 ——Jollof 大米和木薯蔬菜——作为方便食品向美国 出口。这就意味着可以产生更多的工作岗位，并为加 纳尚处于起步阶段的管理文化提供锻炼的机会和发 展的空间。小企业的建立与成功有助于营造一种具有 现实意义的乐观主义氛围：家庭和社区都意识到经 商是一种可行而有效的脱贫方式。

有鉴于此，Empretec于1988年应运而生，旨在 为现有的S M E s 提供支持与帮助。至今，参加了 Empretec培训的企业家人数已逾18万。他们或创立 或扩建自己的公司，创造了大量的工作岗位。 Empretec目前在非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲的27个国家开 设培训课程。Apea-Kubi女士在加纳参加了Empretec 基础培训课程，随后又相继参加了Empretec组织的会 计与管理、质量管理和包装等工作坊活动。 对于SMEs的支持凸显了联合国贸易开发会议 （UNCTAD）对这一问题的关注及为此作出的各项努力。 Ebenut的成功正是因为贸易与发展之间的联接——历 史的经验已经证明，贫穷国家可以通过向国际市场出 口并与全球经济建立联系来提高生活水平。 UNCTAD长期以来一直建议发展中国家让自己 的经济多元化发展——因为，依靠基础农产品出口

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

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www.unctad.org

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 35

10-day Empretec training course for entrepreneurs, and the firm began to prosper.

Now Ebenut has 15 full-time and 20 part-time workers, occupies two buildings in Ghana's capital city of Accra, and produces four tons per month of bite-sized pineapple, coconut, mango, banana, and papaya snacks, along with similar dried-vegetable products. The food has been certified as organic by the European Union, and 85% of it is exported to Switzerland and Germany. Much of the rest goes to Senegal, where, in 2006, Ebenut won a government award for the best packaged agro-business product in Africa.

Ms. Apea-Kubi and her company are a good example of how entrepreneurship helps to improve lives and speed economic progress in developing countries.

Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) make up the majority of businesses in industrialized nations and provide the majority of jobs. Competitive and creative, SMEs are where many new ideas and products are born. But economists who study developing countries have long been concerned about what they call the "missing middle." The world's poorer nations frequently have large businesses (often connected with the government or with transnational corporations) and very small, informal businesses.

What is missing are standard, legally incorporated small- and medium-sized firms.

Empretec was founded in 1988 to address this shortage and to support existing SMEs, and to date has trained over 180,000 aspiring entrepreneurs.

Many have founded or expanded companies and have created hundreds of thousands of jobs. The programme now operates through Empretec centres in 27 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Ms. Apea-Kubi took her basic training course at Empretec Ghana and has since attended Empretec workshops in accounting and management, quality management, and packaging.

Support of SMEs reflects many of the concerns and activities of UNCTAD, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Ebenut is prospering because of the connection between trade and development -- it has long been clear that poor nations can help raise living standards by selling on international markets and by linking into the global economy.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) helps developing countries benefit from the global economy. In recent years it has focused on a major shift affecting the world's poorer nations: a massive population migration from the countryside to the cities.

UNCTAD was founded in 1964 on a principle that has been confirmed by China's spectacular economic growth in recent decades: trade in goods and services – and the flows of international investment that support it – are a powerful force for development.

Growing economies are increasingly centred in cities, which serve as hubs of manufacturing, services, jobs, technology, banking, and investment. China has thrived in recent decades by capitalizing on these urban ingredients of economic growth.

34 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

UNCTAD’ s work is based on three pillars: research and analysis on how developing nations can expand their industry and services and create more jobs; technical cooperation projects to help countries e.g., to streamline their customs procedures, attract foreign investments and encourage the creation of small businesses; and consensus building e.g. “South-South” trade agreements to promote increasing exchange of technology, goods and services.

UNCTAD’ s work is based on three pillars: research and analysis on how developing nations can expand their industry and services and create more jobs; technical cooperation projects to help countries e.g., to streamline their customs procedures, attract foreign investments and encourage the creation of small businesses; and consensus building e.g. “South-South” trade

agreements to promote increasing exchange of technology, goods and services.

Paully Apea-Kubi was appalled at the waste she saw when she visited pineapple and mango farms in Ghana in the mid-1990s. "Farmers grew so much, but the export market was limited. Huge quantities were left over. There were no storage facilities, so the fruit just rotted. Farmers left it in piles, hoping someone would come by and take it."

Ms. Apea-Kubi founded a company called Ebenut Ghana Ltd., to dry, preserve, and package this leftover fruit and sell it as snack food. ("Ebenut" is a modification of the Ghanaian word for "coconut.")

She began in 1995 with one worker producing 25 kilograms per month. In 1996, she took UNCTAD's

UNCTAD also has long advised developing countries to diversify their economies -- too many have depended on exporting basic farm goods. Ebenut's snack foods are processed goods -- a step up the economic value chain. Processed foods generate steadier demand for farmers' crops and sell for higher

prices. UNCTAD also has advocated steps to create urban jobs, because young people in many developing countries are moving from farms to cities. crops and sell for higher prices. UNCTAD also has advocated steps to create urban jobs, because young people in many developing countries are moving from farms to cities.

Ebenut, in its small way, helps. It not only provides urban jobs but supplies reliable income to 15 mango farmers, 10 pineapple farmers, 10 papaya farmers, and two banana plantations. "Most of them nearly gave up a few years ago," Ms. Apea-Kubi says.

"Because I buy in large quantities from them, they kept their farms. They didn't move to the city. Some of their children even came back from Accra."

Ebenut's organic products are an example of another hopeful trend. African farmers, who often have small plots and can't afford chemicals and pesticides, have experience with growing "naturally." With some training, they can produce food that is certified as organic and sells for premium prices in European and North American markets. Ms. Apea-Kubi, in West A f r i c a , b e n e fi t s g r e a t l y f r o m h e r E U o r g a n i c certification. Similarly UNCTAD, working with a number of partner organizations, won approval in 2007 for an East African Organic Products Standard, the second regional organic standard in the world following that developed by the EU. Ebenut is now preparing to export two traditional Ghanaian dishes -- Jollof rice and cassava-and-vegetables -- as convenience food to the United States. That will mean more jobs and add to Ghana's fledgling culture of entrepreneurship. When small businesses are founded and succeed, they create a sense of practical optimism: families and communities realize that going into business is a feasible and effective way of escaping poverty.

联合国贸易开发会议（UNCTAD）旨在帮助发展 中国家从全球经济中受益。近年来，UNCTAD将关注 的重点聚焦于对全球贫困国家产生重大影响的一个显 著转变上：即，大量人口从乡村往城市迁徙。 第一届UNCTAD于1964年召开，其宗旨与核心 原则为：商品和服务贸易——以及为此提供支持的 国际投资流——是发展的重大推动力量。中国经济 在近几十年的杰出表现正印证了这一原则。成长型 经济体正日益向城市集中，将城市变为制造、服务、 求职、技术、银行和投资据点。通过对这些城市经 济增长元素进行资本化，中国经济在近几十年中取 得了飞速的发展。 UNCTAD的工作主要基于三大支柱：对发展中 国家如何能够拓展自己的工业和服务、并创造更多

就业岗位进行研究与分析；帮助各国就简化海关手 续、吸引外资并鼓励小企业成长开展技术合作；以 及就通过“南南”贸易协议等推动技术、商品和服务 更广泛的交流建立共识。 20世纪90年代中期，当Paully Apea-Kubi参观加 纳的菠萝园和芒果园时，她为眼前所见的大量浪费 感到震惊。“果农种植得太多了，而出口市场非常有限。 大量水果出口无门，形成浪费。那里没有储存设施， 因此水果最终都腐烂了。果农把水果堆在一起，希 望有人会来接手买下。” Apea-Kubi女士成立了Ebenut Ghana Ltd.公司， 对剩余的水果进行干燥、防腐处理并加以包装，将 它们做成零食销售。（“Ebenut”取自加纳语“椰子”的 谐音。）1995年公司创立之初，全部员工就是一名 工人，每月产量为25公斤。次年，Apea-Kubi女士参 加了UNCTAD组织的为期10天的Empretec企业家培 训课程，公司就此开始取得了长足的发展。 目前，Ebenut公司旗下包括15名全职工人和20 名兼职工人，并在加纳首都阿克拉拥有两栋办公楼。 公司每月生产的小块菠萝、椰子、芒果、香蕉、番木 瓜休闲零食和其他蔬果干产品达4吨。公司生产的食 品获欧盟有机认证，其中85%出口瑞士和德国。其他 出口目标国家还包括塞内加尔。2006年，Ebenut在 非洲荣获由政府颁发的最佳包装农业综合产品奖。 Apea-Kubi女士和她的公司为企业如何为改善发 展中国家生活水平并促进经济发展做出贡献树立了 良好的榜样。中小型企业（SMEs）是工业化国家商业 的主要模式，并创造了最多的工作岗位。SMEs竞争力 和创造力兼备，是孕育许多新理念和新产品的摇篮。 但是，从事发展中国家研究的经济学家们长期以来 一直为一个问题感到忧虑，即他们口中所称的“中坚 的缺失”。全球范围内，欠发达国家往往都拥有大型 企业（常常与政府或大型跨国公司有联系）和规模 很小的非正式企业，但是依法注册成立的标准中小 型企业则呈现缺失的状态。

的国家数量实在过多。Ebenut生产的休闲零食属于 加工商品——在经济价值链上来讲这是一个进步。 加工食品可以为农产品带来更稳定的需求量，并可 以卖出更高的价格。UNCTAD还主张创造城市工作 岗位，因为很多发展中国家的年轻人正从农场向 城市迁徙。 Ebenut通过自己的努力为这一目标作出贡献。 公司不仅创造城市工作岗位，而且也为15名芒果果 农、10名菠萝果农、10名番木瓜果农和2个香蕉种 植场提供稳定的收入。“几年前，他们中的大多数都 几乎要放弃了，” Apea-Kubi女士说道。“因为我大量 地从他们那里购买，他们保住了自己的农场。他们 并没有向城市迁徙。有些人的孩子甚至还从阿克拉 回来了。” Ebenut的有机产品还揭示了另一种很有前景的 趋势。拥有小片土地但却无法承担化学药品和杀虫 剂费用的非洲难民体验到了“自然地”成长。通过培训， 他们能够生产经过认证的有机食品，并在欧洲和北 美市场溢价销售。在西非经营企业的Apea-Kubi女士 从欧盟有机认证中获益良多。UNCTAD与伙伴组织 合作，在2007年获得了东非有机食品标准审批通过， 这是继欧盟标准后全球第二个地区性有机标准。 Ebenut 目 前 正 准 备 将 两 种 加 纳 传 统 食 品 ——Jollof 大米和木薯蔬菜——作为方便食品向美国 出口。这就意味着可以产生更多的工作岗位，并为加 纳尚处于起步阶段的管理文化提供锻炼的机会和发 展的空间。小企业的建立与成功有助于营造一种具有 现实意义的乐观主义氛围：家庭和社区都意识到经 商是一种可行而有效的脱贫方式。

有鉴于此，Empretec于1988年应运而生，旨在 为现有的S M E s 提供支持与帮助。至今，参加了 Empretec培训的企业家人数已逾18万。他们或创立 或扩建自己的公司，创造了大量的工作岗位。 Empretec目前在非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲的27个国家开 设培训课程。Apea-Kubi女士在加纳参加了Empretec 基础培训课程，随后又相继参加了Empretec组织的会 计与管理、质量管理和包装等工作坊活动。 对于SMEs的支持凸显了联合国贸易开发会议 （UNCTAD）对这一问题的关注及为此作出的各项努力。 Ebenut的成功正是因为贸易与发展之间的联接——历 史的经验已经证明，贫穷国家可以通过向国际市场出 口并与全球经济建立联系来提高生活水平。 UNCTAD长期以来一直建议发展中国家让自己 的经济多元化发展——因为，依靠基础农产品出口

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

联

合

国

贸

易

和

发

展

会

议

www.unctad.org

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 35

United Nations Development Programme

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展

计

划

署

www.undp.org

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)is the UN's global development network. It advocates for change and promotes connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. The organization has presence in 166 countries, working with governments and their people, supporting them to develop and implement their own solutions to global and national development challenges.

Today the creative economy accounts for almost 8 per cent of the global gross national product, and it develops predominantly in urban areas. It is estimated to have generated $1.3 trillion in revenue in 2000 and is acknowledged to be one of the fastest-growing segments of the global economy, reaching an annual growth rate of 10 per cent. Above all, it has a considerable impact in lifestyles and quality of life on cities.

The creative economy is an evolving concept generally encompassing activities that use creativity as the main resource and are dependent on both aesthetic values and cultural capital.

36 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

The Creative Economy for Development Programme is intended to provide theoretical grounding and real-life examples of how the creative economy can be promoted to support development in developing countries and contribute to better cities and better lifestyle for all.

Shanghai has seen a boom of creative industry parks with huge impact on the city. Creative parks have taken initial shape at some old factory buildings and warehouses thanks to the city’ s intensifying efforts at preserving and developing historic industrial structures. The historic heritage and convenient geological locations along the banks of Suzhou Creek gave birth to the creative industries. By the end of 2006, the city had 75 creative industry parks, with a total floor area of 2.21 million squares. The parks are now home to more than 3,500 creative industry companies from more than 30 countries and regions, involving 27,000 art workers. The businesses in these parks feature industrial design, interior design, construction design, advertising design, clothing design, game software, arts and crafts, Internet

media, fashion, studios, brand promotion and artistic products. The City decision to invest on the 2010 EXPO is part of its strategy to consolidate itself on the creative sector.

联合国开发计划署（UNDP）是联合国的全球 开发网络。其倡导改革，促进各国知识、经验及资 源的普及以改善人们的生活。该组织在166个国家 设有分支机构，并与各国政府及人民协作，支持其 开发及实施特有的解决方案，应对全球及本国发展 的挑战。 当今，创意经济约占全球国民生产总值的8%， 其主要发展于城市地区。据估计，其2000年实现收 入达1.3万亿美元，被公认为全球经济中成长最快的 领域之一，并实现年增长率达10%。而最为重要的 是，它对于城市生活方式和生活质量产生了相当大 的影响。

创意经济发展项目旨在为如何发扬创意经济以 支持发展中国家的发展、创意经济如何为全人类打 造更美好的城市、更佳的生活方式提供理论根基和 真实范例。 上海创意产业园的迭起为城市带来了巨大的影响。 由于该城市不断加强其对历史产业结构的保护和开 发力度，这些创意园在一些旧的厂房和仓库中初具 雏形。 苏州河沿岸的历史遗产和便利的地理位置催 生了这些创意产业。2006年底，上海拥有75家创意 产业园，总建筑面积达221万平方。这些创意园现 容纳了来自30多个国家及地区的3500多家创意企业， 涉及艺术工作者达27,000名。这些园区的经营特色 有工业设计、室内设计、建筑设计、广告设计、服 装设计、游戏软件、工艺品、网络媒体、时尚、工 作室、品牌推广和艺术产品。上海投资2010年世博 会的决策也是其巩固自身创意领域的策略的体现。

作为一个不断发展演化中的概念，创意经济一 般包含以创造力为主要资源，并且同时依赖于美学 价值和文化资本的一系列活动。

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 37

United Nations Development Programme

联

合

国

发

展

计

划

署

www.undp.org

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)is the UN's global development network. It advocates for change and promotes connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. The organization has presence in 166 countries, working with governments and their people, supporting them to develop and implement their own solutions to global and national development challenges.

Today the creative economy accounts for almost 8 per cent of the global gross national product, and it develops predominantly in urban areas. It is estimated to have generated $1.3 trillion in revenue in 2000 and is acknowledged to be one of the fastest-growing segments of the global economy, reaching an annual growth rate of 10 per cent. Above all, it has a considerable impact in lifestyles and quality of life on cities.

The creative economy is an evolving concept generally encompassing activities that use creativity as the main resource and are dependent on both aesthetic values and cultural capital.

36 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

The Creative Economy for Development Programme is intended to provide theoretical grounding and real-life examples of how the creative economy can be promoted to support development in developing countries and contribute to better cities and better lifestyle for all.

Shanghai has seen a boom of creative industry parks with huge impact on the city. Creative parks have taken initial shape at some old factory buildings and warehouses thanks to the city’ s intensifying efforts at preserving and developing historic industrial structures. The historic heritage and convenient geological locations along the banks of Suzhou Creek gave birth to the creative industries. By the end of 2006, the city had 75 creative industry parks, with a total floor area of 2.21 million squares. The parks are now home to more than 3,500 creative industry companies from more than 30 countries and regions, involving 27,000 art workers. The businesses in these parks feature industrial design, interior design, construction design, advertising design, clothing design, game software, arts and crafts, Internet

media, fashion, studios, brand promotion and artistic products. The City decision to invest on the 2010 EXPO is part of its strategy to consolidate itself on the creative sector.

联合国开发计划署（UNDP）是联合国的全球 开发网络。其倡导改革，促进各国知识、经验及资 源的普及以改善人们的生活。该组织在166个国家 设有分支机构，并与各国政府及人民协作，支持其 开发及实施特有的解决方案，应对全球及本国发展 的挑战。 当今，创意经济约占全球国民生产总值的8%， 其主要发展于城市地区。据估计，其2000年实现收 入达1.3万亿美元，被公认为全球经济中成长最快的 领域之一，并实现年增长率达10%。而最为重要的 是，它对于城市生活方式和生活质量产生了相当大 的影响。

创意经济发展项目旨在为如何发扬创意经济以 支持发展中国家的发展、创意经济如何为全人类打 造更美好的城市、更佳的生活方式提供理论根基和 真实范例。 上海创意产业园的迭起为城市带来了巨大的影响。 由于该城市不断加强其对历史产业结构的保护和开 发力度，这些创意园在一些旧的厂房和仓库中初具 雏形。 苏州河沿岸的历史遗产和便利的地理位置催 生了这些创意产业。2006年底，上海拥有75家创意 产业园，总建筑面积达221万平方。这些创意园现 容纳了来自30多个国家及地区的3500多家创意企业， 涉及艺术工作者达27,000名。这些园区的经营特色 有工业设计、室内设计、建筑设计、广告设计、服 装设计、游戏软件、工艺品、网络媒体、时尚、工 作室、品牌推广和艺术产品。上海投资2010年世博 会的决策也是其巩固自身创意领域的策略的体现。

作为一个不断发展演化中的概念，创意经济一 般包含以创造力为主要资源，并且同时依赖于美学 价值和文化资本的一系列活动。

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 37

Cities have a strategic role to play here. Historically, cities are the places of innovation, change, culture, progress and production. Cities have seen the birth of new societies and witnessed many historical changes. They can also be the cradle of a green revolution towards sustainability and climate neutrality. However, cities remain heavy polluters. They consume the most energy and resources, and keep converting arable land and biodiversity into urban landscape. Recent studies estimate that cities generate approximately 40% of the total emissions of greenhouse gases. In the long run, it is estimated that economic losses will result from increased heat waves, floods, storms and coastal erosion in some urban areas, with poor countries suffering the most.

No matter what measures are taken to solve environmental problems, cities will be heavily impacted by the consequences of climate change. But they also have to be an important part of the solution. The current climate, energy and financial crises may offer opportunities to rethink current development patterns and building practices.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

联 合 国 欧 洲 经 济 委 员 会 www.unece.org The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) was established in 1947 as the first of five regional Commissions of the United Nations. It serves 56 member States of the European continent, North America and Central Asia, encompassing 1.2 billion inhabitants and 33 percent of the world’s land surface.

UNECE concentrates its efforts on building the economic and social Europe of tomorrow. Its numerous activities in the areas of transport, statistics, energy, trade facilitation, economic cooperation and integration, environmental protection, the reduction of air and water pollution, decent and energy-efficient housing and sustainable land management allow UNECE to deal with the problems of the 21st Century.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has been promoting pan-European economic integration for over 60 years. It has 56 member States

38 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

located in Europe, Central Asia and North America which account for 51.2% of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 18.3% of the world's population.

international standards for fruit, vegetables and meat which guarantee the quality of these products for customers and exporters/importers.

UNECE's expertise covers such sectors as: economic cooperation and integration, energy, environment, housing and land management, population, statistics, timber, trade, and transport.

UNECE also sets out norms, standards and regulations and facilitates the negotiation of international legal instruments.

Our numerous activities allow us to deal with the p r o b l e m s o f t h e t w e n t i e t h - fi r s t c e n t u r y , f r o m environment and road security, to energy security and measures to address climate change.

You may not be aware that many of our activities have a direct impact on your daily life. UNECE plays a key role in reinforcing road safety through the definition of vehicles' technical norms (our norms cover some 80% of the worlds' vehicle production) and road signs. Our conventions have resulted in reducing air pollution and cutting emissions from road vehicles. We also define

Towards climate neutral cities Over the past decade the effects of climate change have revealed the many facets of this unprecedented challenge. What was initially understood as a mainly environmental phenomenon has been found to have far-reaching impacts on human life.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has been actively contributing to tackling the

impacts of climate change over the past years. Its many activities include reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector, developing sustainable energy policies based on renewable energy sources, sharing knowledge on mitigation and adaptation strategies for the built and natural environment, promoting sustainable production and consumption to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and setting climate change adaptation policies for transboundary water management.

The current economic and financial crises are closely interconnected with the causes of, and solutions to, environmental and social problems. Promoting a green economy is a shared responsibility in which UNECE is eager to play its part: We need to overcome the economic downturn that has affected most of our member States, while reducing emissions and promoting the development of environmentally friendly solutions.

The work of UNECE on reducing emissions in urban areas demonstrates that the goal to move to “Climate Neutral Cities” is achievable. We have collected successful examples of urban development plans by private and public partners to reduce emissions and the environmental impacts of large urban areas , new transportation schemes to make urban movement smarter, ways to increase biodiversity in cities, new sustainable settlements, energy efficiency projects for existing housing stock, passive architecture and green buildings … … and much more. UNECE will continue to encourage and showcase these success stories , and to provide the necessary policy advice, tools and capacity-building activities.

UNECE will also continue its efforts to achieve better urban performance, foster energy efficiency and the reduction of emissions, and promote better housing and more efficient urban planning. Our region is well best placed to fulfil this challenge. Its member countries have a long experience in urban planning. And they have a housing stock which – although in desperate need of renovation – can serve as the basis for a transformation to green building, for better cities and better life.

联合国欧洲经济委员会（UNECE）成立于1947年， 是联合国五大区域委员会中的首个。其为欧洲大陆、

UNECE专注于未来欧洲经济及社会的建设。其 涉及的专门领域包括：交通运输、统计资料、能源、 贸易便利化、经济合作与整合、环境保护、减少空 气及水污染、体面及节能型住宅与可持续的土地管理， 旨在解决21世纪面临的各种问题。

地，朝向永续性及气候中立的目标迈进。然而，都 市目前仍是全球的严重污染排放地。都市消耗了绝 大多数的能源和资源，并持续开垦可耕地，又将生物 多样性纳入城市景观。最近的研究指出，都市产生 的温室效应气体将近全球总排放量的四成。从长远 的观点看来，热浪、洪水、暴风雨和海岸侵蚀等自 然灾害都将造成某些都市的财政损失，而该情况对 贫穷国家的冲击尤甚。

联合国欧洲经济委员会（UNECE）过去六十年 来一直致力于发展大欧洲地区的经济整合。本委员 会共有五十六个成员国，这些国家遍布于欧洲、中亚 和北美洲，这些成员国的国民生产总值占了全球的 51.2％，其人口约占全球的18.3％。

无论采用何种方式解决环境问题，气候变迁所 带来的后果都将严重冲击都市。但在环境问题的解决 办法中，都市所扮演的角色则更显重要。我们也许 能将目前的气候、能源和金融危机作为借镜，让我们 重新思考当前开发模式和建筑惯用做法。

UNECE涉及的专门领域包括：经济合作与整合、 能源、环境、住宅与土地管理、人口、统计资料、 建筑木材、贸易和交通传输。UNECE也促使许多规范、 标准和规章制度的创立，并促进国际法律文书协商 的开展。

UNECE在减少都市地区废气排放量方面的努力， 证明「推动气候平衡都市」是可达成的目标。我们 汇集了公、私方面合作伙伴提供的成功城市发展计画 案例，从减少大型都会区的废气排放量及其他环境 影响、让都会流动更通畅的新交通计画、让都市生物 更多样化的方法、新的永续定居方案、现存住宅存 量更有效利用能源的计划，到被动式建筑和绿建筑… 诸如此类。UNECE将持续鼓励并展现这些成功的案例， 提供必要政策建议、辅助办法及能力建构活动。

北美和中亚56个会员国提供服务，覆盖12亿居民及 全球33%的地面。

您或许不知道，但我们所策办的许多活动都和 您的日常生活息息相关。UNECE研订了车辆的技术 规范（涵盖全球八成的汽车）和道路标志，在强化 道路安全的工作上扮演了举足轻重的角色。我们所 订定的公约有助于减少空气污染及用路车辆的废弃 排放。另外，我们也制定了水果、蔬菜和肉品的国际 标准，以确保进出口和消费者购买的产品品质。 我们主办的众多活动旨在解决21世纪的全球性 问题，从环境及道路安全，到能源供给和气候变迁 的解决办法。

UNECE也将持续致力于达到更佳的都市经济 效益，提高能源效能和减少废气排放量，以及提供 更好的居住政策和更有效的都市规划。我们所处的 地区具备实现这项挑战的最佳条件。而我们的成员 国对都市计画更是经验丰富。他们国内的住宅存量 （虽然亟需更新）可以作为彻底变革为绿色建筑的 基础，进而打造更美好的都市，以及更美好的生活。

联合国经济委员会致 2010 博览会杂志 标题：打造气候平衡都市 过去这十年来，全球气候变迁的影响让人类面临 许多史无前例的挑战；气候变迁对人类生存环境所造 界水域因应气候变迁的管理策略。 目前全球面临的经济及金融危机和环境及社会 问题的起因与解决之道密不可分。因此推广绿色经济 是全体共同的责任，而UNECE更积极地参与其中： 我们必须先解决这波经济衰退，这对我们多数的成 员国都影响甚剧；另一方面，我们也更致力于减少 废气排放，以及推动发展环境友好的解决办法。 在我们的计划中，都市背负着全面性的任务。 从历史观点来看，都市是创新、改变、文化、进步 和生产的所在。都市也见证了新社会的诞生，和许多 历史变迁。因此，都市当然能作为环保改革的起源

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 39

Cities have a strategic role to play here. Historically, cities are the places of innovation, change, culture, progress and production. Cities have seen the birth of new societies and witnessed many historical changes. They can also be the cradle of a green revolution towards sustainability and climate neutrality. However, cities remain heavy polluters. They consume the most energy and resources, and keep converting arable land and biodiversity into urban landscape. Recent studies estimate that cities generate approximately 40% of the total emissions of greenhouse gases. In the long run, it is estimated that economic losses will result from increased heat waves, floods, storms and coastal erosion in some urban areas, with poor countries suffering the most.

No matter what measures are taken to solve environmental problems, cities will be heavily impacted by the consequences of climate change. But they also have to be an important part of the solution. The current climate, energy and financial crises may offer opportunities to rethink current development patterns and building practices.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

联 合 国 欧 洲 经 济 委 员 会 www.unece.org The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) was established in 1947 as the first of five regional Commissions of the United Nations. It serves 56 member States of the European continent, North America and Central Asia, encompassing 1.2 billion inhabitants and 33 percent of the world’s land surface.

UNECE concentrates its efforts on building the economic and social Europe of tomorrow. Its numerous activities in the areas of transport, statistics, energy, trade facilitation, economic cooperation and integration, environmental protection, the reduction of air and water pollution, decent and energy-efficient housing and sustainable land management allow UNECE to deal with the problems of the 21st Century.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has been promoting pan-European economic integration for over 60 years. It has 56 member States

38 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

located in Europe, Central Asia and North America which account for 51.2% of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 18.3% of the world's population.

international standards for fruit, vegetables and meat which guarantee the quality of these products for customers and exporters/importers.

UNECE's expertise covers such sectors as: economic cooperation and integration, energy, environment, housing and land management, population, statistics, timber, trade, and transport.

UNECE also sets out norms, standards and regulations and facilitates the negotiation of international legal instruments.

Our numerous activities allow us to deal with the p r o b l e m s o f t h e t w e n t i e t h - fi r s t c e n t u r y , f r o m environment and road security, to energy security and measures to address climate change.

You may not be aware that many of our activities have a direct impact on your daily life. UNECE plays a key role in reinforcing road safety through the definition of vehicles' technical norms (our norms cover some 80% of the worlds' vehicle production) and road signs. Our conventions have resulted in reducing air pollution and cutting emissions from road vehicles. We also define

Towards climate neutral cities Over the past decade the effects of climate change have revealed the many facets of this unprecedented challenge. What was initially understood as a mainly environmental phenomenon has been found to have far-reaching impacts on human life.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has been actively contributing to tackling the

impacts of climate change over the past years. Its many activities include reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector, developing sustainable energy policies based on renewable energy sources, sharing knowledge on mitigation and adaptation strategies for the built and natural environment, promoting sustainable production and consumption to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and setting climate change adaptation policies for transboundary water management.

The current economic and financial crises are closely interconnected with the causes of, and solutions to, environmental and social problems. Promoting a green economy is a shared responsibility in which UNECE is eager to play its part: We need to overcome the economic downturn that has affected most of our member States, while reducing emissions and promoting the development of environmentally friendly solutions.

The work of UNECE on reducing emissions in urban areas demonstrates that the goal to move to “Climate Neutral Cities” is achievable. We have collected successful examples of urban development plans by private and public partners to reduce emissions and the environmental impacts of large urban areas , new transportation schemes to make urban movement smarter, ways to increase biodiversity in cities, new sustainable settlements, energy efficiency projects for existing housing stock, passive architecture and green buildings … … and much more. UNECE will continue to encourage and showcase these success stories , and to provide the necessary policy advice, tools and capacity-building activities.

UNECE will also continue its efforts to achieve better urban performance, foster energy efficiency and the reduction of emissions, and promote better housing and more efficient urban planning. Our region is well best placed to fulfil this challenge. Its member countries have a long experience in urban planning. And they have a housing stock which – although in desperate need of renovation – can serve as the basis for a transformation to green building, for better cities and better life.

联合国欧洲经济委员会（UNECE）成立于1947年， 是联合国五大区域委员会中的首个。其为欧洲大陆、

UNECE专注于未来欧洲经济及社会的建设。其 涉及的专门领域包括：交通运输、统计资料、能源、 贸易便利化、经济合作与整合、环境保护、减少空 气及水污染、体面及节能型住宅与可持续的土地管理， 旨在解决21世纪面临的各种问题。

地，朝向永续性及气候中立的目标迈进。然而，都 市目前仍是全球的严重污染排放地。都市消耗了绝 大多数的能源和资源，并持续开垦可耕地，又将生物 多样性纳入城市景观。最近的研究指出，都市产生 的温室效应气体将近全球总排放量的四成。从长远 的观点看来，热浪、洪水、暴风雨和海岸侵蚀等自 然灾害都将造成某些都市的财政损失，而该情况对 贫穷国家的冲击尤甚。

联合国欧洲经济委员会（UNECE）过去六十年 来一直致力于发展大欧洲地区的经济整合。本委员 会共有五十六个成员国，这些国家遍布于欧洲、中亚 和北美洲，这些成员国的国民生产总值占了全球的 51.2％，其人口约占全球的18.3％。

无论采用何种方式解决环境问题，气候变迁所 带来的后果都将严重冲击都市。但在环境问题的解决 办法中，都市所扮演的角色则更显重要。我们也许 能将目前的气候、能源和金融危机作为借镜，让我们 重新思考当前开发模式和建筑惯用做法。

UNECE涉及的专门领域包括：经济合作与整合、 能源、环境、住宅与土地管理、人口、统计资料、 建筑木材、贸易和交通传输。UNECE也促使许多规范、 标准和规章制度的创立，并促进国际法律文书协商 的开展。

UNECE在减少都市地区废气排放量方面的努力， 证明「推动气候平衡都市」是可达成的目标。我们 汇集了公、私方面合作伙伴提供的成功城市发展计画 案例，从减少大型都会区的废气排放量及其他环境 影响、让都会流动更通畅的新交通计画、让都市生物 更多样化的方法、新的永续定居方案、现存住宅存 量更有效利用能源的计划，到被动式建筑和绿建筑… 诸如此类。UNECE将持续鼓励并展现这些成功的案例， 提供必要政策建议、辅助办法及能力建构活动。

北美和中亚56个会员国提供服务，覆盖12亿居民及 全球33%的地面。

您或许不知道，但我们所策办的许多活动都和 您的日常生活息息相关。UNECE研订了车辆的技术 规范（涵盖全球八成的汽车）和道路标志，在强化 道路安全的工作上扮演了举足轻重的角色。我们所 订定的公约有助于减少空气污染及用路车辆的废弃 排放。另外，我们也制定了水果、蔬菜和肉品的国际 标准，以确保进出口和消费者购买的产品品质。 我们主办的众多活动旨在解决21世纪的全球性 问题，从环境及道路安全，到能源供给和气候变迁 的解决办法。

UNECE也将持续致力于达到更佳的都市经济 效益，提高能源效能和减少废气排放量，以及提供 更好的居住政策和更有效的都市规划。我们所处的 地区具备实现这项挑战的最佳条件。而我们的成员 国对都市计画更是经验丰富。他们国内的住宅存量 （虽然亟需更新）可以作为彻底变革为绿色建筑的 基础，进而打造更美好的都市，以及更美好的生活。

联合国经济委员会致 2010 博览会杂志 标题：打造气候平衡都市 过去这十年来，全球气候变迁的影响让人类面临 许多史无前例的挑战；气候变迁对人类生存环境所造 界水域因应气候变迁的管理策略。 目前全球面临的经济及金融危机和环境及社会 问题的起因与解决之道密不可分。因此推广绿色经济 是全体共同的责任，而UNECE更积极地参与其中： 我们必须先解决这波经济衰退，这对我们多数的成 员国都影响甚剧；另一方面，我们也更致力于减少 废气排放，以及推动发展环境友好的解决办法。 在我们的计划中，都市背负着全面性的任务。 从历史观点来看，都市是创新、改变、文化、进步 和生产的所在。都市也见证了新社会的诞生，和许多 历史变迁。因此，都市当然能作为环保改革的起源

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 39

联合国环境规划署（UNEP）是联合国专责制定 全球环境规划的常设部门，旨在推动环境可持续发 展的有序贯彻。

条件。此外，它们还为我们提供了制作家具、建造 楼房、生产燃料所需的木材和植物；气候调节、防洪、 废物回收机制；以及各种用于药品制造的新的复合 物和化学品等。

城市——如何保持活力？ 城市生物多样性 地球上大部分人口生活在城市中。然而，其中 又有多少人意识到如果没有城市以外数以百万计的 生命体，城市的生命力将不复存在？这些生命体构 成的网络不仅遍布整个国家，甚至可说覆盖整个星球。 城市要保持可持续发展，其所仰赖的大环境必须保 持可持续发展。而可持续性的基础即在于“生物多样性”。 生物多样性——你也是其中的一分子 生物多样性可以概述为地球上所有生命体的多 元性——包括种类、数量、群落、生态系统等—— 以及它们相互之间和它们与环境之间的互动。这表示， 人类既是大自然丰富的多样性中的一分子，人类的 生存也仰仗大自然的生物多样性。 生物多样性构成了人类生存与生活最根本的基础。 这数以百万计生命体所共同构成的系统和过程通常 称之为“生态系统服务”，为我们提供食物、水和呼 吸的空气。简言之，无论我们生活在城市还是乡村， 生态系统服务为我们提供了生命所必需的各项基本

U NEP

城市生物多样性充实并丰富了都市居民的精神、 审美和社会生活。试想，如果没有树木、园林、鲜花、鸟 鸣，我们所生活的都市将会是一派多么荒凉贫瘠、 了无生趣的景象。城市化的发展、人造环境的扩建、 城市天然绿地空间的压缩与割裂、以及动植物天然 栖息地不断面临威胁是城市生物多样性濒危的主要 原因。 城市对于生物多样性的影响不仅限于城市范围内。 城市面积仅占地球总陆地面积的2%，但是城市却消 耗了75%的地球自然资源。城市中所发生的一切对 于城市之外都会产生重大的影响。而如果对于为人 类提供食物、纤维、燃料、清洁水、药物等资源的 生物多样性产生过大的影响，那么城市将会破坏自 己赖以正常运作的生态系统服务。 幸运的是，全球范围内人们对于城市生物多样 性的关注程度日益提高。城市居民对于生物多样性 如何维持景观健康和人类福祉、人类活动如何加速

生物多样性流失、以及城市产品与排放如何影响区 域及全球生态系统有了更深入的认识。 对于城市居民来说，保护城市内外的生物多样 性具有非常重要的意义。无论对于科学家、规划者、 政府还是社区来说，如何确保生物多样性始终足够 维持城市住地生态系统服务将会是本世纪所面临的 一项巨大挑战。 共同行动，保护生物多样性 城市化进程的不断加剧是导致生物多样性流失 的重要原因——但是，城市居民和城市本身也可以 为解决这一问题作出贡献！联合国环境规划署 （UNEP）环境法律和公约司司长Bakary Kante表示： “在全球保护和管理脆弱的生态系统和生物多样性的 努力中，城市扮演着关键角色，体现了政府与人民 最亲近密切的程度。城市是推动可持续发展和生物 多样性构成的驱动力。 全球范围内开展了许多体现并推动这一趋势的 活动。 “全球城市与生物多样性合作关系”便是一例。 该活动由UNEP、生物多样性公约（CBD）秘书处、 联合国人类住区规划署（UN-HABITAT）、国际自然

保护联盟（IUCN）“倒计时2010”、地方环境行动理 事会（ICLEI）等国际组织和机构以及库里提巴、蒙特 利尔、波恩、名古屋等城市市长联合倡议发起的。 “合作关系”旨在让城市参与到在2010年前实现生物 多样性流失现象逆转的斗争中来。通过提供各种宣 传资料、组织工作坊和培训活动、让更多城市参加 生物多样性国际会议等方式，“合作关系”活动为国 家和地方政府提供协助与支持。 “地方生物多样性行动”也是一个典型例子。全球 20多个城市参加了“地方生物多样性行动”，对保护城 市生物多样性的最佳方式进行探索与尝试。这是 ICLEI就开展更广泛的生物多样性活动提出的首个倡 议行动，1100余个城市、城镇、郡县及其全球机构 均已成为这一行动的成员，承诺开展可持续发展。 “城市生物多样性新加坡指数”（CBI）目前正在 测试阶段，预计将于2010年10月正式出台。届时， CBI将会成为城市生物多样性保护的新标杆，并提升 地方对于生物多样性重要性的认识。 诸如此类的积极步骤将有助于为城市可持续地 管理生物多样性资源提供支持，并保护我们赖以生 存的生态系统。地方将决定这场地球生命保卫战的 成功或失败。

United Nations Environment Programme

UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

联 合 国 环 境 规 划 署 The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the United Nations agency that sets the global environmental agenda to promote coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development.

supply us with timber and plant materials for furniture, building and fuel, the mechanisms that regulate our novel compounds and chemicals from which medicines are made.

Cities – what keeps them alive?

Urban biodiversity

Most people on Earth live in cities. How many of those people are aware that the life of their city simply would not exist if it weren’ t for millions of living things outside the city – a network of living things that spreads across the country and indeed across the entire planet? For a city to live sustainably, the broader environment on which it relies must live sustainably. And underpinning this sustainability is a fundamental phenomenon known as biodiversity.

Biodiversity inside a city enriches the spiritual, aesthetic and social life of urban dwellers. Imagine how bare and bleak cities would be if there were no

Biodiversity – you’re part of it

But cities do not only have an impact on biodiversity within their borders. Cities may only take up two per cent of the planet’ s land surface, but they use 75 per cent of the Earth’ s natural resources. What happens in the city has a big impact on the other side of the city limits. If this impact on biodiversity –which

Biodiversity can be summarized as the variety of all living things on Earth– from species to populations to communities and ecosystems – and their many interactions with each other and their environment.

This means that humans are both part of, and dependent for our survival on, nature’s rich diversity.

Biodiversity forms the ultimate foundation of our human wellbeing. The systems and processes these millions of living things collectively provide – often called ecosystem services –produce our food, water and the air we breathe: the basic fundamentals of life, whether we live in the city or the country. They also

40 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

our living environments. Biodiversity in urban areas is mainly endangered through urban sprawl, the extension of built environment, the reduction and fragmentation of green space in cities and towns and the threat to habitats.

medicines and much more relies is too great, then cities will degrade the very ecosystem services which they depend in order to function properly.

Fortunately, worldwide, there is a growing interest in urban biodiversity. City dwellers are gaining a better understanding of how biodiversity maintains landscape health and human well-being, how human

activity is causing the loss of biodiversity in those ecosystems at a greatly accelerated rate, and how the products and emissions of cities can affect regional and even global ecosystems.

For urban dwellers the protection of biodiversity both inside and outside the city is important. Ensuring that there is always enough biodiversity to maintain ecosystem services in urban settlements, will be a big challenge for scientists, planners, governments and communities well into this century.

Working together to protect biodiversity Growing levels of urbanization have become a critical part of the problem of biodiversity loss– but the people in towns and cities can also be part of the solution! As Bakary Kante, Director, Environmental Law and Conventions at UNEP says, “Cities play a key role in global efforts to protect and manage vulnerable ecosystems and biodiversity, as they represent the level of government closest to people.

They are in the driving seat to promote sustainable development and its biodiversity components.”

Conservation of Nature (IUCN)-Countdown 2010, ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) and the Mayors from Curitiba, Montreal, Bonn, and Nagoya.

www.unep.org

reverse the loss of biodiversity by 2010. It assists national and local governments by providing awareness-raising material, organizing workshops and trainings and involving cities in international meetings on biodiversity.

Another example is – Local Action for Biodiversity which involves around 20 cities from all parts of the world, piloting best approaches to urban biodiversity broader biodiversity programme of ICLEI, which comprises a membership of over 1,100 cities, towns, counties, and their associations worldwide that are committed to sustainable development.

The Singapore Index on Cities' Biodiversity (CBI), currently being tested and due to be launched in October 2010, is another initiative that will assist cities in benchmarking their biodiversity conservation efforts over time and raise awareness about the importance of biodiversity at the local level.

Globally there is a lot of activity geared to doing just that.

One such initiative is the Global Partnership on Cities and Biodiversity, which was launched by consortium of international organizations including UNEP, the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), International Union for

Positive steps such as these will help support cities to manage their biodiversity resources sustainably and protect the ecosystems that sustain us all. The campaign for life on Earth will be won – or lost – at the local level.

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 41

联合国环境规划署（UNEP）是联合国专责制定 全球环境规划的常设部门，旨在推动环境可持续发 展的有序贯彻。

条件。此外，它们还为我们提供了制作家具、建造 楼房、生产燃料所需的木材和植物；气候调节、防洪、 废物回收机制；以及各种用于药品制造的新的复合 物和化学品等。

城市——如何保持活力？ 城市生物多样性 地球上大部分人口生活在城市中。然而，其中 又有多少人意识到如果没有城市以外数以百万计的 生命体，城市的生命力将不复存在？这些生命体构 成的网络不仅遍布整个国家，甚至可说覆盖整个星球。 城市要保持可持续发展，其所仰赖的大环境必须保 持可持续发展。而可持续性的基础即在于“生物多样性”。 生物多样性——你也是其中的一分子 生物多样性可以概述为地球上所有生命体的多 元性——包括种类、数量、群落、生态系统等—— 以及它们相互之间和它们与环境之间的互动。这表示， 人类既是大自然丰富的多样性中的一分子，人类的 生存也仰仗大自然的生物多样性。 生物多样性构成了人类生存与生活最根本的基础。 这数以百万计生命体所共同构成的系统和过程通常 称之为“生态系统服务”，为我们提供食物、水和呼 吸的空气。简言之，无论我们生活在城市还是乡村， 生态系统服务为我们提供了生命所必需的各项基本

U NEP

城市生物多样性充实并丰富了都市居民的精神、 审美和社会生活。试想，如果没有树木、园林、鲜花、鸟 鸣，我们所生活的都市将会是一派多么荒凉贫瘠、 了无生趣的景象。城市化的发展、人造环境的扩建、 城市天然绿地空间的压缩与割裂、以及动植物天然 栖息地不断面临威胁是城市生物多样性濒危的主要 原因。 城市对于生物多样性的影响不仅限于城市范围内。 城市面积仅占地球总陆地面积的2%，但是城市却消 耗了75%的地球自然资源。城市中所发生的一切对 于城市之外都会产生重大的影响。而如果对于为人 类提供食物、纤维、燃料、清洁水、药物等资源的 生物多样性产生过大的影响，那么城市将会破坏自 己赖以正常运作的生态系统服务。 幸运的是，全球范围内人们对于城市生物多样 性的关注程度日益提高。城市居民对于生物多样性 如何维持景观健康和人类福祉、人类活动如何加速

生物多样性流失、以及城市产品与排放如何影响区 域及全球生态系统有了更深入的认识。 对于城市居民来说，保护城市内外的生物多样 性具有非常重要的意义。无论对于科学家、规划者、 政府还是社区来说，如何确保生物多样性始终足够 维持城市住地生态系统服务将会是本世纪所面临的 一项巨大挑战。 共同行动，保护生物多样性 城市化进程的不断加剧是导致生物多样性流失 的重要原因——但是，城市居民和城市本身也可以 为解决这一问题作出贡献！联合国环境规划署 （UNEP）环境法律和公约司司长Bakary Kante表示： “在全球保护和管理脆弱的生态系统和生物多样性的 努力中，城市扮演着关键角色，体现了政府与人民 最亲近密切的程度。城市是推动可持续发展和生物 多样性构成的驱动力。 全球范围内开展了许多体现并推动这一趋势的 活动。 “全球城市与生物多样性合作关系”便是一例。 该活动由UNEP、生物多样性公约（CBD）秘书处、 联合国人类住区规划署（UN-HABITAT）、国际自然

保护联盟（IUCN）“倒计时2010”、地方环境行动理 事会（ICLEI）等国际组织和机构以及库里提巴、蒙特 利尔、波恩、名古屋等城市市长联合倡议发起的。 “合作关系”旨在让城市参与到在2010年前实现生物 多样性流失现象逆转的斗争中来。通过提供各种宣 传资料、组织工作坊和培训活动、让更多城市参加 生物多样性国际会议等方式，“合作关系”活动为国 家和地方政府提供协助与支持。 “地方生物多样性行动”也是一个典型例子。全球 20多个城市参加了“地方生物多样性行动”，对保护城 市生物多样性的最佳方式进行探索与尝试。这是 ICLEI就开展更广泛的生物多样性活动提出的首个倡 议行动，1100余个城市、城镇、郡县及其全球机构 均已成为这一行动的成员，承诺开展可持续发展。 “城市生物多样性新加坡指数”（CBI）目前正在 测试阶段，预计将于2010年10月正式出台。届时， CBI将会成为城市生物多样性保护的新标杆，并提升 地方对于生物多样性重要性的认识。 诸如此类的积极步骤将有助于为城市可持续地 管理生物多样性资源提供支持，并保护我们赖以生 存的生态系统。地方将决定这场地球生命保卫战的 成功或失败。

United Nations Environment Programme

UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

联 合 国 环 境 规 划 署 The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the United Nations agency that sets the global environmental agenda to promote coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development.

supply us with timber and plant materials for furniture, building and fuel, the mechanisms that regulate our novel compounds and chemicals from which medicines are made.

Cities – what keeps them alive?

Urban biodiversity

Most people on Earth live in cities. How many of those people are aware that the life of their city simply would not exist if it weren’ t for millions of living things outside the city – a network of living things that spreads across the country and indeed across the entire planet? For a city to live sustainably, the broader environment on which it relies must live sustainably. And underpinning this sustainability is a fundamental phenomenon known as biodiversity.

Biodiversity inside a city enriches the spiritual, aesthetic and social life of urban dwellers. Imagine how bare and bleak cities would be if there were no

Biodiversity – you’re part of it

But cities do not only have an impact on biodiversity within their borders. Cities may only take up two per cent of the planet’ s land surface, but they use 75 per cent of the Earth’ s natural resources. What happens in the city has a big impact on the other side of the city limits. If this impact on biodiversity –which

Biodiversity can be summarized as the variety of all living things on Earth– from species to populations to communities and ecosystems – and their many interactions with each other and their environment.

This means that humans are both part of, and dependent for our survival on, nature’s rich diversity.

Biodiversity forms the ultimate foundation of our human wellbeing. The systems and processes these millions of living things collectively provide – often called ecosystem services –produce our food, water and the air we breathe: the basic fundamentals of life, whether we live in the city or the country. They also

40 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

our living environments. Biodiversity in urban areas is mainly endangered through urban sprawl, the extension of built environment, the reduction and fragmentation of green space in cities and towns and the threat to habitats.

medicines and much more relies is too great, then cities will degrade the very ecosystem services which they depend in order to function properly.

Fortunately, worldwide, there is a growing interest in urban biodiversity. City dwellers are gaining a better understanding of how biodiversity maintains landscape health and human well-being, how human

activity is causing the loss of biodiversity in those ecosystems at a greatly accelerated rate, and how the products and emissions of cities can affect regional and even global ecosystems.

For urban dwellers the protection of biodiversity both inside and outside the city is important. Ensuring that there is always enough biodiversity to maintain ecosystem services in urban settlements, will be a big challenge for scientists, planners, governments and communities well into this century.

Working together to protect biodiversity Growing levels of urbanization have become a critical part of the problem of biodiversity loss– but the people in towns and cities can also be part of the solution! As Bakary Kante, Director, Environmental Law and Conventions at UNEP says, “Cities play a key role in global efforts to protect and manage vulnerable ecosystems and biodiversity, as they represent the level of government closest to people.

They are in the driving seat to promote sustainable development and its biodiversity components.”

Conservation of Nature (IUCN)-Countdown 2010, ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) and the Mayors from Curitiba, Montreal, Bonn, and Nagoya.

www.unep.org

reverse the loss of biodiversity by 2010. It assists national and local governments by providing awareness-raising material, organizing workshops and trainings and involving cities in international meetings on biodiversity.

Another example is – Local Action for Biodiversity which involves around 20 cities from all parts of the world, piloting best approaches to urban biodiversity broader biodiversity programme of ICLEI, which comprises a membership of over 1,100 cities, towns, counties, and their associations worldwide that are committed to sustainable development.

The Singapore Index on Cities' Biodiversity (CBI), currently being tested and due to be launched in October 2010, is another initiative that will assist cities in benchmarking their biodiversity conservation efforts over time and raise awareness about the importance of biodiversity at the local level.

Globally there is a lot of activity geared to doing just that.

One such initiative is the Global Partnership on Cities and Biodiversity, which was launched by consortium of international organizations including UNEP, the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), International Union for

Positive steps such as these will help support cities to manage their biodiversity resources sustainably and protect the ecosystems that sustain us all. The campaign for life on Earth will be won – or lost – at the local level.

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 41

also contributes to climate change adaptation and food security.as its high quality compost and enriched organic fertilizers improve deteriorating soil conditions by returning organic matter to the soil and reducing the use of conventional chemical fertilizers.

变废为宝：您家垃圾桶中蕴藏着三重宝藏 您听说过改进废物管理能够取得一举三得的效 果吗--既能赚钱生财，又能推动扶贫事业，同时还 能拯救环境？这听起来十分悦耳动人，但总是令人 感到难以置信。然而，这正是“二级城市和小城镇扶 贫与可持续固体废物管理项目”目前正在若干亚洲城 市内取得的斐然成果。 挑战 亚洲固体废物管理工作现已陷入危机！多数地方 政府已花费其预算的20%至40%用于进行废物处理。 现有的垃圾倾倒场正在趋于“仓满为患”，而新的倾倒 场却难以找到。由于距离倾倒场越来越远，燃料价 格不断上涨，致使运输成本急剧增加。同时，垃圾 收集服务差，往往完全忽视了那些贫困街区。

The mission of United Nation’ s Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is to promote cooperation among member states and to link global and country level programmes and issues to achieve region-wide economic prosperity, poverty reduction, social progress and environmental sustainability. It has 53 member and 9 associate member states accounting for 60 percent of the world’ s population, two thirds of the world’ s poor and a quarter of the word’s urban dwellers.

A regional and multi-disciplinary knowledge hub, ESCAP undertakes research on emerging issues and innovative practices and disseminates its findings and policy recommendations at its regional forums and ministerial-level conferences. It promotes South-South and North-South cooperation through multi-stakeholder networking and exchange of knowledge and experience.

Your Trash: A Triple Treasure Trove Making money, helping the poor and saving the environment through improved waste management may sound too good to be true. However, this is precisely what the Project on Pro-poor and Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Secondary Cities and Small Towns is currently achieving in several cities across Asia.

THE CHALLENGE Asia is in a solid waste management crisis! Most local governments already spend 20 to 40 percent of their budgets on waste disposal. Existing dumpsites are filling up and new ones are difficult to find. With longer distances to dumpsites and rising fuel prices, transport costs are increasing sharply. At the same

42 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

time, the collection service is poor, often leaving out poor neighbourhoods altogether.

Around 70 to 80 percent of the waste in developing countries is organic. The United Nations estimates that untreated organic waste contributes between 75 and 100 million tons of Carbondioxide to the atmosphere every year in Asia and the Pacific. Open dumping of organic waste results in air, ground and water pollution and because of its high water content organic waste is not suitable for incineration either. Of the remaining waste, 20 to 30 percent is recycled by the informal waste pickers, which many cities are trying to incorporate into their formal waste systems.

THE SOLUTION ESCAP, the United Nations’ regional arm in Asia and the Pacific, began looking for alternative approaches to waste disposal that treat waste as a resource, minimize transportation costs, improve waste collection services and provide better income and working conditions for waste pickers. ESCAP found such an approach with the compost plants of Waste Concern, an NGO in Bangladesh, and successfully tested and adapted it in Quy Nhon, Vietnam and Matale, Sri Lanka. As a composting plant only needs little land and doesn’ t smell, it can be located right in the neighbourhood it serves.

The approach is based on simple technology, easy to operate and maintain. Households separate the waste into wet and dry waste, which is then collected by cycle or hand carts. At the plant, the waste is hand-sorted into waste that can be composted, recyclables that can be sold and 5-7 percent rejects (the only part sent to the dumpsite). Currently, demand for the high quality, certified compost is

outstripping supply. In Quy Nhon and in the original Waste Concern projects in Dhaka, compost is further enriched to make organic designer fertilizers tailor-made to the requirements of farmers around the town. Each decentralized compost plant is a profit making entity under a public-private partnership with the local government and is designed to serve about 1,000 houses and treat 2 to 3 tons of wastes per day.

Income is derived from collection fees; sale of compost or designer fertilizer; and sale of recyclables. The plants in Matale and Quy Nhon have been operational and generating profits since the middle of 2007.

BUT HOW TO REACH THE MILLIONS? Estimates show that without proper solid waste treatment the annual contribution of Asia and Africa to global greenhouse gas emissions would increase by 50 per cent by 2020. So unless ALL our waste is treated properly, it will remain a major cause of climate change.

ESCAP, Waste Concern and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, have decided to further develop the approach into decentralized ‘Integrated Resource Recovery Centers’ (IRRCs), to scale-up the IRRCs to city-wide level, and to expand them to cities across Asia over the next 5 years.

Besides composting, IRRCs will have bio-digesters (which turn meat waste, used oil or septic tank sludge into cooking gas) and their own recyclable material processing centers that pay fair prices to anyone bringing in recyclable waste. Up-scaling will be achieved through building several IRRCs per city.

While IRRCs will be operationally self financing, investment for their capital costs will come from

carbon financing. Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for the Greenhouse gases reduced by the IRRCs will be sold in the open market through a Solid Waste Management Revolving Equity Fund (SWERF) to provide local partners with the necessary start-up capital. To reduce transaction costs and ensure that high quality pro-poor and sustainable projects are submitted to SWERF, civil society organizations and local independent validators will be trained to assist local governments in developing projects that reduce methane emissions. The beauty of SWERF is that the money would keep on revolving and increasing, so more and more cities can be reached to solve their solid waste and sanitation problems.

IN A NUTSHELL… The decentralized solid waste management approach is a prime example of sustainable development in action generating multiple benefits: Economically - Instead of costing cities money, it makes profit by relying on multiple income streams including collecting service fees, sale of compost, recyclables, cooking gas or electricity and sale of emission reductions. It also saves money by reducing transport costs and by extending the lives of landfill sites.

Socially - Each plant provides waste pickers with a secure job and safer working conditions. Other waste pickers benefit from the transparent and fair pricing of the IRRCs for recyclables.

Environmentally - As the approach collects and recycles municipal waste it improves environmental conditions across a city and contributes to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gases. It

发展中国家70%至80%的垃圾是有机垃圾。根据 联合国所做的估算，亚洲及太平洋区域未经处理的 有机废物每年排入大气层的二氧化碳总量高达7,500 万至1亿吨。露天倾倒有机废物造成了空气、地面 和水污染，而且由于有机废物含水量高，亦不适于 进行焚烧处理。在所余其他废物中，有20%至30% 系由非正规的垃圾捡拾者回收，为此许多城市目前 正在试图将他们纳入正规的废物处理系统。 解决办法 作为联合国在亚洲及太平洋的区域分支机构，亚太 经社会早已开始探索各种变废为宝的废物处置途径： 亦即把废物视为一种资源，并尽量减少相关的运输费用， 努力改进垃圾收集服务，同时设法提高垃圾捡拾者的 收入及其工作条件。亚太经社会最终在孟加拉国的一 家废物处置企业（一个非政府组织）的堆肥厂找到了 此种废物处置办法，并随后在越南的归仁和斯里兰卡 的马特勒进行的试验中取得了成功、并予以大力推广。 由于堆肥厂占地面积小而且不产生异味，因此可设在 社区内，以便就近提供服务。 这种办法所采用的技术十分简单，而且易于操作 和保持。首先由各家各户对垃圾进行干、湿分类， 然后用垃圾车或手推车收集起来。在堆肥厂以手工 方式把垃圾分为可作堆肥的废物、可出售的回收物品、 以及5%－7%的废弃物（实际上只有最后这部分将 送往垃圾场）。从目前的情况看，经过认证的高质 量堆肥厂供不应求。在归仁以及在达卡最初实施的 废物处置项目，还需使肥料更加肥沃，以便生产特种 有机肥来满足镇内外农民的实际需求。每一此种堆 肥厂都是与当地政府合营的公私合营式营利实体， 同时为大约1,000户家庭提供服务，每天处置2至3 吨废物。其收入来源包括服务收费、出售堆肥或特种 肥料、以及出售可回收物品。在马特莱和归仁的堆肥 厂现已正式投入运营，并已自2007年中起开始营利。

达•盖茨基金会决定进一步发展这一废物处置办法， 通过建立分散的“综合性资源回收中心”，将其规模扩 展到城市一级，并在今后5年内推广到亚洲各城市。 除堆肥外，这些回收中心还将建造沼气池（把肉 类废物、废油或化粪池污物变成沼气用以进行烹饪）， 回收中心下属的可回收材料加工中心将以公平的价 格收购任何人送来的可回收废物。通过在每座城市 建设多个此种回收中心的办法来扩大规模。 虽然这些回收中心将对其业务自负盈亏，但对 其资本成本的投资将来自碳融资。将通过一个固体 废物管理循环股票基金公开出售由这些回收中心 取得的、经过核证的温室气体减排量，以便为当地 的合作伙伴提供必要的启动资金。为了降低交易成本， 并确保能够切实地把高质量的扶贫与可持续性项目 提交给该基金，将对民间组织和当地独立的验证人 进行培训，以协助地方政府着手实施减少甲烷排放 的项目。该基金的优势在于，这笔资金将会不断循 环周转，不断增加，从而使越来越多的城市能够用 以解决其固体废物和卫生问题。

亚太经社会、关注废物组织、以及比尔和梅林

亚太经社会在各种城市问题上积累起来的专门 知识跨度超过20年，其下属的城市可持续发展问题 处在此领域内开展了不少多学科的工作，旨在尽量 减少贫困的城市化、并促进发展生态高效的城市社区。 该城市可持续发展处目前正在开展的工作包括：这 一“二级城市和小城镇扶贫与可持续固体废物管理 项目、以 区 域 资 源 机 制 为 中 心 开 展 的 能 力 建 设 （ www.housing-the-urban-poor.net）、以及 一项区域扶贫住房融资举措。

总而言之… 分散式固体废物管理办法是一个可产生多重效 益的可持续发展典范： 经济效益 各城市不但不用为此花钱，而且还可以挣钱， 其利润来自多个收入流，其中包括收取服务费、出 售堆肥、可回收物、沼气和电力、以及出售减排量。 此外，还可通过降低相关的运输成本和延长填埋区 的使用年限来节省资金。 社会效益 每一工厂都可为垃圾捡拾者提供稳定的工作和 较为安全的工作条件。其他垃圾捡拾者则亦可因这 些回收中心收购可回收物的透明和公平的定价而从 中获益。 环保效益 由于采用此种处置办法收集和回收城市废物， 因此使得整个城市的环境状况得到了改善，同时还 有助于通过减少温室气体来减缓气候变化。此外， 这也有助于适应气候变化并确保粮食安全，因为 通过利用由此而生成的高质量堆肥和丰富的有机肥， 使有机物质返回土壤并减少常规化肥的使用情况， 从而改善了目前日益恶化的土壤条件。 联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会（亚太经 社会），无论从其所覆盖的地理范围、还是从它所 处理的各种实质性问题看，均承担了涵盖面十分广 泛的任务。其53个成员国和9个准成员国的总人口 占世界总人口的60%，占世界穷人的三分之二，并 占全世界城市居民的四分之一。亚太经社会的使命 是促进在各成员国之间开展合作，并在全球和国家 两级的各项方案和事项之间建立起联系，以期使整 个区域得以切实取得经济繁荣、减少贫困、社会进步、 以及环境可持续性。

如何造福千家万户？ 已掌握的估计数字表明，如果不对固体废物进 行适当处理，那么到2020年时，亚洲和非洲在全球 年度温室气体排放量中所占的比例就会增加50%。 为此，除非我们对所有废物都进行适当的处理，否则 它们仍将是致使气候发生变化的重要原因。

方之间建立网络交流知识和经验，以此推进南南合 作和南北合作。

作为一个区域性多学科知识枢纽，亚太经社会 还负责对各种新问题和创新做法进行规范性和分析 性研究，并在其各个区域论坛和部长级会议上发布 相关的结论和政策性建议。亚太经社会在推动各发 展中国家适应、仿效、以及推广各类创新做法的能 力方面、以及在为建立各种可推广模式自行开展研 究和分析方面，拥有长期的专门知识。贯穿亚太经 社会整个工作的一个特点是：努力在多个利益攸关

United Nation’s Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

联 合 国 亚 太 经 济 与 社 会 委 员 会 www.unescap.org

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 43

also contributes to climate change adaptation and food security.as its high quality compost and enriched organic fertilizers improve deteriorating soil conditions by returning organic matter to the soil and reducing the use of conventional chemical fertilizers.

变废为宝：您家垃圾桶中蕴藏着三重宝藏 您听说过改进废物管理能够取得一举三得的效 果吗--既能赚钱生财，又能推动扶贫事业，同时还 能拯救环境？这听起来十分悦耳动人，但总是令人 感到难以置信。然而，这正是“二级城市和小城镇扶 贫与可持续固体废物管理项目”目前正在若干亚洲城 市内取得的斐然成果。 挑战 亚洲固体废物管理工作现已陷入危机！多数地方 政府已花费其预算的20%至40%用于进行废物处理。 现有的垃圾倾倒场正在趋于“仓满为患”，而新的倾倒 场却难以找到。由于距离倾倒场越来越远，燃料价 格不断上涨，致使运输成本急剧增加。同时，垃圾 收集服务差，往往完全忽视了那些贫困街区。

The mission of United Nation’ s Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is to promote cooperation among member states and to link global and country level programmes and issues to achieve region-wide economic prosperity, poverty reduction, social progress and environmental sustainability. It has 53 member and 9 associate member states accounting for 60 percent of the world’ s population, two thirds of the world’ s poor and a quarter of the word’s urban dwellers.

A regional and multi-disciplinary knowledge hub, ESCAP undertakes research on emerging issues and innovative practices and disseminates its findings and policy recommendations at its regional forums and ministerial-level conferences. It promotes South-South and North-South cooperation through multi-stakeholder networking and exchange of knowledge and experience.

Your Trash: A Triple Treasure Trove Making money, helping the poor and saving the environment through improved waste management may sound too good to be true. However, this is precisely what the Project on Pro-poor and Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Secondary Cities and Small Towns is currently achieving in several cities across Asia.

THE CHALLENGE Asia is in a solid waste management crisis! Most local governments already spend 20 to 40 percent of their budgets on waste disposal. Existing dumpsites are filling up and new ones are difficult to find. With longer distances to dumpsites and rising fuel prices, transport costs are increasing sharply. At the same

42 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

time, the collection service is poor, often leaving out poor neighbourhoods altogether.

Around 70 to 80 percent of the waste in developing countries is organic. The United Nations estimates that untreated organic waste contributes between 75 and 100 million tons of Carbondioxide to the atmosphere every year in Asia and the Pacific. Open dumping of organic waste results in air, ground and water pollution and because of its high water content organic waste is not suitable for incineration either. Of the remaining waste, 20 to 30 percent is recycled by the informal waste pickers, which many cities are trying to incorporate into their formal waste systems.

THE SOLUTION ESCAP, the United Nations’ regional arm in Asia and the Pacific, began looking for alternative approaches to waste disposal that treat waste as a resource, minimize transportation costs, improve waste collection services and provide better income and working conditions for waste pickers. ESCAP found such an approach with the compost plants of Waste Concern, an NGO in Bangladesh, and successfully tested and adapted it in Quy Nhon, Vietnam and Matale, Sri Lanka. As a composting plant only needs little land and doesn’ t smell, it can be located right in the neighbourhood it serves.

The approach is based on simple technology, easy to operate and maintain. Households separate the waste into wet and dry waste, which is then collected by cycle or hand carts. At the plant, the waste is hand-sorted into waste that can be composted, recyclables that can be sold and 5-7 percent rejects (the only part sent to the dumpsite). Currently, demand for the high quality, certified compost is

outstripping supply. In Quy Nhon and in the original Waste Concern projects in Dhaka, compost is further enriched to make organic designer fertilizers tailor-made to the requirements of farmers around the town. Each decentralized compost plant is a profit making entity under a public-private partnership with the local government and is designed to serve about 1,000 houses and treat 2 to 3 tons of wastes per day.

Income is derived from collection fees; sale of compost or designer fertilizer; and sale of recyclables. The plants in Matale and Quy Nhon have been operational and generating profits since the middle of 2007.

BUT HOW TO REACH THE MILLIONS? Estimates show that without proper solid waste treatment the annual contribution of Asia and Africa to global greenhouse gas emissions would increase by 50 per cent by 2020. So unless ALL our waste is treated properly, it will remain a major cause of climate change.

ESCAP, Waste Concern and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, have decided to further develop the approach into decentralized ‘Integrated Resource Recovery Centers’ (IRRCs), to scale-up the IRRCs to city-wide level, and to expand them to cities across Asia over the next 5 years.

Besides composting, IRRCs will have bio-digesters (which turn meat waste, used oil or septic tank sludge into cooking gas) and their own recyclable material processing centers that pay fair prices to anyone bringing in recyclable waste. Up-scaling will be achieved through building several IRRCs per city.

While IRRCs will be operationally self financing, investment for their capital costs will come from

carbon financing. Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for the Greenhouse gases reduced by the IRRCs will be sold in the open market through a Solid Waste Management Revolving Equity Fund (SWERF) to provide local partners with the necessary start-up capital. To reduce transaction costs and ensure that high quality pro-poor and sustainable projects are submitted to SWERF, civil society organizations and local independent validators will be trained to assist local governments in developing projects that reduce methane emissions. The beauty of SWERF is that the money would keep on revolving and increasing, so more and more cities can be reached to solve their solid waste and sanitation problems.

IN A NUTSHELL… The decentralized solid waste management approach is a prime example of sustainable development in action generating multiple benefits: Economically - Instead of costing cities money, it makes profit by relying on multiple income streams including collecting service fees, sale of compost, recyclables, cooking gas or electricity and sale of emission reductions. It also saves money by reducing transport costs and by extending the lives of landfill sites.

Socially - Each plant provides waste pickers with a secure job and safer working conditions. Other waste pickers benefit from the transparent and fair pricing of the IRRCs for recyclables.

Environmentally - As the approach collects and recycles municipal waste it improves environmental conditions across a city and contributes to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gases. It

发展中国家70%至80%的垃圾是有机垃圾。根据 联合国所做的估算，亚洲及太平洋区域未经处理的 有机废物每年排入大气层的二氧化碳总量高达7,500 万至1亿吨。露天倾倒有机废物造成了空气、地面 和水污染，而且由于有机废物含水量高，亦不适于 进行焚烧处理。在所余其他废物中，有20%至30% 系由非正规的垃圾捡拾者回收，为此许多城市目前 正在试图将他们纳入正规的废物处理系统。 解决办法 作为联合国在亚洲及太平洋的区域分支机构，亚太 经社会早已开始探索各种变废为宝的废物处置途径： 亦即把废物视为一种资源，并尽量减少相关的运输费用， 努力改进垃圾收集服务，同时设法提高垃圾捡拾者的 收入及其工作条件。亚太经社会最终在孟加拉国的一 家废物处置企业（一个非政府组织）的堆肥厂找到了 此种废物处置办法，并随后在越南的归仁和斯里兰卡 的马特勒进行的试验中取得了成功、并予以大力推广。 由于堆肥厂占地面积小而且不产生异味，因此可设在 社区内，以便就近提供服务。 这种办法所采用的技术十分简单，而且易于操作 和保持。首先由各家各户对垃圾进行干、湿分类， 然后用垃圾车或手推车收集起来。在堆肥厂以手工 方式把垃圾分为可作堆肥的废物、可出售的回收物品、 以及5%－7%的废弃物（实际上只有最后这部分将 送往垃圾场）。从目前的情况看，经过认证的高质 量堆肥厂供不应求。在归仁以及在达卡最初实施的 废物处置项目，还需使肥料更加肥沃，以便生产特种 有机肥来满足镇内外农民的实际需求。每一此种堆 肥厂都是与当地政府合营的公私合营式营利实体， 同时为大约1,000户家庭提供服务，每天处置2至3 吨废物。其收入来源包括服务收费、出售堆肥或特种 肥料、以及出售可回收物品。在马特莱和归仁的堆肥 厂现已正式投入运营，并已自2007年中起开始营利。

达•盖茨基金会决定进一步发展这一废物处置办法， 通过建立分散的“综合性资源回收中心”，将其规模扩 展到城市一级，并在今后5年内推广到亚洲各城市。 除堆肥外，这些回收中心还将建造沼气池（把肉 类废物、废油或化粪池污物变成沼气用以进行烹饪）， 回收中心下属的可回收材料加工中心将以公平的价 格收购任何人送来的可回收废物。通过在每座城市 建设多个此种回收中心的办法来扩大规模。 虽然这些回收中心将对其业务自负盈亏，但对 其资本成本的投资将来自碳融资。将通过一个固体 废物管理循环股票基金公开出售由这些回收中心 取得的、经过核证的温室气体减排量，以便为当地 的合作伙伴提供必要的启动资金。为了降低交易成本， 并确保能够切实地把高质量的扶贫与可持续性项目 提交给该基金，将对民间组织和当地独立的验证人 进行培训，以协助地方政府着手实施减少甲烷排放 的项目。该基金的优势在于，这笔资金将会不断循 环周转，不断增加，从而使越来越多的城市能够用 以解决其固体废物和卫生问题。

亚太经社会、关注废物组织、以及比尔和梅林

亚太经社会在各种城市问题上积累起来的专门 知识跨度超过20年，其下属的城市可持续发展问题 处在此领域内开展了不少多学科的工作，旨在尽量 减少贫困的城市化、并促进发展生态高效的城市社区。 该城市可持续发展处目前正在开展的工作包括：这 一“二级城市和小城镇扶贫与可持续固体废物管理 项目、以 区 域 资 源 机 制 为 中 心 开 展 的 能 力 建 设 （ www.housing-the-urban-poor.net）、以及 一项区域扶贫住房融资举措。

总而言之… 分散式固体废物管理办法是一个可产生多重效 益的可持续发展典范： 经济效益 各城市不但不用为此花钱，而且还可以挣钱， 其利润来自多个收入流，其中包括收取服务费、出 售堆肥、可回收物、沼气和电力、以及出售减排量。 此外，还可通过降低相关的运输成本和延长填埋区 的使用年限来节省资金。 社会效益 每一工厂都可为垃圾捡拾者提供稳定的工作和 较为安全的工作条件。其他垃圾捡拾者则亦可因这 些回收中心收购可回收物的透明和公平的定价而从 中获益。 环保效益 由于采用此种处置办法收集和回收城市废物， 因此使得整个城市的环境状况得到了改善，同时还 有助于通过减少温室气体来减缓气候变化。此外， 这也有助于适应气候变化并确保粮食安全，因为 通过利用由此而生成的高质量堆肥和丰富的有机肥， 使有机物质返回土壤并减少常规化肥的使用情况， 从而改善了目前日益恶化的土壤条件。 联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会（亚太经 社会），无论从其所覆盖的地理范围、还是从它所 处理的各种实质性问题看，均承担了涵盖面十分广 泛的任务。其53个成员国和9个准成员国的总人口 占世界总人口的60%，占世界穷人的三分之二，并 占全世界城市居民的四分之一。亚太经社会的使命 是促进在各成员国之间开展合作，并在全球和国家 两级的各项方案和事项之间建立起联系，以期使整 个区域得以切实取得经济繁荣、减少贫困、社会进步、 以及环境可持续性。

如何造福千家万户？ 已掌握的估计数字表明，如果不对固体废物进 行适当处理，那么到2020年时，亚洲和非洲在全球 年度温室气体排放量中所占的比例就会增加50%。 为此，除非我们对所有废物都进行适当的处理，否则 它们仍将是致使气候发生变化的重要原因。

方之间建立网络交流知识和经验，以此推进南南合 作和南北合作。

作为一个区域性多学科知识枢纽，亚太经社会 还负责对各种新问题和创新做法进行规范性和分析 性研究，并在其各个区域论坛和部长级会议上发布 相关的结论和政策性建议。亚太经社会在推动各发 展中国家适应、仿效、以及推广各类创新做法的能 力方面、以及在为建立各种可推广模式自行开展研 究和分析方面，拥有长期的专门知识。贯穿亚太经 社会整个工作的一个特点是：努力在多个利益攸关

United Nation’s Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

联 合 国 亚 太 经 济 与 社 会 委 员 会 www.unescap.org

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 43

UNESCO is the United Nations agency that promotes dissemination and sharing of information and knowledge. It promotes international cooperation among its 193 Member States and helps them to build their human and institutional capacities in Education, Science, Culture, Communication and Information.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

联 合 国 教 育 、 科 学 及 文 化 组 织 www.unesco.org

联合国教育、科学及文化组织（UNESCO）是 促进信息和知识传播及共享的联合国机构。它促进 了193个成员国间的国际合作，帮助它们建设教育、 科学、文化、通讯和信息等方面的人力和体制机构 能力。 艺术服务于公众（美国）

Art at the service of citizens (United States) Artist Jane Golden is recognized in the United States for her work in the Mural Arts Program, an organization seeking to counter the problem of urban graffiti while reducing juvenile delinquency in Philadelphia. Within the Anti-Graffiti Network, she was given the mandate to set up an arts programme to direct the creativity of young delinquents in favour of their community. The programme uses an intensive curriculum that involves mural-making as a dynamic means to engage youth and to teach transferable life and job skills such as taking personal responsibility, teamwork, and creative problem-solving. Since 1996, Jane has supervised the creation of more than 2000 outside and inside murals.

The urban gardens of Havana (Cuba) There are more than one thousand co-operative gardens in Cuba. The city of Havana alone has over 300 of them. Around 35,000 acres of land are used for urban agriculture. The urban gardens not only make it possible to ensure the food safety of Cubans, by providing each citizen 280g of fruits and vegetables every day, they also provide work to many unemployed people. About 15% of the fresh fruits and vegetables which feed the citizens of Havana are produced in Havana.

艺术家简•戈尔登（Jane Golden）因其在壁画 艺术计划组织的工作而受美国公众认可。该组织旨 在解决城市涂鸦问题的同时减少美国费城的青少年 犯罪现象。作为反涂鸦网络的一分子，她被授权成 立一项艺术计划，旨在正确引导青少年违法者的创 造力，为社区服务。该计划利用包含壁画创作在内 的密集课程安排作为引导青少年参与的动态手段， 教导其有关可转用的生活及工作技能，如承担个人 责任、团队合作、创造性地解决问题等。自1996年 起，简监管下的室内外壁画创作达2000多项。 城市花园哈瓦那（古巴） 古巴拥有的合作型花园达一千多个。单单哈瓦 那市便拥有300多个。大约35000英亩的土地都用于 都市农业。这些城市花园不但通过每日为每位市民 供应280克的水果和蔬菜而确保了古巴人的食品安 全，还为众多失业人士提供了工作机会。哈瓦那市 民享用的新鲜水果及蔬菜中约15%皆由本市自给自 足生产。 哈瓦那市所有含屋顶和阳台的可用空间都用于 食物产品的生产。集约栽培方法，尤其是无土栽培 让城市居民得以享用新鲜食品。而该市的市政委员 会则推动了种植业废水的综合管理。

In Havana, all spaces available including roofs and balconies, are used for the production of food products. Methods of intensive culture, in particular soil less culture, make it possible for city dwellers to get fresh food. The municipal council facilitates the integrated management of waste water for crop production.

联合国儿童基金会 44 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 45

www.unicef.org

UNESCO is the United Nations agency that promotes dissemination and sharing of information and knowledge. It promotes international cooperation among its 193 Member States and helps them to build their human and institutional capacities in Education, Science, Culture, Communication and Information.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

联 合 国 教 育 、 科 学 及 文 化 组 织 www.unesco.org

联合国教育、科学及文化组织（UNESCO）是 促进信息和知识传播及共享的联合国机构。它促进 了193个成员国间的国际合作，帮助它们建设教育、 科学、文化、通讯和信息等方面的人力和体制机构 能力。 艺术服务于公众（美国）

Art at the service of citizens (United States) Artist Jane Golden is recognized in the United States for her work in the Mural Arts Program, an organization seeking to counter the problem of urban graffiti while reducing juvenile delinquency in Philadelphia. Within the Anti-Graffiti Network, she was given the mandate to set up an arts programme to direct the creativity of young delinquents in favour of their community. The programme uses an intensive curriculum that involves mural-making as a dynamic means to engage youth and to teach transferable life and job skills such as taking personal responsibility, teamwork, and creative problem-solving. Since 1996, Jane has supervised the creation of more than 2000 outside and inside murals.

The urban gardens of Havana (Cuba) There are more than one thousand co-operative gardens in Cuba. The city of Havana alone has over 300 of them. Around 35,000 acres of land are used for urban agriculture. The urban gardens not only make it possible to ensure the food safety of Cubans, by providing each citizen 280g of fruits and vegetables every day, they also provide work to many unemployed people. About 15% of the fresh fruits and vegetables which feed the citizens of Havana are produced in Havana.

艺术家简•戈尔登（Jane Golden）因其在壁画 艺术计划组织的工作而受美国公众认可。该组织旨 在解决城市涂鸦问题的同时减少美国费城的青少年 犯罪现象。作为反涂鸦网络的一分子，她被授权成 立一项艺术计划，旨在正确引导青少年违法者的创 造力，为社区服务。该计划利用包含壁画创作在内 的密集课程安排作为引导青少年参与的动态手段， 教导其有关可转用的生活及工作技能，如承担个人 责任、团队合作、创造性地解决问题等。自1996年 起，简监管下的室内外壁画创作达2000多项。 城市花园哈瓦那（古巴） 古巴拥有的合作型花园达一千多个。单单哈瓦 那市便拥有300多个。大约35000英亩的土地都用于 都市农业。这些城市花园不但通过每日为每位市民 供应280克的水果和蔬菜而确保了古巴人的食品安 全，还为众多失业人士提供了工作机会。哈瓦那市 民享用的新鲜水果及蔬菜中约15%皆由本市自给自 足生产。 哈瓦那市所有含屋顶和阳台的可用空间都用于 食物产品的生产。集约栽培方法，尤其是无土栽培 让城市居民得以享用新鲜食品。而该市的市政委员 会则推动了种植业废水的综合管理。

In Havana, all spaces available including roofs and balconies, are used for the production of food products. Methods of intensive culture, in particular soil less culture, make it possible for city dwellers to get fresh food. The municipal council facilitates the integrated management of waste water for crop production.

联合国儿童基金会 44 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 45

www.unicef.org

UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL COMPACT The United Nations Global Compact is largest corporate responsibility initiative in the world – with 7,000 signatories based in more than 135 countries, and Local Networks existing or emerging in 90 countries.

Recognizing that solutions to the most fundamental challenges facing society require extraordinary collaboration, the UN entered the corporate responsibility realm in 2000 with the Secretary-General’ s launch of the UN Global Compact.

The UN Global Compact is a call to companies everywhere to: (1) voluntarily align their operations and strategies with ten universally accepted principles in the areas of human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption and (2) take actions in support of UN goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.

By doing so, business can help ensure that markets advance in ways that benefit economies and societies everywhere.

Endorsed by chief executives, the UN Global Compact is a leadership platform for the development, implementation, and disclosure of responsible corporate policies and practices. The initiative brings companies together with key stakeholder groups including: Government, civil society, labour, investors, educators and the United Nations.

The Ten Principles The UN Global Compact asks companies to embrace, support and enact, within their sphere of influence, a set of core values in the areas of human rights, labour standards, the environment and anti-corruption. The Ten Principles enjoy universal consensus and are derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the United Nations Convention Against Corruption.

Human Rights •Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights; and •Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses.

Labour •Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; •Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and

compulsory labour; •Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labour; and •Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.

Environment •Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges; •Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; •Principle 9: encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.

Anti-Corruption •Principle 10: Businesses should work against all forms of corruption, including extortion and bribery.

Please visit the UN Global Compact website for more information: U N G l o b a l C o m p a c t O f fi c e . U n i t e d N a t i o n s , DC2-612, New York City, NY 10017, USA www.unglobalcompact.org globalcompact@un.org The Global Compact Cities Programme offers a framework for building constructive collaboration between business, government, and civil society, to tackle deeply rooted urban challenges - for example, slums, transport, pollution and sanitation. It is open to metropolises around the world that are ready to adopt an alternative governance approach that harnesses the ideas, knowledge, experience and resources across these sectors, to improve the quality of urban life. The programme provides cities with tools to promote cross-sectoral governance and research resources to identify priority issues and engage local communities.

Global Compact Local networks are clusters of participants who come together to advance the Global Compact and its principles within a particular geographic context. They help root the Global Compact in different national, cultural and language contexts, and manage the Compact’ s rapid expansion. They facilitate the progress of companies ( b o t h l o c a l fi r m s a n d s u b s i d i a r i e s o f f o r e i g n corporations) engaged in the Compact to implement the ten principles and create opportunities for multi-stakeholder engagement and collective action.

Furthermore, the networks deepen the learning experience of all participants and promote action in support of broader UN goals.

联合国全球契约是全球最大的自愿企业公民倡 议。迄今为止已经有来自全球多于 135 个国家逾 7000 家企业和其他利益相关组织加入了全球契约， 成为其正式成员。全球契约是一项真正的全球倡议， 其还在 9 0 多个国家建有和在建当地全球契约网络 组织。 联合国意识到应对当今社会的最根本挑战需要 多方合作的重要性，因此在 2000 年，联合国秘书长 建立了联合国全球契约，联合国从此正式涉足企业社 会责任领域的工作。 联合国全球契约号召世界各地的企业自愿性的 在企业战略和运营当中履行全球契约十项原则。全球 契约十项原则涵盖人权，劳工权利，环境保护和反对 腐败四大领域。同时，号召企业采取行动支持更广泛 的联合国目标，包括千年发展目标（MDGs）。通过这 样，企业可以帮助确保市场的发展可以惠及全球各地 经济和社会的综合发展。 联合国全球契约作为一项由诸多首席执行官高 度认可的领导倡议，是真正意义上的就可持续发展以 及切实实施和公开披露负责任企业战略和实践的领 导力平台。联合国全球契约将世界各国的企业和关键 性利益相关方群体聚集一堂，促成企业与政府，非政 府组织，劳工组织，投资者，教育机构以及联合国的广 泛对话和相互学习。 联合国全球契约要求企业在其影响范围内，接纳 和支持就人权，劳工，环境和反腐败领域的一系列核 心价值观并付诸实际行动。全球契约的十项原则享有 全球共识，这些原则来源于：《世界人权宣言》， 《国际 劳工组织关于工作中的基本原则和权利宣言》， 《关于 环境与发展的里约宣言》以及《联合国反腐败公约》。

一、中心办公室简介 联合国全球契约中国网络中心办公室（简称中国 网络中心）是联合国全球契约办公室授权在中国开展 全球契约社会责任相关活动的组织。办公室设于北京 融智企业社会责任研究所，主管部门是北京市社会科 学界联合会。中心主要负责人陈英现任联合国全球契 约理事会理事、中国企业管理科学基金会副理事长、 国际标准化委员会 ISO26000 社会责任指南中国专 家组成员。

4、企业社会责任报告编写咨询 中远集团 国家开发银行 中国大唐集团 中国华能集团 中国华电集团 中国电力投资集团

中国网络中心致力于促进中国企业实践联合国 全球契约十项原则，为中国企业搭建与联合国和国际 社会交流的平台，向世界展示中国企业社会责任的最 新进展，深入推动中国企业社会责任的发展。

中国国电集团（配 LOGO）

民生银行（配 LOGO） 中国网络中心积极帮助中国企业加入联合国全 球契约，协助企业参与联合国全球契约各项活动，负 责推荐中国企业社会责任报告参评联合国全球契约 报告典范榜；组织中国企业进行社会责任考察、开展 成员企业间的经验交流；为企业提供社会责任培训 和咨询服务。 二、服务内容 联合国全球契约中国网络中心拥有一支由多名 国内资深的企业社会责任专家组成团队，80％的成 员具有博士学位，先后开展了大量企业社会责任研究 和培训咨询服务。 服务内容： ● 企业社会责任相关研究 ● 企业社会责任宣传培训 ● 企业社会责任咨询 ● 企业社会责任研讨和会议组织 ● 编辑出版企业社会责任书籍 ● 组织国内外社会责任交流合作

中国中钢集团

大唐国际（配 LOGO）

中国五矿集团公司 中材建设 5、 企业社会责任培训 国家电网公司 中远集团 国家开发银行 南方电网

联合国全球契约十项原则 人权 原则 1：企业界应该尊重和维护国际公认的各 项人权； 原则 2：决不参与任何漠视与践踏人权的行为。 劳工标准 原则 3：企业界应该维护结社自由，承认劳资集 体谈判的权利； 原则 4：消除各种形式的强迫性劳动； 原则 5：消灭童工制； 原则 6：杜绝任何在用工与职业方面的歧视行 为。 环境 原则 7：企业界应对环境挑战未雨绸缪； 原则 8：主动增加对环保所承担的责任； 原则 9：鼓励开发和推广环境友好型技术。 反腐败 原则 10：企业应反对各种形式的贪污 , 包括敲 诈勒索和行贿受贿。

联合国全球契约办公室出版，2008 年 10 月 联系方式： UN Global Compact Office. United Nations, DC2-612, New York City, NY 10017, USA www.unglobalcompact.org globalcompact@un.org

专家团队学历比例饼图 博士：85％ 硕士：10％ 本科：5％ 三、主要实践 1、企业社会责任理论研究 ● 国务院国资委 2007 年 A 类课题《中央企 业社会责任研究》 ● 完成科技部软课题《我国企业社会责任 指标体系研究》 ● 与国家电网公司合作完成《企业社会责 任工作研究》课题 ● 编辑出版《企业社会责任理论与实践》

华能集团

大唐集团

华电集团

中材建设 2、企业社会责任战略咨询 ● 联想集团大中华区社会责任战略 3、企业社会责任管理体系咨询 ● 《国家电网公司履行社会责任指南》研究

International Maritime Organization ●

国家开发银行社会责任指标体系

国

际

海

事

组

织

www.imo.org ●

中远集团可持续发展指标体系

全球契约中国网络中心办公室介绍

46 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 47

UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL COMPACT The United Nations Global Compact is largest corporate responsibility initiative in the world – with 7,000 signatories based in more than 135 countries, and Local Networks existing or emerging in 90 countries.

Recognizing that solutions to the most fundamental challenges facing society require extraordinary collaboration, the UN entered the corporate responsibility realm in 2000 with the Secretary-General’ s launch of the UN Global Compact.

The UN Global Compact is a call to companies everywhere to: (1) voluntarily align their operations and strategies with ten universally accepted principles in the areas of human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption and (2) take actions in support of UN goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.

By doing so, business can help ensure that markets advance in ways that benefit economies and societies everywhere.

Endorsed by chief executives, the UN Global Compact is a leadership platform for the development, implementation, and disclosure of responsible corporate policies and practices. The initiative brings companies together with key stakeholder groups including: Government, civil society, labour, investors, educators and the United Nations.

The Ten Principles The UN Global Compact asks companies to embrace, support and enact, within their sphere of influence, a set of core values in the areas of human rights, labour standards, the environment and anti-corruption. The Ten Principles enjoy universal consensus and are derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the United Nations Convention Against Corruption.

Human Rights •Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights; and •Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses.

Labour •Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; •Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and

compulsory labour; •Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labour; and •Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.

Environment •Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges; •Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; •Principle 9: encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.

Anti-Corruption •Principle 10: Businesses should work against all forms of corruption, including extortion and bribery.

Please visit the UN Global Compact website for more information: U N G l o b a l C o m p a c t O f fi c e . U n i t e d N a t i o n s , DC2-612, New York City, NY 10017, USA www.unglobalcompact.org globalcompact@un.org The Global Compact Cities Programme offers a framework for building constructive collaboration between business, government, and civil society, to tackle deeply rooted urban challenges - for example, slums, transport, pollution and sanitation. It is open to metropolises around the world that are ready to adopt an alternative governance approach that harnesses the ideas, knowledge, experience and resources across these sectors, to improve the quality of urban life. The programme provides cities with tools to promote cross-sectoral governance and research resources to identify priority issues and engage local communities.

Global Compact Local networks are clusters of participants who come together to advance the Global Compact and its principles within a particular geographic context. They help root the Global Compact in different national, cultural and language contexts, and manage the Compact’ s rapid expansion. They facilitate the progress of companies ( b o t h l o c a l fi r m s a n d s u b s i d i a r i e s o f f o r e i g n corporations) engaged in the Compact to implement the ten principles and create opportunities for multi-stakeholder engagement and collective action.

Furthermore, the networks deepen the learning experience of all participants and promote action in support of broader UN goals.

联合国全球契约是全球最大的自愿企业公民倡 议。迄今为止已经有来自全球多于 135 个国家逾 7000 家企业和其他利益相关组织加入了全球契约， 成为其正式成员。全球契约是一项真正的全球倡议， 其还在 9 0 多个国家建有和在建当地全球契约网络 组织。 联合国意识到应对当今社会的最根本挑战需要 多方合作的重要性，因此在 2000 年，联合国秘书长 建立了联合国全球契约，联合国从此正式涉足企业社 会责任领域的工作。 联合国全球契约号召世界各地的企业自愿性的 在企业战略和运营当中履行全球契约十项原则。全球 契约十项原则涵盖人权，劳工权利，环境保护和反对 腐败四大领域。同时，号召企业采取行动支持更广泛 的联合国目标，包括千年发展目标（MDGs）。通过这 样，企业可以帮助确保市场的发展可以惠及全球各地 经济和社会的综合发展。 联合国全球契约作为一项由诸多首席执行官高 度认可的领导倡议，是真正意义上的就可持续发展以 及切实实施和公开披露负责任企业战略和实践的领 导力平台。联合国全球契约将世界各国的企业和关键 性利益相关方群体聚集一堂，促成企业与政府，非政 府组织，劳工组织，投资者，教育机构以及联合国的广 泛对话和相互学习。 联合国全球契约要求企业在其影响范围内，接纳 和支持就人权，劳工，环境和反腐败领域的一系列核 心价值观并付诸实际行动。全球契约的十项原则享有 全球共识，这些原则来源于：《世界人权宣言》， 《国际 劳工组织关于工作中的基本原则和权利宣言》， 《关于 环境与发展的里约宣言》以及《联合国反腐败公约》。

一、中心办公室简介 联合国全球契约中国网络中心办公室（简称中国 网络中心）是联合国全球契约办公室授权在中国开展 全球契约社会责任相关活动的组织。办公室设于北京 融智企业社会责任研究所，主管部门是北京市社会科 学界联合会。中心主要负责人陈英现任联合国全球契 约理事会理事、中国企业管理科学基金会副理事长、 国际标准化委员会 ISO26000 社会责任指南中国专 家组成员。

4、企业社会责任报告编写咨询 中远集团 国家开发银行 中国大唐集团 中国华能集团 中国华电集团 中国电力投资集团

中国网络中心致力于促进中国企业实践联合国 全球契约十项原则，为中国企业搭建与联合国和国际 社会交流的平台，向世界展示中国企业社会责任的最 新进展，深入推动中国企业社会责任的发展。

中国国电集团（配 LOGO）

民生银行（配 LOGO） 中国网络中心积极帮助中国企业加入联合国全 球契约，协助企业参与联合国全球契约各项活动，负 责推荐中国企业社会责任报告参评联合国全球契约 报告典范榜；组织中国企业进行社会责任考察、开展 成员企业间的经验交流；为企业提供社会责任培训 和咨询服务。 二、服务内容 联合国全球契约中国网络中心拥有一支由多名 国内资深的企业社会责任专家组成团队，80％的成 员具有博士学位，先后开展了大量企业社会责任研究 和培训咨询服务。 服务内容： ● 企业社会责任相关研究 ● 企业社会责任宣传培训 ● 企业社会责任咨询 ● 企业社会责任研讨和会议组织 ● 编辑出版企业社会责任书籍 ● 组织国内外社会责任交流合作

中国中钢集团

大唐国际（配 LOGO）

中国五矿集团公司 中材建设 5、 企业社会责任培训 国家电网公司 中远集团 国家开发银行 南方电网

联合国全球契约十项原则 人权 原则 1：企业界应该尊重和维护国际公认的各 项人权； 原则 2：决不参与任何漠视与践踏人权的行为。 劳工标准 原则 3：企业界应该维护结社自由，承认劳资集 体谈判的权利； 原则 4：消除各种形式的强迫性劳动； 原则 5：消灭童工制； 原则 6：杜绝任何在用工与职业方面的歧视行 为。 环境 原则 7：企业界应对环境挑战未雨绸缪； 原则 8：主动增加对环保所承担的责任； 原则 9：鼓励开发和推广环境友好型技术。 反腐败 原则 10：企业应反对各种形式的贪污 , 包括敲 诈勒索和行贿受贿。

联合国全球契约办公室出版，2008 年 10 月 联系方式： UN Global Compact Office. United Nations, DC2-612, New York City, NY 10017, USA www.unglobalcompact.org globalcompact@un.org

专家团队学历比例饼图 博士：85％ 硕士：10％ 本科：5％ 三、主要实践 1、企业社会责任理论研究 ● 国务院国资委 2007 年 A 类课题《中央企 业社会责任研究》 ● 完成科技部软课题《我国企业社会责任 指标体系研究》 ● 与国家电网公司合作完成《企业社会责 任工作研究》课题 ● 编辑出版《企业社会责任理论与实践》

华能集团

大唐集团

华电集团

中材建设 2、企业社会责任战略咨询 ● 联想集团大中华区社会责任战略 3、企业社会责任管理体系咨询 ● 《国家电网公司履行社会责任指南》研究

UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL COMPACT ●

国家开发银行社会责任指标体系

联

合

国

全

球

契

约

www.unglobalcompact.org ●

中远集团可持续发展指标体系

全球契约中国网络中心办公室介绍

46 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 47

UN-HABITAT, the UN agency for the built environment, works with all spheres of government, civil society and the private sector to help build, manage, plan and finance sustainable urbanization around the world. At the dawn of a new urban era with most of humanity now living in cities, UN-HABITAT is at the frontline of the battle against urban poverty, disasters natural or otherwise that hit cities, and urban climate change problems. With some 1 billion people living in slums and other sub-standard housing, we are sitting on a social time-bomb ticking away in many overcrowded, poverty-stricken corners of cities around the world.

We need cleaner, greener cities; human rights cities where all feel they belong; where women feel safe, where all have access to adequate shelter, clean water and sanitation.

Among its many activities around the world, UN-HABITAT works mainly the world’ s poorest countries where the agency assists young people uplift themselves from poverty. Working with youth in slums is one of the best ways to promote better cities and better lives. Here Jackson Mtungila, from the organization Concerned Youth based in Malawi, tells Melanda Schmid what motivated him to successfully apply for a grant from the UN-HABITAT Youth Fund.

Young folk in Mtungila’ s city of Blantyre, the largest urban centre in Malawi, face many obstacles to living in dignity. Overwhelming poverty and the resulting lack of empowerment drive many young women into prostitution, which in turn is a contributing factor in the scourge of HIV/AIDS. With many children losing their parents to the disease and becoming dependent on grandparents or other relatives whose resources are already scarce, the cycle continues, with limited access to education and decent work.

brains, the energy – and I know that when we work together we can overcome our challenges.” And youth in Malawi, Mtungila will proudly tell you, are indeed working together to lift themselves out of poverty.

Concerned Youth is one of a number of such initiatives, which offer support, training and guidance to young people wanting to launch small businesses.

But members of these youth-led groups also give freely of their time as active citizens, volunteering and advocating for change in areas including human rights, environmental sustainability, economic empowerment and HIV/AIDS. The project that UN-HABITAT’ s Youth Fund is supporting is an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) training project. As is the case in many impoverished African countries, the digital divide is huge, and youth in Malawi have low computer literacy in general, which greatly reduces their employment prospects.

Concerned Youth hopes to change that, offering intensive training courses to young people in Blantyre to become proficient in the use of modern computers and software packages. With the help of UN-HABITAT, Mtungila is confident they will succeed.

In Mtungila’ s words: “Before the Fund, we had the idea but not the resources to launch it. Now we can make it reality, and many young people from my township will be empowered with knowledge and skills that they may be able to make a living from in future. I hope that many governments, leaders and organizations will take notice of the Fund and join UN-HABITAT in supporting youth to make their dreams become reality.”

winning projects, representing 33 countries, are aimed at alleviating poverty, improving employment prospects, education, the environment, health and safety. The second call for applications, opened in February 15, 2010. Details and application information can be found online at www.unhabitat.org/youthfund.

UN-HABITAT（联合国人居署）是负责研究建筑 居住环境的联合国机构，它与各国政府、民间团体 和私人团体通力合作，帮助建立、管理、规划全球 城市可持续发展并为其提供资金。在当前的新城市 纪元中，大多数人都居住在城市内，从而出现了城 市贫困、自然灾害、城市气候变化及其他一些危害 城市的问题，UN-HABITAT（联合国人居署）一直站 在最前线，与这些问题作斗争。目前全球大约有 10 亿人在贫民窟和其他不符合标准的房屋中居住，带 给我们的是过度拥挤和城市贫困等各种社会问题。 我们需要的是更清洁、更环保的城市；我们需要的 是人权得到充分保障的城市；我们需要的是妇女感 觉安全的城市；我们需要的是每个人都有适当的居 所、清洁的水源和公共卫生设施的城市。 UN-HABITAT 在全球进行了许多活动，其中最主 要的是在全球最贫穷的国家协助青少年摆脱贫困。帮 助贫民窟中的青年是建设更好的城市和更好的生活 的 最 佳 途 径 之 一。来 自 位 于 马 拉 维 的 Concerned Youth（关注青少年）组织的 Jackson Mtungila 在此向 Melanda Schmid 介绍了什么原因使他成功申请到 UN-HABITAT Youth Fund（联合国人居署青年基金）的 拨款。 Mtungila 居住马拉维最大的城市布兰太尔，在这 里年轻人想要有尊严地生活会面临许多障碍。过度贫困 和管理的缺乏导致许多年轻妇女卖淫，进而使艾滋 病蔓延。许多儿童因为疾病失去了他们的父母，只 能依赖祖父母或者其他贫穷的亲属，这样不断循环， 导致他们失去了接受教育和获得体面工作的机会。

About the Fund: Yet the beaming smile on Mtungila’ s face tells the other side of the story: “We have problems, but the solutions come from us, from the young people,” he says. “I see the potential in youth – the ideas, the

Concerned Youth was one of 67 Youth Fund grant recipients in 2009, drawn from a pool of 1,116 applicants representing 86 countries. Many of the

一起，我们能够战胜面临的挑战。”马拉维的年轻人 Mtungila 将会自豪地告诉你，他们正团结在一起努力 摆脱贫困。 现在有许多为创办小企业的年轻人提供支持、 培训和指导的组织，Concerned Youth（关注青少年） 正是其中之一。当然这些青年领导团体的成员也乐 意花费时间，以公民、志愿者的身份，积极改变人权、 环境可持续性、经济权力和艾滋病方面的现状。 UN-HABITAT Youth Fund（联合国人居署青年基 金）所支持的是一个信息和通信技术 (ICT) 培训项目。 如同其他许多贫困的非洲国家一样，马拉维也面临 巨大的数字鸿沟，青年人的电脑知识水平普遍较低， 大大影响了他们的就业前景。 Concerned Youth（关注青少年）希望通过为布兰 太尔的年轻人提供密集的培训课程，帮助他们熟练 地使用现代化电脑和软件，改变这一现状。Mtungila 相信 UN-HABITAT（联合国人居署）的帮助能使他 们获得成功。 用 Mtungila 的话来说：“在有基金之前，我们有 想法，但是没有资源运作。现在我们可以将它变为 现实，我家乡的许多年轻人将用知识和技能武装自己， 将来得以立足社会。我希望各国政府、领导人和各 个组织关注基金会，与 UN-HABITAT（联合国人居署） 一起支持年轻人成就自己的梦想。” 关于基金会： Concerned Youth（关注青少年）是 2009 年 67 个青年基金会获援助组织之一，是从 86 个国家的 1116 名申请者中选出的。来自 33 个不同国家的多 个获奖项目旨在减轻贫困、改善就业前景、教育、 环境、健康和安全。第二次申请已于 2010 年 2 月 15日 开始，详情和申请信息可登录： www.unhabitat.org/youthfund 查询。

然而洋溢在 Mtungila 脸上的笑容也告诉了我们 故事的另一面：“我们面临许多问题，但是我们年轻 人也有解决办法”，他说道。“我看到了年轻人身上 的潜力 - 思想、智慧、活力，我相信当我们团结在

United Nations Human Settlements Programme

联 合 国 人 居 署 www.unhabitat.org

48 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 49

UN-HABITAT, the UN agency for the built environment, works with all spheres of government, civil society and the private sector to help build, manage, plan and finance sustainable urbanization around the world. At the dawn of a new urban era with most of humanity now living in cities, UN-HABITAT is at the frontline of the battle against urban poverty, disasters natural or otherwise that hit cities, and urban climate change problems. With some 1 billion people living in slums and other sub-standard housing, we are sitting on a social time-bomb ticking away in many overcrowded, poverty-stricken corners of cities around the world.

We need cleaner, greener cities; human rights cities where all feel they belong; where women feel safe, where all have access to adequate shelter, clean water and sanitation.

Among its many activities around the world, UN-HABITAT works mainly the world’ s poorest countries where the agency assists young people uplift themselves from poverty. Working with youth in slums is one of the best ways to promote better cities and better lives. Here Jackson Mtungila, from the organization Concerned Youth based in Malawi, tells Melanda Schmid what motivated him to successfully apply for a grant from the UN-HABITAT Youth Fund.

Young folk in Mtungila’ s city of Blantyre, the largest urban centre in Malawi, face many obstacles to living in dignity. Overwhelming poverty and the resulting lack of empowerment drive many young women into prostitution, which in turn is a contributing factor in the scourge of HIV/AIDS. With many children losing their parents to the disease and becoming dependent on grandparents or other relatives whose resources are already scarce, the cycle continues, with limited access to education and decent work.

brains, the energy – and I know that when we work together we can overcome our challenges.” And youth in Malawi, Mtungila will proudly tell you, are indeed working together to lift themselves out of poverty.

Concerned Youth is one of a number of such initiatives, which offer support, training and guidance to young people wanting to launch small businesses.

But members of these youth-led groups also give freely of their time as active citizens, volunteering and advocating for change in areas including human rights, environmental sustainability, economic empowerment and HIV/AIDS. The project that UN-HABITAT’ s Youth Fund is supporting is an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) training project. As is the case in many impoverished African countries, the digital divide is huge, and youth in Malawi have low computer literacy in general, which greatly reduces their employment prospects.

Concerned Youth hopes to change that, offering intensive training courses to young people in Blantyre to become proficient in the use of modern computers and software packages. With the help of UN-HABITAT, Mtungila is confident they will succeed.

In Mtungila’ s words: “Before the Fund, we had the idea but not the resources to launch it. Now we can make it reality, and many young people from my township will be empowered with knowledge and skills that they may be able to make a living from in future. I hope that many governments, leaders and organizations will take notice of the Fund and join UN-HABITAT in supporting youth to make their dreams become reality.”

winning projects, representing 33 countries, are aimed at alleviating poverty, improving employment prospects, education, the environment, health and safety. The second call for applications, opened in February 15, 2010. Details and application information can be found online at www.unhabitat.org/youthfund.

UN-HABITAT（联合国人居署）是负责研究建筑 居住环境的联合国机构，它与各国政府、民间团体 和私人团体通力合作，帮助建立、管理、规划全球 城市可持续发展并为其提供资金。在当前的新城市 纪元中，大多数人都居住在城市内，从而出现了城 市贫困、自然灾害、城市气候变化及其他一些危害 城市的问题，UN-HABITAT（联合国人居署）一直站 在最前线，与这些问题作斗争。目前全球大约有 10 亿人在贫民窟和其他不符合标准的房屋中居住，带 给我们的是过度拥挤和城市贫困等各种社会问题。 我们需要的是更清洁、更环保的城市；我们需要的 是人权得到充分保障的城市；我们需要的是妇女感 觉安全的城市；我们需要的是每个人都有适当的居 所、清洁的水源和公共卫生设施的城市。 UN-HABITAT 在全球进行了许多活动，其中最主 要的是在全球最贫穷的国家协助青少年摆脱贫困。帮 助贫民窟中的青年是建设更好的城市和更好的生活 的 最 佳 途 径 之 一。来 自 位 于 马 拉 维 的 Concerned Youth（关注青少年）组织的 Jackson Mtungila 在此向 Melanda Schmid 介绍了什么原因使他成功申请到 UN-HABITAT Youth Fund（联合国人居署青年基金）的 拨款。 Mtungila 居住马拉维最大的城市布兰太尔，在这 里年轻人想要有尊严地生活会面临许多障碍。过度贫困 和管理的缺乏导致许多年轻妇女卖淫，进而使艾滋 病蔓延。许多儿童因为疾病失去了他们的父母，只 能依赖祖父母或者其他贫穷的亲属，这样不断循环， 导致他们失去了接受教育和获得体面工作的机会。

About the Fund: Yet the beaming smile on Mtungila’ s face tells the other side of the story: “We have problems, but the solutions come from us, from the young people,” he says. “I see the potential in youth – the ideas, the

Concerned Youth was one of 67 Youth Fund grant recipients in 2009, drawn from a pool of 1,116 applicants representing 86 countries. Many of the

一起，我们能够战胜面临的挑战。”马拉维的年轻人 Mtungila 将会自豪地告诉你，他们正团结在一起努力 摆脱贫困。 现在有许多为创办小企业的年轻人提供支持、 培训和指导的组织，Concerned Youth（关注青少年） 正是其中之一。当然这些青年领导团体的成员也乐 意花费时间，以公民、志愿者的身份，积极改变人权、 环境可持续性、经济权力和艾滋病方面的现状。 UN-HABITAT Youth Fund（联合国人居署青年基 金）所支持的是一个信息和通信技术 (ICT) 培训项目。 如同其他许多贫困的非洲国家一样，马拉维也面临 巨大的数字鸿沟，青年人的电脑知识水平普遍较低， 大大影响了他们的就业前景。 Concerned Youth（关注青少年）希望通过为布兰 太尔的年轻人提供密集的培训课程，帮助他们熟练 地使用现代化电脑和软件，改变这一现状。Mtungila 相信 UN-HABITAT（联合国人居署）的帮助能使他 们获得成功。 用 Mtungila 的话来说：“在有基金之前，我们有 想法，但是没有资源运作。现在我们可以将它变为 现实，我家乡的许多年轻人将用知识和技能武装自己， 将来得以立足社会。我希望各国政府、领导人和各 个组织关注基金会，与 UN-HABITAT（联合国人居署） 一起支持年轻人成就自己的梦想。” 关于基金会： Concerned Youth（关注青少年）是 2009 年 67 个青年基金会获援助组织之一，是从 86 个国家的 1116 名申请者中选出的。来自 33 个不同国家的多 个获奖项目旨在减轻贫困、改善就业前景、教育、 环境、健康和安全。第二次申请已于 2010 年 2 月 15日 开始，详情和申请信息可登录： www.unhabitat.org/youthfund 查询。

然而洋溢在 Mtungila 脸上的笑容也告诉了我们 故事的另一面：“我们面临许多问题，但是我们年轻 人也有解决办法”，他说道。“我看到了年轻人身上 的潜力 - 思想、智慧、活力，我相信当我们团结在

United Nations Human Settlements Programme

联 合 国 人 居 署 www.unhabitat.org

48 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 49

five to 17, whom he teaches. They feel the stress of being a refugee in the big city, he says. Their parents are stressed and they pass on the stress. The children are just like me.

“When I come here, he says in the leafy courtyard of the Bangkok Refugee Center, I feel like somebody. When I go home, I feel miserable. I can’ t go here. I can’ t go there. When I see a policeman my heart stops. It’ s a hard life.”

联合国难民事务高级专员公署（UNHCR）成立 于1950年12月，负责指导和协调世界范围内保护难 民和解决难民问题的国际行动。它努力确保每个人 有权在另一个国家寻求避难，找到安全的避难所， 可选择自愿回国，融入他国，或在第三国定居。 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established in December, 1950 to lead and coordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another State, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country.

The UN refugee agency protects more than 15 million refugees worldwide, in addition to helping asylumseekers, refugees who have gone back to their home countries, stateless people and some of the 26 million people displaced by conflict within their own countries. In almost six decades, UNHCR has helped more than 50 million uprooted people rebuild their lives, earning two Nobel Peace Prizes in the process.

UNHCR: Helping Refugees Survive in the World’ s Big Cities During three and a half years in exile from his native Uganda, Dennis Oman Mukabe has spent time both in a small community on the Thai resort island of Phuket, and in the teeming Thai capital, Bangkok, home to an estimated 13 million people. He has no doubt where it is easier to be a refugee.

“Rural people are generous and give you food from their farms or fish from their fishing“, says the 28-year-old. But an urban refugee has nowhere to stand because life in the city is rough competition, especially if you are not allowed to work.

Just as economic forces have drawn half the world’ s 6.6 billion people to cities, so too are an increasing number of refugees living in cities these days rather than refugee camps. But the hardships of life for urban refugees can be overwhelming. Crammed too tightly into substandard housing - too often in slums or shanty towns - and frequently prohibited from working, urban refugees can feel frustrated and desperate.

Since many urban refugees lack any form of legal identification, they find it hard to get government assistance, health care or education, and are often at the mercy of unscrupulous people. Around the world, the top two living expenses for urban refugees are rent and bribes, UNHCR surveys show.

50 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

To give urban refugees a voice, UNHCR sent acclaimed Afghan-born photographer Zalmai, himself a former refugee, to several large cities spread across different continents, to capture their individual stories on camera. The UNHCR photo exhibition gives us a unique window into urban refugees’ struggle to navigate their way through city life.

Getting an official refugee certificate from UNHCR gave Dennis some peace of mind, he says. But asked to name his biggest problem as an urban refugee, he unhesitatingly ticks off a long list: surviving, basic living, security, work. There have been times I couldn’ t afford food, accommodation, transportation, the basic things.

Although he found people on Phuket friendly, generous and welcoming, and although he learned to speak Thai well, he says his experiences with big-city residents in Bangkok have been bitter.

“After the years I’ ve lived here, I’ ve learned to be happy with myself. I don’ t have a true local friend”, he says without a trace of rancour. It’ s not easy to integrate into the community in a huge metropolis.

The high cost of living in a city that even Thais from the countryside find expensive also leaves him in a cycle of perpetual debt, unable even to afford a taxi ride to seek solace at church on Sundays.

Not a man to bow to obstacles, Dennis has found huge personal satisfaction as a volunteer math teacher in informal classes for refugee children at the Bangkok Refugee Center, a UNHCR-funded retreat in the heart of the city. Not only is he putting his business-administration background to use in a way he never dreamed of, but he’ s able to do what few refugees can - bring in a token cash incentive payment every month. Still, 70 percent of that goes on rent for his one-room apartment and just feeding himself for the whole month is a struggle.

In the 147 countries around the world that have signed the 1951 Refugee Convention, refugees often make valuable contributions to their host societies, sometimes even as university professors.

联合国难民署为全世界1500多万难民提供保护， 并为寻求庇难者、重返家园的难民、无国籍者和 2600万因冲突在其国内流离失所者提供帮助。近60 年来，联合国难民署已帮助5000多万无家可归者重 建生活，并因此两度荣获诺贝尔和平奖。 联合国难民署：帮助难民在全球大城市中生活 在逃离祖国乌干达后，丹尼斯•阿曼•穆卡比 （Dennis Oman Mukabe）已在泰国生活了三年半 的时间。他生活过的地方即包括泰国度假胜地普吉 岛上的一个小社区，也包括繁华的泰国首都—曼谷 （曼谷人口估计为1300万人）。对于难民在哪里生活 比较容易这个话题，他深有体会。 “农村人非常慷慨，会将自产的食物和捕到的鱼 分给你一些”，这位28岁的小伙子说。而在竞争激烈 的城市，根本没有城市难民的立足之地，特别是你 根本不被允许工作。 正像经济力量驱使全球66亿人口中的一半涌入 城市一样，在城市（而非难民营）中生活的难民也 越来越多。但生活的艰难却压得这些城市难民喘过 气来。他们挤在低标准住宅、贫民窟或棚户区中， 常常不被允许工作，深陷绝望之中。 由于许多城市难民没有任何形式的合法身份， 他们发现自己很难得到政府协助、医疗和教育，常 受坏人欺凌。联合国难民署的调查显示，房租和贿 赂是城市难民两项最主要的生活费用。

丹尼斯说，得到联合国难民署签发的难民证多 少给了他一些安慰。但在被问及作为城市难民他面 临的最大的问题是什么时，他马上就罗列出一大串： 生存、基本生活、安全、工作。“有时我都连食品、 住宿、交通这些基本的需求都保障不了。” 尽管他发现普吉岛的人们友好、大方、好客， 而且他也学会了说泰语，他说在曼谷这样的大城市 生活则要辛酸的多。 “在这里生活这些年后，我已学会一个人苦中作 乐。我在当地并没有真正的朋友”，他这样说道，脸 上没有一丝怨恨的表情。在大都市，融入社区并非 易事。 令泰国乡村居民都咋舌不已的高昂城市生活成本， 也使他背上了一身债，他甚至连星期日打车到教堂 寻求心理慰藉的钱都没有。 一个真正的强者决不会在困难面前低头。在位 于市中心的曼谷难民中心（由联合国难民署资助的 收容所），他作为一名志愿者老师为难民儿童教授 数学，这为他带来了极大的满足感。他不仅能够以 他从未想到过的方式发挥他的工商管理背景，而且 还做到了极少难民能够做到的事情–每月挣得象征性 的奖金。尽管这些钱70%都被用于支付他那套一室 户公寓的房租，他还得为一整个月如何填饱肚子而 犯愁。 在全世界已签署1951年《难民公约》的147个 国家中，难民常为他们的现居地社会做出宝贵的贡 献，其中许多还成为大学教授。 丹尼斯所教的难民儿童年龄从5岁到17岁不等， 他们的心理都受到过巨大的创伤；作为一名数字老 师，丹尼斯认为他既要做好他们的良师，又要做好 他们的益友。他说：“这些孩子都感受到了作为难民 在大城市所承受的压力。他们的父母受到的压力又 传给了他们。这些孩子就像我一样。” “当我来到这里，我觉得自己还有点用处，”他 在曼谷难民中心草木茂盛的院子里说，“当我回到家， 我又会悲从中来。我这里不能去，那里也不能去。 每当我看到警察，我的心都要停止跳动。生活真是 太艰难了。”

为引起人们对城市难民的关注，联合国难民署 派深受好评的摄影师扎尔迈（Zalmai）（扎尔迈在 阿富汗出生，原来也是一名难民）到各大洲的几座 大城市，用镜头捕捉这些城市难民的故事。联合国 难民署摄影展为我们了解城市难民如何在城市中艰 难生活提供了一次绝佳的机会。

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

联 合 国 难 民 事 务 高 级 专 员 公 署 www.unhcr.org

联合国儿童基金会

As well as being a math instructor, Dennis feels he plays an equally important role as a friend and counselor to the traumatized refugee children, aged

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 51

www.unicef.org

five to 17, whom he teaches. They feel the stress of being a refugee in the big city, he says. Their parents are stressed and they pass on the stress. The children are just like me.

“When I come here, he says in the leafy courtyard of the Bangkok Refugee Center, I feel like somebody. When I go home, I feel miserable. I can’ t go here. I can’ t go there. When I see a policeman my heart stops. It’ s a hard life.”

联合国难民事务高级专员公署（UNHCR）成立 于1950年12月，负责指导和协调世界范围内保护难 民和解决难民问题的国际行动。它努力确保每个人 有权在另一个国家寻求避难，找到安全的避难所， 可选择自愿回国，融入他国，或在第三国定居。 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established in December, 1950 to lead and coordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another State, with the option to return home voluntarily, integrate locally or to resettle in a third country.

The UN refugee agency protects more than 15 million refugees worldwide, in addition to helping asylumseekers, refugees who have gone back to their home countries, stateless people and some of the 26 million people displaced by conflict within their own countries. In almost six decades, UNHCR has helped more than 50 million uprooted people rebuild their lives, earning two Nobel Peace Prizes in the process.

UNHCR: Helping Refugees Survive in the World’ s Big Cities During three and a half years in exile from his native Uganda, Dennis Oman Mukabe has spent time both in a small community on the Thai resort island of Phuket, and in the teeming Thai capital, Bangkok, home to an estimated 13 million people. He has no doubt where it is easier to be a refugee.

“Rural people are generous and give you food from their farms or fish from their fishing“, says the 28-year-old. But an urban refugee has nowhere to stand because life in the city is rough competition, especially if you are not allowed to work.

Just as economic forces have drawn half the world’ s 6.6 billion people to cities, so too are an increasing number of refugees living in cities these days rather than refugee camps. But the hardships of life for urban refugees can be overwhelming. Crammed too tightly into substandard housing - too often in slums or shanty towns - and frequently prohibited from working, urban refugees can feel frustrated and desperate.

Since many urban refugees lack any form of legal identification, they find it hard to get government assistance, health care or education, and are often at the mercy of unscrupulous people. Around the world, the top two living expenses for urban refugees are rent and bribes, UNHCR surveys show.

50 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

To give urban refugees a voice, UNHCR sent acclaimed Afghan-born photographer Zalmai, himself a former refugee, to several large cities spread across different continents, to capture their individual stories on camera. The UNHCR photo exhibition gives us a unique window into urban refugees’ struggle to navigate their way through city life.

Getting an official refugee certificate from UNHCR gave Dennis some peace of mind, he says. But asked to name his biggest problem as an urban refugee, he unhesitatingly ticks off a long list: surviving, basic living, security, work. There have been times I couldn’ t afford food, accommodation, transportation, the basic things.

Although he found people on Phuket friendly, generous and welcoming, and although he learned to speak Thai well, he says his experiences with big-city residents in Bangkok have been bitter.

“After the years I’ ve lived here, I’ ve learned to be happy with myself. I don’ t have a true local friend”, he says without a trace of rancour. It’ s not easy to integrate into the community in a huge metropolis.

The high cost of living in a city that even Thais from the countryside find expensive also leaves him in a cycle of perpetual debt, unable even to afford a taxi ride to seek solace at church on Sundays.

Not a man to bow to obstacles, Dennis has found huge personal satisfaction as a volunteer math teacher in informal classes for refugee children at the Bangkok Refugee Center, a UNHCR-funded retreat in the heart of the city. Not only is he putting his business-administration background to use in a way he never dreamed of, but he’ s able to do what few refugees can - bring in a token cash incentive payment every month. Still, 70 percent of that goes on rent for his one-room apartment and just feeding himself for the whole month is a struggle.

In the 147 countries around the world that have signed the 1951 Refugee Convention, refugees often make valuable contributions to their host societies, sometimes even as university professors.

联合国难民署为全世界1500多万难民提供保护， 并为寻求庇难者、重返家园的难民、无国籍者和 2600万因冲突在其国内流离失所者提供帮助。近60 年来，联合国难民署已帮助5000多万无家可归者重 建生活，并因此两度荣获诺贝尔和平奖。 联合国难民署：帮助难民在全球大城市中生活 在逃离祖国乌干达后，丹尼斯•阿曼•穆卡比 （Dennis Oman Mukabe）已在泰国生活了三年半 的时间。他生活过的地方即包括泰国度假胜地普吉 岛上的一个小社区，也包括繁华的泰国首都—曼谷 （曼谷人口估计为1300万人）。对于难民在哪里生活 比较容易这个话题，他深有体会。 “农村人非常慷慨，会将自产的食物和捕到的鱼 分给你一些”，这位28岁的小伙子说。而在竞争激烈 的城市，根本没有城市难民的立足之地，特别是你 根本不被允许工作。 正像经济力量驱使全球66亿人口中的一半涌入 城市一样，在城市（而非难民营）中生活的难民也 越来越多。但生活的艰难却压得这些城市难民喘过 气来。他们挤在低标准住宅、贫民窟或棚户区中， 常常不被允许工作，深陷绝望之中。 由于许多城市难民没有任何形式的合法身份， 他们发现自己很难得到政府协助、医疗和教育，常 受坏人欺凌。联合国难民署的调查显示，房租和贿 赂是城市难民两项最主要的生活费用。

丹尼斯说，得到联合国难民署签发的难民证多 少给了他一些安慰。但在被问及作为城市难民他面 临的最大的问题是什么时，他马上就罗列出一大串： 生存、基本生活、安全、工作。“有时我都连食品、 住宿、交通这些基本的需求都保障不了。” 尽管他发现普吉岛的人们友好、大方、好客， 而且他也学会了说泰语，他说在曼谷这样的大城市 生活则要辛酸的多。 “在这里生活这些年后，我已学会一个人苦中作 乐。我在当地并没有真正的朋友”，他这样说道，脸 上没有一丝怨恨的表情。在大都市，融入社区并非 易事。 令泰国乡村居民都咋舌不已的高昂城市生活成本， 也使他背上了一身债，他甚至连星期日打车到教堂 寻求心理慰藉的钱都没有。 一个真正的强者决不会在困难面前低头。在位 于市中心的曼谷难民中心（由联合国难民署资助的 收容所），他作为一名志愿者老师为难民儿童教授 数学，这为他带来了极大的满足感。他不仅能够以 他从未想到过的方式发挥他的工商管理背景，而且 还做到了极少难民能够做到的事情–每月挣得象征性 的奖金。尽管这些钱70%都被用于支付他那套一室 户公寓的房租，他还得为一整个月如何填饱肚子而 犯愁。 在全世界已签署1951年《难民公约》的147个 国家中，难民常为他们的现居地社会做出宝贵的贡 献，其中许多还成为大学教授。 丹尼斯所教的难民儿童年龄从5岁到17岁不等， 他们的心理都受到过巨大的创伤；作为一名数字老 师，丹尼斯认为他既要做好他们的良师，又要做好 他们的益友。他说：“这些孩子都感受到了作为难民 在大城市所承受的压力。他们的父母受到的压力又 传给了他们。这些孩子就像我一样。” “当我来到这里，我觉得自己还有点用处，”他 在曼谷难民中心草木茂盛的院子里说，“当我回到家， 我又会悲从中来。我这里不能去，那里也不能去。 每当我看到警察，我的心都要停止跳动。生活真是 太艰难了。”

为引起人们对城市难民的关注，联合国难民署 派深受好评的摄影师扎尔迈（Zalmai）（扎尔迈在 阿富汗出生，原来也是一名难民）到各大洲的几座 大城市，用镜头捕捉这些城市难民的故事。联合国 难民署摄影展为我们了解城市难民如何在城市中艰 难生活提供了一次绝佳的机会。

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

联 合 国 难 民 事 务 高 级 专 员 公 署 www.unhcr.org

联合国儿童基金会

As well as being a math instructor, Dennis feels he plays an equally important role as a friend and counselor to the traumatized refugee children, aged

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 51

www.unicef.org

联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)在全世界超过150个 国家和地区开展工作来帮助儿童在婴幼儿期和青少 年时期实现生存和发展的权利。联合国儿童基金会 是全球为发展中国家提供疫苗最多的组织，为所有 的男孩和女孩提供卫生保健和营养服务、良好的供 水和环境卫生设施以及优质基础教育，并保护儿童 免受暴力、剥削和艾滋病的伤害。联合国儿童基金 会的资金全部来源于个人、企业、基金会和政府的 自愿捐助。 保护中国城市中流动儿童的权利 中国石家庄大地幼儿园的孩子们表演红灯舞。 这个幼儿园里有很多流动儿童，他们的父母离开农 村来城里寻找工作机会。

城市的时候，他们通常会将孩子带在身边。由于这些孩 子大多没有城市户口，他们受到各种各样的歧视。” 由于离开了家乡，很多儿童无法在其居住地接 受免费的小学教育。为了让孩子进入好的小学或者 幼儿园，流动人口通常需要支付超出正常标准两倍 以上的费用。而流动儿童也经常成为被嘲笑的对象， 因为他们说话带有口音，而且穿着也和城里的孩子 不同。 15岁的孙娜和小朋友们在社区中心打乒乓球。 通过UNICEF支持的试点项目，志愿者们组织了各种 活动，帮助像孙娜这样的流动儿童和本地的孩子 成为朋友。 融入居住地社区

对孙娜来说，随着国务院妇女儿童工作委员会 启动了试点项目，她的生活就一天天变得好起来。 在UNICEF的支持下，随着孩子们的积极参与，这个 旨在保护流动儿童权利的项目帮助他们逐渐融入了 居住地的社区生活。 结交新朋友 现在，石家庄市的社区志愿者们经常组织乒乓 球比赛和羽毛球比赛等活动，这样一来，包括本地 儿童和流动儿童在内的所有孩子们都能一起玩耍并 成为朋友。 中国石家庄明天幼儿园的孩子们在玩耍。这个 幼儿园现在对包括流动儿童在内的所有儿童实施统 一的收费标准。

终于能够放下心来了。他说：“现在，她有地方可去， 而且还能和别人一起玩，这样一来，我就能够专心 做生意了。” 关于平等待遇的新政策 这个试点项目还扩大到了小学和幼儿园，现在， 这些学校和幼儿园已经修改了他们的政策，流动儿 童也能够和本地孩子一道平等地接受教育了。 石家庄明天幼儿园副园长崔玲（音译）说：“在 我们这个幼儿园，半数孩子是流动儿童，他们的父 母是来这里找工作的。根据这种情况，我们制定了 几条新规定。我们现在对所有孩子实施统一的收费 标准，我们还提供以星期和月为单位的托儿服务， 帮助那些整天忙于工作的家长。”

作者：李昆 中国石家庄，2006年7月5日 － 在世界上人口 最多的国家中，越来越多的人开始迁移流动。据估计， 中国有10％以上的人口已经离开了他们的村庄和家乡， 为能生活得更好到其他地区打工。 对劳动力的大量需求造成了人口的大规模迁移 流动，数以百万计的农民开始在城市定居。与此同时， 流动家庭的数量也呈现上升态势。 时任UNICEF驻中国办事处的儿童保护处处长 小野正博（Marc Ono）指出：“一些研究表明：中国 大约有一亿四千万流动人口。当人们离开农村进入

UNICEF is on the ground in over 150 countries and territories to help children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence. The world’ s largest provider of vaccines for developing countries, UNICEF supports child health and nutrition, good water and sanitation, quality basic education for all boys and girls, and the protection of children from violence, exploitation, and AIDS. UNICEF is funded entirely by the voluntary contributions of individuals, businesses, foundations and governments.

Protecting the rights of China’s urban migrant children Children dancing with red lanterns at Da Di Day Care, Shi Jiazhuang, China. Many of the children here are from migrant families who came from rural areas to look for work in the city.

Integration into host communities Sun Zongxia and his family are part of China’ s huge migrant population. Several years ago, they moved to the city of Shi Jiazhuang, a provincial capital in Northern China, from their small hometown in the south. Mr. Sun started a small business selling groceries to support his family, hoping one day to live comfortably and even get rich.

Mr. Sun’ s family lived virtually unnoticed within a tightly knit community. Considered to be an ‘outsider’ and excluded by local children, his daughter Sun Na, now 15, began to confine herself to their apartment.

“I was always worried,” says Mr. Sun. “I wasn’ t sure if she was doing all right. She had no friends and no places to go to after school.”

By Kun Li As a result of this migration, many children are denied access to free primary education in their host communities. Migrant workers often pay more than twice the standard fee to get their children into a decent school or day care facility. Migrant children are also frequent targets of prejudice, as many of them speak with regional accents and dress differently than city children.

For Sun Na, life took a turn for the better as a result of a pilot project launched by China’ s National Working Committee for Women and Children. With support from UNICEF and active involvement from the children themselves, the project is designed to protect the rights of migrant children, helping them integrate into their host communities.

Making new friends

Sun Na, 15, plays ping-pong with her friends at a community centre. Through a UNICEF-supported pilot project, volunteers organize activities to help migrant children like Sun Na make friends with children from host communities.

52 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

Neighbourhood volunteers n ow organize frequent activities like ping-pong and badminton games in Shi Jiazhuang, so that all children, local or migrant, can get together to play and make friends.

Children playing at Ming Tian Day Care, Shi Jiazhuang, China. The facility now charges the same fee to all children, including those from migrant families.

The volunteers also help raise awareness among local residents, encouraging them to be more accepting towards their migrant neighbours. After all, it is their labour that has helped fuel the city’ s growth and prosperity, as well as China’ s economic transformation.

Sun Na now goes to the local community centre after school and sometimes even on weekends. “I like to come here and enjoy many of the activities,” she says. “I can get to know other children and we learn from each other.” She and 15-year-old Yuan Xin, a girl from the neighbourhood, have become best friends.

Knowing that his daughter is happy and doing well, Mr. Sun can finally have peace of mind. “Now she has a place to go and a chance to play with others, and that really helps me to be more concentrated on my business,” he says.

Director of the Ming Tian Day Care Centre in Shi Jiazhuang, Cui Ying. “Based on this situation, we made a few new rules. We now charge the same fee for all children, and we also opened weekly and monthly day-care services to help migrant parents who are too busy with work. ”

孙宗夏（音译）和他的家人是中国浩大的流动 大军中的一员。几年前，他们离开了位于中国南方 一个小镇的家乡，来到了华北地区的省会城市石家 庄。孙先生开了一家小杂货店养活家人，希望有一 天能够过上舒适的生活，甚至能够变得富裕起来。

志愿者们还面向本地居民做了大量宣传工作， 以提高人们对流动儿童问题的认知度，鼓励他们对 身边的流动人口采取接纳和认可的态度。毕竟，这 些流动人口通过自身的劳动促进了这个城市的发展 和繁荣，也为中国经济的转型做出了贡献。

他们一家住在一个内部联系密切的社区中，没 有人注意到他们。由于被看作是“外地人”，他的女 儿孙娜遭到了本地孩子的排斥，她现在15岁了，整 天将自己关在他们的房子里。

现在，孙娜放学之后就去当地的社区中心，有 时候周末也会去那里。她说：“我喜欢到这里来，喜 欢这里举办的很多活动。我还认识了其他小朋友， 我们相互学习。”她和15岁的本地女孩袁新（音译） 已经成为了最要好的朋友。

孙先生说：“我非常担心。我不知道她的情况好 不好。她没有朋友，放学之后也没有什么地方可去。”

随着中国的飞速发展，将会有越来越多的流动 人员将孩子带在身边。 小野正博说：“现在确实有很多农村孩子跟随父 母进入了城市，但仍然有很多留守儿童，这些儿童 的权利和福利往往会被忽视。我们需要在以后的项 目中关注和满足这些孩子的需要。我们正在考虑推 广现已为流动儿童建立的项目模式，以便更多的儿 童能够从中受益。”

得知女儿生活得快乐而且表现良好时，孙先生

U n i t e d N a t i o n s C h i l d r e n 's F u n d

联 合 国 儿 童 基 金 会 www.unicef.org

As China continues to grow at an incredible pace, the number of workers migrating along with their children will continue to rise.

“It’ s true that a lot of rural children go to urban areas with their families, but there are also many children who are left behind, whose rights and well being are overlooked,” says Mr. Ono. “We need to address their needs in our upcoming programmes. And we are also thinking of replicating the current models that we have created for migrant children, so that more children can also benefit.”

New policies on equal treatment The pilot project also reaches out to grade schools and kindergartens, where policies have been changed so that migrant children can benefit equally alongside local children.

联合国儿童基金会

“Half of our children are migrant children whose parents came here to look for work,” says the Deputy

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 53

www.unicef.org

联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)在全世界超过150个 国家和地区开展工作来帮助儿童在婴幼儿期和青少 年时期实现生存和发展的权利。联合国儿童基金会 是全球为发展中国家提供疫苗最多的组织，为所有 的男孩和女孩提供卫生保健和营养服务、良好的供 水和环境卫生设施以及优质基础教育，并保护儿童 免受暴力、剥削和艾滋病的伤害。联合国儿童基金 会的资金全部来源于个人、企业、基金会和政府的 自愿捐助。 保护中国城市中流动儿童的权利 中国石家庄大地幼儿园的孩子们表演红灯舞。 这个幼儿园里有很多流动儿童，他们的父母离开农 村来城里寻找工作机会。

城市的时候，他们通常会将孩子带在身边。由于这些孩 子大多没有城市户口，他们受到各种各样的歧视。” 由于离开了家乡，很多儿童无法在其居住地接 受免费的小学教育。为了让孩子进入好的小学或者 幼儿园，流动人口通常需要支付超出正常标准两倍 以上的费用。而流动儿童也经常成为被嘲笑的对象， 因为他们说话带有口音，而且穿着也和城里的孩子 不同。 15岁的孙娜和小朋友们在社区中心打乒乓球。 通过UNICEF支持的试点项目，志愿者们组织了各种 活动，帮助像孙娜这样的流动儿童和本地的孩子 成为朋友。 融入居住地社区

对孙娜来说，随着国务院妇女儿童工作委员会 启动了试点项目，她的生活就一天天变得好起来。 在UNICEF的支持下，随着孩子们的积极参与，这个 旨在保护流动儿童权利的项目帮助他们逐渐融入了 居住地的社区生活。 结交新朋友 现在，石家庄市的社区志愿者们经常组织乒乓 球比赛和羽毛球比赛等活动，这样一来，包括本地 儿童和流动儿童在内的所有孩子们都能一起玩耍并 成为朋友。 中国石家庄明天幼儿园的孩子们在玩耍。这个 幼儿园现在对包括流动儿童在内的所有儿童实施统 一的收费标准。

终于能够放下心来了。他说：“现在，她有地方可去， 而且还能和别人一起玩，这样一来，我就能够专心 做生意了。” 关于平等待遇的新政策 这个试点项目还扩大到了小学和幼儿园，现在， 这些学校和幼儿园已经修改了他们的政策，流动儿 童也能够和本地孩子一道平等地接受教育了。 石家庄明天幼儿园副园长崔玲（音译）说：“在 我们这个幼儿园，半数孩子是流动儿童，他们的父 母是来这里找工作的。根据这种情况，我们制定了 几条新规定。我们现在对所有孩子实施统一的收费 标准，我们还提供以星期和月为单位的托儿服务， 帮助那些整天忙于工作的家长。”

作者：李昆 中国石家庄，2006年7月5日 － 在世界上人口 最多的国家中，越来越多的人开始迁移流动。据估计， 中国有10％以上的人口已经离开了他们的村庄和家乡， 为能生活得更好到其他地区打工。 对劳动力的大量需求造成了人口的大规模迁移 流动，数以百万计的农民开始在城市定居。与此同时， 流动家庭的数量也呈现上升态势。 时任UNICEF驻中国办事处的儿童保护处处长 小野正博（Marc Ono）指出：“一些研究表明：中国 大约有一亿四千万流动人口。当人们离开农村进入

UNICEF is on the ground in over 150 countries and territories to help children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence. The world’ s largest provider of vaccines for developing countries, UNICEF supports child health and nutrition, good water and sanitation, quality basic education for all boys and girls, and the protection of children from violence, exploitation, and AIDS. UNICEF is funded entirely by the voluntary contributions of individuals, businesses, foundations and governments.

Protecting the rights of China’s urban migrant children Children dancing with red lanterns at Da Di Day Care, Shi Jiazhuang, China. Many of the children here are from migrant families who came from rural areas to look for work in the city.

Integration into host communities Sun Zongxia and his family are part of China’ s huge migrant population. Several years ago, they moved to the city of Shi Jiazhuang, a provincial capital in Northern China, from their small hometown in the south. Mr. Sun started a small business selling groceries to support his family, hoping one day to live comfortably and even get rich.

Mr. Sun’ s family lived virtually unnoticed within a tightly knit community. Considered to be an ‘outsider’ and excluded by local children, his daughter Sun Na, now 15, began to confine herself to their apartment.

“I was always worried,” says Mr. Sun. “I wasn’ t sure if she was doing all right. She had no friends and no places to go to after school.”

By Kun Li As a result of this migration, many children are denied access to free primary education in their host communities. Migrant workers often pay more than twice the standard fee to get their children into a decent school or day care facility. Migrant children are also frequent targets of prejudice, as many of them speak with regional accents and dress differently than city children.

For Sun Na, life took a turn for the better as a result of a pilot project launched by China’ s National Working Committee for Women and Children. With support from UNICEF and active involvement from the children themselves, the project is designed to protect the rights of migrant children, helping them integrate into their host communities.

Making new friends

Sun Na, 15, plays ping-pong with her friends at a community centre. Through a UNICEF-supported pilot project, volunteers organize activities to help migrant children like Sun Na make friends with children from host communities.

52 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

Neighbourhood volunteers n ow organize frequent activities like ping-pong and badminton games in Shi Jiazhuang, so that all children, local or migrant, can get together to play and make friends.

Children playing at Ming Tian Day Care, Shi Jiazhuang, China. The facility now charges the same fee to all children, including those from migrant families.

The volunteers also help raise awareness among local residents, encouraging them to be more accepting towards their migrant neighbours. After all, it is their labour that has helped fuel the city’ s growth and prosperity, as well as China’ s economic transformation.

Sun Na now goes to the local community centre after school and sometimes even on weekends. “I like to come here and enjoy many of the activities,” she says. “I can get to know other children and we learn from each other.” She and 15-year-old Yuan Xin, a girl from the neighbourhood, have become best friends.

Knowing that his daughter is happy and doing well, Mr. Sun can finally have peace of mind. “Now she has a place to go and a chance to play with others, and that really helps me to be more concentrated on my business,” he says.

Director of the Ming Tian Day Care Centre in Shi Jiazhuang, Cui Ying. “Based on this situation, we made a few new rules. We now charge the same fee for all children, and we also opened weekly and monthly day-care services to help migrant parents who are too busy with work. ”

孙宗夏（音译）和他的家人是中国浩大的流动 大军中的一员。几年前，他们离开了位于中国南方 一个小镇的家乡，来到了华北地区的省会城市石家 庄。孙先生开了一家小杂货店养活家人，希望有一 天能够过上舒适的生活，甚至能够变得富裕起来。

志愿者们还面向本地居民做了大量宣传工作， 以提高人们对流动儿童问题的认知度，鼓励他们对 身边的流动人口采取接纳和认可的态度。毕竟，这 些流动人口通过自身的劳动促进了这个城市的发展 和繁荣，也为中国经济的转型做出了贡献。

他们一家住在一个内部联系密切的社区中，没 有人注意到他们。由于被看作是“外地人”，他的女 儿孙娜遭到了本地孩子的排斥，她现在15岁了，整 天将自己关在他们的房子里。

现在，孙娜放学之后就去当地的社区中心，有 时候周末也会去那里。她说：“我喜欢到这里来，喜 欢这里举办的很多活动。我还认识了其他小朋友， 我们相互学习。”她和15岁的本地女孩袁新（音译） 已经成为了最要好的朋友。

孙先生说：“我非常担心。我不知道她的情况好 不好。她没有朋友，放学之后也没有什么地方可去。”

随着中国的飞速发展，将会有越来越多的流动 人员将孩子带在身边。 小野正博说：“现在确实有很多农村孩子跟随父 母进入了城市，但仍然有很多留守儿童，这些儿童 的权利和福利往往会被忽视。我们需要在以后的项 目中关注和满足这些孩子的需要。我们正在考虑推 广现已为流动儿童建立的项目模式，以便更多的儿 童能够从中受益。”

得知女儿生活得快乐而且表现良好时，孙先生

U n i t e d N a t i o n s C h i l d r e n 's F u n d

联 合 国 儿 童 基 金 会 www.unicef.org

As China continues to grow at an incredible pace, the number of workers migrating along with their children will continue to rise.

“It’ s true that a lot of rural children go to urban areas with their families, but there are also many children who are left behind, whose rights and well being are overlooked,” says Mr. Ono. “We need to address their needs in our upcoming programmes. And we are also thinking of replicating the current models that we have created for migrant children, so that more children can also benefit.”

New policies on equal treatment The pilot project also reaches out to grade schools and kindergartens, where policies have been changed so that migrant children can benefit equally alongside local children.

联合国儿童基金会

“Half of our children are migrant children whose parents came here to look for work,” says the Deputy

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 53

www.unicef.org

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

联 合 国 国 际 减 灾 战 略 www.unisdr.org

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) is the agency in United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction to ensure that disaster risk reduction becomes integral to sound and equitable development, environmental protection and humanitarian action.

2010-2011 World Disaster Reduction Campaign: MAKING CITIES RESILIENT - My city is getting ready!

“I call on world leaders to address climate change and reduce the increasing risk of disasters - and world leaders must include Mayors, townships and community leaders” UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the opening of the Incheon Conference “Building an Alliance of Local Governments for Disaster Risk Reduction”, August 2009 “Through the Campaign towards safer cities and urban risk reduction, we can save lives, achieve gains towards the Millennium Development Goals, help protect natural resources, the urban heritage and the economic activities … ” Mr. Rishi Raj Lumsali, Chairperson of the Association of District Development Committee of Nepal.

Eight out of the ten most populous cities in the world are at risk from earthquakes, whereas six out of ten

54 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

are vulnerable to storm surge and tsunami waves. The severity of the impact of natural hazards is linked to unplanned urban development, ecosystems decline and failing infrastructure, such as insufficient storm drainage and poor quality of building stocks. Impacts of climate change are aggravating the vulnerability conditions of urban dwellers. Strong urban and local governance is needed to deal with disaster risk.

Making cities safe from disaster is everybody’ s business: National governments, local government associations, international, regional and civil society organizations, donors, the private sector, academia and professional associations as well as every citizen need to be engaged. They all need to be on board, take on their role and contribute to building disaster resilient cities.

TEN ESSENTIAL POINTS FOR MAKING CITIES RESILIENT 1.Organization and coordination to understand and reduce disaster risk within the local government with participation of citizen groups and civil society, ensuring that everyone understands their role and contribution to disaster risk reduction and preparedness.

2.Funding for disaster risk reduction and incentives for homeowners, low-income families, communities, businesses and public sector to invest in reducing the risks they face.

3.Use current data on hazards and vulnerabilities and risk assessments as the basis for urban development plans and decisions. Share this information and city resilience plans with the public.

9.Install early warning systems and emergency management capacities in your city and hold regular public preparedness drills.

10.After any disaster, ensure that the needs of the survivors are placed at the centre of reconstruction.

Involve community organizations to rebuild their homes and livelihoods.

Join the campaign at www.unisdr.org/campaign

4.Invest in and maintain critical infrastructure to reduce risk, such as flood drainage, to cope with climate change.

5.Assess and upgrade the safety of all schools and health facilities.

6.Apply and enforce realistic, risk-compliant building regulations and land use planning principles. This includes safe land for low-income citizens and upgrading of informal settlements.

联合国国际减灾战略（UNISDR）是联合国下属 的减灾协调机构，旨在确保减灾成为健康和公平发展、 环境保护和人道主义行动的重要组成部分。 2010-2011年度世界减灾行动： 建设具有抗灾能力的城市 -让我们做好准备！ “我呼吁全球所有领导者—包括市长、乡镇和社 区领导者—共同致力于应对气候变化和降低灾害风 险”—联合国秘书长潘基文在2009年8月仁川“建立地 方政府减灾联盟”会议开幕式上的讲话．

自然灾害影响的严重程度与无计划的城市发展、生 态系统破坏和薄弱的基础设施（例如不完善的排涝 设施和低质量的建筑群）密切相关。气候变化的影 响正在使城市居民的脆弱性状况不断恶化。因此亟 需加强城市和地方管理，以应对灾害风险。 对于城市安全和防灾，每个人都责无旁贷：这 需要国家政府、地方政府协会、国际、地区和民间 团体组织、捐赠者、私人部门、学术和专业协会以 及每位公民的参与。他们需要同舟共济、各司其职， 为建设具有抗灾能力的城市做出自己的贡献。

3.将现有危害和脆弱性以及风险评估数据用作 城市发展规划和决策的基础。将这些信息和城市抗 灾计划与公众分享。

10.在灾害发生后，确保将满足幸存者的需要放 在重建的首要位置。鼓励社区组织参与重建家园和 恢复生计。

4.投资建设和维护重要基础设施（例如排洪设施）， 以降低风险和应对气候变化。

请访问www.unisdr.org/campaign，加入我们的行动！

5.评估和提升所有学校和卫生机构的安全性。 6.采用和执行现实的、符合风险标准的建筑物 法规和土地使用规划原则。包括为低收入居民提供 的安全土地和改善非正式住宅区。

建设具有抗灾能力的城市十大基本要求 7.在学校和本地社区开展减灾教育计划和培训。

“通过提高城市安全性和降低城市风险的行动， 我们能够拯救生命，向千年发展目标迈进，并帮助 保护自然资源、城市遗产和经济活动…”—尼泊尔 地区发展委员会主席Rishi Raj Lumsali先生．

1.组织和协调地方政府理解和降低灾害风险， 并鼓励公民团体和民间团体的参与，确保每个人都 了解各自在减灾和防灾中的职责和任务。

8.保护生态系统和天然缓冲带，以降低城市可 能易遭受的洪水、风暴潮和其它危险。

在世界上人口最多的十大城市中，有八个城市 面临着地震风险，有六个易受风暴潮和海啸的影响。

2.提供资金降低灾害风险，并激励房主、低收入家庭， 社区、企业和公共部门努力降低他们面临的风险。

9.建立城市早期预警系统和应急管理能力并定 期举行公共防灾演习。

7.Put in place education programmes and training on disaster risk reduction in schools and local communities.

8.Protect ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate floods, storm surges and other hazards to which your city may be vulnerable.

联合国儿童基金会 United Nations Pavilion Magazine 55

www.unicef.org

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

联 合 国 国 际 减 灾 战 略 www.unisdr.org

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) is the agency in United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction to ensure that disaster risk reduction becomes integral to sound and equitable development, environmental protection and humanitarian action.

2010-2011 World Disaster Reduction Campaign: MAKING CITIES RESILIENT - My city is getting ready!

“I call on world leaders to address climate change and reduce the increasing risk of disasters - and world leaders must include Mayors, townships and community leaders” UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the opening of the Incheon Conference “Building an Alliance of Local Governments for Disaster Risk Reduction”, August 2009 “Through the Campaign towards safer cities and urban risk reduction, we can save lives, achieve gains towards the Millennium Development Goals, help protect natural resources, the urban heritage and the economic activities … ” Mr. Rishi Raj Lumsali, Chairperson of the Association of District Development Committee of Nepal.

Eight out of the ten most populous cities in the world are at risk from earthquakes, whereas six out of ten

54 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

are vulnerable to storm surge and tsunami waves. The severity of the impact of natural hazards is linked to unplanned urban development, ecosystems decline and failing infrastructure, such as insufficient storm drainage and poor quality of building stocks. Impacts of climate change are aggravating the vulnerability conditions of urban dwellers. Strong urban and local governance is needed to deal with disaster risk.

Making cities safe from disaster is everybody’ s business: National governments, local government associations, international, regional and civil society organizations, donors, the private sector, academia and professional associations as well as every citizen need to be engaged. They all need to be on board, take on their role and contribute to building disaster resilient cities.

TEN ESSENTIAL POINTS FOR MAKING CITIES RESILIENT 1.Organization and coordination to understand and reduce disaster risk within the local government with participation of citizen groups and civil society, ensuring that everyone understands their role and contribution to disaster risk reduction and preparedness.

2.Funding for disaster risk reduction and incentives for homeowners, low-income families, communities, businesses and public sector to invest in reducing the risks they face.

3.Use current data on hazards and vulnerabilities and risk assessments as the basis for urban development plans and decisions. Share this information and city resilience plans with the public.

9.Install early warning systems and emergency management capacities in your city and hold regular public preparedness drills.

10.After any disaster, ensure that the needs of the survivors are placed at the centre of reconstruction.

Involve community organizations to rebuild their homes and livelihoods.

Join the campaign at www.unisdr.org/campaign

4.Invest in and maintain critical infrastructure to reduce risk, such as flood drainage, to cope with climate change.

5.Assess and upgrade the safety of all schools and health facilities.

6.Apply and enforce realistic, risk-compliant building regulations and land use planning principles. This includes safe land for low-income citizens and upgrading of informal settlements.

联合国国际减灾战略（UNISDR）是联合国下属 的减灾协调机构，旨在确保减灾成为健康和公平发展、 环境保护和人道主义行动的重要组成部分。 2010-2011年度世界减灾行动： 建设具有抗灾能力的城市 -让我们做好准备！ “我呼吁全球所有领导者—包括市长、乡镇和社 区领导者—共同致力于应对气候变化和降低灾害风 险”—联合国秘书长潘基文在2009年8月仁川“建立地 方政府减灾联盟”会议开幕式上的讲话．

自然灾害影响的严重程度与无计划的城市发展、生 态系统破坏和薄弱的基础设施（例如不完善的排涝 设施和低质量的建筑群）密切相关。气候变化的影 响正在使城市居民的脆弱性状况不断恶化。因此亟 需加强城市和地方管理，以应对灾害风险。 对于城市安全和防灾，每个人都责无旁贷：这 需要国家政府、地方政府协会、国际、地区和民间 团体组织、捐赠者、私人部门、学术和专业协会以 及每位公民的参与。他们需要同舟共济、各司其职， 为建设具有抗灾能力的城市做出自己的贡献。

3.将现有危害和脆弱性以及风险评估数据用作 城市发展规划和决策的基础。将这些信息和城市抗 灾计划与公众分享。

10.在灾害发生后，确保将满足幸存者的需要放 在重建的首要位置。鼓励社区组织参与重建家园和 恢复生计。

4.投资建设和维护重要基础设施（例如排洪设施）， 以降低风险和应对气候变化。

请访问www.unisdr.org/campaign，加入我们的行动！

5.评估和提升所有学校和卫生机构的安全性。 6.采用和执行现实的、符合风险标准的建筑物 法规和土地使用规划原则。包括为低收入居民提供 的安全土地和改善非正式住宅区。

建设具有抗灾能力的城市十大基本要求 7.在学校和本地社区开展减灾教育计划和培训。

“通过提高城市安全性和降低城市风险的行动， 我们能够拯救生命，向千年发展目标迈进，并帮助 保护自然资源、城市遗产和经济活动…”—尼泊尔 地区发展委员会主席Rishi Raj Lumsali先生．

1.组织和协调地方政府理解和降低灾害风险， 并鼓励公民团体和民间团体的参与，确保每个人都 了解各自在减灾和防灾中的职责和任务。

8.保护生态系统和天然缓冲带，以降低城市可 能易遭受的洪水、风暴潮和其它危险。

在世界上人口最多的十大城市中，有八个城市 面临着地震风险，有六个易受风暴潮和海啸的影响。

2.提供资金降低灾害风险，并激励房主、低收入家庭， 社区、企业和公共部门努力降低他们面临的风险。

9.建立城市早期预警系统和应急管理能力并定 期举行公共防灾演习。

7.Put in place education programmes and training on disaster risk reduction in schools and local communities.

8.Protect ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate floods, storm surges and other hazards to which your city may be vulnerable.

联合国儿童基金会 United Nations Pavilion Magazine 55

www.unicef.org

The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) organizes best-practice sharing workshops mainly targeting local authorities around the world on critical development issues, with the aim of fostering city-to-city (C2C) cooperation among participating cities. Through its state-of-the art CityShare methodology, UNITAR has put in place a mechanism whereby best practices can be shared and transferred to other municipalities as a technical cooperation.

In a recent workshop on sanitation issues, a critical problem of providing sanitation services to the poor was identified. Negombo (Sri Lanka) did not benefit from a sewerage system, while in Palembang (Indonesia), only 1% of city’ s population is covered by a sewerage network. This had been causing environmental as well as health problems in both cities, especially in slum areas.

As an outcome of the sanitation workshop, a three-year project was developed and launched by UNITAR and CITYNET (an association of municipalities in the Asian region), with support from the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, to transfer the innovative technology of Eco Tank - a small-scale sewerage treatment system – from Bangkok (Thailand) so as to reduce water pollution from domestic sources, raise public awareness on the sanitation issues, train people on the proper usage of Eco Tanks, and increase community participation in solving environmental problems.

During the first year of the project, the ground-work for the actual technology transfer was done, through a series of technical visits to the mentor city, Bangkok.

The beneficiary cities, Negombo and Palembang, were able to analyze their respective situation, identify needs and resources, and learn about possible solutions to the sanitation problems including Eco Tanks.

Mr. Eddy Santana Putra, Mayor of Palembang says “This is a positive and big step towards reaching our goals of reducing water pollution from domestic sources and raising awareness of sanitation issues.”

Similarly, Mayor of Municipal Council, Negombo, Mr. Herman Bernard Kurera states that “I believe it will be a good solution to poor sanitation problem among community of Monacogama, and this project will help to build up C2C relationship (with Bangkok).”

The project is now in its second year, and Eco Tanks have already been acquired and delivered to both beneficiary cities. They are ready to move forward with the implementation of the Eco Tank sanitation system, beginning operations soon.

联合国训练研究所 (UNITAR) 主要针对全球各地 地方当局的重大发展问题，以在参与城市之间建立城 市对城市 (C2C) 合作为目标，组织最佳实践共享研讨 会。 通过其最先进的城市共享方法，联合国训练研究 所 (UNITAR) 已经建立了一个机制，以技术合作的方式 使最佳实践得以与其他市政当局共享， 并得到推广。 在最近的一个公共卫生问题研讨会上，关于向穷 人提供公共卫生服务的紧要问题被指出。尼甘布（斯 里兰卡）并没有从一个污水处理系统中受益。同时在 巨港（印度尼西亚），只有 1% 的城市人口被污水排放 网络覆盖。因此，在两座城市中，尤其是在城市里的贫 困地区，都引发了严重的环境和健康问题。 那次公共卫生研讨会的成果是，在摩纳哥王子阿 尔伯特二世和其基金会的支持下，联合国训练研究所 (UNITAR) 和亚洲地区的城市合作协会 (CITYNET) 共 同启动了一个为期三年的项目。该项目通过推广来自 曼谷（泰国）的生态容器（Eco Tank : 一个小规模的污 水处理系统）的创新技术来减少由于国内资源引发的 水污染，同时提高公众的公共卫生意识，训练人们正 确使用生态容器（Eco Tanks），并增加在解决环境问 题上的社会参与。 在项目运行的第一年里，通过对指导城市曼谷的 一系列技术考察，实际技术转移基础工作已完成。受 益城市，尼甘布和巨港，已有能力分析它们各自的情 况，确定需求和资源，并了解了包括生态容器（Eco Tanks）在内的解决公共卫生问题的各类可能方案。 巨港市长，Eddy Santana Putra 先生说：“ 这是 朝着实现减少国内水资源污染和提高公共卫生问题 意识这一目标跨出的积极和重要一步。” 同样，尼甘布市长，Herman Bernard Kurera 先生 也表明：“ 我相信这将是解决 Monacogama 社区中 的不良公共卫生问题的良策。这个项目也将有助于建 立 C2C 的关系（与曼谷）。” 如今已是这个项目的第二年，两座受益城市均已 拥有生态容器 (Eco Tanks)，并已准备好进一步执行生 态容器 (Eco Tanks) 公共卫生系统的实施和运营工作。

United Nations Institute for Training and Research

联

合

国

训

练

研

究

所

www.unitar.org

56 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 57

The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) organizes best-practice sharing workshops mainly targeting local authorities around the world on critical development issues, with the aim of fostering city-to-city (C2C) cooperation among participating cities. Through its state-of-the art CityShare methodology, UNITAR has put in place a mechanism whereby best practices can be shared and transferred to other municipalities as a technical cooperation.

In a recent workshop on sanitation issues, a critical problem of providing sanitation services to the poor was identified. Negombo (Sri Lanka) did not benefit from a sewerage system, while in Palembang (Indonesia), only 1% of city’ s population is covered by a sewerage network. This had been causing environmental as well as health problems in both cities, especially in slum areas.

As an outcome of the sanitation workshop, a three-year project was developed and launched by UNITAR and CITYNET (an association of municipalities in the Asian region), with support from the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, to transfer the innovative technology of Eco Tank - a small-scale sewerage treatment system – from Bangkok (Thailand) so as to reduce water pollution from domestic sources, raise public awareness on the sanitation issues, train people on the proper usage of Eco Tanks, and increase community participation in solving environmental problems.

During the first year of the project, the ground-work for the actual technology transfer was done, through a series of technical visits to the mentor city, Bangkok.

The beneficiary cities, Negombo and Palembang, were able to analyze their respective situation, identify needs and resources, and learn about possible solutions to the sanitation problems including Eco Tanks.

Mr. Eddy Santana Putra, Mayor of Palembang says “This is a positive and big step towards reaching our goals of reducing water pollution from domestic sources and raising awareness of sanitation issues.”

Similarly, Mayor of Municipal Council, Negombo, Mr. Herman Bernard Kurera states that “I believe it will be a good solution to poor sanitation problem among community of Monacogama, and this project will help to build up C2C relationship (with Bangkok).”

The project is now in its second year, and Eco Tanks have already been acquired and delivered to both beneficiary cities. They are ready to move forward with the implementation of the Eco Tank sanitation system, beginning operations soon.

联合国训练研究所 (UNITAR) 主要针对全球各地 地方当局的重大发展问题，以在参与城市之间建立城 市对城市 (C2C) 合作为目标，组织最佳实践共享研讨 会。 通过其最先进的城市共享方法，联合国训练研究 所 (UNITAR) 已经建立了一个机制，以技术合作的方式 使最佳实践得以与其他市政当局共享， 并得到推广。 在最近的一个公共卫生问题研讨会上，关于向穷 人提供公共卫生服务的紧要问题被指出。尼甘布（斯 里兰卡）并没有从一个污水处理系统中受益。同时在 巨港（印度尼西亚），只有 1% 的城市人口被污水排放 网络覆盖。因此，在两座城市中，尤其是在城市里的贫 困地区，都引发了严重的环境和健康问题。 那次公共卫生研讨会的成果是，在摩纳哥王子阿 尔伯特二世和其基金会的支持下，联合国训练研究所 (UNITAR) 和亚洲地区的城市合作协会 (CITYNET) 共 同启动了一个为期三年的项目。该项目通过推广来自 曼谷（泰国）的生态容器（Eco Tank : 一个小规模的污 水处理系统）的创新技术来减少由于国内资源引发的 水污染，同时提高公众的公共卫生意识，训练人们正 确使用生态容器（Eco Tanks），并增加在解决环境问 题上的社会参与。 在项目运行的第一年里，通过对指导城市曼谷的 一系列技术考察，实际技术转移基础工作已完成。受 益城市，尼甘布和巨港，已有能力分析它们各自的情 况，确定需求和资源，并了解了包括生态容器（Eco Tanks）在内的解决公共卫生问题的各类可能方案。 巨港市长，Eddy Santana Putra 先生说：“ 这是 朝着实现减少国内水资源污染和提高公共卫生问题 意识这一目标跨出的积极和重要一步。” 同样，尼甘布市长，Herman Bernard Kurera 先生 也表明：“ 我相信这将是解决 Monacogama 社区中 的不良公共卫生问题的良策。这个项目也将有助于建 立 C2C 的关系（与曼谷）。” 如今已是这个项目的第二年，两座受益城市均已 拥有生态容器 (Eco Tanks)，并已准备好进一步执行生 态容器 (Eco Tanks) 公共卫生系统的实施和运营工作。

United Nations Institute for Training and Research

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56 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 57

Established in 1997, The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) is the focal point for mine action in the UN system. UNMAS works each day to advance its vision of a world free from the threat of landmines and explosive remnants of war where individuals and communities live in a safe environment conducive to development, where the needs of victims are met and where survivors are fully integrated into their societies.

Sudan

The Rapid Farmers Development Cooperative Centre is a community-based organization that was selected through a victim assistance project funded by the governments of first Japan and then Canada. It has been helping Cecilia to start a small business—she now sells dried fish at the local market. The fish is imported from Lake Victoria in Uganda and is easy to transport. The demand is high in Yei, therefore the business is successful enough to help Cecilia cater to her family’s needs.

Cecilia’ s commerce has given her a new confidence and much-needed autonomy. She is well respected in the community. The local chief often calls her to share her story with other people. As she demonstrates how one can face the most challenging times in life with a positive attitude, her example is an encouragement to many.

The work may be hard at times, and the fish smells terrible. Recently, Cecilia suffered the loss of her sister

who was helping her earn some money for the family.

Still, she enjoys life in the market and likes to think about the future. “Maybe one day when I get more money, I will change my business,” she says. “Maybe I’ll try to sell soap.”

建立于 1997 年联合国扫雷部门（UNMAS） 是联合国组织中专门负责清除地雷的工作。该组 织是建制于联合国维和部门下一个有关规则法律及 安全的机构。 联合国扫雷部门每天积极努力工作的宗旨就是 促成一个没有受到地雷及爆炸物威胁的安全世界。使 个人及社会团体能在一个安全的环境中生存发展，而 受到地雷伤害者及残障人都可以得到应有的救助而 能够完全正常溶入当地的社会。

The “Sweet” Smell of Success 苏丹 Before the civil war broke out in 1983, the southern Sudan town of Yei was booming due to its proximity to the Ugandan and Congolese borders. Since then, more than 20 years of conflict have prompted dramatic declines in infrastructure, trade and industry.

Following the signature of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005, signs of recovery have been encouraging. The city is surrounded by lush farmlands and its location ensures that the business potential is immense. Still as you walk through the streets of Yei, you notice children playing among the rusty military tanks that litter the roadsides, and you come across villagers with missing limbs, a stark reminder of the landmines that were laid during the war.

Cecilia Yabo Juma, 33, is one of them. Two years ago, she went outside the town to collect firewood for her family. Having recently returned from a refugee camp in Uganda, she was not aware of the landmine threat in the region. As she walked in a field, she stepped on a mine and lost her right leg; the other one was badly injured in the explosion.

Ever since Cecilia’ s husband died during the war, she has had to look after her three children plus another four she had adopted from her late brother. She explains how her life changed after the accident: “I used to travel a lot between Rumbek, Wau and Juba for trade, but suddenly all this stopped. I had to find new products that were much lighter and required less effort to handle.”

58 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

甜蜜的成功的兹味（令人有兴趣的故事）。 在 1983 年内战爆发之前，位于苏丹南部的叶城 （Yei）。 由于靠近乌干达及刚果边界而曾经繁荣一时。然 而经过了二十多年的战争，造成了该城建筑结构，商 业贸易及工业的急速退化及萧条。

自从西西利亚在内战中失去了丈夫以后，她得扶 养她的三个孩子和收养的四个她死去兄弟的孩子。西 西利亚叙述了这个意外如何改变了她的生话。

告诉别人她成功的故事。因为她证明一个人可以正面 的态度来面对生命中艰难的时后。她的实例对很多人 来说是一种鼓励。

但自 2005 年签订 CPA 协定后、复苏的現象是 令人振奋的。叶城（Yei）现在被青绿的农田所围绕，而 因为地利之故，潜在的商机也是极大的。

以前我经常在，Rumbek，Wau，以及 Juba，三地 之间从事商业交易，可是在一瞬间一切都停止了。我 得另外新开发一些较怪的，较容易运输的商品赚钱。

虽然工作有时后很辛苦，鱼干闻起来有恶臭的。

但当你走在叶城（Yei）的街道上，你仍可注意到 儿童在被遗弃在道路俩旁的生锈的坦克间玩耍，你也 会见到失去了手或脚的村民，那是由于在内战中误踏 到地雷赤裸裸的提醒和事实。

快速农民发展合作中心，是由日本及加拿大政府 出钱所成立的一个 “ 支援受难者 ” 的区域性组织。

33 岁的西西利亚住巴（CeliciaJuma) 是其中不幸 的一個。俩年以前，当她出城到郊外为她的家庭采取 燃木時发生的。由于刚从乌干达难民营返回，她不知 道该地区有地雷的威胁。当她走在郊外，因为误踏到 了地雷而失去了右脚、同時在爆炸中也严重伤害了另 一只脚。

最近、西西利亚失去了可以帮助她赚钱的妹妹。 但是，她仍然喜欢她的市場生涯並礼继续计划她的未 来。“ 也许有一天当我赚了很多钱，我会改変我的生 意 ”。她 “ 也许我会想办法卖肥皂 “。

该中心帮助西西利亚新创一个小生意。她现在在 一個本地市场卖鱼干，鱼干是由乌干达维多利亚湖进 口的、鱼干很怪、易于运输。由于叶城 （Yei）对鱼干的 需求很大，所以这個小生意很成功地帮助西西利亚全 家维持生计。 西西利亚的商务带给她新的自信和极需要的经 济独立。她在社区里被人尊重。当地的酋長常常要她

The United Nations Mine Action Service

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www.un.org

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 59

Established in 1997, The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) is the focal point for mine action in the UN system. UNMAS works each day to advance its vision of a world free from the threat of landmines and explosive remnants of war where individuals and communities live in a safe environment conducive to development, where the needs of victims are met and where survivors are fully integrated into their societies.

Sudan

The Rapid Farmers Development Cooperative Centre is a community-based organization that was selected through a victim assistance project funded by the governments of first Japan and then Canada. It has been helping Cecilia to start a small business—she now sells dried fish at the local market. The fish is imported from Lake Victoria in Uganda and is easy to transport. The demand is high in Yei, therefore the business is successful enough to help Cecilia cater to her family’s needs.

Cecilia’ s commerce has given her a new confidence and much-needed autonomy. She is well respected in the community. The local chief often calls her to share her story with other people. As she demonstrates how one can face the most challenging times in life with a positive attitude, her example is an encouragement to many.

The work may be hard at times, and the fish smells terrible. Recently, Cecilia suffered the loss of her sister

who was helping her earn some money for the family.

Still, she enjoys life in the market and likes to think about the future. “Maybe one day when I get more money, I will change my business,” she says. “Maybe I’ll try to sell soap.”

建立于 1997 年联合国扫雷部门（UNMAS） 是联合国组织中专门负责清除地雷的工作。该组 织是建制于联合国维和部门下一个有关规则法律及 安全的机构。 联合国扫雷部门每天积极努力工作的宗旨就是 促成一个没有受到地雷及爆炸物威胁的安全世界。使 个人及社会团体能在一个安全的环境中生存发展，而 受到地雷伤害者及残障人都可以得到应有的救助而 能够完全正常溶入当地的社会。

The “Sweet” Smell of Success 苏丹 Before the civil war broke out in 1983, the southern Sudan town of Yei was booming due to its proximity to the Ugandan and Congolese borders. Since then, more than 20 years of conflict have prompted dramatic declines in infrastructure, trade and industry.

Following the signature of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005, signs of recovery have been encouraging. The city is surrounded by lush farmlands and its location ensures that the business potential is immense. Still as you walk through the streets of Yei, you notice children playing among the rusty military tanks that litter the roadsides, and you come across villagers with missing limbs, a stark reminder of the landmines that were laid during the war.

Cecilia Yabo Juma, 33, is one of them. Two years ago, she went outside the town to collect firewood for her family. Having recently returned from a refugee camp in Uganda, she was not aware of the landmine threat in the region. As she walked in a field, she stepped on a mine and lost her right leg; the other one was badly injured in the explosion.

Ever since Cecilia’ s husband died during the war, she has had to look after her three children plus another four she had adopted from her late brother. She explains how her life changed after the accident: “I used to travel a lot between Rumbek, Wau and Juba for trade, but suddenly all this stopped. I had to find new products that were much lighter and required less effort to handle.”

58 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

甜蜜的成功的兹味（令人有兴趣的故事）。 在 1983 年内战爆发之前，位于苏丹南部的叶城 （Yei）。 由于靠近乌干达及刚果边界而曾经繁荣一时。然 而经过了二十多年的战争，造成了该城建筑结构，商 业贸易及工业的急速退化及萧条。

自从西西利亚在内战中失去了丈夫以后，她得扶 养她的三个孩子和收养的四个她死去兄弟的孩子。西 西利亚叙述了这个意外如何改变了她的生话。

告诉别人她成功的故事。因为她证明一个人可以正面 的态度来面对生命中艰难的时后。她的实例对很多人 来说是一种鼓励。

但自 2005 年签订 CPA 协定后、复苏的現象是 令人振奋的。叶城（Yei）现在被青绿的农田所围绕，而 因为地利之故，潜在的商机也是极大的。

以前我经常在，Rumbek，Wau，以及 Juba，三地 之间从事商业交易，可是在一瞬间一切都停止了。我 得另外新开发一些较怪的，较容易运输的商品赚钱。

虽然工作有时后很辛苦，鱼干闻起来有恶臭的。

但当你走在叶城（Yei）的街道上，你仍可注意到 儿童在被遗弃在道路俩旁的生锈的坦克间玩耍，你也 会见到失去了手或脚的村民，那是由于在内战中误踏 到地雷赤裸裸的提醒和事实。

快速农民发展合作中心，是由日本及加拿大政府 出钱所成立的一个 “ 支援受难者 ” 的区域性组织。

33 岁的西西利亚住巴（CeliciaJuma) 是其中不幸 的一個。俩年以前，当她出城到郊外为她的家庭采取 燃木時发生的。由于刚从乌干达难民营返回，她不知 道该地区有地雷的威胁。当她走在郊外，因为误踏到 了地雷而失去了右脚、同時在爆炸中也严重伤害了另 一只脚。

最近、西西利亚失去了可以帮助她赚钱的妹妹。 但是，她仍然喜欢她的市場生涯並礼继续计划她的未 来。“ 也许有一天当我赚了很多钱，我会改変我的生 意 ”。她 “ 也许我会想办法卖肥皂 “。

该中心帮助西西利亚新创一个小生意。她现在在 一個本地市场卖鱼干，鱼干是由乌干达维多利亚湖进 口的、鱼干很怪、易于运输。由于叶城 （Yei）对鱼干的 需求很大，所以这個小生意很成功地帮助西西利亚全 家维持生计。 西西利亚的商务带给她新的自信和极需要的经 济独立。她在社区里被人尊重。当地的酋長常常要她

The United Nations Mine Action Service

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United Nations Pavilion Magazine 59

总部设在奥地利维也纳的联合国毒品和犯罪问 题办公室（UNODC）是打击毒品和国际犯罪以及 联合国主要反恐方案的全球领导者。该办公室工作 的三大支柱是：研究和分析工作、规范工作以及外 地技术合作项目。 陪审团听取关于人口贩运和艾滋病毒的证词 2009年8月10日，在印度尼西亚巴厘岛，由六名 著名法律和人权专家组成的陪审团在一次象征性审 判中听取了关于人口贩运、暴力和剥削的实际证词， 这次审判是为了在东南亚提高对这些问题的认识而 组织的。 证人中有一名年轻的柬埔寨妇女。她向东南亚 的首个这种艾滋病毒和人口贩运案件妇女法庭讲述 了在海外寻找一份能支付体面工资的工作的经历。 为了找工作，她离开了原来在金边街道上卖甘蔗汁 的生活，结果却被迫在马来西亚出卖肉体。她在 马来西亚的好几家妓院工作过，甚至最后身陷牢狱。 在这期间，她感染了艾滋病毒。虽然在某个非政府 组织的干预下，她现在回到了金边，但生活对她来 说成了一场艰苦的斗争。 面对这些证词，陪审团成员鼓励各国政府、 联合国机构、民间社会组织和其他机构紧急解决妇 女易受贩运和艾滋病毒伤害的问题，其中许多政府、 机构和组织正在相聚巴厘岛参加8月9日至13日举行 的第九次亚洲和太平洋艾滋病问题国际大会。陪审员 们强调，所采取的对策应当以权利为基础，对性别问 题具有敏感性，并且，最重要的是，这些对策不应 带来再次伤害。 在象征性审判的最后，陪审员们说，“妇女容易 成为人口贩运和艾滋病毒受害人，根源在于她们在 日常生活中面临极端不安全、贫穷、文盲和权力缺失”。 除了听取在贩运者手中遭受痛苦的妇女的证词外， 陪审团成员还听取了专家证人的证词，这些专家提 交的数据和分析表明，东南亚成千上万妇女的尊严 和权利正在受到侵犯。

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), with its headquarters in Vienna, Austria, is a global leader in the fight against illicit drugs and international crime, and the United Nations lead programme on terrorism. The three pillars of UNODCT’ s work are: research and analytical work, normative work and field-based technical cooperation projects.

Jury hears testimonies of human trafficking and HIV August 2009 - In Bali, Indonesia, a jury of six eminent legal and human rights experts heard real-life testimonies of human trafficking, violence and exploitation at a symbolic trial organized to raise awareness about these issues in South-East Asia.

Among the witnesses was a young Cambodian woman. She told the first South-East Asian court of women on HIV and human trafficking of her search for a job overseas that promised to give her a decent salary. That journey took her from selling sugar cane juice on the streets of Phnom Penh to selling sex in

60 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

Malaysia, where she worked in several brothels and even ended up in jail. During that time, she became infected with HIV. Although she is now back in Phnom Penh thanks to the intervention of an NGO, life is a daunting struggle for her.

Confronted with such testimonies, the members of the jury urged Governments, United Nations agencies, civil society organizations and others to urgently address the vulnerabilities of women to trafficking and HIV. The jurists underscored that responses should be rights-based and gender sensitive and that, above all, they should not revictimize.

At the end of the symbolic trial, the jurists said that "the vulnerabilities of women to human trafficking and HIV are rooted in the disproportionate human insecurity, poverty, illiteracy and disempowerment that they face in their daily lives". In addition to hearing the testimonies of women who have suffered at the

hands of traffickers, the members of the jury listened to expert witnesses who presented data and analyses indicating that the dignity and rights of thousands of women from South-East Asia are being violated.

The event, organized jointly by several entities, including the United Nations Development Programme, UNODC, the Asian Women's Human Rights Council and Yakeba, a Balinese NGO, brought together leaders, politicians, activists and community

members working to make a difference by empowering women and reducing their vulnerability to trafficking and HIV in South-East Asia. UNODC Global Coordinator for HIV/AIDS Christian Kroll said that "in addressing the dual challenges of human trafficking and HIV, we need to ensure that the voices of those women who are most affected are heard", adding that the court of women's effort to bring those "unheard voices to the public domain is laudable".

这项活动由一些实体共同组织，其中包括联合 国开发计划署、毒品和犯罪问题办公室、亚洲妇女 人权理事会和巴厘岛的一个非政府组织Yakeba，致 力于通过在东南亚赋予妇女权力和减少妇女遭受人 口贩运和艾滋病毒伤害的可能性而改变这种状况的 领导人、政治家、活动家和社区成员参加了这次活动。 毒品和犯罪问题公室艾滋病毒/艾滋病全球协调员克 里斯蒂娜•克罗尔说：“为了应对人口贩运和艾滋病 的双重挑战，我们必须确保受影响最大的妇女能够 表达心声”。她还说，妇女法庭为使“大众听见这些不 被人注意的声音”而做出的努力是“值得赞扬的”。

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes

联 合 国 毒 品 和 犯 罪 问 题 办 公 室 www.unodc.org United Nations Pavilion Magazine 61

总部设在奥地利维也纳的联合国毒品和犯罪问 题办公室（UNODC）是打击毒品和国际犯罪以及 联合国主要反恐方案的全球领导者。该办公室工作 的三大支柱是：研究和分析工作、规范工作以及外 地技术合作项目。 陪审团听取关于人口贩运和艾滋病毒的证词 2009年8月10日，在印度尼西亚巴厘岛，由六名 著名法律和人权专家组成的陪审团在一次象征性审 判中听取了关于人口贩运、暴力和剥削的实际证词， 这次审判是为了在东南亚提高对这些问题的认识而 组织的。 证人中有一名年轻的柬埔寨妇女。她向东南亚 的首个这种艾滋病毒和人口贩运案件妇女法庭讲述 了在海外寻找一份能支付体面工资的工作的经历。 为了找工作，她离开了原来在金边街道上卖甘蔗汁 的生活，结果却被迫在马来西亚出卖肉体。她在 马来西亚的好几家妓院工作过，甚至最后身陷牢狱。 在这期间，她感染了艾滋病毒。虽然在某个非政府 组织的干预下，她现在回到了金边，但生活对她来 说成了一场艰苦的斗争。 面对这些证词，陪审团成员鼓励各国政府、 联合国机构、民间社会组织和其他机构紧急解决妇 女易受贩运和艾滋病毒伤害的问题，其中许多政府、 机构和组织正在相聚巴厘岛参加8月9日至13日举行 的第九次亚洲和太平洋艾滋病问题国际大会。陪审员 们强调，所采取的对策应当以权利为基础，对性别问 题具有敏感性，并且，最重要的是，这些对策不应 带来再次伤害。 在象征性审判的最后，陪审员们说，“妇女容易 成为人口贩运和艾滋病毒受害人，根源在于她们在 日常生活中面临极端不安全、贫穷、文盲和权力缺失”。 除了听取在贩运者手中遭受痛苦的妇女的证词外， 陪审团成员还听取了专家证人的证词，这些专家提 交的数据和分析表明，东南亚成千上万妇女的尊严 和权利正在受到侵犯。

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), with its headquarters in Vienna, Austria, is a global leader in the fight against illicit drugs and international crime, and the United Nations lead programme on terrorism. The three pillars of UNODCT’ s work are: research and analytical work, normative work and field-based technical cooperation projects.

Jury hears testimonies of human trafficking and HIV August 2009 - In Bali, Indonesia, a jury of six eminent legal and human rights experts heard real-life testimonies of human trafficking, violence and exploitation at a symbolic trial organized to raise awareness about these issues in South-East Asia.

Among the witnesses was a young Cambodian woman. She told the first South-East Asian court of women on HIV and human trafficking of her search for a job overseas that promised to give her a decent salary. That journey took her from selling sugar cane juice on the streets of Phnom Penh to selling sex in

60 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

Malaysia, where she worked in several brothels and even ended up in jail. During that time, she became infected with HIV. Although she is now back in Phnom Penh thanks to the intervention of an NGO, life is a daunting struggle for her.

Confronted with such testimonies, the members of the jury urged Governments, United Nations agencies, civil society organizations and others to urgently address the vulnerabilities of women to trafficking and HIV. The jurists underscored that responses should be rights-based and gender sensitive and that, above all, they should not revictimize.

At the end of the symbolic trial, the jurists said that "the vulnerabilities of women to human trafficking and HIV are rooted in the disproportionate human insecurity, poverty, illiteracy and disempowerment that they face in their daily lives". In addition to hearing the testimonies of women who have suffered at the

hands of traffickers, the members of the jury listened to expert witnesses who presented data and analyses indicating that the dignity and rights of thousands of women from South-East Asia are being violated.

The event, organized jointly by several entities, including the United Nations Development Programme, UNODC, the Asian Women's Human Rights Council and Yakeba, a Balinese NGO, brought together leaders, politicians, activists and community

members working to make a difference by empowering women and reducing their vulnerability to trafficking and HIV in South-East Asia. UNODC Global Coordinator for HIV/AIDS Christian Kroll said that "in addressing the dual challenges of human trafficking and HIV, we need to ensure that the voices of those women who are most affected are heard", adding that the court of women's effort to bring those "unheard voices to the public domain is laudable".

这项活动由一些实体共同组织，其中包括联合 国开发计划署、毒品和犯罪问题办公室、亚洲妇女 人权理事会和巴厘岛的一个非政府组织Yakeba，致 力于通过在东南亚赋予妇女权力和减少妇女遭受人 口贩运和艾滋病毒伤害的可能性而改变这种状况的 领导人、政治家、活动家和社区成员参加了这次活动。 毒品和犯罪问题公室艾滋病毒/艾滋病全球协调员克 里斯蒂娜•克罗尔说：“为了应对人口贩运和艾滋病 的双重挑战，我们必须确保受影响最大的妇女能够 表达心声”。她还说，妇女法庭为使“大众听见这些不 被人注意的声音”而做出的努力是“值得赞扬的”。

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes

联 合 国 毒 品 和 犯 罪 问 题 办 公 室 www.unodc.org United Nations Pavilion Magazine 61

United Nations Postal Administration 联合国邮政管理处

The United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA) issues UN postage stamps in three currencies US dollars, Euro and Swiss Francs to promote the work of the United Nations as outreach to the general public. It is one of the few revenue producing entities within the United Nations.

联合国邮政管理处(UNPA)发行了三种币值（美 元、欧元及瑞士法郎）的联合国邮票，旨在促进联 合国的公众推广工作。它是联合国内部的少数创收 单位之一。 现可通过上海世博会联合国馆内商铺购买联合 国邮票！

Get the UN stamps at the shop in the United Nations Pavilion at the Shanghai Expo!

United Nations Postal Administration

联 合 国 邮 政 管 理 处 www.un.org

United Nations stamps featuring peace 联合国和平邮票 62 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 63

United Nations Postal Administration 联合国邮政管理处

The United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA) issues UN postage stamps in three currencies US dollars, Euro and Swiss Francs to promote the work of the United Nations as outreach to the general public. It is one of the few revenue producing entities within the United Nations.

联合国邮政管理处(UNPA)发行了三种币值（美 元、欧元及瑞士法郎）的联合国邮票，旨在促进联 合国的公众推广工作。它是联合国内部的少数创收 单位之一。 现可通过上海世博会联合国馆内商铺购买联合 国邮票！

Get the UN stamps at the shop in the United Nations Pavilion at the Shanghai Expo!

United Nations Postal Administration

联 合 国 邮 政 管 理 处 www.un.org

United Nations stamps featuring peace 联合国和平邮票 62 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 63

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), a United Nations specialized agency, is the leading international organization with the decisive and central role in promoting the development of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how. Its membership includes 154 countries, 7 territories and more than 370 Affiliate Members. 世界旅游组织(UNWTO)是一家联合国专门机构， 是一家对于促进负责、可持续和人人可共享的旅游 事业的发展起决定性及关键作用的领先国际组织。 它是针对旅游政策问题的全球论坛、旅游知识的现 实来源。该组织成员包括154个国家、7大区域和超 过370家隶属会员。

The World Tourism Organization

联 合 国 世 界 旅 游 组 织 www.world-tourism.org

64 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 65

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), a United Nations specialized agency, is the leading international organization with the decisive and central role in promoting the development of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how. Its membership includes 154 countries, 7 territories and more than 370 Affiliate Members. 世界旅游组织(UNWTO)是一家联合国专门机构， 是一家对于促进负责、可持续和人人可共享的旅游 事业的发展起决定性及关键作用的领先国际组织。 它是针对旅游政策问题的全球论坛、旅游知识的现 实来源。该组织成员包括154个国家、7大区域和超 过370家隶属会员。

The World Tourism Organization

联 合 国 世 界 旅 游 组 织 www.world-tourism.org

64 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 65

The World Food Programme is the United Nations frontline agency in the fight against global hunger. It is the world's largest humanitarian organization. We get food to where it is needed, saving the lives of victims of war, civil conflict and natural disasters. After an emergency has passed, we use food to help communities rebuild their lives. WFP pursues a vision in which every man, woman has access at all times to the food they need.

World Food Programme helps Haitians Work to protect city from mud With WFP support, a system of stone-lined ditches is being built on the hills overlooking Gonaives in a bid to prevent a repeat of last year when mudslides buried the north Haitian city, contributing to a severe hunger crisis.

世界粮食计划署协助海地人拯救城市于泥泞 在世界粮食计划署的支持下，海地戈纳伊夫市 所依傍的群山上构筑了一道块石衬砌的沟渠系统， 以预防再次发生类似去年泥石流掩埋海地北部城市、 从而导致严重的饥荒事件。 2008年，一系列飓风和热带风暴为海地北部城 市戈纳伊夫市带来了致命的洪水，以及来自环绕的 群山山坡上的表层土的冲刷。洪水褪去后，城市的 道路及建筑被两百多万吨泥泞所覆盖。

In 2008 a series of hurricanes and tropical storms sent a wall of water into the northern Haitian city of Gonaives and washed the topsoil from the slopes of the surrounding hills into the city. When the water subsided, roads and buildings were covered with more than two million tons of mud.

临近七月，又将迎来下一个飓风季节。因而， 过去数月中实施了一项由世界粮食计划署共同支助、 国际劳工组织予以管理的计划，其中，数百名本地 工人想方设法对环绕戈纳伊夫市的山坡进行了加固。

The next hurricane season is expected in July. For the last few months, hundreds of local workers have been trying to stabilize the hillsides around Gonaives in a project co-funded by WFP and managed by the International Labour Organization (ILO).

这些清理运河及沟渠、加固周围群山的工人们 每天能赚得2美元，每25个工作日可获得一袋由世 界粮食计划署发放的50公斤大米——足以养活一家 五口。该世界粮食计划署补助在毋须与市场中已有 食品相竞争的情况下扩大了人们的家庭预算。

Expands family budgets

结果，石头拦河坝现在填满了沿着筑有水平块 石衬砌的沟渠的山坡直冲而下的险峻隘谷。但愿在 下一次暴风雨到来之际，部分洪水将通过这些沟渠 渗入山坡之中，而非再次淹没整个戈纳伊夫市。

Workers earn $2 a day and receive a 50 kg bag of WFP rice every 25 work days - enough to feed a family of five - as they clear canals and ditches and stabilize surrounding hillsides. This WFP assistance expands family budgets without competing with foods available in the markets.

As a result, stone barrages now fill steep gulleys that plunge down a hillside laced with horizontal stone-lined ditches. Hopefully, during the next storm some of the flood waters will soak into the hillside via the ditches instead of swamping Gonaives again.

Disaster mitigation More than 260 locals are digging horizontal ditches and reinforcing them with rock. Three hundred others are hand assembling the stone barrages. Another 212 people are upgrading drainage ditches in the flatlands below.

But everyone admits this only a partial fix. That is why these WFP-supported projects are called disaster mitigation rather than disaster prevention. The hope is that the destruction from Haiti’s next major storm will not be as bad as the last time.

Meanwhile, there are other hillsides that need to be worked on in order to maximize the mitigation effect.

“We will need more resources because it is very important to continue the process in all the watersheds”, said ILO Project Administrator, Jean Marie Vanden Wouwer.

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世界粮食计划署（WFP）是抵御全球饥荒的联合 国前线机构。它是全球最大的人道主义组织。我们的 工作是为需要帮助的人们提供食物所需，以及挽救战 争、内战和自然灾害受害者的生命。并且在突发事件 过去后提供食物协助社区的重建。WFP的愿景是每个 人，无论男人女人始终能获得食物所需。

扩大家庭预算

灾难缓解 目前有260多个本地工人负责挖掘水平沟，并 利用岩石来加固。另外三百人在手工构筑石头拦河 坝，还有212人致力于改进下方平地的排水沟。 但是，每个人都承认这些工作仅仅只是权宜之计。 这也正是这些由世界粮食计划署支持的项目被称作 灾难缓解而非灾难预防的原因所在。其旨在尽可能 地减轻侵袭海地的下一场大暴风雨的破坏力，使其 不似上次那般激烈。 同时，要最大程度地实现灾难缓解，还需对其 它的山坡有所动作。“我们将需要更多的资源，因为 对所有分水岭进行处理是非常重要的。国际劳工组 织项目管理人Jean Marie Vanden Wouwer如是说。

The World Food Programme Development

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计

划

署

www.wfp.org United Nations Pavilion Magazine 67

The World Food Programme is the United Nations frontline agency in the fight against global hunger. It is the world's largest humanitarian organization. We get food to where it is needed, saving the lives of victims of war, civil conflict and natural disasters. After an emergency has passed, we use food to help communities rebuild their lives. WFP pursues a vision in which every man, woman has access at all times to the food they need.

World Food Programme helps Haitians Work to protect city from mud With WFP support, a system of stone-lined ditches is being built on the hills overlooking Gonaives in a bid to prevent a repeat of last year when mudslides buried the north Haitian city, contributing to a severe hunger crisis.

世界粮食计划署协助海地人拯救城市于泥泞 在世界粮食计划署的支持下，海地戈纳伊夫市 所依傍的群山上构筑了一道块石衬砌的沟渠系统， 以预防再次发生类似去年泥石流掩埋海地北部城市、 从而导致严重的饥荒事件。 2008年，一系列飓风和热带风暴为海地北部城 市戈纳伊夫市带来了致命的洪水，以及来自环绕的 群山山坡上的表层土的冲刷。洪水褪去后，城市的 道路及建筑被两百多万吨泥泞所覆盖。

In 2008 a series of hurricanes and tropical storms sent a wall of water into the northern Haitian city of Gonaives and washed the topsoil from the slopes of the surrounding hills into the city. When the water subsided, roads and buildings were covered with more than two million tons of mud.

临近七月，又将迎来下一个飓风季节。因而， 过去数月中实施了一项由世界粮食计划署共同支助、 国际劳工组织予以管理的计划，其中，数百名本地 工人想方设法对环绕戈纳伊夫市的山坡进行了加固。

The next hurricane season is expected in July. For the last few months, hundreds of local workers have been trying to stabilize the hillsides around Gonaives in a project co-funded by WFP and managed by the International Labour Organization (ILO).

这些清理运河及沟渠、加固周围群山的工人们 每天能赚得2美元，每25个工作日可获得一袋由世 界粮食计划署发放的50公斤大米——足以养活一家 五口。该世界粮食计划署补助在毋须与市场中已有 食品相竞争的情况下扩大了人们的家庭预算。

Expands family budgets

结果，石头拦河坝现在填满了沿着筑有水平块 石衬砌的沟渠的山坡直冲而下的险峻隘谷。但愿在 下一次暴风雨到来之际，部分洪水将通过这些沟渠 渗入山坡之中，而非再次淹没整个戈纳伊夫市。

Workers earn $2 a day and receive a 50 kg bag of WFP rice every 25 work days - enough to feed a family of five - as they clear canals and ditches and stabilize surrounding hillsides. This WFP assistance expands family budgets without competing with foods available in the markets.

As a result, stone barrages now fill steep gulleys that plunge down a hillside laced with horizontal stone-lined ditches. Hopefully, during the next storm some of the flood waters will soak into the hillside via the ditches instead of swamping Gonaives again.

Disaster mitigation More than 260 locals are digging horizontal ditches and reinforcing them with rock. Three hundred others are hand assembling the stone barrages. Another 212 people are upgrading drainage ditches in the flatlands below.

But everyone admits this only a partial fix. That is why these WFP-supported projects are called disaster mitigation rather than disaster prevention. The hope is that the destruction from Haiti’s next major storm will not be as bad as the last time.

Meanwhile, there are other hillsides that need to be worked on in order to maximize the mitigation effect.

“We will need more resources because it is very important to continue the process in all the watersheds”, said ILO Project Administrator, Jean Marie Vanden Wouwer.

66 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

世界粮食计划署（WFP）是抵御全球饥荒的联合 国前线机构。它是全球最大的人道主义组织。我们的 工作是为需要帮助的人们提供食物所需，以及挽救战 争、内战和自然灾害受害者的生命。并且在突发事件 过去后提供食物协助社区的重建。WFP的愿景是每个 人，无论男人女人始终能获得食物所需。

扩大家庭预算

灾难缓解 目前有260多个本地工人负责挖掘水平沟，并 利用岩石来加固。另外三百人在手工构筑石头拦河 坝，还有212人致力于改进下方平地的排水沟。 但是，每个人都承认这些工作仅仅只是权宜之计。 这也正是这些由世界粮食计划署支持的项目被称作 灾难缓解而非灾难预防的原因所在。其旨在尽可能 地减轻侵袭海地的下一场大暴风雨的破坏力，使其 不似上次那般激烈。 同时，要最大程度地实现灾难缓解，还需对其 它的山坡有所动作。“我们将需要更多的资源，因为 对所有分水岭进行处理是非常重要的。国际劳工组 织项目管理人Jean Marie Vanden Wouwer如是说。

The World Food Programme Development

世

界

粮

食

计

划

署

www.wfp.org United Nations Pavilion Magazine 67

Some of the work done by World Health Organization (WHO) is visible and familiar: the response teams sent to contain outbreaks, the emergency assistance to people affected by disasters, or the mass immunization campaigns that protect the world’ s children from killer diseases. Other work is visible because the diseases being addressed – HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria – have such a high profile for global health. On the other hand, some activities undertaken by WHO are largely invisible, such as quietly protecting the health of every person on this planet, every day. For example, by assigning a single international name to drugs, WHO helps ensure that a prescription filled abroad is what the doctor ordered back home. Our standards help protect the safety of everyone’ s food and the quality of medicines and vaccines. When pollution in air or water reaches a dangerous level, it is WHO standards that are used as the measure.

WHO works with partners within the United Nations system, with our Member States, with industry, with communities and with non-governmental organizations to fulfill our role as the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. More than 8,000 people from more than 150 countries work for the Organization in 147 country offices, six regional offices and at the headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. In addition to medical doctors, public health specialists, scientists and epidemiologists, WHO staff include people trained to manage administrative, financial, and information systems, as well as experts in the fields of health statistics, economics and emergency relief.

City Life, Countryside Life - Which one is healthier?

Where do you think it is healthier to live? In the city with access to healthcare and education, and all the modern amenities? Or is life better in the countryside where you are surrounded by clean air, home grown food, and where physical activity is a way of life?

Actually, both viewpoints are correct.

Cities attract new residents because of all the opportunities they offer. They have modern hospitals, bright and clean shopping centres, lively restaurants, new roads, accessible public transportation, all levels of schools and more. There are often more job opportunities in the city. These advantages are magnets which draw migrants from rural areas within countries, and from developing countries to more affluent countries.

But living in cities brings new health challenges.

Whether you are a recent or longtime city resident, you probably don't exercise as much as you should, you are surrounded and tempted by cheap and unhealthy foods, and you are at risk from traffic crashes and injuries. The concentration of many people together in smaller spaces also means communicable diseases can spread more quickly.

But before you decide to pack up and move to the countryside, keep in mind that the city has wonderful advantages. And there are many things you can do to make your city life a healthier life.

As individuals, we should try to eat well, exercise, drive safely and not smoke. It sounds simple, of course,

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but involves some lifestyle changes that people do not always want to make. These changes are basic for preventing chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. Did you know that these diseases are now the leading cause of mortality in the world, representing 60% of all deaths? In China, the rate is even higher, around 80%. These diseases affect women and men equally.

Choosing healthy nutritious foods involves some educating and planning on your part, and changing your actions to choose foods that are best for your health. In general, avoid foods that are high in fat, sugar and salt or soy sauce. Eat dishes prepared with fresh vegetables. Choose to eat fruit instead of sugary snacks. If you eat food prepared at street stalls, be aware of how the food is prepared to ensure it is not contaminated and has been kept fresh. Try to avoid processed foods, although this is difficult for people living the urban lifestyle, because these are sometimes the most convenient and the cheapest foods. This is why WHO works with government and industry partners to try to change the food they produce.

Everybody, young and old, should remain physically active. You do not have to spend money on equipment or join an expensive gym. Walking, dancing, running are all good (and free) activities. This c a n s o m e t i m e s b e d i f fi c u l t i n c i t i e s w h e r e transportation options are plentiful, and city planners have not always made sure to have sidewalks and green spaces available. WHO statistics show that populations around the world, in both developed and developing countries, are getting more obese. Around the world, one billion adults are overweight and 22 million children under five years old are overweight.

City culture may be more permissive than in the countryside. For example, in many cultures, young women are more likely to smoke if they live in the city.

Sadly, half of long term smokers will die from tobacco-related diseases. If you don't smoke, congratulations! You are doing a great thing for your health. If you do smoke, get help so you can stop. It is never too late to stop and the benefits are immediate.

WHO works with many countries to help develop policies that protect people from the effects of tobacco and from being influenced by tobacco advertising.

Individuals have a role to play in making cities healthier, but communities and government can make huge contributions as well. The 2008 Beijing Olympics were a wonderful example of a huge gathering of people that was smoke-free, thanks to actions taken by the government. WHO is working with partner organizations to towards making all mass events smoke-free.

Governments can also help protect citizens from traffic crashes, which kill 1.3 million people a year, half of them pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists.

Governments can enforce speed limits, laws against drunk driving, the use of seatbelts, helmets and proper seating for children, provide safe public transport and ensure that the roads are designed keeping the safety of all users - including the most vulnerable - in mind.

WHO knows that over the years, more and more people will live in cities. Together, we are working on making them healthier places for all of us.

World Health Organization

世 界 卫 生 组 织 www.who.int

世界卫生组织简介： 世卫组织的工作既明显可见亦为人熟知：派遣 专家组赴疫区进行疫情控制；向灾民提供紧急援助； 开展全世界儿童大规模免疫接种运动，以防儿童罹 患致命疾病等。还有一些大家已经非常了解的工作， 包括：着力竭制艾滋病、结核病和疟疾等疾患的传播， 因为它们在全球卫生领域都是重点问题。另一方面， 世卫组织还有一些其他默默保护全球人民健康的日 常工作则不太为人所知：通过指定单一国际药名， 确保可按医生开出的处方在国外配药。世卫组织亦 制定确保食品安全、药品和疫苗质量方面的标准以 保证全球人民健康；当空气或水污染达到危险程度时， 可采用世卫组织标准进行检测。作为联合国系统 专门负责指导和协调卫生工作的机构，世卫组织与 联合国系统内的其他机构、各会员国、工商界、社区 机构和非政府组织共同合作。世卫组织共有8000多 名来自150多个国家的工作人员，分布在147个国家 办事处、6个区域办事处以及瑞士日内瓦总部。世卫 组织的工作人员来自四面八方，除了医生、公共卫生 专家、科学家和流行病学家之外，还有训练有素的 行政、财务和信息技术人员以及卫生统计、经济和 紧急救援领域的专家。 城市生活与田园生活，哪一种更有益健康？ 哪种生活更有益于健康？是能够享受医疗保健 和教育机会以及现代化设施应有尽有的城市生活？

还是空气新鲜、自产自用并日常从事大量体力活动 的田园生活？ 事实上，这两种生活方式皆宜。 城市充满了机会，吸引人们蜂拥而至。城市拥 有现代化医院，光亮整洁的购物中心，热闹的餐馆， 崭新的道路，便捷的公共交通，一应俱全的学校等等。 城市往往能够提供更多的就业机会，像磁铁一样， 吸引着农民涌往城市，也吸引着发展中国家的居民 流向富裕国家。 但城市生活也带来了新的卫生挑战。 在城市，无论何时迁入，还是从小即在城市长 大，您都很有可能会面临缺乏锻炼的问题，或被各 种廉价不健康食品的诱惑，以及因交通事故而受伤 的风险，当然，还有狭窄的生活空间所带来更快速 传播疾病的问题。 但在您决定打点行装移居乡下之前，请别忘记 城市生活的各种优势。而且，只要我们不断努力， 还能享受更健康的城市生活。 我们每人都应尽量做到饮食得当，多运动，安全 驾驶，不要吸烟。当然，说来简单，做起来却不容 易，需要人们克服惰性，对生活方式作出某些调整。 这些调整对预防心脏病、中风、癌症、慢性呼吸道疾

病和糖尿病等慢性疾病是必不可少的。您知道么，这 些疾病仍是当前全球死亡的首要原因，并占死亡总数 的60%？在中国甚至更高，达到80％左右。而且，这 些疾病并不因性别，会对不同人区分对待。 选择营养丰富、有益健康的食品，您需要掌握 一些知识，进行妥善筹划，并改变行为，选择最有 益健康的食品。总之，应避免食用高脂、多糖、多 盐或多酱油食物。多吃新鲜蔬菜，多吃水果，少吃 甜食。如果食用路边摊贩的食物，需注意食物的制 作过程，确保食物未受污染并保持新鲜。尽量避免 食用加工食品。因为加工食品有时最方便，也最便宜， 所以避免加工食品对习惯城市生活的人来说并不容易。 世卫组织为此正与政府和业界伙伴开展合作，努力 提高食品质量。 无论年纪长幼，每人都应坚持锻炼身体。这并 不意味着您需要花钱购买设备或去昂贵的健身房锻 炼身体。散步、跳舞、跑步也都是很有效且免费的 方法。在城市，为了交通便利，城市规划人员有时 并不能保障足够的人行道和绿地。世卫组织的统计 数据显示，不论在发达国家，还是在发展中国家， 世界各地的人都越来越胖。全球共有10亿成人和 2200万5岁以下儿童超重。

一半以上的长期烟民将死于同烟草有关的疾病。 如果您不吸烟，我们祝贺您——这对您本人健康 来说，是一件大好事！如果您吸烟，请设法戒烟， 而且越早越好，不过永远都不算晚，因为其好处 立竿见影。世卫组织正协助许多国家制定政策，使 人们免受烟草以及烟草广告的影响。 每个人都可为城市的健康助一臂之力，社区和 政府也可对此作出巨大贡献。在中国政府的努力下， 2008年北京无烟奥运会为日后的无烟大型活动树立 了光辉典范。世卫组织正与各伙伴组织合作，争取 在所有大型活动中禁烟。 全球每年有130万人死于交通事故，其中一半 是行人、骑自行车的人，和摩托车驾驶员。各国政 府通过强制限速，规定禁止酒后驾车，要求系上安 全带、戴上头盔和配备适当的儿童座椅，提供安全 的公共交通，并确保在设计道路时注意对弱势群体 提供保障，防止交通事故并减少死亡人数，保证所 有交通使用者的安全。 世卫组织认识到，今后城市居民将越来越多。 让我们携起手来，共建有益健康的城市家园。

与农村相比，城市文化更为开放。例如，在许 多国家，城市年轻女性更易染上烟瘾。可悲的是，

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 69

Some of the work done by World Health Organization (WHO) is visible and familiar: the response teams sent to contain outbreaks, the emergency assistance to people affected by disasters, or the mass immunization campaigns that protect the world’ s children from killer diseases. Other work is visible because the diseases being addressed – HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria – have such a high profile for global health. On the other hand, some activities undertaken by WHO are largely invisible, such as quietly protecting the health of every person on this planet, every day. For example, by assigning a single international name to drugs, WHO helps ensure that a prescription filled abroad is what the doctor ordered back home. Our standards help protect the safety of everyone’ s food and the quality of medicines and vaccines. When pollution in air or water reaches a dangerous level, it is WHO standards that are used as the measure.

WHO works with partners within the United Nations system, with our Member States, with industry, with communities and with non-governmental organizations to fulfill our role as the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. More than 8,000 people from more than 150 countries work for the Organization in 147 country offices, six regional offices and at the headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. In addition to medical doctors, public health specialists, scientists and epidemiologists, WHO staff include people trained to manage administrative, financial, and information systems, as well as experts in the fields of health statistics, economics and emergency relief.

City Life, Countryside Life - Which one is healthier?

Where do you think it is healthier to live? In the city with access to healthcare and education, and all the modern amenities? Or is life better in the countryside where you are surrounded by clean air, home grown food, and where physical activity is a way of life?

Actually, both viewpoints are correct.

Cities attract new residents because of all the opportunities they offer. They have modern hospitals, bright and clean shopping centres, lively restaurants, new roads, accessible public transportation, all levels of schools and more. There are often more job opportunities in the city. These advantages are magnets which draw migrants from rural areas within countries, and from developing countries to more affluent countries.

But living in cities brings new health challenges.

Whether you are a recent or longtime city resident, you probably don't exercise as much as you should, you are surrounded and tempted by cheap and unhealthy foods, and you are at risk from traffic crashes and injuries. The concentration of many people together in smaller spaces also means communicable diseases can spread more quickly.

But before you decide to pack up and move to the countryside, keep in mind that the city has wonderful advantages. And there are many things you can do to make your city life a healthier life.

As individuals, we should try to eat well, exercise, drive safely and not smoke. It sounds simple, of course,

68 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

but involves some lifestyle changes that people do not always want to make. These changes are basic for preventing chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. Did you know that these diseases are now the leading cause of mortality in the world, representing 60% of all deaths? In China, the rate is even higher, around 80%. These diseases affect women and men equally.

Choosing healthy nutritious foods involves some educating and planning on your part, and changing your actions to choose foods that are best for your health. In general, avoid foods that are high in fat, sugar and salt or soy sauce. Eat dishes prepared with fresh vegetables. Choose to eat fruit instead of sugary snacks. If you eat food prepared at street stalls, be aware of how the food is prepared to ensure it is not contaminated and has been kept fresh. Try to avoid processed foods, although this is difficult for people living the urban lifestyle, because these are sometimes the most convenient and the cheapest foods. This is why WHO works with government and industry partners to try to change the food they produce.

Everybody, young and old, should remain physically active. You do not have to spend money on equipment or join an expensive gym. Walking, dancing, running are all good (and free) activities. This c a n s o m e t i m e s b e d i f fi c u l t i n c i t i e s w h e r e transportation options are plentiful, and city planners have not always made sure to have sidewalks and green spaces available. WHO statistics show that populations around the world, in both developed and developing countries, are getting more obese. Around the world, one billion adults are overweight and 22 million children under five years old are overweight.

City culture may be more permissive than in the countryside. For example, in many cultures, young women are more likely to smoke if they live in the city.

Sadly, half of long term smokers will die from tobacco-related diseases. If you don't smoke, congratulations! You are doing a great thing for your health. If you do smoke, get help so you can stop. It is never too late to stop and the benefits are immediate.

WHO works with many countries to help develop policies that protect people from the effects of tobacco and from being influenced by tobacco advertising.

Individuals have a role to play in making cities healthier, but communities and government can make huge contributions as well. The 2008 Beijing Olympics were a wonderful example of a huge gathering of people that was smoke-free, thanks to actions taken by the government. WHO is working with partner organizations to towards making all mass events smoke-free.

Governments can also help protect citizens from traffic crashes, which kill 1.3 million people a year, half of them pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists.

Governments can enforce speed limits, laws against drunk driving, the use of seatbelts, helmets and proper seating for children, provide safe public transport and ensure that the roads are designed keeping the safety of all users - including the most vulnerable - in mind.

WHO knows that over the years, more and more people will live in cities. Together, we are working on making them healthier places for all of us.

World Health Organization

世 界 卫 生 组 织 www.who.int

世界卫生组织简介： 世卫组织的工作既明显可见亦为人熟知：派遣 专家组赴疫区进行疫情控制；向灾民提供紧急援助； 开展全世界儿童大规模免疫接种运动，以防儿童罹 患致命疾病等。还有一些大家已经非常了解的工作， 包括：着力竭制艾滋病、结核病和疟疾等疾患的传播， 因为它们在全球卫生领域都是重点问题。另一方面， 世卫组织还有一些其他默默保护全球人民健康的日 常工作则不太为人所知：通过指定单一国际药名， 确保可按医生开出的处方在国外配药。世卫组织亦 制定确保食品安全、药品和疫苗质量方面的标准以 保证全球人民健康；当空气或水污染达到危险程度时， 可采用世卫组织标准进行检测。作为联合国系统 专门负责指导和协调卫生工作的机构，世卫组织与 联合国系统内的其他机构、各会员国、工商界、社区 机构和非政府组织共同合作。世卫组织共有8000多 名来自150多个国家的工作人员，分布在147个国家 办事处、6个区域办事处以及瑞士日内瓦总部。世卫 组织的工作人员来自四面八方，除了医生、公共卫生 专家、科学家和流行病学家之外，还有训练有素的 行政、财务和信息技术人员以及卫生统计、经济和 紧急救援领域的专家。 城市生活与田园生活，哪一种更有益健康？ 哪种生活更有益于健康？是能够享受医疗保健 和教育机会以及现代化设施应有尽有的城市生活？

还是空气新鲜、自产自用并日常从事大量体力活动 的田园生活？ 事实上，这两种生活方式皆宜。 城市充满了机会，吸引人们蜂拥而至。城市拥 有现代化医院，光亮整洁的购物中心，热闹的餐馆， 崭新的道路，便捷的公共交通，一应俱全的学校等等。 城市往往能够提供更多的就业机会，像磁铁一样， 吸引着农民涌往城市，也吸引着发展中国家的居民 流向富裕国家。 但城市生活也带来了新的卫生挑战。 在城市，无论何时迁入，还是从小即在城市长 大，您都很有可能会面临缺乏锻炼的问题，或被各 种廉价不健康食品的诱惑，以及因交通事故而受伤 的风险，当然，还有狭窄的生活空间所带来更快速 传播疾病的问题。 但在您决定打点行装移居乡下之前，请别忘记 城市生活的各种优势。而且，只要我们不断努力， 还能享受更健康的城市生活。 我们每人都应尽量做到饮食得当，多运动，安全 驾驶，不要吸烟。当然，说来简单，做起来却不容 易，需要人们克服惰性，对生活方式作出某些调整。 这些调整对预防心脏病、中风、癌症、慢性呼吸道疾

病和糖尿病等慢性疾病是必不可少的。您知道么，这 些疾病仍是当前全球死亡的首要原因，并占死亡总数 的60%？在中国甚至更高，达到80％左右。而且，这 些疾病并不因性别，会对不同人区分对待。 选择营养丰富、有益健康的食品，您需要掌握 一些知识，进行妥善筹划，并改变行为，选择最有 益健康的食品。总之，应避免食用高脂、多糖、多 盐或多酱油食物。多吃新鲜蔬菜，多吃水果，少吃 甜食。如果食用路边摊贩的食物，需注意食物的制 作过程，确保食物未受污染并保持新鲜。尽量避免 食用加工食品。因为加工食品有时最方便，也最便宜， 所以避免加工食品对习惯城市生活的人来说并不容易。 世卫组织为此正与政府和业界伙伴开展合作，努力 提高食品质量。 无论年纪长幼，每人都应坚持锻炼身体。这并 不意味着您需要花钱购买设备或去昂贵的健身房锻 炼身体。散步、跳舞、跑步也都是很有效且免费的 方法。在城市，为了交通便利，城市规划人员有时 并不能保障足够的人行道和绿地。世卫组织的统计 数据显示，不论在发达国家，还是在发展中国家， 世界各地的人都越来越胖。全球共有10亿成人和 2200万5岁以下儿童超重。

一半以上的长期烟民将死于同烟草有关的疾病。 如果您不吸烟，我们祝贺您——这对您本人健康 来说，是一件大好事！如果您吸烟，请设法戒烟， 而且越早越好，不过永远都不算晚，因为其好处 立竿见影。世卫组织正协助许多国家制定政策，使 人们免受烟草以及烟草广告的影响。 每个人都可为城市的健康助一臂之力，社区和 政府也可对此作出巨大贡献。在中国政府的努力下， 2008年北京无烟奥运会为日后的无烟大型活动树立 了光辉典范。世卫组织正与各伙伴组织合作，争取 在所有大型活动中禁烟。 全球每年有130万人死于交通事故，其中一半 是行人、骑自行车的人，和摩托车驾驶员。各国政 府通过强制限速，规定禁止酒后驾车，要求系上安 全带、戴上头盔和配备适当的儿童座椅，提供安全 的公共交通，并确保在设计道路时注意对弱势群体 提供保障，防止交通事故并减少死亡人数，保证所 有交通使用者的安全。 世卫组织认识到，今后城市居民将越来越多。 让我们携起手来，共建有益健康的城市家园。

与农村相比，城市文化更为开放。例如，在许 多国家，城市年轻女性更易染上烟瘾。可悲的是，

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 69

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is dedicated to developing a balanced and accessible international intellectual property (IP) system, which rewards creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while safeguarding the public interest.

Better Cities – Better Life Green designers – a new breed of environmentally conscious engineers and architects – are rethinking entire product life cycles, from the industrial manufacturing processes to what happens at the end of the life of the product, to build better cities and improve quality of life. They aim to build non-polluting factories, which make products that are safe for the environment and 100 percent recyclable, by designing new industrial methods and scrutinizing every raw material that goes into fabrication. Some products created according to these principles now carry a new certification mark: Cradle to CradleTM (C2C).

German chemist Michael Braungart and American architect and industrial designer William McDonough have a vision that differs from that of traditional environmentalist. Rather than seeking to reduce consumption, they wants to help bring about a new Industrial Revolution: the reinvention of industrial processes to produce clean solutions and create an industry where "everything is reused – either returned to the soil as nontoxic ‘biological nutrients,’ or returned to industry as ‘technical nutrients’ that can be infinitely recycled." They are the creators of the C2C certification mark.

"safe enough to eat." To produce the new fabric, Climatex® Lifecycle™, a fundamental re-design took place in every aspect of production, from the factory work space, to the elimination of all toxic dyes and chemicals, to the sourcing of raw materials. It is woven from the wool of free-range New Zealand sheep and from ramie, an organically grown fiber from the Philippines. The manufacturing process generates no pollutants. Extensive testing identified just 16 out of 1,600 color dyes that met the consortium’ s sustainability criteria. As a result, Rohner claims that its factory waste water now tests cleaner than the water coming into the plant. The fabric trimmings are recycled with a consortium of strawberry farms, which use the biodegradable scrap as mulch for ground cover and plant insulation.

Sustainable buildings Mr. McDonough is also working with the China Housing Industry Association, which has a commission from the Chinese Government to build homes for 400 million people over the next 12 years – seven new cities. He is working with them to identify environmentally safe building materials, such as polystyrene from BASF which uses no noxious chemicals and can be used to build walls that are strong, lightweight and super-insulating. “The building can be heated and kept cool for next to nothing. It’ s so silent, if there are 13 people in the apartment upstairs, you won’t hear them," says Mr. McDonough.

He has also come up with many simple ideas for improving our cities: a project to make city rooftops into farmland, such as the living proof of the Ford Company’ s Rouge Factory that would clean storm waters and that would cut down on energy cost.

Much more to come

The goal is to remodel industry and architecture to emulate the balance found in nature’ s ecosystems. It may sound an impossible dream, but hard-headed Fortune 500 companies are already working with them.

Fabric "safe enough to eat" In 2002 the Swiss textile manufacturer Rohner Textil made headlines, cut costs and won new business when the company teamed up with Mr. McDonough and U.S. textile design firm Designtex to produce a biodegradable upholstery fabric that they describe as

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Patent information has an abundance of interesting innovations from inventors and creators dedicated to bettering cities and lives. As research continues, more will come from tiny technical improvements to revolutionary inventions that will change our cities – our lives – forever.

The International Fund for Agricultural Development

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www.wipo.int

更美丽的城市——更美好的生活

纺织品“安全得可以食用”

为了建设更美丽的城市，提高生活质量，绿色 设计者——新一代具有环境意识的工程师们和建筑 师们——正在对产品的整个寿命周期，从工业制造 工艺到产品寿命结束时的状态，进行反思。他们的 目标是，通过设计新的工业方法和仔细检验每一种 投入制造的原材料，开办无污染工厂，生产有益于 环境安全、百分之百可再使用的产品。根据这种原 则制造的一些产品，现在有了一个新的证明商标： Cradle to CradleTM (C2C) (从摇篮到摇篮)。

2002 年，瑞士纺织品制造商 Rohner Textil 由于与 McDonough 先生和美国织物设计公司 Designtex 合作而上了报纸头条：他们降低成本，并取得了新业务。 他们开发了一种家具装潢用可生物降解的纺织品，并 称之 “ 安全得可以食用 ”。公司在生产新型纺织品 Climatex® LifecycleTM 时，彻底重新设计了生产环节 的方方面面，包括重新设计工厂的工作区、停用所有 有毒染料和化学品、寻找原料来源等等。这种纺织品 由放养的新西兰绵羊羊毛和苎麻（一种在菲律宾有机生 长的纤维）编织而成。 制造过程不产生污染物质。 经过 大量测试鉴定，1600 种颜色染料中仅 16 种符合该联合 集团制定的可持续性标准。 最终，Rohner 宣称，工厂的 废水经测试，目前比进入工厂的水还要清洁。纺织品 边角料被一个由草莓农场组成的集团循环使用，可生 物降解余料被其制成毡子覆盖地面并用于工厂绝缘。

德国化学家Michael Braungart和美国建筑师兼工 业品外观设计师William McDonough具有与传统环境 学家不同的眼光。他们没有寻求减少消费，而是想 推动一场新的工业革命：重新发明工业制造工艺， 提出各种清洁方案，并创立一种产业，让“一切产品 均可再使用——要么回归大地成为无毒‘生物营养素”， 要么返回工业成为‘技术营养素’并可以无限循环利用。” 他们是证明商标C2C的创造者。 他们的目标是改造工业和建筑学，以仿效从自 然生态系统中找到的平衡。听起来，这好像是一场 无法实现的梦想，然而，务实的财富500强企业已 经开始与他们一道工作了。

可用于建造坚固、轻便和超绝缘的墙壁。“这种建筑 物既能取暖，也能抗暑，而且几乎不费分文。隔音 效果很好，就算楼上房间有13个人，你也听不到上 面有人，”McDonough先生说。 他也提出了许多改进城市的简单创意，例如：一项 将城市屋顶改造成农田以净化暴雨雨水的计划，建议 城市规划时安排建造竹湿地。 未来会涌现更多技术创新 专利信息中包含着那些致力于美化城市和生活 的发明家和创造者的许许多多有意义的创新技术。 随着研究继续向前推进，定将涌现出更多可以永远 改变我们的城市和我们的生活的种种发明创造：从微小 的技术改进到革命性的发明，不一而足。

可持续发展的建筑物 McDonough先生还与中国房屋建筑业协会一道 工作，中国政府委托该协会今后12年中为四亿人建 造住房——相当于建造七个新城市。他与该协会一 起工作的任务是，找到环保建筑材料，例如BASF公 司提供的聚苯乙烯。这种材料使用无毒化学制品，

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 71

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is dedicated to developing a balanced and accessible international intellectual property (IP) system, which rewards creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while safeguarding the public interest.

Better Cities – Better Life Green designers – a new breed of environmentally conscious engineers and architects – are rethinking entire product life cycles, from the industrial manufacturing processes to what happens at the end of the life of the product, to build better cities and improve quality of life. They aim to build non-polluting factories, which make products that are safe for the environment and 100 percent recyclable, by designing new industrial methods and scrutinizing every raw material that goes into fabrication. Some products created according to these principles now carry a new certification mark: Cradle to CradleTM (C2C).

German chemist Michael Braungart and American architect and industrial designer William McDonough have a vision that differs from that of traditional environmentalist. Rather than seeking to reduce consumption, they wants to help bring about a new Industrial Revolution: the reinvention of industrial processes to produce clean solutions and create an industry where "everything is reused – either returned to the soil as nontoxic ‘biological nutrients,’ or returned to industry as ‘technical nutrients’ that can be infinitely recycled." They are the creators of the C2C certification mark.

"safe enough to eat." To produce the new fabric, Climatex® Lifecycle™, a fundamental re-design took place in every aspect of production, from the factory work space, to the elimination of all toxic dyes and chemicals, to the sourcing of raw materials. It is woven from the wool of free-range New Zealand sheep and from ramie, an organically grown fiber from the Philippines. The manufacturing process generates no pollutants. Extensive testing identified just 16 out of 1,600 color dyes that met the consortium’ s sustainability criteria. As a result, Rohner claims that its factory waste water now tests cleaner than the water coming into the plant. The fabric trimmings are recycled with a consortium of strawberry farms, which use the biodegradable scrap as mulch for ground cover and plant insulation.

Sustainable buildings Mr. McDonough is also working with the China Housing Industry Association, which has a commission from the Chinese Government to build homes for 400 million people over the next 12 years – seven new cities. He is working with them to identify environmentally safe building materials, such as polystyrene from BASF which uses no noxious chemicals and can be used to build walls that are strong, lightweight and super-insulating. “The building can be heated and kept cool for next to nothing. It’ s so silent, if there are 13 people in the apartment upstairs, you won’t hear them," says Mr. McDonough.

He has also come up with many simple ideas for improving our cities: a project to make city rooftops into farmland, such as the living proof of the Ford Company’ s Rouge Factory that would clean storm waters and that would cut down on energy cost.

Much more to come

The goal is to remodel industry and architecture to emulate the balance found in nature’ s ecosystems. It may sound an impossible dream, but hard-headed Fortune 500 companies are already working with them.

Fabric "safe enough to eat" In 2002 the Swiss textile manufacturer Rohner Textil made headlines, cut costs and won new business when the company teamed up with Mr. McDonough and U.S. textile design firm Designtex to produce a biodegradable upholstery fabric that they describe as

70 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

Patent information has an abundance of interesting innovations from inventors and creators dedicated to bettering cities and lives. As research continues, more will come from tiny technical improvements to revolutionary inventions that will change our cities – our lives – forever.

The International Fund for Agricultural Development

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知

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产

权

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www.wipo.int

更美丽的城市——更美好的生活

纺织品“安全得可以食用”

为了建设更美丽的城市，提高生活质量，绿色 设计者——新一代具有环境意识的工程师们和建筑 师们——正在对产品的整个寿命周期，从工业制造 工艺到产品寿命结束时的状态，进行反思。他们的 目标是，通过设计新的工业方法和仔细检验每一种 投入制造的原材料，开办无污染工厂，生产有益于 环境安全、百分之百可再使用的产品。根据这种原 则制造的一些产品，现在有了一个新的证明商标： Cradle to CradleTM (C2C) (从摇篮到摇篮)。

2002 年，瑞士纺织品制造商 Rohner Textil 由于与 McDonough 先生和美国织物设计公司 Designtex 合作而上了报纸头条：他们降低成本，并取得了新业务。 他们开发了一种家具装潢用可生物降解的纺织品，并 称之 “ 安全得可以食用 ”。公司在生产新型纺织品 Climatex® LifecycleTM 时，彻底重新设计了生产环节 的方方面面，包括重新设计工厂的工作区、停用所有 有毒染料和化学品、寻找原料来源等等。这种纺织品 由放养的新西兰绵羊羊毛和苎麻（一种在菲律宾有机生 长的纤维）编织而成。 制造过程不产生污染物质。 经过 大量测试鉴定，1600 种颜色染料中仅 16 种符合该联合 集团制定的可持续性标准。 最终，Rohner 宣称，工厂的 废水经测试，目前比进入工厂的水还要清洁。纺织品 边角料被一个由草莓农场组成的集团循环使用，可生 物降解余料被其制成毡子覆盖地面并用于工厂绝缘。

德国化学家Michael Braungart和美国建筑师兼工 业品外观设计师William McDonough具有与传统环境 学家不同的眼光。他们没有寻求减少消费，而是想 推动一场新的工业革命：重新发明工业制造工艺， 提出各种清洁方案，并创立一种产业，让“一切产品 均可再使用——要么回归大地成为无毒‘生物营养素”， 要么返回工业成为‘技术营养素’并可以无限循环利用。” 他们是证明商标C2C的创造者。 他们的目标是改造工业和建筑学，以仿效从自 然生态系统中找到的平衡。听起来，这好像是一场 无法实现的梦想，然而，务实的财富500强企业已 经开始与他们一道工作了。

可用于建造坚固、轻便和超绝缘的墙壁。“这种建筑 物既能取暖，也能抗暑，而且几乎不费分文。隔音 效果很好，就算楼上房间有13个人，你也听不到上 面有人，”McDonough先生说。 他也提出了许多改进城市的简单创意，例如：一项 将城市屋顶改造成农田以净化暴雨雨水的计划，建议 城市规划时安排建造竹湿地。 未来会涌现更多技术创新 专利信息中包含着那些致力于美化城市和生活 的发明家和创造者的许许多多有意义的创新技术。 随着研究继续向前推进，定将涌现出更多可以永远 改变我们的城市和我们的生活的种种发明创造：从微小 的技术改进到革命性的发明，不一而足。

可持续发展的建筑物 McDonough先生还与中国房屋建筑业协会一道 工作，中国政府委托该协会今后12年中为四亿人建 造住房——相当于建造七个新城市。他与该协会一 起工作的任务是，找到环保建筑材料，例如BASF公 司提供的聚苯乙烯。这种材料使用无毒化学制品，

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 71

The World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy The World Bank has launched a new urban and local government strategy “Systems of Cities-Harnessing Urbanization for Growth and Poverty Alleviation” that will guide its policy advisory services and financing in the urban sector over the next decade. This strategy is being put forward at a critical time and has been developed in a participatory manner with stakeholders across the World. There is consensus that urbanization is not exclusively a challenge for cities.

Addressing the new urban agenda will take a new level of cooperation across all tiers of government as well as ensuring harmonious growth between rural and urban regions.

Rapid urbanization, if not well managed, will increase poverty and slums. An estimated one billion people currently live in urban slums in developing countries, and cities need to prepare to absorb this demographic growth to minimize the expansion of slums. Cities are also at the front line in addressing the climate change agenda. Today, an estimated 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from cities, and nearly 70% of energy consumption takes place in cities. The design of denser, more compact urban centers will result in more energy efficient cities, and also reduce travel time and costs for urban residents and businesses. A proactive approach to designing more efficient cities with a lower carbon footprint will have important co-benefits in addressing the climate change agenda, while avoiding the lock-in e f f e c t s o f l o n g - t e r m i n e f fi c i e n t c a p i t a l s t o c k investments that are unsustainable.

The World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy draws on two principles. First, that density, agglomeration, and proximity are fundamental to human advancement, economic productivity, and social equity. Second, that cities need to be well managed and sustainable. These two principles unfold along five business lines: (i) city management, governance, and finance; (ii) urban poverty; (iii) cities and economic growth; (iv) city planning, land, and housing; (v) urban environment, climate change, and disaster management.

The business lines set out the objectives and benchmarks for the World Bank to monitor the impact of it financial assistance and policy advice. The World Bank’ s portfolio of development assistance, like its member countries, has been urbanizing over time.

Since its first “urban” lending operation was approved in 1972, a sites and services project in Senegal, World Bank has financed investments and technical assistance in more than 130 countries and within those countries, in more than 7,000 cities and towns.

This “urban” portfolio has included investment in shelter, infrastructure, slum upgrading, municipal development, environmental improvements, and social services. The current active portfolio includes more than 155 operations in more than 60 countries amounting to US$10.3 billion in lending commitments.

The new Urban and Local Government Strategy aims to work with developing countries as they take advantage of the economic opportunities associated with rapid urbanization. The strategy offers a number of approaches to help cities better manage urban growth, including: - Planning and preparation. The World Bank’ s Urbanization Review offers client countries the ability to examine demographic trends, impacts on land and housing affordability, mobility, and other key urban planning criteria. The World Bank’ s Urban Planning Audit helps client cities assess urbanization pressures and adjust regulations to enable more compact cities, which can also expand the housing supply and reduce infrastructure costs per household.

- Putting the Poor on the Map. The strategy calls for scaled-up approaches to urban poverty, which is growing across most developing regions, by applying GIS technologies to identify, map and better target the urban poor at a city-wide and national level. The World Bank would support this work through vulnerability assessments, among other tools.

- Building sustainable cities. The strategy includes the World Bank’ s ECO2 Cities Program, which helps developing countries manage cities in ways that are ecologically and environmentally sustainable. It also provides impetus to retrofit and redevelop existing areas.

- Expanding reach and coverage. Urban population growth is greatest today in secondary cities. The World Bank recognizes the growing diversity of its clients and the need to expand reach and coverage to more cities than ever before. In that regard, more emphasis will be placed on “wholesaling” approaches that work closely with local and regional institutions.

Successful cities change their ways, improve their finances, attract private investors, and take care of the poor. Countries that are able to harness the economic energy of urban growth are also able to reduce poverty and stimulate their economies. The new Urban and Local Government Strategy will help governments at all levels make cities more equitable, efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly.

The World Bank aims to be a key element in helping civic leaders and national authorities think through, and implement, policies and programs for the benefit of their people, their cities, and their countries.

世界银行城市和地方政府战略 世界银行新发布的城市和地方政府战略“城市系统 ——利用城市化促进增长和减轻贫困”，旨在指导世 行未来十年在城市部门的政策咨询服务和资金援助。 《战略》的提出恰逢城市发展的关键时期，其制定 过程得到了世界各地利益相关者的广泛参与。众所 周知，面临城市化挑战的不仅是城市一级政府。新城 市议程的实施需要各级政府展开新一轮紧密合作， 并推进城乡和谐发展。 快速城市化，如果得不到妥善管理，将造成贫 困和贫民窟的增加。当前发展中国家有大约10亿人 居住在城市贫民窟，因此城市应为承接人口增长做 好准备，以抑制贫民窟的蔓延。在应对气候变化问 题时，城市也首当其冲。今天，全世界大约70%的 温室气体排放、70%的能源消费来自城市。设计高 密度、紧凑型城市中心不仅促进能源高效利用，而 且减少城市居民和企业的出行时间和成本。积极设 计高效而低碳的城市不仅有利于应对气候变化，也 避免产生由长期的、低效的、不可持续的资本投资 引起的锁定效应。 世界银行城市和地方政府战略基于以下两项原则。 其一，密度、集聚和距离临近对于人类进步、经济 发展和社会公平至关重要。其二，城市必须实现良 好的管理和可持续发展。这两项原则体现在以下五 条业务线中：1）城市管理、管治和融资；2）城市 贫困；3）城市与经济增长；4）城市规划、土地和 住房；5）城市环境、气候变化和灾难管理。

——绘制城市贫困地图。由于贫困正在众多发 展中地区增长，《战略》主张增加应对城市贫困问 题的方法，应用地理信息系统技术在城市和国家层 面去识别、图示和更好地定位城市贫困。世界银行 还将开发一些工具以辅助这一项目的实施，例如脆弱 性评估等。 ——建设可持续的城市。《战略》还包括世行“ 生态经济城市”项目，其目的是帮助发展中国家实现 城市的生态和环境可持续性。该项目也积极推动对 现有地区的更新和再开发。 ——扩大影响和覆盖面。城市人口在二线城市 增长最为迅速。世界银行认识到，由于客户日益 多样化，需要扩大服务的影响和覆盖面，以涵盖比 以往任何时期更多的城市。因此，通过“批量化”方式 与地方和区域机构紧密协作，就显得尤为重要。 成功的城市改变发展方式，改善财务状况，吸引 私人投资，并且照顾好穷人。那些能利用人口增长 产生经济收益的国家，也有能力减少贫困和刺激经 济发展。世界银行新的城市和地方政府战略将帮助 各个层级的政府实现更加平等、高效、可持续、以 及环境友好的城市。世界银行致力于成为市民领袖 和国家机构的关键伙伴，帮他们思考、实施对他们 的人民、城市和国家有利的政策和项目。

World Bank

世 界 银 行 www.worldbank.org

以上业务线为世界银行监测其金融援助和政策咨 询服务的影响提供了目标和基准。世界银行发展援助 基金，正如其成员国一样，也随着时间的推移而不断 城市化。自从1972年其第一个城市贷款项目——塞内 加尔场地和服务项目得到批准以来，世界银行已经在 130多个国家的超过7000座城市和城镇提供了资金投 资和技术援助。城市基金的投资内容包括避难所、基 础设施、贫民窟升级、市政发展、环境改善和社会服 务。目前进行中的基金项目包括在60多个国家实施的 155个项目，贷款额度达103亿美元。 新的城市和地方政府战略旨在促进世界银行与 发展中国家合作，以利用快速城市化带来的经济机会。 战略提出一系列方法帮助城市更好地管理增长，其 中包括： ——规划和准备。世界银行“城市化回顾”项目 将有助于客户国分析人口发展趋势、城市化对土地 和住房支付能力的影响、机动性等一系列重要的城 市规划标准。世界银行“城市规划审查”项目则将帮 助客户城市评估城市化压力，调整管制措施以实现 更紧凑发展，同时增加住房供给和减少户均基础设 施成本。

The International Fund for Agricultural Development

联 合 国 国 际 农 业 发 展 基 金 www.ifad.org

72 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 73

The World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy The World Bank has launched a new urban and local government strategy “Systems of Cities-Harnessing Urbanization for Growth and Poverty Alleviation” that will guide its policy advisory services and financing in the urban sector over the next decade. This strategy is being put forward at a critical time and has been developed in a participatory manner with stakeholders across the World. There is consensus that urbanization is not exclusively a challenge for cities.

Addressing the new urban agenda will take a new level of cooperation across all tiers of government as well as ensuring harmonious growth between rural and urban regions.

Rapid urbanization, if not well managed, will increase poverty and slums. An estimated one billion people currently live in urban slums in developing countries, and cities need to prepare to absorb this demographic growth to minimize the expansion of slums. Cities are also at the front line in addressing the climate change agenda. Today, an estimated 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from cities, and nearly 70% of energy consumption takes place in cities. The design of denser, more compact urban centers will result in more energy efficient cities, and also reduce travel time and costs for urban residents and businesses. A proactive approach to designing more efficient cities with a lower carbon footprint will have important co-benefits in addressing the climate change agenda, while avoiding the lock-in e f f e c t s o f l o n g - t e r m i n e f fi c i e n t c a p i t a l s t o c k investments that are unsustainable.

The World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy draws on two principles. First, that density, agglomeration, and proximity are fundamental to human advancement, economic productivity, and social equity. Second, that cities need to be well managed and sustainable. These two principles unfold along five business lines: (i) city management, governance, and finance; (ii) urban poverty; (iii) cities and economic growth; (iv) city planning, land, and housing; (v) urban environment, climate change, and disaster management.

The business lines set out the objectives and benchmarks for the World Bank to monitor the impact of it financial assistance and policy advice. The World Bank’ s portfolio of development assistance, like its member countries, has been urbanizing over time.

Since its first “urban” lending operation was approved in 1972, a sites and services project in Senegal, World Bank has financed investments and technical assistance in more than 130 countries and within those countries, in more than 7,000 cities and towns.

This “urban” portfolio has included investment in shelter, infrastructure, slum upgrading, municipal development, environmental improvements, and social services. The current active portfolio includes more than 155 operations in more than 60 countries amounting to US$10.3 billion in lending commitments.

The new Urban and Local Government Strategy aims to work with developing countries as they take advantage of the economic opportunities associated with rapid urbanization. The strategy offers a number of approaches to help cities better manage urban growth, including: - Planning and preparation. The World Bank’ s Urbanization Review offers client countries the ability to examine demographic trends, impacts on land and housing affordability, mobility, and other key urban planning criteria. The World Bank’ s Urban Planning Audit helps client cities assess urbanization pressures and adjust regulations to enable more compact cities, which can also expand the housing supply and reduce infrastructure costs per household.

- Putting the Poor on the Map. The strategy calls for scaled-up approaches to urban poverty, which is growing across most developing regions, by applying GIS technologies to identify, map and better target the urban poor at a city-wide and national level. The World Bank would support this work through vulnerability assessments, among other tools.

- Building sustainable cities. The strategy includes the World Bank’ s ECO2 Cities Program, which helps developing countries manage cities in ways that are ecologically and environmentally sustainable. It also provides impetus to retrofit and redevelop existing areas.

- Expanding reach and coverage. Urban population growth is greatest today in secondary cities. The World Bank recognizes the growing diversity of its clients and the need to expand reach and coverage to more cities than ever before. In that regard, more emphasis will be placed on “wholesaling” approaches that work closely with local and regional institutions.

Successful cities change their ways, improve their finances, attract private investors, and take care of the poor. Countries that are able to harness the economic energy of urban growth are also able to reduce poverty and stimulate their economies. The new Urban and Local Government Strategy will help governments at all levels make cities more equitable, efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly.

The World Bank aims to be a key element in helping civic leaders and national authorities think through, and implement, policies and programs for the benefit of their people, their cities, and their countries.

世界银行城市和地方政府战略 世界银行新发布的城市和地方政府战略“城市系统 ——利用城市化促进增长和减轻贫困”，旨在指导世 行未来十年在城市部门的政策咨询服务和资金援助。 《战略》的提出恰逢城市发展的关键时期，其制定 过程得到了世界各地利益相关者的广泛参与。众所 周知，面临城市化挑战的不仅是城市一级政府。新城 市议程的实施需要各级政府展开新一轮紧密合作， 并推进城乡和谐发展。 快速城市化，如果得不到妥善管理，将造成贫 困和贫民窟的增加。当前发展中国家有大约10亿人 居住在城市贫民窟，因此城市应为承接人口增长做 好准备，以抑制贫民窟的蔓延。在应对气候变化问 题时，城市也首当其冲。今天，全世界大约70%的 温室气体排放、70%的能源消费来自城市。设计高 密度、紧凑型城市中心不仅促进能源高效利用，而 且减少城市居民和企业的出行时间和成本。积极设 计高效而低碳的城市不仅有利于应对气候变化，也 避免产生由长期的、低效的、不可持续的资本投资 引起的锁定效应。 世界银行城市和地方政府战略基于以下两项原则。 其一，密度、集聚和距离临近对于人类进步、经济 发展和社会公平至关重要。其二，城市必须实现良 好的管理和可持续发展。这两项原则体现在以下五 条业务线中：1）城市管理、管治和融资；2）城市 贫困；3）城市与经济增长；4）城市规划、土地和 住房；5）城市环境、气候变化和灾难管理。

——绘制城市贫困地图。由于贫困正在众多发 展中地区增长，《战略》主张增加应对城市贫困问 题的方法，应用地理信息系统技术在城市和国家层 面去识别、图示和更好地定位城市贫困。世界银行 还将开发一些工具以辅助这一项目的实施，例如脆弱 性评估等。 ——建设可持续的城市。《战略》还包括世行“ 生态经济城市”项目，其目的是帮助发展中国家实现 城市的生态和环境可持续性。该项目也积极推动对 现有地区的更新和再开发。 ——扩大影响和覆盖面。城市人口在二线城市 增长最为迅速。世界银行认识到，由于客户日益 多样化，需要扩大服务的影响和覆盖面，以涵盖比 以往任何时期更多的城市。因此，通过“批量化”方式 与地方和区域机构紧密协作，就显得尤为重要。 成功的城市改变发展方式，改善财务状况，吸引 私人投资，并且照顾好穷人。那些能利用人口增长 产生经济收益的国家，也有能力减少贫困和刺激经 济发展。世界银行新的城市和地方政府战略将帮助 各个层级的政府实现更加平等、高效、可持续、以 及环境友好的城市。世界银行致力于成为市民领袖 和国家机构的关键伙伴，帮他们思考、实施对他们 的人民、城市和国家有利的政策和项目。

World Bank

世 界 银 行 www.worldbank.org

以上业务线为世界银行监测其金融援助和政策咨 询服务的影响提供了目标和基准。世界银行发展援助 基金，正如其成员国一样，也随着时间的推移而不断 城市化。自从1972年其第一个城市贷款项目——塞内 加尔场地和服务项目得到批准以来，世界银行已经在 130多个国家的超过7000座城市和城镇提供了资金投 资和技术援助。城市基金的投资内容包括避难所、基 础设施、贫民窟升级、市政发展、环境改善和社会服 务。目前进行中的基金项目包括在60多个国家实施的 155个项目，贷款额度达103亿美元。 新的城市和地方政府战略旨在促进世界银行与 发展中国家合作，以利用快速城市化带来的经济机会。 战略提出一系列方法帮助城市更好地管理增长，其 中包括： ——规划和准备。世界银行“城市化回顾”项目 将有助于客户国分析人口发展趋势、城市化对土地 和住房支付能力的影响、机动性等一系列重要的城 市规划标准。世界银行“城市规划审查”项目则将帮 助客户城市评估城市化压力，调整管制措施以实现 更紧凑发展，同时增加住房供给和减少户均基础设 施成本。

The International Fund for Agricultural Development

联 合 国 国 际 农 业 发 展 基 金 www.ifad.org

72 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 73

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS In September 2000, building upon a decade of major United Nations conferences and summits, world leaders came together at United Nations Headquarters in New York to adopt the United Nations Millennium Declaration, co 2015 - that have become known as the Millennium Development Goals.

The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – which range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education, all by the target date of 2015 – form a blueprint agreed to by all the world’s countries and all the world’s leading development institutions. They have galvanized unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the world’s poorest.

GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY & HUNGER Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day Target 2: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people Target 3: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION Target 1: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN Target 1: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY Target 1: Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH Target 1: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio Target 2: Achieve universal access to reproductive health GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES Target 1: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Target 2: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it Target 3: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Target 1: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources Target 2: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss Target 3: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Target 4: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT Target 1: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system. Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally Target 2: Address the special needs of the least developed countries. Includes: tariff and quota free access for the least developed countries’ exports; enhanced program of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA Target 3: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States (through the Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly) Target 4: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term Target 5: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries Target 6: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

74 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

千年发展目标 ２０００年９月，秉承过去十年中主要的联合国会议和首脑会议精神，全球各国首脑在纽约联合国总部进行了会晤，并表决通过了《联合国千年宣言》。各国承诺将建立新的全球合作伙伴关 系以降低 极端贫穷人口比重，并设立了一系列以２０１５年为最后期限的目标，即“千年发展目标”。 八项千年发展目标——从极端贫穷人口比例减半，遏止艾滋病毒／艾滋病的蔓延到普及小学教育，所有目标完成时间是２０１５年——这是一幅由全世界所有国家和主要发展机构共同展现的 蓝图。这些国家和机构已全力以赴来满足全世界最穷人的需求。 目标1：消灭极端贫穷和饥饿

具体目标１：每日收入低于１美元的人口比例减半 具体目标２：使所有人包括妇女和青年人都享有充分的生产就业和体面工作 具体目标３：挨饿的人口比例减半 目标2：实现普及初等教育

具体目标１：确保不论男童或女童都能完成全部初等教育课程 目标3：促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力

具体目标１：最好到２００５年消除初等教育和中等教育中的两性差距，并至迟于２０１５年消除所 有各级教育中的这种差距 目标4：降低儿童死亡率

具体目标１：将五岁以下死亡率降低三分之二 目标5：改善产妇保健

具体目标１：产妇死亡率降低四分之三 具体目标２：到２０１５年实现普遍享有生殖保健 目标6：与艾滋病毒/艾滋病、疟疾和其他疾病作斗争

具体目标１：到２０１５年遏制并开始扭转艾滋病毒／艾滋病的蔓延 具体目标２：到２０１０年向所有需要者普遍提供艾滋病毒／艾滋病治疗 具体目标３：到２０１５年遏制并开始扭转疟疾和其他主要疾病的发病率 目标7：确保环境的可持续能力

具体目标１：将可持续发展原则纳入国家政策和方案，并扭转环境资源的损失 具体目标２：减少生物多样性的丧失，到２０１０年显著降低丧失率 具体目标３：到２０１５年将无法持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减半 具体目标４：到２０２０年使至少１亿贫民窟居民的生活明显改善 目标8：制订促进发展的全球伙伴关系

具体目标１：进一步发展开放的、遵循规则的、可预测的、非歧视性的贸易和金融体制。包括在国家和国际两级致力于善政、发展和减轻贫穷 具体目标２：满足最不发达国家的特殊需要。包括：对最不发达国家出口品免征关税、不实行配额；加强重债穷国的减债方案，注销官方双边债务；向致力于减贫的国家提供更为慷慨的官方 发展援助 具体目标３：通过《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领》和大会第二十二届特别会议成果满足内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家的特殊需要 具体目标４：通过国家和国际措施全面处理发展中国家的债务问题，以便能长期持续承受债务 具体目标５：与制药公司合作，在发展中国家提供负担得起的基本药物 具体目标６：与私营部门合作，普及新技术、特别是信息和通信的利益

The International Fund for Agricultural Development

联 合 国 国 际 农 业 发 展 基 金 www.ifad.org United Nations Pavilion Magazine 75

The United Nations System Principal Organs Trusteeship Council

Security Council

Subsidiary Bodies Military Staff Committee Standing Committee and ad hoc bodies Peacekeeping Operations and Missions Counter-Terrorism Committee

General Assembly

Economic and Social Council

Subsidiary Bodies

Functional Commissions

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

Main committees

Commissions on:

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

Human Rights Council Other sessional committees

Narcotic Drugs Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Science and Technology for Development Sustainable Development Status of Women Population and Development Commission for Social Development Statistical Commission

Standing committees and ad hoc bodies Other subsidiary organs

Advisory Subsidiary Body

Programmes and Funds UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNIFEM United Nations

ITC International Trade Centre

Development Fund for Women

(UNCTAD/WTO)

UNDCP1 United Nations Drug

UNV United Nations Volunteers UNCDF United Nations Capital

Control Programme

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

United Nations Peacebuilding Commission

Development Fund

UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)

WFP World Food Programme UNRWA2 United Nations Relief and

Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme

UNICRI United Nations Interregional

UNRISD United Nations Research

UNITAR United Nations Institute for

UNIDIR United Nations Institute for

Crime and Justice Research Institute

Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

Other Bodies

Research and Training Institutes

Training and Research

Regional Commissions

Institute for Social Development

UN-INSTRAW United Nations

International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women

Disarmament Research

Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues United Nations Forum on Forests Sessional and standing committees Expert, ad hoc and related bodies

UNSSC United Nations System Staff College UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

IAEA5 International Atomic Energy

Other UN Trust Funds8 UNFIP United Nations Fund for International Partnerships

Related Organizations WTO World Trade Organization

UNDEF United Nations Democracy Fund

Agency

CTBTO Prep.Com6 PrepCom for the

Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization

NOTES: Solid lines from a Principal Organ indicate a direct reporting relationship; dashes indicate a non-subsidiary relationship.

1 The UN Drug Control Programme is part of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime.

2 UNRWA and UNIDIR report only to the GA. 3 The United Nations Ethics Office, the United Nations Ombudsman’s Office, and the Chief Information Technology Officer report directly to the Secretary-General.

4 In an exceptional arrangement, the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support reports directly to the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations.

5 IAEA reports to the Security Council and the General Assembly (GA).

6 The CTBTO Prep.Com and OPCW report to the GA. 7 Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the UN and each other through the coordinating machinery of the ECOSOC at the

intergovernmental level, and through the Chief Executives Board for coordination (CEB) at the inter-secretariat level.

8 UNFIP is an autonomous trust fund operating under the leadership of the United Nations Deputy Secretary-General. UNDEF’s advisory board recommends

funding proposals for approval by the Secretary-General.

76 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

OPCW6 Organization for the

Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

Secretariat

Specialized Agencies7 ILO International Labour

Departments and Offices OSG3 Office of the

FAO Food and Agriculture

OIOS Office of Internal Oversight

UNESCO United Nations

OLA Office of Legal Affairs DPA Department of Political Affairs UNODA Office for Disarmament

Organization

Organization of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

WHO World Health Organization World Bank Group

Secretary-General Services

Affairs

DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations

IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

DFS4 Department of Field Support OCHA Office for the Coordination

IDA International Development Association

DESA Department of Economic and

IFC International Finance Corporation

DGACM Department for General

MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

IMF International Monetary Fund ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

IMO International Maritime Organization

ITU International Telecommunication Union

Other UN Entities UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services UNU United Nations University

International Court of Justice

UPU Universal Postal Union WMO World Meteorological Organization

WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization

IFAD International Fund for

Agricultural Development

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNWTO World Tourism

of Humanitarian Affairs

Social Affairs

Assembly and Conference Management

DPI Department of Public Information DM Department of Management UN-OHRLLS Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States

OHCHR Office of the United

Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

DSS Department of Safety and Security

 UNOG UN Office at Geneva UNOV UN Office at Vienna UNON UN Office at Vienna

Organization

Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information DPI/2470—07-49950—December 2007—3M

联合国系统 主要机构 托管理事会

安全理事会 附属机构

军事参谋团 常设及特设委员会 前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭 前南问题国际法庭 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭 卢旺达问题国际法庭

方案和基金

研究和训练机构 2

UNIDIR 联合国裁军研究所 裁研所 UNITAR 联合国训练研究所 训研所

其它联合国实体 UNOPS 联合国项目事务厅 项目厅

附属机构

联合国赔偿委员会 维持和平行动及特派团

UNCTAD 联合国贸易和发展会议 贸发会议 ITC 国际贸易中心（贸发会议/ 世贸组织） 贸易中心 UNDCP1 联合国国际药物管制规划署 药物管制署 UNEP 联合国环境规划署 环境署 UNHCR 联合国难民事务高级专员 办事处 难民署

大会

主要委员会 人权理事会 其它会期委员会 常设及特设委员会 其它附属机构

咨询附属机构 UNDP 联合国开发计划署 联合国建设和平委员会 开发署 UNCDF 联合国资本发展基金 资发基金 UNV 联合国志愿人员 UNICEF 联合国儿童基金会 志愿人员 儿童基金会 UNIFEM 联合国妇女发展基金 UNFPA 联合国人口基金 妇发基金 人口基金 WFP 联合国粮食计划署 UNRWA2 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民 粮食计划署 救济和工程处 近东救济工程处 UN-HABITAT 联合国人类住区规划署 人居署 INSTRAW 提高妇女地位国际研究 训练所 提高妇女地位研训所

UNU 联合国大学 UNSSC 联合国职员学院项目

UNAIDS 联合国艾滋病/艾滋病联 合规划署

艾滋病规划署

8

UNFIP 联合国国际伙伴关系基金 伙伴基金

UNDEF 联合国民主基金 民主基金

注释：实线代表该机构与主要机构有直接汇报关系；虚线代表无附属关系。 2 3 4 5 6 6 8

联合国国际药物管制规划署是联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处的一部分 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处与联合国裁军研究所只向大会报告 联合国道德操守办公室与监察员办公室直接向秘书长报告 经特别安排，主管外勤支助事务副秘书长直接向主管维持和平行动副秘书长报告 国际原子能机构向安全理事会和大会报告 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会和禁止化学武器组织向大会报告 专门机构作为自治组织在政府间级别通过经社理事会与联合国及其它自治组织协商合作；在秘书处级别通过行政首长协调会协商合作 伙伴基金是常务副秘书长领导下的自行运作的信托基金；而民主基金咨询委员会建议基金使用应获得秘书长批准

国际法院

秘书处

职司委员会

专门机构7

部门和办公室

麻醉药品委员会 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会 科学和技术促进发展委员会 可持续发展委员会 妇女地位委员会 人口与发展委员会 社会发展委员会 统计委员会

ILO 国际劳工组织 劳工组织 FAO 联合国粮食及农业组织 粮农组织 UNESCO 联合国教育、科学及 文化组织 教科文组织 WHO 世界卫生组织 世卫组织

OSG 秘书长办公厅 OIOS 内部监督事务厅 监督厅 OLA 法律事务厅 法律厅 DPA 政治事务部 政治部 DDA 裁军事务部 裁军部 DPKO 维持和平行动部 维和部 DFS4 外勤支助部 OCHA 人道主义事务协调厅 人道协调厅 DESA 经济和社会事务部 经社部 DGACM 大会和会议管理部 大会部 DPI 新闻部 DM 管理事务部 管理部 UN-OHRLLS 最不发达国家、内 陆发展中国家和小岛屿发 展中国家高级代表办事处 OHCHR 联合国人权事务高级专 员办事处 人权高专办 DSS 安全和安保部 UNODC 联合国毒品和犯罪问题 办事处

世界银行集团

区域委员会 非洲经济委员会 欧洲经济委员会 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 西亚经济社会委员会

其它机构 UNICRI 联合国区域间犯罪和司法 研究所 犯罪司法所 UNRISD 联合国社会发展研究所 社发所

其它联合国信托基金

1

经济及社会理事会

土著问题常设论坛 联合国森林问题论坛 会期及常设委员会 专家、特设及相关组织

其它机构 WTO 世界贸易组织 世贸组织 IAEA5 国际原子能机构 原子能机构 CTBTO6 全面禁止核试验条约组 织筹备委员会 筹委会 OPCW 6 禁止化学武器组织 禁化武组织

IBRD 国际复兴开发银行 世界银行 IDA 国际开发协会 开发协会 IFC 国际金融公司 金融公司 MIGA 多边投资保证机构 ICSID 国际投资争端解决 中心 IMF 国际货币基金组织 基金组织 ICAO 国际民用航空组织 民航组织 IMO 国际海事组织 海事组织 ITU 国际电信联盟 国际电联 UPU 万国邮政联盟 万国邮联 WMO 世界气象组织 气象组织 WIPO 世界知识产权组织 知识产权组织 IFAD 国际农业发展基金 农发基金 UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织 工发组织 UNWTO 世界旅游组织

3



UNOG 联合国日内瓦办事处 UNOV 联合国维也纳办事处 UNON 联合国内罗毕办事处 联合国新闻部出版·联合国网站事务科制作 DPI/2470—07-49950—2007年12月—3M

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United Nations in China

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United Nations Pavilion Magazine 79

雕电器集团是一家集制造、科研、进出口贸易、服 务、房地产开发经营于一体的大型现代化民营企业， 产品涉足电工产品、建筑电器、小型家用电器领域。 公司先后荣获 “ 中国驰名商标 ”、“ 中国电开关行业 标志性品牌 ”、“ 上海市名牌产品 ” 等荣誉称号，并于 2009 年获得上海市循环经济项目称号及 “ 上海市高 新技术企业 ” 称号。我们将一贯秉承可持续发展理 念，用领先的技术与一流的服务打造一个一流的世 界品牌。

飞雕电器集团是一家集制造、科研、进出口贸易、 服务、房地产开发经营于一体的大型现代化民营企 业，产品涉足电工产品、建筑电器、小型家用电器领 域。公司先后荣获 “ 中国驰名商标 ”、“ 中国电开关行 业标志性品牌 ”、“ 上海市名牌产品 ” 等荣誉称号，并 于 2009 年获得上海市循环经济项目称号及 “ 上海市 高新技术企业 ” 称号。我们将一贯秉承可持续发展 理念，用领先的技术与一流的服务打造一个一流的 世界品牌。

80 United Nations Pavilion Magazine

永文明村 YONG WEN MING CUN

United Nations Pavilion Magazine 81