ASUD Moçambique

ASUD m o z a m b i q u e

Achieving Sustainable Urban Development in Mozambique Final Report

Credits and Acknowledgments Title of the document: Achieving Sustainable Urban Development in Mozambique, Final Report.

General Supervision: Mathias Spaliviero, UN-Habitat Regional Office for Africa Joost Möhlmann, UN-Habitat Mozambique

Technical Team: Ignacio Martinez, UN-Habitat Mozambique Dinis Zacarias Dinis, UN-Habitat Mozambique Roberto Bernardo,UN-Habitat Mozambique Federico Cabrillo, Consultant Denise Colletta, UN-Habitat Mozambique Thomas Stellmach, UN-Habitat Urban Planning and Design Branch

This Final Report is the end of the Achieving Sustainable Urban Development Program in Mozambique that will have not been possible without the participation and inputs from various stakeholder and consultants: District of Nacala a Velha Municipality of Nacala Porto District of Nacala Porto Municipality of Nampula District and Province of Nampula • Gabinete das Zonas Económicas de Desenvolvimento Acelerado (GAZEDA) • Unidade de Coordenação para o Desenvolvimento Integrado de Nampula (UCODIN) • Planning Support Facility (PSF)

And with the financial support of:

ASUD m o z a m b i q u e

Achieving Sustainable Urban Development in Mozambique Final Report Maputo, Junho 2017

Content 1.Preface 7 1.1. Glossary, Political Divisions, Abbreviations 9

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1.2 Introduction

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1.3 Objective and Main Expected Accomplishments

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1.4 Scope

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2. Guiding Principles

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2.1. Sustainable Development Goal 11

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2.2. ASUD and the New Urban Agenda

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2.3. Principles for Sustainable Neighborhood Development

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3. Context

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3.1 Overview of UN-Habitat interventions in Nacala Development Corridor

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3.1.1 Timeline and Stakeholders of UN-Habitat interventions in the Nacala Development Corridor

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3.1.2. Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme

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3.1.3. Enhancing the Planning Capacities of the Cities in Nacala Corridor (Nampula, Tete, Nacala)

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3.2 The Development Corridor

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3.2.1 Nampula, the commercial and administrative centre of Northern Mozambique

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3.2.2 Beleneses Neighbourhod in Muhala District

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3.2.3 Nacala Special Economic Zone (ZEEN)

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3.2.4 Nacala-a-Velha

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3.2.5 Nacala Porto

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3.2.6 One bay, two realities

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4. ASUD Projects

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4.1 Planning Support Facility (PSF) - Institutional Capacity Development

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4.2 Local Economic Development (LED)

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4.2.1 The Proposed LED Strategy

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4.2.2 Specific Programs for promoting LED, while keeping benefits local

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4.3 Legal and Institutional Analysis: Urban Planning and Sustainable Development in Mozambique

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4.4 Inter-District Land Use Plan (PIDUT)

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4.4.1 Diagnostic

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4.4.2 Implementation Plan

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4.4.3 Addressing Erosion in Nacala Porto

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4.5 Planned City Extension of Nacala-a-Velha

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4.6 Detailed Zoning Plan of Nacala -a- Velha

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4.6.1 Diagnostic

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4.6.2 Implementation Plan

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4.6.3 A Financial Strategy For The First Phase Of Planned City Extension

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4.7. Strengthening the Policy Framework and Governance

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5. Conclusions and Recommendations

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Annex List

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Bibliography & Image credits

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1.Preface

1.1. Glossary Political Divisions Province: The main subdivision of the country and the highest level of local government. Each province has a governor appointed by the President of the Republic of Mozambique.

Mozambique is divided into 11 provinces: 10 provinces and Maputo, a capital city with provincial status. Nampula is a province.

Districts: A subdivision of a province, each district is subdivided into administrative posts. Nampula, Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha are districts.

Municipality: An urban administrative division with its own government and/or own jurisdiction.

Since 2013, there have been 53 municipalities in Mozambique, of which 33 were created in 1998 as the beginning of a decentralization process. Nampula and Nacala Porto are both municipalities of Nampula Province.

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Abbreviations AECID

Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation

Agência Espanhola de Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento ANAMM

National Association of Mozambican Municipalities

Associação Nacional dos Municípios de Moçambique ANE

National Road Administration

Administração Nacional de Estradas ASUD

Achieving Sustainable Urban Development

Atingindo Desenvolvimento Urbano Sustentável CFM

Mozambican Railroad

Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique CLN (VALE)

Nacala Logistics Corridor Consortium, led by Vale

Corredor Logístico Integrado de Nacala CMCN

Nampula Municipality

Conselho Municipal da Cidade de Nampula DFID

Department for International Development (UK)

Departamento de Desenvolvimento Internacional (UK) DINOTER

National Delegation of Land Management and Resettlement

Direcção Nacional de Ordenamento do Território e Reassentamentos DPOPHRH

Provincial Delegation for Public Works, Housing and Water Resources

Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas, Habitação e Recursos Hidricos DPTADR

Provincial Delegation for Land, Environment and Rural Development

Direcção Provincial de Terra, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural

DUAT

Right To Use And Benefit From Land

Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento da Terra EDM

Electricity of Mozambique

Electricidade de Moçambique FFH

Housing Fund

Fundo de Fomento da Habitação FCA

Future Cities Africa

Cidades Futuras da África FIPAG

Water Fund

Fundo de Investimento e Património de Águas GAZEDA

Special Economic Zones Office

Gabinete das Zonas Económicas de Desenvolvimento Acelerado JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

Agência Internacional de Cooperação Japonesa

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IG-UTP

International Guidelines for Urban and Territorial Planning

Diretrizes Internacionais para o Planeamento Urbano INE

Statistic National Institute

Instituto Nacional de Estatística LED

Local Economic Development

Desenvolvimento Económico Local LGDC

Local Government Development Corporations

Corporações de Desenvolvimento do Governo Local LOT

Law of Territorial Planning

Lei de Ordenamento Territorial MAEFP

Ministry of State Administration and Public Role

Ministério da Administração Estatal e Função Pública MDC

Municipal Development Corporation

Corporação de Desenvolvimento Municipal NUA

New Urban Agenda

Nova Agenda Urbana NUF

National Urban Forum

Fórum Urbano Nacional

PCE

Planned City Extension

Plano de Expansão da Cidade PDA

Municipal Development Program

Programa de Desenvolvimento Autárquico PEDEC Nacala

Project for Nacala Corridor Economic Development

Projecto das Estratégias de Desenvolvimento Económico do Corredor de Nacala PEDD

District Strategic Development Plan

Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento Distrital PEIOT

Execution Plans for Territorial Development

Plano de Execução dos Instrumentos de Ordenamento do Território PEOT

Special Plans for Territorial Development

Planos Especiais de Ordenamento do Território PESOD

Economic, Social and Budget District Plans

Planos Económicos, Sociais e Orçamento Distrital PEU

Urban Structural Plan

Plano de Estrutura Urbana PGU/PPU

General and Partial Urbanization Plan

Plano Geral ou Parcial de Urbanização PP

Detailed Zoning Plan

Plano de Pormenor

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PPDT

Provincial Development Plan

Plano Provincial de Desenvolvimento Territorial PNDT

National Territorial Development Plan

Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Territorial PPPUE

Public Private Partnership for the Urban Environment

Parceria Publico-Privadas para o Ambiente Urbano PIDUT

Interdistrict Use of Land Plan

Plano Interdistrital de Uso da Terra PQG

Five year strategic program of the government of Mozambique

Plano Quinquenal do Governo de Moçambique PSF

Planning Support Facility

Unidade de Apoio na Planificação ao Planeamento PSUP

Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme

Programa de Melhoramento dos Bairros Informais REGEU

Regulations for Urban Buildings

Regulamento Geral de Edificações Urbanas RSU

Urban Land Regulation

Regulamento do Solo Urbano SADC

Southern Africa Development Community

Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral SDG

Sustainable Development Goals

Objectivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável SDPI

District Services for Planning and Infrastructure

Serviços Distritais de Planeamento e Infraestruturas UCODIN

Integrated Development Coordination Unit in Nampula

Unidade de Coordenação do Desenvolvi­mento Integrado de Nampula UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento UN-Habitat

United Nations Human Settlements Programme

Programa Nações Unidas para os Assentamentos Humanos ZEE

Special Economic Zone

Zona Económica Especial ZEEN

Nacala Special Economic Zone

Zona Económica Especial de Nacala

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1.2 Introduction In July 2011, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) launched a global initiative entitled Achieving Sustainable Urban Development (ASUD). Its purpose was to "help national partners cope more effectively with the rapid pace of urbanization and maximise the benefits that come with it". Mozambique was one of the five priority countries selected for the launching of this global initiative; others were Rwanda, Egypt, Philippines and Colombia.

Though the ASUD program in Mozambique (est. 2012) officially ended in 2015, activities have been integrated into other UN-Habitat programmes in the country. The focus area of the ASUD programme is the Nacala Corridor in the northern part of Mozambique, specifically the regions of Nampula and Nacala. The largest share of the Nacala Corridor is situated in Nampula province, the most populated province of Mozambique.

Despite having started years before, the ASUD programme shares the same principles as the New Urban Agenda (NUA), which was officially approved in October 2016 in Quito during HABITAT III. The NUA is based on five main pillars, namely: 1) National Urban Policy; 2) Rules and Regulations; 3) Urban Planning and Design; 4) Financing Urbanization; and 5) the Local Implementation of the NUA. The programme in Nacala Corridor has focused especially on principles 2-4. Its aim is not only to develop concrete plans, but also to gain better insight into the current constraints (capacity, legally, policy, financially) in the Nacala Corridor and in Mozambique in general.

Mozambique has a rapidly growing urban population, of which roughly 40% already live in urban areas, most of them near rivers and the Indian Ocean. The country is geographically vast and diverse. Due to the location of the capital, Maputo, in the South and the close proximity between the ocean and the hinterland, the economic relations in the country are mainly East-West rather than North-South. Even though more than one third of the population resides in urban areas, the central government policy and the donor support mainly targets rural areas. The opportunities cities generate towards social and urban development have yet to be recognized – mainly due to the fact that cities tend to be perceived as sources of problems, not sources of opportunities.

The Nacala Corridor connects the deep-sea harbour of Nacala with the resource rich province of Tete and its hinterland (Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi). The infrastructure that has been developed and the activities related to the exploitation of resources and their transport is expected to trigger local economic development. Activities under this programme aim to maximize the potential of the urban areas and ensure that the Nacala Corridor’s cities’ inhabitants experience equal benefits from the socioeconomic opportunities provided through better urban management, finance, planning, and regulation.

An important issue in the Nacala Corridor is rapid unplanned urbanisation, often in areas around the formal city that are prone to natural hazards and erosion. In Nacala, as well as in many other urban areas in Mozambique, planning and strategy development is restricted to regions within administrative boundaries, despite the fact that settlements and jobs have the ability to extend beyond those boundaries. Generally, municipalities, even those outside of Mozambique, only seek solutions to accommodate growth within their own borders. This often leads to the selection of locations that, from a resilience or job opportunity perspective, are unfavourable; however, due to administrative reasons, they are the only option. Therefore, both an inter-district approach and a strategic plan

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that looks across administrative borders are needed. As an output of the ASUD programme, an Inter-District Land Use Plan (Plano Interdistrital de Uso de Terra, PIDUT) was developed and legal conditions were created.

Another key element of ASUD was the preparation of Planned City Extension (PCE) in Nacala-a-Velha. Which shall act as a transit point by receiving resources by train from the West and shipping said resources to various international locations. This area expects to attract many new inhabitants and facilities, but so far, no concrete plans have been prepared to accommodate this rapid growth. The PCE developed provides a concrete urban plan and guiding principles for improved connectivity, density and mixed use.

Besides the PIDUT and the PCE, this report shows results achieved and lessons learned by implementing the ASUD programme in Mozambique and gives insight into possible spin-off initiatives to be used in other programmes other programmes, such as the Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP) in the city of Nampula and the ‘Future Cities for Africa’ in the cities of Tete, Nampula and Nacala.

The key lessons learned during this programme are: • Municipalities often focus on improving existing slum areas, rather than preventative measures to deter the creation of new ones. The preventative measures require an approach that comprises key transformative interventions that benefit both the short and the long term, providing the right direction of development; • The presumption that administrative borders complicate thinking beyond these borders and jointly plan development was confirmed; • Local urban development capacity is low, but technicians who were involved showed eagerness to learn; • During the ASUD programme, there was a shift in political leadership– consequently, political buy-in gradually diminished; • When deciding the appropriate locations for city extensions, the distance between working and living facilities was hardly considered which resulted in elevated travel times and costs; • Detailed plans that were developed require a close follow-up, since the municipalities lack available funding to prepare the land and to coordinate. For the time being, the plots have been demarcated with marked concrete poles.

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1.3 Objective and Main Expected Accomplishments The goal of the ASUD programme is to ensure that the expected investments in the Nacala Corridor, that will likely further rapid urbanisation and increase productivity, have been translated into an efficient urban settlement pattern that triggers more sustainable and equitable socioeconomic development. The whole territorial distribution in Mozambique is going to emerge deeply altered as a result of the on-going expansion process. The extent of change is going to be more profound in the few regions, and their cities and towns, where maximum investment is directed to, such as the Nacala Corridor.

The situational analysis showed that territorial planning is one of the areas in greatest need of support to ensure that established planning instruments are quickly adapted to rapidly changing needs and realities on the ground. However, improved planning practices must also be supported by an enhanced urban management capacity as well as by a process of urban sector reform.

In summary, ASUD intends to provide the opportunity for a broad review of the urban sector in the Nacala Corridor, a process that must be as participatory and extensive as possible. The time of rapid change that the country is currently experiencing highlights constraints and limitations at all levels (institutional, legal, regulatory, fiscal, technical, etc.) and should be an incentive to promote a purposeful drive for reform in the urban sector.

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The location of Phase 1 of the Programme, Nacala Corridor, is viewed as ideal to provide a laboratory to: assess the limitations in the present urban sector framework, measure their consequences, and assess options for change. The purpose under this expected accomplishment is to initiate a national process (intended to last for the foreseen 10-year duration of the Programme) as a mechanism for continued review of the urban sector and for consensus building for reform.

Therefore, the main expected accomplishments of the ASUD programme were: 1. Strengthened strategic spatial planning toward sustainable and equitable urban development by introducing improved methodologies and tools with a longer-term development horizon and with an integrated focus in the Nacala Corridor, targeting critical areas bearing the major impact of investment.

2. Reinforced policy frameworks and governance systems to promote gradual urban sector reform, by introducing mechanisms that allow for an incremental analysis and dialogue on the critical issues affecting urban development and management in Mozambique, starting from the experiences and lessons learned from interventions in the Nacala Corridor and extending to the national level with a vision towards promoting urban reform. Climate change adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction have worked as an underlying thematic cross-cutting issue in line with UN-Habitat’s principal programmatic interventions.

City View of Nacala Porto showing erosion problems

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1.4 Scope This report presents the work done in Mozambique over the duration of the ASUD programme (2012-2015) in the Nacala Corridor. Furthermore, this report presents previous projects, from which data and lessons learned provided a basis for ASUD development and other spin-off projects that benefited from the knowledge and experiences generated by ASUD. Its purpose is to provide insights based on aspects of the completed work which are relevant to understand all the achievements and to report in detail all activities done.

This report also offers the outcome of a series of workshops and meetings which were organised within a broader scope, namely within a project financed by Cities Alliance, "Enhancing the Planning Capacities of the Cities in Nacala Corridor - Nampula, Tete, Nacala", as well as other programmes that UN-Habitat has been working on over the last years (i.e. the Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme – PSUP).

Therefore, this publication should be considered in conjunction with other reports and documents produced within those programmes.

This report consists of: • A guide with the main principles that oriented the implementation of the ASUD programme; • A contextual understanding of Nampula's urban fabric, Economic Special Zone of Nacala with an overview of the entire Nacala Corridor situation and a glance of previous projects, ASUD projects, and spin-off projects; • A summary of the main ASUD projects, their scope, activities and main conclusions; • A conclusion that elaborates on the fundamental questions: »» What are the main lessons learned; »» Where are we going after ASUD; »» How to implement the territorial and urban development strategies provided for Nacala Porto, Nacala Velha and Nampula;

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Nacala Port - Scotti Alessandro - 08/2012

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2. Guiding Principles

Guiding Principles for Sustainable Urban Development ASUD's principles and activities in Nacala Corridor exist in the context of global good practices developed over the past years by UN-Habitat. They relate to the process of good planning, spatial indicators, and are guided by the objective to work towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular goal 11. Moreover, they are linked to the New Urban Agenda (NUA) and the Principles for Sustainable Neighbourhood Development.

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Public well in Nacala-a-Velha

2.1. Sustainable Development Goal 11 The objective with ASUD is to achieve positive socio-economic effects for the local population from the macroeconomic activities in the Nacala corridor and to provide adequate housing and infrastructure for the rapidly growing population through good planning for expansion and upgrading the existing urban structure.

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 aims to “make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. This goal is further defined by a set of targets, from which the following three anchor the work in the Nacala Corridor:

1. Full list at http://www.un.org/sustainable development/cities/

• By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums; • By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries; • Support economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning.

The Sustainable Development Goals

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2.2. ASUD and the New Urban Agenda The Quito Declaration on Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements for All – the New Urban Agenda (NUA) – has been adopted by UN member states on 20 October 2016 in Ecuador, building on the Sustainable Development Goals. NUA is a call for action to reach more inclusive and sustainable cities. Despite the fact that ASUD's official timeframe (2012-2015) was prior to the endorsement of NUA, the ASUD programme document already included key elements currently considered

by NUA. NUA's principles include “leave no one behind” by ending poverty and providing equal access to physical and social infrastructure and basic services as well as adequate and affordable housing. It also seeks to achieve sustainable and inclusive urban economies, by leveraging the benefits of well-planned urbanization and environmental sustainability, by promoting clean energy, sustainable use of land and resources in urban development, protecting ecosystems, and biodiversity.

It commits, among others, to transform “the way we plan, finance, develop, govern, and manage cities and human settlements, recognizing sustainable urban and territorial development as essential to the achievement of sustainable development and prosperity for all” and “to adopt sustainable, people-centered, age and gender-responsive and integrated approaches to urban and territorial development by implementing policies, strategies, capacity development, and actions at all levels”.

Building on these principles and commitments, ASUD programme activities in Nacala Corridor included the key action principles from NUA: 1. National Urban Policy; 2. Urban legislation - rules and regulations; 3. Urban planning and design and planned city extensions (PCE) or renovations; 4. Urban economy and municipal financing.

ASUD in the Nacala Corridor has focused especially on NUA's principles 2, 3 and 4; however, it had elements from the other principles. Additionally, ASUD acted on capacity development, which is a NUA crosscutting element embedded on all key action principles.

Ultimately, the ASUD project document addressed the main urban and regional planning gaps to promote a sustainable spatial development process of Nacala Corridor. ASUD developed concrete plans, but also produced in-depth insights into current urbanization constrains (such as limited capacity legally, politically, and financially) in the Nacala Corridor and in Mozambique in general.

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NUA within ASUD Projects and Activities 1. National Urban Policy One of the main expected accomplishments of the ASUD project document is strengthened policy frameworks and governance systems to promote a gradual urban sector reform by introducing mechanisms for an incremental analysis and dialogue on the critical issues affecting urban development and management in Mozambique. UN-Habitat performed the role of technical adviser and offered coordination support in the following main activities under this key action principle: • Provincial Urban Forum: functioning as a consultative mechanism on the urban sector at the level of the Nampula Province; Four observatories took place; • Provincial Urban Observatory: The original idea was to establish it to monitor and document urban development trends and critical issues.

• National Urban Forum: coordinated by central government, included municipal authorities, academic institutions, the private sector and the civil society;

2. Urban Legislation - Rules and Regulations To strengthen the strategic spatial planning in the Nacala Corridor, this process included a review of the legal tools and institutional frameworks related to the urban sector to identify the legal implementation gaps, further definitions of aspects related to regional and urban planning and provision of subsequent recommendations for improvement. The following study was prepared: • Legal and institutional analysis: urban planning and sustainable development in Mozambique: focused on the legal framework on spatial planning.

It concluded that it was necessary to establish a legal base for plans at regional, district, and municipal levels. The main outcome was the Inter-District Land Use Plan (PIDUT), which is the legal basis to the Planned City Extension (PCE) of Nacala-a-Velha.

3. Urban planning and design and planned city extensions (PCE) or renovations ASUD proposes a proactive yet simplified urban planning approach to guide future population growth. It aims at creating better living conditions, producing sustainable urban patterns, increasing wealth, and providing a long-term incentive to local development. In the long term, benefits of this approach will include: economic agglomeration advantages (lower infrastructure to transport, transaction and services costs); reduced mobility demand; strengthened social interactions; and increased social heterogeneity as a result of mixed land use. The following was produced: • Planned City Extension (PCE) of Nacala-a-Velha: different tools were considered to secure public land and manage plot layout. Land readjustment and pooling were crucial, together with adequate land management and regulatory tools. The provision of basic services is the key public sector intervention, it should be linked with local taxation and the sharing of value accrued on private land.

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4. Urban economy and municipal financing Developing a realistic and feasible financial plan is crucial for the successful implementation of Planned City Extensions and Infill (PCE/I). The feasibility of a financial plan depends upon the ability of planning and public investments to generate economic benefits.There are two primary tasks for developing a solid financial plan: i) Economic impact assessment to ensure that urban planning maximizes the economic benefits of PCE/I; ii) Financial modeling that capitalizes on economic benefits to finance public sector investment. The two studies below were made to elucidate the economic dynamics of Nacala Corridor: • Local Economy Development (LED) in Nampula and Nacala: created an action plan to: i) Creation of employment and income generation; ii) Increase tax collection and revenue from the land; iii ) Create innovations and institutional changes to promote LED; and iv) Coordinate the territorial planning. • Economic and financial analysis of Nampula and the Economic Special Zone of Nacala (ZEEN) : an assessment of the economic impact of the implementation of ASUD in Mozambique. Key activities were: i) Economic workshop, ii) Collection of information on the financial basis on Nampula city, Nacala Porto city and Nacala-a-Velha district ; and iii) Financial workshop on the PCE.

5. Capacity development A set of activities of capacity development took place under the ASUD Programme Umbrella. To initiate the activities, a Planning Support Facility (PSF) was set up in the city of Nampula with regional coverage to all areas of pertinence of the Nacala Corridor, so as to extend technical and operational support to local authorities in their planning initiatives at the different levels. The Urban Forums, specially the Provincial, also worked on sensitization of local authorities and other stakeholders about the need to guide urban development in the area. Finally, workshops were promoted to develop local capacities, for instance, the financial workshop on the PCE of Nacala-a-Velha.

The New Urban Agenda Word cloud Quito Habitat III

New Urban Agenda Word Cloud Word size based on frequency of occurrence

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2.3. Principles for Sustainable Neighborhood Development UN-Habitat has developed criteria for sustainable neighbourhood planning. The planning practices in the 20th century were characterized by an urban planning doctrine that caused fragmented and zoned-built environments with sprawling low-density residential areas and disconnected high-density residential areas. Separation of functions has affected the livability of the city by disconnecting urban areas and has forced residents to travel long distances to access services. This led to an increase of energy consumption and a reduction of productivity. As sprawl made public transportation and service delivery often unaffordable, connectivity in the twentieth century planning model mainly relied on the car as mode of transportation.

In Nampula, one can observe three urbanization patterns: i) The colonial grid pattern in the centre; ii) The peri-urban informal settlements around the urban core; and iii) Recent developments based on the above mentioned 20th century doctrines.

UN-Habitat’s approach considers and embraces existing planning theories on sustainable urbanization to build a new and sustainable relationship between dwellers and space, adding value to the urban land. Based on the key features of sustainable neighbourhoods and cities “compact, integrated and connected�, the UN-Habitat's approach is based on 5 principles: 1. To promote compactness and maximize land efficiency; 2. To promote diverse, socially mixed and thriving communities; 3. To encourage walkable neighbourhoods; 4. To promote street connectivity; 5. To foster employment and local consumption; and 6. To provide a diversity of housing options that are adapted to the social needs.

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1

High Quality of Street and Public Space: UN-Habitat considers the street as the most important public space where people interact on a daily basis. The street is a structural element that shapes urban form and determines the pattern of development of blocks, streets, buildings, open spaces and landscape. Sufficient space allocated to streets contributes to improved connectivity, which fosters economic development.

As an indicator, in developing countries land allocated to streets is low, varying between 6-12%, compared to cities in developed countries where it averages 29%. Additional 15-20% land should be allocated for other open/green public spaces.

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Adequate Density: by creating high-density areas, cities can accommodate population growth and ensure land is used in accordance with demand. Furthermore, a planned densification strategy significantly minimizes the cost of providing key urban services such as urban infrastructure. For example, the cost for providing water supply and disposal facilities, sewerage network in high-density area is lower than in a sprawling area because of proximity and integration. UN-Habitat's density principle proposes at least 15,000 people/km.

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Mixed Land Use: promotes a variety of compatible land uses and functions, providing a cross section of residential, commercial and community infrastructure in a building, block or neighbourhood while reducing the demand for commuter travel by reducing the distances and facilitating agglomeration economies. Translated in guidelines, at least 40% of total floor space should be allocated for economic activities. The objectives of the social mix areas are to promote more social interaction, avoid exclusion, to attract a diverse array of services, and to foster multi-level employment within the community. Also, the principle suggests that 20-50% residential

Connectivity: strengthens the physical, social and virtual relationship between people, places and goods. At regional level, connectivity links centers of production and consumption with the view of strengthening systems of cities and urban-rural linkages. At city level, connectivity is closely related to mobility and the permeability of an area. Specifically, street connectivity correlates positively with increased efficiency of flows and access to jobs and services. As connectivity increases, travel distances decrease and route options and travel modes increase, allowing more direct travel between destinations, creating a more accessible and resilient system. This principle proposes a grid and a hierarchy of streets with arterial and secondary roads

space should be reserved for affordable housing.

that are well connected through intersections.

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Social Mix: provides the basis for healthy social networks, which are the driving forces of city life. The objectives of the social mix areas are to promote more social interaction, avoid exclusion, to attract a diverse array of services, and to foster multi-level employment within the community. The principle suggests that 20-50% residential space should be

tennis-buzz.com

Paris - View of Avenue des Champs-Élysées from Arc de Triomphe de l’Étoile

reserved for affordable housing.

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3. Context

Tradicional fishing in Nacala Bay

3.1 Overview of UN-Habitat interventions in Nacala Development Corridor The previous chapter referred to the global visions and principles that this document has taken into consideration in its elaboration. This chapter highlights the programmes that have been developed for the Nacala Development Corridor, divided into two stages of interventions: firstly, the series of international, national, regional programmes and agendas; secondly, reference is made to UN-Habitat's successful interventions in the Nacala Development Corridor.

UN-Habitat's activities and development support, to municipalities and communities in the Nacala Corridor are collaborative efforts done together with national and local partners. It builds upon projects effected by UN-Habitat and has used the network of technicians and local communities with whom UN-Habitat has built a working relationship through the Planning Support Facility (PSF) in Nampula.

Since 2004, UN-Habitat has been working in Nampula through the Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP I), which led to a continuation of the same programme in two different phases (PSUP II from 2008 until 2012 and PSUP III from 2013 until 2016).

The PSUP is a joint effort by the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States, the European Commission (EC) and UN-Habitat. The programme places slums on the “urban� formal agenda through a dialogue with local and regional partners.

Since 2012, UN-Habitat has worked in the Nacala Corridor through the Achieving Sustainable Urban Development (ASUD) programme. During the first phase: Nacala, Nampula and Tete were assessed; a physical plan for the Nacala-a-Velha extension was developed; and an Interdistrictal Land Use Plan (PIDUT) was prepared.

In Nampula, the Planning Support Facility (PSF) was established. During a previous project funded by Cities Alliance between 2009 and 2012 in Nampula, the General and Partial Urbanisation Plans were jointly harmonised. And with the last project funded by Cities Alliance, Future Cities for Africa - Enhancing the Planning Capacities of the Cities in the Nacala Corridor (FCA), a rapid assessment on urban resilience was prepared (see annex reports).

TETE

The Nacala Corridor Tete - Nampula -Nacala Principal economical source of each city

30

NAMPULA

NACALA

Preparation Preparation Phase PSUP Phase ASUD

ASUD

PSUP

ASUD

FCA

Total

Donor

AECID

Booyoung

UN-Habitat

UN-Habitat, others

AECID

CA

Project Personnel

30,000

58,000

406,600

106,000

351,600

263.100

1.215.300

Subcontracts/Cooperation Agreements

183,000

55,000

350,000

420,000

160,000

206.100

1.374.100

Training

0

10,000

85,000

10,000

80,000

124.000

309.000

Equipment

0

46,000

95,000

0

9,000

3.660

153.660

Miscellaneous

0

8,000

63,400

40,000

20,628

19.660

151.688

PROJECT TOTAL (USD)

213,000

177,000

1,000,000

576,000

621,228

616.520

3.203.748

Programme Support Costs (10%)

21,300

23,010

100,000

40,320

62,123

94.686

341.439

GRAND TOTAL (USD)

234,300

200,010

1,100,000

Budget of UN-Habitat interventions in the Nacala Development Corridor in USD.

616,320

683,350

711.206 3.545.186

3.1.1 Timeline and Stakeholders of UN-Habitat interventions in the Nacala Development Corridor

preparation of ASUD ASUD APROVED PSF STABLISHED

2010

2011

2012

E.D. visit

2013

Preparatio

32

Main Actors

Central Government through the Ministries MAEFP, MITADER and MOPHRH to ratify and approve plans and financing Provincial Government as provincial partner District Government as district partner and direct government partner for implementation Municipal Government as municipal partner, direct government for implementation GAZEDA as the public corporation to manage the Special Economic Zones UCODIN as the provincial development agencies UNI-Lurio as the academic cooperation EDM as our implementation partner for public energy supply FIPAG as our implementation partner for public water supply CDN-Vale as our implementation partner representing the private sector

ASUD 1st phase LED Report

Legal Report

Provincial Urban Forum

National Urban Forum

AECID FUNDS

PIDUT Legal Report

Erosion Report

PCE Nacala-a-Velha Financial PCE Strategy

2014

on of PSUP III

2015

2016

2017

PSUP III FCA 33

3.1.2. Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme The existing infrastructure of the city of Nampula, initially designed for smaller populations, is increasingly strained by the city's rapid growth. Insufficient water supply per capita, insufficient and weak electricity supply, bad access to roads, lack of proper drainage systems and sewers are only a few of the infrastructural problems in the area.

Erosion caused by rainfall and human land degradation further exacerbates the precarious living conditions in the informal neighbourhoods.

The PSUP - an EU-funded programme - for Nampula, is currently in its third phase.

The outcome of phase 1 was a set of project proposals focusing on land markets, awareness raising activities and educational programmes, city planning and improving tenure security of slum dwellers. During the second phase, UN-Habitat provided technical assistance to Nampula Municipality in participatory settlement planning, engaging the Muhala-Belenenses community. During this process, the community prioritised four main intervention areas: • Accessibility and drainage; • Water and sanitation; • Community waste management; and • Security of land tenure.

The first three components are addressed during the third phase which involves a pilotslum upgrade in a settlement with slum-like conditions and is a joint project between the Nampula Municipal Council (NMC), the province of Nampula and UN-Habitat. The aim is to contribute in creating more viable neighbourhoods for all dwellers, with access to improved basic services and better living conditions.

The area selected for piloting slum upgrading interventions is located in the Western part of the Muhala neighbourhood, an informal area trapped between the city centre and the designed expansion of Muhala. A community-based urban plan was elaborated in the informal area of Muhala with the participation of municipal authorities and community representatives. Satellite images were used as a tool to allow the community members to provide inputs and, thus, maximize their local knowledge of the area.

Experience in Mozambique indicated that to obtain meaningful slum upgrading results, it is necessary to apply an integrated methodology for delivering basic services and infrastructure by targeting the following 5 components: water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste management and road network. The components are interrelated since: • An efficient drainage system reduces the impact of flooding and prevents road erosion; • An adequate solid waste collection system avoids the accumulation of garbage in drainage channels and other sanitation risks; • A proper road network facilitates solid waste and drainage management, as well as it lays the water distribution system; and • Access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities reduces the impact of water-related diseases.

34

PSUP Nampula, UN-Habitat

35

3.1.3. Enhancing the Planning Capacities of the Cities in Nacala Corridor (Nampula, Tete, Nacala) UN-Habitat, as the key development partner, has a long track record of collaboration with the Municipalities of Nacala, Nampula and Tete. The province of Nampula, being the most populated province in Mozambique and counting the highest number of municipalities (7), encouraged UN-Habitat to establish its Planning Support Facility (PSF) in the city of Nampula. Its aim is to foster the dialogue and interaction on urban development in the Northern part of Mozambique and establish a knowledge network that includes public, private and academic partners.

Horizontal cooperation at local level – that is cooperation and joint project development between adjacent municipalities and districts – is of utmost importance in making sustainable decisions, thus allowing for growth in the areas that will benefit the greatest number of people. The project’s aim was therefore not only to develop strategies for the cities in the Nacala corridor, but as importantly to establish a professional technical relationship between the key cities in the Nacala corridor. As such, the setup of the project was a series of workshops and meetings during which planning professionals worked and learned about their own city but also contributed to the dialogue around the development of the other cities.

UN-Habitat's local partners are the Ministries of State Administration (MEAFP), of Land and Environment (MITADER) and of Public Works (MOPHRH); the provincial governments; the district and municipal authorities of Nampula, Nacala-a-Velha, Nacala Porto, Tete and Moatize; and the local urban communities, who are the key beneficiaries, with a special focus on women, the youth and the disabled. A network of planners was successfully created.

Workshops on a wide range of topics were conducted and some of the main themes were the following: Rapid Planning Studio, Urban Resilience and Capacity Building in urban planning tools. Besides the workshops and day-to-day activities, three Rapid City Resilience Assessment Reports were produced, one for each city – Nacala, Nampula and Tete – to provide a baseline of evidence for future strategic planning process. The purpose of these reports was to collect data and information in order to better analyse the qualification and quantification of the weaknesses and strengths of the municipality. These reports will be important in the cities' strategies for stable development and serve as a base for the Nampula City Development Framework (2015-2045).

The later document is a framework for future city development. Nampula as an autonomous municipality will benefit of embracing this framework as a regulatory instrument. It can be linked with two existing plans: the current Land Use District Plan 2012-2022, which the administration is currently reviewing to include the Anchilo Administrative Post in the development strategies, as considered in this framework, and the Nampula City Urban Structural Plan (1998), a framework that can be used and taken into consideration for the update of this previously cited plan, which Nampula’s Municipality will conduct in 2017 .

36

CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FRAMEWORK Nampula (2015-2045)

City Development Strategy Framework

Devido a sua posição geográfica como cidade portuaria, Nacala ocupa uma posição favorável para se beneficiar do desenvolvimento do Corredor como amostra entre os

anos 2005 e 2009 Nacala recebeu quase a metade dos investimentos privados autorizados no pais. Mas enfrenta uma serie de desafios como a ocupação das áreas sensíveis medioambientais e uma taxa elevada de pobreza.

As principais actividades da cidade sao: Comercial formal e informal, Agricultura, Indústria, Pecuária, Pesca, Turismo, Portuária e Serviços logísticos e de apoio

O fortalecimento da capacidade institucional e a coordinação entre o GAZEDA e o

Area da cidade: 370 Km²

Taxa de crescimento cidade: 2.6%

Nampula é a segunda cidade do país e o centro comercial e administrativo do Norte de

População em pobreza absoluta: 54.7%

dos maiores polos de crescimento, onde se espera que a população actual de 622,423

Moçambique. Devido a sua sua posição estratégica e o seu dinamismo comercial é um

Esperança de vida: 58 anos Orçamento:

habitantes seja 3 vezes maior nos próximos 30 anos.

2013: 181 milhões MZN

ração para contribuir a melhorar a capacidade técnica do Conselho Municipal de modo

O Município de Nampula, o Cities Alliance e o UN-Habitat iniciaram uma colabo-

2012: 171 milhões MZN

que o rápido crescimento seja acompanhado por um desenvolvimento sustentável.

2014: 187 milhões MZN

TETE - MOATIZE

Perfil da Cidade

Reforço das Capacidades Técnicas e locais em Planeamento Urbano Relatório de seminários técnicos

População área urbana (2014): 355.310 Densidade média: 960 hab/Km²

• A inserção de Nacala nas dinâmicas de afirmação da Região e

População área urbana (2015): 622.423 Densidade média: 1541 hab/Km²

Tete é o centro comercial e administrativo da região e o centro de transportes para

Taxa de crescimento: 5.7%

as indústrias agrícolas e de processamento. Enquanto epicentro de investimentos em

Esperança de vida: 58 anos

mineração transnacionais, a cidade vem registrando um rápido crescimento devido a

População em pobreza absoluta: 46.1%

migração das áreas circudantes. Este forte crescimento traduz-se em assentamentos

Orçamento:

informais por um lado e por outro em terrenos de concessões mineiras.

2012 - 262 milhões MZN

Além dos investimentos em mineração a cidade tem assistido a um crescente investi-

2013 - 291 milhões MZN

mento em habitação, hotelaria, serviços financeiros e jurídicos. A coordenação entre o

2014 - 339 milhões MZN

Município e o Governo Central em matéria urbanísitica é prioritária para garantir uma

de valorização como conexão entre a África e o Mundo;

Nacala tem potencial para estabelecer indústrias de processamento agrícola e do sector turístico.

Devido a sua posicão geográfica poderia beneficiar-se das trans-

Governo Provincial e Distrital;

cretamente das explorações de gás e carvão.

e complementaridade com outros Municípios, Governo Central,

Área: 286 Km²

População área urbana (2014): 188.378 Densidade média: 643 hab/Km² Taxa de crescimento: 3.9%

Esperança de vida: 58 anos

População em pobreza absoluta: Orçamento:

2012 - 213 milhões MZN 2013 - 219 milhões MZN 2014 - 282 milhões MZN

expansão urbana planificada e evitar crescimento de assentamentos informais.

Oportunidades

• Reforço da capacidade do Município para garantir a integração

Perfil da Cidade

Reforço das Capacidades Técnicas Locais em Planeamento Urbano Relatório de seminários técnicos

Área: 404 Km²

Municipio na planificação da expansão residencial e industrial é prioritaria.

Desafios

Tete,© UN-Habitat Mozambique Juan Hurtado

NAMPULA

Perfil da Cidade

Reforço das Capacidades Técnicas locais em Planeamento Urbano Relatório de seminários técnicos

Av. do Trabalho,© UN-Habitat Mozambique Juan Hurtado

Nacala,© UN-Habitat Mozambique

NACALA

Desafios

Oportunidades

• Política coerente para a interação urbano-rural dos Distritos de

O rápido crescimento da população urbana cria oportunidades

Nampula e Rapale, incluindo: O desenvolvimento de infra-estrutura, prestação de serviços, investimento do sector privado e

formações económicas associadas ao Corredor de Nacala con-

oportunidades de emprego;

• Equacionar as estratégias do desenvolvimento económico do

• O desenvolvimento das actividades logísticas e o reforço dos

Corredor de Nacala procurando estabelecer reserva de terras

factores de atracção e acolhimento de actividades empresariais,

para usos destinados a apoiar o funcionamento do corredor;

da indústria e dos serviços;

• Estabelecimento de ligações rápidas e alternativas para incre-

• Aumento da disponibilidade de água para consumo humano,

mentar as trocas de bens e a circulação de pessoas;

industrial e agricultura; expansão de energia eléctrica para viabi-

• Serviços urbanos (água, energia, telecomunicações, transporte

lização das iniciativas de desenvolvimento;

urbano, saneamento) integradas e os respectivos sectores dispos-

• Integração da perspectiva ambiental no desenvolvimento ter-

tos a mobilizar e aglutinar fundos para a implementação con-

ritorial;

junta;

• Desenvolvimento de acções pontuais para redução de impac-

• Promoção da abordagem baseada nos direitos à moradia ade-

tos das chuvas no arrastamento de terras para a baia de Nacala.

quada, serviços urbanos básicos e o direito à participação.

1

Desafios

Oportunidades

• Melhoramento dos assentamentos informais e a sua inserção

Os recursos naturais existentes um pouco por toda a Província

• Necessidade de aperfeiçoamento dos mecanismos de recolha

urbano racional de modo a tirar partido dos recursos existentes.

na estrutura urbana;

para a intensificação dos negócios e fluidez da economia urbana, bem como mudança na atitude em relação a ocupação do solo e

de receitas municipais visando corresponder ao actual nível de

uso dos recursos de forma racional contribuindo para a sustent-

e cidade de Tete, constituem estímulos para o desenvolvimento

crescimento da cidade;

abilidade urbana.

• Equacionar as estratégias de desenvolvimento económico da

O facto de Nampula ser o elo de ligação no corredor de Nacala

cidade de Tete alinhando com os desafios e as potencialidades;

(entre as cidades de Nacala e Tete) faz com que o iminente au-

• Serviços urbanos (água, energia, telecomunicações, transporte

mento de volume de negócios e investimentos no corredor, crie

urbano, saneamento) integrados e os respectivos sectores dispos-

oportunidades também para o melhoramento e construção de

tos a mobilizar e aglutinar fundos para a implementacão conjun-

mais infraestruturas de modo a servir ao incremento do desen-

ta de planos de desenvolvimento da cidade;

volvimento.

• Monitoria da ocupação das áreas sensíveis por assentamentos

Aposta no planeamento urbano eficiente e sustentável de modo

desregrados ao longo do vale e margens do Rio Zambeze.

a albergar o crescimento populacional previsto para a cidade nos próximos anos.

1

1

City Profile Reports: Nacala, Nampula, Tete

37

3.2 The Development Corridor Mozambique has entered a crucial phase in its history, whereby, on the strength of rapid investment, drastic changes in the economic and social geography of the country are taking place. Spatial Development Initiatives -also termed Development Corridors- have been launched around strategic transport routes, linking ports to mining districts within Mozambique and/or landlocked neighbouring countries, stimulating industrial and commercial investment in the related urban hubs.

One of the most advanced is the Nacala Corridor linking the Bay of Nacala, where major port facilities are being developed, through the city of Nampula, capital of the homonymous Province, to the coal districts in the Tete Province and further into Malawi and Zambia. It is in this corridor where the Special Economic Zone of Nacala is situated, (ZEEN, Zona EconĂłmica Especial de Nacala) covering the district of Nacala-a-Velha and the district and municipality of Nacala.

Urbanisation rates have predictably shot up, the main cities in the corridor are experiencing unprecedented pressure, growing informality and heightened environmental risk. To a large extent these phenomena are replicated all along the Corridor, throughout Districts and towns affected by the investment rush and by the perception of enhanced employment opportunities.

TETE

2015

2045

188,378

400,000 48,000

+ + 0 km

100 km

200 km

300 km

400 km

Zambia

100 km

2,700 KM² 500 km

600 km

Chipata

Kanengo

200 km

Moatize

300 km

Tete Zimbabwe

400 km

38

Map 1:Geographic location

NAMPULA

2015

2045

622,423

3,300,000 540,000

+ + 700 km

800 km

NACALA PORTO

2015

2045

355,310

650,000 60,000

+ +

15,000 KM²

900 km

1000 km

1100 km

2,400 KM²

1200 km

1300 km

Lichinga

Nacala-à-Velha

Malawi

Nicaya

ZEEN

Cuamba

Nacala Porto

Malema

Nampula

Blantyre

Indian Ocean

Map 2: Nacala Corridor.

N

Urban agglomerations and main rail connectivity

39

0 km

3.2.1 Nampula, the commercial and administrative centre of Northern Mozambique Nampula is Mozambique’s third largest city and is considered the capital of northern Mozambique. It is also one of the economically most dynamic cities of the country due to its location in the centre of Nampula Province – the most populous and prosperous of Mozambique – in the heartland of highly productive agricultural areas and on the Nacala Development Corridor that links land-locked Malawi and Zambia to the Nacala harbour. Nampula is a crossroads also with the north-

5 km

outh corridor linking with Quelimane Beira and Maputo towards the south, with Pemba and Tanzania towards the north east and with Cuamba and Lichinga towards the North West.

Due to these characteristics, Nampula’s growth has been very fast, going from 54,000 inhabitants in 1970 to 480,000 in 2007. If this trend (approximately 5.7% urban growth per year) continues it is estimated that the city will have almost 1,000,000 inhabitants in 2020. This will result in a tremendous pressure on urban land and infrastructure, as well as on the public services provided by the Municipality. Such explosive urban growth has been and continues to be mainly

10 km

unplanned, so much so that over 80% of the population live in highly congested squatter settlements, generally deprived of basic infrastructure and services, with appalling dwellings, degrading environmental and living conditions.

UN-Habitat’s agenda had two main objectives: •

Developing a vision plan for the entire metropolitan area based on the harmonised structural plan, which aims to define space reserves for natural protection areas and road reserves, including a phasing startegy ,

•

And slum upgrading, as part of the strategy of making

15 km

the neighborhoods of Nampula more viable and better connected to formal access.

Map 3: Urban system Nampula City

Planned areas Unplanned areas Main road Secondary road Railway Beleneses neighbourhood Municipality boundary

40

20 km

5 km

10 km

15 km

20 km

N

0 km

3.2.2 Beleneses Neighbourhod in Muhala District

0,5 km

The neighborhood of Beleneses is located in the east of the city of Nampula and occupies an area of approximately 1178.11 hectares (approximately 12 km2). The intervention area comprises Eduardo Mondlane with 42.48 hectares (16,000 inhabitants); April 7 with 41.32 hectares (13,560 inhabitants); Josina Machel with 57.39 hectares (20,363 inhabitants) and Paul Samuel Kamkhomba with 27.18 hectares (4,656 inhabitants).

0,5 km Like other urban areas of Mozambique, one of the major problems in the city of Nampula is that the occupation of land does not obey the rules established by the legislation, creating great difficulties in accessibility . This situation has caused several problems in the neighborhood Muhala, some of which are the following: •

The occupation of areas unsuitable for housing such as areas with high risk of erosion;

•

The lack of space for the provision of infrastructure and basic services (water and sanitation, urban design, drain-

1 km

age and electricity, among others); •

High population density and unorganised urban growth;

•

Low connectivity and difficulties for circulation.

1,5 km

Map 4: UN-Habitat Interventions in Muhala, Nampula

1ª Phase

Opened road Bridge

2ª Phase Bridge

2 km

Drainage system New flow direction Beleneses boundary

42

0

0,15

0,3

0,6

0,9

1

1 km

1,5 km

2 km

1 km

1,2 Kilometers

N

0 km

3.2.3 Nacala Special Economic Zone (ZEEN)

10 km

The Bay of Nacala is the final destination of the transportation route called “Nacala Corridor”, a route linking the port to the capital of Nampula Province and to the railways Nacala-Lichinga and Nacala-Entre-Lagos-Malawi. In Nacala bay there are two different ports, the port of Nacala-a-Velha being exploited for exporting mineral coal and the port of Nacala Porto.

The Nacala Special Economic Zone (Zona Economica Especial

10 km

de Nacala - ZEEN) is constituted by two autonomous territorial units: Nacala-a-Velha District and Nacala Porto District, it has a surface of about 1,479Km². The study is delimited to the North by Memba District, Nacaroa and the Indian Ocean; Nacaroa

to the South by the Districts of Monapo and Mossuril; to the east by the District Mossuril and Indian Ocean and to the West by the Monapo District.

Once established as a Special Economic Zone, the area is

20 km

governed by a special regime in which the Office for Special Economic Zones (GAZEDA) plays a key role. Indeed, GAZEDA is responsible for promoting and coordinating investments in the area, as well as collaborating with the existing local authorities in land management and spatial planning affairs.

In terms of transport and communication, it should be noted that the Nacala bay offers deep waters and is able to accommodate the largest ships coming from Asia, Europe and

30 km

America. With an installed capacity of 2,400,000 tons of general cargo per year and a container terminal with a handling capacity of 45,000 TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit), it is both the starting and concluding point of the Nacala Development Corridor, as well as an important harbor in southern Africa serving land-locked countries like Malawi and Zambia.

Monapo 40 km

Monapo Map 5: Urban system in ZEEN

Planned urban spaces Unplanned urban spaces Rural clusters Villages Railway Main pavimented road Main dirty road Nacala-à-Velha District boundary Nacala Porto District boundary

44

50 km

20 km

30 km

40 km

50 km

60 km

Indic Ocean

Nacaroa Memba

Membav

Airport

Nacala Porto Nacala Bay Port

Port

Nacala-Ă -Velha

Mossuril Mossuril N

3.2.4 Nacala-a-Velha The District of Nacala-a-Velha, located on the western part of Nacala Bay is located 210 km from the provincial capital Nampula. As for Nacala Porto, it also has two (2)

Area: 1,139 Km²

administrative posts, namely: Nacala-a-Velha (includes Nacala-a-Velha Headquar-

Population (2014): 109,646

ters, Micolene, Namalala and Mangane); and the Covo, with headquarters in

Density: 96 hab/Km²

Gêr-Gêr (includes the following locations: Covo Host, New Life and Nacololo).

Anual growing rate: 4% Migratory balance: -0.9

Its economy consists mainly of agriculture, with maize and cassava being prevalent as

Households with electricity: 1.9 %

food crops while groundnuts, cashew nuts and sesame are cash crops. Traditional

Budget 2016: 220,000 USD

fishing is still being practiced. In Nacala-a-Velha there are 2 saline plants (Muamula and Mussambone). Furthermore there is an active milling industry, with about 20 units

Main economic activities: Subsistence agriculture

The following factors influence the relationship between Nacala-a-Velha and the

Cash crop

city and Nacala:

Milling industry Large infrastructure to coal exportation

•

Reduced distance between the District's centre and the city of Nacala Porto;

•

The existence of reasonable connectivity via roads, maritime and rail;

•

The important economic potential of the city of Nacala Porto.

View of the village of Nacala-a-Velha, with a condominium next to private houses. Bay of Nacala in the background.

46

3.2.5 Nacala Porto Nacala Porto District is located, on the eastern part of Nacala Bay, is about 200 km away from Nampula. The city of Nacala is surrounded by an unique landscape

Area: 340 Km²

in Nacala Bay where there are numerous wetlands and mangroves that have high

Population (2014): 355,310

enviromental value.

Density: 960 hab/Km² Annual growth rate: 2.6%

Its position on the Mozambican coast, its natural conditions and the deep-water

Migratory balance: 5.1

port, determine the important function of the district of Nacala Porto, whose eco-

Households with electricity: 24%

nomic development is closely linked to its regional valence. The area under direct

Budget:

influence of Nacala Porto comprises the districts of Nacala-a-Velha, Monapo, Mossuril and Mozambique Island.

Nacala Porto District overlaps with the municipal boundaries of Nacala Porto, considered the second largest city of Nampula Province. As concerns the industrial activity in Nacala Porto, there are two large cement production industries using limestone deriving from the adjacent municipality of Quissimajulo.

2012: 2.9M USD 2013: 3.1M USD 2014: 3.2M USD Formal and informal trade Industry Agriculture Warehouses Fishing Tourism Port and logistics services

View of the City of Nacala Porto, informal settlements located in erosion-prone areas. Part of formal city appears in the background.

47

3.2.6 One bay, two realities Between 2005 and 2009, Nacala received almost half of the private investment of the country.

Since its opening in February 2016, the port of Nacala-a-Velha has received and distributed over 1 million tons of mineral coal coming from Moatize, in Tete Province. These two figures show the considerable increase of investments made in Nacala. However, the impact of this growth is very uneven: Nacala Porto is the socioeconomic centre and receives most investments.

Nacala-a-Velha is not attractive due to its lack of services and urbanised land. The population density of Nacala Porto is about 8 times higher than Nacala-a-Velha. This high density puts enormous pressure on the limited capacity of municipality to deliver urban services. The lack of formal employment in comparison to the demand, the slow responsiveness of the private sector and the low level of qualification of the incoming labour force create the perfect conditions for an informal market to emerge and absorb a significant part of the active population. The informal sector represents the only source of livelihood for most people moving to Nacala Porto in search of better living conditions. Meanwhile, in Nacala-a-Velha the lack of urban planning and the poor basic services and infrastructure network has fostered the growth of disorganized urbanization and subsequently the loss of interest from companies and people to settle in the area.

The current situation prevents the further development of Nacala-a-Velha economy and increases the pressure on Nacala Porto at the same time. The current territorial division reality does not satisfy the needs of either city. Therefore, if planned jointly as a coherent development pole, they could form an investment area that responds to the demands and creates jobs.

0

30 km

60 km Map 6 Services (health centers and schools)

30 km

Schools (radius 1,5 km) Health Center (radius 3 km) Markets Shops N

Urban and Rural spaces ZEEN boundary

48

People and Companies

NACALA-A-VELHA

NACALA PORTO

Rural spatial development pattern

Spatial urban structure showing

Weak internal and external connections

a high degree of informality

Lack of basic services and infrastructure

Better connected to the national road

No urbanized land available

Availability of services and infraestuctures, market, port, airport Demand for space by companies and population

Poor conditions for attracting people and investors

Increased demographic pressure and demand for land Lack of suitable land for expansion

Increased informality and environmental risks

UNSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

LIMITED DEVELOPMENT

0

30 km

60 km

Map 7 Density of population

30 km Higher density 4000 hab/km²

High density 500-1000 hab/km² Medium density 100-500 hab/km²

Low density <100 hab/km² Suitable areas for urban development or settlements

N

ZEEN boundary

49

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4. ASUD Projects

4.1 Planning Support Facility (PSF) Institutional Capacity Development To support institutional capacity development, UN-Habitat established the Planning Support Facility (PSF) in Nampula, which consists of a multi-disciplinary flex-team that provides fit-for-purpose services to cities and towns along the Nacala corridor in the field of urban planning. Through the PSF, and with the support of UN-Habitat HQ, attention has been placed on Nampula, Nacala and Tete to develop or, in the case of Nacala, to finalise planned city extension, resilient urban growth plans and action plans for prioritization of investments.

A Memorandum of Understanding with the Coordination Unit for Integrated Development of Nampula Province and the Faculty of Architecture and Physical Planning of the University Lurio was established to encourage collaboration and strengthen the capacity of the PSU. The PSU received support from the UN-Habitat Regional Office for Africa and UN-Habitat Branches.

The PSF promotes exchanges of experience with the involvement of authorities at the local and provincial level, community partners and all interested parties.

Some highlights: 1. As part of the Interdistrital Land Use Plan (PIDUT) design process: • Realization of a seminar on the economic impacts of the process of Planned City Extension (PCE) in Nacala region; • Investment Forum and Business Achievement, held in Nampula City with the theme “Promoting Employment and Food Security”; • Seminar on financing strategies for the implementation of city extension planning - Nacala region; 2. As part of Planned City Extension (PCE) of Nacala-a-Velha design process: • Starting process meeting; • First community consultation; • Second community consultation.

3. As part of the Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme in Muhala Neighbourhood: • Workshop to create the Local Committee to clarify the objectives of the PSF, as well as establish the country team including Provincial Government, DPOPH, DPTADR, UCODIN, FIPAG, and UN-HABITAT; • Realization of 4 community consultations in areas of intervention.

4. As part of Future Cities for Africa: • Workshop on Rapid Planning Studio for three cities in Nampula, February 2016; • 2 workshops on Urban Resilience in Tete and Nampula , April 2016; • 2 workshops on capacity building in urban planning in Tete and Nampula.

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Roughly 100 technicians, among which, urban planning municipal technicians, finance, municipal government staff, provincial technicians, universities, civil society, community leaders, and local cooperation partners were trained on using tools for urban planning, design and finance.

Rapid Planning Studio Workshop Nampula.

Plan for Nampula City.

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4.2 Local Economic Development (LED) The development and investment along the Nacala Corridor provides opportunities for Local Economic Development (LED), but also heightens demand to further development. The main cities along the corridor are experiencing this pressure from both the business sector and accelerated urbanization.

These processes represent serious challenges, including missed economic opportunities at the local level, environmental risks, displaced communities and unplanned development. Unfortunately, local authorities lack the capacities to address these challenges.

UN-HABITAT developed a strategic action plan for: â&#x20AC;˘ Job creation and income generation for communities and land revenues for local governments; â&#x20AC;˘ Institutional reform or strengthening to promote LED; â&#x20AC;˘ Linking physical planning and LED promotion.

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4.2.1 The LED Strategy The underlying strategy of the LED being recommended here is based upon identifying local resources – human, social, and natural – that can be transformed into economic assets.

The current economic development strategy in the Nacala Corridor is based primarily on extraction of primary resources such as mineral coal in the Tete area; it is far from being inclusive. The proposed strategy aims at evolving the macro-economic development that primarily benefits local communities and institutions. This will be achieved by focusing on job creation, generating income opportunities and “leveraging” interventions along the value chain.

In the assessment, UN-Habitat identified four value chains. They can be institutionally reoriented to achieve better access to resources and harnessing of local capacities to evolve resources into economic assets for increased local benefit.

The value chains are as follows: Agro Industries; Leveraging macro-economic development /promoting local business spin-offs; land allocations and taxes; housing and economic development.

Integrated LED Approach

Project Promotion

Local Economic Development

Institutional Set-up

Physical Planning Public and Professional Legitimacy for

Promotion

Local Initiatives

Agro Industries Land use planning Leveraging Mega Projects Institutional set-up

Job and income opportunities for local communities and institutions and

Land Allocation and Taxes Specific development initiatives

improved living conditions

Housing and Economic Development

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4.2.2 Specific Programs for promoting LED, while keeping benefits local At this stage, UN-Habitat has identified a wide variety of actions to promote the LED strategy – only the most feasible and promising ones are presented in this report, for further information see the annex about LED. These actions are mainly innovative institutional frameworks and innovative pilot projects that are designed to leverage the opportunities from the macro development for job creation and income generation for local communities and institutions.

1. Tax collection The potential for tax collection under already existing legislation is greatly underutilized. This is primarily a land tax, that is aimed both at residential and business uses.

2. Industrial park and logistic park development These are two related elements of creating the physical and organizational infrastructure for promoting local economic development.

Current situation:

3. Regional employment and training centre

Self-generated income in Nampula mu-

The influx of industries and other businesses creates an opportunity for changing the employment and business reality in the Nacala region. The region is attracting great interest from large businesses. Thus, ASUD aimed at developing local professional and business capacities.

4. SME support service and incubator The proposed business support centre would contain four elements: • Providing information about business opportunities and promoting networking and collaborations between businesses to increase competitive capacities; • Providing professional and business guidance individually and in training courses; • Providing access to affordable sites for businesses; • Increasing accessibility to financial resources to establish and operate business.

5. Finance mechanism An integral part of LED is improving access to financing for local development and specifically helping small start-ups or expanding businesses. The specific mechanism that is suggested here is the creation of a government guarantee program for small businesses that meet appropriate criteria.

6.Slum Upgrading The potential for LED in slum upgrading has derived from the demand generated by demographic growth and urbanization. The key for realizing the potential lies in the institutional framework and community participation in the process.

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nicipality is 30% of the municipal budget.

The IPRA (a property tax) is very poorly collected – 1.2% of the potential.

Project

Proposed location

Leading partners

Provincial Development Authority

Nampula Province

UCODIN

Logistical Centre

Nampula

CDN (North Development Corridor), Nampula Municipality

Train station commercial and business center

Nampula

CDN, Nampula Municipality

Training and port support services (certification of local businesses), skill training

Nacala Porto

CDN, Nacala Porto municipality

Industrial Park Management (municipal corporation)

Nacala-a-Velha

Nacala-a-Velha , UCODIN, ANAMM (Nacional Organization of Municipalities)

Local Government Unit for tax collection and service upgrade

Nampula

Nampula Municipality, UCODIN, ANAMM

Local Government Unit for infrastructure (water, roads) construction

Nacala-a-Velha

Nacala-a-Velha, UCODIN, ANAMM

Local Government Unit for Slum upgrading and municipal income - demo project

Nampula

Nampula Municipality, UCODIN, ANAMM

Integrating economic activities into residential development for improved infrastructure

Nampula

Nampula Municipality, UCODIN, ANAMM

Agriculture demonstration farm and agro-processing centre

Nacala-a-Velha

Nacala-a-Velha, private sector

Relocation model based upon compensation law â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Innovative project

Nacala District

Nacala District, private sector

SME support centre

Nampula

Nampula Municipality, ADELNA

Specific projects for promoting LED, while keeping benefits local

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4.3 Legal and Institutional Analysis: Urban Planning and Sustainable Development in Mozambique The demand for land for investment purposes brings significant challenges with respect to safeguarding land access rights and landownership by the local population. Furthermore, due to the fact that there are high economic dynamics in the Nacala corridor, there is enormous pressure on the authorities responsible for the land administration and management.

This study was done in order to gain information on the legal framework of spatial territory prior to starting the activities related to the development of the PIDUT and PCE. The following was assessed: 1. Legal framework on spatial planning 2. Legal framework on access to land in urban areas 3. Key aspects on resettlement Although the full document can be founded as an annex 9 to this report, the key findings are worth mentioning, since it formed the basis for several decisions made during the project: 1. Concerning the legislative framework: The legislative framework for spatial planning gives an overview of institutions with the authority to pursue land management actions, including: the Parliament, the central government, state authorities and local authorities.

The institutional framework associated with Sustainable Urban Development in Nampula and Nacala is quite diverse and relatively complex. Therefore, there is a need to adopt concrete tools that can be applied to improve institutional coordination, based on the solutions presented by the Regulation of the Local State Authorities, such as the integration of services, institutionalization of partnerships, technical support, memoranda of understanding, etc.

The Inter-District Land Use Plan (PIDUT) has indisputable advantages. E.g.: limited geographic scope compared to the special territorial plan and the fact that everything is processed locally (without involvement of central bodies) means faster and simplified procedures. Joint municipal plans such as PIDUT consider that urbanization is taking place independently of the borders of administrative territories.

Hence, initiatives that facilitate coordination at the regional level are of extreme importance to plan future urban development.

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2. Concerning resettlement activities The dynamics linked to land management and resettlement cases raise the issue of the application of the regime relative to the extinction of right to use and benefit from land (DUAT), provided for in art. 18, LT; specifically, in cases of revocation of DUAT by the Public Administration (for reasons of public interest, preceded by fair compensation).

Within the framework of the ASUD programme, resettlement may occur under two circumstances: (i) as a result of approval of new urban plans (dominant situation); or (ii) as a requirement because of economic reasons, in accordance with the Directive on Expropriation Process for Spatial Development purposes and the Regulations on the Resettlement Process Resulting from Economic Activities, respectively.

During the process of resettlement, special attention should be paid to the community consultation process, the establishment of partnerships, definition of a resettlement action plan, compensation, public participation, monitoring and evaluation, determination of resettlement costs and responsibility for the resettlement costs.

One of the main problems noted during resettlement operations is the lack of clear selection criteria of civil society's representatives. The latter is needed to ensure a truly participatory process.

While it seems that the question of who pays for the resettlement costs is unclear, the eighth principle of the Resettlement Regulations (on social responsibility) provides that it is the investor's responsibility to support the costs of social infrastructure and services.

A procedure regarding community consultations within the titling processes of right to use and benefit of land, is introduced by Decree n.43 / 2010 of 20 October and the Ministerial Decree n.158 / 2011 15 June, but needs to be disseminated and implemented.

3. Concerning access to land The Urban Land Regulation (Regulamento do Solo Urbano - RSU) establishes five (5) ways to obtain the DUATs, depending on the type of applicant and land, or the urbanization level of the area, namely: • Assignment (commitment) • The occupation of good faith • Draw • Public auction • Private negotiation • The RSU prescribes that the urbanization plan is a prerequisite for obtaining the DUATs in urban areas.

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4.4 Inter-District Land Use Plan (PIDUT) From a legal perspective, the two districts in the Nacala Special Economic Zone (ZEEN) have Spatial Planning instruments developed in different contexts and with different scale and contents such as Structure Plans, Urbanization Plans, Detailed Plans and District Land Use Plan: The Special Economic Zone of Nacala lacked a general plan of the entire area (which includes two districts and the municipality) to serve as a starting point for the full achievement of ASUD´s objectives. The Inter-District Land Use Plan (PIDUT) provided a long-term strategic framework that allows the city of Nacala and the Nacala Districts Porto and Nacala-a-Velha by defining development options and establishing rules for land management that are compatible with the established model for the region.

PIDUT is a planning instrument with a set of proposed actions that takes into account that urban development happens beyond administrative boundaries. It aims at addressing the main findings from a previous diagnosis, which addressed the ZEEN (Nacala Special Economic Zone, which includes Nacala-a-Velha and Nacala Porto Districts) as a strategic zone to the economic development of the region and of the country.

PIDUT is a strategic and territorial development instrument. In terms of contents, it provides the regional planning structure of the urban system, it defines the main network of infrastructure and services/equipment needed to serve the inter-district area and provides the main principles and criteria for locating activities and major public investments; its rules set the strategic framework and the generic guidelines for planning ZEEN. The PIDUT has the following main functions: 1. Setting guidelines for the use, occupation and transformation of the territory, including strategic options; 2. Promoting the integration of sectorial and environmental policies in the planning exercise and the coordination of investments and territorial activities; 3. Representing the main reference framework for guiding the implementation of other territorial instruments regarding the ZEEN This presentation is a synthesis of “Inter-district Land Use Plan” prepared for the Nacala Special Economic Zone (Nacala-a-Velha and Nacala Porto). The PIDUT includes the following documents: • Diagnostic (see annex 1) • Implementation plan (see annex 2) • Regulations (see annex 3)

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The experiences and lessons learned are assisting the new revision of the Land Use Planning Law, where PIDUT will be included as a model and new planning tool of the regional scope of the territory.

Initial drawing of PIDUT

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4.4.1 Diagnostic The Diagnostic of the Current Situation is a fundamental document that summarizes the legal, institutional and strategic framework, sets out priorities and challenges, describes the territorial scope and elucidates the material and documentary content.

The main points studied were; 1. Survey of existing legislation; 2. Biophysical conditions, resources, natural values; 3. Socioeconomic characterization, housing and demographic dynamics, including projections; 4. Dynamics of land occupation and urban planning commitments; 5. Accessibility, mobility and infrastructure; 6. Potentials and constraints to the development of the intervention area; 7. Potential supply of the industrial sector, services, public and private equipment.

The main conclusion is that Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha are complementing each other in terms of urban, economic and social functions. The diagnostic justifies the development of appropriate spatial planning instruments to address the situation of these two administrative areas.

The data collected during the diagnostic phase confirmed the region's growing preference for the development of economic activities based on the existence of the port.

The identification of more than a dozen projects registered in GAZEDA for development in the territory is the reflection of the attractiveness of the ZEEN. Population growth is evident and the reduction of land for the development of different productive activities is also present. The space dispute for the development of industrial activities and housing development has become more acute.

Although the territory is actually being populated due to economic and social activities, the absence of structuring elements and support for the development of industrial activity is required. Priority will be given to industrial parks for logistical support and the provision of high quality water and electricity.

The diagnostic acknowledged the existence of different spatial planning instruments at both the urban and territorial level, for which the degree of implementation was never desired. Independent territorial planning was also recognized, meaning, it addresses the Nacala-a-Velha and Nacala Porto districts separately.

Its implementation is not followed by the absence of implementing instruments on the ground. The reflection of the absence of these regulations allowed the disordered growth with industrial zones to be placed in inadequate areas.

The development of activities complementary to industrial and commercial growth is important especially in relation to agrarian activities. The reserve of spaces for agricultural development is fundamental.

Poor planning of road infrastructure results in traffic and road safety problems caused by trucks accessing the Near and Industrial areas through urban roads.

Even in urban development, there was strong speculation of urban land at very high prices due to the scarcity of suitable land to build.

62

Forecasts highlight a need for 2000 houses per year and since there is no local capacity or financial resources to satisfy, we can predict a worsening housing deficit.

View of Nacala Porto showing illegal occupation of dwellings placed on protection zones. In the background are observed industrial facilities in sensitive areas.

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Key Potentialities The economic potential of the region falls within seven (7) major sectors, namely: agro-processing, agriculture and forestry, mines, logistics industry, telecommunications, urban development, and tourism. In these last two areas, urban development and tourism, it is recommended to develop the ZEEN to become a first-class attractive area for business, industry and tourism.

The two ports (Nacala Porto, comercial and Nacala-a-Velha, mineiro) are the backbone to support essential activities, such as industry and commerce, in an environment in which the coexistence of these activities will be intrinsically linked to the urban growth of the region, which should be supported with public utilities and their respective services.

The existence of free lands with greater incidence in Nacala-a-Velha is one of the greatest resources for the development of the region.

Major Constraints The main constraints in the ZEEN are related to the urban functionality and the transitory responses that have been given to the rail and port development. The urban functionality of the core of Nacala Porto lacks: a functional road network, public services, public spaces and a multifunctional integration. The quality of urban life has been at an unsatisfactory state. The ability to reverse this situation is rather limited. Informal settlements have been conquering new areas of the city including those unsuitable for construction and susceptible to erosion.

The growing occupation of urban land by industrial activity without urban planning reduced the integration of this activity in the context of the growth of the city of Nacala Porto.

Environmental problems, especially those related to erosion, are difficult to solve because climatic events have become increasingly severe and frequent. On the other hand, the responses to mitigate their impacts are almost null and void. The proposal for a solution is increasingly difficult, especially because of the occupation of natural areas of rainwater drainage by informal housing. In its totality, human settlements are not served by sanitation or drainage systems.

The absence of a storm water drainage system and a sanitation system in the medium term will contribute to the degradation of the quality of the bay waters, especially with the pollution of domestic effluents and industries that remain untreated. The absence of open spaces is aggravated by the discomfort of the few existing open spaces.

The urban expansion, especially in the City of Nacala Porto, faces difficulties of existence of free lands to allocate the expansion. On the other hand, on the Nacala-a-Porto side, the availability of soil that seems inexhaustible, allows land-use planners to waste these resources, by granting extensive areas for different requests.

The problem is twofold: the types of qualifications of the people going to/living in the ZEEN do not fit the requirements of the private investors; secondly, the current labour market is not yet strong and diverse enough to respond to all job demands.

64

View of a street of Nacala Porto with the Bay in background

65

0 km

Map 8: Synthesis of the Diagnostic

10 km

Environmental system 10 km

Florestal Area Protected Area Natural system Mangroves Hydrological network

Nacaroa

Urban system 20 km

Planned urban spaces Unplanned urban spaces Rural clusters Villages ZEEN Boundary

Infrastructures Airport and Port

30 km

Railway Pavimented main road Not pavimented main road Secondary road Tertiary road

Socioeconomic system Dam

40 km

Telecommunication SE

Electric substation

Monapo

Schools Health centre Industrial area Tourism Agricultural activity

c

limestone extraction Market Shop Electricity network Well

66

50 km

20 km

30 km

40 km

50 km

60 km

Oceano Ă?ndico Memba

Mossuril N

4.4.2 Implementation Plan This document presents the elements of the territorial planning instruments developed for the Special Economic Zone of Nacala (Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha) (ZEEN). This product comes from a diagnostic previously made for this purpose. It translates the different actions to be taken in order to maintain and increase the attractiveness of the ZEEN. (see annex 2).

The document is structured as follows: 1. Vision for the region 2. Strategic options with a territorial basis 3. Territorial model 4. Guidelines 5. Monitoring, evaluation and management system.

View of the Nacala Bay from Nacala Port showing the industrial facilities occupying spaces of high ecological value around the bay

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Territorial Model The designed Territorial Model seeks the internal consolidation of the territory taking advantage of the specific features, local capabilities and the global opportunities identified in the diagnostic.

The ZEEN includes the districts of Nacala-a-Velha and Nacala Porto in a territory that could potentially benefit from a dense infrastructure network, welcoming productive activities, logistics and services based on solidarity and competitive network urban centers and centers of economic activity, stating the regional specializations within the framework of wider contexts.

The Territorial Model promotes increased connectivity between urban centers, through the networking of their infrastructure and transport services, energy and communications - their convergence in strategic points of the territory, particularly in urban centers or in their vicinity, is typical of advanced economies. Focusing on offering better travel conditions for people and businesses, or even in the effective reduction of travel, reduces the impacts of transport on the environment and increases the quality of services provided.

Territorial model advocates a balanced and integrated regional development of four major systems: the urban system; the socio-economic system and competitiveness; the environmental system and the mobility system.

The ZEEN of the Territorial Model Scheme is based on four structural systems: A. The Urban System that is supported by a set of articulated centralities in urban subsystems that guide, organize and strengthen regional urban network. This armour around urban centers polarizes the regional space, sets out the main lines of coordination and synergy with the territories outside the ZEEN and supports, from a functional point of view, a diffuse array of productive activities.

B. The Socioeconomic System and Competitiveness that is integrating services and community facilities of public utility in major ZEEN development centres and a network of business location areas, taking advantage of the installed and emerging dynamics, promote the development of strongly mobilizing anchor activities, resources of knowledge and technology, and internationalization potential. It seeks to sustain growth of urban areas based on the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy.

C. The Environmental System that is translated in the territorial model by the structure and environmental enhancement of ZEEN, including water resources, coastal, soil and landscape, as well as the theme of risk areas.

D. The mobility scheme is based on a set of proposals aimed at strengthening the existing road network physical infrastructure. It is intended to complete the main road network in order to improve the accessibility conditions by introducing new routes that allow a significant increase in urban connectivity to reduce the frequent congestion of traffic light vehicles and cargo.

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Urban system The result of the diagnostic shows the rural character of Nacala-a-Velha and the urban character of Nacala Porto. Territorial Model was designed taking into account the potential based on the “specificities” of each territory to conjugate them and getting a ZEEN with different alternatives to live.

There are two structuring centres since the colonial period: i. Structuring Urban Centre of Nacala-a-Velha ii. Structuring Urban Centre Nacala Porto The ZEEN further comprises other areas. These areas resulting from population growth and economic and social development, which emerged after national independence almost detached from the initial urban areas, are complementary urban units.

The District of Nacala-a-Velha has one complementary urban centre and various small built areas: • Complementary Centre A - Nacala-a-Velha- Monapo axis.

• The Urban Complementary areas are in two axes, one towards Memba village, and the other on the axis toward Mossuril

This model has a huge potential for future development to enable the planned expansion of Nacala-a-Velha through different poles and densities. The Nacala-a-Velha district has environmental conditions that make potential discontinuous areas for urban development, but in return offers of a huge potential for future development that the territorial model is beginning to explore

The Nacala-a-Velha proposal is based in its rural character. The way of landscaping and natural resources with a possibility of adding activities based on small-scale agriculture. It is intended to develop

i

the current rural areas by proposing small centers, poles of activities that will gradually transform the rural spaces

A

in urban spaces of low density. At the same time the Village Headquarters of the Nacala-a-Velha District which is bounded by the route of the railway line is passed through a General Urbanization Plan for converting it at the core of the polynuclear system.

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The City of Nacala Porto has three complementary centres, namely •

Complementary B Centre - Airport Development Zone and Military Servitude, extends from the south to north and covers extensive military servitude areas including the new airport towards the beach Fernão Veloso.

•

Complementary Center C - Axis Quissimajulo. It should continue the urban settlement trend towards Central East of Nacala Porto towards the coast.

•

Complementary D Centre - Monapo-Nacala Port Hub. It embodies the tendency to relieve longitudinal growth in the North-South direction provided by the development of the industrial area. The trend of North-South expansion towards Monapo District should be considered as an alternative to expansion of Nacala in the very near future.

The principal issue at Nacala city is the extent of erosion which results from flows of runoff during heavy rainfall (see chapter 4.4.3 and annex 10).

C

For Nacala Porto, the UN Habitat proposal concentrates the growth around the existing core with urban expansion areas and an urban city environment.

ii

B

The expansion areas will be developed through Partial Urbanization Plans.

Despite its unfavourable topographical condition, the City of Nacala Porto ends up conquering continuous areas for urban development.

D

71

0 km

URBAN SYSTEM

10 km

The area proposed by the Territorial Model covers 304.85 km2, meaning 20.92% of the total area of ZEEN, which will allow for the demographic growth of the area for the next 30 years. This area includes areas that are to become part of the protected environmental area but are unsuitable to urbanize to be studied at an appropriate scale.

The new areas of Nacala Porto and Nacala-A-Velha will allo-

10 km

cate 539,436 and 198,032 inhabitants respectively1. The total set of ZEEN will be able to allocate 737,468 inhabitants.

1 Density recommended by UN Habitat 150 inhabitants / ha for a sustainable city

Nacaroa

20 km

30 km

40 km Map 9: Proposed Urban system in ZEEN

Monapo Structuring Urban Centre i,ii Urban Complementary Centre A, B,C, D Priority areas to urbanise Port Industrial Zone Secondary areas to urbanise Existing roads Proposed Secondary Roads Main Proposed roads Tertiary Road Railway

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50 km

20 km

30 km

40 km

50 km

60 km

Memba

C

B i

ii

A

D

Mossuril N

0 km

Map 10. Territorial model

10 km

Functions proposed in the territory based on PIDUT

Environmental system 10 km

Central Structuring Areas Central Secondary Areas Structuring Ecological Corridors Secondary Ecological Corridors (Low density agriculture)

Nacaroa

Hydrological network Urban system 20 km

Structuring urban centre Urban complementary center Urbanizable main areas Urbanizable secondary areas ZEEN boundary Infrastructures Maneuvers terminal

30 km

Multimodal terminal Existing roads Secondary proposed roads Main proposed roads Tertiary Roads Telecommunication SE

Electrical substation 40 km

Railway Socioeconomic system

Monapo

Port and airport Schools Health center Port Industrial Zone Tourism and Recreation Areas High intensity agriculture space c

Limestone extraction Market New Social equipment Electricity network

74

50 km

20 km

30 km

40 km

50 km

60 km

Oceano Ă?ndico Memba

Mossuril N

4.4.3 Addressing Erosion in Nacala Porto The principal issue at the port of Nacala city is the extent of erosion which results from flows of runoff during heavy rainfall. The soil is extremely mobile and as soon as any concentrated flow of water forms, a gully emerges and erodes the soil. This causes potential extreme danger to local residents and deposits soil and debris at downstream locations.

Many of the new buildings and most of the industrial facilities that have recently been constructed have been built with little or no concern either to the norms of planning to the hydrological cycle.

The top parts of the dune, running in two bands from north to south of each of the slopes have been assigned protected area status in which no building should be permitted. However, this designation has had no effect and it is clear that the spread of formal settlements is progressing.

The prevailing onshore wind is causing the up-wind (East facing) slopes to be gentle while the much steeper slopes face west, as depicted in the cross section. The West facing slope is considerably steeper than the east facing one and this gives rise to most of the erosion issues since the steeper slopes are nearest to the town.

Erosion is also a problem on the east side of the dune where the slopes are less steep, but its effects are much less severe and can be better managed.

Since much of the soil is derived from wind-blown sand, its composition is very fine and it is poorly consolidated which means it is very mobile. Water easily creates ravines and fine sand which is subsequently carried towards the west by water or wind.

The energy of the water in this steeply sloping ravine rapidly erodes the sandy soil causing the sides to be dangerously deep. Furthermore, they show evidence of sinuosity which will result in them moving laterally. This has the severe implication that houses may collapse into the ravines during heavy rainfall.

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Current control measures The most frequent erosion protection method observed in the locality was the use of gabion baskets filled with rocks used to stop erosion progressing upstream. The use of gabions and other measures at the head of gullies is not an appropriate solution in the town of Nacala for a number of reasons: • The gabions do not address the fundamental problem which is control of the rate of flow; • There is no hard rock on which the gabions can tie in; • Those observed were fabricated using thin wire which deforms very easily; • Vandalism of the gabions, principally theft of stones is clearly common place.

Potential alternative control measures It is now accepted in most countries that control of the water close to where the rain falls is necessary for mitigating this type of soil erosion. Two principles of source control are relevant here, and both can be recognised as already having been implemented in the Nampula Province: 1. The first principle is to limit the rate of flow from each plot by constructing storage so that the excess rainfall is stopped from passing forward.

2. The second principle is to spread out the flow to avoid concentrations of moving water. This approach has a good chance of success on the east side of Nacala port where the slopes are less steep and, although severe in places, the extent of erosion is relatively limited.

However, spreading out the flow has little chance of success on the steeper west side of the sand dune. This is because the erosive power of the flow is much greater and the loose material used will be washed away quickly.

The best measures are: • Buffer strips: These are generally vegetated strips of land running along the slope to intercept the sediment and spread out the flow. This is a perfectly applicable approach in the study area.

• Retention basins: These are recognised as being the foremost means of controlling flow in most areas.

Finding solutions to the erosion problems in Nacala will be time consuming and demanding. Some ideas will be challenging to implement because of the local conditions (weak capacity, natural soil erodibility in the area, level of informality/ poverty, lack of financial resources, etc.) The problems lend themselves to a series of local solutions, mainly small scale.

One overriding requirement for successful solutions is that of local stakeholder buyin through awareness, higher levels of self-organisation and disciplined interventions. Consequently, the solutions which have highest chance of success need to have multiple benefits for the locals.

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4.5 Planned City Extension of Nacala-a-Velha The Plan City Extension of Nacala-a-Velha Village (PCE) is a macro-scale study of a whole area reserved for an expansion of the Village, which resulted in 14 Operational Units for Management and Planning (UOPGs), which is the target of detail zoning plans and various functions.

One of the premises of PCE exercise is to adopt housing, commerce and service areas in order to create mixed environments. However, in terms of the design of the urban area with potential for urbanization, it is aimed at a continuity of the existing base structure in the Village with focus on a block with approximate dimensions of 150x150 meters. These structures can be developed and / or exploited in various ways according to the plan proposal.

Thus, parts that constitute the study are: • General Framework Plan, scale 1: 50,000 • Current Soil Use Plant, 1: 10,000 scale • Plant Conditioners, scale 1: 10,000 • Expansion Plan of the host village, scale 1: 10,000 • Plant of Operative Units, to scale 1: 10,000.

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Nacala-Ă -Velha PCE area

The formation of new informal settlements is mitigated thanks to properly planned city extension areas for housing development.

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Map 11. Planned City Extension of Nacala-a-Velha (PCE)

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Railway Existing main roads Structural and economic roads - 32m Main avenues - 44m Structuring, distribution roads - 32m Building area Areas for facilities Public space for parks and gardens Park Beach area Mangrove area Area prone to flooding Waterway 80

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Map 12. Operative Units of Planned City Extension (PCE) of Nacala-a-Velha

1 km

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1st Phase UOPG1 UOPG2 UOPG3 2nd Phase UOPG4, 5 UOPG6 UOPG8

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3rd Phase UOPG 7, 9, 10 UOPG11, 12, 13, 14, 15

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4.6 Detailed Zoning Plan of Nacala-a- Velha The elaboration of detail zoning plan is the culmination of two major studies carried out by UN-HABITAT, the first of which refers to the design of the Territorial Development Model of Nacala's Special Economic Zone (ZEEN), where the major development lines were outlined for the two main cities (Nacala-a-Velha and Nacala Porto) from the point of view of territorial, economic development and legal and institutional management.

The second study was the PCE of Nacala-a-Velha, whose objective was to orient, based on the principles of the territorial development model, the urban expansion of the infrastructures and human settlements of the Vila's Headquarters, which culminated in the division of the area of Expansion in about 15 Operational Planning and Management Units that should be subject to Detail Plans for execution.

The Detail Zoning plans of 1, 2 and 3 operative units (UOPGs) aims to define in detail the urban project for the transformation of the zone’s territory, which allows for integrated intervention in the urbanization process of the local, with a vision of sustainable urban development following principles that were already pre-established.

Its purpose is to bring to surface new methods of land use and its articulation with the provision of infrastructure and social facilities as well as to ensure better integration and expansion of the territory of the Village and its existing agglomerates, which are mostly informal.

This presentation is a synthesis of the project of expansion of the Village Headquarters district of Nacala-a-Velha Plan Detail of operating units 1, 2 and 3. The full project consists of the following documents: • Diagnostic ( see annex 4); • Implementation plan ( see annex 5); • Regulations (see annex 6).

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Street view in Nacala-a-Velha

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4.6.1 Diagnostic The Main Potentialities The main potentialities focus on a main direction: the integration of the Village of Nacala-a-Velha in the Special Economic Zone of Nacala. The sustainable way of keeping the Nacala-a-Velha Village on the development route is to integrate it into the great economy of the region.

The economic and social development of the Vila de Nacala-a-Velha involves the integration of the efforts of all development actors, not only in the Village, but also in the whole district. Government participation in the process as a promoter and facilitator of the private sector in civil society will be a lever for development.

Currently, the local government is incentivising and promoting local investment through foreign investments and partnerships in development projects and programs. Such actions will contribute to facilitate the development of infrastructures, small industries, and commercial activity, among others. That will result in the strengthening of the development and growth of Nacala-a-Velha Village, which will be reflected in the physical-urban development that will require the redesign of the network of social infrastructures and equipment in order to respond to the needs of urban growth that is expected.

Port of Nacala-Ă -Velha

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The Main Constraints The main constraints for the development of a Nacala-a-Velha Village expansion program are related to three factors: â&#x20AC;˘ Regarding competitiveness and local economic development: The rapid growth of economic activities in the special economic region of Nacala has brought challenges to Nacala-a-Velha mainly to accommodate the different development actors in the territory. This situation is exacerbated by the growing emergence of informal activities gaining ground at all levels. The activities of greatest impact are related to the informal commerce, request of areas for construction of places for inns and accommodations, as well as grass. â&#x20AC;˘ Regarding the limitations of the morphological factors of the extension area: The proposed area for the expansion of the Nacala-a-Velha Village is vast, however, it has a very small area for the development of human settlements. The presence of small rivers, plus poor management in the exploitation of natural resources and destruction of the mangrove cannot easily determine safe areas for housing development. â&#x20AC;˘ Regarding the management of the implementation of the land-use planning instrument: The rapid growth of the Vila has been far beyond the capacities of local bodies responsible for land management. The institution responsible for the planning of the territory in the Village is the District Planning and Infrastructure Service. The human, material and technical resources to meet the different requests for territorial management are scarce. The capacity of the elaboration, implementation and monitoring of territorial planning plans is non-existent.

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4.6.2 Implementation Plan The current implementation plan report is the integrating part of the detail zoning plan of the planning and management operative units 1, 2, and 3 (UOPGs 1, 2 and 3) of the extension of the Nacala-a-Velha Village. (see annex 5) The preparation of this Plan has taken into account its objectives in accordance with the provisions of the Legislation of Spatial Planning at the National level, respecting in particular the principles therein, with emphasis on those that are announced below: 1. Principle of the sustainability of physical space; 2. Principle of citizen participation and awareness; 3. Principle of legal certainty.

The universal principles established by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme have also been taken into account, which advocate the achievement of priority goals for sustainable urban development centered on the comfort and well-being of the human population.

The document is structured as follows: 1. Synthesis of the main problems and potentialities 2. Activities developed in the process of drawing up the plan 3. Fundamental elements of the plan 4. Execution plan 5. Budget estimates and financing plan 6. Mechanisms for approval of the plan 7. Cartography.

The plan The proposal defines a plan divided in several phases to reach the final objective that would be the urban image intended for Nacala-a-Velha in 2100. Each phase is divided into target areas of detail zoning plan and management of operative units (UOPG ), thus defining legal planning tools for implementation in these areas. These Detail Plans define a road system and a system of green spaces and equipment that form the basis of the future city of Nacala-a-Velha.

The proposed Plan provides for an intermediate scenario for densification of plots and buildings. The image of Nacala-a-Velha 2100 projects typologies (vertical) that are not feasible to the current economic reality of Nacala-a-Velha. However, in the intermediate scenario we find some of these typologies at strategic points and in other areas we opt for easier construction typologies (individual and twinned, and in band).

Specific regulations have been defined for the implementation of the Plan in accordance with national legislation. However, there is a need to update the planning instruments when the buildings in the parcels are complete and if necessary (and feasible) densify it.

The plan developed here is a flexible instrument and can be modified during the implementation process, on condition that the legal procedures provided for in the national legislation are observed.

To establish the urban design of the PCE of the Nacala-a-Velha province, the following urban premises were taken into account: 1. Establishment of protected green corridors of susceptible areas (corridors built to protect susceptible areas against natural events in the region) and water courses according to the ruling legislation, defining the basis of zones suitable for urbanization or not.

2. Definition of a road network, structured and efficient, as a starting point for the existing routes. The aim is to achieve at least 30 percent of the urban space devoted to the road structure.

3. Need to accommodate the largest number of people in a small space, trying to be close to the average of 150 hab / ha of the whole area.

4. Definition of a block type based on the area existing in the formal area of the Village (150x150m) that depending on each case may change.

5. Distribution of economic activities in all urban areas opting for the principle of non-establishment of specific services and trade centres, leaning towards a mixed use of the soil, trying to achieve at least 40% of space allocated for economic use in the area of intervention.

6. Introduce the availability of different types and sizes of plots in a given area, so as to induce accommodation of families of different social classes in the same area.

7. Equitable distribution and dimensioning of green spaces and equipment according to the population density forecast for each of the Operating Units and Planning Management (UOPGs).

8. Proposal of creation of specific economic axes with the intent to have priority in the occupation of fields or spaces in these axes by economic enterprises.

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Map 13. Planned city Extension of the Village Headquarters district of Nacala-a-Velha-Plan Detail of operating units 1, 2 and 3.

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4.6.3 A Financial Strategy For The First Phase Of Planned City Extension Local governments in Mozambique have the authority to collect land-based revenues as a payment for the DUAT (Direito do Uso e Aproveitamento de Terra) which grants land use rights. These revenues contribute to 10% of Nacala Porto’s local budget and 28% in Nampula. However, since Nacala-a-Velha is not classified as a municipality, it has no authority to collect taxes, despite the willingness of international export companies to pay them. The vast majority of the District’s budget depends on central transfers and amounts for less than $1,900,000 (2014), or less than $19 per person per year. An assessment of capital funding available for plan implementation within the budgets of relevant agencies revealed that very little is committed for 2016 (see table 2), with approximately USD 326,000 available from the District and national-level infrastructure funds.

The national Housing Fund (FFH) plans a large investment in the district of $4.8 million; however, plans for social housing are not yet likely to be implemented outside of the planned city extension. This is a problem for potential tax revenues, but more importantly is a threat to the compact and socially mixed development vision set forth in the city extension plan, therefore more coordination from the District is needed.

Private sector potential is high in the district’s industrial sector, with the majority of development occurring in conjunction with large foreign export companies led by VALE, a Brazilian mining company. A private sector consortium led by Vale as well as the national agency managing industrial development (GAZEDA) has the potential to contribute significant funding to PCE implementation. Such contributions have yet to be specified.

The planned city extension in Nacala-a-Velha has three planned implementation phases, with Phase 1 lasting 8 years. The “complete” scenario includes paved roads and all basic services. The “basic” scenario doesn’t include paving on all roads. The “elementary” scenario does not include trunk water lines or electrical lines, and roads are not paved.

Matching the cost of implementation with the available funding demonstrates a severe funding gap. If Phase 1 costs were divided by 8 to represent costs in a single implementation year, there is still a 67% funding shortfall, even if the Housing Fund contributes to implementation instead of funding social housing that goes against the plan (see table below). This assumes that committed funding will remain the same in all 8 years of Phase I, but this likely will not be the case except for District funds. Funding agencies must be convinced to maintain and/or increase funding allocated to Nacala-à-Velha. One hopeful aspect is the potential of GAZEDA and CLN (Nacala Integrated Logistics Corridor Project ) to contribute funding.

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Table 1 Cost of implementation INVESTMENT (USD)

Secondary streets

1,078,400

Sewage treatment plant

4,000,000

East-West axis road

1,971,200

Market

1,260,000

North-South axis boulevard with greenway connec-

2,401,280

School expansion

7,235,200

Social recreation area

1,289,750

Water holding tank

6,000,000

245,000

tions Primary streets Central park

574,500

Six blocks of social housing (5 floors)

5,184,000

Fire station

450,000

Eight blocks of social housing (4 floors)

5,184,000

Technical/vocational training school

525,000

Electrical substation

2,000,000

Municipal office

240,0000

TOTAL

39,638,330

Table 2 Capital Investment Funds Available for PCE Implementation in 2016 Institution, Agency or Firm

Instrument

District government

Annual capital budget

FIPAG (Fundo de Investimento e Património de Abastecimento de Água), a water fund

District-level programming

Road Fund

Allocation from central level

Housing Fund

District-level programming

1000 hectares outside the expansion area; 267 Type II homes (65 m²) without budget for associated infrastructure

$4,806,000

UCODIN (Unidade de Coordenação do Desenvolvimento de Nampula), the provincial development agency

Own-source funding

Markers for road demarcation

$6,000

Negotiated concessions from industrial companies

Unspecified

Initiatives under the District government

Unspecified

GAZEDA (Gabinete das Zonas Económicas de Desenvolvimento Acelerado), the industrial development agency CLN (Nacala Logistics Corridor consortium, led by Vale)

Social investment plan

Activities

Budget $220,000

Reservoir of 100 m³; 30-40 m³ electric pumps; Extend the network 15 km $60,000 within the expansion area; Construction of a service desk; 7 public fountains 200 new home connections $40,000

Table 3 Financial Plan: roles an responsabilities, possibly combined with cost table INVESTMENT (USD)

Year 1 Cost

Committed Funds

Funding Source

Funding Gap (USD)

District

0

(basic scenario / 8 years) Secondary streets

134,800

134,800

East-West axis road

246,400

40,000

Road Fund

206,400

North-South axis boulevard with greenway connections

300,160

55,200

District

244,960

Primary streets

904,400

6000

UCODIN

898,400

Central park

71,813

Six blocks of social housing (5 floors)

648,000

648,000

Housing Fund*

0

Eight blocks of social housing (4 floors)

648,000

648,000

Housing Fund*

0

Electrical substation

250,000

250,000

Sewage treatment plant

500,000

500,000

Market

157,500

157,500

School expansion

30,625

30,625

Social recreation area

161,219

Water holding tank

750,000

Fire station

56,250

56,250

Technical/vocational training school

65,625

65,625

Municipal office

30,000

30,000

TOTAL

4,954,791

1,622,000 (33%)

71,813

161,219 60,000

FIPAG

District

690,000

0 3,332,791 (67%)

*Assuming Housing Fund money can be reallocated to projects inside the PCE

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4.7. Strengthening the Policy Framework and Governance The ASUD project influenced the national dialogue on urban development in various manners 1. Review of the legal tools and institutional frameworks related to the urban and territorial planning • Mapping, analysis and evaluation of the existing legal and institutional frameworks for land use planning / urban, including the hierarchy of planning tools; • Review of implementation mechanisms; • Governance framework assessment and regulatory conditions for carrying out pilot activities of land readjustment; • Review and contribution of resettlement guidelines; • Analysis of the legal aspects related to public spaces, building codes and land plotting mechanisms.

2. A Provincial Urban Observatory In total four forums, two per year, took place. These forums revealed the need for incorporating urban governance issues into the Provincial agenda and created awareness of the importance of territorial planning in the economic development process.

These forums were also used to monitor and document trends, to articulate between the different levels and also served as a consultative of forum between stakeholders on issues related to urbanization and local economic development.

3. National Urban Forum In October 2016, a two-day national urban forum was organised by the Ministry of State Administration and Public Function (MAEFP) and the German International Cooperation (GIZ), with support from UN-Habitat and other partners. The forum gathered local and national leaders, professionals, development partners and community representatives. The aim of the forum was to get more people acquainted with cross cutting issues related to sustainable urbanisation and to discuss what is needed to make urban areas in Mozambique develop in such a manner to create more equal opportunities to all its inhabitants. Through parallel sessions various topics, from municipal finances to urban resilience, were discussed. The main outcome of the forum wais a ‘declaration of Maputo’ that is currently being drafted by the four key ministries that deal with urban related issues in Mozambique: the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources, the Ministry of Land and Rural Development and the MAEFP. 4. Establishment of a legal and economic baseline The background information that has been collected regarding the economic and legal situation is being used to inform various ongoing government development processes, such as the Strategic Land Use Development Plan, an urban analysis done by MAEFP, the housing strategy that is being developed by the Ministry for Public Works, Housing and Water Resources.

5. Establishment of a city-to-city cooperation programme and activities

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The ASUD programme triggered a lot of discussion and gave better insight into the need for a National Urban Forum and a National Urban Policy. These efforts contributed to create a momentum and increasing the understanding and interest on urban related issues, and has also facilitated the preparation of the National Habitat III report of Mozambique.

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Public Audience related to the Planned City Extension in Nacala-Ă -Velha

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

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Challenges ASUD Programme has worked in the Nacala Corridor region, focusing on two Mozambican cities with high grow rate (Nampula: 5,7 % and Nacala Porto: 2,6 %). Generally, the urban areas in Mozambique are developing around an usually small formal city center often built by the Portuguese during the colonial period. Since many cities are facing the Indian Ocean or a river, as Nacala–Porto the small formal city is adjacent the shore and surrounded by larger informal settlements. The cities are extending around informal settlements - sometimes in a more formal way - however, still scattered.; and it leads to environmental issues such as: spatial and social inequalities caused by limited access to jobs, basic facilities, gentrification, loss of the potential benefits of cities as catalysts of economic development, and unplanned development, long distances to access basic infrastructures (including schools and hospitals), among others.

Today Nacala Corridor’s economic potential is limited to a national scale. The spin-off of the economic activities in Nacala Corridor is not reaching development at the local level.

In fact, extension into unfavorable areas, while adjacent districts offer better options, is dividing the city. For instance, mining concessions have intensified the political divisions between the cities of Tete and Moatize; in Nampula, the train traffic will increase and block the traffic people between the two sides of the city; and in Nacala region the inequalities caused by limited access to basic facilities are increasing Considering the need to develop urban areas and to generate and distribute wealth more equally among people living in ( and in between) the cities of Nacala Corridor, the need for planned city extensions and enhancement of economic opportunities to all is clearly there.

However, the key challenges encountered during ASUD Programme to promote better planning and economic opportunities in a proper manner were: • Preventing informal settlements. The municipalities don’t have the capacity to design new Planned City Expansions rapidly to accommodate the new inhabitants. There isn’t awareness about the risks in living in dangerous prone areas, close to the rivers, close to the erosion areas.

• Administrative borders. It is complex to think beyond official city limits and to plan development jointly due to the current Land Use law Investment decisions and/or decisions on the location of city extensions tend to favor areas within the administrative boundaries of cities although this is increasing the distances to access to basic infrastructures.

• Buy in from governments. Although the UN-Habitat team has organized various high level meetings to create buy in at local level and national level, the buy in and understanding of the importance of ASUD were often times insufficient. Hypothesis to explain this are: i) change of local leadership, and ii) Lack of awareness of the crucial importance that planning has to the social and economic development.

• Very limited local budgets.

• A lot of unclarity around land ownership and ways to improve access to land.

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Outputs In the Mozambican context, ASUD’s principles and activities in Nacala Corridor built on global good practices developed over the past years by UN-Habitat. They relate to the process of good planning and spatial indicators, while guided by the objective to work towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular, goal 11. In general, ASUD activities ended prior to the New Urban Agenda (NUA) agreement and, additionally, are linked to the Principles for Sustainable Neighbourhood Development.

Therefore, the ASUD Programme in Nacala Corridor worked towards developing the following concepts and ideas: Urban legislation - rules and regulations The institutional framework associated with Sustainable Urban Development in Nampula and Nacala is quite diverse and relatively complex. Therefore, there is a need to adopt concrete legal tools to improve: (i) institutional coordination, (ii) resettlement activities due for economic reasons, and (iii) land tenure in urban areas.

The Inter-District Land Use Plan (PIDUT) developed under the umbrella of ASUD aims to improve coordination at different levels (province, district and municipality) and to increase horizontal cooperation and decision-making. PIDUT covers the districts of Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha and the city of Nacala Porto and it is a key element to the revision of the Land Use Planning Law. Urban planning and design, planned city extensions (PCE) or renovations Under the scope of urban planning and design and planned city extensions, ASUD Programme’s outputs were: i) the PCE of Nacala-a-Velha and ii) a simplified planning tool for urban planning and design, the Rapid Planning Studio.

These outputs indicated that: • Land needed to accommodate growth and business development is not available.

• Urban plans need to favor city development using existent parameters until they achieve optimal conditions proposed by the plans.

• It is not possible to apply the established density patterns to the Mozambique urban realities. It is recommended that the plans are flexible and adaptable in their constructive parameters while respecting the area for streets and public spaces.

• There is a large knowledge gap on the relation of occupation density and the infrastructure costs. Of this infrastructure, central sanitation, roads, and housing represent the more expensive costs. Thus, there exists a need to establish more realistic density patterns.

Capacity development ASUD Programme implementation has created technical conditions to reinforce the activities of the Planning Support Facility (PSF) that was based in Nampula for the last 5 years.

Particularly, ASUD facilitated the hiring of new UN-Habitat staff to be based in Nampula and it brought legal, design, and economic expertise (both international and national) from the Legal Unit and Planning and Design Branch from UN-Habitat Headquarters in Nairobi who interacted directly with local technicians from Nampula, Tete and Nacala during the project implementation. They provided technical assistance and contributed to developing local capacities. However, the main challenge for implementation appears to be proper coordination amongst partners, such as central government, EDM, FIPAG, FFH, etc.

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ASUD Programme acted as door opener for the urban development in Nacala Corridor promoting the planned urban expansion of the area. On the other hand, it allowed an accurate diagnosis about the main gaps and needs for the area development. For instance, the difficulties to work with different administrative levels to create a joint vision/ plan during the development of ASUD demonstrated the need for a better coordination among the municipalities, district and central administrations Secondly, ASUD process exposed the unexplored potential of the Special Economic Zones (ZEEs) in Mozambique. Currently, it does not exist an actor responsible for the administration beyond the cities' limits, i.e. city extensions. This gap could be filled by PIDUT. Therefore, PIDUT approval or its use as basis for development and implementation of other plans is crucial.

A third aspect to work towards the socioeconomic development of Nacala Corridor is the land tenure in urban areas. Land tenure security and land rights (DUAT) are a condition for sustainable urban development. It is imperative that urban citizens have DUAT to promote self-improvement, maintenance and ownership of urban areas.

Another issue to be addressed in this ZEEN is the economic resettlement since the region has the potential to become a hub for new industries in Mozambique, which might cause the displacement more people. That is why the legal aspects of economic resettlement must be addressed to ensure fair compensations to citizens.

Regarding urban economy and municipal financing, there are differences between municipalities and districts in terms of tax collection on land. Municipalities can collect tax themselves, but it only contributes to 10% of the overall local budget, while the rest is earmarked towards projects at neighborhood level (for instance, Nacala Porto); while districts taxes are collected at national level, they are not redistributed to the neighborhood level (Nacala-a-Velha). Therefore, districts need to be empowered to collect taxes for the development of the expansion areas.

Moreover, ASUD was starting point for the development of technical capacities on urban issues in the main cities of Northern Mozambique (Nacala, Tete, and Nampula) through the implementation support of the PSF. The next step is to ensure the buy in of this initiative by the Province and Municipalities to keep the PSF operating. For instance, local staff could be trained and supported by UN-Habitat. The aim is that local staff members are able to work closely with the local leadership on the actual implementation of ASUD Programme.

Regarding actual physical implementation already promoted by ASUD, the Participatory Slum Upgrade Programme, built upon the structured developed by ASUD, leveraged the renovation of urban grid. The Planed City Extension of Nacala-a-Velha was made, approved and it is in the first phase of implementations.

Following up the good results and lessons learned with ASUD Programme, to foster the dialogue towards the establishment of an Urban Agenda and continue supporting the urbanization process and territorial transformation in Mozambique, it is strongly recommendable to follow up the advocacy work initiated by ASUD Programme with the Urban Observatory and Urban Forums promoted. It is recommended the organization of more provincial and regional Urban Forums with participation of local governments, local community leaders, technicians, donors, and other stakeholders.

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Annex List

Inter-District Land Use Plan (PIDUT) Annex 1. Report of the Current Situation, Interdistrict Use of Land Plan (PIDUT).

Annex 2.Implementation Plan, Interdistrict Use of Land Plan (PIDUT).

Annex 3. Directives, Interdistrict Use of Land Plan (PIDUT).

Planned City Extension of Nacala-a-Velha, Detailed Zoning Plan on Operative Units 1,2 and 3 Annex 4. Report of the Current Situation, PCE of Nacala-a-Velha.

Annex 5. Implementation Plan, PCE of Nacala-a-Velha.

Annex 6. Directives, PCE of Nacala-a-Velha.

Other documents Annex 7. LED in Nampula â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Nacala Development Corridor Mozambique Annex 8. Urban Economy and Finance Analysis Annex 9. Legal and Institutional Analysis: Urban Planning and Sustainable Development in Mozambique Annex 10. Addressing Erosion in Nacala Town, Mozambique

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Bibliography & Image credits

UN-HABITAT. 2014. Plano interdistrital de uso da terra de nacala (Nacala-à-Velha e Nacala porto) - Volume I. Diagnóstico da Situação Actual.

UN-HABITAT. 2016.Plano interdistrital de uso da terra de nacala (Nacala-à-Velha e nacala porto). Volume II. Programa de execução UN-HABITAT. 2015. Projecto de Expansão da Vila Sede do Distrito de Nacala-à-Velha.

Plano de Pormenor das Unidades Operativas 1, 2 e 3. Relatório da situação actual UN-HABITAT. 2015. Projecto de Expansão da Vila Sede do Distrito de Nacala-à-Velha Plano de Pormenor das Unidades Operativas 1, 2 e 3. Relatório de fundamentação Chris Jefferies. 2014. Addressing erosion in nacala town, mozambique. Nairobi CARLOS SERRA. 2014. Análise legal e institucional: planeamento urbano sustentavél e desenvolvimento em Moçambique. Maputo Yoel Siegel. 2014. Led in Nampula – Nacala development corridor, Mozambique

All images are produced by and under copyright of UN-Habitat Mozambique, except if indicated differently. For any publication of this report the authorisation of the image's authors is required, except for the ones produced by UN-Habitat Mozambique.

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