Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014 by Jenny Liu

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON VIOLENCE PREVENTION 2014

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Global status report on violence prevention 2014. 1.Violence – prevention and control. 2.Domestic Violence. 3.Interpersonal Relations. 4. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156479 3

(NLM classification: HV 6625)

© World Health Organization 2014 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: bookorders@who.int). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (www.who.int/about/licensing/ copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in Luxembourg. Cover photo by Jon Shireman and iStock. Designed by Inis Communication.

This project has been funded by UBS Optimus Foundation.

Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Part I – Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Interpersonal violence – a universal challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Part II – State of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Deaths and injuries are only a fraction of the burden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Part III – Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Knowledge of the true extent of the problem is hindered by gaps in data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 National action planning is underway in many countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Countries are investing in prevention but not on a level commensurate with the scale and severity of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Countries can do more to address key risk factors for violence through policy and other measures . . . . 33 Laws relevant to violence have been widely enacted but enforcement is inadequate . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Availability of services to identify, refer, protect and support victims varies markedly . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Part IV – The way forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Recommendations: national, regional and international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Part V – Explanatory notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Method for data collection and validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Estimating global homicide deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Country profiles: explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Part VI – At a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Part VII – Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Part VIII – Country profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Part IX – Statistical annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Preface

Margaret Chan

Helen Clark

Yury Fedotov

Director-General, World Health Organization

Administrator, United Nations Development Programme

Executive Director, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Violence shatters lives. Around the world almost half a million people are murdered each year. Beyond these deaths, millions more children, women and men suffer from the farreaching consequences of violence in our homes, schools and communities. Violence often blights people’s lives for decades, leading to alcohol and drug addiction, depression, suicide, school dropout, unemployment and recurrent relationship difficulties. In crisis and conflict-affected countries, violence can hamper recovery and development efforts by exacerbating societal divisions, perpetuating crime, and in some cases leading to the recurrence of war. In addition, the costs of violence are high. Families on the brink of poverty can be ruined when a breadwinner is killed or disabled because of violence. For nations, social and economic development is eroded by the outlay on the health, criminal justice and social welfare responses to violence. As the late Nelson Mandela wrote in the World iv

Health Organization’s 2002 World report on violence and health, “Many who live with violence day in and day out assume that it is an intrinsic part of the human condition. But this is not so. Violence can be prevented. Governments, communities and individuals can make a difference.” This Global status report on violence prevention 2014 takes stock of how governments are making a difference, by assessing the measures countries are taking to prevent and respond to interpersonal violence. The report – the first of its kind – finds that considerable violence prevention activity is underway around the world. For instance, on average, each of the prevention programmes surveyed was reported to be implemented in about a third of countries; each of the services to protect and support victims surveyed was reported to be in place in just over half of countries; and some 80% of countries were found to have enacted each of the prevention laws surveyed. Preface

But importantly the report also reveals gaps in global violence prevention that must be filled: gaps in knowledge about the extent of the problem; in the quality and reach of prevention programmes; in access to services for victims; in the enforcement of existing laws; and in mechanisms to coordinate multisectoral work. Collaboration across sectors is a necessary starting point for filling these gaps. The health sector must expand its role in violence prevention, increase services for victims and improve the collection of data on violence. The justice and law enforcement sectors must ensure that laws which strengthen violence prevention are promulgated and rigorously applied, that laws discriminating against women are changed, that efforts to improve community policing and problem-orientated policing are intensified, and that institutions to support such efforts are strengthened. The development sector must integrate governance and rule of law more closely with violence prevention programming. Publication of the Global status report on violence 2014 coincides with proposals to include several violence

Preface

prevention goals in the post-2015 development agenda. These include halving violence-related deaths everywhere, ending violence against children and eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls by 2030. Whether or not these goals are eventually adopted, their prominence in the debate so far confirms the relevance of violence prevention to the challenges facing society now and in the future. Indeed, preventing violence is one of the top five priorities expressed by the five million citizens who have conveyed their views on the focus for the new development agenda through the global United Nations-led consultations. The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 builds on existing commitments by several United Nations agencies to support countries in their violence prevention efforts. It identifies clear gaps and opportunities and inspires us to action. Further, it provides a baseline and a set of indicators to track future violence prevention progress. Please join us in ensuring its findings are made use of and its recommendations implemented, particularly as we anticipate the adoption of the post-2015 development agenda. Together we can indeed make a difference.

Acknowledgements The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 benefitted from the contributions of many World Health Organization (WHO) staff and partners from other organizations. Alexander Butchart and Christopher Mikton coordinated and wrote the report. Etienne Krug provided strategic direction. Data management and statistical analysis were conducted by Christopher Mikton and Daniel Hogan, assisted by Kacem Iaych and Charles Upton. Many WHO staff made invaluable contributions to the report. Margie Peden and Tami Toroyan provided guidance based on their experience in producing the Global status report on road safety. Data collection was facilitated by WHO representatives and staff at country level. At WHO regional level, trainings, data collection and validation were carried out by Martial Missimikim and Martin Ekeke Monono (African Region); Alessandra Guedes and Marcelo Korc (Region of the Americas); Rania Saad, Hala Sakr and Joanna Vogel (Eastern Mediterranean Region); Francesco Mitis and Dinesh Sethi (European Region); Salim Chowdhury and Chamaiparn Santikarn (South-East Asia Region); and Jonathon Passmore (Western Pacific Region). Other WHO staff who contributed to the development and production of the report include Avni Amin, Kidist Bartolomeos, Islene Araujo De Carvalho, Alexandra Fleischmann, Claudia Garcia Moreno, Berit Kieselbach, Colin Mathers, Vladimir Poznyak, Florence Rusciano, Claire Scheurer and Laura Sminkey. Country-level data were obtained through the crucial input of: • National Data Coordinators (see Table A1 in Part IX Statistical annex); • all respondents and attendees of the consensus meetings in countries; • government officials who agreed to provide the country information included in the report.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) were cosponsors of the report, and WHO acknowledges the invaluable inputs of Eveline de Brujin, Paul Eavis, Sara Sekkenes, Christi Sletten and Zachary Taylor (UNDP); and Enrico Bisogno, Jenna Dawson-Faber, Steven Malby and Angela Me (UNODC). WHO also thanks the following contributors whose expertise made this report possible: • Linda Dahlberg who provided expert advice and contributed to the final writing up and editing of the report; • Anna Alvazzi del Frate, Mark Bellis, Vivien Carli, Peter Donnelly, Michael Feigelson, Adnan Hyder, Rolf Loeber, Robert Muggah, Bridget Penhale, Irvin Waller, Elizabeth Ward, Charlotte Watts and Anthony Zwi who provided expert advice on the survey design; • Anna Alvazzi del Frate, Avni Amin, Mark Bellis, Vivien Carli, Peter Donnelly, Claudia Garcia Moreno, Jenny Gray, Karen Hughes, James Mercy, Michele MoloneyKitts, Christina Pallitto, Bridget Penhale, Marta Santos Pais, AK Shiva Kumar, Joan van Niekerk, Catherine Ward and Alys Willman who provided peer review comments; • Angela Burton who edited and proofread the report; • Alexandra Lysova who reviewed the literature and assisted with content analysis; • Graphic designers at Inis Communication who produced the design and layout. Finally, WHO wishes to thank the UBS Optimus Foundation for its generous financial support for the development and publication of this report, as well as the Government of Belgium, the Bernard van Leer Foundation, UNDP and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who also provided financial support.

Acknowledgements

Executive summary This report focuses on interpersonal violence, which is violence that occurs between family members, intimate partners, friends, acquaintances and strangers, and includes child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence, sexual violence and elder abuse. Interpersonal violence is a risk factor for lifelong health and social problems. It is both predictable and preventable, and responsibility for addressing it rests clearly with national governments.

Aims of the report The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 represents the progress countries have made in implementing the recommendations of the 2002 World report on violence and health. The specific aims of the report are to: • describe the state of the problem of interpersonal violence worldwide and the extent to which countries are collecting data on fatal and non-fatal violence to inform planning and action; • assess the current status of programme, policy and legislative measures to prevent violence; • evaluate the availability of health care, social and legal services for victims of violence; • identify gaps in tackling the problem of interpersonal violence and stimulate national action to address them. By giving an assessment of violence prevention efforts globally and a snapshot of these efforts by country, the report provides a starting point for tracking future progress and offers a benchmark that countries can use to assess their own progress.

Method Data for this report were systematically gathered from each country in a four-step process which was led by a government-appointed National Data Coordinator. First, within each country a self-administered questionnaire was completed by respondents from ministries of health, justice, education, gender and women, law enforcement and police, children, social development and the interior, and, where relevant, nongovernmental organizations. Second, these respondents held a consensus meeting and agreed on the

Executive summary

data best representing their country. Third, WHO regional and global violence prevention technical staff validated the final data submitted for each country by checking them against independent databases and other sources. Finally, permission to include the final data in the status report was obtained from country government officials.

Coverage This report highlights data from 133 countries, covering 6.1 billion people and representing 88% of the world’s population. Response rates by region varied, covering 63% of the population in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 70% in the African Region, 83% in the European Region, 88% in the Region of the Americas and 97% in both the South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions.

Violence affects the lives of millions, with long-lasting consequences There were an estimated 475 000 deaths in 2012 as a result of homicide. Sixty percent of these were males aged 15–44 years, making homicide the third leading cause of death for males in this age group. Within low- and middleincome countries, the highest estimated rates of homicide occur in the Region of the Americas, with 28.5 homicides per 100 000 population, followed by the African Region with a rate of 10.9 homicides per 100 000 population. The lowest estimated rate of homicide is in the low- and middleincome countries of the Western Pacific Region, with 2.1 per 100 000 population. Over the period 2000–2012, homicide rates are estimated to have declined by just over 16% globally (from 8.0 to 6.7 per 100 000 population), and, in high-income countries, by 39% (from 6.2 to 3.8 per 100 000 population). By contrast, homicide rates in low- and middleincome countries have shown less decline over the same period. For both upper and lower middle-income countries the decline was 13%, and for low-income countries it was 10%. Nevertheless, deaths are only a fraction of the health and social burden arising from violence.

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Women, children and elderly people bear the brunt of nonfatal physical, sexual and psychological abuse: • A quarter of all adults report having been physically abused as children. • One in five women reports having been sexually abused as a child. • One in three women has been a victim of physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in her lifetime. • One in 17 older adults reported abuse in the past month. Such violence contributes to lifelong ill health – particularly for women and children – and early death. Many leading causes of death such as heart disease, stroke, cancer and HIV/AIDS are the result of victims of violence adopting behaviours such as smoking, alcohol and drug misuse, and unsafe sex in an effort to cope with the psychological impact of violence. Violence also places a heavy strain on health and criminal justice systems, social and welfare services and the economic fabric of communities.

Key data on violence are often lacking Despite the magnitude of deaths resulting from violence and the massive scale on which the non-fatal consequences of violence affect women, children and elderly people, there are important gaps in data that undermine violence prevention efforts. Fully 60% of countries do not have usable data on homicide from civil or vital registration sources. For many of the countries where these data do exist, they often lack specificity, such as the sex and age of the victim, the relationship of victim to perpetrator, and the mechanism of homicide – all of which are needed to design and monitor prevention efforts. Most instances of violence against women, children and elderly people do not come to the attention of authorities or service providers, making population-based surveys a critical source of information to document the nature and extent of these problems. More than half of countries surveyed reported gathering data on intimate partner and sexual violence; however, less than half of countries reported conducting population-based surveys on other types of violence such as child maltreatment, youth violence and elder abuse.

National action planning is underway in most countries, but is not always informed by data The different types of violence share many underlying risk factors and important inter-relationships. For example,

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economic inequality, alcohol misuse and inadequate parenting all increase the likelihood of child maltreatment, youth violence and intimate partner and sexual violence against women. Children who suffer rejection, neglect, harsh physical punishment and sexual abuse – or witness violence at home or in the community – are at greater risk of engaging in aggressive and antisocial behaviour at later stages in their development, including violent behaviour as adults. Only about half of countries reported having integrated plans that address multiple types of violence. This suggests that planning may be driven more by efforts to address specific types of violence than the need to create synergies across types of violence. The survey found that national action plans were often present when national survey data were not, suggesting that much planning and policy-making is done in the absence of data. While for some countries this may reflect a lag between calls for data collection and actual data collection improvements, future work should prioritize filling this gap by ensuring that national plans of action are firmly anchored in data on the scale and causes of the different types of violence.

Countries are beginning to invest in prevention, but not on a scale that matches the burden A growing number of scientific studies demonstrate that violence is preventable. Based on systematic reviews of the scientific evidence for prevention, WHO and its partners have identified seven “best buy” strategies – six focusing on preventing violence and one focusing on response efforts. These strategies can potentially reduce multiple types of violence and help decrease the likelihood of individuals perpetrating violence or becoming a victim. The strategies are: 1. developing safe, stable and nurturing relationships between children and their parents and caregivers; 2. developing life skills in children and adolescents; 3. reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol; 4. reducing access to guns and knives; 5. promoting gender equality to prevent violence against women; 6. changing cultural and social norms that support violence; 7. victim identification, care and support programmes.

Executive summary

The survey found that while countries are investing in prevention programmes representative of these strategies, it is not on a level commensurate with the scale and severity of the problem. Across the 18 types of programme asked about in the survey, about a third of countries are implementing them on a larger scale (i.e. across many schools or communities or with a reach to over 30% of the intended target population). Social and cultural norm-change strategies were the most common approach reported to address violence against women, while life skills training and bullying prevention were the most common strategies reported to address youth violence. Countries also reported implementing strategies such as home visits and other parenting education approaches designed to improve parent-child relationships and prevent child maltreatment and the developmental pathways that lead to later violent behaviour. Implementation of strategies to prevent elder abuse was limited at best. Less than a third of the countries surveyed (26%) reported implementing campaigns aimed at educating professionals to recognize the signs and symptoms of elder abuse and improve their problem-solving and case management skills on a larger scale, and only 23% reported implementing public information campaigns on elder abuse.

More can be done to address key risk factors for violence through policy and other measures Violence of all types is strongly associated with social determinants such as weak governance; poor rule of law; cultural, social and gender norms; unemployment; income and gender inequality; rapid social change; and limited educational opportunities. Cross-cutting risk factors such as ease of access to firearms and other weapons and excessive alcohol use are also strongly associated with multiple types of violence. Together these factors create a social climate conducive to violence, and in the absence of efforts to address them, sustained violence prevention gains are difficult to achieve. Any comprehensive violence prevention

Executive summary

strategy must therefore identify ways to mitigate or buffer against these risks. However, few countries are implementing social and educational policy measures to do so. For example, only 40% of countries surveyed report national policies providing incentives for youth at risk of violence to complete secondary schooling. Meanwhile, national level housing policies to reduce the concentration of poverty in urban areas (and explicitly aimed at reducing violence) were reported by just 24% of countries. More countries say they are tackling the harmful use of alcohol, although patterns of risky drinking behaviour remain very high in several countries. Nearly all countries report measures to regulate access to firearms, although the laws themselves and the populations covered vary widely.

Violence prevention laws are widely enacted, but enforcement is often inadequate The enactment and enforcement of legislation on crime and violence are critical for establishing norms of acceptable and unacceptable behaviour, and creating safe and peaceful societies. On average, the laws surveyed were reported to exist by 80% of countries but to be fully enforced by just 57%. The biggest gaps between the existence and enforcement of laws related to bans on corporal punishment (reported to exist in 76% of countries but with only 30% of countries indicating full enforcement); and to domestic/family violence legislation (reported to exist in 87% of countries but with only 44% of countries indicating full enforcement). Focusing on better enforcement of existing laws is likely to lead to significant violence prevention gains. This should include strengthening institutional mechanisms and resources and increasing the human capacity needed to ensure enacted legislation protects people from violence, holds perpetrators to account and creates safe environments for all citizens.

Availability of services to identify, refer, protect and support victims varies markedly Providing high-quality care and support services to victims of violence is important for reducing trauma, helping victims heal and preventing repeat victimization and perpetration. However, despite strong evidence linking experiences of violence to mental health problems, less than half of countries reported the availability of mental health services to address the needs of victims, ranging from two-thirds of countries in the Region of the Americas and the European Region, to only 15% in the African Region. Globally, child protection services were the most widely reported of all services (69% of all countries), followed by medico-legal services for victims of sexual violence. However, the quality of these services and their accessibility to victims were not ascertained, and these relatively high levels of reported availability may conceal low-quality services. Of all services included in the survey, adult protective services were the least reported. Only a third of surveyed countries indicated having adult protective services in place to investigate potential cases of elder abuse, and assist vulnerable older adults. Victim support services often extend beyond medical and other care. Legal representation in criminal courts and receiving compensation from the state are important for all types of interpersonal violence. While the majority of countries (86%) report laws providing victims with legal representation and participation in criminal courts, only 52% indicate having victim compensation legislation. Both the existence of such laws and the extent to which they are enforced vary by country income level, with existence and enforcement appearing to be much greater in high-income countries than elsewhere.

Recommendations The findings of the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 are relevant to national, regional and global violence prevention efforts. Across these levels they offer an opportunity for all violence prevention stakeholders to come together and step up their activities and investments to match the burden and severity of the problem. At a national level, the report’s key recommendations are to: • strengthen data collection to reveal the true extent of the problem;

• develop comprehensive and data-driven national action plans; • integrate violence prevention into other health platforms; • strengthen mechanisms for leadership and coordination; • ensure prevention programmes are comprehensive, integrated and informed by evidence; • ensure that services for victims are comprehensive and informed by evidence; • strengthen support for outcome evaluation studies; • enforce existing laws and review their quality; • implement and enact policies and laws relevant to multiple types of violence; • build capacity for violence prevention. At regional and global levels, the report’s key recommendations are to: • strengthen the global violence prevention agenda; • strengthen support for comprehensive and integrated violence prevention programming; • strengthen efforts of regional and subregional organizations to work with national offices to coordinate data collection and disseminate data gathered; • increase collaboration between international organizations and donor agencies; • set baselines and targets, and track progress . A growing body of research shows that much interpersonal violence can be effectively prevented and its far-reaching consequences mitigated. The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 shows that many countries have begun to implement prevention programmes and victim services, and to develop the national action plans, policies and laws required to support violence prevention and response efforts. At the international level, highlevel resolutions that commit Member States to tackling interpersonal violence within their countries and through the establishment of networks and partnerships have been adopted. Yet, this survey shows that serious gaps remain and that much work is still required to realize the full potential of the growing violence prevention field. No country can rest on its laurels and assume it has successfully addressed interpersonal violence. The international community must continue to recognize interpersonal violence as an important health, criminal justice, development and gender issue, and step up its support for prevention.

Executive summary

Part I â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Background

INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE – A UNIVERSAL CHALLENGE

Interpersonal violence and its consequences More than 1.3 million people worldwide die each year as a result of violence in all its forms (self-directed, interpersonal and collective), accounting for 2.5% of global mortality. For people aged 15–44 years, violence is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide (1). In addition, tens of thousands of people around the world are victims of non-fatal violence every day. These include victims of assault who sustain physical injuries requiring treatment in emergency departments and those who suffer other physical, sexual and psychological abuse, but may not bring it to the attention of health or other authorities. This report focuses on interpersonal violence, which is violence that occurs between family members, intimate partners, friends, acquaintances and strangers, and includes child maltreatment, youth violence (including that associated with gangs), violence against women (for example, intimate partner violence and sexual violence) and elder abuse (2). It is distinct from self-directed violence and collective violence, which are not covered in this report.1 Self-directed violence is that which people inflict upon themselves, such as suicidal behaviour and self-mutilation (2). Collective violence refers to instrumental violence inflicted by larger groups such as nation states, militia groups and terrorist organizations in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives (2).

Violence is “the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.” Source: WHO global consultation on violence and health, 1996 (4).

WHO published Preventing suicide: a global imperative (3) in 2014 (http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_ report_2014/en/, accessed 14 October 2014).

Since 2000, about 6 million people globally have been killed in acts of interpersonal violence, making homicide a more frequent cause of death than all wars combined during this period. Non-fatal interpersonal violence is more common than homicide and has serious and lifelong health and social consequences. Beyond physical injuries, the health effects of violence include disabilities, depression, reproductive and physical health problems, smoking, high-risk sexual behaviours and alcohol and drug misuse – behaviours that link experiences of violence to heart disease, stroke, cancer, HIV/AIDS and a host of other chronic and infectious diseases and early death. Violence places a heavy strain on health and criminal justice systems, and social and welfare services. Violence also erodes the economic fabric of communities as local economies are impacted by workforce absenteeism, lost productivity, loss of human capital, and face disincentives for investment and economic development.

Calls to action Violence has long been recognized as a problem for the criminal justice and defence sectors and has been taken up in various United Nations (UN) resolutions dating back to 1986 (see Box 1). It was put on the international health agenda when the World Health Assembly, at its meeting in Geneva in 1996, adopted a resolution declaring violence a leading worldwide public health problem (WHA49.25). The World Health Assembly called upon Member States to give urgent consideration to the problem of violence and requested the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop a science-based approach to understanding and preventing violence. WHO responded to the resolution in part with the World report on violence and health – the first comprehensive review of violence as a global public health problem (2). The report covered a broad spectrum of violence, from highly visible forms such as youth violence and collective violence, to more hidden forms that occur against women, children and elderly people, as well as self-directed violence. For each, the report described what was known about the magnitude and impact of the problem, the factors Part I – Background

that increase or protect against the risk of violence, the different intervention and policy responses that have been tried and what is known about their effectiveness. It also made recommendations for action at local, national and international levels. In short, the report recommended that governments: 1. create, implement and monitor a national action plan for violence prevention; 2. enhance capacity for collecting data on violence; 3. define priorities for, and support research on, the causes, consequences, costs and prevention of violence;

4. promote primary prevention responses; 5. strengthen responses for victims of violence; 6. integrate violence prevention into social and educational policies, and thereby promote gender and social equality; 7. increase collaboration and exchange of information on violence prevention; 8. promote and monitor adherence to international treaties, laws and other mechanisms to protect human rights; 9. seek practical, internationally agreed responses to the global drugs trade and the global arms trade.

Box 1: Examples of United Nations actions on interpersonal violence While crime prevention has been on the agenda of international organizations since 1872, when the First International Congress on the Prevention and Repression of Crime was held in London, interest in preventing interpersonal violence increased around 30 years ago. In 1986 the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) asserted in the Seville statement on violence that violent behaviour is not genetically programmed into human nature and is therefore preventable (8), and in 1990 the United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency were adopted (9). In 1997, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established and mandated to assist Member States in addressing the interrelated issues of drug control, crime prevention and international terrorism in the context of sustainable development and human security. In 2002, the UN Economic and Social Council adopted the Guidelines for the prevention of crime (10), which set out basic principles and methods for crime prevention and provide guidance for international action. In 1989, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which obliges governments, “to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation” (11). The Committee on the Rights of the Child, which oversees implementation of this convention, has held several thematic discussions on violence against children and called for the UN Study on violence against children (12, 13) which was published in 2006. This report has been followed by several regional reports and by the appointment in 2009 of the UN Secretary General’s Special Representative on Violence against Children, who in 2013 developed the Global survey on violence against children (14). Violence against women has also received considerable attention from UN agencies. In 1993 the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (15). Since 1994 there has been a UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. In 1996 the United Nations Development Fund for Women established its Trust Fund to Eliminate Violence against Women, and in 2006 the UN Secretary General’s In-depth study on all forms of violence against women was published. In 2010, the UN General Assembly adopted the Updated model strategies and practical measures on the elimination of violence against women in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice (16). On its establishment as an organization in 2010, the UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (otherwise known as UN Women) prioritized the prevention of and response to violence against women and works closely with other agencies such as UNODC, the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), UNAIDS and WHO to empower women, prevent violence against them, and mitigate its consequences.

Part I – Background

The report became a catalyst for stimulating awareness and action. WHO regional committees for Africa, the Americas, Europe, and the Western Pacific adopted resolutions endorsing the report’s recommendations and encouraged their Member States to implement them. Heads of state in the African Union and the Council of Europe endorsed the report, as did international nongovernmental organizations such as International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Médecins Sans Frontières and the World Medical Association. At a national level, uptake of the World report on violence and health was reflected in the convening of over 50 policy discussions on the report, and the publication of 25 national reports on violence and health that were modelled on the global report. WHO also developed the methodology for and conducted the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. The report of this study (5) presented the first comparable data on the prevalence of different forms of violence against women, their consequences and risk factors, and the coping strategies that women develop in the face of intimate partner violence. In 2013, WHO

published the first Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health burden of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence (6), and Clinical and policy guidelines for responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women (7). These guidelines have been widely disseminated and nearly 35 countries have participated in related capacity-building workshops. In 2003 the World Health Assembly adopted resolution WHA56.24, which called upon Member States to appoint a focal point within their ministries of health and actively make use of the conclusions and recommendations of the World report on violence and health. In 2014, the World Health Assembly drew attention to the important role of health systems in addressing violence, in particular against women and girls and against children, and called upon WHO’s Director-General to develop a global plan of action to strengthen the role of the health system in addressing interpersonal violence, in particular against women and girls, and against children (WHA67.15).

Part I – Background

Aims of this report

Method

The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 represents the progress countries have made in implementing the recommendations of the World report on violence and health (2). The specific aims of the report are to:

In November 2010 WHO, in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), began developing the Global status report on violence prevention 2014. The method for data collection was modelled on that used in WHO’s first Global status report on road safety (17). It involved systematically gathering data and other information from each country, led by a governmentappointed National Data Coordinator. Within each country, individual respondents from ministries of health, justice, education, gender and women, law enforcement and police, children and social development, interior, and (where relevant) nongovernmental organizations, completed a selfadministered questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on interpersonal violence including child maltreatment, elder abuse, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, youth violence, gang violence and armed violence,2 and included questions covering the following areas:

• describe the current state of the problem around the world and the extent to which countries are collecting data on fatal and non-fatal violence to inform planning and action; • assess the current status of programmatic, policy and legislative measures to prevent violence; • evaluate the status of health, social and legal services for victims of violence; • identify gaps and stimulate national action to address them. By providing an assessment of violence prevention efforts at the global level and a snapshot of the state of violence prevention efforts in each country, the report is a starting point to track future progress and offers a benchmark that countries can use to assess their own progress.

Part I – Background

Armed violence is, “the use or threatened use of weapons to inflict injury, death or psychosocial harm, which undermines development” (18). It is estimated that 90% of armed violence victims die as a result of homicide or from deaths occurring during legal interventions in nonconflict countries (19).

• national plans of action for the prevention of violence overall, and by type of violence; • agencies/departments responsible for overseeing or coordinating violence prevention activities, as well as mechanisms for collaboration and exchange of information on violence prevention; • data on homicide from police and civil or vital registration systems; • data on non-fatal violence from national populationbased surveys; • social and educational policies relevant to multiple types of violence (e.g. incentives for youth at high-risk of violence to complete schooling, policies to reduce poverty in specific areas); • other policies and laws relevant to multiple types of violence (e.g. alcohol, policing strategies, firearms legislation); • prevention policies, programmes and laws by type of violence; • health, social and legal services for victims of violence. A multisectoral group of national counterparts working on violence prevention was then asked to reach a consensus on the data that best represented their country. The final data submitted for each country were then validated by WHO regional and global violence prevention technical staff by checking them against independent databases and other sources. Permission to include the final data in the status report was then obtained from country government officials. More details on the method can be found in Part V, Explanatory notes (page 57).

The narrative section of this report presents an analysis of information aggregated across countries, including estimated rates of homicide based on homicide data reported by countries and from international datasets. Part VI, At a glance, provides an overview of the findings for the five main types of violence covered by the report, namely child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence, sexual violence and elder abuse. Part VIII, Country profiles, describes the main indicators reported by each participating country using a standard template. Part IX, the Statistical annex, includes country-by-country results across several indicators. This report highlights data from 133 countries covering 6.1 billion people and representing 88% of the world’s population. Response rates by region covered 63% of the population in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (16 countries), 70% in the African Region (27 countries), 83% in the European Region (41 countries), 88% in the Region of the Americas (21 countries) and 97% in both the South-East Asia (8 countries) and Western Pacific Regions (20 countries) (see Explanatory notes, Table 7, page 61).

Part I – Background

Part II â&#x20AC;&#x201C; State of the problem

DEATHS AND INJURIES ARE ONLY A FRACTION OF THE BURDEN

Violence is a major contributor to death, disease and disability, and a host of other health and social consequences worldwide. The magnitude of the problem is best represented by a pyramid. Violent deaths are the most visible outcome of violent behaviour recorded in official statistics, yet represent only the apex of the pyramid. Next are victims of violence that come to the attention of health authorities and receive some form of emergency medical, medico-legal or other care. The third, much broader layer at the base of the pyramid includes acts of violence captured in population-based surveys â&#x20AC;&#x201C; acts that may never be reported to health or other authorities. These surveys are critical to documenting the prevalence and consequences of violence against women and girls, child maltreatment and elder abuse. Of course, not all victims of violence are willing to disclose their experiences of violence even in a confidential interview, and the base of the pyramid also comprises the many victims of violence who suffer in silence. As evident from the information presented in this report on fatal and non-fatal violence, the patterns and

consequences of violence are not evenly distributed among countries, regions, or by sex and age. Whereas males are disproportionately represented among victims of violent death and physical injuries treated in emergency departments, women and girls, children and elderly people disproportionately bear the burden of the nonfatal consequences of physical, sexual and psychological abuse, and neglect, worldwide. They also suffer a host of negative health and social consequences from these acts of violence that often last a lifetime and that are not captured in official statistics.

Homicide claimed the lives of an estimated 475 000 people worldwide in 2012 In 2012 an estimated 475 000 people worldwide were victims of homicide, for an overall rate of 6.7 per 100 000 population (see Table 1 and Box 2). Rates in high-income countries from all regions were generally lower than rates in low- and middle-income countries, and there were an estimated 3.8 homicides per 100 000 in all high-income countries combined.

Table 1: Estimated numbers and rates of homicide per 100 000 population, by WHO region and country income status, 2012 WHO region and country income level

Number of homicides

Homicide rate per 100 000 population

98 081

10.9

165 617

28.5

Eastern Mediterranean Region, low- and middle-income

38 447

7.0

European Region, low- and middle-income

10 277

3.8

South-East Asia Region, low- and middle-income

78 331

4.3

Western Pacific Region, low- and middle-income

34 328

2.1

All regions, high-income

48 245

African Region, low- and middle-income Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income

Global

474 937

3.8 a

6.7

a. Includes 1604 homicides estimated for non-member states.

Part II â&#x20AC;&#x201C; State of the problem

Box 2: Estimating global deaths resulting from homicide Producing global estimates of the number of deaths resulting from homicide requires a complex procedure of data collection and validation. Discrepancies in the estimates produced at international level – namely between the data provided by countries for the Global status report on violence prevention 2014, data from UNODC’s global studies on homicide (20, 21) and data from WHO’s Mortality Database – can originate either during data collection or validation. Data collection at national level draws on different sources, usually including the criminal justice system (i.e. from police or prosecuting authorities) and civil or vital registration systems, each of which may use different definitions of homicide. Moreover, multiple channels of data collection exist between countries and international organizations, and these can result in differences in data supplied to different organizations. International agencies may also use different procedures to validate country data. Finally, different definitional frameworks can exist, both at national and international level. The estimates of numbers and rates for deaths resulting from homicide presented in this report, and the proportion of homicides by mechanism (for example, firearm and sharp force), were based on information from several sources. These included data provided by countries from police and vital registration sources; data from UNODC’s global studies on homicide (20, 21); and data from WHO’s Mortality Database. The estimation process used observed data on homicide rates, in conjunction with regression modelling for countries without sufficient data availability or quality, to compute comparable estimates of homicide rates and numbers across countries. As a result of the estimation process, the estimates will not always match reported criminal justice and vital registration figures. Full details of the estimation procedures used in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 are given on page 62, while methodological details on the data published by UNODC appear in the global studies on homicide (20, 21). These differences in data collection, validation, and methods of statistical estimation explain discrepancies between the figures presented in this report and those published by UNODC, as shown in Table A3 of the Statistical annex.

For low- and middle-income countries, the highest estimated rates of homicide are in the Region of the Americas, with an annual rate of 28.5 deaths per 100 000 population, followed by the African Region with a rate of 10.7 per 100 000 population. The lowest estimated rates of homicide are in the low- and middle-income countries of the Western Pacific Region (2.1 per 100 000) with an annual rate that is three times lower than the global rate of homicide, and just under two times lower than the rate for all high-income countries combined and that for the European Region (see Table 1).

Young males bear the burden of homicide Fatal violence is not distributed evenly among sex and age groups. Males account for 82% of all homicide victims and have estimated rates of homicide that are more than four times those of females (10.8 and 2.5, respectively, per 100 000) (see Table 2). The highest estimated rates of homicide in the world are found among males aged

Part II – State of the problem

15–29 years (18.2 per 100 000), followed closely by males aged 30–44 years (15.7 per 100 000). Estimated rates of homicide among females range from 1.2 per 100 000 in ages 5–14 years, to 3.2 per 100 000 in the age group 15–29 years.

Table 2: Estimated homicide rate per 100 000 population by age group and sex, 2012, world Age group (years) 0–4 5–14 15–29 30–44 45–59 > 60 Total

Homicide rate per 100 000 population Male 2.8 1.7 18.2 15.7 10.2 6.7 10.8

Female 2.7 1.2 3.2 2.7 2.0 2.7 2.5

Total 2.7 1.5 10.9 9.3 6.1 4.5 6.7

Figure 1: Homicide rate per 100 000 population by age group and country income level, 2012, world

HomicidesHomicides per 100 000 per population 100 000 population

Figure 1 16 15 14 16 13 15 12 14 11 13 10 129 118 107 96 85 74 63 52 41 30 2 1 0

High

Figure 1

Upper middle High Lower middle Upper middle Low Lower middle Low

0–4 0–4

5–14 5–14

15–29

30–44

Age in years 15–29 30–44

45–59 45–59

60+ Figure 2

Age in years

The disproportionate impact of homicide on youth is a consistent pattern across all levels of country income (see Figure 1). It is however much more pronounced in low- and upper middle-income countries than in lower middle- and high-income countries. Furthermore, the effects of country income on homicide rates differ by age group.

60+

Figure 2: Proportion of all homicides by Figure 2 mechanism, world, 2012 Other 25% Other 25%

In the age ranges 0–4 and 5–14 years, homicide rates increase progressively from high- to low-income countries (see Figure 1). By contrast, homicide rates in the 15–29 and 30–44 year age ranges are highest in upper middleincome countries, followed by low-income countries. This may reflect the influence of factors other than income and which may be specific to upper middle-income countries in Figure 3 the Region of the Americas.

Firearm 48% Firearm 48%

Sharp force 27% Sharp force 27%

Other Figure 3One in every two homicides is committed with Firearm a firearm – although this varies markedly by Sharp force 33% Other 9% region When women are killed, it is often 32%their partner who is Firearm responsible. In 2013 WHO and others estimated that as Approximately one in every two homicides is committed withforce 75% Sharp 33% 16% 9% many as 38% of female homicides32% globally were committed a firearm, and one in four with a sharp instrument such as by male partners while the corresponding figure for men a knife (see Figure 2), although the 75% mechanism of homicide 35% 16%

For women, homicide is often at the hands of partners

was 6% (6, 22). Of the statistics on these female homicide victims, 20% were lacking data on perpetrator-victim 35%low- and middle-income African Region, relationship (22). African Region, low- and middle-income 10

27%

47%

varies markedly by region. While firearm homicides account for 75% of all homicides in the low- and middle-income Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income countries of the Region of the Americas, they account for Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income 38%

25%

Part II – State of the problem

25%

Firearm 48%

only 25% of homicides in the low- and middle-income countries of the European Region, where 37% of homicides involve sharp instruments (see Figure 3). Homicides by sharp

force are estimated to comprise 35% of homicides in the force26% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, AfricanSharp Region, 27% and 38% in the South-East Asia Region.

Figure 3: Proportion of homicides by mechanism and WHO region, 2012 Figure 3

33%

Other Firearm Sharp force

32%

75%

16% 35% African Region, low- and middle-income

Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income

47%

27%

25%

38%

37%

26% Eastern Mediterranean Region, low- and middle-income

European Region, low- and middle-income

26%

38%

23%

36% 38%

39%

South-East Asia Region, low- and middle-income

Western Pacific Region, low- and middle-income

31% 47%

22% All regions, high-income Figure 4 Part11 II â&#x20AC;&#x201C; State of the problem

Low

22% All regions, high-income

Figure 4: Trends in estimated rates of homicide by country income status, 2000–2012, world Figure 4 11

Low

Homicides per 100 000 population

10 Lower middle

9 8

Upper middle

7 6

High

5 4

World

3 2 1 0 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Year

5 reported decline was 13%, and for low-income countries Cultural factors, whether an incident involves childFigure the maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence it was 10%. or sexual violence against women or elder abuse, and the availability of weapons often determine how weapons Hundreds of thousands of victims of violence are used in interpersonal violence (2). Firearms are highly receive emergency medical care each year prevalent in the Region of the Americas and are the For every violence-related death there are many more predominant weapon used in violent encounters, including individuals who seek emergency treatment for an injury intimate partner homicides. In other regions, weapons such sustained from an act of interpersonal violence. For example, as knives and beatings with fists, feet or objects are more in a nationally representative study of violence-related common. The weapons used in interpersonal violence also injury cases presenting at emergency departments during a differ substantially from one type of violence to another. Blunt 1-month period in Brazil, there were 4835 cases of violencetrauma and suffocation, for instance, are more common in related injury, of which 91% were victims of interpersonal cases of fatal child maltreatment. In contrast, cases of youth violence and 9% were the result of self-directed violence. violence are more likely to feature lethal weapons such as More than half of the victims (55%) were also young, aged firearms or knives (2). In some countries, so-called honour 10–29 years (23). In the United States of America, 1 723 515 killings and death by fire account for a significant number people were treated in emergency departments in 2012 for of reported cases of lethal intimate partner violence against injuries sustained in an assault; 37% were aged 10–24 (24). women. In Cape Town, South Africa, analysis of 9236 consecutive trauma centre admissions from October 2010 to September Homicides are declining fast in high-income showed that assault with a sharp instrument (21%) or Figure 2011 6 countries but more slowly elsewhere blunt object (17%) were the two most common mechanisms Over the period 2000–2012, homicide rates are estimated of injury, that over 70% of all cases were males, and 42% Male to have declined 40% by just over 16% globally (from 8.0 to 6.7 were aged 18–30 years (25). 38% per 100 000 population), and, in high-income countries, Female 35% by 39% (from 6.2 to 3.8 per 100 000 population, see Globally, an estimated 42% of 33% women who have been 32% 30% Figure 4). By contrast, homicide rates in low- and middlephysically and/or sexually abused by a partner have income countries25% have shown less decline over the same 28% experienced injuries as a result of that violence (6). period. For both upper and lower middle-income countries Estimates from some countries indicate that more than 20%

15% 10%

18%

Part II – State of the problem

13%

one in four women injured by an intimate partner requires medical care (26). Blunt-force injuries by an intimate partner are most commonly inflicted on the head, face and neck, followed by musculoskeletal and genital injuries (6, 27). Children who suffer physical abuse may manifest a variety of internal and external injuries that can be life threatening (28). Abusive head trauma is a common cause of injuries in very young children. Skull fractures, retinal haemorrhaging, subdural haematomas, neurological disabilities, cortical blindness and seizures are some of the common injuries related to abusive head trauma (28). Injuries that are unexplained or inconsistent with the history provided by the child or a caregiver may also suggest abuse. Elder abuse can also lead to physical injuries ranging from minor scratches and bruises to broken bones and head injuries that lead to lasting disabilities. For older people, the consequences of abuse can be especially serious because their bones are more brittle and convalescence takes longer. Even relatively minor injuries can cause serious and permanent damage, or death (29).

Women, children and elderly people bear the burden of the non-fatal consequences of physical, sexual and psychological abuse Violence against women, against children, and elder abuse are particularly prone to underreporting in official death statistics, police reports and data on injuries treated in hospital emergency departments. In the case of violent deaths, there can be significant levels of misclassification

of deaths from intimate partner violence, with deaths often being attributed to another cause (for example, a kitchen accident or a fall). Furthermore, information about the victim-perpetrator relationship is often missing from official homicide statistics. Many child and elderly deaths are also not routinely investigated or subject to postmortem examination, which makes it difficult to establish the precise numbers of fatalities from abuse. In the case of police reports of non-fatal violence and injuries treated in hospital emergency departments, factors such as the severity of the violence, the age of the victim, whether the perpetrator was known to the victim and lack of access or distrust in health or police authorities impact the likelihood of a victim coming forward to report their assault. Much of what is known about violence against women, children and older adults comes from population-based surveys and special studies. These studies indicate that physical, sexual and psychological abuse are widespread and undermine the health and well-being of millions of women, children and older adults worldwide. These studies also underscore the fact that a reliance on routinely collected data from police and health services is inadequate for the design and monitoring of comprehensive prevention plans addressing these forms of violence. For example, population-based surveys of intimate partner violence against women show that 20% to 60% of women have told no one about the violence and few have sought institutional help, including from health care services. Of women who were injured due to violence, 48% reported needing health care for the injury, but only 36% actually sought it (5).

ÂŠ UN Photo/Gaston Guarda.

Part II â&#x20AC;&#x201C; State of the problem

Figure 5: Prevalence of intimate partner violence, by WHO region

25.4%

WHO European Region

23.2%

24.6%

37.0%

High Income

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

29.8%

WHO Region of the Americas

Western Pacific Region

37.7%

South-East Asia Region

36.6% WHO African Region

Region of the Americas

Eastern Mediterranean Region

South-East Asia Region

African Region

European Region

Western Pacific Region High income countries

Source: WHO Global and regional estimates of violence against women (6)

About 30% of ever-partnered women throughout the world have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives

One in five girls has been sexually abused during childhood, with estimates from some countries placing that proportion closer to one in three

Global estimates of intimate partner violence perpetrated by men against women indicate that 30% of ever-partnered women (about one in three) worldwide have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives (see Figure 5) (6). In the African, Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia Regions, approximately 37% of ever-partnered women report experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lives, followed by the Region of the Americas, with approximately 30% of women reporting lifetime exposure. Globally, 7.2% of women also report experiencing sexual violence by other perpetrators (6).

Estimates of child maltreatment indicate that nearly a quarter of adults (22.6%) worldwide suffered physical abuse as a child, 36.3% experienced emotional abuse and 16.3% experienced physical neglect, with no significant differences between boys and girls (30–32). However, the lifetime prevalence rate of childhood sexual abuse indicates more marked differences by sex – 18% for girls and 7.6% for boys (33). National surveys of violence against children conducted in Africa reveal much higher rates of childhood physical, sexual and emotional abuse than the global rates.

Part II – State of the problem

Figure 6: Lifetime prevalence of child sexual violence in Kenya, Tanzania, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, Figure 6 by sex 40%

Male 38%

35%

Female 33%

32%

30% 25%

28%

20% 15%

18%

10%

13% 9%

5% 0%

Kenya

Republic of Tanzania

Swaziland*

Zimbabwe

*Only girls were surveyed in Swaziland Source: Violence Against Children Surveys (34–37).

Findings from the Violence Against Children Surveys 23.8% in Austria and 32% in Belgium (38–40). In studies of Figure 8 conducted in Kenya, the Republic of Tanzania, Swaziland vulnerable elders (for example, those suffering dementia or and Zimbabwe, for instance, indicate that about one in three living in a residential institution for older adults), nearly 25% 100%experienced sexual abuse during their childhood. For girls reported significant levels of psychologicalPolice abuse (41). With 95% 90% boys, the reported prevalence of childhood sexual abuse a rapidly ageing population in countries around 93% Civil or the vitalworld, 88% 88% 86% 85% 80% registration ranged from 9% in Zimbabwe to 18% in Kenya (see Figure the number of elderly adults vulnerable to abuse, neglect 6).70% The reported prevalence of childhood physical abuse was and exploitation is expected to grow. 69% 60% 53% and 76% in Kenya, the Republic of Tanzania, between 59% 50%Zimbabwe, with somewhat higher rates of childhood and Violence contributes to lifelong ill health, 40% abuse experienced by boys than girls. The reported physical particularly for women and 40%children 30% prevalence of childhood physical abuse of girls in Swaziland 30% The non-fatal consequences of violence are by far the 25% abuse 25% 20%22%. The reported prevalence of emotional was greatest part of the social and health burden arising from 10% childhood for the four countries was between 24% during violence (see Figure 7). Physical injuries themselves are and0%38%, with similar rates indicated by boys and girls African Region of the Eastern European South-East Westernof negative behavioural, outweighed by the wide spectrum (34–37). Region Americas Mediterranean Region Asia Region Pacific Region cognitive, mental health, sexual and reproductive health Region problems, chronic diseases and social effects that arise Globally, 6% of older adults report significant from exposure to violence. All types of violence have been abuse in the past month strongly linked to negative health consequences across Elder abuse has not been studied to the same extent as the lifespan, but violence against women and children other types of violence. The only available global estimate contributes disproportionately to the health burden. The Figure 9 available evidence shows that victims of child maltreatment shows that 6% of older adults reported significant abuse in the past month (38). National surveys conducted in and women who have experienced intimate partner predominately high-income countries find wide variation and sexual violence have more health problems, incur in rates of abuse in the past year among adults aged over significantly higher health care costs, make more visits to 60 years. For instance, reported rates of abuse among older health providers over their lifetimes and have more hospital adults living in private households range from 0.8% in Spain stays (and longer duration of hospital stays) than those who and 2.6% in the United Kingdom to upwards of 18% in Israel, have not experienced violence (2, 27). 60% 57%

50% of the problem Part II – State 40%

41%

52%

Violence against women and girls is an important risk factor for HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies and other reproductive health problems. For example, women who have experienced intimate partner violence have a 16% greater chance of having a low birth weight baby and are more than twice as likely to have an induced abortion (6). In certain regions of the world, women who have experienced intimate partner violence are 1.5

times more likely to acquire HIV and 1.6 times more likely to have syphilis (6). Violence against women and children has also been strongly linked to many other adverse health outcomes affecting the brain and nervous system, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems, and immune and endocrine function (endocrine glands secrete hormones that control and coordinate activities throughout the body) (27, 28).

Figure 7: Behavioural and health consequences of violence

Physical

Mental health and behavioural

Sexual and reproductive health

Chronic disease

Unintended pregnancy

Arthritis and asthma

Pregnancy complications

Cancer

Alcohol and drug abuse Abdominal injuries Thoracic injuries Brain injuries Burns/scalds Fractures Lacerations Disability

Depression and anxiety Post-traumatic stress disorder Eating and sleep disorders Attention deficits Hyperactivity Externalizing behaviour Smoking Suicidal thoughts Suicidal behaviour

Unsafe abortions

Cardiovascular disorders Diabetes

Gynaecological disorders

Kidney problems

Complex pain syndromes

Stroke

Liver disease

Chronic pelvic pain HIV Other sexually transmitted infections

Unsafe sex

Part II â&#x20AC;&#x201C; State of the problem

Exposure to violence is also strongly associated with highrisk behaviours such as alcohol and drug abuse and smoking, which in turn are key risk factors for several leading causes of death, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease and other noncommunicable diseases (42–44). Victims of violence are also at higher risk of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behaviour (27, 28, 45, 46). Both exposure to violence and men’s perpetration of violence against women have been shown to be associated with high-risk sexual behaviours (47, 48). For example, findings from a multi-country study in Eastern Europe found a substantially greater risk of problem drinking (10 times) and drug use (six times) among young adults who had four or more adverse experiences in childhood compared to young adults without these experiences (42). Young adults who experienced adverse events in their childhood also had a 2.4 times increased risk of cancer, 5.8 times risk of stroke and 49-fold increased risk of attempting suicide compared to those without adverse child experiences (42). Women exposed to intimate partner violence are almost twice as likely to have an alcohol use disorder, twice as likely to experience depression, and have a 4.5-fold increased risk of suicide attempts compared to women Part II – State of the problem

who have not been exposed to partner violence (6). Women who have experienced non-partner sexual violence are also 2.3 times more likely to have alcohol use disorders and 2.6 times more likely to have depression or anxiety than women who have not (6).

Violence has high economic costs – preventing violence can promote economic growth The health and social consequences of violence take an economic toll on countries too, although the precise burden is unknown, particularly in developing countries where economic losses and impact tend to be underestimated. The provision of treatment, mental health services, emergency care and criminal justice responses are some of the direct costs associated with violence. There are also a wide range of indirect costs. Victims of violence are more likely to experience spells of unemployment, absenteeism, and to suffer health problems that affect job performance (49). Other indirect costs include those related to lost productivity because of premature death; long-term disability; the provision of places of safety for children and women; disruptions to daily life because of fears for personal safety; and disincentives to investment and tourism (49). 17

Findings from various cost studies show that most countries expend a significant amount of resources in responding to violence. It was estimated in 2004 that direct and indirect economic costs of violence were equivalent to 0.4% of gross domestic product (GDP) in Thailand, 1.2% of GDP in Brazil and 4% of GDP in Jamaica (49). In the United States, the total lifetime economic burden resulting from new cases of fatal and non-fatal child maltreatment is approximately US$ 124 billion annually (in 2010 dollars) (50). The annual economic cost of violence against women is estimated to be US$ 5.8 billion in the United States for the year 2003 (51). A few efforts have been made to estimate the potential benefits of violence prevention to national economies. Comparison of data from Costa Rica (with a homicide rate of 8.1 100 000 population) with four nearby countries (Guyana

with 16.1; Dominican Republic with 16.5; Jamaica with 33.8; and Haiti with 33.9) suggests significant gains could be made by these four countries if violence could be reduced to Costa Rica’s level. Guyana and the Dominican Republic would benefit from growth rate increases of 1.7 and 1.8% respectively, while Haiti and Jamaica could both increase annual economic growth per capita by an estimated 5.4% (52). This section has shown that violence is a significant public health problem in its own right, and a major risk factor for lifelong ill health and other social problems that in combination can lead to substantial economic costs. It is against this backdrop that Part III, Findings, describes what countries are doing to prevent violence and mitigate its consequences, as indicated by their survey responses.

Part II – State of the problem

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

KNOWLEDGE OF THE TRUE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM IS HINDERED BY GAPS IN DATA

Reliable data on the nature and extent of violence, the populations at risk and the causes and consequences of violence are essential to developing well-informed national plans of action and policies, programmes and services to prevent and respond to violence. Data on both fatal and non-fatal violence are necessary to inform these efforts. Countries were asked to provide information on deaths as well as on national population-based surveys that capture information on victimization which may or may not have been reported to police or other authorities. For deaths, countries were asked to provide information on homicide from police data and from civil or vital registration data. Both sources of data have their strengths and weaknesses. Strengths of police data include the detailed nature of the information included, their comprehensiveness (compared to other crimes, homicide data suffer much less from underreporting), and their validity and consistency. Weaknesses of police data include the fact that within and between countries there can be wide variation in homicide information collected by law enforcement authorities because of varying legal thresholds for classifying a death

as an intentional homicide, and because of varying police and law enforcement capacity to identify and record homicide events (53). For instance, infanticide leading to death or so-called “honour killings” may not be recorded as intentional homicides in police statistics (53). Civil or vital registration systems, on the other hand, typically record homicides using the International Classification of Disease (ICD) external cause of injury codes (see ICD10, chapter 20) (54). The manner (or intent) of death is determined by a medical professional (for example, a coroner or medical examiner) along with the underlying cause (the way in which the person sustained the fatal injury – for example, gunshot, strangulation). For a death to be classified as homicide, there must be a preponderance of evidence indicating that the injuries were inflicted by another person with the intent to injure or kill. In general, civil or vital registration systems are not subject to legal thresholds for classifying a death as a homicide. Thus, some cases may fall in the so-called undetermined intent category because of insufficient evidence to determine the manner of death. However, unlike criminal justice data, these systems

Part III – Findings

Kenya

Republic of Tanzania

Swaziland*

Zimbabwe

Figure 8: Proportion of countries with available data on the number of homicides, by source (n = 133 reporting countries) Figure 8 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

95%

93%

86%

Police 88%

88%

Civil or vital registration

85%

69% 59% 40% 30%

African Region

25%

Region of the Americas

25%

Eastern Mediterranean Region

European Region

South-East Asia Region

Western Pacific Region

record all causes of death, which facilitates adjustments and response efforts. For instance, 36% of countries report to correct for incompleteness when computing national being unable to provide a breakdown of homicide by sex totals. Nonetheless, the quality of public health data on Figurein9 their police data and more than half (54%) are not able homicides is influenced by factors similar to police data, to provide this breakdown in their civil or vital registration including insufficient professional health staff (especially data. In addition, 13% of countries (over one third in the in developing countries), problems of undercounting when Eastern Mediterranean Region) say they lack annual data on not all deaths are properly examined and certified, and the homicide for the period 2001–2010 to track trends. Countries possibility that cause of death assessments are changed by were not asked about information on victim-perpetrator coroners after statistics are produced (20). relationships or about the circumstances surrounding the violent death. However, other studies (20,21) have found 60% that few systems collect such information, making it difficult Fully 60% of countries do not have usable data 57% 50% from civil or vital registration to classify homicides by type of violence (for example, those on homicide 52% resulting from child maltreatment, elder abuse or from sources 40% 41% intimate partner violence). Without more detailed data, the 30% The findings from the survey show substantial gaps in measures countries are taking to prevent homicide run the 30% data across20% the two sources of homicide information. The26% risk of being poorly targeted and less effective than they majority of countries (88%) report having data on homicide 17% could be. 10% from police sources. However, fully11% 60% of countries do not 6% have usable 0% data on homicide from civil or vital registration All types of Armed Gang Youth Approximately Child Intimate Sexual 43% of countries reporting Elder the availability sources, while about 9% of countries having neither violence violencereportviolence violence ofmaltreatment abuse police homicidepartner data do notviolence use a standard definition to violence police nor vital registration data on homicide. Within certain classify homicides (e.g. UNODC’s International Classification WHO regions, the availability of data on fatal violence is even of Crime for Statistical Purposes) (55); for countries reporting more limited. For instance, in the Eastern Mediterranean homicide data from civil or vital registration sources, about Region some 30% of countries report missing homicide data 14% are not using a standard definition (e.g. ICD-10 external from police sources, and in the African and South-East Asia cause of injury codes) (54). Countries should identify ways to Regions, 70%–75% of countries indicate they are missing Figure strengthen 10 data from both sources and should also look for homicide data from civil or vital registration sources (see ways to link data from these and other sources to provide Figure 8). Data on homicides also remain insufficiently more complete and comprehensive information to target detailed 100%in many countries to guide and monitor prevention National prevention efforts. 90%

action plan

80%

Survey data 21

Part III – Findings

70%

71%

68%

Figure 9

Figure 9: Proportion of countries that have conducted national prevalence surveys on different types of violence (n = 133 reporting countries) 60% 57%

50% 40% 30%

41% 30%

26%

20% 10% 0%

52%

11%

All types of violence

Armed violence

17% 6%

Gang violence

Youth violence

Child maltreatment

Intimate partner violence

Sexual violence

Elder abuse

For most types of violence, under half of countries reported having conducted nationally representative population-based surveys

type of violence the most extensively surveyed of all, followed closely by population-based surveys that include Figure 10sexual violence (see Figure 9). Data on intimate partner and sexual violence have typically been collected either in dedicated surveys of violence against women, or as part While 100%the majority of countries say they have data on fatal of demographic and health or reproductive health surveys. National violence from either police or vital registration sources, action plan 90% About two thirds of countries in the European Region for most types of violence less than half of countries and Region of the Americas (68% and 67% respectively) Survey data 80% surveyed report having conducted nationally representative indicated that they have conducted surveys on intimate 70% prevalence surveys (see Figure 9). 71% partner 68% violence compared to 52% of countries in the African 65% 60% Region, 38% of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean 57% Even though gang violence and armed 53% violence are highly 50% Region and 25% of countries in the South-East Asia Region. 52% visible types of violence, few countries have gathered About half (52%) of countries 41% indicated that they have 40% systematic 40% data to determine the prevalence and41% conducted national surveys that included questions on 37% 30% characteristics of these types of violence at a national sexual violence, including many countries in Africa (67%), 26% 20% level. Only 6% of countries report the conducting of national and between 25% and 62% in other WHO regions. 17% surveys violence and 11% of countries report 10% on gang 11% 6% the conducting of surveys on armed violence, including in 0% Countries reported that sexual violence was the countries where indicate serious Armed smaller-scale Gang studiesYouth Child Intimate Sexual Elder predominant type of violence surveyed across all levels of violence maltreatment partner violence abuse problems with gangs andviolence gun violence.violence Further, only 26% country income status, with 52% indicating that they have violence indicate that they have surveyed youth violence, including conducted a national prevalence survey on sexual violence 29% of countries in the Region of the Americas and 43% of (see Table 3). While the proportion of countries reporting countries in the European Region. Where conducted, such that they have conducted national surveys on various types surveys have typically gathered population-based data on of violence was consistently lower in low-income countries bullying, physical fighting and school violence. relative to middle- and high-income countries, this was not the case with sexual violence. More low-income countries Figure 11 Intimate partner violence is the most reported conducting population-based surveys that included extensively surveyed of all types of violence questions on sexual violence than high-income countries. Approximately 57% of countries indicatedprogrammes that they (YV) had Life skills/social development conducted national surveys on violence against women Social and cultural norms change (SV) which focused on intimate partner violence, making this Social and cultural norms change (IPV)

51%

Approximately four in 10 countries (41%) report that they 50% have conducted national surveys on child maltreatment (see 49%

Bullying prevention (YV) 22

47%

Caregiver support programmes (EA)

39%

Pre-school enrichment (YV)

38%

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

Figure 9), with 60% of countries in the European Region having done so compared with 43% in the Region of the Americas, 33% in the African Region and 13% of countries in the South-East Asia Region. These differences are also evident when looking at country income status. Only 14% of low-income countries report having conducted surveys on child maltreatment compared to nearly half of high- and middle-income countries (47% and 45% respectively) (see Table 3). About one in six (17%) countries reports having conducted a survey on elder abuse (see Figure 9), including 32% of countries in the European Region, 19% of countries in the Region of the Americas and between 7%â&#x20AC;&#x201C;13% in other regions, with the exception of the South-East Asia Region

where no country indicates having conducted such a survey. Elder abuse was reportedly also the least surveyed of the different types of violence in low-income countries. It is important to note that survey respondents were not always aware that national prevalence surveys had been conducted in their countries. Where this was the case, information about the existence of relevant surveys was shared with countries during the validation process. It is nonetheless possible that existing surveys have been missed. In addition, countries may have categorized a single survey as providing information on several different forms of violence (for example, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child maltreatment) or have incorrectly categorized a small-scale survey as a national survey.

Table 3: Population-based surveys by type of violence and country income status (n = 133 reporting countries)a Type of violence

High-income

Middle-income

Low-income

Armed violence

13%

11%

10%

Child maltreatment

47%

45%

14%

Elder abuse

34%

11%

Intimate partner violence

58%

62%

38%

Sexual violence

47%

53%

52%

Youth violence

47%

18%

14%

Survey covering all types

45%

27%

14%

There were too few reported surveys of gang violence for inclusion in this table.

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

NATIONAL ACTION PLANNING IS UNDERWAY IN MANY COUNTRIES

Developing a national action plan is a key step towards effective violence prevention. It is a way for countries to articulate how violence impacts the health, economic viability and safety and security of a nation. It also provides direction to policy-makers and others about what needs to be done and how best to achieve sustainable reductions in violence. As outlined in the recommendations of the World report on violence and health (2), a national action plan should include: objectives; priorities; strategies; assigned responsibilities; a timetable and evaluation mechanism; and adequate financial resources for implementation. The plan should also be based on input from a wide range of governmental and nongovernmental actors, and feature coordinating mechanisms at local and national levels to enable collaboration between sectors, with a specific organization mandated to monitor and report periodically on progress. Formulating a national action plan therefore involves considerable time and resources, and the existence of such a plan can thus be assumed to indicate a firm commitment to addressing the problem.

Plans that encompass all types of interpersonal violence are less common than those for specific types of violence

For example, children who suffer rejection, neglect, harsh physical punishment and sexual abuse – or witness violence at home or in the community – are at greater risk of engaging in aggressive and antisocial behaviour at later stages in their development, including engaging in violent behaviour as adults (56, 57). About half (51%) of countries surveyed indicated that they had integrated plans that address multiple types of violence (see Table 4). This suggests that in about half of countries, planning may be driven more by efforts to address specific types of violence than efforts to create synergies across types of violence. Integrated plans addressing all types of violence were far more frequent in the Region of the Americas (76%) than in other regions. Many countries include intimate partner violence and sexual violence in their national plans to address violence against women. Approximately three out of every four countries reported having national action plans for child maltreatment (71%), followed by national action plans for intimate partner violence (68%) and sexual violence (65%), and youth violence (53%). Less than half of the surveyed countries reported plans to address elder abuse (41%), armed violence (40%) or gang violence (37%) (see Table 4).

The different types of violence share many underlying risk factors and are related to each other in important ways.

Table 4: National action plans by type of violence and WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries) Type of violence

African region

Region of the Americas

Armed violence

41%

62%

44%

32%

50%

25%

40%

Gang violence

30%

62%

44%

33%

38%

25%

37%

Youth violence

41%

71%

44%

63%

38%

45%

53%

Child maltreatment

56%

91%

69%

78%

88%

55%

71%

Intimate partner violence

63%

86%

44%

78%

75%

55%

68%

Sexual violence

70%

86%

38%

63%

75%

60%

65%

Elder abuse

33%

52%

50%

39%

50%

35%

41%

Plan covering all types

41%

76%

50%

46%

50%

51%

Eastern European South- Western Mediterranean Region East Asia Pacific Region Region Region

All countries

Part III – Findings

Figure 10: Proportion of countries with national survey data and national action plans, by type of violence (n = 133 reporting countries) Figure 10 100% 90%

National action plan

80%

Survey data

70%

71%

68%

60% 50% 40%

53% 40%

41%

26%

20% 10% 0%

52%

41%

37%

30%

65% 57%

11%

Armed violence

17% 6%

Gang violence

Youth violence

Child maltreatment

Intimate partner violence

Sexual violence

Elder abuse

The Eastern Mediterranean Region reported the lowest for improvements in the capacity to collect data. Comparing frequency of national action plans to address intimate the extent to which national plans of action coincide with partner violence (44%) and sexual violence (38%). In the the availability of national population-based surveys for Figure 11 African Region, plans to address sexual violence, intimate non-fatal violence thus provides insight into the relationship partner violence and child maltreatment were reported by between data, policy and planning. more than half of countries (70%, 63%, 56% respectively), Life skills/social development programmes (YV) 51% whereas for youth, armed, and gang violence, only 30%– Globally, many more countries reported that they had plans Social and cultural norms change (SV) 50% 41% of countries in the region reported plans of action to of action to reduce violence than population-based surveys Social andPlans cultural (IPV) 49% address these types of violence. of norms actionchange to address (see Figure 10). This was less the case for intimate partner prevention (YV) Bullying 47% women, with the number of elder abuse were indicated in fewer than half of all countries and sexual violence against Caregiver support in the African, European and Western Pacificprogrammes Regions. (EA) countries reporting 39% national action plans on these types of Pre-school enrichment (YV)

National plans are not always informed by Parenting education (CM) data Child sexual abuse prevention (CM)

violence 11–13 percentage points higher than the number 38% of countries reporting surveys. Many countries include both 38% intimate partner and 37%sexual violence in their national plans to address violence against women and often include both 36% intimate partner violence and sexual violence in population35% based surveys. The most frequently reported plans of action 35% were for child maltreatment (71% of countries), which 35% points more than the percentage of was 30 percentage 29% surveys on child maltreatment. Similar countries reporting 26%plans of action and available survey data gaps between were seen23% for armed and gang violence and elder abuse, with about23% three times as many countries reporting plans of action for22% these types of violence than countries with survey data on them.

National action plans and information from data systems Residential care policies (EA) should be mutually reinforcing since good epidemiological Prevention programmes for school and college populations (SV) data are needed to discern where violence is occurring, the After-school programmes (YV) groups at greatest risk and to track and monitor progress. Home visiting (CM) Without an understanding of the extent and causes of Improving physical environments (SV) violence it is difficult to formulate effective national plans campaigns (EA) of action or other policyProfessional frameworksawareness for violence prevention. Mentoring (YV) Ideally, the collection and analysis of data on the prevalence of – and risk factors for –Public fatalinformation and non-fatal violence campaigns (EA) should therefore precede the formulationDating of national violenceplans (IPV) of action. However, where no such data collection systems Microfinance with gender equity training (IPV) 21% and survey findings are available, it is also logical for authorities to develop a national plan of action that calls 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Part III – Findings

Regionally, the African Region had the largest gap between plans of action and available survey data across most types of violence. Consistency between action between action plans and the availability of survey data was highest in the European Region. The reported predominance of national action plans over the availability of national survey data in general, and for the African Region in particular, suggests that much planning and policy-making is being done in the absence of data. While for some countries this may reflect a lag between calls for data collection and actual data collection improvements, future work should prioritize the filling of this gap by ensuring that national plans of action are firmly anchored in representative data on the magnitude and causes of different types of violence.

Violence prevention activities are often addressed by multiple agencies without a lead agency for coordination The public health approach to violence prevention is a multisectoral one involving the public and private sectors (for example, health, education, criminal justice, social services and business) and civil society. In addition to adopting a multisectoral approach, it is also important to have leadership and mechanisms in place to coordinate

the activities of different sectors and ensure fruitful collaboration between them. Around 96% of countries reported having multiple agencies or departments that take responsibility for violence prevention and response efforts, with an average of five agencies listed per country. By sector, agencies responsible for gender and womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s affairs were the most frequently mentioned (54%), followed by the interior (41%), health (38%), police (32%) and social welfare (30%). The existence of lead agencies to coordinate the activities of different sectors and report periodically on progress in preventing all forms of violence, however, was rare. The absence of clear leadership and a mandate to ensure coordination of prevention activities that cover all forms of violence within countries makes it more challenging for agencies or departments to invest resources strategically, avoid duplication of effort and ensure accountability. About three quarters (77%) of countries reported having a system in place for the regular exchange of information between different agencies and sectors involved in violence prevention. This suggests that at least the information exchange component of such a multisectoral coordinating mechanism very often exists, although the effectiveness of such systems remains unclear.

ÂŠ UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe.

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

COUNTRIES ARE INVESTING IN PREVENTION BUT NOT ON A LEVEL COMMENSURATE WITH THE SCALE AND SEVERITY OF THE PROBLEM Violence is a multifaceted problem with biological, psychological, social and environmental roots. Efforts geared towards preventing violence should therefore be comprehensive, tackling the range of factors that increase the risk of violence, including larger social determinants such as economic and gender inequality, and should be sustained over time. Violence prevention efforts can be targeted at individuals, relationships, communities and whole societies, and delivered in collaboration with the different sectors of society such as schools, workplaces, nongovernmental organizations and the criminal justice system.

“best buy” strategies – six that focus on the prevention of violence and one that focuses on response efforts. These strategies can potentially impact multiple forms of violence, help reduce the likelihood of both perpetrating violence and becoming a victim, and represent areas where developing countries and funding agencies can make reasonable investments. These strategies are:

Although there is no simple or single solution to the problem of violence, there is a growing body of knowledge on how to prevent violence, and countries and donor agencies seem to be investing more in prevention. However, there is considerable unevenness in the extent to which different strategies are being supported, and violence prevention has yet to attract political and financial support commensurate with the scale and severity of the problem.

4. reducing access to guns and knives (62);

A growing number of scientific studies demonstrate the preventability of violence. The evidence supporting certain prevention strategies is stronger and the prevention gains shown so far are greater for some types of violence than for others (for example, to address child maltreatment and youth violence). With some exceptions, most of the existing evidence for effective violence prevention programming also comes from studies in high-income countries, and may not easily be adapted to low- and middle-income settings where economic and social conditions, and the epidemiology of the different forms of violence, are very different (2, 56, 58).

A growing number of scientific studies demonstrate the preventability of violence.

Based on systematic reviews of the scientific evidence for prevention, WHO and its partners have identified seven Part III – Findings

1. developing safe, stable and nurturing relationships between children and their parents and caregivers (59); 2. developing life skills in children and adolescents (60); 3. reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol (61); 5. promoting gender equality to prevent violence against women (63); 6. changing cultural and social norms that support violence (64); 7. victim identification, care and support programmes (65). To assess how far programmes representing the six prevention strategies are being implemented, the survey asked whether the 18 prevention programmes listed in Figure 11 existed in each surveyed country and whether they were: not implemented; implemented once or a few times; or implemented on a larger scale (for example, across many schools or communities or with a reach to over 30% of the intended target population). The 18 programmes are further defined in Part VII, Glossary. Findings relating to alcohol and other policies and victim support programmes are covered in later sections of this report. The findings from the survey indicate that many countries are investing in prevention, yet none of the 18 prevention programmes is being implemented on a level necessary to achieve significant and sustainable reductions in violence (see Figure 11). Across the 18 programmes, many are being implemented on a larger scale by fewer than 40% of surveyed countries. It is also important to note that implementation on a larger scale does not necessarily mean implementation of a particular programme with documented evidence of effectiveness.

Figure 11: Proportion of countries reporting implementation of violence prevention programmes on a Figure 11 larger scale by type of programme (n = 133 reporting countries)a Life skills/social development programmes (YV)

51%

Social and cultural norms change (SV)

50%

Social and cultural norms change (IPV)

49%

Bullying prevention (YV)

47%

Caregiver support programmes (EA)

39%

Pre-school enrichment (YV)

38%

Parenting education (CM)

38%

Child sexual abuse prevention (CM)

37%

Residential care policies (EA)

36%

Prevention programmes for school and college populations (SV)

35%

After-school programmes (YV)

35%

Home visiting (CM)

35%

Improving physical environments (SV) Professional awareness campaigns (EA)

29% 26%

Mentoring (YV)

23%

Public information campaigns (EA)

23%

Dating violence (IPV)

22%

Microfinance with gender equity training (IPV)

21% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

a Key: CM=child maltreatment; EA=elder abuse; IPV=intimate partner violence; SV=sexual violencee; YV=youth violence. While each programme is shown as relevant to a particular type of violence, some of the programmes listed in the figure have shown preventive effects on several types of violence.

Social and cultural norm-change strategies Figure 14these types of strategies to raise awareness about violence against women. Although rigorous evaluations of social are the most common approach used by 100% and cultural norm-change strategies are still needed to countries to address violence against women African Region assess their impact, they canRegion be an ofimportant strategy to 90% the Americas About half of surveyed countries reported implementing inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable and 80% Eastern Mediterranean Region social and cultural norm-change strategies to address sexual unacceptable behaviour, and in promoting norms supportive 70% violence and intimate partner European Region 71%violence against women (see of healthy, non-violent and gender equitable relationships. 60% Figure 11). This is in contrast to microfinance combined South-East Asia Region 50% with gender equity training programmes and school-based 50% Western Pacific Region It is not surprising that fewer countries reported dating violence prevention programmes, where 21% and 40% 43% 43% implementing school-based dating violence prevention 22% of countries (respectively) reported implementing 35% 30% programmes. Although the practice of dating may not take these types of approaches. Social and cultural norm-change 20% 22% or be recognized place as acceptable by governments in 20% strategies19% were also19% one of the few types of strategies 10% 13% some countries, only a handful of school-based dating reportedly implemented by more than 40% of countries 0% 7% 0% violence prevention programmes have been developed to in all regions (exceptprovided in the South-East (see policies to reduce Incentives for youth to Asia Region) Housing the help young people address relationship violence and learn Table 5). Based complete on otherschooling evidence, many countriesconcentration use of poverty

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

healthy and positive relationship skills that can be carried into adulthood. Evaluations of these programmes in mostly high-income countries show some positive changes in knowledge and attitudes toward relationship violence, and limited reductions in certain forms of abusive behaviours (66â&#x20AC;&#x201C;71).

training, it is one of the few interventions with documented evidence showing reductions in intimate partner violence (72â&#x20AC;&#x201C;74). More countries may wish to consider strategies that economically empower women and promote gender equality. Efforts that empower women both socially and economically are important for violence prevention.

While few countries reported implementing the specific intervention of microfinance combined with gender equity

Table 5: Proportion of countries implementing different types of programmes on a larger scale, by type of programme and WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries) African Region

Region Eastern European of the Mediterranean Region Americas Region

SouthEast Asia Region

Western Pacific Region

All

Child maltreatment Home visiting

52%

31%

51%

13%

30%

35%

Parenting education

11%

57%

44%

46%

13%

40%

38%

Child sexual abuse prevention

44%

62%

31%

29%

35%

37%

Pre-school enrichment

22%

67%

31%

54%

13%

15%

38%

Life skills/social development programmes

33%

71%

56%

63%

38%

30%

51%

Bullying prevention

30%

52%

69%

59%

25%

35%

47%

Mentoring

15%

29%

44%

27%

13%

10%

23%

After-school programmes

43%

31%

59%

25%

20%

35%

Dating violence prevention programmes

22%

38%

27%

13%

15%

22%

Microfinance with gender equity training

19%

33%

25%

12%

35%

21%

Social and cultural norm-change programmes

41%

67%

56%

48%

25%

50%

49%

Prevention programmes for school and college populations

30%

52%

38%

37%

25%

35%

Improving physical environments

15%

24%

50%

29%

25%

40%

29%

Social and cultural norm-change programmes

56%

62%

56%

42%

38%

50%

Professional awareness campaigns

11%

24%

44%

37%

25%

26%

Public information campaigns

15%

19%

31%

27%

30%

23%

Caregiver support programmes

15%

43%

56%

51%

25%

35%

39%

Residential care policies

11%

52%

63%

40%

13%

30%

36%

Youth violence

Intimate partner violence

Sexual violence

Elder abuse

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

ÂŠ UN Photo/Logan Abassi.

Life skills training and bullying prevention are the most common approaches implemented to address youth violence

Efforts are being made to address parent-child relationships and the developmental pathways toward later violent behaviour

Life skills and social development programmes were the most common youth violence prevention approach that countries reported implementing. These types of programmes are designed to help children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflicts in a non-violent way and develop social problem-solving skills. Systematic reviews of the evidence show that these types of programmes can result in a 15% reduction in violent behaviour in students across all school years and a 29% reduction among students in secondary school (75, 76). Half of surveyed countries reported implementing these types of programmes (see Figure 11), with substantially more countries in the Region of the Americas (71%) and the European Region (63%) implementing these programmes on a larger scale than elsewhere (see Table 5). Bullying prevention programmes were also commonly mentioned, with 47% of countries indicating that they have implemented such programmes.

It is worth noting that countries reported implementing a number of programmes to promote positive and nurturing relationships between children and their caregivers, and strategies aimed at getting children off to a good start to ensure greater success in school (see Figure 11). There is a strong and growing body of evidence showing the impact of early relationships between children and their caregivers on the structural and functional development of the brain and the subsequent cognitive, emotional and social development of children (77, 78). Children growing up in environments without the benefit of safe, stable and nurturing relationships with parents or other caregivers have difficulty forming relationships with peers and others, lack empathy for others in distress and are at much greater risk of experiencing depression and anxiety, developing poor communication skills and adopting antisocial behaviours. They also have poorer educational attainment and economic productivity over their lifetimes and are more likely to be a perpetrator or victim of violence (59).

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

Figure 12: Extent to which home visiting programmes are being implemented by country/area, 2012 (n = 133 reporting countries)Home visiting programmes by country/area, 2012

Extent of implementation Larger scale Limited Not implemented Data not available 0

Not applicable The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

There are a number of evidence-based programmes designed to help strengthen early relationships and interactions between children and their caregivers, promote healthy development and improve child behaviour. These include home visiting programmes, which have been shown to reduce child maltreatment by as much as 39%, and other parenting education and parent and child programmes, which have also demonstrated short- and longer-term positive outcomes for children (79â&#x20AC;&#x201C;81). About 35% of countries reported implementing home visiting programmes and 38% reported implementing parenting education programmes and pre-school enrichment programmes, although this varied by region (see Table 5). For instance, more countries in the Region of the Americas and in the European Region reported implementing home visiting programmes on a larger scale than countries in other regions (see Figure 12).

Caregiver support programmes are the most commonly reported strategy to prevent elder abuse Nearly 40% of countries reported implementing caregiver support programmes to prevent abuse of older adults (see Table 5). These types of programme help caregivers deal with the emotional demands and stresses involved in providing care. More than half of Eastern Mediterranean Region countries (56%) and 51% of European Region countries indicated implementing caregiver support programmes on a Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

Data Source: World Health Organization Map Production: Health Statistics and Information Systems (HSI) World Health Organization

850

1,700

3,400 Kilometers

larger scale. However, this was reportedly the case in only 15% of countries in the African Region, and between 25% and 43% of countries in the other regions. Programmes to improve standards of care within nursing and other residential care homes to reduce the chances of elder abuse were reported by about 36% of countries. Whereas 63% of Eastern Mediterranean Region countries and 52% of countries in the Region of the Americas reported larger scale implementation of residential care policies to prevent elder abuse, this was not the case elsewhere. In the African Region, only 11% of countries reported having implemented these types of policies and procedures on a larger scale, and less than 20% had implemented such programmes only once or a few times. Implementation of other strategies to prevent elder abuse was limited at best. A quarter of countries (26%) reported having implemented campaigns aimed at educating professionals to recognize the signs and symptoms of elder abuse and improve their problem-solving and case management skills on a larger scale (mostly in the Eastern Mediterranean and European Regions); 23% report having implemented public information campaigns (see Figure 13). In the African Region, the Region of the Americas and SouthEast Asia Region, most countries reported implementing public information campaigns on a one-off or occasional basis. 31

Figure 13: Extent to which public information campaigns to prevent elder abuse are being implemented, by country/area, 2012 (n = 133 reporting countries) Public information campaigns to prevent elder abuse by country/area, 2012

Extent of implementation Larger scale Limited Not implemented Data not available 0

Community and problem-orientated policing strategies are widely used Countries were also asked about policing strategies to prevent violence. Community policing and problemorientated policing have become important law enforcement strategies to strengthen relationships with communities and address crime, disorderly behaviour and other situations that contribute to fear and insecurity in urban neighbourhoods. A growing evidence base (82) supports their effectiveness in preventing several types of violence (for example, alcoholand drug-related youth violence), although most studies of community-based and problem-orientated policing are from high-income countries where informal social controls are stronger and the rule of law is intact.

Data Source: World Health Organization Map Production: Health Statistics and Information Systems (HSI) World Health Organization

850

1,700

3,400 Kilometers

Almost all countries reported using strategies to improve community-police relations such as community policing (99% of countries), and routinely using directed or problemorientated policing strategies (94%) which require analysis, assessment and community involvement to address crime and disorder problems. Globally, around nine out of ten countries report that police use these two types of strategy.

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

COUNTRIES CAN DO MORE TO ADDRESS KEY RISK FACTORS Figure 11AND OTHER MEASURES FOR VIOLENCE THROUGH POLICY Life skills/social development programmes (YV) Social and cultural norms change (SV) Violence of all types is strongly associated with social Social and cultural norms change (IPV) determinants such as weak governance; poor rule of law; Bullying prevention (YV) cultural, social and gender norms; unemployment; income Caregiver programmes (EA) and gender inequality; rapid socialsupport change; and limited Pre-school enrichment educational opportunities. Cross-cutting risk factors such(YV) as ease of access to firearms and other Parenting weapons education and excessive (CM) alcohol use are also strongly associated withprevention multiple types Child sexual abuse (CM) of violence. Together these factors create a social climate Residential care policies (EA) that is conducive to violence and in the absence of efforts Prevention for school and college populations (SV) to addressprogrammes them, sustained violence prevention gains are After-school programmes (YV) difficult to achieve. Any comprehensive violence prevention strategy must therefore identify ways to mitigate or provide Home visiting (CM) a buffer against these risks, including through policy Improving physical environments and (SV) other measures. Professional awareness campaigns (EA)

51% 50% as well as in the health, education and social sectors, 49% among others. 47%

Few countries are39% implementing social and 38% educational policy measures to mitigate key 38% risk factors for violence

37%surveyed reported national policies About 40% of countries providing incentives36% for youth at risk of violence to complete secondary schooling, with the lowest percentage (13%) of 35% countries in the South-East Asia Region and the highest 35% (71%) in the European Region (see Figure 14). Poor academic 35% achievement has consistently been linked with delinquency 29% and school failure (83). Students with lower grades are more 26% in physical fighting and other problem likely to be involved behaviour. Weak Mentoring (YV) 23% connections to school, and school dropout, Additional efforts must also be made to strengthen and also increase Public campaigns (EA) 23%the risk of involvement in violence (83). support relevant institutions toinformation ensure that prevention Conversely, academic enrichment can increase achievement Datingdesired violenceaims (IPV) 22% strategies are effective in achieving their and school attendance, improve literacy and numeracy and within the context of these various socialequity determinants. As Microfinance with gender training (IPV) 21% enhance social integration (84, 85) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; all of which can protect part of a multisectoral approach to violence prevention, this violence. 0% against 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% support may be useful in both justice and security sectors,

Figure 14: Proportion of countries with schooling and housing policies to reduce the risk of violence, by WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries) Figure 14 100%

African Region

90%

Region of the Americas

80%

Eastern Mediterranean Region

70%

European Region

71%

60%

South-East Asia Region

50% 43%

43% 35%

30% 20% 10%

Western Pacific Region

50%

40%

19%

22% 13%

0% Incentives provided for youth to complete schooling

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

20% 0%

Housing policies to reduce the concentration of poverty

Housing policies at national level to reduce the concentration of poverty in urban areas which were explicitly aimed at reducing violence were rare – only 24% of countries reported having such policies. South-East Asia Region reported none, while 7% of countries in the African Region, 43% in the Region of the Americas and 50% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region reportedly did have such policies. Concentrated poverty is a visible aspect of disadvantage. Communities with high concentrations of poor and unemployed people also tend to have high levels of residential instability, making it difficult for people to establish common values and norms and to develop strong social ties and support networks. There is also a level of disorganization that compromises community participation and makes it difficult to exercise effective social control. These levels of economic and social disadvantage create the conditions for high rates of violence. They exacerbate social marginalization and also contribute to poor physical and mental health.

More countries are tackling the harmful use of alcohol, although patterns of risky drinking behaviour remain very high in several countries Although levels of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking and rates of violence differ between countries, there are important links between alcohol and violence across all cultures (61). For instance, harmful alcohol use directly affects physical and cognitive function, leading to reduced self-control, which may make some drinkers more likely to resort to violence in confrontations. Experiencing or witnessing violence can lead to the harmful use of alcohol as a way of coping or self-medicating. Alcohol and violence may also be related through common risk factors (for example, antisocial personality disorder) that contribute to the risk of both heavy drinking and violent behaviour. Policy measures to reduce the harmful use of alcohol include restrictions on the sale and serving of alcohol – for example, through excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits; reduced hours or days of sale of alcoholic beverages; minimum age for the purchase of alcohol; and regulations on the

Part III – Findings

For decision-makers, acknowledging the importance of implementing policy measures to mitigate school dropout, concentrated poverty and the harmful use of alcohol, alongside other prevention strategies to address the key risk factors for violence, is an essential prerequisite to achieve societies and communities that are both safe and healthy.

Nearly all countries include measures to regulate access to firearms, although laws themselves and populations covered vary widely Firearms increase the likelihood of death and serious injury when used in acts of violence and are frequently used to threaten individuals in violent encounters. Several casecontrol studies, ecological time-series and cross-sectional studies across countries indicate that gun availability is a risk factor for homicide, particularly firearms homicide (20, 89).

density of alcohol outlets (86).3 At least 80% of countries reported having excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits, with no significant differences between income levels. The only exception was excise tax on wine, which almost 29% of high-income countries reported not levying. Several studies have used economic modelling to estimate the effects of alcohol price increases on the incidence of violence. For instance, findings from the United States suggest that a 1% increase in the price of an ounce of pure alcohol would reduce the probability of intimate partner violence against women by 5.3% (87), and a 10% increase in the price of beer would reduce the number of college students involved in violence each year by 4% (88). There were no large differences by region or income level for the legal minimum age for on- and off-premise alcohol sales. On average, countries reported the legal minimum age for both on- and off-premise sales of alcohol as 18 years. 3

Information on patterns of drinking, per capita alcohol consumption, excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits and legal minimum age for on- and off-premise sales of alcohol presented in the Country profile pages (see Part VIII) and here are based on data from the WHO Global status report on alcohol and health, 2014 (86). These data were collected during the same time period and using a similar standardized methodology as those gathered for this report.

Part III – Findings

Measures to prevent firearms-related injuries include those addressing access, supply and use of firearms, and restrictions on the secondary trading of firearms. They include, for example, bans on specified firearms or ammunition, background checks, waiting periods and other licencing requirements, laws to prevent child access, and restrictions for certain settings (for example, school premises, carrying guns in public places, etc.). Internationally, the Firearms Protocol of the UN Convention on Organized Crime (90) provides a framework for states to control and regulate licit arms and arms flows, prevent their diversion into the illegal circuit and facilitate the investigation and prosecution of related offences without hampering legitimate firearm transfers (90). Nearly all countries in the survey (99%) across all regions reported having national laws to regulate firearms, including: mandatory background checks before issuing a licence to purchase or own a firearm (96%); laws restricting access to handguns, shotguns and automatic firearms (95%, 96% and 96% respectively); and laws restricting the carrying of firearms in public (98%). Fewer countries – about two thirds – report having special firearms control programmes such as gun buy-backs and firearms collection and destruction programmes, with about 60%–63% of countries in the Western Pacific Region, the Region of the Americas and the European Region having such programmes. The nature of the restrictions, the populations covered (for example, all citizens or certain age groups), licencing agents and the processes for implementing the requirements, however, 35

vary across countries. Examples of restrictions from various countries are presented in Table 6. Two systematic reviews and one meta-analysis summarize the effects of various strategies to prevent firearm-related violence. One systematic review (92) concluded that there is insufficient evidence to determine whether firearm laws have any effect on violence. A recent meta-analysis (93) suggests that bans on the sale of firearms had small effects and law enforcement strategies had moderate effects in reducing gun violence. Another systematic review (94) finds that directed police patrols focusing on illegal gun carrying can prevent gun crimes (including murders, shootings, gun robberies and gun assaults). These studies conclude that

more research is needed to determine the effectiveness of waiting periods, background checks, zero-tolerance policies in schools and other measures to limit firearms use in settings where they are already widely available. With one exception (92), these reviews also conclude that strategies addressing access to firearms, such as bans on firearms, and the enactment and enforcement of laws against the illegal possession and carrying of firearms, show promise. Subsequent to these reviews, a new study from South Africa finds that stricter licensing and reduced circulation of firearms accounted for an estimated 4585 lives saved across five major cities between 2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2005 (95).

ÂŠ UN Photo/Sophia Paris.

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

Table 6: Firearm restrictions in selected countriesa

Country

Background check

Minimum age Licence denied or Limits on ammunition for purchase revoked where family violence is present

Private sales permitted

Austria

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years; 21 years for handguns

Brazil

Yes, criminal, mental health and 25 years, with a employment few exceptions

China

No civilian may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

Colombia

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years

Yes

Information not available

Finland

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years (15 with parental consent)

Any quantity permitted

Yes

Japan

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years

Any quantity permitted

Mexico

Yes, criminal, mental health, physical and addiction

18 years

500 .22 cartridges, 1000 shotgun cartridges, 200 cartridges for other weapons

Nigeria

Yes, criminal, mental health and 17 years addiction

Only as much as prescribed by licence

South Africa

Criminal, mental, medical, domestic violence, addiction, employment, previous gun licences

21 years, with some exceptions

Yes

Up to 2400 primers or 200 cartridges per firearm

Sweden

Yes, criminal and mental health

18 years

Yes

Only allowed to possess ammunition for intended weapon

United States of America

Yes, criminal, mental health, addiction, domestic violence (only when purchasing through a federally licenced dealer). Some states impose further restrictions

18 years for shotguns and rifles; 21 years for handguns and other weapons

Yes

Restrictions based on age and for certain types of ammunition (e.g. armour piercing)

Yes

Only allowed to possess ammunition for intended weapon

Yes

Any quantity permitted

Yes

Information not available

Source: GunPolicy.org [website] hosted by the University of Sydney (http://www.gunpolicy.org/, accessed 20 August 2014) (91).

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

LAWS RELEVANT TO VIOLENCE HAVE BEEN WIDELY ENACTED BUT ENFORCEMENT IS INADEQUATE

The enactment and enforcement of legislation on crime and violence are critical for establishing norms of acceptable and unacceptable behaviour, and creating safe and peaceful societies. Of particular importance are strategies to enable safe reporting of interpersonal violence and ensuring that legal protection and support are available to all citizens (96). In certain circumstances, the threat of criminal sanctions can have a deterrent effect, for instance on people with strong social ties or when the certainty – but not necessarily the severity – of sanctions is high. An important objective for violence prevention is therefore to strengthen collaboration between public health, the criminal justice sector and key security institutions such as the police in order to increase the chance that potential perpetrators of violence will be deterred and prevented from committing crime in the first place (and if not, at least held accountable for their actions). Where necessary, support to strengthen the relevant institutions in these sectors can help to improve enforcement levels. Legislation is a key component of any violence prevention policy or plan. For instance, appropriate legislation can encourage parents to move away from using harsh physical discipline toward their children, and can help to promote attitudes and beliefs that reject violence against women. Where social convictions or deeply entrenched traditions fuel harmful practices (such as child marriage or female genital mutilation) legal reform can mobilize key actors and institutions in efforts to end such practices. Accordingly, in the most successful cases where the law has led to a change in attitudes and behaviour, adoption of the law has been accompanied by wide awareness-raising initiatives, public information and education campaigns, capacity-building for relevant professionals, and the social mobilization of a wide range of strategic actors including opinion leaders, religious and local leaders.

Laws against violence send a clear message to society about unacceptable behaviour and legitimize the actions needed to ensure people’s safety at all times.

Countries were asked about the existence and enforcement of laws relating to various forms of violence, including laws that address several forms of violence against women (for example, sexual violence). The findings from the survey indicate that laws relevant to violence have been widely enacted. On average, about 80% of countries have enacted each of the violence prevention laws surveyed. However, this ranges from a low of 40% for the existence of laws to prevent elder abuse in institutions to a high of 98% for laws on rape (see Figure 15). There were no significant differences by income level in the proportion of countries with laws in place to prevent various forms of violence: the average proportion of countries reporting laws to prevent violence was 76%, 77% and 82% for low-, middle- and high-income countries respectively. The only exception to this related to laws preventing elder abuse, where the average proportion of high-, middle- and low-income countries with each of the laws to prevent elder abuse was reported as 33%, 62% and 69% respectively. There were, however, many more regional differences. For example, the proportion of countries in the African Region (52%) and Western Pacific Region (50%) with laws recognizing rape within marriage as a crime was reportedly much lower than in the Region of the Americas (91%) or the European Region (98%).

Part III – Findings

Figure 15: The proportion of countries with laws to prevent violence and the extent to which countries report these laws as being fully enforced (n = 133Figure15 reporting countries) Fully enforced Against statutory rape

64%

99%

Against rape (forced sexual intercourse)

64%

98%

Against contact sexual violence without rape

88%

51%

Domestic/family violence legislation

87%

44%

Against weapons on school premises

84%

57%

Against gang or criminal membership

81%

51%

Allowing removal of violent spouse from home

78%

38%

Ban on corporal punishment

76%

30%

Against rape in marriage

73%

43%

Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

94%

57%

Against non-contact sexual violence

59%

30% 20%

Exists

40%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

For all laws, levels of reported enforcement were usually much lower than the enactment of legislation

With the exception of countries in the European Region, less than half of countries reported that bans on corporal punishment were fully enforced. There is some evidence Figure 17 to suggest that enactment of a ban may be sufficient to Overall, the average proportion of countries in which change attitudes and behaviour around the use of corporal each of the laws was reported to have been enacted punishment. For instance, findings from a multi-country was 80%, while the average proportion of countries in Child protection services 69% countries (three with study conducted in five European which each of the laws was reportedly enacted and fully bans on corporal punishment and two without) found that enforced wasMedico-legal 57%. The biggest gaps the reported services forbetween sexual violence victims 67% nearly all forms of corporal punishment were used less existence and enforcement of laws – a difference of 46 in countries with bans 59% than in those in which corporal Identification referral for– child maltreatment and 43 percentage points and respectively related to bans punishment was lawful (97). Parents in countries with bans and referral forviolence intimate on corporal punishmentIdentification and to domestic/family 53%accepting of corporal punishment in place were also less partner violence and legislation. Focusing on better enforcement of sexual existingviolence laws and stated that their knowledge of the ban was one of four Mental health services is likely to lead to significant violence prevention gains. 49% factors that most affected whether or not they used corporal This should include attending to institutional mechanisms punishment.34% Other factors influencing them included the Adult protective services and resources, and increasing human capacity to ensure parent’s definition of physical violence, personal approval of that enacted legislation is doing what it is intended to do – 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% corporal punishment, and their own experience of childhood protect people from violence, hold perpetrators accountable violence. and create environments that are safe for all citizens.

Figure 18 39

Part III – Findings

Adult protective services

Child protection services

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES TO IDENTIFY, REFER, PROTECT AND SUPPORT VICTIMS VARIES MARKEDLY Figure 18 Adult protective services Providing 100% high-quality care and support services to victims is important for reducing trauma, helping victims heal and 90% preventing repeat victimization and perpetration. There are 80%services for victims of violence, including: emergency many 81% 81% response 70% services for injured victims; other health services to 60% identify and address the longer-term impact of violence on health; community services related to housing; victim 50% advocacy; substance abuse and mental health services; and 48% 40% legal and social support 41% services. 38% 30% Countries 20% were asked about a subset of these services. These included: the availability of mental health services; 15% 10% the extent to which child and adult protective services were 0% whether mechanisms were in place to identify available; Africanservices for Region of thewhether Eastern and provide referral victims; medicoRegion Americas Mediterranean legal services were available for victims of sexual violence; Region and the availability of legal services relating to victim compensation and representation in criminal courts.

Child protection services

Mental health services are not widely available in several regions even though the need for them may be very high 88% Despite strong evidence linking experiences of violence to 75% mental health problems, less than half of countries (49%) reported the availability of mental health services to address the needs of victims. However, this varied widely across regions: two thirds of countries in the Region of45% the Americas 42% and the European Region reported that these services were available to assist victims, compared to only 30% 15% in African 25% Region countries (see Figure 16). This suggests a critical gap, particularly in countries where the need for such services may be especially high based on what we know about rates of physical, other forms of violence Europeansexual and South-East Westernacross the different WHO regions. the needs of victims Region Asia Addressing Region Pacific Region with trauma-focused care, cognitive behavioural therapy or other low-intensity psychological interventions and other mental health services can potentially mitigate the serious mental health outcomes of abuse.

Figure 16 Figure 16: Proportion of countries reporting implementation of mental health services for victims of violence at larger scale (n = 133 reporting countries)

26%

Western Pacific Region

66%

European Region

71%

56%

Region of the Americas

Eastern Mediterranean Region

50%

15%

African Region

South-East Asia Region

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

Figure 17: Proportion of countries with identification, referral and support services available, by type of Figure 17 service (n = 133 reporting countries) Child protection services

69%

Medico-legal services for sexual violence victims

67%

Identification and referral for child maltreatment

59%

Identification and referral for intimate partner violence and sexual violence

53%

Mental health services

49%

Adult protective services

34%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Child protection services are the most widely available of all services

Two thirds of countries indicated that they do not have adult protective services in place to assist vulnerable older adults

Child protection services were the most widely reported of all services (69%), followed by medico-legal services Of all the services included in the survey, adult protective Figure 18 for victims of sexual violence (see Figure 17). About eight services were the least reported by countries. Only one out of every 10 countries in the Region of the Americas third of countries indicated that they have adult protective Adult protective Child protection services and in the Eastern Mediterranean and European Regions services in place services to investigate potential cases of elder reported having systems in place to identify and investigate abuse and assist vulnerable older adults. The lack of 100% potential cases of child maltreatment. This was also the adult protective services, particularly in contrast to child 90% case for three quarters of countries in the South-East Asia protection services, was consistent across all regions (see 88% 80% Region. Other types of screening and 81% referral services (for 81% Figure 18). Countries furthest along in efforts to protect and 75%these services as part of their 70%through maternal and child health programmes) to example, support older adults include identify and support potential victims of child maltreatment national policy (29, 98). The United States, for example, has 60% were 50% also reported by 59% of countries. However, in both a fully developed system for reporting and treating cases of instances, these services were more commonly reported elder abuse. Services are designed to provide elder abuse 48% 45% 40% 42%with a coordinated, interdisciplinary system of social 41% (80%) than low-income countries by high-income countries victims 38% (33%).30% and health services which enable them 30%to continue living 25% 20% independently at home and to protect them against further 15% abuse. 10% child protection services are present in many Although countries, 0% these services are often dispersed, fragmented and poorly resourced,African and may in factRegion have aofdetrimental impact the Eastern European Western With a rapidly ageingSouth-East population, the need to strengthen the Mediterranean Region Asia Region Pacific Region on the protection Region of child victims ofAmericas violence (14). As a result, system of adult protection is important. By 2030, older adults Region even when such services are available, child victims and are projected to comprise 13% of the world population â&#x20AC;&#x201C; their families may fail to use them and a lack of information one in eight people will be aged 65 years or older (99). While about existing services, the fear of seeing confidentiality low- and middle-income countries will experience the most broken, and concerns about reprisals can further undermine rapid growth in ageing, with increases of up to 140%, highthe quality of child protection services (14). income countries are expected to experience increases Figure 16 averaging 51% (99).

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

71%

Figure 18: Proportion of countries with child and adult protective services, by WHO region (n = 133 Figure 18 reporting countries) Adult protective services

Child protection services

100% 90%

88%

80%

81%

70%

75%

60% 50% 48%

40%

41%

30%

38%

25%

20% 10%

45%

42% 30%

15%

0% African Region

Region of the Americas

Eastern Mediterranean Region

European Region

South-East Asia Region

Western Pacific Region

middle- (53%) or low-income countries (38%). Two-thirds of Referral and support services for violence Figure 16countries, on the other hand, indicated availability of medicoagainst women are available in half of the legal services for victims of sexual assault, making these worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s countries, but information is lacking services the most frequently reported services available on the quality, coverage and uptake of these to victims after child protective services. Countries were services

not asked about the nature, coverage and quality of such WHO recommends asking women about exposure to intimate services or about the consistency with which these services partner violence when assessing conditions that may have are offered to victims, or how many victims make use of been caused or complicated by intimate partner violence them. Victims of sexual assault require comprehensive and in order to provide appropriateWestern follow-up care andRegion support. of the Americas gender-sensitive services from trained health care providers Pacific Region with intimate Asking all women about their experiences Eastern to help them recover from the traumatic event and lessen partner violence is not recommended in all settings. Women Mediterranean both short- and long-term health consequences (7). MedicoRegion who disclose violence should be provided with immediate legal services, in particular, are important for women who support and care that is responsive to their concerns, and may wish to pursue legal action (100, 101). National health which helps them access information, resources and further systems as a whole African address violence against 15% need toRegion support (7). Comprehensive care (including emergency women by providing high-quality care and services that are contraception, prophylaxisEuropean for HIV Region and other sexually timely, effective, sensitive to the needs of victims and their transmitted infections and psychological support) should be South-East safety, and provided by well-trained professionals. Asia Region provided to survivors of rape and sexual assault.

71%

26%

66%

About half of countries (53%) reported the availability of identification, referral and support services for women who have experienced intimate partner violence or sexual violence (see Figure 17), with more high-income countries reporting the availability of such services (61%) than

56%

50%

Victim support services often extend beyond medical and other care. Legal representation in criminal courts and receiving compensation from the state are important for all types of interpersonal violence as well. While the majority of countries (86%) report having laws providing victims with legal representation and participation in criminal courts, Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

only 52% report victim compensation legislation. Both the existence of such laws and the extent to which they are reportedly enforced also varies by country income level,

with the existence and enforcement of such laws being much greater in high-income countries than in low- and middle-income countries.

ÂŠ UN Photo/Martine Perret.

Part III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Findings

Part IV â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The way forward

CONCLUSIONS

This Global status report on violence prevention 2014 uses a standardized method to assess the measures countries are taking to prevent and respond to interpersonal violence. It includes 133 countries, accounting for 88% of the world’s population. The report brings violence prevention in line with other issues such as alcohol and health, climate change, mental health, road safety, tobacco, and tuberculosis, where regularly repeated assessments along the lines of this report allow countries to set baselines and targets and monitor progress over time. The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 for the first time provides a detailed picture of the global violence prevention landscape some 12 years after the World report on violence and health was launched, with its nine recommendations for action. The results show that there are many efforts under way around the world to prevent and respond to violence: • Two thirds of the countries report national action plans to address child maltreatment and violence against women compared to around half reporting plans for youth violence prevention; just 40% report plans for elder abuse, armed violence and gang violence prevention. • Prevention activity is under way, with about half of surveyed countries reporting implementing primary prevention programmes such as life skills training and bullying prevention programmes to prevent youth violence, and social and cultural norm-change strategies to address violence against women; more than one third of countries also reported implementing programmes addressing parent-child relationships and some of the early developmental pathways toward later violent behaviour. • Over half of the countries have each of the services surveyed in place to identify, refer, protect and support victims of violence. • Almost 80% of countries have enacted each of the violence prevention laws surveyed. • Problem-orientated and community-based policing are in place in most of the countries that participated in the survey. The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 also uncovers many gaps in global violence prevention that need 46

to be filled. Knowledge about the true extent of the problem of interpersonal violence in many countries is hindered by a lack of data. Without such data it is difficult to develop effective national plans of action and policies, prevention programmes and services for victims. National action plans for all types of violence are frequently formulated in the absence of data and too often fail to address elder abuse, armed violence and gang violence. Mechanisms or lead agencies to coordinate multisectoral work addressing all forms of violence are exceedingly rare, in spite of being recognized as a cornerstone of the public health approach to violence prevention. Uptake of prevention programmes is highly uneven, with consistent gaps in the African, South-East Asia and much of the Western Pacific Regions. Prevention programmes are also not being implemented in a manner and on a level necessary to achieve significant and sustainable reductions in violence. While countries are implementing strategies to change sociocultural norms, much more needs to be done to implement effective strategies to promote gender equitable norms and empower women in order to prevent intimate partner violence and sexual violence. Elder abuse remains one of the most neglected types of violence. While globally there is more attention given to victim services than to prevention, important services such as mental health and adult protective services are nonetheless lacking in half or more of surveyed countries. Globally, enforcement of laws relevant to all types of violence remains weak: on average, each of the laws surveyed was reported to be fully enforced by just over half of the countries. Key social and educational policies addressing multiple types of violence, such as incentives for youth to complete schooling, and housing policies to alleviate poverty, remain too rare across much of the world. Filling these gaps should be a priority.

Strengths and limitations of the report The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 has four notable strengths. Its main strength is the comprehensiveness of its coverage. It is comprehensive in the types of measures it covers – national action plans, agencies responsible for violence prevention, information systems, data collection capacity, policies, prevention Part IV – The way forward

programmes, laws and victim services. In relation to most of these measures it also includes a subnational assessment, i.e. at provincial or state level. It is comprehensive in the types of interpersonal violence it covers – armed violence, gang violence, child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence, sexual violence and elder abuse. Given the sensitivity of the issue of interpersonal violence in many countries, and that this is the first attempt at conducting such a survey, its geographical coverage can also be viewed as comprehensive – 133 of WHO’s 196 Member States are included, accounting for 88% of the world’s population; this ranges from 63% of the population of the Eastern Mediterranean Region to 97% of the populations of the South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions. A second strength is the standardized method used. The method was designed to increase the accuracy and completeness of data submitted to WHO by requiring respondents from multiple sectors to take part in consensus meetings and reach agreement on the final answers, drawing on all relevant documents available in the country. An additional benefit of this method was that it helped to build bridges between sectors by linking individuals and institutions working on violence in the same country. Several National Data Coordinators observed that the consensus group meeting was the first time that practitioners from different sectors had met to discuss violence prevention and victim services. Furthermore, the nomination and training of National Data Coordinators, followed by close collaboration with them throughout the data collection and validation process, has sown the seeds of regional violence prevention networks. A third strength of the report is that almost all data included have been endorsed by the governments of the countries concerned. This ensures recognition by government of the problem as described in the report, which is a prerequisite for governments taking responsibility for addressing interpersonal violence. A final strength is that this report has generated, on the basis of statistical models, comparable homicide estimates across countries for homicide rates, numbers, and breakdown by sex and mechanism. This has been done by drawing on multiple sources – including data reported by countries from public health and criminal justice data sources – which were then combined with other existing datasets.

Part IV – The way forward

However, as with any study, there are limitations. First, there is the possibility that many responses overestimated the extent and quality of national violence prevention activities. Data collection involved the use of self-administered questionnaires which respondents initially completed by themselves before discussion in the consensus meetings. This can introduce a number of potential biases. In addition, a degree of subjectivity was introduced as respondents were asked to rate their perceptions of the degree to which laws relevant to the different types of violence were enforced, and the extent to which prevention programmes were being implemented. The systematic inclusion of independent experts from academia or civil society to help verify government responses could have helped to reduce these biases. Second, while the survey method provided an assessment of the existence of national action plans, policies, prevention programmes, laws, and victim services (and in certain cases their level of implementation and reported enforcement), it was not designed to assess their quality. For instance, the survey asked about types of programmes. It did not gather information on the specific programmes implemented in countries or gather details about these programmes in order to assess the extent to which delivered programmes were the ones with documented evidence of effectiveness or, at a minimum, whether the programmes implemented include evidence-based principles and practices. With regard to laws, the report did not evaluate the quality of legislation (for example, exact scope, quality of legislative texts, political neutrality, flexibility or enforceability). Third, not all policies, programmes, victim services and laws relevant to violence prevention were examined in this report. Included were those best supported by evidence and judged by experts to be the most important. Fourth, while the method proved successful in collecting data on levels of fatal violence, it was less successful in gathering prevalence data on non-fatal violence. It will be important to draw lessons from the process of carrying out this first report for any subsequent Global status reports on violence prevention. Overcoming these limitations will, however, require a more time-consuming and labour-intensive data collection method.

RECOMMENDATIONS: NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL

The findings of the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 are relevant to national, regional and global violence prevention efforts. Across all these levels they offer an unprecedented opportunity for violence prevention stakeholders to come together and step up their activities and investments to a level commensurate with the burden and severity of the problem. For instance, by showing the extent to which national action plans are driven by data, the findings provide pointers for governments, regional bodies and international violence prevention partners on how they should steer national planning exercises in a more data-driven direction. By highlighting gaps in prevention programming and service delivery by type of violence, stakeholders at all three levels have an opportunity to correct imbalances in preventive attention. Perhaps most importantly, whether at national or international level, the findings represent a set of indicators and a baseline measure to track future progress and to help set targets within countries and internationally.

National level A primary aim of the report is to identify gaps in national violence prevention efforts and to stimulate actions to address them. Accordingly, countries should review the report’s findings for their countries in relation to regional and global findings and in this way develop a roadmap for how their existing violence prevention efforts can be improved. Where necessary, this review could be done by reconvening the intersectoral expert groups that were established during the data collection process. The review should pay particular attention to the following recommendations deriving from the main findings of the report and the gaps it identified. Strengthen data collection to reveal the true extent of the problem. Vital registration and police systems for collecting data on violence-related deaths should be evaluated for the completeness and accuracy of the data they collect; their use of international classifications of fatal and non-fatal violence (ICD-1O and UNODC international classification of crime); breakdown by age, sex, homicide mechanism and victim-perpetrator relationship; and

timeliness of their reporting. Similar efforts should be made to improve data on incidents of violence with non-fatal consequences treated in hospital emergency departments and other victim care facilities. Existing recent populationbased national and subnational surveys of the prevalence of all the main types of interpersonal violence should be identified. While police and service-based reporting provides important data on the most severe forms of violence that result in death or serious injury, country specific national population-based surveys play an important role in documenting more hidden forms of violence. Several officials were unaware that high-quality national surveys had been carried out within their borders. Where none exists, conducting such surveys – using instruments that produce valid and cross-culturally comparable findings and with the help of international experts if required – and periodically repeating them to asses changes over time should be made a priority. Develop comprehensive and data-driven national action plans. All countries should critically review the extent to which national action plans are comprehensive and address all forms of violence, and are informed by nationally representative data on the magnitude and characteristics of violence and the risk and protective factors for violence. Such plans provide a framework that can strengthen efforts to address specific types of violence, and given the strong connections between the different types of violence they have the potential to accelerate overall violence prevention gains. Integrate violence prevention into other health platforms. Because violence is a risk factor for outcomes such as HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, mental health and substance abuse disorders, and because immunization programmes, early childhood development and school health programmes may already be well developed, countries should integrate violence prevention into other health platforms that already exist.

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Strengthen mechanisms for leadership and coordination. Mechanisms for the leadership and coordination of violence prevention activities â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including key rule of law institutions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; should be established where they are weak or non-existent. Systems for the exchange of information should be reviewed for the extent to which they are focused on preventing violence. Ideally, these mechanisms should be forums that periodically convene representatives of relevant sectors to discuss the latest available data on violence with a view to identifying emerging problems (and their underlying risk factors) so that appropriate interventions can be made in time. Ensure prevention programmes are comprehensive, integrated and informed by evidence. The extent to which prevention programmes address all types of violence should be reviewed. Greater attention should be given to integrating prevention and response efforts across the different types of violence because programmes that simultaneously address multiple types of violence can help to reduce the costs and complexity of addressing them separately. For instance, programmes to support new parents and promote gender equality and non-violent social and cultural norms, life skills training for children and youth, and policies to reduce access to and the misuse of alcohol all have the potential to prevent several types of violence. Prevention programmes identified through the survey should be qualitatively examined with a view to assessing how far their content and mode of delivery conform to evidencebased best practices, and, where needed, modified so that they more closely approximate evidence-based best practices. More attention must be given to putting in place prevention programmes that go beyond awareness-raising and instead bring about lasting social and cultural changes that move societies towards more egalitarian and nonviolent norms. Ensure that services for victims are comprehensive and informed by evidence. Services to identify, refer and protect victims should be carefully assessed to determine whether they provide comprehensive and sensitive highquality services and referrals, and how widely they are available and accessible to victims, in particular those who are less likely to seek and access such services and are victims of the most hidden and stigmatized forms of violence (for example, violence against women, child maltreatment and elder abuse). As with prevention programmes, there is a need to ascertain the extent to which they conform to evidence-based best practice. Particular attention should be Part IV â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The way forward

paid to further developing mental health and adult protective services in the many countries where they remain weak. The development of victim services should be complemented by the scaling up of prevention programmes that can contribute to reducing the need for services. Strengthen support for outcome-evaluation studies. In relation to prevention programmes and victim services, strengthening support for outcome-evaluation studies should be a priority. The surprisingly large number of violence prevention programmes and services for victims being implemented once or a few times in many low- and middleincome countries suggests that there is great potential to close the current gap in the evidence base between highincome countries (which account for 90% of all published outcome-evaluation studies of violence prevention programmes), and low- and middle-income countries, where the development of such programmes is a priority. National stakeholders should use the report to identify violence prevention programmes and victim services in low- and middle-income countries that could be subject to outcome evaluation, with the help of international partners when required, and facilitate the conduct of such evaluations. Enforce existing laws and review their quality. That laws against most forms of violence have been enacted in the majority of countries should not breed complacency. Little is known about the quality of these laws, and a careful review of these laws against internationally recognized standards of quality of legislation would be an important step to consider. Just as importantly, with on average only 57% of countries reporting that each of the laws surveyed was fully enforced, this report shows that the enforcement of existing laws should be a priority. Awareness campaigns to publicize the laws, and increase public understanding of and support for them, should be considered. Where necessary, institutions in relevant sectors such as the justice, security, health, education and social sectors should be strengthened and supported to ensure the quality of law and policy-making, as well as enforcement efforts. Implement and enact policies and laws relevant to multiple types of violence. Policies and laws which address multiple types of violence (such as incentives for youth to complete schooling, and laws designed to reduce access to, and misuse of, alcohol) must be more widely implemented and enacted, and resources to do so developed. The violence prevention potential of these policies and laws should be better harnessed by ensuring that trends in 49

violence are factored in when any amendments are made to them. Build capacity for violence prevention: Although capacity-building is not explicitly assessed in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014, developing national action plans, coordination mechanisms, information systems, policies, programmes, services and laws to prevent and respond to violence clearly cannot happen without the requisite human and institutional capacity to do so. Thus a key cross-cutting recommendation is the critical importance of training the work force and building up the institutions and networks over time so that other recommendations listed here can be acted upon effectively.

Regional and international levels Strengthening the global violence prevention agenda. International partners should draw upon the findings of the report to enhance their calls for increased investment in global violence prevention efforts. By clearly demonstrating the extent to which violence prevention has been taken up by governments at all levels of development in all regions of the world, the report shows that violence prevention is a topic of widespread concern, and that, if offered, increased financial and technical support for national violence prevention work is likely to be enthusiastically accepted. By changing the nature of such support to fill the gaps in policies, laws, prevention programmes and outcome-evaluation studies highlighted by this report, the global violence prevention agenda can be considerably strengthened. Strengthen support for comprehensive and integrated violence prevention programming. By coming together across the lines of their interests in specific types of violence, international organizations and donors can support a more streamlined approach to prevention that, in addition to providing programmes which focus on specific types of violence, prioritizes integrated prevention policies and programmes to address several types of violence simultaneously. Increase collaboration between international organizations and donor agencies. Many international and regional organizations, such as the UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, UNICEF, UN Women and WHO, and the African Union, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Caribbean Community, the Council of Europe, and the League of Arab States, have developed policy instruments, funding streams, 50

advocacy platforms and normative guidance materials to support national violence prevention efforts. Greater efforts should be made to foster collaboration and coordinated action between these organizations, particularly in view of the post-2015 agenda on sustainable development, which in all likelihood will prominently include violence prevention. Donor agencies, many of whom have been supporting violence prevention projects, should collaborate more closely to increase coherence and synergy in the field and avoid duplication. Set baselines and targets, and track progress. At international level, the global violence prevention field has lacked the necessary indicators to establish common baselines and shared targets for its efforts to advance national violence prevention efforts. The findings of this report help fill this gap, and along with information from other initiatives (for example, UNODC reports on homicide; Together for Girls Violence Against Children Surveys; WHOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s multi-country study on womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health and domestic violence against women, and its global and regional estimates of the prevalence of violence against women), lend themselves to the generation of violence prevention baselines and targets on the basis of which countries can monitor their progress. A growing body of research shows that much interpersonal violence can be effectively prevented and its far-reaching consequences mitigated. This report shows that many countries have begun to implement prevention programmes and victim services, and to develop the national action plans, policies and laws required to support violence prevention programmes and response efforts. At international level, high-level resolutions that commit Member States to tackling interpersonal violence within their countries and through the establishment of networks and partnerships have been adopted. Yet this survey shows that serious gaps remain and that much work is still required before the full potential of the growing violence prevention field is realized. No country can rest on its laurels and assume it has successfully addressed interpersonal violence. The international community must continue to recognize interpersonal violence as an important health, criminal justice, development and gender equality issue, and must step up its support for the prevention of and response to all forms of violence.

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Part V â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Explanatory notes

METHOD FOR DATA COLLECTION AND VALIDATION

The data collection and validation method used for this report was modelled on that used in WHO’s first Global status report on road safety (1) and is shown in Figure 19. It involved systematically gathering data and other information from each country, coordinated by a National Data Coordinator. Within each country the questionnaire was completed by individual respondents representing ministries of health, justice, law enforcement and the police, education, gender and women, children and social development, and, where relevant, nongovernmental organizations working on violence prevention. The questionnaire used the recommendations of the World report on violence and health (2) and subsequent WHO violence prevention guidance documents as the basis for its content. The scientific evidence base for intervention effectiveness was used to identify specific prevention programmes selected for inclusion, and questions were formulated about programmes of proven or promising effectiveness in preventing different types of violence. Information about other programmes or approaches was also gathered, particularly in areas where fewer evidencebased programmes exist, such as for elder abuse and sexual violence prevention. In these areas, programmes or approaches included in the questionnaire were based on expert opinion. The selection of questions about prevention laws specific to each type of violence was also guided by expert opinion. The questionnaire covered the following areas: • data (e.g. homicide numbers, rates and trends; mechanism of homicide; the existence of national or subnational population-based survey data on non-fatal violence for each of the different types of violence); • action plans and agency involvement in violence prevention (e.g. the existence of national action plans to address the different types of violence; governmental and nongovernmental agencies involved in violence prevention activities, including a lead agency to coordinate prevention activities); • prevention policies and laws relevant to multiple types of violence (alcohol policies and laws, social and educational policies, policing strategies, firearms laws); 58

• child maltreatment prevention programmes (e.g. home visiting, parenting education and parent-child support programmes) and laws (e.g. against corporal punishment and child marriage); • youth violence prevention programmes (e.g. life skills training and mentoring programmes, bullying prevention, after-school supervision, pre-school enrichment) and laws (e.g. against weapons on school premises, prohibiting gang membership); • intimate partner violence prevention programmes (e.g. school-based dating violence prevention programmes and programmes to change social and cultural norms that are supportive of violence) and laws (e.g. against rape in marriage, allowing for the removal of a violent spouse from the home); • sexual violence prevention programmes (e.g. programmes for school and college populations and programmes to improve the physical environment, for instance by improving street lighting in public spaces and providing special carriages on trains) and laws (e.g. against rape, against contact and non-contact sexual violence); • elder abuse prevention programmes (e.g. programmes to provide support for caregivers and to improve residential care policies, professional awareness and public information campaigns) and laws (e.g. against elder abuse, including in institutions); • health services for victims of violence (e.g. mental health services for victims of violence, child protection services, adult protective services, medico-legal services for victims of sexual violence, and identification, referral and support for victims of child maltreatment and violence against women); • legal services (e.g. requiring that the state compensate victims of violence for their suffering). The questionnaire and survey method were developed in close consultation with an international expert committee of violence prevention researchers and practitioners, and widely reviewed by representatives of international and regional organizations working on the prevention of violence, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and academic institutions.

Part V – Explanatory notes

Figure 19: Method of data collection and validation

Global and regional level coordination

National Data Coordinator in each country/area

Questionnaire completed by respondents comprising a multisectoral group from ministries of health, justice, education, gender and women, children, and interior, and non-government organizations

National consensus meeting

One national data set

Validation

Government clearance

Fed into Global status report on violence prevention 2014 Part V â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Explanatory notes

In addition to the questionnaire there was a protocol providing detailed descriptions of each stage of the data collection, validation and clearance process, a glossary defining the main technical terms, and a set of PowerPoint training materials. The questionnaire and consensus method were piloted in Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia during the first quarter of 2012, and minor adjustments were made based on the pilot. The questionnaire, protocol, glossary and training materials were developed and made available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish. Following their recruitment, National Data Coordinators were trained via webinars. The implementation of the full survey began in June 2012 and ended in July 2014.

Data collection and validation Following training, National Data Coordinators (see table A1 in Statistical annex) convened a consensus meeting involving a multisectoral group of up to 10 violence prevention experts. The method stipulated that the following sectors should be among the respondents in each country: • Ministry of Health or department responsible for public health; • Ministry of Justice; • Ministry responsible for law enforcement and the police; • Ministry of Interior; • Ministry of Education; • Ministry responsible for gender and women; • Ministry responsible for children and social development.

After the country consensus meeting, the National Data Coordinator submitted a draft of the completed questionnaire to WHO regional and global violence prevention technical staff. These staff validated the responses by checking them against independent databases where these existed (for example, UNODC’s global homicide statistics database, End Corporal Punishment’s online database of national corporal punishment laws); through consultation with independent experts from the country in question, and through Internetbased searches. Findings of the validation process were then discussed with the National Data Coordinators who amended the questionnaire responses, until, usually after several iterations, a fully validated draft was agreed upon. National Data Coordinators then submitted the validated draft to the relevant ministry for official permission to include the final data in the report, following which they sent the finalized questionnaire to WHO by email and uploaded the information into an online database specially created for the project. While most countries followed the standardized method, in five countries (Australia, Germany, Japan, New Zealand and Singapore) the questionnaire was completed by the National Data Coordinator (see Table A1 in Statistical annex) using input from multiple sectors, and no consensus meeting was held. Final data were received from 133 participating countries and areas (see Table 7). These 133 countries and areas account for 88% of the world’s population.

In addition, the method noted that respondents from national statistics offices, nongovernmental organizations working on violence prevention and academics or representatives of other research institutions working on violence prevention research could also be represented in the consensus meeting. Respondents were asked to complete the questionnaire independently and then discuss each of the answers at the consensus meeting where the respondents would agree as a group on one final country response, which was then submitted to WHO.

Part V – Explanatory notes

Table 7: Country participation in the survey, by WHO region and income group WHO region

African

Number of WHO Member States and Associate Members

Countries/areas participating

% of regional population covered by participating countries

Non-participating Member States/ Associate Members

Angola, Cabo Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Togo

Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Chile, Grenada, Haiti, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay

Djibouti, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria

Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Turkmenistan, Ukraine

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste

Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Republic of Korea, Tonga

(13 middle-income countries, 14 low-income countries)

Americas

21 (4 high-income countries, 17 middle-income countries)

Eastern Mediterranean1

European

16 (6 high-income countries, 9 middle-income countries, 1 low-income country) 41 (25 high-income countries, 14 middle-income countries, 2 low-income countries)

South-East Asia

8 (5 middle-income countries, 3 low-income countries)

Western Pacific2

20 (5 high-income countries, 14 middle-income countries, 1 low-income country)

GLOBAL

195

133

(39 high-income countries, 73 middle-income countries, 21 low-income countries) 1 2

Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Includes one Associate Member, Tokelau.

References 1. 2.

World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. Krug E, Dahlberg L, Mercy J, Zwi A, Lozano R. World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.

Part V – Explanatory notes

ESTIMATING GLOBAL HOMICIDE DEATHS

Most countries that record information on homicide deaths rely on vital registration or criminal justice reporting systems, and often use both. In civil registration and vital statistics systems, homicides are coded as a cause of death according to the International Classification of Diseases. The criminal justice systems typically rely on administrative data collected through the police and court system. For the purposes of generating comparable estimates of homicide across countries, two databases were combined: the WHO Mortality Database (1), which contains vital registration data, and criminal justice statistics previously compiled by the UNODC (2,3). For countries with long time series of high quality reporting data for homicides, estimates of homicide rates from 2000–2012 were derived directly from the reported data, after adjustment to deal with underreporting. For countries without high quality reporting data for homicides across most of the 2000–2012 period, estimates were obtained from a hierarchical regression model. For countries with model-based homicide estimates, the levels and trends indicated by those estimates are more appropriately interpreted as guides to priority setting and understanding the likely homicide burden within a country, as opposed to evidence of the effectiveness of national policies on homicide.

Types of health statistics The reported number of homicide deaths in vital registration and criminal justice data sources are not necessarily the most accurate estimate of homicide deaths, and in cases where both systems are present in a country, discrepancies are sometimes apparent. Moreover, countries’ definitions of homicide may differ, which reduces the comparability of reported values for homicide rates across countries. Given this, three types of homicide statistics were used to prepare this report: • Reported homicide deaths The number of homicide deaths as reported by countries in their response to the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey is presented in the Country profiles, Annex A3. These reported homicide deaths may

come from data systems that are incomplete, or may use inconsistent definitions for homicide. • Adjusted homicide deaths Systems reporting homicide deaths may not always capture all homicide deaths in a country. This can occur when some deaths are not captured by the vital registration or criminal justice reporting system, or when deaths that are recorded are incorrectly classified as due to causes other than homicide. Previous work on the WHO Mortality Database developed methods for quantifying these biases in vital registration data, after which data are either excluded if there is evidence of large underreporting or misclassification, or adjusted in cases where the issues are less severe. This process leads to a set of adjusted homicide deaths that are corrected for underreporting and misclassification. • Comparable homicide estimates Unfortunately, many countries do not yet have robust data collection systems for measuring their homicide rates. To address this data gap, modelling is used to derive homicide estimates for countries that do not have high quality data on homicides. These model-based estimates, combined with adjusted homicide deaths from countries with high-quality data on homicide, provide a comparable set of homicide estimates for all Member States.

Estimation strategy for homicide rates National homicide rates for year 2012 were estimated based on an in depth analysis of homicide data from 2000 to 2012, with countries grouped into two main estimation categories. For countries with 8 or more years of recent high quality data on homicide from at least one source between 2000 and 2012, estimates were computed directly from the data. For countries without long time series of high-quality data, regression modelling was used to project national homicide rates, combining information on observed levels of homicide rates across regions and countries with covariates that explain variation in levels of homicide.

Part V – Explanatory notes

Directly estimated homicide rates Reported numbers of homicide deaths were obtained through vital registration or criminal justice reporting systems. The estimates provided in this country consultation rely primarily on two data sets that contain such information: the WHO Mortality Database (1), which contains vital registration data, and criminal justice statistics compiled by UNODC for its global studies on homicide (2, 3), which incorporate data from the United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems. In several cases, responses that were collected through the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey duplicated observations from the WHO and UNODC data bases. In a few cases, data from the survey were also included (see below). Crude homicide rates were computed using UN Population Division estimates for country population size.

used an indicator of the quality of the reporting system, and police data from the UNODC data base were included if they contained values for homicide deaths for 8 or more years from 2000 to 2012 (over 60% of years with an observation) and at least one observation year since 2008. Analyses undertaken for this report comparing vital registration and criminal justice data also suggested that in countries with high quality vital registration systems, criminal justice data may typically underreport homicides by 15%. It is likely that underreporting in criminal justice systems is higher in countries without functioning vital registration systems, but that cannot be assessed given the available data. Given this, police data were excluded if their homicide rates were lower than the minimum nationally observed homicide rate from any country with a high quality vital registration system (Japan), which led to the exclusion of police data for Egypt and Indonesia.

Country data on homicide were extracted from the WHO Mortality Database, in which homicides from vital registration systems are defined according the International Classification of Disease by codes ICD-10: X85-Y09, Y87.1 or ICD-9: E960-E969. Country vital registration data were included in the estimation process if they met data quality inclusion criteria. To be included, country vital registration data had to be at least 70% complete and no more than 30% of injuries could be classified as intent undetermined. Final counts of homicides from the vital registration data were then computed by adjusting reported homicides upwards to correct for incompleteness, as well as redistributing injuries of undetermined intent pro rata across injury causes, including homicide. These adjusted vital registration data were used for subsequent estimation processes.

Many countries had data included from both vital registration and criminal justice reporting systems. As the final data set of national homicide rates was restricted to sources with a consistent definition of homicide, the primary concern over the accuracy of observed homicide rates was that of underreporting. Therefore, within a country, preference was given to data sources reporting a higher rate, based on the assumption that over-reporting of homicides was much less likely than under-reporting. For countries with 8 or more years of reliable data from WHOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mortality Database or the UNODC criminal justice database, homicide rates were directly estimated from the data based on the following decision rules summarized in Table 1:

The use of criminal justice data for the estimation of homicide rates is complicated by the fact that there is currently no reliable way to estimate the degree of completeness of criminal justice reporting systems. This differs from vital registration systems that attempt to record all causes of death, which allows for comparisons between total deaths recorded by vital registration to deaths implied by trends in population numbers as a means to assess completeness. For criminal justice systems, which only record crimerelated deaths, there are no comparator data sets (in the absence of a vital registration system) to enable an assessment of completeness. Given that vital registration data is often incomplete, there is justifiable concern that criminal justice data may in some cases be incomplete as well. For these estimates, duration of police reporting was Part V â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Explanatory notes

1. If the homicide rates reported in the criminal justice data series were, on average, significantly higher (p<0.10) than the homicide rates resulting from the adjusted vital registration data, the reported criminal justice homicide rate was used as the final estimate. 2. If there was no significant difference between the criminal justice and adjusted vital registration homicide rates, or the adjusted vital registration homicide rate was significantly higher than the criminal justice rate, the adjusted vital registration homicide rate was used as the final estimate. 3. If a country had 8 or more years of recent criminal justice data, but lacked vital registration data meeting the inclusion criteria, the criminal justice homicide rate was adjusted upwards by 15% (based on the analysis described above) to obtain a final estimate.

In cases where the selected data source had an incomplete time series, trends observed in the unused data source were used if available to extrapolate missing years. In cases where there were no observations for a given year from either vital registration or criminal justice data, trends from the regression modelling output for that country (described below) were applied to extrapolate homicide rates for the missing data years and bring the estimates up to year 2012. A few countries (Albania, Bahrain, and Kuwait) had vital registration data in the early 2000s and more complete police data, and the two sources differed in their levels of homicide. For these countries, we included both data sources and projected estimates with the regression model described in the next section. Model-based homicide rates For countries without long, high quality data series on homicide rates, regression models were used to estimate national homicide rates over time (Table 8). Potential covariates for the regression modelling were selected in a multi-step process. First, seven conceptual categories of potential predictors of homicide were identified: absolute and relative deprivation, demographic factors, social (dis) organization, deterrence, routine activity, economic and social development and selected individual risk factors. Second, within each of these categories, indicator variables were identified (Table 9). Third, graphical examination of global and regional relationships between each of these indicator variables and homicide rates,4 in combination with quantitative metrics based on single covariate regression models, were used to eliminate several of the covariates as non-predictive or redundant. The remaining 11 covariates (Table 9) were included as candidate covariates in a cross validation algorithm to select the most predictive regression models. As the regression model was fitted to data for the period 2000 to 2012, a complete time series over this period was necessary for each covariate for each country. In cases where there were gaps in a countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time series for a given 4

Each potential covariate was included by itself in a set of different log-linear generalized linear models. This set of models included different specifications of fixed or random effects for intercepts and linear time trends for regions and countries. Covariates that consistently had higher Akaike information criterion values across all model specifications, and no clear relationship with homicide rates as assessed with scatter plots and p-values, were eligible to be removed from the initial covariate list. In cases where covariates were very highly correlated (e.g., gross national income and gross domestic product), only one was selected.

covariate, missing values were linearly interpolated. In cases where a countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time series started after 2000 or ended before 2012, missing values were extrapolated assuming a constant value equal to that of the nearest non-missing year. For countries with no observed covariate values, the value was imputed with a regression that included fixed effects for WHO region and year. Observations of homicide rates were taken primarily from WHO and UNODC databases (described above), after the vital registration data inputted for the modelling were adjusted for incompleteness and misclassification. Criminal justice data were not adjusted for completeness before being inputted to the regression modelling as a covariate was included in the model to account for systematic differences in homicide-rate levels between vital registration and criminal justice data. In addition to incorporating the long, high quality time series of homicide data that were used to directly produce country estimates above, shorter time series of police homicide data were also included in the model if countries also had high quality vital registration data. Finally, initially excluded criminal justice data from the UNODC database or the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey were included based on initial modelling results for a few countries, where modelled projections were well below reported homicide rates, implying reasonable completeness of those data. This led to data inclusion for Iraq and Lesotho for modelled countries, and for countries with direct estimation, inclusion of police data from Global status report on violence prevention 2014 for Botswana and Swaziland. Country-level homicide rates were estimated with hierarchical generalized linear models with a log link. By using a hierarchical model, estimates for countries with limited or no data are informed by regional and global patterns. In the regression, random intercepts were assigned to countries and WHO regions, with high-income countries categorized as a separate region. An additional random effect was introduced for each unique data source (for example, vital registration data from France) to account for over-dispersion. Homicide counts were modelled with a log offset for population size. The model can be described as follows:

â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; = đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x192;(đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x153;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; đ?&#x153;&#x192;đ?&#x153;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; ) đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;? đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x; log(đ?&#x153;&#x192;đ?&#x153;&#x192;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; ) = đ?&#x2018;&#x2039;đ?&#x2018;&#x2039;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013; đ?&#x203A;˝đ?&#x203A;˝ + đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;[đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;] + đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2014;đ?&#x2018;&#x2014;[đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;] + đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;

Part V â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Explanatory notes

where unique data sources are denoted s and indexed by i, countries are denoted c and indexed by j, regions are denoted r and indexed by k, a are random effects for region, country and data source, and µ is an offset. In addition to explanatory variables, X also contained an indicator variable for whether a data source was from vital registration or criminal justice reporting systems. This covariate was set equal to vital registration during prediction to adjust for underreporting in the criminal justice data. Final estimates were based on a model ensemble, which was computed as a weighted average of the predicted homicide rates from the five best performing models from a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. The cross-validation algorithm dropped one unique data source at a time and computed the root mean squared error of the predicted homicide rate as an error metric. The five covariate sets with the lowest average root mean squared error were included in the ensemble, and the reciprocal of the root mean squared error was used as a weight when averaging the model predications. The covariates included in the final ensemble were alcohol drinking pattern, gender inequality index, percent of the population living in urban areas, proportion of the population that were males aged 15–30 years, religious fractionalization, and infant mortality rate. Uncertainty around model-based estimates was obtained via the bootstrap. Estimates by sex, age and mechanism After obtaining final homicide estimates for year 2012 as explained above, age- and sex-specific homicide rates for 2012 were obtained by splitting the total homicide estimates by the age and sex fractions observed in the WHO Mortality Database for year 2012, or, for countries without vital registration data from 2012, age and sex fractions for homicide in year 2012 from the WHO’s Global Health Estimates (4).

Part V – Explanatory notes

Estimates of homicide mechanism were derived for three major categories: firearms, sharp objects, and other, based on data from WHO’s Mortality Database and responses collected during the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey. Data sources were excluded if the percent of “unknown” causes was greater than 30%, or if the percentage of homicides due to firearms or sharp objects was missing. If a country had both vital registration and Global status report on violence prevention 2014 police data sources meeting data inclusion criteria, the police data were dropped for countries for which vital registration data were used to compute the homicide rate estimates, and similarly, vital registration data were dropped in favour of police data if homicide rate estimates were based on police data. Blunt objects were not estimated as a distinct mechanism category due to sparse reporting across countries. Unknown causes were excluded, which is equivalent to assuming that the distribution of unknown causes is the same as that observed across firearms, sharp objects and other. For countries with included data, final estimates of homicide mechanism fractions were computed directly from the data for the most recent year available. For countries whose most recent data year was prior to 2012, this assumes stable mechanism fractions over time. For countries without data, mechanism fractions were estimated with a multinomial logistic regression, which modelled firearms, sharp objects, and other categories as a function of covariates. Potential covariates included those considered in the cross validation exercise for estimating homicide rates (Table 9), plus firearms per capita and the final homicide rate estimate for a country. Model covariates for estimating mechanism fractions were selected via cross-validation, and included the log of the estimated homicide rate, log firearms per capita, alcohol drinking pattern, religious fractionalization, corruption index for 2012, and an indicator variable for East Asia and high income Asia Pacific countries.

Table 8: Estimation method by country Estimation method Vital registration data

Criminal justice data Adjusted criminal justice data

Modelled estimate with country data Modelled estimate without country data

Countrya Argentina, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Suriname, Sweden, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Australia, Belize, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Ireland, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Paraguay, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Uruguay Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Botswana, Cambodia, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Honduras, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Yemen Albania, Bahrain, Fiji, Iraq, Kuwait, Lesotho, Montenegro, Philippines, Uzbekistan Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Viet Nam, West Bank and Gaza Strip, Zambia, Zimbabwe

a Not listed here are 22 Member States with populations less than 300 000 for which homicide estimates were included in regional tables but not reported separately.

Table 9: Covariates considered for homicide rate regression model Category

Included in cross validation

Excluded after initial tests

Absolute and relative deprivation

• Infant mortality rate • Gini index

Demographic

• Percentage of urban population • Proportion of population aged 15–30 years old and male

Social (dis)organization

• Adolescent birth rate • HIV prevalence • Religious fractionalization

• • • • • • • • • • •

Proportion of income in the highest quintile Proportion of income in the lowest quintile Ratio of upper and lower income quintiles Population density Population growth rate Sex ratio in 15–30 year old age groups Percentage of households headed by female Divorce rate Health system access Ethnic fractionalization Language fractionalization

Deterrence Routine activity Economic and social development

• Corruption index 2012

Selected individual risk factors

• Alcohol drinking pattern

• • • • • • •

Unemployment rate Gross domestic product Literacy rate Mean years of education Alcohol consumption rate Child stunting Firearms per capita

• Lagged gross national income • Gender inequality index

References 1. WHO Mortality Database [online database]. Geneva: World health Organization; 2014. (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/mortality_ data/en/, accessed 20 August 2014). 2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2011 Global study on homicide: trends, contexts, data. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2011.

3. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Global study on homicide 2013. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2013. 4. World Health Organization. Global health estimates: deaths by cause, age, sex and country, 2000–2012. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.

Part V – Explanatory notes

COUNTRY PROFILES: EXPLANATION

The country profiles in the following section (in alphabetical order) present a selection of core information about violence prevention and victim support services, as reported by each of the 133 participating countries and areas. Additional and more detailed national data can be found in the Statistical annex (Tables A1–A11).

Background information on countries Background information for population, gross national income (GNI) per capita and economic inequality are reported for the most recent year available. Population data were extracted from the United Nations Population Division database, while gross national income per capita for the year 2012, and data on the Gini coefficient of income inequality, came from World Bank estimates. Where no data were available for 2012, published data for the latest year were used. The World Bank Atlas method was used to categorize GNI according to the following bands: • low-income: US$ 1005 or less • middle-income: US$ 1006 to US$ 12 275 • high-income: US$ 12 276 or more. Flags were obtained from the World Flag Database (http:// www.flags.net). Flags as of 31 December 2012 were used.

Terminology A full list of definitions of all key terms used in this report can be found in Part VI, Glossary. The information on levels and patterns of drinking and excise taxes on alcohol sales was taken from the 2014 Global status report on alcohol and health (1). • Total per capita consumption is defined as total (recorded plus estimated unrecorded) alcohol per capita for those aged 15 years and older within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol (1). • The “patterns of drinking” score reflects how people drink instead of how much they drink within a population. Strongly associated with the alcohol-attributable burden of disease in a country, the patterns of drinking score is measured on a scale from one (least risky pattern of drinking) to five (most risky pattern of drinking). The Part V – Explanatory notes

higher the score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease in population groups with the same level of consumption. Notably, different drinking patterns give rise to very different health outcomes in population groups with the same level of consumption (1). • An excise tax is an inland tax applied on the sale of, or production for sale of, specific goods. Here it refers to beer, wine and spirits. Excise taxes are distinguished from customs duties, which are taxes on imports (1).

Key to country profiles The sections below reflect how the information is structured in each of the country profiles. They include details on how data on certain variables are presented and should be interpreted. Variables were coded as “–” if the information was unavailable or non-applicable, or if respondents had provided a “Don’t know” response. Information on the existence of national and subnational action plans, policies and laws is indicated as “Yes” (with a footnote where these are subnational) or “No”. Countries where the development of action plans, policies and laws is underway but these have yet to be approved or endorsed by government are indicated as “No”. National was defined as “relating to a nation or a country as a whole”. In federal states, plans of action, policies and laws were considered “national” when they were either federal or when more than 90% of subnational entities – such as states or provinces – had such plans of action, policies and laws. Respondents were asked to use their professional judgement to rate the extent of enforcement of laws and of implementation of programmes. The group of respondents then reached consensus on an enforcement rating for laws and an implementation rating for programmes. These scores were: Extent of enforcement of laws 1 = “Enforced to a limited extent”: up to 40% effective 2 = “Enforced to a large extent”: 40–79% effective 3 = “Fully enforced”: 80% or more effective

Extent of prevention programme and victim support programme implementation 1 = The programme has been implemented once or a few isolated times. 2 = The programme has been implemented systematically on a larger scale (for example, across many schools or communities, or has reached more than 30% of the intended target population in the country). It is noted that these scores are subjective and are only an indication of how law enforcement and programme implementation are perceived in the country. Only information on whether national population-based prevalence surveys of non-fatal violence exist is reported here. Too few countries reported data of adequate quality to include prevalence rates for the different types of nonfatal violence. Reported homicide numbers or rates per 100 000, percentage of male and female homicide victims and the percentage of homicides by mechanism are presented for the most recent year for which data were provided. The proportion of homicides where the sex was unknown has not been reported in the profiles. Proportions of homicide by sex and by mechanism may sometimes not add up to 100% because of rounding or because only partial information was

received. It is emphasized that only the reported numbers or reported rates of homicide are included in the country profiles. Estimates based on the statistical model developed are listed in the Statistical annex. It is further emphasized that all police-reported data shown are as submitted to WHO as part of the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 data collection survey. As such, these data may differ from the police-reported homicide numbers and rates supplied to and published by UNODC owing to variations in the procedures/channels used to gather the data, the timing of their collection and the validation methods used by WHO and UNODC respectively. Graphs on reported homicide rates per 100 000 population. While many countries track data trends over decades, only a 10-year period is depicted here. Data points for years where this information was missing were left blank. For countries providing fewer than 3 years of homicide trend data, this information is presented in a table instead of a graph. Where the primary data source for data on homicide mechanisms and homicide trends was not specified, the country questionnaire has been listed as the source.

Reference 1.

World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.

Part V â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Explanatory notes

Part VI â&#x20AC;&#x201C; At a glance

At a glance

CHILD MALTREATMENT Millions of children suffer abuse and neglect at the hands of their parents and other caregivers.

Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect of children under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence and commercial or other exploitation, which results in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power.

Findings from the survey The majority of countries report having adopted national action plans to address child maltreatment. Many countries report that prevention programmes for child maltreatment are being implemented. However, only a minority of countries report implementing these measures at scale.

Prevention approaches There are a number of evidence-based programmes designed to help strengthen early relationships and interactions between children and their caregivers, promote healthy development and prevent child maltreatment.

Key facts: • Nearly one in four adults reports having been physically abused as a child; 36% say they were emotionally abused as a child. • 20% of women and 5–10% of men report having been sexually abused as children. • Maltreatment can cause changes in the brain that increase the risk of behavioural, physical and mental health problems in adulthood. • Being a victim of child maltreatment can increase the risk that a person will become a victim and/or perpetrator of other forms of violence in adolescence and adulthood.

Proportion of countries with national action plans and surveys Yes

41 71

National action plans

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing a particular strategy

Home visiting

Home visiting programmes involve visits by nurses to parents and infants in their homes to provide support, education, and information. Some home visiting programmes can substantially reduce child maltreatment and associated outcomes such as injuries.

None (not implemented at all)

Parenting education

Limited (implemented once or a few times)

47 38

Larger scale (e.g. across many schools or communities or has reached 30% or more of the target population)

Child sexual abuse avoidance training

48 37

CHILD MALTREATMENT

Parenting education programmes aim to improve childrearing skills, increase knowledge of child development and encourage positive child management strategies strategies. Parenting education programmes show great promise in preventing child maltreatment and promoting positive parenting and child behaviour behaviour.

Child sexual abuse prevention programmes teach children about body ownership, the difference between good and bad touch, how to say â&#x20AC;&#x153;noâ&#x20AC;? and how to disclose abuse to a trusted adult. They can increase childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s knowledge of what to do if they encounter a potentially abusive situation.

At a glance

YOUTH VIOLENCE Globally, more than 500 young people are murdered every day.

Youth violence is violence occurring between people aged 10–29 years. It often occurs among youth who are not relatives and who may not know each other, and generally takes place outside of the home. It includes harmful behaviours that may start early and continue into adulthood. Some violent acts — such as assault — can lead to serious injury or death. Others, such as bullying, slapping or hitting may result more in emotional than physical harm.

Findings from the survey While more than half of surveyed countries report having adopted national action plans to address youth violence, only a quarter of countries report having national surveys to measure the magnitude and consequences of youth violence, and identify its risk factors.

Prevention approaches A variety of approaches have been developed to reduce violent behaviour among young people. The most common approaches help children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflict and develop the necessary social skills to solve problems.

Key facts: • Worldwide an estimated 200 000 homicides occur each year among youth aged 10–29 years, accounting for 43% of all homicides annually. • In over 80% of deaths due to youth violence the victim is a male. • For each young person killed, many more sustain injuries requiring hospital treatment. • Beyond deaths and injuries, youth violence can lead to mental health problems and increased health risk behaviours, such as smoking, alcohol and drug use, and unsafe sex. • Perpetrators and victims of youth violence often have a long history of involvement in violence, and many were victims of child maltreatment.

Proportion of countries with national action plans and surveys Yes

26 47

53 74

National action plans

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing a particular strategy 27

Preschool enrichment

Preschool enrichment programmes introduce young children to the skills necessary for success in school, thereby increasing the likelihood of future success. Preschool enrichment programmes can reduce arrests for academic success 40%. violence among those aged 20â&#x20AC;&#x201C;24 years by up to 40%

34 None

(not implemented at all)

Limited

Life skills training Life skills training programmes are designed to help older children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflict and develop the necessary problems. Life skills training social skills to solve problems programmes can reduce adolescent violence by up to 29% 29%.

(implemented once or a few times)

Larger scale (e.g. across many schools or communities or has reached 30% or more of the target population)

27 50 23

YOUTH VIOLENCE

Mentoring Mentoring programmes match a young person at high risk of antisocial behaviour or growing up in a single-parent family with a caring older person from outside the family family. Mentoring can reduce illicit drug initiation, truancy and other risk factors for youth violence. violence

Bullying prevention Bullying prevention programmes can involve anger management, social skills and assertiveness training for children involved in bullying; teaching peers active listening and problem solving skills to help those involved; and whole-school approaches such as developing an anti-bullying policy policy.

At a glance

INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE Globally, one in three women has been a victim of violence by an intimate partner.

Intimate partner violence refers to behaviour by an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours. It can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples, and does not require sexual intimacy. Intimate partner violence is often hidden and only a small percentage of victims seek help from formal victim assistance providers.

Findings from the survey

Key facts:

Proportion of countries with national action plans and surveys

â&#x20AC;˘ Intimate partner violence against women is an important risk factor for HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancies and other reproductive health problems. â&#x20AC;˘ Women exposed to intimate partner violence are almost twice as likely to have an alcohol use disorder, two times more likely to experience depression and have an increased risk for suicide attempts compared to women who have not been exposed to partner violence. â&#x20AC;˘ Intimate partner violence can negatively affect children in households where it occurs.

A majority of countries report having conducted national surveys on intimate partner violence and two thirds report having national action plans to address it. Far fewer report implementing school- and community-based programmes to change attitudes and behaviour directly.

Prevention approaches Promoting gender equity, creating a climate of non-tolerance for violence and starting prevention efforts at a young age are some of the key strategies for preventing intimate partner violence.

Yes

43 57 68

National action plans

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing a particular strategy

Dating violence prevention in schools

Dating violence prevention programmes in schools aim to develop healthy violence. relationship skills and reduce attitudes that are accepting of violence Evaluations of these programmes in mostly high-income countries show positive changes in knowledge and attitudes toward relationship violence behaviours. and reductions in abusive behaviours

46 22

None

Microfinance and gender equity training

(not implemented at all)

Limited

(implemented once or a few times)

Larger scale (e.g. across many schools or communities or has reached 30% or more of the target population)

Social and cultural norm-change

11 40 49

INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Microfinance combined with gender equity training focuses on women living in poor communities and is designed to economically empower them and address gender norms, cultural beliefs and communication communication. It is one of the few strategies with documented evidence showing reductions in partner violence violence.

Social and cultural norm-change strategies aim to modify social expectations, such as the norm that men have the right to control women, which make women vulnerable to physical, emotional and sexual violence by men men. Rigorous evaluations of social and cultural norm-change strategies are still needed to assess their impact; however, they remain an important strategy to inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable and unacceptable behaviour and in promoting norms supportive of healthy, nonviolent, and gender equitable relationships relationships.

At a glance

SEXUAL VIOLENCE Globally, 7% of women have experienced sexual violence by someone other than an intimate partner in their lifetime.

Sexual violence is defined as any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting including but not limited to home and work.

Key facts: • Sexual violence against women and girls can lead to unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, gynaecological problems and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. • Women who have experienced non-partner sexual violence are 2.3 times more likely to have alcohol use disorders and 2.6 times more likely to have depression or anxiety than women who have not. • Boys and men also suffer sexual violence, although this remains poorly documented.

Findings from the survey Over half of countries report conducting national surveys on sexual violence and some two-thirds of countries report adopting national action plans to address it. While over half of countries report implementing campaigns to change social and cultural norms, only a third report implementing school-based programmes addressing gender norms and attitudes at a larger scale.

Prevention approaches Addressing the root causes of violence against women – starting prevention efforts at a young age, changing social norms accepting of sexual violence against women and implementing strategies to promote gender equity – are some of the key strategies for preventing sexual violence.

Proportion of countries with national action plans and surveys Yes

48 52 65

National action plans

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing a particular strategy

School and college programmes

School- and college-based programmes are designed to raise awareness, address gender norms, bystander behaviours, and knowlege and attitudes about rape and sexual assault. Few programmes have been rigorously evaluated, suggesting a critical gap to fill.

None (not implemented at all)

Limited

(implemented once or a few times)

Larger scale

(e.g. across many schools or communities or has reached 30% or more of the target population)

Physical environment changes include improving formal and informal surveillance, better lighting of public areas and interventions to encourage the use of public spaces. While promising, more research is needed to spaces evaluate their specific effects on sexual violence violence.

Social and cultural norm-change

11 39 50

SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Physical environment changes

Social and cultural norm-change programmes aim to modify norms of male sexual entitlement, and can reduce attitudes and beliefs that are supportive of sexual violence violence. Rigorous evaluations of social and cultural norm-change strategies are still needed to assess their impact; however, they remain an important strategy to inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable and unacceptable behaviour behaviour.

At a glance

ELDER ABUSE Many older people experience some form of abuse in the home.

Elder abuse is a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust that causes harm or distress to an older person. Elder abuse includes physical, sexual, psychological, emotional, financial and material abuse; abandonment; neglect and serious loss of dignity and respect.

Key facts: â&#x20AC;˘ National surveys conducted in predominantly high-income countries find wide variation in rates of abuse in the preceding 12 months among adults aged over 60 years, ranging from 0.8% in Spain and 2.6% in the United Kingdom to upwards of 18% in Israel, 23.8% in Austria and 32% in Belgium. â&#x20AC;˘ Elder abuse can lead to serious physical injuries and long-term psychological consequences, including depression and anxiety. â&#x20AC;˘ Elder abuse is predicted to increase as many countries are experiencing rapidly ageing populations.

Findings from the survey Although public and professional information campaigns to raise awareness about elder abuse are reported in many countries, elder abuse is one of the leastinvestigated types of violence in national surveys, and one of the least addressed in national action plans.

Prevention approaches Strategies to prevent elder abuse include efforts to raise professional awareness and train practitioners; inform the public about how to identify the signs and symptoms of elder abuse and where help can be obtained, and improving policies and practices in residential care facilities for elderly people. There is, however, very little research on the effectiveness of any such programmes in preventing elder abuse, and this is a critical gap to fill.

Proportion of countries with national action plans and surveys Yes

17 41 59

National action plans

National surveys

At a glance

Proportion of countries that reported implementing a particular strategy Professional awareness campaigns 40

Professional awareness campaigns aim to improve professionalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ability to cases. While they can identify and deal effectively with suspected elder abuse cases increase such knowledge, their effectiveness depends on the strategies in place identified. to deal with a suspected case once identified

Public information campaigns 34

43 None (not implemented at all)

Limited (implemented once or a few times)

Public information campaigns aim to increase public awareness about elder abuse, promote positive attitudes towards older people, and encourage the people. They respectful, dignified treatment of older people may help to raise the visibility of elder abuse and change social norms that are supportive of elder abuse. abuse

Larger scale (e.g. across many schools or communities or has reached 30% or more of the target population)

Caregiver support 28

37 36

ELDER ABUSE

Caregiver support programmes provide services to relieve the burden of caregiving, by, for instance, providing help with housekeeping and meal preparation, respite care, support groups and day care. They can reduce the caregiver burden, stress care and depression, all of which are risk factors for elder abuse abuse.

Residential care policies Residential care policies aim to improve standards of care in nursing and other residential care homes for elderly people by implementing procedures within the homes that reduce the likelihood of elder abuse abuse. They can help to establish uniform licencing requirements and professional operating standards that lower abuse. the risk of elder abuse

Part VII â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Glossary

Adult protective services identify and assess elderly and disabled adults who have been abused or are at risk of abuse, investigate these cases and provide services, in part to prevent abuse from occurring or recurring. After-school programmes extend adult supervision and aim to improve children’s academic achievement and school involvement by supporting their studies and offering recreational activities outside normal school hours. Armed violence is the use or threatened use of weapons to inflict injury, death or psychosocial harm, which undermines development. Caregiver support programmes to prevent elder abuse provide services to relieve the burden of caregiving, by, for instance, providing help with housekeeping and meal preparation, respite care, support groups and day care. Changing social and cultural gender norms aims to alter the social expectations that define appropriate behaviour for women and men, such as norms that dictate men have the right to control women, and which make women and girls vulnerable to physical, emotional and sexual violence by men. Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect of children under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence and commercial or other exploitation, which results in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power. Child protection services investigate cases of child maltreatment and identify, assess, and provide services to children and families in an effort to protect children and prevent further maltreatment, while wherever possible preserving the family. Such services are also sometimes known by other names, often attempting to reflect more family-centred (as opposed to child-centred) practices, such as “children and family services”, “child welfare services” or even “social services”. Collective violence is the instrumental use of violence by people who identify themselves as members of a group – whether this group is transitory or has a more permanent

identity – against another group or set of individuals in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives. Community policing strategies aim to establish policecommunity partnerships and a problem-solving approach that is responsive to the needs of the community, through an active partnership between the police and the community. Elder abuse is any act of commission or omission (in which case it is usually described as “neglect”), that may be either intentional or unintentional and involves persons aged 60–65 years or more (the age bracket for “old age” varies by country but often coincides with the official age of retirement). The abuse may be physical, sexual, psychological (involving emotional or verbal aggression), or financial, or involve other material maltreatment and result in unnecessary suffering, injury or pain, the loss or violation of human rights, and a decreased quality of life for the older person. Gang violence is the intentional use of violence by a person or group of persons who are members of, or identify with, any durable, street-orientated group whose identity includes involvement in illegal activity. Gender norms are social expectations that define what is considered appropriate behaviour for women and men. The different roles and behaviours of females and males, children as well as adults, are shaped and reinforced by gender norms within society. Home visiting programmes involve visits by nurses to parents and children in their homes to prevent child maltreatment and promote positive infant, child and parental development by providing support, education and information. Interpersonal violence is the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, by a person or a small group of people against another person or small group that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation. Intimate partner violence is behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm to those in the relationship, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours. Part VII – Glossary

Medico-legal services for sexual violence victims provide immediate medical and psychosocial care and legal advice for victims, and collect medical and legal evidence to corroborate victim accounts and help identify perpetrators.

and include education about the signs and symptoms of elder maltreatment, discussion on the roles and responsibilities of professionals in protecting older people, and training in problem-solving skills.

Mentoring programmes assume that a warm and supportive relationship with a positive adult role model can help to protect children and adolescents against involvement in youth violence. Mentoring programmes typically match a young person – particularly one at high risk of antisocial behaviour or growing up in a single-parent family – with a caring older person from outside the family. Mentors may be older classmates, teachers, counsellors, police officers or other members of the community.

Physical environment improvement involves efforts to reduce the likelihood of sexual assault by, for instance, improving the safety of trains or buses through the provision of special seating areas and/or compartments for women and girls, and ensuring that streets and parking areas have adequate street lighting.

Microfinance combined with gender equity training is designed to benefit women living in the poorest communities and combines the provision of microfinance with training and skills-building sessions for men and women on gender roles and norms, cultural beliefs, communication and intimate partner violence. Parenting education programmes are usually delivered in groups with the aim of preventing child maltreatment and other problem behaviours by improving child-rearing skills, increasing knowledge of child development and encouraging positive child management strategies. Pre-school enrichment programmes introduce young children early on to the skills necessary for success in school, and may also include the acquisition of life skills, thereby increasing the likelihood of future academic success and reducing the likelihood that children will become involved in violence as they grow into adolescents and young adults. Problem-orientated policing integrates daily police practice with criminological theory and research methods to enhance prevention and reduce crime and disorder, and emphasizes the use of systematic data analysis and assessment methods. Professional awareness campaigns to prevent elder abuse are designed for social and health care professionals whose routine contact with older people puts them in a position to identify and support those at risk of abuse or already being abused. They aim to increase professional awareness of elder maltreatment and improve professionals’ ability to identify and deal effectively with suspected cases, Part VII – Glossary

Residential care policies and procedures to prevent elder abuse aim to improve standards of care in nursing and other residential care homes for elderly people by implementing policies and procedures within the homes that will reduce the likelihood of elder maltreatment. These may include promoting teamwork and professional development, a focus on person-centred care, and regular audits. Schools-based bullying prevention programmes can take different forms. Individualized interventions provide anger management, social skills and assertiveness training to children already involved in bullying. Peer-led interventions teach peer helpers the basic skills of active listening, empathy, problem solving and supportiveness that they need to help others involved in a bullying situation. Whole-school approaches include the development of an anti-bullying policy, increased adult supervision on school grounds, the establishment of an anti-bullying committee and involvement of parents. School-based dating violence prevention programmes typically aim to reach students aged 14–15 years, are often integrated into existing health and physical educational curricula and taught in sex-segregated classes. They have an underlying theme of healthy, non-violent relationship skills, and frequently involve using graduated practice with peers to develop positive strategies for dealing with pressures and the resolution of conflict without abuse or violence. Self-directed violence is violence a person inflicts upon himself or herself, and categorized as suicidal behaviour or self-abuse.

Sexual violence is: – any sexual act or attempt to obtain a sexual act – unwanted sexual comments or advances or acts to traffic

threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether in public or in private life. Youth violence is violence involving people between the ages of 10–29 years.

that are directed against a person’s sexuality using coercion by anyone, regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including at home and at work. Three types of sexual violence are commonly distinguished: sexual violence involving intercourse (i.e. rape), contact sexual violence (for example, unwanted touching, but excluding intercourse), and non-contact sexual violence (for example, threatened sexual violence, exhibitionism and verbal sexual harassment). Sexual violence prevention programmes for school and college populations involve college/university, high school and middle school populations, and usually include educational and awareness-raising exercises that focus on challenging rape myths; providing information on acquaintance and date rape; reviewing statistics on rape, and coaching in risk reduction and protective prevention skills. Social development/life skills training programmes are designed to help children and adolescents manage anger, resolve conflict and develop the necessary social skills to solve interpersonal problems without violence, and are usually implemented in school settings. Training children to recognize and avoid potentially sexually abusive situations is usually delivered in schools, and aims to teach children about body ownership; the difference between good and bad touch; how to recognize potentially abusive situations; how to say “no”, and how to disclose abuse to a trusted adult. Violence is the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation. Violence against women is defined as any act of genderbased violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including

Part VII – Glossary

Part VIII â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Country profiles

AFGHANISTAN Population: 29 824 536

Gross national income per capita: US$ 690

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 27.82

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment Youth violence – Intimate partner violence Sexual violence YES1 Elder abuse Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access Mandatory background check Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons Carrying firearms in public Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use

NO NO NO YES YES YES/–/– YES YES

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Alcohol Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: –

NO NO 0.7 – Spirits: –

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

Partial  18 / 16 YES YES YES YES1 (NO) YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO –  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually NO  abusive situations

  

–



YES – –



NO NO

– –

YES YES

 

– –

–

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment NO Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision NO School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change NO Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns NO Caregiver support – Residential care policies –

–

 – –

   –

 – – –

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

– YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

–

  

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Afghanistan

–

 

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Larger scale  Implementation – –

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Albania

Subnational.

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7 6

ALBANIA Population: 3 162 083

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 520

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 34.51

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

YES YES 7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Partial  18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (YES)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Implementation Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

  

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

ILA

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Afghanistan Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 

VICTIM SERVICES

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring NO After-school supervision NO School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES LE Residential care policies YES LAB VAI

NO YES

–



DAT

  – –

  –

 –

     

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

  

YES YES YES NO

–

Child maltreatment YES

Albania

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Other 6% Burn 1%

Strangulation 1% Blunt force 10% Firearm 66% Sharp force 17%

Rate per 100 000 population

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 142, Rate= 2.86/100 000 (87.3% M, 12.7% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Algeria

Firearm 26%

pulation

Unknown 5%

2 1.8 1.6 1.4

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

DATA ON VIOLENCE

ALGERIA Population: 38 481 705

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 970

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.33

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

YES YES 1 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

  

YES YES

VA TA NO TA DA

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Albania Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Other 6% Against elder abuse Burn 1% Against elder abuse in institutions Strangulation 1%

– –

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Blunt force 10%

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES LE YES Mentoring ILAB AVA OT N After-school supervision NO A DAT School anti-bullying NO Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional YES 8 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns YES 7 6 Caregiver support YES Residential5 care policies YES

   – –

   –

     

4 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing forforce victim17% legal representation Sharp

NO YES

Firearm 66%

–



3 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 1 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 Mental health 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Algeria

YES YES YES YES 2008

2007

2009

2010

   2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

19 / 19 YES YES NO YES (NO)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

ILA

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Afghanistan Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 26% Other 36%

Sharp force 32%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 5%

Strangulation 1%

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

Sources. Mechanism: DGSN and Gendarmerie Nationale/ Reported homicides: Police

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Gendarmerie Nationale and Police

Armenia

Subnational.

Part VIII – Country profiles

Firearm 10% Sharp force 25%

lation

2005

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 631, Rate= 1.72/100 000 (84.2% M, 15.8% F)

2.5

ARMENIA Population: 2 969 081

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 770

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 31.3

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Afghanistan

ILA

BL E

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Alcohol Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of Apure LE alcohol) IL B AVA Patterns of drinking score LEAST OT RISKY  N A Excise taxes Beer: YESDAT Wine: YES

YES YES 5.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

16 / 16 YES YES YES YES (YES)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

  

YES YES Firearm 66%

Sharp force 17%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Algeria Against non-contact sexual violence Unknown 5% Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 –

  

YES YES YES NO Firearm 26% NO

– –

Other 36%

1 0.8 0.6 Adult protective services 0.4 Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

–

2009

2010

2011

– –

     –

 –

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO NO Sharp force 32%

– –

Strangulation 1%

Mental health services

Child maltreatment NO

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Armenia

   

YES YES YES 2008 YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 10%

Other 57%

Blunt force 5% Strangulation 1% Burn 2%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 25%

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 62, Rate= 1.8/100 000 (74.2% M, 25.8% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Australia Unknown 3% Firearm 17%

1.8

ulation

1.6 1.4

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes 7 Pre-school6enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES 5 Mentoring4 YES After-school YES 3 supervision School anti-bullying NO 2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 1 0 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 2 Professional awareness campaigns YES 1.8 Public information campaigns NO 1.6 Caregiver1.4support YES 1.2 Residential care policies NO Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Albania Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Other 6%(all settings) Ban on corporal punishment Burn 1% Youth violence laws AgainstStrangulation weapons on1% school premises AgainstBlunt gangforce or criminal 10% group membership

DAT

AUSTRALIA Population: 23 050 471

Gross national income per capita: US$ 59 790

Income group: High

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 8 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 6 Adult (15+)5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of4 drinking score LEAST RISKY  3 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: NO 2

Firearm 26%

  

YES1 YES1

Sharp force 32% Intimate partner violence laws Strangulation 1% 1 Against rape in marriage YES  Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES 

Sexual violence laws Against rape YES1  Armenia Against contact sexual violence without rape YES1  Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Firearm 10% Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse YES  Against elder abuse in institutions YES Sharp force 25% Other 57%

VICTIM LAWS

2008

2009

2010

2011

2 1.8 Youth violence prevention programmes 1.6 Pre-school enrichment NO 1.4 Life skills1.2and social development training NO Mentoring1 YES 0.8 After-school supervision NO 0.6 School anti-bullying YES 0.4 Intimate 0.2 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 3 Professional awareness campaigns YES 2.5 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver 2support YES Residential care policies YES 1.5

– –

 –

 2009

2010

2011

YES1 1 force 5% YESBlunt

Strangulation 1% Burn 2%

 

Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Australia

2007

Year

YES YES YES 2008 YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

         

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide2 Unknown 3%

Other 46% Sharp force 33%

1.8

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 17%

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Blunt force 1% Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 244, Rate= 1.1/100 000 (64.3% M, 35.7% F) Source: Police

Austria

Subnational. Homicides classified as commited without a weapon are included in "other".

Part VIII – Country profiles Other 33%

Firearm 14%

1.2

pulation

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES1 YES1 YES1 (NO)

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

12.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE 2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Algeria Against statutory rape Against female genital Unknown mutilation5% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Other 36% Against gang or criminal group membership

YES1 YES1

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Department of Health.

Albania

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Other 6% Youth violence Burn 1%YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1 Strangulation 1% Firearms force civilian 10% access Laws toBlunt regulate YES1 Mandatory background check YES1 1 1 1 /YES /YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES Firearm 66% Carrying in public YES1 Sharpfirearms force 17% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES1

Income inequality: –

Sharp force 17%

AUSTRIA

Rate per 100

Firearm 66%

4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 8 463 948

Gross national income per capita: US$ 47 960

Income group: High

Income inequality: 29.15

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Strangulation 1%

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 2 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

1.8 1.6 Alcohol 1.4 Adult (15+) 1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of1 drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.8 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: NO 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Algeria

National action plans Interpersonal violence Unknown NO Child maltreatment NO 5% Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse Firearm 26% NO Firearms Other 36% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession andSharp use force 32% YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES YES1 10.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Other 46% VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

Year times  No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  Against child marriage YES YES  Parenting education  Armenia Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually Against female genital mutilation YES YES  abusive situations  10% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Firearm YES (YES)  3 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes 2.5 Against weapons on school premises YES Sharp force 25% Pre-school enrichment YES  2 Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training YES   Other 57% Mentoring YES  1.5 After-school supervision YES  1 School anti-bullying YES  Blunt force 5% Intimate partner violence laws Intimate 0.5 partner violence prevention programmes Strangulation 1%  Dating violence 0 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools YES  2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Burn Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES2% NO –  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  Australia Against non-contact sexual violence YES YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Unknown 3% 1.8 Against elder abuse NO 17% – Professional awareness campaigns YES Firearm  1.6 Against elder abuse in institutions YES campaigns YES  Public information  1.4 Caregiver1.2support YES  Residential YES  1 care policies

VICTIM0.8SERVICES

YES Sharp force 33% YES 

Blunt force 1%

0.6 Adult protective services 0.4 Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Austria

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 14%

Sharp force 36% Strangulation 11%

1.2

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 33%

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Blunt force 6%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 36, Rate= 0.4/100 000 (44.4% M, 55.6% F) Source: Statistics Austria

Sources. Mechanism: Statistics Austria/ Reported homicides: VR

Azerbaijan

Subnational.

Firearm 12%

92 Unknown 32%

3.5

ulation

2007

Year

YES YES YES 2008 YES

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Youth Welfare.

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100

Sharp force 32%

AZERBAIJAN Strangulation 1%

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 308 959

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 290

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 33.71

Armenia

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES ChildFirearm maltreatment NO 10% Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES1 Elder abuse NO Sexual violence YES1 Sharp force 25% Firearms Laws to regulate YES Othercivilian 57% access Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Blunt Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and useforce 5% NO

YES NO

2.5

Alcohol Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns 1.5 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1

2.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

Strangulation 1% 0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Burn 2%

2006

2007

2008

2009

2007

NO YES YES 2008 YES

2010

2011

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation Strangulation 11%

Sharp force 36%

YES1 YES

0.6

VICTIM SERVICES –



Blunt force 6%

0.4 Adult protective services 0.2 Child protection services Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Azerbaijan

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES1 Sexual violence YES1

Firearm 12%

2010

Elder abuse NO

Sharp force 51%

3.5

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 32%

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

2002

2003

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 231, Rate= 2.54/100 000 (66.2% M, 33.8% F) Source: Country questionnaire

Bahrain

Subnational.

Part VIII – Country profiles Other 37%

Firearm 18%

1.6

ulation

2009

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 5%

–

  2011 

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting NO – Against child marriage YES NO –  Parenting education Australia Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations Against female genital mutilation NO – NO – Unknown 3% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO)  1.8 Firearm 17% Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes 1.6 Against weapons on school premises YES YES 1.4 enrichment  Pre-school  Against gang or criminal group membership NO – Life skills1.2and social development training YES  Mentoring1 NO – Other 46% 0.8 After-school supervision YES  0.6 School anti-bullying NO – Sharp force 33% 0.4 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate0.2 partner violence prevention programmes Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools NO – 0  Dating violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Blunt force 1% from home NO Allowing removal of violent spouse – Microfinance and gender equity training NO – Year Social and cultural norms change NO – Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES NO –  School and college programmes Austria YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence YES YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Firearm 14% 1.2 Against elder abuse NO – Professional awareness campaigns NO – Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns NO – 1 Other 33% Caregiver0.8support NO – Residential care policies NO –

1.4 1.2

Rate per 100

Blunt force 5% Strangulation 1% Burn 2%

BAHRAIN Population: 1 317 827

1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 19 560

Income group: High

Income inequality: –

Australia

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES YES Unknown 3% Child maltreatment Youth violence YES IntimateFirearm partner violence YES1 17% Elder abuse YES Sexual violence YES1 Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES 46% MandatoryOther background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 33% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

1.6 1.4

Alcohol 1.2 Adult (15+)1 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns 0.8 of drinking score 0.6 Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: –

2.1 – Spirits: –

0.4 0.2 0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE 2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

Blunt force 1%

NO NO

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Rate per 100 000 population

Year times  No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 16 / 16 Home visiting YES  Against child marriage YES YES  Parenting education  Austria Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations Against female genital mutilation NO – YES  Firearm 14% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO) 1.2  Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes 1 Against weapons on school premises YES Pre-school enrichment YES   Other 33% 0.8 Against gang or criminal group membership YES YES  Life skills and social development training  0.6 Mentoring YES  Sharp force 36% After-school – – 0.4 supervision School anti-bullying YES  0.2 Strangulation 11% Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Against rape in marriage – Dating violence prevention in schools – 2009 2010 2011 – Blunt force 6% – 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – – Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear – – Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Azerbaijan Against contact sexual violence without rape YES – –  Physical environment changes YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Firearm 12% Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 3.5 Against elder abuse YES awareness campaigns YES  Professional  3 Against Unknown elder abuse in institutions YES Public information campaigns YES   32% 2.5 Caregiver support YES  Residential2 care policies YES 

VICTIM 1.5 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Otherlegal 5% representation Providing for victim

YES Sharp force 51% 



YES

1 Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment –

Bahrain

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence –

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 37%

Sharp force 27%

1.6

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 18%

Strangulation 9%

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Blunt force 9%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 13, Rate= 1.03/100 000 (100% M, 0% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

   2011 

Source: Police

Bangladesh Subnational.

2.95

opulation

2.9 2.85

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 10

Other 46% Sharp force 33%

BANGLADESH

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Blunt force 1%

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 154 695 368

Austria

2002

Gross national income per capita: US$ 830

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 32.12

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Firearm 14% Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Other 33% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Sharp force 36% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Strangulation 11% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

NO NO

Alcohol 0.8 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.6 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.4 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

0.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.2 0

Blunt forceLAWS 6% AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

Strangulation 9%

Sharp force 27%

VICTIM 0.6 SERVICES –



Blunt force 9%

0.4 Adult protective services 0.2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual violence 2001services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

NO YES YES 2008 NO

2007

–

2009

2010

 2011  –

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO Bangladesh Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Rate per 100 000 population

2.95 2.9 2.85 2.8 2.75 OT AN

2.7

ILAB

AVA

DAT

2.65 2.6 2.55 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 3988, Rate= 2.7/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Belarus Albania

Strangulation 1%

Firearm 2% pulation opulation

Unknown 7% Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Burn 1%

14 8 12 7 106

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 21 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES Against child marriage YES Azerbaijan  Parenting education  Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations Against female genital mutilation NO 12% – YES  Firearm 3.5 Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO)  3 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes 2.5enrichment Against Unknown weapons32% on school premises YES – Pre-school YES  Against gang or criminal group membership YES – Life skills and social development training YES 2  Mentoring YES  1.5 After-school YES  1 supervision Sharp force 51% School anti-bullying YES  0.5 Other 5% Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Against rape in marriage – – Dating violence prevention in schools NO 2009 2010 2011 – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – – Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Bahrain YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse 1.6 prevention programmes Firearm 18% Against elder abuse NO – Professional YES 1.4 awareness campaigns  Against elder abuse NO – Public information campaigns YES 1.2  Other 37%in institutions Caregiver support YES 1  0.8 care policies Residential – –

Rate per 100 0

Sharp force 36%

BELARUS

Strangulation 11%

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Blunt force 6%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 405 097

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 400

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 26.48

Alcohol 2.5 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 2 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  1.5 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1

Firearm 18%

  

YES YES

Sharp force 27%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rapeStrangulation in marriage 9% YES Allowing removal of violent spouseBlunt fromforce home NO 9% Sexual violence laws Against rape Bangladesh Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 –

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2002

2003

2004

2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

NO YES

–



1.6

     2009

2010

2011

Adult protective services 2.65 Child protection services 2.6 Medico-legal 2.55 services for sexual violence 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

2007

Year

YES YES YES 2008 YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO

         

2.75

VICTIM2.7 SERVICES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 2% 14

Other 23%

Sharp force 47%

Strangulation 3%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 7%

2007

Youth violence prevention programmes 1.4 Pre-school enrichment YES 1.2 Life skills and social development training YES 1 Mentoring YES 0.8 After-school YES 0.6 supervision School anti-bullying YES 0.4 Intimate 0.2 partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 2.95 awareness campaigns Professional YES 2.9 Public information campaigns YES 2.85 Caregiver support YES 2.8 Residential care policies YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

15 / 15 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2001

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

17.5 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Bahrain Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Other 37% Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

Blunt force 18%

Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 429, Rate= 4.5/100 000 (68.3% M, 31.7% F) Source: Police

Belgium 96

Firearm 10% Sharp force 12%

1.4

lation

Unknown 29%

1.2

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Azerbaijan

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES 12% Youth violence YES IntimateFirearm partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES FirearmsUnknown 32% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public Sharp force 51% YES Programmes to Other reduce5%civilian firearm possession and use YES

Belarus

2006

BELGIUM

Rate per 100

Sharp force 51%

Other 5%

1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 11 060 095

Gross national income per capita: US$ 44 810

Income group: High

Income inequality: 32.97

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Strangulation 9%

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 1.6 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Bahrain

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner YES 18% Firearmviolence Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Other 37% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 27% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

YES1 –

1.4

Alcohol 1.2 Adult (15+)1 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.8 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.6 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.4

11 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.2 0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE 2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

6 VICTIM SERVICES

Strangulation Providing for victim3% compensation

 

YES YES

Providing for victim legal representation Blunt force 18%

4 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES1

Belgium

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 10% Sharp force 12% Blunt force 2% Strangulation 2% Burn 5%

Other 40%

1.4

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 29%

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Sources. Mechanism: General Directorate for Public Health/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 72, Rate= 0.65/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Source: Police

Belize

Subnational.

Unknown 3%

Part VIII – Country profiles

Blunt force 7%

Other 3% pulation

2007

Year

YES YES YES 2008 YES

45 40 35

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

force 9% Year times  No response/don’t know – Blunt Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  Against child marriage YES YES  Parenting education  Bangladesh Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually Against female genital mutilation YES YES  abusive situations  Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES1 (NO) 2.95  2.9 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes 2.85enrichment Against weapons on school premises YES – –  Pre-school Against gang or criminal group membership YES – Life skills2.8and social development training YES  2.75 Mentoring YES  2.7 supervision After-school – – 2.65 School anti-bullying YES  Intimate partner violence laws Intimate 2.6 partner violence prevention programmes 2.55 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools YES 2009 2010 2011   Dating violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 NO – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Belarus Against contact sexual violence without rape YES – –  Physical environment changes Social and cultural norms change YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES   Firearm 2% Elder abuse lawsUnknown 7% Elder abuse prevention programmes 14 Against elder abuse YES YES  Professional awareness campaigns  12 1 Against elder abuse in institutions YES – Public information campaigns YES  10support Caregiver YES  Other 23% Sharp force 47% Residential8 care policies YES 

Rate per 100 0

Sharp force 27%

BELIZE

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

Strangulation 9%

0 2001

Blunt force 9%

Population: 324 060

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 620

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 53.13

Bangladesh

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

NO NO

2.9

Alcohol 2.85 Adult (15+) 2.8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns 2.75 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: NO Wine: NO 2.7

8.5 MOST RISKY Spirits: NO

2.65 2.6

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES2.55 BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Strangulation 2%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO Burn 5% YES1

–



Other 40%

0.8

VICTIM SERVICES 0.6

Adult protective services 0.4 Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 Mental health 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Belize

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Sharp force 20% Firearm 67%

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 7%

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2001

Elder abuse NO

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 124, Rate= 39/100 000 (90% M, 10% F)

2010

Trends in homicides

Other 3%

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

    2011

Year

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 3%

2007

YES YES YES YES 2008

Source: Police

Benin

Subnational.

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Security Council Secretariat.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 16 / 16 Home visiting YES  Against child marriage YES YES  Parenting education  Belarus Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations Against female genital mutilation NO – YES  Firearm 2% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (NO)  Unknown 7% 14 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes Against weapons on school premises YES YES  Pre-school12enrichment  10 Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills and social development training YES   Other 23% Sharp force 47% Mentoring 8 YES  After-school YES 6 supervision  School anti-bullying NO – 4 Strangulation 3% Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 2 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools YES  Dating violence  0 Blunt force 18% 2001and2002 2003equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 2009 2010 2011 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES gender  Microfinance Year Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes NO –  Belgium YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Firearm Against elder abuse NO 10% – Professional YES  1.4 awareness campaigns Against elderUnknown abuse in29% institutions NOSharp force 12% – Public information campaigns YES  1.2 Caregiver support YES  1 Blunt force 2% Residential care policies YES 

Rate p

2.65 2.6 2.55 2001

BENIN

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 10 050 702

Belarus

Gross national income per capita: US$ 750

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 38.62

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives14provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 12 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 2%

National action plans Unknown 7% Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES1 Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Other 23% Sharp force 47% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Strangulation 3% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Blunt force 18%firearm possession and use Programmes to reduce civilian NO

YES1 NO

Alcohol 8 Adult (15+)6 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of4 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2.1 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES 2010

2011

Year

10 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



5 Adult protective services 0 Child protection services 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Medico-legal services for sexual violence Year Mental health services

2007

NO YES 2008 YES YES

–

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Benin

Child maltreatment NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Afghanistan

  

2011

Data collection by multi-sectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes LegalBelgium age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  Against child marriage YES – Parenting education YES  Against statutory rape YES – Training to recognise / avoid sexually Firearm abusive situations Against female genital mutilation YES10% – YES 1.4  Unknown 29% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YESSharp (YES)force 12%  1.2 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes 1 Blunt force 2% Against weapons on school premises YES YES  Pre-school0.8enrichment  YES Against gang or criminal group membership YES Strangulation 2%  Life skills0.6and social development training  Mentoring YES  Burn 5% 0.4 After-school supervision YES  0.2 School anti-bullying YES  Other 40% 0 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Against rape in marriage YES YES  Dating violence prevention in schools Year  Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES YES  Microfinance and gender equity training  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Belize Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Against contact sexual violence without rape YES YES  Physical environment changes  3% Other 3% YES Unknown YES Against non-contact sexual violence  Social and45cultural norms change  Blunt force 7% Elder abuse laws Elder abuse 40 prevention programmes 35 awareness campaigns Against elder abuse NO – Professional NO – 30 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns NO – Sharp force 20% 25 Caregiver support NO – Firearm 67% 20 Residential care policies NO – 15

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Bhutan 1

Albania

Subnational.

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7 6

Rate per 100

Strangulation 3%

BHUTAN

4 2 0 2001

Blunt force 18%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 741 822

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 420

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 38.73

Belgium

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child Firearm maltreatment YES 10% Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Unknown 29% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse Sharp force 12% NO Firearms Blunt force 2% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Strangulation 2% YES Mandatory background check Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons Burn 5% YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes toOther reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES 40%

1.2

Alcohol 1 Adult (15+) 0.8per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of 0.6drinking score Excise taxes Beer: NO Wine: YES 0.4 0

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (YES)

  

YES YES

Firearm 67%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Benin Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

 

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

YES YES

 

     2009

2010



2011

–

    – – – –

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO Bhutan Afghanistan

–

  

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

VA ILA BL

Mechanism of homicide

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Bolivia Albania Other 6% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

Firearm 9% Sharp force 7% Blunt force 2% Strangulation 1%

pulation pulation

100

45 8 40 7 35 6 30

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs.

VICTIM LAWS

45 40 Youth violence prevention programmes 35 Pre-school30enrichment YES Life skills 25 and social development training YES Mentoring20 YES 15 supervision After-school YES 10 School anti-bullying YES 5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Dating violence schools Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear – Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns NO Public information campaigns NO Caregiver support NO Residential care policies NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

0.7 – Spirits: YES

0.2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Belize Against statutory rape Against female genitalUnknown mutilation 3% Other 3% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Blunt force 7% Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against criminal group membership Sharpgang forceor20%

NO –

Rate per 100 0

Strangulation 2% Burn 5%

0.8 0.6 0.4

BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF) Other 40%

0.2

0 2001

Population: 10 496 285

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 220

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 56.29

Belize National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES 3% partner violence Unknown Youth violence YES1 3% Other Intimate YES Sexual violence Elder abuse YES Blunt forceYES 7% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Sharp force 20% Mandatory background check YES Firearm 67% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/NO Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Alcohol 35 Adult (15+)30 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of25 drinking score LEAST RISKY  20 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 15 10 5 0 2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial  16 / 14 NO YES NO YES (YES)

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  – Parenting education YES   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

NO YES

 –



Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Bhutan Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2002

5.9 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment NO Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring NO After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support NO Residential care policies NO

–

 –

  –

  – –

   – –

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES YES

–

  

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Bolivia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 2% Strangulation 1% Burn 1% Other 10%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 9% Sharp force 7%

Unknown 70%

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 3505, Rate= 33/100 000 (68% M, 32% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Source: Police

Botswana

Subnational.

lation

Part VIII – Country profiles

20 18 16

101

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Government, Under-Secretary of Citizen Security.

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Benin Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Firearm 67% Rate per 10

20 15 10 5 0 2001

BOTSWANA

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 2 003 910

Gross national income per capita: US$ 7 650

Benin

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

NO NO 8.4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial 

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 21 / 21 Home visiting NO – YES NO –  Parenting education YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES NO –  abusive situations NO (–) – Youth violence prevention programmes YES YES  Pre-school enrichment  YES YES  Life skills and social development training  Mentoring YES  After-school supervision YES  School anti-bullying YES  Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Against rape in marriage NO – Dating violence prevention in schools YES  Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES YES  Microfinance and gender equity training  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Bolivia Against contact sexual violence without rape YES YES  Physical environment changes  Social and cultural norms change YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES1   Firearm 9% Elder abuse laws Elder abuse Sharp force 7% 45 prevention programmes Against elder abuse YES YES 40 awareness campaigns  Professional  Blunt force 2% 35 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  Strangulation 1% Caregiver 30support YES  Burn 1% 25 Residential care policies NO – Unknown 70% Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

VICTIM SERVICES 15

Other 10%

–



10 Adult protective services 5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO Botswana Afghanistan

Rate per 100 000 population

E VA ILA BL TA NO TA

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

  2011 

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 220, Rate= 10.9/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

102

Other 6% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

pulation opulation

Source: Police

Brazil Albania Subnational. 29.5 8 29 7 28.5 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Bhutan Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

BRAZIL Population: 198 656 019

Bhutan

Gross national income per capita: US$ 11 640

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 54.69

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

YES YES 8.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial 

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES NO –  Parenting education YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually Firearm YES 9% YES  abusive situations  Sharp force 7% 45 – (NO) – 40 Blunt force 2% Youth violence prevention programmes 35 Strangulation 1% YES YES  Pre-school30enrichment  Burn 1% NO – Life skills 25 and social development training YES  Mentoring20 NO – Other 10% 15 After-school supervision NO – 10 School anti-bullying YES  5 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools YES  Dating violence  Year Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES YES  Microfinance and gender equity training  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Botswana Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Against contact sexual violence without rape YES YES  Physical environment changes  YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  20 prevention programmes Elder abuse laws Elder abuse 18 Against elder abuse YES awareness campaigns YES  Professional  16 campaigns YES Against elder abuse in institutions YES  Public information  14 Caregiver 12support YES  10 care policies Residential YES  8

VICTIM SERVICES 6

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES YES

 

4 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Medico-legal for sexual Year Mental health services

2007

YES YES 2008 YES YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Brazil Child maltreatment YES Afghanistan

  2011 

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Bolivia Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against Unknown gang or criminal 70% group membership

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

29.5 29 28.5 28 27.5 27

OT AN

26.5

ILAB

AVA

DAT

26 25.5 25 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 47136, Rate= 24.3/100 000 (–% M, –% F)

Brunei Albania

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

Source: Ministry of Health, Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade.

pulation population

Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

0.8 8 0.7 7 0.6 6 0.5

103

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Population: 412 238

Gross national income per capita: US$ 31 590

Income group: High

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 45 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

40 35 Alcohol 30 Adult (15+)25per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of20drinking score Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 15 10 5 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Bolivia

National action plans Firearm 9% Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Sharp violence force 7% Youth violence NO Intimate partner NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Blunt force 2% Firearms Strangulation 1% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Burn 1% Unknown 70% Mandatory background check YES Other 10% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

15 / 15 NO YES NO NO (–) YES NO

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Brazil Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

YES YES YES YES NO

0.9 – Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – – Parenting education NO – – Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – NO – – 20 18 Youth violence prevention programmes enrichment NO –  Pre-school16 14 – Life skills 12 and social development training YES  Mentoring10 YES  8 supervision After-school NO – 6 School anti-bullying YES  4 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 2 0 – Dating violence prevention in schools NO – 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 NO –  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear Social and cultural norms change NO – Sexual violence prevention programmes YES  School and college programmes  NO –  Physical environment changes NO –  Social and cultural norms change Elder abuse prevention programmes 29.5 awareness campaigns NO –  Professional 29 – Public information campaigns NO – 28.5 Caregiver28support NO – 27.5 care policies Residential NO – Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Botswana Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

27 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO NO

– –

26.5

Adult protective services 26 Child protection services 25.5 Medico-legal 25 services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO Brunei

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

NO YES YES 2008 YES

–

2009

2010

  2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Rate per 100 000 population

0.8

Blunt force 100%

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 2, Rate= 0.5/100 000 (50% M, 50% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Bulgaria Other 11% Burn 1% Strangulation 9%

Firearm 17%

pulation

104

2.5

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 0

Unknown 70% Other 10%

BULGARIA

20 15 10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 7 277 831

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 850

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 28.19

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 20 Alcohol 16 14 Adult (15+)12per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of10 drinking score LEAST RISKY  8 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: NO 6 4 2 0 2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

 

YES NO

–

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Brunei Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

–



YES YES YES

 

YES NO



–

Blunt force 100%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2003

2004

2005

Bulgaria

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

29.5

Youth violence prevention programmes 29 Pre-school enrichment YES 28.5 Life skills 28and social development training YES 27.5 Mentoring NO 27 supervision After-school YES 26.5 School anti-bullying YES 26 Intimate25.5 partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO 25 2001and 2002 2003 equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance gender YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change NO Elder abuse prevention programmes 0.8 awareness campaigns Professional YES 0.7 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver0.6support YES 0.5 care policies Residential YES

  –

  2009

2010

2011

 

YES YES

– –

   

0.4 0.3

Adult protective services 0.2 Child protection services 0.1 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

YES YES YES 2008 YES

–

  

VICTIM SERVICES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

2009

2010

   2011

Elder abuse –

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

16 / 16 YES YES NO YES (YES)

2002

11.4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Brazil Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Botswana

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Other 11% Firearm 17%

Strangulation 9%

Blunt force 11% Sharp force 51%

Rate per 100 000 population

Burn 1%

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 104, Rate= 1.3/100 000 (71% M, 29% F) Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police

2004

Source: Ministry of Interior

Burkina Faso Part VIII – Country profiles ulation

1.2 1

105

Rate per 100

BURKINA FASO Population: 16 460 141

Brazil

10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 670

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 39.79

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

28.5

Alcohol 28 Adult (15+) 27.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of27 drinking score LEAST RISKY  26.5 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 26 25

  –

NO Firearm 17% NO

YES NO

2008

2009

2010

– –

Sharp force 51% 

–

0.8 0.7 Youth violence prevention programmes 0.6enrichment Pre-school NO Life skills0.5and social development training NO 0.4 Mentoring YES 0.3 supervision After-school NO 0.2 School anti-bullying YES 0.1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention schools NO 2001 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change NO Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change NO Elder abuse prevention programmes 3 Professional awareness campaigns YES 2.5 Public information campaigns YES 2 Caregiver support NO Residential NO 1.5 care policies

VICTIM SERVICES 1

Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

– –

 –

 2009

2010

Afghanistan Burkina Faso

2011

–

 –

  –

  – –

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES1 Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO

2011

   2011 

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

1.2 1 0.8 0.6

0.2 2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 117, Rate= 0.73/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Source: Police

Burundi Albania

Subnational.

106

Other 6% Unknown 14% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

pulation pulation

ILAB

AVA

DAT

0.4

0 2001

Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

OT AN

88 77 66

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

– –

YES YES NO

VICTIM BluntLAWS force 11% Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation



 

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Bulgaria Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Other 11% Elder abuse laws Burn 1% Against elder abuse Against Strangulation elder abuse in 9%institutions

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

20 / 17 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 100%

Partial 

6.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

25.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Brunei Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 100

BURUNDI

27 26.5 26 25.5 25 2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 849 569

Gross national income per capita: US$ 240

Brunei

2002

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 33.27

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 0.8 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Blunt force 100% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

0.7

Alcohol 0.6 0.5 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.4 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.3 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.2

  

Blunt force 11% Sharp force 51%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Burkina Fasosexual violence Against non-contact Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 –

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

NO YES

–

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2008

2009

2010



Youth violence prevention programmes 2.5 Pre-school enrichment NO 2 Life skills and social development training NO Mentoring1.5 NO After-school NO 1 supervision School anti-bullying YES 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools NO 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse 1.2 prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns NO 1 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver0.8support NO Residential NO 0.6 care policies

VICTIM 0.4 SERVICES

Adult protective services 0.2 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

NO YES YES 2008 YES

– – – –

 2009

2010

Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

2011

–

   –

 – – – – –

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Burundi

2011

 2011  

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 14%

Other 19%

Firearm 41%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 26%

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 478, Rate= 5.97/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Cambodia

Strangulation 2%

Firearm 14% pulation

Other 4%

Part VIII – Country profiles Burn 1%

4.5 4 3.5

107

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control.

Firearm 17%

YES YES

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

21 / 18 YES YES YES YES (NO)

2006

Year Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – NO –  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually NO –  abusive situations

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

9.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.1

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Bulgaria Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Other 11% Ban on corporal punishment Burn 1% (all settings) Youth violence laws Against Strangulation weapons on 9% school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 100 0

Blunt force 100%

CAMBODIA

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 14 864 646

Gross national income per capita: US$ 880

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 36.03

2.5

Alcohol Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 1.5 drinking score Patterns of LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1

Partial 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Burundi Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Unknown 14% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

YES YES YES NO NO

Other 19%

Firearm 41%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

Rate per 100 000 population

YES YES

–



2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

2011

2010

   2011

2009

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 14%

Strangulation 2% Sharp force 37% Blunt force 42%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 4% Burn 1%

2008

Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 1 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE

Cambodia

2007

4 VICTIM SERVICES

Sharp force 26%

Child maltreatment NO

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations  – 1.2 Youth violence prevention programmes 1 NO –  Pre-school enrichment 0.8 NO –  Life skills and social development training Mentoring0.6 YES  After-school supervision YES  0.4 School anti-bullying YES  0.2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 prevention in schools NO –  Dating violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 NO –  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear Social and cultural norms change NO – Sexual violence prevention programmes NO –  School and college programmes NO –  Physical environment changes NO –  Social and cultural norms change Elder abuse prevention programmes 8 awareness campaigns – Professional NO – 7 – Public information campaigns NO – 6 Caregiver support NO – Residential5 care policies NO – Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (NO)

5.5 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Burkina Faso Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Reported homicides (2011) N= 268, Rate= 1.9/100 000 (73.2% M, 26.8% F) Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Ministry of Interior

Cameroon 108

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Bulgaria

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES YES Other Child 11% maltreatment Youth violence Burn YES Intimate partner violence YES 1% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse Firearm 17% YES FirearmsStrangulation 9% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Blunt force 11% Carrying firearms in public Sharp force 51% YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Rate per 1

Blunt force 11% Sharp force 51%

1 0.5

CAMEROON

0 2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 190

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 38.91

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives1.2provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Alcohol 0.6 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.4 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.2

0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

YES YES

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year



 Firearm 41%

Intimate partner violence Sharp force 26% laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

 –

Sexual violence laws Against rape YES Cambodia Against contact sexual violence without rape NO Against non-contact sexual violence Firearm 14%NO Other 4% Elder abuse laws Burn 1% Against elder abuse NO AgainstStrangulation elder abuse2% in institutions NO

 – –

– – Sharp force 37%

Blunt force 42% VICTIM LAWS

7 Youth violence prevention programmes 6 Pre-school enrichment NO 5 Life skills and social development training YES 4 Mentoring YES 3 After-school supervision – 2 School anti-bullying YES 1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Dating violence schools NO Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 4.5 4 awareness campaigns Professional YES 3.5 Public information campaigns YES 3 Caregiver support NO 2.5 Residential2 care policies YES

–

  –

 2009

2010

2011

      –



VICTIM 1.5 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



1 Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

– YES YES 2008 YES

–

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

– –

 2011  Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO)

2007

8.4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Burundi Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Unknown 14% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership Other 19%

NO NO

0.8

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

YEAR

VA ILA BL

Cameroon Afghanistan

2011

Year

Population: 21 699 631

Burkina Faso

2002

2006

2007

HOMICIDES PER 100 000 DAT

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

5.4 2.3

Reported homicides (2011) N= –, Rate= 9/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Unknown 4% Other 1% Other Part VIII – Country profiles6% Burn 1% Burn 3% Strangulation 1%

Firearm 35%

pulation population

Canada Albania 2 1.8 8 1.6 7 1.4 6

109

Rate per 100

CANADA

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 34 837 978

Gross national income per capita: US$ 50 650

Income group: High

Income inequality: 32.56

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Sharp force 26%

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 8 Rate per 100 000 population

Burundi

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence Unknown YES14% Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Other 19% Firearm 41% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

YES NO

Alcohol 6 Adult (15+)5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of4 drinking score LEAST RISKY  3 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

10.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2 1

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  Against child marriage YES1 YES  Parenting education  Cambodia Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually Against female genital mutilation YES YES  abusive situations  Firearm 14%YES1 (NO) Other 4%(all settings) Ban on corporal punishment  4.5 Burn 1% Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes 4 1 AgainstStrangulation weapons on2% school premises YES YES  Pre-school3.5enrichment  3 Against gang or criminal group membership YES Sharp force 37% social development training YES  Life skills and  Mentoring2.5 YES  2 After-school supervision YES  Blunt force 42% 1.5 School anti-bullying YES  1 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0.5 0 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools YES  Dating violence  2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES NO –  Microfinance and gender equity training Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Physical environment changes YES   Cameroon Against non-contact sexual violence YES YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Against elder abuse YES YES  Professional awareness campaigns  Against elder abuse in institutions YES1 YES  Public information campaigns  Caregiver support YES  Residential care policies YES 

VICTIM SERVICES

 

YES YES

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

   

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Canada

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 35%

Strangulation 8% Sharp force 33% Blunt force 16%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 4% Other 1% Burn 3%

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Sources. Mechanism: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics/ Reported homicides: Police

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 476, Rate= 1.36/100 000 (70% M, 30% F)

Elder abuse YES

Source: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics

China

Subnational.

ulation

110

2 1.8 1.6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Public Health Agency of Canada.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Other 19%

Rate per 100

Firearm 41%

CHINA

3 2 1

Sharp force 26%

0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 1 384 770 183

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 720

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.06

Alcohol 3.5 Adult (15+)3 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 2.5 Patterns of2 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2002 2003 2004 2005 Partial 

22 / 20 YES YES NO YES (YES)

  

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Sexual violence laws Against rape Canada Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Unknown 4% Elder abuse laws Other 1% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions Burn 3%

– –

  

YES YES YES YES YES

 

Firearm 35%

Strangulation 8%

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation force 16% ProvidingBlunt for victim legal representation

YES YES

2006

2007

2009

2010

Sharp force 33%

 

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 2 Professional awareness campaigns YES 1.8 Public information campaigns YES 1.6 Caregiver1.4support YES 1.2 Residential care policies YES

2011

              

VICTIM 0.8 SERVICES 0.6 Adult protective services 0.4 Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence –

Child maltreatment –

2008

6.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Cameroon Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

– YES YES 2008 YES

–

2009

2010

  2011 

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

VA ILA BL

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

OT AN

DAT

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 12336, Rate= 0.92/100 000 (68.3% M, 31.7% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: VR

ILAB

AVA

Source: National Disease Surveillance System

Colombia Albania Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles

60 8

Firearm 78%

pulation ulation

Burn 1% Other 5% Strangulation 1%

7 50 6

111

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Health and Family Planning Commission.

Cambodia

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child14% maltreatment YES Firearm Other 4% Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence Burn 1%YES Elder abuse YES Strangulation 2% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access Sharp force 37% YES Mandatory background check NO Handguns/long YES/YES/YES Blunt force guns/ 42% automatic weapons Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Afghanistan China

2006

Rate per 100

Blunt force 42%

COLOMBIA Population: 47 704 427

Cameroon

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

Gross national income per capita: US$ 7 010

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Income group: Middle

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 55.91

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

YES YES 6.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES YES



Firearm 35%

 

Sharp force 33% Blunt force 16% Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape China Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

1.8 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school1.6 enrichment YES 1.4 Life skills1.2and social development training YES Mentoring1 YES 0.8 supervision After-school YES 0.6 School anti-bullying YES 0.4 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0.2 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 2 Professional YES 1.8 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns YES 1.6 Caregiver1.4support YES 1.2 Residential1 care policies YES

2009

2010

 

YES YES

0.6 Adult protective services 0.4 Child protection services 0.2 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

NO YES YES 2008 YES

  

2011

      

VICTIM 0.8 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Colombia

    

–

2009

2010

  2011 

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 1%

Firearm 78%

Sharp force 16%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 5%

50 40 30 20 10 0 2001

2002

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 15742, Rate= 34/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: Direccion de Epidemiologia y Demografia/ Reported homicides: Direccion de Epidemiologia y Demografia

2003

Source: Police

Cook Islands 112

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Legal Medicine and Ministry of Health and Social Protection.

18 / 18 NO NO NO YES (YES)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – – Parenting education YES  – Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES  Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 8%

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Canada Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Unknown 4% Ban on corporal punishment Other 1% (all settings) Youth violence laws Burn 3% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

COOK ISLANDS Population: 20 523

Gross national income per capita: US$ ––

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 2 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

1.8 1.6 Alcohol 1.4 1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns of1 drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.8 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Canada

National action plans Interpersonal violence Unknown NO Child maltreatment NO 4% Youth violence Other 1% NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violenceBurn 3% NO Elder abuse NO Firearm 35% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian YES Strangulation 8% access Mandatory background check NO Sharp force 33% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Blunt force 16% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

6.4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Partial 

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes –/– Home visiting YES  NO – Parenting education YES  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  NO (–) – 2 1.8 Youth violence prevention programmes 1.6 NO – Pre-school1.4enrichment NO – YES NO –  Life skills1.2and social development training Mentoring1 NO – 0.8 After-school supervision NO – 0.6 School anti-bullying YES  0.4 0.2 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Against rape in marriage – – Dating violence prevention schools NO 2009 2010 2011 – 2001 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – – Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO – Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES NO –  School and college programmes Colombia NO – Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 60 Against elder abuse NO – Professional awareness campaigns NO – Other 5% 50 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns NO – Firearm 78% Caregiver 40support YES  Blunt force 1% Residential care policies NO – 30

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Sharp force 16% Providing for victim legal representation

NO NO

– –

Adult protective services 10 Child protection services Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

Afghanistan Cook Islands

2007

Year

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage China Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Trends in homicides

VA ILA BL

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 100% TA

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Reported homicides (2010) N= 1, Rate= 5.6/100 000 (100% M, 0% F) Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: VR

Costa Rica Albania Other 4%

Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

14 8

pulation

Other 6% Part VIII –Strangulation Country profiles 5%

12 7 6 10

113

Rate per 100 0

Sharp force 33% Blunt force 16%

COSTA RICA

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 805 295

Gross national income per capita: US$ 8 850

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 50.73

1.8

Alcohol 1.6 1.4 Adult (15+) 1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of1 drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.8 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2002 2003 2004 2005 Partial 

15 / 15 YES YES NO YES (YES) YES YES



Firearm 78%

 

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

NO YES

–

Blunt force 100%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2007

2008

2009

2010

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school50enrichment YES Life skills 40 and social development training YES Mentoring30 NO After-school supervision NO 20 School anti-bullying YES 10 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES

  – –

 2009

2010

   

VICTIM SERVICES



Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES YES

Child maltreatment –

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

  

2011

  

–

  

DATA ON VIOLENCE Costa Rica

2011

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

forceviolence 16% laws IntimateSharp partner Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Cook Islands sexual violence Against non-contact Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

5.4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Colombia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Other 5% Against weapons on school premises Blunt force 1% group membership Against gang or criminal

YES NO

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Other 4%

Blunt force 9% Firearm 63% Sharp force 19%

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 5%

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 407, Rate= 8.8/100 000 (87.7% M, 12.3% F) Sources. Mechanism: Judiciary/ Reported homicides: VR

2002

Source: Judiciary

Croatia

Other 18%

2.5

Firearm 24%

ulation

114

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

China

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Rate per 100

CROATIA

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 307 422

Gross national income per capita: US$ 13 260

Income group: High

Income inequality: 33.65

Alcohol 40 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of30 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: NO 20

16 / 16 YES YES YES YES (YES)



YES YES

 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

 

Blunt force 100%

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact Costa Ricasexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Other 4% Elder abuse laws Strangulation Against elder abuse 5% Against elder abuse in institutions

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Blunt force 9% Firearm 63%

VICTIM LAWS force compensation 19% ProvidingSharp for victim

Providing for victim legal representation

2007

 

YES YES

4 Adult protective services Child protection services 2 Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

2007

Year

2011

              

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Strangulation 6% Sharp force 38%

Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Firearm 24%

Burn 2%

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 50, Rate= 1.17/100 000 (62% M, 38% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2010

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 12%

2009

6 VICTIM SERVICES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence –

Other 18%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 14 Professional awareness campaigns YES 12 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver10support YES Residential8 care policies YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

12.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Cook Islands Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Cuba Part VIII – Country profiles

ulation

Firearm 6% Unknown 3%

6 5

115

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Public Health.

Colombia

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Other 5% Firearms Firearm 78% Blunt force 1% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Sharp force 16% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Croatia

2006

Rate per 100

Sharp force 16%

CUBA

20 10 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 11 270 957

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 890

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Cook Islands National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Blunt force 100% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

YES YES 5.2 MOST RISKY Spirits:

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES YES

  

Firearm 63%

Sharp force 19%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Croatia Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Other 18% Against elder abuse in institutions

– –

YES YES YES

  

YES Firearm 24% YES

 

Burn 2% Strangulation 6%

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes 12 Pre-school10enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES 8 Mentoring6 YES After-school supervision YES 4 School anti-bullying NO 2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 2.5 Professional awareness campaigns YES 2 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver1.5support YES Residential care policies YES

    –

2009

2010

      

1 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Blunt force 12% Providing for victim legal representation

YES Sharp force 38%  YES 

Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Cuba

  

2011

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Sharp force 70%

Burn 1% Strangulation 6% Blunt force 11%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 5%

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 6% Unknown 3%

   2011 

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 534, Rate= 4.8/100 000 (75.3% M, 24.7% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Cyprus Unknown 11%

2.5

Firearm 34% pulation

116

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health,

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against childRica marriage Costa Against statutory rape Against female genitalOther mutilation 4% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Strangulation 5% Youth violence laws Against weapons school premises Blunt forceon9% Against gang or criminal group membership

Blunt force 100%

CYPRUS Population: 1 128 994

Gross national income per capita: US$ 26 390

Income group: High

Alcohol 10 Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  6 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: NO 4

YES YES

Firearm 24%

  

Strangulation 6% Blunt force violence 12% Intimate partner laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Cuba Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Firearm 6% Against elderUnknown abuse in3% institutions

Sharp force 38%

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Sharp force 70%

Other 5%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Burn 1% VICTIM LAWS

2.5

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school2enrichment YES Life skills1.5and social development training YES Mentoring YES 1 supervision After-school YES School anti-bullying YES 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 7 Professional awareness campaigns YES 6 Public information campaigns YES 5 Caregiver support YES Residential4 care policies YES Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

9.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Croatia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violenceOther laws18% Against weapons on school premises Against gang orBurn criminal 2% group membership

YES NO

     2009

2010

  

2011

      

3 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim6% compensation Strangulation ProvidingBlunt for victim legal representation force 11%

NO YES

–



2 Adult protective services 1 Child protection services Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide 2.5

Firearm 34%

Other 33%

Strangulation 22%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 11%

YES YES YES 2008 YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Costa Rica

National action plans Interpersonal violenceOther YES 4% Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Strangulation 5% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Blunt force 9% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Firearm 63% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 19% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Cyprus

Income inequality: –

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 9, Rate= 1/100 000 (33.3% M, 66.7% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Czech Republic 2.5

Strangulation 5% Other 0.5%

ulation

Part VIII – Country profiles

117

CZECH REPUBLIC Population: 10 660 051

Rate per 100

Sharp force 19%

4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Gross national income per capita: US$ 18 130

Income group: High

Income inequality: 25.82

Alcohol 1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns of1 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0

YES –



 Sharp force 70% –

Strangulation 6% Blunt force 11% laws Intimate partner violence Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

    

YES YES YES YES YES

2008

2009

2010

Firearm 34%

 

Other 33%

VICTIM LAWS

7 6 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school5enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES 4 Mentoring3 YES After-school supervision YES 2 School anti-bullying YES 1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 2.5 Professional awareness campaigns YES 2 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver1.5support YES Residential care policies YES

     2009

2010

YES YES

  Strangulation 22%

Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

   

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment –

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence –

  2011 

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide 2.5

Other 0.5% Firearm 12% Sharp force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 5%

Blunt force 69%

  

2011

  

1 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2011

Burn 1%

Sexual violence laws Against rape Cyprus Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Unknown 11% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

Year

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (NO)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

13 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Cuba Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Firearm 6% Youth violence laws Unknown 3% Against weapons on school premises 5% group membership Against gang Other or criminal

YES NO

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 185, Rate= 1.75/100 000 (58.4% M, 41.6% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Dominica 118 Blunt force 33%

Firearm 17%

pulation

25 20

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Croatia

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violenceOther 18%YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse Firearm 24% YES Firearms Burn 2% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Strangulation 6% check Mandatory background YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 38% YES Carrying in public Bluntfirearms force 12% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Czech Republic

2011

Year

Rate per 1

Sharp force 38%

Blunt force 12%

1 0.5 0

DOMINICA

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 71 684

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 590

Cuba

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives 7provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 6 Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Youth violence FirearmNO6% Intimate partner violence NO Unknown 3% Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Sharp force 70% Firearms Other 5% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Burn 1% Mandatory background check YES Strangulation guns/ 6% automatic weapons Handguns/long YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Blunt force 11% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Alcohol 4 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 3 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  2 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

7.1 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial 

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes –/– Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  2.5 NO (–)Firearm 34% – 2 Youth violence prevention programmes YES NO –  Pre-school1.5enrichment NO – Life skills and social development training NO – Mentoring1 NO – After-school supervision NO – 0.5 School anti-bullying YES  Strangulation 22% Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Against rape in marriage NO – Dating violence prevention in schools NO – Year Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES YES  Microfinance and gender equity training  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rapeRepublic YES YES  School and college programmes  Czech YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  2.5 prevention programmes Elder abuse laws Elder abuse Strangulation 5% Against elder abuse NO Other 0.5% – Professional awareness campaigns NO – 2 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  Caregiver1.5support YES  Blunt force 69% Firearm 12% Residential care policies YES  1

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO NO

Sharp force 14% –

–

0.5 Adult protective services Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Year Mental health services

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO Dominica

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

  2011 

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Cyprus Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Unknown 11% (all settings) Ban on corporal punishment Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang criminal group membership Other or33%

NO NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 33%

Firearm 17% Sharp force 50%

Rate per 100 000 population

25 20 15 10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 6, Rate= 8.57/100 000 (83% M, 17% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Dominican Republic Other 1%

Blunt force 7%

population

3% Part VIII – Strangulation Country profiles

25 20

119

Rate per 100 0

Burn 1% Strangulation 6% Blunt force 11%

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Population: 10 276 621

3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 430

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 47.2

Alcohol Adult (15+) 1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  1 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES



Strangulation 5%

YES YES

Other 0.5%

 

Firearm 12%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Dominica Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions Blunt force 33%

Sharp force 14%

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Firearm 17%

Sharp force 50%

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

2009

2010

2011

–



2.5

VICTIM SERVICES 10

Adult protective services 5 Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO

Dominican Republic Mechanism of homicide

YES YES YES 2008 YES

  –

  2009

2010

–

 

2011

   –

  

2009

2010

   2011

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Other 1%

Blunt force 7% Firearm 64% Sharp force 25%

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 3%

25 20 15 10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 2268, Rate= 22.4/100 000 (91.1% M, 8.9% F) Sources. Mechanism: National Statistical Office/ Reported homicides: Police

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school2enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES 1.5 Mentoring NO After-school YES 1 supervision School anti-bullying YES 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO 0 2001 2003equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance and2002 gender Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 25 awareness campaigns Professional NO Public information campaigns YES 20 Caregiver support YES 15 care policies Residential YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (YES)

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 69%

Partial 

6.9 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

22% 0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS ANDStrangulation PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Czech Republic Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO YES

Source: National Statistical Office

Ecuador

Unknown 8%

ulation

120

20 18 16

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Cyprus

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partnerFirearm violence YES 34% Unknown 11% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Other background 33% Mandatory check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

ECUADOR

Rate per 100

Other 33%

Strangulation 22%

1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 15 492 264

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 170

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 49.26

Alcohol 2 Adult (15+) 1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  1 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES



NO Firearm 17% YES

– –

Sharp force 50%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Dominican Republic Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Other 1% Against elder abuse 3% Strangulation Against elder abuse in institutions Blunt force 7%

–



YES YES YES

 

YES YES

 

–

Firearm 64%

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation force 25% ProvidingSharp for victim legal representation

 

YES YES

2010

2011

  – – –

2009

2010

2011

    – –



15 10

Adult protective services 5 Child protection services Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

NO YES YES 2008 YES

– –



VICTIM SERVICES

–

2009

2010

  2011 

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Unknown 8% Other 2% Firearm 63%

Blunt force 1% Sharp force 21%

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 2106, Rate= 13.79/100 000 (89% M, 11% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2009

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Strangulation 5%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school20enrichment YES Life skills 15and social development training YES Mentoring NO 10 supervision After-school NO School anti-bullying NO 5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 30 Professional awareness campaigns YES 25 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver20support NO Residential care policies YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

16 / 16 YES YES NO YES (YES)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

7.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Dominica Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws force on 33% AgainstBlunt weapons school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Czech Republic

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence 5% YES Strangulation Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Other 0.5% Firearms Laws to regulate YES Blunt forcecivilian 69% access Mandatory background check YES Firearm 12% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public Sharp force 14% YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Ecuador

2006

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Part VIII – Country profiles Other 4% Burn 1%

ulation

Egypt 5 4.5 4 3.5

121

Rate per 100

Firearm 12% Sharp force 14%

EGYPT

1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 80 721 874

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 980

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 30.77

Alcohol Adult (15+) 15 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score 10 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

  

YES YES

Firearm 64% Sharp force 25%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Ecuador Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Unknown 8% Against elder abuse in institutions Other 2%

– –

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Strangulation 5%

Firearm 63%

VICTIM LAWS

force 1% ProvidingBlunt for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation Sharp force 21%

YES YES

Egypt

2010

2011

–

  –

 2009

2010

2011

 

–

  –

  

6 Adult protective services 4 Child protection services 2 Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

– YES YES 2008 NO

–

 

VICTIM SERVICES 8

–

2009

2010

 

2011

–

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Other 4% Burn 1% Strangulation 4% Firearm 67%

Sharp force 23%

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 3549, Rate= 4.36/100 000 (89% M, 11% F) Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO

Blunt force 1%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes 25 Pre-school enrichment NO Life skills 20and social development training YES Mentoring15 YES After-school supervision – 10 School anti-bullying YES 5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 20 Professional awareness campaigns NO 18 Public information campaigns YES 16 Caregiver14support YES 12 Residential care policies YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (NO)

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

0.4 – Spirits: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Dominican Republic Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Other 1%(all settings) Ban on corporal punishment Strangulation Youth violence laws 3% Against weapons on school premises Blunt force 7% Against gang or criminal group membership

– YES

Source: Ministry of Interior

El Salvador

Subnational.

Unknown 1% Other 0.4% Blunt force 6%

ulation

122

70 60

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Population.

Dominica

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearm 17% Blunt force 33% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check Sharp force 50% YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

2006

Rate per 100 00

Sharp force 50%

EL SALVADOR Population: 6 297 394

10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 600

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 48.33

Dominican Republic National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Other 1% Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Strangulation 3% Firearms Blunt forcecivilian 7% access Laws to regulate YES Mandatory background check YES Firearm 64% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Sharpto force 25%civilian firearm possession and use Programmes reduce YES1

Alcohol 25 20 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns of LEAST RISKY  15 drinking score Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 10

  Firearm 63%

Blunt force 1%

Intimate partner violence laws Sharp force 21% Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Egypt Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Other 4% Against elder abuse Burnin 1%institutions

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Strangulation 4% BluntLAWS force 1% VICTIM

Firearm 67%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for force victim23% legal representation Sharp

NO YES

2003

2004

2005

El Salvador

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

–



Youth violence prevention programmes 18 Pre-school16enrichment YES Life skills 14and social development training YES Mentoring12 YES 10 After-school YES 8 supervision 6 School anti-bullying YES 4 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 2 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 0 2001 2003equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance and2002 gender Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 5 awareness campaigns Professional YES 4.5 Public information campaigns NO 4 Caregiver3.5support NO Residential3 care policies NO

VICTIM 2.5 SERVICES 2

Adult protective services 1.5 1 Child protection services 0.5 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

     2009

2010

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

  

2011

    – – –

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

2006

   2011

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.



YES YES

Strangulation 5%

2002

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2001

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

3.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Ecuador Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Unknown 8% Against weapons on school premises 2% Against gangOther or criminal group membership

YES YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 1%

Other 0.4% Blunt force 6% Firearm 70% Sharp force 23%

Rate per 100 000 population

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 4371, Rate=70.3/100 000 (86% M, 14% F) Source: Tripartite Homicide Commission

Estonia

Subnational.

Part VIII – Country profiles lation

18 16 14

123

Rate per 10

Sharp force 25%

ESTONIA

5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 1 290 778

Gross national income per capita: US$ 16 360

Income group: High

Income inequality: 36

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence Intimate partner violence YES Unknown 8%YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Other 2% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian YES 5% access Strangulation Firearm 63% Mandatory background check YES Blunt forceguns/ 1% automatic weapons Handguns/long YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Sharp force 21% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

National social and educational policies Incentives20provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 18 Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 14 12 Adult (15+) 10 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of8 drinking score LEAST RISKY  6 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 4 2 0

2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES) NO YES

 –



Firearm 67%

Sharp force 23%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape El Salvador Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence 1% Unknown Elder abuse laws Other 0.4% Against elder abuse Blunt abuse force 6% Against elder in institutions

 

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– – Firearm 70%

VICTIM LAWS

Sharp Providing for force victim23% compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES YES

2006

2007

2008

2009

10.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES 2010

5 4.5

Youth violence prevention programmes 4 Pre-school3.5enrichment YES 3 Life skills and social development training YES 2.5 Mentoring2 YES After-school YES 1.5 supervision 1 School anti-bullying YES 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Dating violence schools Year Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse 80 prevention programmes Professional NO 70 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns NO 60 Caregiver50support YES Residential – 40 care policies

     2009

2010

Child maltreatment NO



2011

–

 – –

 –

VICTIM SERVICES

 

20 Adult protective services 10 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

NO YES YES 2008 YES

–

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Estonia

2011

Year

Blunt force 1%

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Egypt Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Other 4%(all settings) Ban on corporal punishment Burn 1% Youth violence laws AgainstStrangulation weapons on4% school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

 2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 44% Firearm 6% Burn 3% Strangulation 6%

Blunt force 41%

Rate per 100 000 population

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 65, Rate= 4.85/100 000 (78% M, 22% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: VR

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Fiji

Other 12%

opulation

4.5

124

4 3.5 3

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Justice.

Ecuador

Sharp force 21%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 874 742

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 010

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.83

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives 5provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 4.5 4

Alcohol 3.5 3 Adult (15+) 2.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of2 drinking score LEAST RISKY  1.5 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1 0.5 0

2002 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY2001TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO) YES YES

  

Firearm 70%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

    

YES YES YES

NO NO Sharp force 44%

– –

Firearm 6% Burn 3%

VICTIM LAWS

ProvidingStrangulation for victim compensation 6% Providing for victim legal representation

2007

2008

2009

2010

NO Blunt force 41% – YES 

70 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school60enrichment – Life skills 50and social development training YES Mentoring40 YES 30 After-school supervision – 20 School anti-bullying YES 10 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 NO 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change NO Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 18 Professional YES 16 awareness campaigns 14 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver12support YES 10 Residential care policies NO

–

  –

 2009

2010

Fiji

2011

–

      –

VICTIM SERVICES 6

4 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence –

–



2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment –

2011

Year

Sharp force 23%

Sexual violence laws Against rape Estonia Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage El Salvador Against statutory rape 1% Unknown Against female genital mutilation 0.4% Other Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Blunt force 6% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

  2011 

Elder abuse – Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Fiji Police Force.

Egypt

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Other Youth violence NO4% Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence Burn 1%NO Elder abuse NO Strangulation 4% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Blunt force 1% Firearm 67% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying in public YES Sharpfirearms force 23% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Rate per 100 000 population

FIJI

8 6 4 2 0

Rate per 10

Blunt force 1%

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 12% Sharp force 46% Burn 19% Strangulation 8%

Blunt force 15%

Rate per 100 000 population

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 26, Rate= 3/100 000 (54% M, 46% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Finland 3

opulation

Part VIII – Country 15% Firearmprofiles

2.5 2

125

Rate per 10

Firearm 67% Sharp force 23%

FINLAND

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 5 408 466

Gross national income per capita: US$ 46 820

Income group: High

Income inequality: 26.88

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 80 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

70 60

Alcohol 50 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 40 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  30 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 20 0



YES Sharp force 44% NO

– –

Burn 3% Blunt force 41%

Strangulation 6%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Fiji Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elderOther abuse12% in institutions

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

  Sharp force 46%

VICTIM LAWS Burn 19%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

16 Youth violence prevention programmes 14 Pre-school12enrichment YES Life skills 10and social development training YES Mentoring8 YES 6 supervision After-school YES 4 School anti-bullying YES 2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse 4.5 prevention programmes 4 awareness campaigns Professional NO 3.5 Public information campaigns YES 3 Caregiver support YES 2.5 Residential care policies YES

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

12.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Estonia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Firearm 6% group membership Against gang or criminal

YES NO

     2009

2010



2011

–

  –

 –

  

VICTIM 1.5 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation Strangulation 8%

YES  YES Blunt force 15% 

1 Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES Finland

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 46% Other 16% Burn 3% Blunt force 7%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 15%

Strangulation 13%

  2011 

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 114, Rate= 2.11/100 000 (67% M, 33% F) Sources. Mechanism: National Research Institute of Legal Policy/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: National Research Institute of Legal Policy

Subnational.

126

Gabon

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.

El Salvador

National action plansUnknown 1% Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violenceOther 0.4%YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Blunt force 6% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Firearm 70% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 23% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES1

Sharp force 23%

Rate

20 10 0 2001

GABON

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 1 632 572 Estonia

Gross national income per capita: US$ 10 020

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 41.45

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE 18 National social and educational policies Incentives16provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 14 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Sharp force 44% Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES1 1 Elder abuse NO Sexual violence Firearm 6% YES Firearms Burn 3% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Blunt force 41% Mandatory background YES Strangulation 6% check Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

12 10

Alcohol 8 Adult (15+)6 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of4 drinking score LEAST RISKY  2 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

YES YES



Sharp force 46%

 

Blunt force 15%

Strangulation 8%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Finland Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Firearm 15% Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions Other 16%

–

  

YES YES NO NO NO

–

Sharp force 46%

– –

Burn 3%

VICTIM LAWS

Blunt force 7%

13% Providing forStrangulation victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – NO –  Parenting education  Training to4.5recognise / avoid sexually NO – 4  abusive situations Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (NO)

2007

3.5

3 Youth violence prevention programmes 2.5 Pre-school2enrichment NO Life skills1.5and social development training NO Mentoring1 YES After-school NO 0.5 supervision 0 School anti-bullying NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Year Dating violence prevention in schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change NO Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes NO 3 Social and cultural norms change NO 2.5 prevention programmes Elder abuse Professional YES 2 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns NO 1.5 Caregiver support NO Residential1 care policies NO

– –

 2009

2010

2011

– –

– – – – – –

Rate per 100 000 population

Burn 19%

Partial 

2006

10.9 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Year

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Fiji Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) 12% Other Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

 – – –

VICTIM 0.5 SERVICES –



0 Adult protective services 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Child protection services Year Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

2007

NO 2008 YES YES NO

2009

2010

2011

–

  –

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Afghanistan Gabon

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Child maltreatment YES

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Reported homicides (2012) N= 14, Rate= 0.9/100 000 (79% M, 21% F)

Georgia

Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania

Subnational.

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

pulation 0 000 population

10 9 8 87 76 5 6

127

Blunt force 41%

Strangulation 6%

Rate per 100

Burn 3%

GEORGIA

6 4 2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 358 242

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 290

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.1

National Fiji action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Other 12% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Sharp force 46% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Burn 19% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession andBlunt use force 15% NO

Alcohol 3.5 Adult (15+)3 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 2.5 Patterns of2 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1.5 1

Partial 

16 / 16 YES YES NO YES (YES) YES YES



  Sharp force 46%

Other 16% Burn 3%

Intimate partner violence laws Blunt force 7% Against rapeStrangulation in marriage 13% YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Gabon Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  NO –  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – NO –

 

YES YES NO

 

YES NO



–

  –

 2009

2010

2011

– –

 –

    – –

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES NO

–

  –

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment YES

Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL TA NO TA DA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 107, Rate= 2.3/100 000 (75.7% M, 24.3% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Georgia Afghanistan

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Germany Albania Unknown Other 6% 9% Burn 1% Other 18% Strangulation 1%

Firearm 13%

1.4 8

pulation ulation

128

7 1.2 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Center for Disease Control and Public Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes 2.5 Pre-school enrichment NO 2 Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring1.5 YES After-school supervision NO 1 School anti-bullying YES 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support NO Residential care policies NO Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Finland Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Firearm Youth violence laws15% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

7.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Strangulation 8%

YES NO

Rate per 100

Burn 19% Blunt force 15%

GERMANY

Strangulation 8%

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Population: 82 800 121

Gross national income per capita: US$ 45 170

Income group: High

Income inequality: 28.31

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Alcohol 2 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 1.5 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1

Partial  18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 



YES YES

 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

 

Sexual violence laws Against rape Georgia Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

11.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

0 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban Gabon on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training – Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 10 Professional YES 9 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns YES 8 7 Caregiver support YES 6 Residential5 care policies YES

      –

       

4 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

 

YES YES

3 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 1 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Germany

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Other 18% Burn 1% Sharp force 38%

1.4

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 13%

Strangulation 13% Blunt force 8%

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 662, Rate= 0.8/100 000 (53% M, 47% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 9%

   2011  Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Ministry of Health.

Strangulation 13%

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 3 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

Rate per 100 000 population

Finland

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Youth violence YES1 Firearm 15% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1 Firearms Sharp force 46% YES Laws to regulate civilian access MandatoryOther background YES1 16% check Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES1/YES1/YES Burn in3% Carrying firearms public YES1 Blunt force 7% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Ghana

Subnational.

Other 3%

Part VIII – Country profiles Burn 5%

Strangulation 8%

Unknown 4%

2.5

ulation

2011

Year

129

Rate per 100 0

Other 16% Burn 3%

GHANA

Blunt force 7%

Strangulation 13%

1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 25 366 462

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 580

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.76

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Gabon Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

– NO 4.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial 

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES YES  abusive situations  NO (–) – 10 Youth violence prevention programmes 9 YES NO –  Pre-school8enrichment 7 NO – Life skills and social development training YES  6 Mentoring5 YES  After-school YES  4 supervision 3 School anti-bullying YES  2 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 1 Against rape in marriage NO – Dating violence prevention in schools YES  0 2003equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 NO 2008 2009 2010 2011 – gender Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance2001and2002 Year Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Against contact sexual violence without rape YES YES  Physical environment changes  Germany YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Unknown 9% 1.4 awareness campaigns Against elder abuse YES YES  Professional  Firearm 13% 1.2 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  Other 18% Caregiver support YES  1 Residential NO – 0.8 care policies Providing for victim compensation Strangulation 13% Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

Sharp force 38%

VICTIM 0.6 SERVICES

–



Blunt force 8%

Adult protective services 0.4 Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 Mental health 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Ghana

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Unknown 4%

Strangulation 8% Firearm 51% Blunt force 11% Sharp force 18%

Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Burn 5%

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 423, Rate= 1.71/100 000 (79% M, 21% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

Year

Mechanism of homicide Other 3%

2007

YES YES YES YES 2008

Source: Police

Guatemala

lation

130

50 45 40

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ghana Police Service.

1% VICTIM Burn LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Georgia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

GUATEMALA Population: 15 082 831

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 130

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 55.89

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 10 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 9 8 Alcohol 7 Adult (15+)6 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 5 Patterns of4 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: NO Wine: NO 3 2 1 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Georgia

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1 Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial 

3.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: NO

2010

2011

Year

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting NO – NO – Parenting education YES  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  NO (–) – 1.4 Firearm 13% Youth violence prevention programmes 1.2 YES YES  Pre-school1enrichment  YES YES  Life skills0.8and social development training  Burn 1% Mentoring0.6 NO – Sharp force 38% After-school supervision YES  0.4 Strangulation 13% School anti-bullying YES  0.2 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Blunt force 8% Against rape in marriage YES schools NO 2009 2010 2011 –  Dating violence 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Ghana YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Other 3% Unknown 4% Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 2.5 Burn 5% Against elder abuse YES NO –  Professional awareness campaigns 2 Public information campaigns NO – Against elder abuse in institutions YES  Strangulation 8% Caregiver support NO – 1.5 Firearm 51% Residential care policies NO – Blunt force 11% VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Germany Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Unknown 9% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Other 18% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES1 NO

1 VICTIM SERVICES

NO YES

–



Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Other 15% Firearm 82% Strangulation 3%

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

2010

Elder abuse NO

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 5155, Rate= 34.2/100 000 (88.88% M, 11.12% F) 1

–

  2011 

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide2 Rate per 100 000 population

Guatemala

2007

Year

NO YES YES 2008 YES

Source: Police

Guinea

Subnational. Blunt and sharp force were reported as one category, and are included in "other".

Other 3%

131

Part VIII – Country profiles

Firearm 32%

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance.

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim Sharp forcelegal 18%representation

Rate per 100 00

GUINEA

5 4 3 2 1 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 11 451 273

Gross national income per capita: US$ 440

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 39.35

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Alcohol 1.2 Adult (15+)1 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.8 drinking score Patterns of Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.6

0.7 – Spirits: YES

0.4 0.2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Blunt force 8%

YES1 NO

1.4

Rate per 100 000 population

Germany National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES 9% Intimate partner violence YES Unknown Sexual violence YES Elder abuseFirearm 13% YES Firearms Other 18% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Burn 1% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 38% Carrying firearms 13% in public YES Strangulation Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2007

NO YES YES NO 2008

2009

2010

2011

Firearm 82%

Providing for victim compensation Strangulation Providing for victim3% legal representation

NO YES

25 VICTIM SERVICES

–



Adult protective services 15 Child protection services 10 5 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 0 Mental health 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE Afghanistan Guinea

2009

2010

2011

–

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

–

 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 32%

VA ILA BL

Other 3%

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Blunt force 55%

OT AN

Sharp force 10%

Reported homicides (2010-2011) N= 115, Rate= 1/100 000 (85.2% M, 14.8% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania Guyana

Subnational.

132

Other 6% Burn 1% Unknown 19% Strangulation 1%

Firearm 19%

pulation ation

8 30 7 25 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Year Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  Against child marriage YES NO –  Parenting education Against statutory rape YES Training to recognise / avoid sexually  Ghana Against female genital mutilation YES NO –  abusive situations Ban on corporal punishment  Unknown 4%YES (NO) Other(all 3%settings) 2.5 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes Burn 5% Against weapons on school premises YES NO –  Pre-school2enrichment Strangulation 8% group membership NO – Against gang or criminal YES  Life skills and social development training Mentoring1.5 NO – Firearm 51% After-school supervision NO – Blunt force 11% 1 School anti-bullying NO – 0.5 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Sharp force 18% Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools YES  Dating violence  0 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO – Microfinance gender NO 2009 2010 2011 – 2001and 2002 2003 equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year Social and cultural norms change NO – Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Physical environment changes NO – Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Guatemala NO – Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Against elder abuse NO – Professional YES  50 awareness campaigns 45 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns NO – Caregiver 40support NO – 35 Other 15% Residential NO – 30 care policies

Rate per 100

Burn 1% Sharp force 38%

Strangulation 13%

GUYANA

0.6 0.4 0.2

Blunt force 8%

0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 795 369

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 410

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 44.54

Ghana

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO 4% Other 3% Unknown Youth violence Burn 5%NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Strangulation 8% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Firearm 51% Mandatory background check YES Blunt force 11% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO Sharp force 18%

Alcohol 1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  1 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

8.1 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

0 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE 2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial 

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 16 / 16 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  NO (–) – 50 45 Youth violence prevention programmes 40 NO – Pre-school35enrichment NO – YES YES  Life skills 30and social development training  Firearm 82% Mentoring25 YES  20 After-school supervision YES  15 School anti-bullying NO – Strangulation 3% 10 5 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools NO –  Dating violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES NO –  School and college programmes Guinea NO – Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Other 3% Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Against elder abuse NO – Professional awareness campaigns NO – Against elder abuse in institutions NO Firearm 32% – Public information campaigns NO – Caregiver support NO – Residential care policies NO –

Blunt force 55% VICTIM LAWS

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO NOSharp force 10%

– –

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES NO YES

–

 –



DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Unknown 19%

Firearm 19%

Other 7% Burn 4% Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 40%

Blunt force 9%

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 130, Rate= 17/100 000 (74% M, 26% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

Guyana

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Source: Police

Honduras Part VIII – Country profiles Other 1%

ulation

Unknown 0.4%

80 70

133

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Labour, Human Services and Social Security.

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Guatemala Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Other Against gang or 15% criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 100

Blunt force 11%

HONDURAS Sharp force 18%

0.5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 140

2011

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 56.95

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 50 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

45 40 Alcohol 35 Adult (15+)30 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of25 drinking score LEAST RISKY  20 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 15 10 5 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Other 15% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Firearm 82% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Strangulation Carrying firearms3% in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial  18 / 18 NO YES NO YES (YES)

NO Firearm 32% YES

 –



Blunt force 55% Sharp force 10% Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws Against rape Guyana Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elderUnknown abuse 19% Against elder abuse in institutions

NO YES 4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  – Parenting education YES   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

 

YES YES YES

  

YES Firearm 19% NO

 –

Other 7%

– – –

     –

   – – –

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim 2% compensation Strangulation Providing for victim legal representation Blunt force 9%

NO Sharp force 40% – YES 

Adult protective services 5 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

NO YES YES 2008 YES

–

2009

2010

  2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 1% Strangulation 3% Blunt force 3%

Firearm 83%

Sharp force 10%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 0.4%

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 7172, Rate= 85.5/100 000 (91.6% M, 8.4% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Iceland 134 ulation

0.16 0.14 0.12

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Burn 4% VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment NO Life skills and social development training NO Mentoring NO After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 30 Professional awareness campaigns YES 25 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver 20support NO Residential care policies NO 15 Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Guinea Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Other Ban on corporal punishment (all3% settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

Honduras

2010

Year

Population: 7 935 846

Guatemala

Rate per 10

20 15 10 5 0 2001

Strangulation 3%

ICELAND

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 325 867

Gross national income per capita: US$ 38 370

Guinea

Income group: High

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans Other 3% Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse Firearm 32% YES1 Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Blunt force 55% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Sharp force 10% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use –

NO NO 7.1 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

 

YES NO

–

Burn 4% Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 40%

Blunt force 9% laws Intimate partner violence

 

Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Honduras Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Unknown 0.4% Against elder abuse Against elderOther abuse 1%in institutions

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

– –

Strangulation 3% Blunt force 3%

Firearm 83%

VICTIM LAWS

25 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school20enrichment YES Life skills 15and social development training YES Mentoring YES 10 After-school supervision YES 5 School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Dating violence schools Year Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse 90 prevention programmes 80 awareness campaigns Professional – 70 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver60support YES 50 Residential care policies YES 40

     2009

2010

–

  –

 –

  

VICTIM SERVICES 30

Sharp force 10%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES YES

 

20 Adult protective services 10 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

NO YES YES 2008 YES

–

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES1

Iceland



2011

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

 2011 

Elder abuse YES1

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Directorate of Health.

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES) 19% Firearm

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Guyana Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment 19% (all settings) Unknown Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Other 7% Against gang or criminal group membership

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 100%

Rate per 100 000 population

0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1, Rate= 0.03/100 000 (0% M, 100% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

India

Subnational.

Part VIII – Country profiles

opulation

Source: Police

3.5 3

135

Blunt force 55% Sharp force 10%

INDIA Population: 1 236 686 732

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 550

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 33.9

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 30 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 20 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 15 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  10 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0

YES YES Firearm 83%

  

Sharp force 10%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Iceland Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

– –

YES YES YES

  

YES NO



YES YES

 

–

Sharp force 100%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2009

2010

2011

     2009

2010



2011

0.04 Adult protective services 0.02 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

YES YES YES 2008 YES

–

    –

  

VICTIM0.06 SERVICES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

2008

80 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school70enrichment YES Life skills 60and social development training YES 50 Mentoring40 YES After-school YES 30 supervision School anti-bullying YES 20 10 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 0.16 Professional awareness campaigns NO 0.14 Public information campaigns YES 0.12 Caregiver0.1support YES Residential care policies YES 0.08

DATA ON VIOLENCE Afghanistan India

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

21 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO)

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 3%

Partial 

4.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Honduras Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Unknown 0.4% Against weapons Otheron 1%school premises Against gang or criminal group membership 3% Strangulation

YES NO

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

4 3.5 3 2.5 2

OT AN

1.5

DAT

1 0.5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 35122, Rate= 2.89/100 000 (73.1% M, 26.9% F) Sources. Mechanism: –– / Reported homicides: Police

ILAB

AVA

Source: Ministry of Home Affairs

136

Other 6% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

pulation pulation

Albania Indonesia 0.8 8 0.7 7 0.6 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Guyana

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Unknown 19% 19% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse Firearm YES Firearms Othercivilian 7% Laws to regulate access YES MandatoryBurn background check YES 4% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Strangulation Sharp force 40% Carrying firearms2% in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES Blunt force 9%

Rate per 100

Burn 4% Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 40%

Blunt force 9%

INDONESIA

10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 246 864 191

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 420

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 38.14075554

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 90 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 70 60 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 50 Patterns of LEAST RISKY  40 drinking score Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 30 10

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape India Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

  

–



YES YES NO

 

YES NO



YES YES

 

–

VICTIM LAWS

2008

2009

2010

2011

0.16

Youth violence prevention programmes 0.14 0.12enrichment Pre-school YES Life skills0.1 and social development training YES 0.08 Mentoring YES 0.06 supervision After-school NO 0.04 School anti-bullying YES Intimate0.02 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 4 Professional awareness campaigns YES 3.5 Public information campaigns YES 3 Caregiver2.5support YES Residential2 care policies YES

   –

 2009

2010

2011

1 Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

YES YES YES 2008 YES

 –

       

VICTIM 1.5 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Afghanistan Indonesia

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

21 / 21 YES YES YES YES (NO)

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 100%

Partial 

0.6 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Iceland Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

OT AN

0.3

DAT

0.2 0.1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1456, Rate= 0.6/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

ILAB

AVA

Source: Country questionnaire

Albania Iran Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7 6

137

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Medical Education.

Honduras

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Unknown 0.4% YES Sexual violence Elder abuse NO Firearms Other 1% 3% Laws Strangulation to regulate civilian access YES Firearm 83% Blunt force 3% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 10% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Rate pe

Sharp force 10%

30 20 10 0 2001

IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) Population: 76 424 443

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 570

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 38.28

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies 0.16 Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 0.14 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

0.12 0.1

Alcohol 0.08 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.06 Patterns 0.04 of drinking score Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: – 0.02 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Indonesia Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

  

–



YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

15 / 13 YES YES NO YES (NO)

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually 4 abusive situations – YES  3.5

3 Youth violence prevention programmes 2.5 Pre-school enrichment YES 2 Life skills and social development training YES 1.5 Mentoring YES 1 After-school supervision YES 0.5 School anti-bullying YES 0 2001 2002 2003 prevention 2004 2005 programmes 2006 2007 2008 Intimate partner violence Dating violence prevention in schools Year YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and0.8cultural norms change YES Elder abuse 0.7 prevention programmes 0.6 awareness campaigns Professional YES 0.5 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver0.4support YES 0.3 care policies Residential YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

2006

1 – Spirits: –

Year

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) India Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES1 YES

     2009

2010

2011

         

VICTIM 0.2 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES YES

 

0.1

Adult protective services 0 Child protection 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Medico-legal services for sexual violence Year Mental health services

2007

YES YES 2008 YES YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence –

Child maltreatment YES Iran Afghanistan

   

2011

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

VA ILA BL

Mechanism of homicide

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Iraq 1

Albania

Subnational.

138

Strangulation Burn 4%1%

pulation 00 population

Other 24% Other 6% Burn 1%

70 8 60 7 50 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Iceland

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Elder abuse YES Sexual violence YES1 Firearms Sharp force 100% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Rate per 100

IRAQ

0.06 0.04 0.02 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 32 778 030

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 130

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 30.86

Indiaaction plans National Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

3.5

Alcohol 2.5 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 2 Patterns of drinking score 1.5 Excise taxes Beer: NO Wine: NO 1 0

2008

2009

2010

2011



YES YES

 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO



Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Iran Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

Year

–

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

0.8 0.7 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school0.6enrichment YES Life skills0.5and social development training YES Mentoring0.4 YES 0.3 After-school supervision YES 0.2 School anti-bullying YES 0.1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools NO 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns NO Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES

     2009

2010

2011

    –

 

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

   

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Iraq

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

–

 

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18 YES YES YES1 YES (YES)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

0.5 – Spirits: NO

0.5

2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Indonesia Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Burn 4%

Firearm 45%

Strangulation 6% Blunt force 7% Sharp force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 24%

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 2518, Rate= 8.79/100 000 (81.7% M, 18.3% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Israel

Subnational.

Other 2%

Unknown 7%

Strangulation Part VIII – Country profiles 5% pulation

Blunt force 4%

3.5 3 2.5

139

Rate per 100 00

ISRAEL

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

Population: 7 643 905

Gross national income per capita: US$ 32 030

2002

2003

2004

2005

Income group: High

2006

2007

2008

Year

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 39.2

Alcohol 0.6 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.5 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.4 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.3 0.1

YES NO

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Iraq Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elderOther abuse24% in institutions

YES YES YES YES YES

Burn 4%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim Blunt forcelegal 7% representation

2003

2004

2005

NO NO

– –

Sharp force 14%

30 Adult protective services 20 Child protection services 10 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 Mental health 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Israel

2008

2007

YES YES YES YES 2008

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

2011

2010

   2011

2009

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Unknown 7%

Strangulation 5%

Firearm 55% Sharp force 27%

Rate per 100 000 population

3.5

Blunt force 4%

Sources. Mechanism: Israel Center Bureau of Statistics/ Reported homicides: VR

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

Reported homicides (2011) N= 147, Rate= 1.9/100 000 (77% M, 23% F)

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year Source: Israel Center Bureau of Statistics

Subnational.

140

Italy Unknown 10% Other 5%

1.4

ation

2007

Year

Mechanism of homicide Other 2%

2006

40 VICTIM SERVICES

Firearm 45%

Strangulation Providing for victim6% compensation

2002

1.2

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

17 / 17 YES YES NO YES (YES)

2001

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Year Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES  – Youth violence prevention programmes YES  Pre-school enrichment  – Life skills and social development training YES  Mentoring YES  After-school supervision YES  School anti-bullying YES  Intimate partner violence prevention programmes YES  Dating violence prevention in schools  YES  Microfinance and gender equity training  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence prevention programmes YES  School and college programmes  YES  Physical environment changes  YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse prevention programmes YES  Professional  80 awareness campaigns campaigns YES  Public information  70 Caregiver60support YES  Residential YES 50 care policies  Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

2.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against Iranfemale genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

0.8

Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Indonesia Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES1 Elder abuse YES1 Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Rate per 100

ITALY

0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 60 884 593

Gross national income per capita: US$ 34 810

Income group: High

Income inequality: 36.03

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National Iran action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

YES NO 6.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

  

YES YES

Firearm 45%

Strangulation 6% Blunt force 7%

Intimate partner violence laws Sharp force 14% Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

 

Sexual violence laws Against rape YES Israel Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES Other 2% Unknown 7% Elder abuse laws Strangulation 5% Against elder abuse YES Blunt forcein4% Against elder abuse institutions YES

     Firearm 55%

VICTIM LAWS

80 70 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school60enrichment NO Life skills 50and social development training YES Mentoring40 YES 30 supervision After-school YES 20 School anti-bullying YES 10 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 3.5 Professional awareness campaigns YES 3 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver2.5support YES Residential2 care policies YES

2009

2010



2011

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

 

YES YES

1 Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

    –

 

Unknown 10%

Sharp force 24%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 45%

Blunt force 7%

2010

Elder abuse NO

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 528, Rate= 0.89/100 000 (69.7% M, 30.3% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

1.4

Other 5% Burn 2% Strangulation 7%

–

  2011 

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Part VIII – Country profiles

2007

Year

NO YES YES 2008 YES

–



VICTIM 1.5 SERVICES

Sharp force 27%

Italy

–

   

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (NO)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  – Parenting education YES   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations  Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against Iraqchild marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Other 24% Against weapons on school premises Against gangBurn or criminal group membership 4%

Source: Police

141

JAMAICA Population: 2 768 941

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 190

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 45.51

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES1

YES1 YES 4.9 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial  18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO)

 

YES NO

–

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES

              

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES YES

–

  

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Jamaica

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Other 11%

Firearm 70%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 19%

Elder abuse NO

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1133, Rate= 42/100 000 (89% M, 11% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Japan

Subnational.

142

Firearm 2% Unknown 3%

0.7

Sharp force 54%

ulation

Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force

0.6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

JAPAN Population: 127 249 704

Gross national income per capita: US$ 47 690

Income group: High

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence – Child maltreatment YES Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

NO NO 7.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 16 YES YES YES YES (NO)



NO NO

– –

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Jamaica Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Other 11% Against elder abuse institutions Sharp forcein19%

–



YES YES YES

  

YES YES Firearm 70%

 

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment NO Life skills and social development training NO Mentoring NO After-school supervision NO School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools – Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes – Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 70 Professional awareness campaigns YES 60 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver50support YES 40 care policies Residential YES

– – – –

 – –

 –

     

30 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

 

YES YES

20 Adult protective services 10 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Japan

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Sharp force 54%

Rate per 100 000 population

0.7

Other 41%

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1020, Rate= 0.8/100 000 (57% M, 43% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 2% Unknown 3%

   2011 

Source: Statistics and Information Department

Jordan 3

pulation

Part VIII – Country profiles

2.5

143

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

JORDAN Population: 7 009 444

Gross national income per capita: US$ ––

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.43

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Elder abuse YES Sexual violence YES1 Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

NO NO 0.7 – Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

NO YES



Firearm 70%

–



Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES1 Sexual violence laws Against rape Japan Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse lawsFirearm 2% Against elder abuse Unknown 3% Against elder abuse in institutions

YES YES YES

– –

  

NO – YES Sharp force 54% 

VICTIM LAWS

70 60 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school50enrichment NO Life skills40and social development training YES Mentoring30 YES After-school NO 20 supervision School anti-bullying YES 10 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Dating violence schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse 0.7 prevention programmes Professional YES 0.6 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns YES 0.5 Caregiver support YES 0.4 Residential care policies YES

–

 2009

2010

2011

NO YES1

–

 –

    

0.3



0.2

Adult protective services 0.1 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

NO YES YES 2008 YES

–

 

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Other 41% Providing for victim legal representation

Jordan Afghanistan

–

 

–

2009

2010

 2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

3 2.5 2 1.5 OT AN

DAT

0.5 0

2001

2002

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Ministry of Interior

Kazakhstan Albania

Subnational.

144

Other 6% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

pulation opulation

2003

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 133, Rate= 2.1/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––- / Reported homicides: Police

ILAB

AVA

14 8 12 7 106

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES  Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Jamaica Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Other 11% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Sharp force 19% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

KAZAKHSTAN Population: 16 271 201

Jamaica

Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 780

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 29.04

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives70provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence – Child maltreatment YES1 Other 11% Intimate partner violence – Youth violence YES1 Sharp force 19% Sexual violence – Elder abuse Firearm 70% – Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

60 50

Alcohol 40 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 30 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  20 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

YES YES

Sexual violence laws Against rape Jordan Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2008

2009

2010



Sharp force 54%

 

 –

– – –

– –

0.7

0.6 Youth violence prevention programmes 0.5 enrichment Pre-school YES Life skills0.4and social development training YES 0.3 Mentoring YES After-school YES 0.2 supervision School anti-bullying YES 0.1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Dating violence schools Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change NO 3 prevention programmes Elder abuse Professional – 2.5 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns – 2 Caregiver support – 1.5 care policies Residential –

     2009

2010

  

2011

  – – – – –

1 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

– –

Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Medico-legal for sexual Mental health services Year

2007

– YES 2008 YES YES

–

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

 2011 

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

14 12 10 8 6

OT AN

DAT

4 2 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Kenya Albania

Subnational.

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

population pulation

2002

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 1416, Rate= 8.4/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

ILAB

AVA

7 8 6 7 5 6

145

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Development.

VICTIM LAWS

Kazakhstan Afghanistan

2011

Other 41%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home –

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (YES)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

10.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Japan Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Firearm 2% (all settings) Ban on corporal punishment Unknown Youth violence laws 3% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

Rate per 100

KENYA

30 20 10 0 2001

Population: 43 178 141

Gross national income per capita: US$ 870

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Income group: Low

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 47.68

Japan

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO 2% Youth violence FirearmNO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Unknown 3% Sharp force 54% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Other 41% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

0.6

Alcohol 0.5 Adult (15+) 0.4 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns 0.3 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.2 0

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Kazakhstan Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

  

 

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

2008

2009

2010

2011

Youth violence prevention programmes 2.5 Pre-school enrichment NO 2 Life skills and social development training YES 1.5 Mentoring YES After-school NO 1 supervision School anti-bullying YES 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 NO 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 14 Professional awareness campaigns YES 12 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver10support YES Residential8 care policies NO

–

  –

 2009

2010

2011

–

        –

VICTIM SERVICES YES YES

 

4 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

–

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment YES

NO YES YES 2008 YES

  2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Rate per 100 000 population

7 6 5 4 OT AN

DAT

2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 2283, Rate= 5.91/100 000 (74% M, 26% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

ILAB

AVA

Source: National Bureau of Statistics

146

Other 6% Unknown 22% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

Sharp force 23%

pulation pulation

Kiribati Albania 128 107 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Afghanistan Kenya

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

4.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.1

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005 No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Jordan Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 10

Other 41%

KIRIBATI

0.3 0.2 0.1 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 100 786

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 520

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 3 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Jordan

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

2.5

Alcohol 2 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 1.5 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  1 Excise taxes Beer: NO Wine: NO 0

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations –

  

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Kenya Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

2008

– –

YES YES YES

– – –

NO NO

– –

2010

2011

Larger scale  Implementation

YES YES

 

YES



Youth violence prevention programmes 12 Pre-school enrichment NO 10 Life skills 8and social development training YES Mentoring6 YES After-school supervision NO 4 School anti-bullying YES 2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools NO 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change NO Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 7 Professional awareness campaigns NO 6 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver 5support YES Residential4 care policies NO

–

  –

 2009

2010

2011

–

 – –

  – –

 –

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



2 Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Kiribati

2007

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

2011

– –

Elder abuse NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 23%

Blunt force 11%

Other 44%

10 8 6 4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 8, Rate= 7.15/100 000 (75% M, 25% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

–



Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 22%

NO YES NO 2008 NO

Source: Police

Kuwait 6

opulation

Part VIII – Country profiles

5 4

147

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Medical Services.

VICTIM LAWS

2009

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO)

2006

Year times  Once/few

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

3 MOST RISKY Spirits: NO

0.5

2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Kazakhstan Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

Rate per 1

1 0.5 0

KUWAIT

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 3 250 496

Gross national income per capita: US$ 44 940

Income group: High

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives14provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 10 Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of6 drinking score 4 Excise taxes Beer: Wine: 0

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually  abusive situations

  

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Kiribati Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Unknown 22% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

– –

 

YES YES NO

–

Sharp force 23%

YES YES

 

Blunt force 11%

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation Other 44%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Yeartimes  Once/few

NO NO

Larger scale  Implementation NO – YES  NO

–

Rate per 100 000 population

17 / 15 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

6 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school5 enrichment NO Life skills 4and social development training YES Mentoring3 YES After-school YES 2 supervision School anti-bullying YES 1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Dating violence prevention schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training Year NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES 12 prevention programmes Elder abuse Professional YES 10 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns YES 8 Caregiver support YES 6 care policies Residential YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

0.1 – Spirits:

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Kenya Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

–

    2009

2010

2011

 –

     

4 VICTIM SERVICES

– –

Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

NO NO NO 2008 YES

2009

2010

2011

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Afghanistan

– – –



DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO Kuwait

– –

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

6 5 4 3 OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 144, Rate= 4/100 000 (77% M, 23% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Kyrgyzstan Albania Other31% 6% Unknown Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

Firearm 4%

pulation population

148

78 67 56

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour.

Kazakhstan

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Rate per 100

KYRGYZSTAN Population: 5 474 213

6 4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 040

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 33.38

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 7 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 5 Adult (15+)4 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of3 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: NO Wine: YES 2

Sharp force 23%

YES YES

  

Blunt force 11%

Intimate partner violence laws Other 44% Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Kuwait Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 

YES YES YES

  

YES1 YES1

 

NO YES

– –

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

VICTIM SERVICES 2

Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence –

Firearm 4%

2011

YES YES YES 2008 YES

     2009

2010

  

2011

      

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse –

Sharp force 35% Other 10% Strangulation 6% Blunt force 14%

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 248, Rate= 4.4/100 000 (76.2% M, 23.8% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2010

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 31%

2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Kyrgyzstan

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes 10 Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills 8and social development training YES Mentoring6 YES After-school YES 4 supervision School anti-bullying YES 2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 6 Professional awareness campaigns YES 5 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver 4support YES Residential3 care policies YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment –

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

17 / 17 YES YES – YES (YES)

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Yeartimes  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

4.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

1 0 2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Kiribati Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Unknown 22% Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES1

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Kenya

2006

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

LAOS

Subnational.

Part VIII – Country profiles

149

Rate per 100

3 2 1

LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 0 2001

Population: 6 645 827

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 270

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 36.74

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Other 44%

Rate per 100 000 population

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 12 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (YES)

  

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

– –

Sexual violence laws Against rape YES Kyrgyzstan Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Against non-contact sexual violence NO Elder abuse laws Firearm 4% Unknown 31% Against elder abuse NO Against elder abuse in institutions NO

  –

– – Sharp force 35%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Youth violence prevention programmes 5 Pre-school enrichment NO 4 Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring3 YES After-school YES 2 supervision School anti-bullying YES 1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools NO 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 8 Professional NO 7 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns NO 6 Caregiver 5support NO Residential4 care policies NO

–

    2009

2010

2011

–

  –

  – – – –

3 VICTIM SERVICES

Other 10%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

Strangulation 6%

Blunt force 14%

–



2 Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

NO YES NO 2008 YES

–

 2009

2010

2011

–



Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

VA ILA BL

Mechanism of homicide

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Latvia Albania Other 6% Firearm Burn 1%6% Strangulation 1%

Sharp force 36% pulation pulation

150

128 107 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

LAOS Afghanistan

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Yeartimes  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – NO –  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – NO – Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

7.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: NO

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Kuwait Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

Alcohol 8 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of6 drinking score LEAST RISKY  4 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Kiribati

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Youth violence Unknown NO Intimate partner NO 22% Sharp violence force 23% Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Blunt force 11% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

LATVIA

Rate per 10

Blunt force 11%

4 2

Other 44%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 2 060 428

Gross national income per capita: US$ 14 060

Income group: High

Income inequality: 34.81

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 6 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Kuwait

NO NO

Alcohol 4 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 3 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  2 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

12.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

1 0 2001

2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES Against child marriage YES  Parenting education  Kyrgyzstan Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually Against female genital mutilation YES YES  abusive situations  4% 8 Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) FirearmYES (YES) – Unknown 31% 7 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes Against weapons on school premises YES YES  Pre-school6 enrichment  YES Against gang or criminal group membership YES Sharp force 35%  Life skills 5and social development training  Mentoring4 NO – 3 After-school supervision YES  Other 10% 2 School anti-bullying YES  1 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Strangulation 6% 0 Against rape in marriage YES prevention schools NO 2009 2010 2011 – 2001 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008  Dating violence Blunt force 14% Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES – Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES NO –  School and college programmes LAOS NO – Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Against elder abuse NO – Professional awareness campaigns NO – Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns NO – Caregiver support NO – Residential care policies NO – Rate per 100 000 population

Yeartimes  Once/few

VICTIM SERVICES

 

YES YES

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES YES

–

  

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Latvia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Sharp force 36%

Unknown 9%

Blunt force 12% Other 31%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 6%

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Strangulation 6%

10 8 6 4 2 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 200, Rate= 9.64/100 000 (50.5% M, 49.5% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Part VIII – Country profiles

pulation

Liberia 1.2 10

151

Rate per 10

LIBERIA

2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 190 435

Gross national income per capita: US$ 370

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 38.16

Alcohol 5 Adult (15+)4 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of3 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 2

4.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

1 0 2001

Blunt force LAWS 14% AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  NO (–) – Youth violence prevention programmes YES YES  Pre-school enrichment  YES YES  Life skills and social development training  Mentoring YES  After-school supervision YES  School anti-bullying YES  Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Against rape in marriage NO – Dating violence prevention in schools YES  YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity training  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Latvia Against contact sexual violence without rape YES NO –  Physical environment changes YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 12 Sharp force 36% Against elder abuse NO – Professional awareness campaigns NO – Firearm 6% 10 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns NO – Caregiver 8support YES Unknown 9%  Residential6 care policies NO – NO Blunt force 12% – YES 

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation Other 31%

Strangulation 6%

VICTIM SERVICES 4

Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO

Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL TA NO TA DA

2010

Elder abuse NO

10 0.8 0.6

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

0.4 0.2 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 16, Rate= 0.43/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Source: Police

Lithuania Albania

Subnational.

152

Other 6% Firearm 4% Burn 1% Unknown 1% Strangulation Other1% 9%

Sharp force 30% pulation opulation

2009

1.2

Sources. Mechanism: ––-/ Reported homicides: Police

–

  2011 

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Liberia Afghanistan

2007

Year

NO YES YES 2008 YES

12 8 107 86

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

VICTIM LAWS

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage LAOS Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Kyrgyzstan

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES1 Firearm 4% Youth violence UnknownYES Intimate partner violence YES 31% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access Sharp force 35% YES Mandatory background check YES Otherguns/ 10% automatic weapons Handguns/long YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES ProgrammesStrangulation to reduce civilian YES 6% firearm possession and use

Rate per 100

Other 10%

LITHUANIA Strangulation 6%

3 2 1 0 2001

Blunt force 14%

Population: 3 027 621

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 13 820

Income group: High

Income inequality: 37.57

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

LAOS

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

YES1 NO 15.4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial 

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  NO (–) – 12 Sharp force 36% Youth violence prevention programmes NO – Pre-school10 enrichment YES  YES YES  Life skills 8and social development training  Mentoring6 YES  After-school supervision YES  4 School anti-bullying YES  Blunt force 12% 2 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Other 31% Strangulation 6% Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools NO – 0  Dating violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 and gender equity training NO – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance Year Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  Liberia NO – Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Against elder abuse YES NO – 1.2 awareness campaigns  Professional campaigns NO – Against elder abuse in institutions YES  Public information 10 Caregiver support YES  0.8 Residential care policies YES 

VICTIM0.6 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES YES

 

0.4 Adult protective services Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 Mental health 2001services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Sharp force 30%

Other 9% Strangulation 8%

Elder abuse NO

10 8 6 4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 158, Rate= 5.2/100 000 (70.3% M, 29.7% F) Source: Statistics Lithuania

Madagascar

Subnational.

Unknown 2% Part VIII – Country profiles

Firearm 39%

4.5

lation

2010

Blunt force 48%

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2009

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 4% Unknown 1%

–

  2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Lithuania

2007

NO YES YES YES 2008

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Latvia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Firearm 6% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal Unknown 9% group membership

4 3.5

153

MADAGASCAR Population: 22 293 914

Gross national income per capita: US$ 420

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 44.11

Alcohol 8 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 6 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  4 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0

YES YES

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations –

  

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Sexual violence laws Against rape YES Lithuania Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES Sharp force 30% Elder abuse laws Firearm 4% Against elder Unknown abuse 1% NO Against elder abuse in institutions NO

2007

2008

Yeartimes  Once/few

– –

   – –

Other 9%

Strangulation VICTIM LAWS 8%

2009

2010

YES YES

 

YES



1.2

  – – –

2009

2010

NO YES

Blunt force 48%

–



Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

–

 – –

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES Madagascar

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Burn 2% Strangulation 1% Blunt force 22%

Sharp force 16%

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 130, Rate= 0.6/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse YES1

4.5

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 18%

  2011 

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 2% Firearm 39%

  

2011

  

VICTIM SERVICES 4

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2011

Larger scale  Implementation

Youth violence prevention programmes 10 Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills0.8and social development training YES 0.6 Mentoring NO After-school NO 0.4 supervision School anti-bullying NO 0.2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 12 Professional awareness campaigns NO 10 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver 8support NO Residential6 care policies NO Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES NO NO (–)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

1.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Liberia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES1 NO

Source: Country questionnaire.

Malawi Subnational.

154

opulation

4 3.5 3

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Rate per 100 000 population

Latvia

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO force 36% Youth violence Firearm NO Intimate Sharp partner violence YES 6% Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Unknown 9% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Blunt force 12% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce and use NO Othercivilian 31% firearm possession Strangulation 6%

Rate per 10

Blunt force 12% Other 31%

MALAWI

Strangulation 6%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 15 906 483

Liberia

Gross national income per capita: US$ 320

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 43.91

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

YES NO

Alcohol 0.8 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.6 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.4 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

2.5 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.2 0

2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  Lithuania YES Against child marriage YES  Parenting education  Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations Against female genital mutilation – YES  SharpNO force 30% 12 Firearm 4%(all settings) Ban on corporal punishment YES (YES)  10 Youth violenceUnknown laws 1% Youth violence prevention programmes Other Against weapons on 9% school premises YES YES  Pre-school8 enrichment  YES Against gang or criminal group membership YES  Life skills 6and social development training  Mentoring NO – Strangulation 8% 4 supervision After-school NO – School anti-bullying YES 2  Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Blunt force 48% 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 2009 2010 2011 Against rape in marriage NO – Dating violence schools Year Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES YES  Microfinance and gender equity training  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Madagascar YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  Social and cultural norms change YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES   Unknown 2% 4.5 prevention programmes Elder abuse laws Elder abuse Firearm 39% 4 awareness campaigns Against elder abuse YES YES  Professional  3.5 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  Other 18% 3 Caregiver2.5support YES  Residential NO – 2 care policies Burn 2%

VICTIM1.5SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim Bluntlegal forcerepresentation 22%

 

YES YES Sharp force 16%

1 Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO Malawi Afghanistan

  2011 

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS 1% Strangulation

Rate per 100 000 population

Yeartimes  Once/few

Trends in homicides

VA ILA BL

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide 4 3.5 3 2.5 2

OT AN

1.5

DAT

1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 438, Rate= 3.35/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

ILAB

AVA

Source: Police

Other 6% 7% Part VIII – Country Firearm profiles Burn 1% Unknown 4% Strangulation Other1% 3%

Sharp force 50%

pulation opulation

Malaysia Albania 3 8 2.57 26

155

Rate per 10

MALAYSIA

0.6 0.4 0.2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 29 239 927

Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 820

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 46.21

Lithuania

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES ChildSharp maltreatment YES force 30% Firearm 4% Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Unknown 1% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Other 9% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background YES Strangulation 8% check Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO Blunt force 48%

Alcohol 8 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 6 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  4 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

1.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2 0

2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Partial 

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 16 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  4.5 NO (–) – Firearm 39% 4 Youth violence prevention programmes 3.5 YES YES  Pre-school3 enrichment  YES YES  Life skills2.5and social development training  Mentoring YES 2  Burn 2% 1.5 supervision After-school NO – Strangulation 1% 1 School anti-bullying YES  0.5 Intimate partnerBlunt violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Sharp force 16% force 22% 0 Against rape in marriage YES schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 NO 2008 2009 2010 2011 –  Dating violence YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Malawi Against contact sexual violence without rape YES YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence YES YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 4 Against elder abuse YES awareness campaigns YES  Professional  3.5 Against elder abuse in institutions YES campaigns YES  Public information  Caregiver 3support YES  2.5 Residential care policies YES  Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



VICTIM1.5 SERVICES

Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0.5 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Malaysia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Strangulation 12%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 50%

Elder abuse NO

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Blunt force 21%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 540, Rate= 1.93/100 000 (81% M, 19% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2010

Firearm 7% Unknown 4% Other 3% Burn 3%

2009

   2011 

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Source: Police

Maldives

Subnational.

156

4.5

opulation

2007

Year

YES YES YES 2008 YES

4 3.5 3

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by General Directorate of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Madagascar Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Unknown 2% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Other Against weapons on18% school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO YES1

Rate per 1

Strangulation 8%

4 2

Blunt force 48%

MALDIVES

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 338 442

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 430

Madagascar

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 37.37

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives 4.5 provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 4 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violenceUnknown YES 2% Child maltreatment YES Firearmviolence 39% Youth violence NO Intimate partner YES Sexual violenceOther 18%YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Burn 2% check Mandatory background – Strangulation 1% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Blunt force 22% firearm possessionSharp Programmes to reduce civilian and force use 16% YES

3.5

Alcohol 3 2.5 Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns 1.5 of drinking score Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: – 1

1.2 – Spirits: –

0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  NO – Parenting education YES  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  4 NO (–) – 3.5 Youth violence prevention programmes YES NO –  Pre-school3 enrichment YES YES  Life skills2.5and social development training  Mentoring2 YES  1.5 After-school supervision YES  1 School anti-bullying YES  0.5 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Against rape in marriage NO – Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 NO 2008 2009 2010 2011 – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Malaysia Against contact sexual violence without rape YES YES  Physical environment changes  YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  3 prevention programmes Elder abuse laws Firearm 7% Elder abuse Against elder abuse YES YES  Professional  2.5 awareness campaigns Unknown 4% Sharp force 50% Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  Other 3% 2 Caregiver support NO – Burn 3% 1.5 care policies Residential YES  Rate per 100 000 population

1 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES YES

 

Blunt force 21%

Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Year Mental health services

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES Maldives Afghanistan

  2011 

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS Strangulation 12%

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Malawi Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2

OT AN

1.5

ILAB

AVA

DAT

1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 5, Rate= 1.4/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Police

Mauritania Albania Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7 6

157

Rate per 10

Burn 2% Strangulation 1% Sharp force 16%

Blunt force 22%

MAURITANIA

1.5 1 0.5 0

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 3 796 141

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 040

Malawi

2001

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.46

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/NO/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

3.5

Alcohol 3 2.5 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 2 Patterns of drinking score 1.5 Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: – 1 0



Sharp force 50%

NO YES

–



Strangulation 12%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage Blunt force 21% – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Maldives Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

– –

NO NO NO

– – –

NO NO

– –

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually NO –  abusive situations 2.5 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school2 enrichment NO Life skills and social development training NO 1.5 Mentoring NO 1 supervision After-school NO School anti-bullying NO 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 NO 2008 Dating violence schools Year Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change NO Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change NO 4.5 prevention programmes Elder abuse 4 Professional awareness campaigns NO 3.5 Public information campaigns NO 3 Caregiver2.5support NO Residential2 care policies NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

0.1 – Spirits: –

0.5

2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Malaysia Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Firearm 7%(all settings) Ban on corporal punishment Youth violence laws Unknown 4% Other Against weapons on 3% school premises 3% group membership Against gang orBurn criminal

NO NO

– – – – – 2009

2010

2011

– – – – – – – – – –

VICTIM1.5 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Medico-legal for sexual Year Mental health services

2007

NO NO 2008 NO NO

2009

2010

2011

– – – –

Child maltreatment NO Mauritania Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

VA ILA BL

Mechanism of homicide

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

158

Other 6% Unknown Burn 12% 1% Strangulation Other 1% 0.2%

pulation population

Mexico Albania 30 8 25 7 206

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES

Rate per 10

MEXICO

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 120 847 477

Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 720

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 47.16

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 3 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Alcohol 2 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 1.5 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  1 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0

16 / 14 YES YES YES YES (YES)



YES YES

 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

 

Sexual violence laws Against rape Mauritania Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Yeartimes  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

4.5 4 Youth violence prevention programmes 3.5 Pre-school3 enrichment YES Life skills2.5and social development training YES Mentoring2 YES 1.5 supervision After-school YES 1 School anti-bullying YES Intimate0.5 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

7.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005 Blunt force 21%

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Maldives Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

     2009

2010

  

2011

      

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

   

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES1

Mexico

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse YES1

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Malaysia

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence Firearm YES Intimate partner violence YES 7% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Unknown 4% Sharp force 50% Firearms Other 3% Laws to regulateBurn civilian YES 3% access Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Strangulation 12% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 12% Other 0.2% Burn 1% Strangulation 6% Blunt force 1%

Firearm 68%

Sharp force 12%

Rate per 100 000 population

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

2001

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: INEGI

Mongolia

Subnational.

Firearm 2% Part VIII – Country profiles

Sharp force 42%

opulation

2003

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 27213, Rate= 24.0/100 000 (89% M, 11% F) Sources. Mechanism: INEGI/ Reported homicides:VR

2002

14 12

159

Rate per 100

Strangulation 12%

MONGOLIA

1.5 1 0.5 0

Blunt force 21%

Population: 2 796 484

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 080

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 36.52

3.5

Alcohol 3 Adult (15+) 2.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of2 drinking score LEAST RISKY  1.5 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1 0

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO)

Other 0.2% Burn 1% Strangulation 6% VICTIMBlunt LAWS force 1%

  

YES YES

–



YES YES NO

 

NO NO

– –

–

Firearm 68%

Providing for victim compensation force 12%representation Providing forSharp victim legal

Mongolia

YES YES

 

VICTIM 10SERVICES

Adult protective services 5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

2011

YES YES YES 2008 YES

–

  – –

– – – – – – – – – –

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Blunt force 22%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 239, Rate= 8.56/100 000 (75.7% M, 24.3% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2010

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 42%

Other 28%

Strangulation 6%

2009

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 2%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment NO Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision NO School anti-bullying NO Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change NO Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change NO Elder abuse prevention programmes 30 Professional awareness campaigns NO 25 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver20support NO Residential NO 15 care policies

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  NO –  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – NO –

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Mexico Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elderUnknown abuse in12% institutions

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

6.9 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Mauritania Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Source: Police

Montenegro

Other 4%

pulation

160

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Maldives

Rate per 10

MONTENEGRO Population: 621 081

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 6 950

Mauritania

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 28.58

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

YES YES 8.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

  

YES YES Firearm 68%

Sharp force 12%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Mongolia Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Firearm 2% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 

YES YES YES

  

Sharp force 42% YES YES

 

Other 28%

VICTIM LAWS

25 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school20 enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES 15 Mentoring YES 10 supervision After-school YES School anti-bullying YES 5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Dating violence schools Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 16 Professional YES 14 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns YES 12 Caregiver10support YES Residential8 care policies YES

     2009

2010

  

2011

      

6 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation Strangulation 6%

 

YES YES Blunt force 22%

4 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES Montenegro

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2010

Elder abuse YES

Strangulation 13% Firearm 70%

Sharp force 9%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 4%

5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 23, Rate= 3.68/100 000 (87% M, 13% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

  2011 

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Blunt force 4%

YES YES YES 2008 YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations  Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 6% Blunt force 1%

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Mexico Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Unknown Youth violence laws 12% Against weapons on0.2% school premises Other 1% group membership Against gang orBurn criminal

Source: Police

Part VIII – Country profiles Unknown 3% Other 9%

opulation

Morocco 2 1.8 1.6 1.4

161

MOROCCO Population: 32 521 143

Mexico

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 910

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.88

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Unknown 12% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Other 0.2% 1% access Laws to regulateBurn civilian YES Strangulation 6% check Firearm 68% Mandatory background YES Blunt force 1% automatic weapons Handguns/long guns/ YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in 12% public YES Sharp force Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Alcohol 20 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 15 Patterns of drinking score 10 Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: –

0.9 – Spirits: –

5 0

2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial 

Yeartimes  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  16 NO (–) – Sharp force 42% 14 Youth violence prevention programmes YES YES  Pre-school12 enrichment  Life skills10and social development training YES YES   Other 28% Mentoring8 YES  6 After-school supervision YES  4 School anti-bullying YES  2 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Strangulation 6% 0 Blunt force Against rape in marriage NO22% – Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 2009 2010 2011 YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Montenegro Against contact sexual violence without rape YES YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence YES YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 6 Against elder abuseOther 4% YES awareness campaigns NO –  Professional 5 NO – Against elder abuse in institutions YES  Public information campaigns Caregiver 4support YES  Strangulation 13% Residential3 care policies YES 

Providing for victim compensation Providing for Sharp victimforce legal9%representation

NO YES

–



VICTIM SERVICES 2

Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Morocco

2007

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Other 9% Sharp force 70%

Blunt force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 3%

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

2001

2010

Elder abuse YES

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 436, Rate= 1.3/100 000 (86.2% M, 13.8% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

   2011 

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Burn 1% Strangulation 3%

YES YES YES 2008 YES

Source: Police

Mozambique 7

opulation

162

6 5

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Firearm 70%

VICTIMBlunt LAWS force 4%

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Mongolia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Firearm 2% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

Rate per 1

Firearm 68%

Blunt force 1% Sharp force 12%

10 5

MOZAMBIQUE

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 25 203 395

Mongolia

2001

Gross national income per capita: US$ 510

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 45.66

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives16provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 14 Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Firearm 2% Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sharp force 42% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian YES Other 28% access Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to Strangulation reduce civilian YES 6%firearm possession and use

Alcohol 10 Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of6 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 4 0

 

Sharp force 9%

Sexual violence laws Against rape Morocco Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Unknown 3% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions Other 9%

 –

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Burn 1% Strangulation 3%

Sharp force 70%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim Blunt forcecompensation 14% Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



VICTIM0.8 SERVICES 0.6

Adult protective services 0.4 0.2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE 1

2010

2011

Youth violence prevention programmes 5 Pre-school4 enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES 3 Mentoring NO 2 supervision After-school YES School anti-bullying NO 1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Dating violence schools Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse 2 prevention programmes 1.8 awareness campaigns Professional YES 1.6 Public information campaigns YES 1.4 Caregiver1.2support NO Residential1 care policies NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES Mozambique Afghanistan

2009

NO YES YES 2008 YES

  –

 –

2009

2010

  

2011

 –

   – –

–

2009

2010

 2011 

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.



Firearm 70%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

2008

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  – Parenting education YES   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

YES YES

Blunt force 4%

2007

Year

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 NO YES NO YES (YES)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

2.3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Blunt force 22% 2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Montenegro Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Other 4% Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Strangulation 13% Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

7 6 5 4 3

OT AN

DAT

2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: National Institute of Statistics

Myanmar Albania

Subnational.

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Firearm 2% Burn 1% Unknown 2% Strangulation 1%

population pulation

2005

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 849, Rate= 3.7/100 000 (91.2% M, 8.8% F) Sources. Mechanism: ––-/ Reported homicides: Other

ILAB

AVA

2.5 8 27 6

163

Rate per 1

MYANMAR Strangulation 6%

2 0

Blunt force 22%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 52 797 319

Montenegro

Gross national income per capita: US$

Income group: Low

Income inequality:

Alcohol 4 Adult (15+)3 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score 2 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

YES YES1

Strangulation 3%

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting – Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations –



  Sharp force 70%

Blunt force 14%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Mozambique Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

2008

– –

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

VICTIM LAWS

2009

2010

2011

Larger scale  Implementation

YES YES

 

YES



2 1.8 Youth violence prevention programmes 1.6 Pre-school enrichment YES 1.4 Life skills1.2and social development training YES Mentoring1 YES 0.8 After-school NO 0.6 supervision School anti-bullying YES 0.4 Intimate 0.2 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008

Rate per 100 000 population

20 / 20 NO YES NO YES (YES)

2006

Yeartimes  Once/few

Microfinance and gender equity training Year Social and cultural norms change Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes Physical environment changes Social and cultural norms change Elder abuse prevention programmes 7 Professional awareness campaigns 6 Public information campaigns 5 Caregiver support 4 Residential care policies Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

0.7 – Spirits: YES

1 0 2001

2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Morocco Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Unknown 3% Youth violence laws Other Against weapons on 9% school premises Against gang orBurn criminal 1% group membership

YES1 YES1

YES YES

   –

 2009

2010

  

2011

YES YES YES

  

YES YES YES YES

   

YES YES YES 2008 YES

  2011 

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

 

YES1 YES

Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO Myanmar

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES1

2009

2010

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 75% Other 21%

Rate per 100 000 population

2.5

Firearm 2% Unknown 2%

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1323, Rate= 2.06/100 000 (69% M, 31% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Nepal Subnational.

164

Unknown 13%

Firearm 4% Sharp force 21%

opulation

4.5 4 3.5

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES 1 Youth violence OtherYES Intimate partner violence NO 4% Sexual violence YES1 Elder abuse NO Firearms Strangulation 13% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Firearm 70% Blunt force 4% automatic weapons Handguns/long guns/ YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Sharp force 9% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES1

Blunt force 4%

Rate per 100

Firearm 70%

Sharp force 9%

NEPAL

2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 27 474 377

Gross national income per capita: US$ 700

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 32.82

Morocco

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES 3% Sexual violenceUnknownYES Elder abuse YES Firearms Other 9% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Burn 1% Sharp force 70% YES Mandatory background Strangulation 3% check Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES CarryingBlunt firearms in public YES force 14% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

1.8

Alcohol 1.6 1.4 Adult (15+) 1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of1 drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.8 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Partial 

2006

2007

2008

2007

NO NO YES 2008 YES

2009

2.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Year Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 20 / 20 Home visiting YES  NO – YES  Parenting education YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – NO – NO (–) – 7 Youth violence prevention programmes 6 YES NO –  Pre-school5 enrichment YES YES  Life skills and social development training  Mentoring4 NO – 3 supervision After-school NO – 2 School anti-bullying NO – 1 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools NO – 0  Dating violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO – Microfinance and gender equity training YES  Year Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Myanmar NO – Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 2.5 awareness campaigns Against elder abuse YES YES  Professional  Firearm Against elder abuse in2% institutions NO – Public information campaigns NO – 2 Unknown 2% Caregiver support NO – 1.5 care policies Residential NO – Sharp force 75% Other 21%

YES YES

 

VICTIM SERVICES 1

Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Nepal

2009

2010

 

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 4% Sharp force 21% Other 25%

Burn 2% Strangulation 11%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 13%

– –

Blunt force 24%

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 752, Rate= 2.76/100 000 (61.3% M, 38.7% F) Source: Police

Netherlands

Other 16%

Firearm 34% pulation

Unknown 3%

Part VIII – Country profiles

1.4 1.2

165

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Population.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Mozambique Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 100

Sharp force 70%

Strangulation 3% Blunt force 14%

NETHERLANDS

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 16 714 018

Gross national income per capita: US$ 48 110

Income group: High

Mozambique

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES) NO NO

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005



Sharp force 75%

– –

Other 21%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape YES Nepal Against contact sexual violence without rape YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES Elder abuse laws Unknown 13% Firearm 4% Against elder abuse YES Against elder abuse in institutions NOSharp force 21%

      –

Other 25%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2.5

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school2 enrichment NO Life skills and social development training YES 1.5 Mentoring YES After-school NO 1 supervision School anti-bullying YES 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 4.5 awareness campaigns Professional YES 4 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver3.5support YES 3 Residential care policies – 2.5

–

  –

 2009

2010

2011

– –

  –

    –

VICTIM SERVICES 2

Burn 2% Strangulation 11%

YES YES Blunt force 24%

 

1.5 Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0.5 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2010

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 34%

Other 16%

Strangulation 8% Blunt force 8%

2009

   2011

Year

Mechanism of homicide1 Unknown 3%

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

Sharp force 31%

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

2001

2002

2003

Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 143, Rate= 0.9/100 000 (65% M, 35% F) Source: Civil and Vital Registration

New Zealand

Other includes cases reported as "beating".

Other 44%

Firearm 16%

ulation

166

1.8 1.6 1.4

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Miinistry of Health, Welfare and Sport.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Netherlands

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Year Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations  Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

9.9 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Myanmar Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violenceFirearm laws 2% Against weapons on school Unknown 2% premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

Alcohol 5 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 4 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  3 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

Income inequality: 30.9

Rate per 10

NEW ZEALAND Population: 4 459 852

3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 35 520

Income group: High

Income inequality: 36.17

Myanmar

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES1 Sexual violenceFirearm 2% YES Elder abuse YES1 Unknown 2% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access Sharp force 75% YES Mandatory background check YES Otherguns/ 21% automatic weapons Handguns/long YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

YES YES

Alcohol 1.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  1 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

10.9 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5 0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

VICTIM0.6 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim Blunt legal force representation 8%

YES NO

 –

Sharp force 31%

0.4 Adult protective services 0.2 Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

New Zealand

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Firearm 16%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 44%

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 40%

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 43, Rate= 0.979/100 000 (47% M, 53% F) Source: Police

Nicaragua

Subnational.

Part VIII – Country profiles Other 14%

Firearm 48%

opulation

2007

Year

YES YES YES 2008 YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Development .

VICTIM LAWS 8% Strangulation

Rate per 100 000 population

Yeartimes  No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  Nepal Against child marriage YES YES  Parenting education  Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually Against female genital mutilation YES Firearm 4%YES  abusive situations  Unknown 13% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (YES)  4.5 4 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes Sharp force 21% 3.5 enrichment Against weapons on school premises YES YES  Pre-school  Against gang or criminal group membership YES YES  Life skills2.53and social development training  Other 25% Mentoring2 YES  After-school YES  1.5 supervision School anti-bullying YES  1 0.5 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Burn 2% Blunt force 24% 0 Against rape in marriage Strangulation 11% YES prevention in schools YES  Dating violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 NO – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES School and college programmes YES   Netherlands YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence YES YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Unknown 3% Elder abuse prevention programmes Firearm 34% 1.4 Against elder abuse YES NO –  Professional awareness campaigns 1.2 Other 16% campaigns YES Against elder abuse in institutions YES  Public information  Caregiver 1support YES  0.8 care policies Residential YES 

16 14 12

167

Rate per 10

Other 21%

NICARAGUA

1 0.5 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 5 991 733

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 690

Nepal

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.47

National action plans 4% Interpersonal violenceUnknown YES 13% Firearm Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse Sharp force 21% YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES 25% check Mandatory Other background YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduceBurn civilian YES 2% firearm possession and use

Alcohol 3.5 3 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 2.5 Patterns of2 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1.5

Blunt force 24%

1 0

 

Strangulation 8%

Intimate partner violence laws Blunt force 8% SharpYES force 31% Against rape in marriage Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape New Zealand Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Otherin44% Against elder abuse institutions

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

 

YES YES YES

  

YESFirearm 16% YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

1.4

Youth violence prevention programmes 1.2 Pre-school1 enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES 0.8 Mentoring YES 0.6 After-school supervision YES 0.4 School anti-bullying YES Intimate 0.2 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 1.8 Professional awareness campaigns YES 1.6 Public information campaigns YES 1.4 Caregiver1.2support NO Residential1 care policies YES

     2009

2010

  

2011

     –



VICTIM0.8 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES YES

Sharp force 40%

 

0.6

Adult protective services 0.4 Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 48%

Sharp force 38%

2010

Elder abuse NO

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 738, Rate= 12/100 000 (83% M, 17% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

  2011 

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Other 14%

–

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Nicaragua

2007

NO YES YES 2008 YES

Source: Police

Niger 168

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

YES YES



Rate per 100 000 population

–/– YES YES YES Firearm 34% YES (NO)

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Yeartimes  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

5 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

TYPE VIOLENCE Strangulation 11%LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Netherlands Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Unknown 3% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Other 16% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

Rate per 100 000

Other 25%

NIGER

Burn 2% Strangulation 11%

Blunt force 24%

Population: 17 157 042

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

Gross national income per capita: US$ 390

2002

2003

2004

2005

Income group: Low

2006

2007

2008

Year

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 34.55

Netherlands National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES 3% Intimate partner violence NO Unknown Firearm 34% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Other 16% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Strangulation Carrying firearms in8%public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

1.4

Alcohol 1.2 Adult (15+)1 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns 0.8 of drinking score Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.6

0.3 – Spirits: YES

0.4

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES0.2 BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 16 YES YES YES YES (NO) YESFirearm 16% YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Sharp NO force 40% Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Nicaragua Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions Other 14%

Full  KEY No response/ – Once/few Larger2010 scale2011  2001 don’t 2002 know 2003 2004 2005 2006 times 2007  2008 2009 Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Year Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 



 

– –

YES YES YES

  

YES NO



Firearm 48%

–

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES YES

 

Sharp force 38%

Youth violence prevention programmes 1.8 Pre-school enrichment NO 1.6 Life skills1.4and social development training YES 1.2 Mentoring YES 1 supervision After-school YES 0.8 School anti-bullying YES 0.6 Intimate 0.4 partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO 0.2 0 and gender equity training Microfinance YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Social and cultural norms change YES Year Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns NO 16 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver14support YES 12 Residential care policies YES

–

2009

2010

 2011     – –

 

VICTIM SERVICES 8

Adult protective services 6 Child protection services 4 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2 Mental health services 0

DATA ON VIOLENCE

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

NO YES YES YES

2006

2007

2008

–

   2009

2010

2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

–

   

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 31%

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape New Zealand Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weaponsOther on school premises 44% Against gang or criminal group membership

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 8%

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

YEAR

VA ILA BL

Afghanistan Niger

YES NO

2011

2012

HOMICIDES PER 100 000 DAT

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

5.5 4.8

Reported homicides (2012) N= 788, Rate= 4.84/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania Nigeria Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7 6

169

Rate per 100

Strangulation 8%

NIGERIA

Blunt force 8%

0.6 0.4 0.2

Sharp force 31%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 168 833 776

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 490

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 48.83

New Zealand

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence Other 44% YES1 Elder abuse Firearm 16% NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

1.6

Alcohol 1.4 1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns of1 drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.8 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.6 0.2

18 / 18 YES YES YES1 YES (NO) Firearm 48%

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Sharp force 38% Against rape in marriage YES1 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES1 Sexual violence laws Against rape Niger Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Year Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – – Parenting education NO –  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

  

– –

YES NO NO



NO NO

– –

  – –

 2009

2010

     – –

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

–

  

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Nigeria Afghanistan

  

2011

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Reported homicides (2013) N= 1897, Rate= 1.16/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Norway Albania

Subnational.

170

Other 6% Firearm 11% Burn 1% Strangulation Unknown1% 3%

pulation pulation

1.28 17 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes 14 Pre-school enrichment YES 12 Life skills10and social development training YES Mentoring8 NO After-school supervision NO 6 School anti-bullying YES 4 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 2 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 0 2001and2002 2003equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance gender Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support NO Residential care policies NO Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

10.1 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.4

40% 0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWSSharp ANDforce PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Nicaragua Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Other 14% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 100

NORWAY

Sharp force 40%

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 4 993 875

Gross national income per capita: US$ 98 880

Income group: High

Income inequality: 25.79

Alcohol 12 Adult (15+) 10 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of8 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 6

Partial  18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES) YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Nigeria Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

7.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

4 2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Niger Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Yeartimes  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually NO –  abusive situations

  

 

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment NO Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring NO After-school supervision NO School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES

–

 – –

 – –

 – –

    

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES YES

–

  

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Norway

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 3% Sharp force 61%

Strangulation 14% Blunt force 7%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.2

Firearm 11%

Other 4%

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 31, Rate= 0.3/100 000 (90% M, 10% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

Elder abuse NO

Source: Police

Oman 1.6

opulation

Part VIII – Country Sharpprofiles force 18%

1.4 1.2

171

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Care Services .

Nicaragua

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence Other 14% NO Elder abuse NO Firearm 48% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES Sharp force 38%

Rate per 100 00

OMAN

Sharp force 38%

10 8 6 4 2 0

Population: 3 314 001

2001

2002

Gross national income per capita: US$ 25 250

2003

2004

2005

2006

Income group: High

2007

2008

2009

Year

2010

2011

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Niger National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES1 Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

YES1 NO 0.9 – Spirits: NO

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 18 YES YES NO NO (–) YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Norway Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Firearm 11% Against elder abuse in institutions

YES YES YES YES NO

Unknown 3% Other 4%

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES  – Youth violence prevention programmes – –  Pre-school enrichment YES  Life skills and social development training  Mentoring YES  After-school supervision YES  School anti-bullying YES  Intimate partner violence prevention programmes – Dating violence prevention in schools – – – Microfinance and gender equity training NO – Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence prevention programmes – –  School and college programmes YES  Physical environment changes  YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse prevention programmes YES  Professional  1.2 awareness campaigns – Public information campaigns YES  1 Caregiver support YES  0.8 care policies Residential YES 

Sharp force 61%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Strangulation 14% Providing for victim legal representation

– YES

VICTIM0.6 SERVICES

–



Blunt force 7%

Adult protective services 0.4 Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 Mental health services 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Oman

2009

2010

2011

– –

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 63% Firearm 4%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.6

Blunt force 11%

Unknown 4%

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Reported homicides (2011) N= 29, Rate= 0.9/100 000 (--% M, --% F) Sources. Mechanism: VR / Reported homicide: Royal Oman Police

–



Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Sharp force 18%

2007

– YES – – 2008

2002

2003

Source: Royal Oman Police

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Palestine

Subnational.

172 ation

6 5

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Nigeria Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

PANAMA Population: 3 802 281

Gross national income per capita: US$ 9 030

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 51.92

Alcohol 0.8 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.6 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.4 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0

  

YES YES Other 63%

Firearm 4%

Intimate partnerUnknown violence4%laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Palestine Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in2% institutions Strangulation

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Sharp force 20% VICTIM LAWS

Firearm 78%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Child maltreatment NO

2008

2009

2010

2011

NO YES

–



1.6 1.4 Youth violence prevention programmes 1.2 enrichment Pre-school YES 1 Life skills and social development training YES 0.8 Mentoring YES 0.6 supervision After-school NO 0.4 School anti-bullying YES Intimate 0.2 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 6 Professional awareness campaigns YES 5 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver 4support YES Residential3 care policies YES

VICTIM SERVICES 2

Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

   –

 2009

2010

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

  

2011

    –

 

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Panama

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

–/– YES YES – YES (YES)

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Yeartimes  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.2

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Oman Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Sharp force 18% Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership Blunt force 11%

– YES1

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Norway

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES 11% Youth violence Firearm YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Unknown 3% Other 4% access Laws to regulate civilian YES Sharp force 61% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons NO/YES/YES Strangulation 14% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian YES Blunt force 7% firearm possession and use

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 16%

Firearm 77%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 2% Other 2% Blunt force 3%

20 15 10 5 0

2001

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Papua New Guinea

Subnational.

Part VIII – Country profiles

pulation

2003

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 665, Rate= 17/100 000 (95% M, 5% F) Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Security/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

173

Rate per 10

Strangulation 14%

PAPUA NEW GUINEA Blunt force 7%

Population: 7 167 010

0.4 0.2 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 790

Oman

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 50.88

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES 18% Youth violenceSharp forceYES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Blunt force 11% access Laws to regulate civilian YES Mandatory background check YES Other 63% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Firearm Carrying firearms in 4% public YES Programmes to Unknown reduce civilian YES 4% firearm possession and use

1.4 1.2

Alcohol 1 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.8 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.6 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.4



  Firearm 78%

 

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

Blunt force 3%

VICTIMSharp LAWS force 16%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

Firearm 77%

2011

–

  –

 2009

2010

2011

– –

    – – – –

VICTIM 10SERVICES –



Adult protective services 5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Papua New Guinea Afghanistan

2010

Youth violence prevention programmes 5 Pre-school enrichment NO 4 Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring3 YES After-school NO 2 supervision School anti-bullying YES 1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools NO 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 25 Professional awareness campaigns NO 20 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver support NO 15 Residential care policies NO

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

2009

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Rate per 100 000 population

12 10 8 6

OT AN

DAT

4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2010) N= 713, Rate= 10.4/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

ILAB

AVA

Source: Police

174

Other 6% Unknown Burn 1%9% Other Strangulation 1%5%

Firearm 57%

pulation opulation

Peru Albania 14 8 127 106

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Panama Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Unknown 2% Against elder abuse institutions Otherin2%

2008

YES YES

Sharp force 20%

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 16 YES YES NO YES (NO)

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

3 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.2

2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Palestine Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Strangulation 2% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

Rate per 1

Other 63% Firearm 4%

0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 29 987 800

Palestine

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 890

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 48.14

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Strangulation 2% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory YES Sharp background force 20% check Firearm 78% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 6 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

PERU

Unknown 4%

0.6

Alcohol 4 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 3 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  2 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: NO

8.1 MOST RISKY Spirits: NO

1 0

2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial 

Yeartimes  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 16 / 16 Home visiting YES  YES – Parenting education YES  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  25 NO (–) – Youth violence prevention programmes 20 NO – Pre-school enrichment YES  NO – Life skills15and social development training YES  Mentoring YES  10 After-school supervision YES  Sharp force 16% Firearm 77% School anti-bullying YES 5  Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Against rape in marriage YES schools  Dating violence 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 2009 2010 2011 YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Papua New Guinea Against contact sexual violence without rape YES NO –  Physical environment changes YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 12 Against elder abuse YES YES  Professional awareness campaigns  10 campaigns YES Against elder abuse in institutions YES  Public information  Caregiver 8support YES  Residential6 care policies YES 

NO YES

–



VICTIM SERVICES 4

Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Peru

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides Firearm 57%

Blunt force 7% Sharp force 17%

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 9% Other 5% Burn 2% Strangulation 3%

YES YES YES 2008 YES

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1968, Rate= 6.5/100 000 (84% M, 16% F) Sources. Mechanism: CEIC/ Reported homicides: CEIC

2004

Source: Ministry of Interior

Philippines Subnational.

Part VIII – Country profiles Unknown 0.5% Other 2.5%

Firearm 56%

opulation

18 16 14

175

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Directorate General of Health Promotion.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Panama Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violenceUnknown laws 2% 2% premises Against weaponsOther on school Blunt force 3% Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

Rate per 100

Sharp force 20%

Firearm 78%

PHILIPPINES

2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 96 706 764

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 950

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 42.98

Panama

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Unknown 2% Other 2% Firearms Blunt force 3% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 16% Firearm 77% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Alcohol 15 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  10 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

5.4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Yeartimes  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  NO (–) – 12 Youth violence prevention programmes 10 YES YES  Pre-school enrichment  NO – Life skills 8and social development training YES  Mentoring6 YES  After-school YES  4 supervision School anti-bullying YES  2 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools NO –  Dating violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Peru YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence YES YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 14 Against elder abuse YESFirearm 57% NO –  Professional awareness campaigns Unknown 9% 12 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns – – Other 5% Caregiver10support YES  Burn 2% Residential8 care policies YES  Strangulation 3% Rate per 100 000 population

6 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing forSharp victim legal force 17%representation

YES YES

 

4 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES1

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Unknown 0.5% Other 2.5%

Firearm 56%

Sharp force 41%

2010

2011

–

Elder abuse NO

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 12086, Rate= 12.6/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Poland

Subnational.

176

Firearm 4% Other 8%

pulation

2009

Sources. Mechanism: NSO/ Reported homicides: Police

–

 

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

Philippines

2007

Year

NO YES YES 2008 –

3.5 3

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Department of Health.

VICTIM Blunt LAWS force 7%

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against childNew marriage Papua Guinea Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 10

Sharp force 16%

Firearm 77%

POLAND

10 5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 38 210 924

Gross national income per capita: US$ 12 660

Income group: High

Income inequality: 32.73

Papua New Guinea ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 12 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Alcohol 8 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 6 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  4 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

12.5 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2 0

2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial 

Yeartimes  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 16 / 16 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES YES  abusive situations  14 YES (YES) – Firearm 57% Youth violence prevention programmes 12 YES YES  Pre-school10 enrichment  Life skills 8and social development training YES YES   Strangulation 3% Mentoring6 YES  Blunt force 7% After-school supervision YES  4 School anti-bullying YES  2 Sharp violence force 17%laws Intimate partner Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Against rape in marriage YES schools NO 2009 2010 2011 –  Dating violence 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 NO – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES School and college programmes YES   Philippines Against contact sexual violence without rape YES NO –  Physical environment changes YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 18 Against elderUnknown abuse 0.5% NOFirearm 56% – Professional NO – 16 awareness campaigns Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES Other 2.5% 14  Caregiver12support NO – 10 care policies Residential NO –

Providing for victim compensation Providing for Sharp victimforce legal41% representation

YES YES

–



VICTIM SERVICES 6

Adult protective services 4 2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES Poland

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

–

2009

2010

  2011 

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 4%

Sharp force 63%

Strangulation 11%

Blunt force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 8%

NO YES YES 2008 YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Peru Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Unknown 9% Youth violence laws Other 5% Against weapons on school premises Burn 2% Against gang or criminal group membership

YES –

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 310, Rate= 0.8/100 000 (61.6% M, 38.4% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Part VIII – Country profiles

Firearm 22%

opulation

Portugal

3 2.5

177

Rate per 10

PORTUGAL

4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 10 603 804

Gross national income per capita: US$ 20 620

Income group: High

Income inequality: 38.45

Alcohol 10 Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of6 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: NO 4 0

Firearm 56%



YES NO

–

Sharpviolence force 41% Intimate partner laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws Against rape Poland Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Firearm 4% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse institutions Otherin8%



 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Sharp force 63%

Strangulation 11%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal14% representation Blunt force

 

YES YES

Rate per 100 000 population

16 / 16 – YES YES YES (YES)

Child maltreatment NO

2008

2009

2010

2011

     2009

2010

 

2011

–

      –

VICTIM1.5 SERVICES

Adult protective services 1 0.5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO

NO YES YES 2008 YES

–

2009

2010

  2011 

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Firearm 22%

Sharp force 13% Blunt force 4% Other 4%

Rate per 100 000 population

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 57%

2007

16 Youth violence prevention programmes 14 enrichment Pre-school YES Life skills12and social development training YES 10 Mentoring8 YES After-school YES 6 supervision School anti-bullying YES 4 2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES Social and cultural norms change – Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 4 Professional awareness campaigns YES 3.5 Public information campaigns YES 3 Caregiver2.5support YES Residential2 care policies –

DATA ON VIOLENCE Portugal

2006

Yeartimes  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  – Parenting education YES   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

12.9 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Philippines Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Unknown Youth violence laws 0.5% Other Against weapons on2.5% school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES1

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 149, Rate= 1.4/100 000 (68% M, 32% F) Sources. Mechanism: Annual Report on Internal Security/ Reported homicides: Police

2005

Source: Annual Report on Internal Security

Qatar

Subnational.

178

Part VIII – Country profiles Other 17%

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by General Directorate of Health.

Peru

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence UnknownYES Intimate partner violence YES 9% Firearm 57% Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Other 5% Firearms Burn 2% Laws to Strangulation regulate civilian access YES 3% Mandatory background check YES Blunt force 7% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES force 17% ProgrammesSharp to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

2006

Rate per 10

Blunt force 7% Sharp force 17%

4 2

QATAR

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 2 050 514

Gross national income per capita: US$ 78 060

Philippines

Income group: High

Income inequality: 41.1

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Firearm 56% Unknown 0.5% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Other 2.5% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES forcecivilian 41% firearm possession and use Programmes Sharp to reduce YES

Alcohol 12 Adult (15+) 10 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of8 drinking score Excise taxes Beer: Wine: 6 2 0



YES  Sharp force 63% YES 

Strangulation 11%

Intimate partner laws Bluntviolence force 14% Against rape in marriage – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Portugal Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

– –

YES YES YES

  

Firearm 22% YES NO



VICTIMUnknown LAWS57%

–

Sharp force 13%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES Blunt force 4% YES

Other 4%

2007

2009

2010

2011

 

Youth violence prevention programmes 3.5 Pre-school3 enrichment YES Life skills2.5and social development training YES Mentoring2 YES 1.5 supervision After-school YES 1 School anti-bullying YES Intimate0.5 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 3 Professional awareness campaigns YES 2.5 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver 2support YES Residential care policies YES 1.5

     2009

2010

Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2011

– –

       

VICTIM SERVICES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence –

Child maltreatment –

2008

2009

2010

   2011  Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Supreme Council of Health.

18 / 16 YES YES NO YES (YES)

2006

Yeartimes  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES  Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

1.5 – Spirits:

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Poland Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment Firearm 4%(all settings) Youth violence laws 8% premises Against weaponsOther on school Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

Qatar Afghanistan

2006

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 66% OT AN

VA ILA BL

Other 17%

DAT

Burn 17%

ILAB

AVA

Reported homicides (2011) N= 6, Rate= 0.3/100 000 (100% M, 0% F) Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

Firearm 3%

pulation opulation

Moldova Albania 14 8 12 7 10 6

179

Rate per 10

Sharp force 41%

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Population: 3 514 381

8 6 4 2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 150

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 33.03

3.5

Alcohol 3 2.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns of2 drinking score LEAST RISKY  1.5 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (YES)

Firearm 22%

 

YES NO

Unknown 57%

–

Sharp force 13%

Blunt force 4% Intimate partner violence laws Other Against rape in marriage YES 4% Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

Sexual violence laws Against rape Qatar Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Otherin 17% Against elder abuse institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Yeartimes  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – NO –

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

  Sharp force 66%

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes 2.5 Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills 2and social development training YES Mentoring YES 1.5 After-school supervision YES 1 School anti-bullying NO 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support NO Residential care policies YES Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

16.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

0 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Portugal Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

    –

2009

2010

2011

 –

    –



VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim Burncompensation 17% Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

– –

  

YES YES YES NO

–

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Moldova

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 15% Other 81%

Blunt force 1%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 3%

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

2001

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Romania

Subnational.

180

Sharp force 28%

Blunt force 10% Strangulation 5%

4.5

pulation

2003

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 304, Rate= 8.5/100 000 (81.6% M, 18.4% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

4 3.5

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Health.

Poland

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO 1 Youth violence Firearm YES Intimate partner violence NO 4% Elder abuse NO Sexual violence YES1 Other 8% Firearms Sharp force 63% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background YES Strangulation 11% check Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce YES Blunt forcecivilian 14% firearm possession and use

Rate per 100

Strangulation 11%

ROMANIA Blunt force 14%

2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 21 754 741

Gross national income per capita: US$ 8 560

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 27.42

2.5

Alcohol Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns 1.5 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES) YES YES

2001

  

Sharp force 66%

Burn 17%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Moldova Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 

YES YES YES

  

YESFirearm 3% YES

 

Sharp force 15%

VICTIM LAWS Other 81%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2002

2003

2004

2005

Romania

2007

YES Blunt force 1%

2009

2010

2011



YES

           – –

 

6 VICTIM SERVICES

4 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Blunt force 10% Strangulation 5%

Firearm 3% Other 20%

4.5

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 28%

2008

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 14 Professional awareness campaigns NO 12 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver10support YES Residential8 care policies YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Yeartimes  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

14.4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWSOther AND4%PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Qatar Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Other 17% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Portugal

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner YES Firearm violence 22% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Unknown 57% Sharp forceYES/YES/YES 13% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons Carrying firearms in public YES Bluntuse force 4% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and NO

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Unknown 34%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 421, Rate= 2.09/100 000 (64.6% M, 35.4% F) Sources. Mechanism: National Institute for Public Health/ Reported homicides: VR

2006

Source: National Institute of Legal Medicine

Russia Firearm 25% pulation

Part VIII – Country profiles

20 18 16 14

181

Rate per 100

Unknown 57%

Sharp force 13% Blunt force 4% Other 4%

RUSSIAN FEDERATION Population: 143 169 653

1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 12 740

Income group: High

Income inequality: 40.11

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Qatar

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violenceOther 17% YES1 Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access Sharp force 66% YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Burn in 17% Carrying firearms public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES1

YES NO 15.1 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

Firearm 3%

 

YES YES

Other 81%



Sharp force 15% Blunt force 1%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Sexual violence laws Against rape Romania Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Sharp force 28% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 –

  

YES YES YES Blunt force 10% NO NO

Strangulation 5%

– –

Firearm 3%

VICTIM LAWS

YES1 Other 20% YES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

 

Unknown 34%

Youth violence prevention programmes 12 Pre-school10 enrichment NO Life skills 8and social development training YES Mentoring6 NO After-school supervision NO 4 School anti-bullying NO 2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 4.5 Professional YES 4 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns YES 3.5 Caregiver 3support YES 2.5 care policies Residential YES

2 VICTIM1.5 SERVICES

Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0.5 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

Russia

– – –

2009

2010

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence YES



2011

–

 –

      –

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment –

2007

NO YES YES 2008 YES

–



  2011 

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Unknown 13%

Sharp force 20%

Other 5% Burn 4% Strangulation 4%

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 25%

Blunt force 29%

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 18951, Rate= 12.32/100 000 (75% M, 25% F) Sources. Mechanism: Federal State Statistics Service/ Reported homicides: VR

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs

Rwanda

Subnational.

182

Sharp force 7% Strangulation 17%

pulation

2005

5 4.5 4 3.5

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – NO –  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES  Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Moldova Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

Burn 17%

RWANDA Population: 11 457 801

Gross national income per capita: US$ 600

Income group: Low

Alcohol 10 Adult (15+)8 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of6 drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 4 0



YES Strangulation 5% YES  Other 20%

Sexual violence laws Against rape Russia Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Firearm 25% Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions Unknown 13%

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

  Sharp force 20%

VICTIM LAWS Other 5%

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

4.5 4 Youth violence prevention programmes 3.5 Pre-school enrichment YES 3 Life skills2.5and social development training YES Mentoring2 YES After-school YES 1.5 supervision 1 School anti-bullying YES Intimate0.5 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 20 Professional YES 18 awareness campaigns 16 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver14support YES 12 Residential YES 10 care policies

Rate per 100 000 population

21 / 21 YES YES NO YES (YES) Blunt force 10%

Intimate partner violence laws Unknown 34% Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Yeartimes  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

Rate per 100 000 population

Firearm 3%

Partial 

9.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2001 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Romania Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation force 28% Ban on corporalSharp punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

     2009

2010

  

2011

      

8 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Burn 4% Providing for victim legal representation Strangulation 4%

 

YES YES Blunt force 29%

Adult protective services 4 Child protection services 2 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Strangulation 17% Other 54%

Burn 22%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 7%

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 500, Rate= 4.745/100 000 (45% M, 55% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2009

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Moldova

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Firearm 3% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access Sharp force 15% YES Mandatory background check YES Other 81% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons Blunt forceNO/YES/YES 1% Carrying firearms in public NO Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Rwanda

Income inequality: 50.82

Source: Police

Samoa Part VIII – Country profiles

183

Other 81%

Rate per

Blunt force 1%

2 0

SAMOA

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 188 889

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 260

Romania

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies 4.5provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Incentives 4 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Sharp force 28% Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Blunt force 10% Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse Strangulation 5% NO Firearms Firearm 3% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Other 20% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian YES Unknown 34%firearm possession and use

3.5

Alcohol 2.5 Adult (15+)2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns 1.5 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  1 Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: – 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006



YES Sharp force 20% YES 

Other 5% Burn 4% Strangulation 4%

Intimate partner violence laws Blunt force 29% Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

 

Sexual violence laws Rwanda Against rape YES  Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Sharp force 7% Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse NO – Against elder abuse in institutions NO Strangulation 17% – Other 54%

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

16 Youth violence prevention programmes 14 Pre-school12enrichment NO Life skills10and social development training NO Mentoring8 NO 6 After-school supervision NO 4 School anti-bullying YES 2 0 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES 5 Elder abuse prevention programmes 4.5 Professional NO 4 awareness campaigns 3.5 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver 3support NO 2.5 Residential2 care policies NO

– – – –

 2009

2010

2011

      – – – –

VICTIM1.5 SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO Burn 22% YES

–



Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Medico-legal for sexual Mental health services Year

2007

NO YES 2008 YES YES

–

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Samoa Child maltreatment YES Afghanistan

 2011  

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

YEAR

HOMICIDES PER 100 000

VA ILA BL

2009 D

ILAB

AVA

8.6 8.6

2010

ATA

NOT

2013

3.2

Reported homicides (2013) N= 6, Rate= 3.15/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: ------/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Ministry of Police and Prisons

184

Other 6% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

0opulation population

San Marino Albania 4 3.58 37 2.56

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 16 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2007

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – NO –  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually NO –  abusive situations 20

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

3.6 MOST RISKY Spirits: –

0.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Russia Against child marriage Against statutory rape Firearm 25% Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Unknownon13% Against weapons school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 1

Other 20%

1.5 1 0.5

SAN MARINO

Unknown 34%

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 31 247

Gross national income per capita: US$ 51 470

Russia

2002

Income group: High

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives20provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 18 Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Firearm 25% Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Unknown 13% Sharp force 20% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Other 5% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Burnin4% Carrying firearms public YES 4% firearm possession and use ProgrammesStrangulation to reduce civilian YES

NO NO

Alcohol 14 12 Adult (15+) 10 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of8 drinking score 6 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: NO 4 2 0 2001

2002 2003 2004 2005 Blunt force 29% PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE LAWS AND OF VIOLENCE

2006

2007

2008

2009

– – Spirits: YES 2010

2011

Rate per 100 000 population

Yeartimes  No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 18 Home visiting NO – Rwanda Against child marriage YES NO –  Parenting education Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually Against female genital mutilation YES NO –  abusive situations Sharp force 7% 5 Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES (YES)  4.5 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes 4 3.5 enrichment Against weapons on school premises YES Strangulation 17% NO –  Pre-school 54% group membership NO – Against gangOther or criminal YES  Life skills2.53and social development training Mentoring2 YES  1.5 supervision After-school YES  1 School anti-bullying YES  0.5 Burn 22% Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 2009 2010 2011 Against rape in marriage YES schools  Dating violence NO – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES School and college programmes YES   Samoa YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Against elder abuse YES NO –  Professional awareness campaigns NO – Against elder abuse in institutions YES  Public information campaigns Caregiver support YES  Residential care policies YES 

VICTIM SERVICES

 

YES YES

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

   

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO San Marino Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides2

Mechanism of homicide1

DA T

ILA

Rate per 100 000 population

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

DAT

1 0.5 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Sao Tome No homicides were recorded for the year 2011, and therefore there is no data on mechanisms. Albania Zero homicides were reported for the years 2001, and 2003 to 2011.

Other 6%

Part VIII – CountryBurn profiles 1% Strangulation 1%

Firearm 10% Sharp force 10%

opulation

2002

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 0, Rate= 0/100 000 (0% M, 0% F) Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: Police

LAB

VAI

A NOT

7 6

185

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Secretary of State, Health and Social Security.

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100

Other 5% Burn 4% Strangulation 4%

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE Blunt force 29%

Population: 188 098

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 310

2002

2003

2004

2005

Income group: Middle

2007

2008

Year

2009

2010

2011

Income inequality: 50.82

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 5

1.5 1 0.5 0

14 / 14 YES YES YES YES (YES)

  

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

 

YES YES YES

  

YES NO

 –

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2008

2009

2010

2011

YES YES

–



Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training NO Mentoring NO After-school supervision NO School anti-bullying NO Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change NO Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 4 Professional awareness campaigns YES 3.5 Public information campaigns YES 3 Caregiver support NO 2.5 Residential care policies YES

 – – – – – – –

     –



VICTIM1.5SERVICES

Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0.5 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

2007

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Year Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – NO –  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

YES YES

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against sexual violence without rape Sancontact Marino Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

7.1 MOST RISKY Spirits: NO

2007

NO YES NO 2008 NO

–

 2009

2010

2011

– –

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 10% Sharp force 10%

Other 60% Blunt force 10% Burn 10%

YEAR

HOMICIDES PER 100 000

2011

4.2

2012

2.6

2013

5.3

Reported homicides (2013) N= 10, Rate= 5.3/100 000 (40% M, 60% F) Sources. Mechanism: General Public Attorney Office/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: General Public Attorney Office

Saudi Arabia 186

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Samoa Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

4.5

Alcohol3.54 Adult (15+) 3 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns2.5 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  2 Excise taxes Beer: NO Wine: NO

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Sao Tome

2006

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Sharp force 7% Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Strangulation 17% Laws to regulate YES Othercivilian 54% access Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possessionBurn and22% use NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Rwanda

10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

Population: 28 287 855

Rate per 100 0

SAUDI ARABIA

Burn 22%

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 24 660

Income group: High

2010

2011

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Samoa

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence – Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

– YES

Alcohol Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: –

0.2 – Spirits: –

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial  –/– NO YES NO YES (NO)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  – Parenting education YES   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 



YES YES

 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES



–

Sexual violence laws Against rape YES Against Saocontact Tome sexual violence without rape YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES Elder abuse laws Firearm Against elder abuse YES 10% Against elder abuse in institutions YES

    

Sharp force 10% Other 60% VICTIM LAWS

YES Blunt force 10% – –

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Burn 10%

Youth violence prevention programmes 3.5 Pre-school3 enrichment YES Life skills2.5and social development training YES Mentoring2 YES After-school YES 1.5 supervision School anti-bullying YES 1 Intimate0.5partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Year Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Sanstatutory Marinorape Against Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

     2009

2010

VICTIM SERVICES Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence –

Child maltreatment –

– –

           

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting.

VA ILA BL

Afghanistan Saudi Arabia

2011

DAT

Albania Senegal Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7 6

187

SENEGAL Population: 13 726 021

San Marino

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 030

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.3

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives4 provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing3.5 polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol2.5 Adult (15+) 2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns1.5of drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1

Other 60%

Partial  18 / 18 YES YES YES Firearm 10% YES (YES)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005



Blunt force 10%

Sexual violence laws Against rapeArabia Saudi Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

NO Sharp force 10% – YES 

Burn 10% Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

0.6 MOST RISKY Spirits: NO

0.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Saochild Tome Against marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

 

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

NO YES

–

  – –

 –

  –

 – – – –

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation



Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES1

Child maltreatment NO Senegal Afghanistan

–

  

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

VA ILA BL

Mechanism of homicide

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Reported homicides (2013) N= 25, Rate= 0.2/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Serbia Albania

Subnational.

188

Other 6% Unknown 9% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

Firearm 40%

population pulation

3 8 2.5 7 26

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Action.

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment NO Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision NO School anti-bullying NO Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns NO Public information campaigns NO Caregiver support NO Residential care policies NO

Rate per 1

1.5 1 0.5 0

SERBIA

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 552 553

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 350

Sao Tome

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 29.62

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Firearm 10% Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Sharp force 10% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Other 60% Mandatory background check YES Blunt force 10% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possessionBurn and10% use YES

YES YES 12.6 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial  18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO)

  

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Senegal Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

– –

YES YES YES

 

NO NO

– –

NO YES

–

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring NO After-school supervision NO School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES

  – –

 –

   –

    

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation



Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

   

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES Serbia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide1

Other 42%

Firearm 40%

Strangulation 9%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 9%

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

Sources. Mechanism: Statistical Office/ Reported homicides: VR

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 130, Rate= 1.8/100 000 (70% M, 30% F) Source: Statistical Office

Seychelles

Blunt and sharp force were reported as one category, and are included in other. Firearm includes deaths reported as due to "explosives".

Part VIII – Country profiles Strangulation 38%

Sharp force 37%

population

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Saudi Arabia Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

12 10

189

Other 60% Blunt force 10%

SEYCHELLES

Burn 10%

Population: 92 339

Gross national income per capita: US$ 11 590

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 65.77

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Saudi Arabia

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Youth violence YES1 Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1 Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check NO Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

NO NO 5.6 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (–)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

 

YES1 NO

–

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Serbia Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Unknown 9% Against elder abuse in institutions

–



YES YES YES

  

Firearm 40% YES NO

 –

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment NO Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 3 Professional awareness campaigns NO 2.5 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver2support YES Residential care policies YES 1.5

–

     –

    –

  

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation Other 42%

NO Strangulation 9% YES

–



Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Seychelles

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Strangulation 38%

Sharp force 37%

Rate per 100 000 population

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Blunt force 25%

2001

2002

2003

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Country questionnaire

Singapore

Subnational.

190

Other 13%

0.9

Sharp force 44%

pulation

2005

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 8, Rate= 9.15/100 000 (62.5% M, 37.5% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: VR

2004

0.8 0.7

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Senegal Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

SINGAPORE Population: 5 303 264

Gross national income per capita: US$ 51 090

Income group: High

Income inequality: 42.48

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Senegal

NO YES 2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial 

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 21 / 21 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  NO (–) – 3 Firearm 40% Youth violence prevention programmes 2.5 YES NO –  Pre-school enrichment YES YES  Life skills 2and social development training  Mentoring YES 1.5  After-school supervision YES  1 School anti-bullying YES  0.5 Strangulation 9% Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Other 42% 0 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools YES  Dating violence  2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES NO –  Microfinance and gender equity training Year Social and cultural norms change NO – Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Seychelles Against contact sexual violence without rape YES YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence YES NO –  Social and cultural norms change Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 14 Against elder abuse YES NO –  Professional awareness campaigns 12 AgainstStrangulation elder abuse 38% in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  Sharp force 37% Caregiver10support YES  8 care policies Residential YES  6 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO YES

–



Blunt force 25%

4 Adult protective services 2 Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Singapore

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Serbia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws 9% Unknown Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Sharp force 44%

Strangulation 12%

Rate per 100 000 population

0.9

Other 13%

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Blunt force 31%

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 17, Rate= 0.3/100 000 (64.7% M, 35.3% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Slovakia Firearm 9% pulation

Other 26% Part VIII – Country profiles

3.5 3

191

SLOVAKIA Population: 5 445 757

Gross national income per capita: US$ 17 200

Income group: High

Income inequality: 26

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

2.5

Alcohol 2 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns1.5 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1



YESSharp force 37%  YES 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES 25% Allowing removal of violent spouse fromBlunt homeforce YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Singapore Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Other 13% Against elder abuse in institutions

    

YES YES YES NO – Sharp force 44%

– –

Strangulation 12%

VICTIM LAWS

 

YES YES

Blunt force 31%

2009

2010

2011

Youth violence prevention programmes 12 Pre-school enrichment YES 10 Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring8 YES 6 supervision After-school YES 4 School anti-bullying YES 2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 0.9 awareness campaigns Professional YES 0.8 Public information campaigns YES 0.7 Caregiver0.6support YES Residential YES 0.5 care policies 0.3 Adult protective services 0.2 Child protection services 0.1 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

     2009

2010

2011

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

         

2009

2010

   2011 

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 9%

Burn 1% Strangulation 8% Sharp force 35%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 26%

Blunt force 21%

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

Reported homicides (2011) N= 93, Rate= 1.72/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police

2008

VICTIM0.4SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Slovakia

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

17 / 17 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Year Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

13 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

0 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Seychelles Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws AgainstStrangulation weapons on38% school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES1

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Slovenia

Subnational.

Other 11%

ulation

192

2 1.8 1.6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Other 42%

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 3 Rate per 100 000 population

Serbia National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Firearm 40% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Unknown 9% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Strangulation 9% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Rate per 100

Strangulation 9%

SLOVENIA

Other 42%

1.5 1 0.5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 2 067 717

Gross national income per capita: US$ 22 830

Income group: High

Income inequality: 31.15

Seychelles

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Strangulation 38% Firearms Sharp force 37% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Alcohol 10 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 8 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  6 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 4

11.6 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Blunt force 25%

Partial 

2006

2007

2008

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

2011

2010

   2011 

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Year Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting NO – YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES YES  abusive situations  NO (–) – 0.9 Youth violence prevention programmes 0.8 Sharp force 44% NO – Pre-school YES 0.7 enrichment  YES YES  Life skills0.6and social development training  0.5 Strangulation 12% Mentoring YES  0.4 After-school supervision YES  0.3 School anti-bullying YES  0.2 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate0.1 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools YES  Dating violence  2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Blunt force 31% and gender equity training NO – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance Year Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Slovakia YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Other 26% Firearm 3.5 awareness campaigns Against elder abuse YES 9% YES  Professional  3 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  Caregiver2.5support YES  Burn 1% Residential YES  2 care policies Strangulation 8%

VICTIM1.5SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES Sharp force 35%  YES 

Blunt force 21%

Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0.5 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Slovenia

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Firearm 63%

Sharp force 16%

Rate per 100 000 population

Other 11%

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 19, Rate= 0.93/100 000 (42% M, 58% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Strangulation 10%

2009

Year

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Singapore Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Other 13% Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Solomon Islands Part VIII – Country profiles ulation

6 5

193

Rate per 10

SOLOMON ISLANDS

4 2 0

Blunt force 25%

Population: 549 598

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 480

Singapore

2002

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 0.9 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES1 Youth violence Other 13% YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse Sharp force 44% YES Firearms Laws Strangulation to regulate civilian YES 12% access Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

0.8 0.7

Alcohol 0.6 0.5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Adult (15+) Patterns0.4 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.3 Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: – 0.2

1.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: –

0.1 0

2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005 Blunt force 31% LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE

Partial 

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year times  Once/few

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes –/– Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  Firearm 3.5 NO (–) 9% – 3 Youth violence prevention programmes NO – Pre-school YES 2.5 enrichment  NO – Life skills 2and social development training YES  Strangulation 8% Mentoring NO – 1.5 After-school supervision NO – 1 Sharp force 35% School anti-bullying NO – 0.5 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Blunt force 21% 0 Against rape in marriage YES – Dating violence schools NO 2009 2010 2011 – 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES – Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO – Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES School and college programmes YES   Slovenia NO – Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes Against non-contact sexual violence NO – Social and cultural norms change YES  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 2 Against elder abuse NO – Professional NO – 1.8 awareness campaigns Other 11% 1.6 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns NO – Caregiver1.4 support NO – 1.2 Firearm 63% Residential NO – 1 care policies Strangulation 10%

VICTIM0.8SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing forSharp victimforce legal representation 16%

NO YES

–



0.6

Adult protective services 0.4 0.2 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

NO YES YES 2008 YES

–

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment Solomon Islands NO Afghanistan

  2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

6 5 4 3 OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2008) N= 19, Rate= 3.7/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

South Africa Albania

Subnational.

194

Other 6% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

Firearm 33% opulation pulation

Source: –––-

45 408 357 306

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Slovakia Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Other 26% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on1% school premises Burn Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Rate per 10

SOUTH AFRICA

0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Blunt force 31%

Population: 52 385 920

0.4

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Gross national income per capita: US$ 7 460

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 63.14

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol2.5 Adult (15+) 2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns1.5 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1 0

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO) YES YES

Strangulation 10%

Firearm 63%

Intimate partner violence laws Sharp force 16% Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Solomon Islands Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

  

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

– –

NO NO

– –

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

1.8 Youth violence prevention programmes 1.6 Pre-school enrichment YES 1.4 Life skills1.2and social development training YES Mentoring1 YES 0.8 supervision After-school YES 0.6 School anti-bullying YES 0.4 Intimate0.2 partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 6 Professional awareness campaigns YES 5 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver4support YES Residential YES 3 care policies

VICTIM SERVICES 2

Adult protective services 1 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

     2009

2010

Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES1

Firearm 33%

   

2009

2010

Elder abuse NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 32%

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

2001

2002

Sources. Mechanism: National Injury Mortality Surveillance System/ Reported homicides: Police

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012/2013) N= 16259, Rate= 31.1/100 000 (80% M, 15% F)3

   2011 

Blunt force 27%

  

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide2

Unknown 0.2% Other 2.8% Burn 2% Strangulation 3%

2011

  

DATA ON VIOLENCE South Africa

2011

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  – Parenting education YES  – Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES  Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

11 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY VIOLENCE 2001TYPE 2002 OF 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Slovenia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Other 11% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Blunt force 21%

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing3.5 polices to de-concentrate poverty

Rate per 100 000 population

Slovakia

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Other 26% Youth violence YES1 Intimate Firearm partner9% violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1 Firearms Burn 1% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Strangulation 8% Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 35% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

2011

Year

Source: Police

Subnational. For Gauteng Province (an urban setting) only. The reported total of 95% leaves 5% of cases undetermined as to whether male or female.

Part VIII – Country profiles

195

SPAIN Population: 46 754 541

Gross national income per capita: US$ 29 340

Income group: High

Income inequality: 34.66

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

NO NO 11.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial  16 / 16 YES YES YES YES (YES)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 



YES YES

 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

 

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

YES YES YES

  

YES1 NO

– –

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES

      –

       

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

   

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Spain

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence – Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 17%

Other 10% Burn 1% Strangulation 9%

Sharp force 41%

Blunt force 6%

1.6

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 16%

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

Sources. Mechanism: National Institute of Statistics/ Reported homicides: VR

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 334, Rate= 0.7/100 000 (68.9% M, 31.1% F)

Elder abuse YES

Source: National Institute of Statistics

Sudan

Subnational.

196

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Social Policies and Equity.

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

SUDAN Population: 37 195 349

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 460

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.29

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

NO NO 2.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: –

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

–/– NO YES YES YES (NO)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  – Parenting education YES   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

  

YES YES

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Spain Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Unknown 16% Against elder abuse in institutions

– –

  

YES YES YES NO Firearm 17% NO

– –

Other 10%

VICTIM LAWS

Burn 1%

Providing for victim compensation ProvidingStrangulation for victim legal 9% representation

YES YES

Blunt force 6%

Sharp force 41%

VICTIM SERVICES 0.8

Adult protective services 0.6 Child protection services 0.4 0.2 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 0 services Mental health 2001

DATA ON VIOLENCE

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

NO YES YES YES 2008

     –

     – – – – –

2009

2010

   2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Afghanistan Sudan

 

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns NO 1.6 Public information campaigns NO 1.4 Caregiver support NO 1.2 Residential1 care policies NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Ministry of Health.

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1244, Rate= 3.5/100 000 (90.8% M, 9.2% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania Swaziland Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%

pulation tion

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles

8 25 7 6

197

SWAZILAND Population: 1 230 985

Gross national income per capita: US$ 3 100

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 51.49

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

NO NO 5.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial 

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  1.6 NO (–) 17% – Firearm 1.4 Youth violence prevention programmes 1.2 NO – Pre-school enrichment YES  1 NO – Life skills and social development training YES  0.8 Burn 1% Mentoring YES  0.6 After-school supervision – – 0.4 Strangulation 9% School anti-bullying NO – Sharp force 41% 0.2 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Blunt force 6% 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 NO 2008 2009 2010 2011 – Against rape in marriage – – Dating violence schools Year Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – – Microfinance and gender equity training NO – Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES School and college programmes YES   Sudan YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence NO – Social and cultural norms change YES  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Against elder abuse NO – Professional awareness campaigns YES  Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  Caregiver support NO – Residential care policies NO – Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Spain Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Unknown 16% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Other 10% Against gang or criminal group membership

VICTIM SERVICES NO YES

–



Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

NO YES YES YES

–

  

DATA ON VIOLENCE National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

Swaziland Afghanistan

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Rate per 100 000 population

25 20 15 10

OT AN

DAT

5 0 2001

ILAB

AVA

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 102, Rate= 9.3/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Source: Country questionnaire.

198

Other Other 16% 6% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

Firearm 27%

pulation opulation

Sweden Albania 1.4 8 1.2 7 61

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

SWEDEN Population: 9 511 313

Gross national income per capita: US$ 56 120

Income group: High

Income inequality: 25

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Rate per 100 000 population

1.4 1.2

Alcohol 1 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.8 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.6 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.4

Partial  18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

 

YES NO

–

 

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 25 Professional awareness campaigns YES 20 Public information campaigns YES Caregiver 15 support YES Residential care policies YES

              

10 VICTIM SERVICES

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

 

YES YES

Adult protective services 5 Child protection services 0 Medico-legal for sexual 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Sweden

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

  2011 

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Other 16%

Strangulation 11%

Blunt force 7%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.4

Firearm 27%

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Sharp force 39%

Sources. Mechanism: National Board of Health and Welfare/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 81, Rate= 0.854/100 000 (69% M, 31% F)

2011

Year

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Swaziland Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

9.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.2

2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005 LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Sudan Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES1

Source: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention

Switzerland

Subnational.

Unknown 7% 1.4

Firearm 29%

pulation

Other 4% Part VIII – Country profiles

1.2 1

199

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.

Blunt force 6%

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 1.6 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

Rate per 100 000 population

Spain

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO16% Child maltreatment YES1 Unknown Firearmviolence 17% Intimate partner YES Youth violence YES1 Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES1 Firearms Other 10% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Burn 1% check Mandatory background YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Strangulation Carrying firearms in9% public YES Sharp force 41% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Strangulation 9%

Rate per 100

Burn 1% Sharp force 41%

SWITZERLAND

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Blunt force 6%

Population: 7 997 399

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 80 950

Income group: High

Income inequality: 33.68

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Sudan

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES1

NO NO 10.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE



YES YES

 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

 

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Sweden Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuseOther 16% Against elder abuse in institutions

YES YES YES

  

YES YES1

 

Firearm 27%

Strangulation 11%

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school20enrichment YES Life skills 15 and social development training YES Mentoring YES 10 supervision After-school YES School anti-bullying YES 5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 1.4 awareness campaigns Professional YES 1.2 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver support YES 1 Residential YES 0.8 care policies

     2009

2010



2011

    –

 

VICTIM SERVICES 0.6

Providing for victim Blunt forcecompensation 7% Providing for victim legal representation

YES YES

 

Sharp force 39%

Adult protective services 0.4 Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

Switzerland

–

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

2007

NO YES YES 2008 YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

–



  2011

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 7% Other 4%

Blunt force 31%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.4

Firearm 29%

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Sharp force 29% Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Police

Macedonia

Subnational.

200

Firearm 38%

ulation

2002

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 41, Rate= 0.5/100 000 (61% M, 39% F)

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Office of Public Health.

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Swaziland Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

Rate per 100

TAJIKISTAN

10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 8 008 990

Gross national income per capita: US$ 880

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 30.83

1.2

Alcohol 1 Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 0.8 Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.6 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.4

Firearm 29%

YES YES

  

Blunt force 31%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Sharp NO force 29% Sexual violence laws Against rape Macedonia Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

 –

YES YES YES

  

YES Firearm 38% YES

 

Sharp force 3%

VICTIM LAWS

Other 45%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

2002

2003

2004

2005

Child maltreatment NO

YES  YES Blunt force 14% 

2009

2010

2011

     2009

2010

2011

2 Adult protective services Child protection services 1 Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

2007

Year

YES YES YES 2008 YES

–

        

3 VICTIM SERVICES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Sharp force 31%

Blunt force 17%

3.5

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 5%

Other 26%

2008

1.4

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 8%

2007

Youth violence prevention programmes 1.2 Pre-school enrichment YES 1 Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring0.8 YES 0.6 supervision After-school YES 0.4 School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0.2 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 0 2001and2002 2003equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 YES 2008 Microfinance gender Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional7 awareness campaigns YES 6 Public information campaigns YES 5 Caregiver support YES Residential4care policies YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Tajikistan

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2001

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  NO –  Parenting education  Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

2.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.2

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY Sharp force 39%

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Switzerland Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Unknown 7% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Other 4% Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Sweden

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO OtherNO16% Youth violence Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearm 27% Firearms Strangulation 11% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons NO/YES/NO forcein7% CarryingBlunt firearms public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

Strangulation 13%

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2013) N= 117, Rate= 1.5/100 000 (73.5% M, 26.5% F) Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Thailand Unknown Part VIII – Country profiles11%

pulation

Strangulation 2% Other 2%

8 7

201

Rate per 100

Blunt force 7%

THAILAND

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Sharp force 39%

2002

2003

2004

2005

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 250

2008

2009

2010

2011

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 39.37

1.2

Alcohol 1 Adult (15+)0.8per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.6 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.4

17 / 17 YES YES NO YES (NO)



Firearm 38%

 

YES YES

Sharp force 3% Other 45% Blunt force 14% Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES  Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES 

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Tajikistan Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Firearm 8% Against elder abuse in institutions Unknown 5%

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

YES YES YES

  

Sharp force 31%

 

YES YES

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes 6 Pre-school 5enrichment NO Life skills and social development training YES 4 Mentoring YES 3 After-school supervision NO 2 School anti-bullying YES 1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 3.5 Professional awareness campaigns YES 3 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver2.5 support YES Residential2 care policies YES Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 29%

7.1 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.2

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Macedonia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

–

  –

 2009

2010



2011

    –

 

1.5 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim Other compensation 26% Providing for victim legal representation

YES Blunt force 17% YES  Strangulation 13%

1 Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES1

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES1 Sexual violence YES1

YES YES YES 2008 YES

–



2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 11%

Sharp force 19%

Firearm 66%

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 2% Other 2%

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 2941, Rate= 4.5/100 000 (86.17% M, 13.86% F) Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Health/ Reported homicides: VR

2004

Source: Ministry of Public Health

Trinidad and Tobago

Subnational.

Sharp force 14% 45

Blunt force 5% Strangulation 2%

pulation

202

40 35

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.

Switzerland

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child YES Unknown 7%maltreatment Youth violence YES4% Intimate partner violence YES Other Sexual violence YES Elder abuse Firearm 29% YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Blunt force guns/ 31% automatic weapons Handguns/long YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

2007

Year

Population: 66 785 001

Thailand

2006

THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Population: 2 105 575

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 710

Income group: Middle

Swaziland

16 / 16 YES YES YES YES (–)

YES Firearm 27% YES

  

Blunt force 7%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YESforce 39% Sharp Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Switzerland Against non-contact sexual violence Unknown 7% Elder abuse laws Other 4% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

YES YES YES

  –

 

YES NO Firearm 29%

 –

1.4

Youth violence prevention programmes 1.2 Pre-school 1enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES 0.8 Mentoring YES 0.6 After-school supervision YES 0.4 School anti-bullying YES 0.2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 1.4 Professional awareness campaigns YES 1.2 Public information campaigns YES 1 Caregiver support NO 0.8 care policies Residential NO

     2009

2010

  

2011

     – –

0.6 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation



YES YES

–

Sharp force 29%

0.4 Adult protective services Child protection services 0.2 Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS Blunt force 31%

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education Training to recognise /   avoid sexually abusive situations YES   Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

6.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Sweden Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment Other 16%(all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises 11% group membership AgainstStrangulation gang or criminal

YES NO

Alcohol Adult (15+)15per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of10drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002OF2003 2004 2005

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Firearm 38%

Sharp force 3% Other 45% Blunt force 14%

Rate per 100 000 population

Macedonia

Income inequality: 43.56

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 29, Rate= 1.4/100 000 (75.9% M, 24.1% F) Sources. Mechanism: State Statistical Office / Reported homicides: Police

2004

Source: State Statistical Office

Tajikistan

Unknown 5%

Sharp force 31%

3.5

pulation

Part VIII – CountryFirearm profiles8%

3 2.5

203

Rate per 100 0

Blunt force 31%

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Sharp force 29%

Population: 1 337 439

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 14 780

Income group: High

Income inequality: –

Macedonia

National action plans Interpersonal violence – Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuseFirearm 38% – Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check Sharp force 3% YES Handguns/long YES/YES/YES Other guns/ 45% automatic weapons Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession andBlunt useforce 14% NO

Alcohol 5 Adult (15+)4per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score LEAST RISKY  3 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 2

6.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Partial 

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  NO (–)force 31% – 3.5 Sharp Youth violence prevention programmes 3 NO – Pre-school2.5enrichment YES  social development training YES YES  Life skills and  2 Mentoring YES  1.5 After-school supervision YES  1 School anti-bullying YES  Blunt force 17% Other 26% 0.5 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools YES  Dating violence  2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Strangulation 13% YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Thailand YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Unknown 11% 9 Against elder abuse NO – Professional awareness campaigns YES  Strangulation 2% 8 Against elder abuse in institutions – – Public information campaigns YES  7 Other 2% Caregiver support YES  6 Residential5 care policies YES  4 VICTIM SERVICES

Sharp force 19%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

YES Firearm 66%

 

YES

Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 1 Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment –

Trinidad and Tobago

2007

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence –

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Sharp force 14%

Strangulation 2% Burn 1% Unknown 1% Firearm 77%

Rate per 100 000 population

Blunt force 5%

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 379, Rate= 28.6/100 000 (88% M, 12% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Tunisia Other 38% 0.3

Firearm 2%

lation

204

0.25

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Tajikistan Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Firearm 8% Youth violence laws Against weapons on school Unknown 5% premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Blunt force 14%

TUNISIA

Rate per 100

Sharp force 3% Other 45%

2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 10 874 915

Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 240

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 36.06

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 3.5 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

Alcohol 2.5 Adult (15+)2per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of1.5drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 1 0

  

YES YES

Sharp force 19%

Firearm 66%

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO

– –

Sexual violence laws Against rape YES Trinidad Tobago Against contactand sexual violence without rape YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES Sharp force 14% Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse YES Blunt force 5% Against elder abuse in institutions YES Strangulation

     2%

Burn 1% Unknown 1%

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Firearmlegal 77%representation Providing for victim

Child maltreatment YES

2008

2009

2010

2011

NO YES

–



9 8 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school 7enrichment YES 6 Life skills and social development training NO 5 Mentoring 4 NO After-school YES 3 supervision School anti-bullying YES 2 1 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention NO 2001 2002 2003 in 2004schools 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 45 Professional awareness campaigns YES 40 Public information campaigns YES 35 Caregiver 30support YES 25 care policies Residential YES 20 VICTIM SERVICES 15

Adult protective services 10 Child protection services 5 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Tunisia

2007

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2006

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

1.5 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.5

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE VIOLENCE 2001 2002OF 2003 2004 2005 Strangulation 13% No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Thailand Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation 11%(all settings) Ban on corporal Unknown punishment Strangulation Youth violence laws 2% Other Against weapons on 2% school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES

YES YES YES 2007 2008 YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

 – –

  2009

2010

2011

–

        

2009

2010

   2011 

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Tajikistan

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Sharp force 31% Youth violence FirearmNO8% Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Unknown 5% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Blunt force 17% Other in 26% Carrying firearms public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Other 38% Firearm 2% Burn 5%

Strangulation 8% Blunt force 5%

Sharp force 42%

Rate per 100 000 population

0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 332, Rate= –/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Source: Police

Turkey Unknown 12%

Part VIII – Country profiles

pulation

Other 14%

4 3.5 3

205

Rate per 100

Blunt force 17%

Other 26%

TURKEY

1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

Strangulation 13%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 73 997 128

Gross national income per capita: US$ 10 810

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 40.03

Thailand

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES 11% Youth violence UnknownYES Intimate partner violence YES Strangulation 2% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Other 2% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Sharp force 19% Firearm 66% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

YES NO

Alcohol 7 Adult (15+)6per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) 5 Patterns of4drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 3

2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2 1

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2007

YES YES YES YES 2008

2009

2010

2011

2010

   2011

VICTIM0.15 SERVICES

8% ProvidingStrangulation for victim compensation

Providing for victim legal representation Blunt force 5%

 

YES YES Sharp force 42%

Adult protective services 0.1 Child protection services 0.05 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 Mental health 2001services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Turkey

2009

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Unknown 12%

Other 14% Blunt force 2%

Firearm 50%

Strangulation 2%

Rate per 100 000 population

Sharp force 20%

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1703, Rate= 2.28/100 000 (80% M, 20% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

Source: Police

Tuvalu

ulation

206

20 18 16

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 17 / 17 Home visiting YES  Parenting education YES Against child marriage YES   Trinidad and Tobago Against statutory rape YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations Against female genital mutilation NO – YES  Sharp Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) NOforce (–) 14% – 45 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes 40 Blunt force 5% Against weapons on school premises YES Strangulation 2% YES  Pre-school35enrichment  Against gang or criminal group membership YES Life skills 30and social development training YES   Burn 1% Mentoring25 YES  20 Unknown 1% After-school supervision NO – 15 School anti-bullying YES  10 Firearm 77% laws Intimate partner violence Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 5 0 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools NO –  Dating violence 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES NO –  School and college programmes NO – Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes Tunisia YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Other 38% Against elder abuse YES NO –  Professional 0.3 awareness campaigns campaigns YES Against elder abuse in institutions YES  Public information  0.25 Firearm 2% Caregiver support YES  0.2 Residential care policies YES  Burn 5%

Rate per 10

Sharp force 19%

Firearm 66%

TUVALU

4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 9 860

Gross national income per capita: US$ 5 650

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: –

Trinidad and TobagoACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling 45 Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty Rate per 100 000 population

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Sharp force 14% Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse Blunt force 5% NO Strangulation 2% Firearms Burn 1% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Unknown 1% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms public YES Firearmin77% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

40 35

Alcohol 30 Adult (15+)25 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of20 drinking score LEAST RISKY  15 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES

1.5 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

10 5 0

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY2001 TYPE OF 2003 VIOLENCE 2002 2004 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Partial 

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting NO – YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES YES  abusive situations  NO (–) – 0.3 Youth violence prevention programmes 0.25 YES Firearm 2%  Pre-school enrichment NO – and social development training YES YES  Life skills 0.2  Burn 5% Mentoring YES  0.15 After-school supervision YES  Strangulation 8% 0.1 School anti-bullying YES  0.05 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Blunt force 5% Sharp Against rape in marriage YES force 42%  Dating violence prevention in schools NO – 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 gender equity training YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance2001and2002  Year Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Turkey Against contact sexual violence without rape YES YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence YES YES  Social and cultural norms change  Unknown 12% Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 4 Against elder abuse YES awareness campaigns YES  Professional  3.5 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  3 Other 14% Caregiver2.5 support YES  Residential2 care policies YES 

Firearm 50%

Strangulation 2%

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation Sharp force 20%

YES YES

VICTIM SERVICES 1.5

 

1 Adult protective services 0.5 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Other 50%

Sharp force 50%

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

2009

2010

–

Elder abuse NO

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 2, Rate= 17.8/100 000 (100% M, 0% F) Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

–

  2011

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Rate per 100 000 population

Tuvalu

2007

Year

NO YES YES 2008 –

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Blunt force 2%

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Tunisia Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Other (all 38%settings) Ban on corporal punishment Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Source: Police

Part VIII – Country profiles

pulation

Uganda 20 18 16 14

207

Rate per 10

Unknown 1% Firearm 77%

UGANDA

15 10 5 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Population: 36 345 860

Gross national income per capita: US$ 480

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 44.3

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Sharp force 42%

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 0.3 Rate per 100 000 population

0.25

Alcohol Adult (15+)0.2per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns 0.15 of drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.1

  

YES YES

Blunt force 2%

Firearm 50%

Strangulation 2%

Intimate partner violence laws Sharp force 20% Against rape in marriage NO Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO Sexual violence laws Against rape Tuvalu Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

– –

YES NO YES



YES NO



–

 –

Sharp force 50%

Other 50%

2002

2003

2004

2005

VICTIM LAWS

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

4 3.5 Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school 3enrichment YES Life skills 2.5 and social development training YES Mentoring 2 YES 1.5 supervision After-school YES 1 School anti-bullying YES 0.5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools NO 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear NO Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes 20 Professional YES 18 awareness campaigns 16 Public information campaigns YES 14 Caregiver support YES 12 Residential10care policies YES

     2009

2010

2011

YES YES

 

Adult protective services 4 Child protection services 2 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES1 Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES1

      

Rate per 100 000 population

E VA ILA BL TA NO TA DA

–

2009

2010

  2011 

Elder abuse YES1

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

YEAR

NUMBER OF HOMICIDES

2009 2010

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

2669

2013 2002

2003

2004

2753

1761 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1987, Rate= –/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

NO YES YES 2008 YES

– –



8 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Uganda Afghanistan

2006

Rate per 100 000 population

18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES)

2001

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations 

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

9.8 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.05

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Turkey Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Unknown 12% Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Otheron14% Against weapons school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO NO

Source: Police

United Arab Emirates Albania

Subnational.

Other 6% Burn 1% Strangulation 1%

pulation

208

7 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Tunisia

National action plans Interpersonal violence Other YES 38% Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES1 Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearm 2% Firearms Laws to regulate civilian YES Burn 5% access Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ YES/YES/YES Strangulation 8% automatic weapons Carrying firearms in public YES ProgrammesBlunt to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES force 5%

2006

Year

Rate per 100 00

Burn 5% Strangulation 8%

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Blunt force 5%

Sharp force 42%

Population: 9 205 651

0.15 0.1 0.05 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 38 620

Income group: High

2010

2011

Income inequality: –

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Sharp force 20%

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 4 Rate per 100 000 population

Turkey

National action plans Interpersonal violence NOUnknown 12% Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Other 14% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory YES Blunt background force 2% check Firearm 50% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Strangulation 2% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use –

3.5

Alcohol 3 Adult (15+)2.5per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of2drinking score Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: – 1.5

4.3 – Spirits: –

1 0.5

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 2001

Partial 

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

2011

2010

   2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations NO – YES  NO (–) – 20 Youth violence prevention programmes 18 YES – –  Pre-school16enrichment 14 social development training – – YES  Life skills and 12 Sharp force 50% Other 50% Mentoring10 – – After-school8 supervision – – 6 School anti-bullying – – 4 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 2 Against rape in marriage NO – Dating violence prevention in schools – – 0 2001and 2002 2003 equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 2008 Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – – Microfinance gender NO 2009 2010 2011 – Year Social and cultural norms change – – Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  Uganda YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes 20 awareness campaigns Against elder abuse YES1 – –  Professional 18 campaigns – – Against elder abuse in institutions YES1  Public information 16 Caregiver support – – 14 Residential12care policies – – Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

NO NO

– –

VICTIM SERVICES 8

6 Adult protective services 4 Child protection services 2 Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence – Intimate partner violence – Sexual violence NO

Child maltreatment –

Afghanistan United Arab Emirates Mechanism of homicide

2009

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Tuvalu Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

– YES

VA ILA BL

Trends in homicides

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

Albania United Kingdom

Subnational.

Other 26%

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Burn 1%

Strangulation 1%3% Burn

Unknown 4%

pulation pulation

82 1.8 7 1.6 6

209

Blunt force 2%

Rate per 100

Firearm 50%

Strangulation 2%

UNITED KINGDOM Sharp force 20%

Population: 62 783 115

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 38 300

Income group: High

Income inequality: 35.97

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty 20 Alcohol 16 14 Adult (15+)12per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of10drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes8 Beer: YES Wine: YES 6 4 2 0 2001

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE 2002 2003 2004 2005 16 / 16 YES YES YES YES (NO)



YES YES1

 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES

 

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape United Arab Emirates Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

YES YES YES

  

YES1 YES1

 

YES NO



VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes 18 Pre-school16enrichment YES 14 Life skills and social development training YES 12 Mentoring10 YES After-school8 supervision YES 6 School anti-bullying YES 4 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 2 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training NO Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES

     2009

2010



2011

      

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

–

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

   

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

United Kingdom

Mechanism of homicide

Firearm 8%

Strangulation 9%

Sharp force 40%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 4%

Blunt force 10%

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011/12) N= 653, Rate= 1.03/100 000 (70% M, 30% F) 1

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides2

Other 26% Burn 3%

–



Source: Police

National and subnational. In 2002, there were 172 deaths attributable to the activities of Harold Shipman.

Tanzania

210 ulation

30 25

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Home Office.

Partial 

11.6 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Uganda Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES YES1

Rate per 100 000 population

Tuvalu

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES1 Elder abuse YES1 Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Sharp force 50% 50% MandatoryOther background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

Rate per 100

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Population: 47 783 107

10 8 6 4 2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 570

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 37.58

18 16 Alcohol 14 Adult (15+)12per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of10drinking score LEAST RISKY  8 Excise taxes6 Beer: YES Wine: YES 4 2 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

Uganda

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial 

7.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

2010

2011

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 16 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES YES  abusive situations  NO (–) – Youth violence prevention programmes YES NO –  Pre-school enrichment YES YES  Life skills and social development training  Mentoring YES  After-school supervision NO – School anti-bullying NO – Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Against rape in marriage – – Dating violence prevention in schools YES  Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – – Microfinance and gender equity training YES  Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  United Kingdom YES Against contact sexual violence without rape YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence YES – Social and cultural norms change YES  Other 26% Elder abuse laws Elder abuse2 prevention programmes Unknown Against elder abuse NO 4% – Professional YES 1.8 awareness campaigns  1.6 Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns YES  Burn 3% 1.4 Firearm 8% Caregiver1.2 support NO – Residential1 care policies YES 

Strangulation 9%

0.8 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Blunt forcelegal 10%representation Providing for victim

NO YES

Sharp force 40%

–



0.6

Adult protective services 0.4 0.2 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

YES YES YES 2008 YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES

Tanzania Afghanistan

  2011 

Elder abuse YES

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage United Arab Emirates Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

NO YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Rate per 100 000 population

VA ILA BL

30 25 20 15

OT AN

DAT

10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 3928, Rate= 8.7/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: ––/ Reported homicides: Police

ILAB

AVA

Source: Civil and Vital Registration

USA Albania Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles

pulation pulation

Burn 1% Unknown 11% Strangulation 1%

77 66

211

Rate per

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Population: 317 505 266

8 6 4 2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Gross national income per capita: US$ 52 350

Income group: High

Income inequality: 40.81

United Arab Emirates ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE National action plans Interpersonal violence YES1 Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner violence YES1 Elder abuse YES Sexual violence YES1 Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES2 Mandatory background check YES2 Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES2 Carrying firearms in public YES2 Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES1

YES1 YES 9.2 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

10 VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation



YES NO

–

5 Adult protective services Child protection services 0 2001services 2002 2003 2004 violence 2005 2006 Medico-legal for sexual Year Mental health services

2007

YES YES 2008 YES YES

2009

2010

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES USA

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Firearm 68%

Sharp force 11%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 11%

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

Reported homicides (2011) N= 16 259, Rate= 5.3/100 000 (78% M, 22% F) Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Civil and Vital Registration 1 2 3 4 5 6

Elder abuse YES

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 5% Burn 1% Strangulation 3% Blunt force 1%

  2011 

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year Source: Civil and Vital Registration

Subnational. Federal, state and local laws. The nature and extent of restrictions vary by state. Aged 16 and older with parental consent; a few states allow children <16 to marry with parental consent and/or a court order. Most states do not use the term "statutory rape" but have statutes addressing sexual activity involving minors. Federal and state laws; federal law applies to specific interstate conduct that occurs in enumerated locations subject to federal jurisdictions. 27% Federal and state laws but state law isSharp primaryforce source of sanctions, remedies and protections.

Uzbekistan

212

Part VIII – Country profiles Firearm 1% Unknown 2%

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

VICTIM LAWS

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Partial  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Child maltreatment laws Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Legal age of marriage (male/female) 18 / 183 Home visiting YES  United Kingdom Against child marriage YES3 YES  Parenting education  Against statutory rape YES4  Training to recognise / avoid sexually Other 26% Against female genital mutilation YES YES  abusive situations  2 Unknown 4% 1.8 Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) YES1 (NO)  1.6 Youth violence laws Youth violence prevention programmes Burn 3% 1.4 Firearm 8% Against weapons on school premises YES YES  Pre-school1.2enrichment  1 social development training AgainstStrangulation gang or criminal group membership NO – Life skills and YES  9% Mentoring0.8 YES  0.6 After-school YES  0.4 supervision School anti-bullying YES 0.2 Blunt force 10%  Sharp force 40% 0 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Against rape in marriage YES YES  Dating violence prevention in schools Year  NO – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance and gender equity training Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes 5 Against rape YES School and college programmes YES   Tanzania Against contact sexual violence without rape YES5 YES  Physical environment changes  Against non-contact sexual violence YES5 YES  Social and cultural norms change  30 prevention programmes Elder abuse laws Elder abuse Against elder abuse YES6 YES 25 awareness campaigns  Professional  campaigns YES Against elder abuse in institutions YES1  Public information  20 Caregiver support YES  Residential15 care policies YES 

UZBEKISTAN Population: 28 541 423

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 700

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 36.72

1.8 1.6 Alcohol 1.4 Adult (15+)1.2per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of1drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.8 Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: – 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Rate per 100 000 population

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (YES)

Other 5% Burn 1% Strangulation VICTIM LAWS 3% force compensation 1% ProvidingBlunt for victim

  

YES YES

 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES1

 

NO Firearm 68% YES

Providing for victim legal representation Sharp force 11%

Uzbekistan Afghanistan

2011

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school25enrichment YES Life skills 20 and social development training YES Mentoring15 YES After-school supervision YES 10 School anti-bullying NO 5 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change NO Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional8 awareness campaigns NO 7 Public information campaigns YES 6 Caregiver support NO Residential5care policies YES

    –

2009

2010

2011

–

– – – –

 –





Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 1 Medico-legal services for sexual violence 0 2001 services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

2007

NO NO NO 2008 YES

– – –

2009

2010



2011

Year

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

–

 

VICTIM SERVICES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

2010

Year times  Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES1 Sexual violence laws Against rape Against USAcontact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Unknown 11% Against elder abuse in institutions

4.6 MOST RISKY Spirits: –

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Tanzania Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

YES NO

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

United Kingdom

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Other 26% Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES1 Intimate partner4% violence YES1 Unknown Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Burn 3% Firearms Firearm 8% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background YES Strangulation 9% check Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Blunt force 10% Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES Sharp force 40%

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide Sharp force 27%

VA ILA BL

Firearm 1% Unknown 2%

OT AN

DAT

NO TA DA

Other 14%

ILAB

AVA

Blunt force 37%

Burn 3% Strangulation 16% Sources. Mechanism: Forensic Medical Service/ Reported homicides: –

Vanuatu Albania

Subnational.

Other 6% Part VIII – Country profiles Strangulation 1%

pulation

Burn 1%

7 6

213

Blunt force 10%

VANUATU

Rate per 100

Strangulation 9%

Sharp force 40%

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 247 262

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 990

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: –

Tanzania National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

Alcohol 25 Adult (15+)20per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of15drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: – 10

18 / 18 YES YES NO YES (NO)

2001



NO YES

Burn 1% Strangulation 3% Blunt force 1%

–

 Firearm 68%

Intimate partner violence laws Sharp force 11% Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Uzbekistan Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Sharp force 27% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions Firearm 1% Unknown 2%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Year Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – –-* Parenting education NO –  Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – NO –

 

YES NO NO



NO NO

– –

VICTIM LAWS

8 Youth violence prevention programmes 7 Pre-school enrichment NO 6 Life skills and social development training NO 5 Mentoring NO 4 After-school supervision NO 3 School anti-bullying NO 2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 1 Dating violence prevention in schools NO 0 2001and 2002 2003 equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance gender NO Year Social and cultural norms change NO Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes NO Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change NO Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns NO Public information campaigns NO Caregiver support NO Residential care policies NO

Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

1.4 MOST RISKY Spirits: –

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY 0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage USAstatutory rape Against Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Unknown 11% Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal Other 5% group membership

NO NO

– – – – –

2009

2010

2011

– – – – – – – – – –

VICTIM SERVICES YES Blunt force 37%  YES 

Burn 3% Strangulation 16%

NO NO NO NO

– – – –

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

VA ILA BL

Afghanistan Vanuatu

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

OT AN

ILAB

AVA

DAT

214

Other 6% Burn 1% Firearm Strangulation 1%7%

pulation ulation

Albania Viet Nam 8 1.8 7 1.6 1.4 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

Other compensation 14% Providing for victim Providing for victim legal representation

Rate per 100

VIET NAM

10 5 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 90 795 769

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 550

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.57

Alcohol 6 Adult (15+) 5per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of4drinking score LEAST RISKY  Excise taxes3 Beer: YES Wine: YES

Partial  18 / 18 YES YES YES YES (YES) YES YES

Other 14%

1 2001

Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Vanuatu Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

  

Blunt force 37%

Intimate partner violence laws Burn 3% Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Strangulation 16% NO

6.6 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Uzbekistan Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation force 27% Ban on corporal punishmentSharp (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Firearm 1% Against gang or criminal Unknown 2% group membership

YES YES

 –

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

YES YES

 

VICTIM LAWS

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision YES School anti-bullying YES Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools YES Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional awareness campaigns YES Public information campaigns YES Caregiver support YES Residential care policies YES

              

VICTIM SERVICES

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

   

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Viet Nam

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

USA

National action plans Interpersonal violence YES Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence YES Unknown 11% Sexual violence YES Elder abuse YES Firearms Other 5% access Laws to regulate civilian YES Burn 1% check Mandatory background YES Strangulation 3% Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons YES/YES/YES Firearm 68% Blunt force 1% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes toSharp reduce civilian YES force 11% firearm possession and use

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 4% Burn 2% Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 62%

Rate per 100 000 population

1.8

Firearm 7%

Blunt force 23%

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

2002

2003

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 1358, Rate= 1.56/100 000 (58.5% M, 41.5% F) Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Security/ Reported homicides: Police

2004

Source: Ministry of Public Security

Yemen Part VIII – Country profiles ulation

8 7 6

215

WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP Population: 4 218 771

Gross national income per capita: US$ 2 810

Nigeria

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 35.5

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment NO Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse YES Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons NO/NO/YES Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use NO

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

NO NO

Alcohol Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: –

– – Spirits: –

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

NO YES

 –

 Sharp force 61%

Strangulation 14%

Intimate partnerBlunt violence forcelaws 7% Against rape in marriage – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Oman Against contact sexual violence without rape Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Sharp force 18% Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions

– –

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– –

Blunt force 11% Other 63%

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Firearm 4% Providing for victim legal4% representation Unknown

YES YES

0.4 Adult protective services 0.2 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services

Palestine

2007

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

     2009

2010

2011

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

YES YES YES 2008 YES

–

   –

  –

 

VICTIM0.6 SERVICES

 

1.2

Youth violence prevention programmes 1 Pre-school enrichment YES 0.8 Life skills and social development training YES 0.6 Mentoring YES 0.4 supervision After-school YES School anti-bullying YES 0.2 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0 Dating violence schools 2001 prevention 2002 2003 in 2004 2005 2006 2007 NO 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training Year YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse 1.6 prevention programmes Professional YES 1.4 awareness campaigns Public information campaigns NO 1.2 Caregiver 1support YES Residential YES 0.8 care policies

2009

2010

  2011 

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Strangulation 2%

Sharp force 20%

Firearm 78%

Rate per 100 000 population

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2008

2009

2010

2011

Source: Palestinian Health Information Center

Panama

Subnational.

216

Unknown 2% Other 2%

opulation

2007

Year

Reported homicides (2011) N= 80, Rate= 3/100 000 (81.2% M, 18.8% F) Sources. Mechanism: Palestinian Health Information Center/ Reported homicides: Police

2006

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

16 / 15 YES YES YES YES (YES)

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting YES  YES  Parenting education   Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES  abusive situations  Rate per 100 000 population

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Norway Against child marriage Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment Firearm 11% (all settings) Youth violence laws Unknown 3% Against weapons on school premises 4% group membership Against gang orOther criminal

Rate per 100

Strangulation 3% Blunt force 1%

Firearm 68%

Sharp force 11%

YEMEN

3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Population: 23 852 409

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 220

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 37.69

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Uzbekistan

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Sharp force 27% Child maltreatment YES Youth violence YES Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO Elder abuse NO Firearms Firearm 1% Unknown 2% Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Otherguns/ 14% automatic weapons Handguns/long YES/YES/YES Blunt force 37% Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce YES Burncivilian 3% firearm possession and use

National social and educational policies Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty

NO NO

Alcohol Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of drinking score Excise taxes Beer: – Wine: –

0.3 – Spirits: –

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE Partial  –/– NO YES NO YES (NO) YES YES

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes Home visiting NO – – Parenting education YES   Training to recognise / avoid sexually abusive situations – YES 

  

Intimate partner violence laws Against rape in marriage – Allowing removal of violent spouse from home – Sexual violence laws Against rape Vietcontact Nam sexual violence without rape Against Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Firearm 7% Against elder abuse in institutions Other 4% Burn 2% Strangulation 2%

– –

YES YES YES

  

NO NO

– – Sharp force 62%

VICTIM LAWS

Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation Blunt force 23%

NO NO

– –

Youth violence prevention programmes Pre-school enrichment YES Life skills and social development training YES Mentoring YES After-school supervision NO School anti-bullying NO Intimate partner violence prevention programmes Dating violence prevention in schools NO Microfinance and gender equity training YES Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes NO Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse 1.8 prevention programmes Professional NO 1.6 awareness campaigns 1.4 Public information campaigns NO Caregiver1.2 support NO Residential1 care policies NO

   – – –

   –

 – – – –

0.8

VICTIM SERVICES 0.6

0.4 Adult protective services 0.2 Child protection services 0 services for sexual violence Medico-legal 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health services Year

2007

NO YES YES 2008 NO

–

2009

2010

 2011 –

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment NO

Yemen

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence NO

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 8%

Firearm 84%

Blunt force 5% Sharp force 3%

Rate per 100 000 population

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2001

2002

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 1866, Rate= 7.45/100 000 (95% M, 5% F) Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police

2003

Source: Ministry of Interior

Zambia Part VIII – Country profiles

217

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and Population.

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Vanuatu Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Against gang or criminal group membership

Rate per 100 000 population

Strangulation 16%

Other 14%

Blunt force 37%

ZAMBIA

Burn 3% Strangulation 16%

Population: 14 075 099

Gross national income per capita: US$ 1 410

Income group: Middle

Income inequality: 57.49

ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE

Vanuatu

National action plans Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES1 Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES Elder abuse – Firearms Laws to regulate civilian access YES Mandatory background check YES Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons NO/NO/NO Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

NO NO 4 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE

YES  YES Sharp force 62% 

Intimate partner violence laws Blunt force 23% Against rape in marriage YES Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES Sexual violence laws Against rape Against contact sexual violence without rape Yemen Against non-contact sexual violence Elder abuse laws Against elder abuse Against elder abuse in institutions



 

YES YES YES

  

YES YES

 

Other 8%

Firearm 84%

Blunt force 5% VICTIM LAWS

1.8

Youth violence prevention programmes 1.6 Pre-school1.4enrichment NO Life skills 1.2 and social development training NO Mentoring 1 NO 0.8 After-school supervision NO 0.6 School anti-bullying YES 0.4 Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 0.2 0 Dating violence prevention in schools YES 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Microfinance and gender equity training YES Year Social and cultural norms change YES Sexual violence prevention programmes School and college programmes YES Physical environment changes YES Social and cultural norms change YES Elder abuse prevention programmes Professional8 awareness campaigns YES 7 Public information campaigns YES 6 Caregiver support YES Residential5care policies YES

 2009

2010

YES YES

 

   

4 3

Adult protective services 2 Child protection services 1 Medico-legal 0 services for sexual violence 2001services 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mental health

2007

2009

2010

Year

DATA ON VIOLENCE

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence YES Sexual violence YES

Child maltreatment YES1

YES YES YES 2008 YES

  

2011

  

VICTIM SERVICES

ProvidingSharp for victim force compensation 3% Providing for victim legal representation

Afghanistan Zambia

– – – –

   2011 

Elder abuse –

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

YEAR

HOMICIDES PER 100 000

VA ILA BL

2008 DAT

ILAB

AVA

7.02 8.21

2009

OT AN

2010

6.22

Reported homicides (2010) N= 814, Rate= 6.22/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police

Albania Zimbabwe

Subnational.

218

Other 6% Burn 1% Strangulation Other1% 9%

Unknown 32% pulation ulation

Source: Police

82 1.8 7 1.6 6

Part VIII – Country profiles

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.

21 / 21 YES YES YES YES (NO)

Burn 2% Strangulation 2%

Partial 

Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Vietstatutory Nam rape Against Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Firearm 7% Against weapons on school premises Other 4% group membership Against gang or criminal

ZIMBABWE Population: 13 724 317

Gross national income per capita: US$ 800

Income group: Low

Income inequality: 50.1

Vietaction Nam plans National Interpersonal violence NO Child maltreatment YES Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES Elder abuse NO Firearm 7% Firearms Other 4% access Laws to regulate civilian Sharp force 62% YES Burn 2% Mandatory background check YES Strangulationguns/ 2% automatic weapons Handguns/long –/YES/– Carrying firearms in public YES Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use YES

1.6

Alcohol 1.4 Adult (15+)1.2per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol) Patterns of1drinking score LEAST RISKY  0.8 Excise taxes Beer: YES Wine: YES 0.6 0.2

2001

Partial 

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few Larger scale  Year times  Implementation Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes 18 / 18 Home visiting YES  YES YES  Parenting education  YES  Training to recognise / avoid sexually YES YES  abusive situations  NO (–) – 8 Youth violence prevention programmes 7 YES YES  Pre-school 6enrichment  NO Life skills and social development training NO – Firearm 84% – 5 Mentoring 4 NO – Blunt force 5% After-school3 supervision NO – School anti-bullying YES  Sharp force 3% 2 Intimate partner violence laws Intimate partner violence prevention programmes 1 Against rape in marriage YES prevention in schools NO –  Dating violence 0 2003equity 2004 training 2005 2006 2007 NO 2008 2009 2010 2011 – gender Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES  Microfinance2001and2002 Year Social and cultural norms change YES  Sexual violence laws Sexual violence prevention programmes Against rape YES YES  School and college programmes  Against contact sexual violence without rape YES – Physical environment changes YES  Zambia YES Against non-contact sexual violence YES  Social and cultural norms change  Elder abuse laws Elder abuse prevention programmes Against elder abuse NO – Professional awareness campaigns NO – Against elder abuse in institutions NO – Public information campaigns NO – Caregiver support YES  Residential care policies NO – Rate per 100 000 population

No response/don’t know – Limited  Child maltreatment laws Legal age of marriage (male/female) Against child marriage Yemen Against statutory rape Against female genital mutilation Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Youth violence laws Against weapons on school premises Other 8% group membership Against gang or criminal

5.7 MOST RISKY Spirits: YES

0.4

0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY

Blunt force 23%

NO NO

VICTIM SERVICES NO YES

–



Adult protective services Child protection services Medico-legal services for sexual violence Mental health services

   

YES YES YES YES

DATA ON VIOLENCE Child maltreatment YES

Zimbabwe

National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence Youth violence NO Intimate partner violence NO Sexual violence YES

Elder abuse NO

Trends in homicides

Mechanism of homicide

Other 9%

Firearm 2%

Blunt force 18% Sharp force 39%

Rate per 100 000 population

Unknown 32% 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001

Sources. Mechanism: ZimSTAT/ Reported homicides: Police

Part VIII – Country profiles

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Year

Reported homicides (2012) N= 981, Rate= 7.5/100 000 (–% M, –% F) Source: ZimSTAT

219

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Child Care.

VICTIM LAWS Providing for victim compensation Providing for victim legal representation

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

Table A1: National data coordinators by country/area and WHO region Country/area

WHO region

Name of national data coordinator(s)

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada China Colombia Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador

Eastern Mediterranean Europe Africa Europe Western Pacific Europe Europe Eastern Mediterranean South-East Asia Europe Europe Americas Africa South-East Asia Americas Africa Americas Western Pacific Europe Africa Africa Western Pacific Africa Americas Western Pacific Americas Western Pacific Americas Europe Americas Europe Europe Americas Americas Americas Eastern Mediterranean Americas

Estonia Fiji Finland Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guyana Honduras

Europe Western Pacific Europe Africa Europe Europe Africa Americas Africa Americas Americas

Zakhmi, Babrak Qirjako, Gentiana Djeraoune, Nadia Nanushyan, Lena Arthur, Caroline Orthofer, Maria Talishinskiy, Rustam Alhadyan, Badreya Rahman Arif, Mizanur Lomat, Leonid Reynders, Daniel Mira, Oscar; Vasquez, Mary Chaffa, Christian Tshering, Dago Quispe, Cabo Elias Choque Motlhanka, Kelebogile da Silva, Marta Maria Alves Abdul Hamid, Hjh Hadzilahwatie Hj Dinolova, Rumyana Sanon, Djénéba BihiziEugenie-Colombe Prak, Piseth Raingsey Kouo Ngamby, Marquise Ponic, Pamela Leilei, Duan Rivillas, Juan Carlos; Lozada, Sandra Lucia Moreno Puni, Lawrence Teariki Castillo, Sisy Brkic Bilos, Ivana Basanta, Marlen Ashikales, Xenia Millerova, Eva Ricketts, Paul Oganda, Sarai Salinas, Victoria Al Ashry, Nagwa Armero, Julio; Avalos Marina Estela; Ticas, Julio Oscar Robles Salla, Jako Kurabui, Bale Ewalds, Helena Oye Nguema, Bernadette Chachava, Tamar Balas, Chariklia Ohene, Sally-Anne Funes, Jose Beavogui, Kezely Conway, Dinte Cerna, Migdonia Nohemy Ayestas

Part IX – Statistical annex

223

Country/area

WHO region

Name of national data coordinator(s)

Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People’s Democratic Republic Latvia Liberia Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mauritania Mexico Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino

Europe South-East Asia South-East Asia Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean Europe Europe Americas Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean Europe Africa Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean Europe Western Pacific Europe Africa Europe Africa Africa Western Pacific South-East Asia Africa Americas Western Pacific Europe Eastern Mediterranean Africa South-East Asia South-East Asia Europe Western Pacific Americas Africa Africa Europe Eastern Mediterranean Americas Western Pacific Americas Western Pacific Europe Europe Eastern Mediterranean Europe Europe Europe Africa Western Pacific Europe

Thordardottir, Edda Bjork; Ingudóttir, Jenny Thergaonkar, Arvind Djupuri, Rita Talebian, Mohammad Tagi Hassan, Zainab Peleg, Kobi Lecce, Maria Giuseppina Davidson, Tamu Suzuki, Takashi; Nakamura, Rieko Habashneh, Malek Kapanovna, Aigul Tastanova Githinji, Wilfred Kamantoa, Tabiria Alkandiri, Kholud Boobekova, Aigul Phoutsavath, Phisith; Southivong, Bouavanh Feldmane, Jana Mulbah, J. Mike Povilaitis, Robertas Razafindranazy, Eulalie Chiwaula, Catherine Ramly, Rosnah Shabana, Fathimath Bouhabib, Abdallahi Mohamed Cervantes, Arturo Narantuya, Khad Stojanovic, Svetlana Elmarzgioui, Samira Romao, Francelina Win, Thit Thit Ghimire, Dhruba Raj Hofstede, Margreet Tanielu, Liz Acevedo, Angela Rosa Adakal, Aboubacar Omoyele, Chiamaka Kärki, Freja Ulvestad Al Yazidi, Mohammed Rodrigues, Hermelinda Robert, Sebastien Jimenez, Nency Virrueta Benegas, Agnes Klosinski, Wojciech/Trzewik, Anna Nogueira, Paulo Al-Khulafai, Hilal Pascal, Lilia/Caitaz, Angela Iliuta, Costin Klimenko, Tatiana Mukasine, Caroline Maua, Rumanusina Gualtieri, Andrea

224

Part IX – Statistical annex

Country/area

WHO region

Name of national data coordinator(s)

Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sudan Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Tuvalu Uganda United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania United States of America Uzbekistan Vanuatu Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Strip Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

Africa Eastern Mediterranean Africa Europe Africa Western Pacific Europe Europe Western Pacific Africa Europe Eastern Mediterranean Africa Europe Europe Europe Europe South-East Asia Americas Eastern Mediterranean Europe Western Pacific Africa Eastern Mediterranean Europe Africa Americas Europe Western Pacific Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean Africa Africa

Matos, Celso Alanazi, Faisal Sene, Bineta Paunovic, Milena Michel, Gina Gomez, Yvonne Bruchacova, Zora Mihevc, Barbara Vozoto, Nashley Netshidzivhani, Pakiso Merino, BegoĂąa Eltahir, Suad Kophozile, Mahlalela Nordstrand, Kerstin Hofner, Marie-Claude Razzakov, Abduvali Tozija, Fimka Panjapiyakul, Pornpet Thomas, Andy Chebbi, Henda Songur, Emrah Lototele, Kaevaa Mugisha, James Hassan, Kalthoom Bellis, Mark/Hardcastle, Katie Steven, Ester Dahlberg, Linda Iskandarov, Alisher Tovu, Viran Anh, Luong Mai Bitar, Jawad Alyusfi, Reema Shumba, Chabwela Bakasa, Clemenciana

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

225

226

Part IX – Statistical annex

7277831

16460141

9849569

14864646

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

880

240

670

6850

31590

11640

7650

2220

2420

750

4620

44810

6400

830

19560

6290

3770

4970

Low

Middle

High

Middle

Low

Middle

High

Middle

Low

High

Middle

High

Middle

Low

Income level3

36.03

33.27

39.79

28.19

54.69

56.29

38.73

38.62

53.13

32.97

26.48

32.12

33.71

29.15

31.30

35.33

34.51

27.82

Income inequality (Gini index)4

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Interpersonal violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Armed violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Don’t know

Gang violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Subnational

Yes

Child maltreatment

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Youth violence

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS Organized crime

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Intimate partner violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Sexual violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Elder abuse

Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2014). World Population Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. New York: United Nations. Gross National Income (GNI) per Capita is the dollar value of a country’s final income in a year divived by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, June 2014. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD 3 World Development Indicators (WDI) database: Low income is US$ 1005 or less, middle-income is US$ 1006 to US$ 12 275, high-income is US$ 12 276 or more. Where a precise GNI was not available, the WDI estimation of income level was used. 4 Latest available year. The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, June 2014. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI

412238

Brunei Darussalam

198656019

2003910

Brazil

Botswana

741822

10496285

Bhutan

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

324060

10050702

Benin

11060095

Belgium

Belize

9405097

154695368

Belarus

Bangladesh

1317827

Bahrain

47960

8463948

9308959

23050471

Australia

Austria

2969081

Armenia

Azerbaijan

59790

38481705

Algeria

690

3162083

4520

29824536

Gross national income per capita2

GENERAL INFORMATION

Afghanistan

Population (2012)1

Albania

Country/area

Table A2: General information and national action plans addressing violence

Part IX – Statistical annex

227

1384770183

China

10660051

Czech Republic

246864191

Indonesia

325867

Iceland

1236686732

7935846

Honduras

India

795369

82800121

Germany

Guyana

4358242

Georgia

11451273

1632572

Gabon

Guinea

1580

5408466

Finland

25366462

874742

Fiji

15082831

1290778

Estonia

Ghana

6297394

El Salvador

Guatemala

45170

80721874

Egypt

3420

1550

38370

2140

3410

440

3130

3290

10020

46820

4010

16360

3600

2980

5170

15492264

Ecuador

5430

10276621

6590

18130

26390

5890

13260

8850

7010

5720

50650

1190

Gross national income per capita2

Dominican Republic

71684

1128994

Cyprus

Dominica

4307422

11270957

Cuba

4805295

Costa Rica

Croatia

20523

Cook Islands

47704427

34837978

Canada

Colombia

21699631

Population (2012)1

Cameroon

Country/area 3

Middle

High

Middle

Low

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

Income level

GENERAL INFORMATION

38.14

33.90

56.95

44.54

39.35

55.89

42.76

28.31

42.10

41.45

26.88

42.83

36.00

48.33

30.77

49.26

47.20

25.82

33.65

50.73

55.91

42.06

32.56

38.91

Income inequality (Gini index)4

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Interpersonal violence

Yes

No Yes

Yes No

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Gang violence

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Armed violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Organized crime

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Child maltreatment

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Youth violence

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Intimate partner violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Sexual violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Elder abuse

228

Part IX – Statistical annex

32521143

25203395

52797319

27474377

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Nepal

621081

2796484

Mongolia

Montenegro

120847477

5430

338442

3796141

Maldives

Mauritania

Mexico

9820

700

510

2910

6950

3080

9720

1040

320

420

13820

370

29239927

4190435

Liberia

14060

Malaysia

2060428

Latvia

1270

15906483

6645827

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

1040

44940

Malawi

5474213

Kyrgyzstan

3027621

3250496

Kuwait

2520

22293914

100786

Kiribati

870

Madagascar

43178141

Kenya

9780

47690

5190

34810

32030

6130

6570

Gross national income per capita2

Low

Middle

Low

High

Low

High

Middle

Low

High

Middle

Low

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

Income level3

GENERAL INFORMATION

Lithuania

7009444

16271201

127249704

Japan

Jordan

2768941

Jamaica

Kazakhstan

7643905

60884593

Italy

32778030

Iraq

Israel

76424443

Population (2012)1

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Country/area

32.82

45.66

40.88

28.58

36.52

47.16

40.46

37.37

46.21

43.91

44.11

37.57

38.16

34.81

36.74

33.38

47.68

29.04

35.43

45.51

36.03

39.20

30.86

38.28

Income inequality (Gini index)4

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Subnational

Don’t know

Yes

Interpersonal violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Armed violence

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Gang violence

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Child maltreatment

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Youth violence

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS Organized crime

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Intimate partner violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Sexual violence

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Elder abuse

Part IX – Statistical annex

229

2050514

3514381

21754741

143169653

11457801

188889

Qatar

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation

Rwanda

Samoa

2067717

Slovakia

Slovenia

549598

5445757

Singapore

Solomon Islands

92339

5303264

Seychelles

9552553

10603804

Portugal

Serbia

38210924

Poland

13726021

96706764

Philippines

Senegal

29987800

Peru

28287855

7167010

Papua New Guinea

Saudi Arabia

3802281

Panama

31247

3314001

Oman

188098

4993875

Norway

Sao Tome and Principe

168833776

Nigeria

San Marino

5991733

17157042

Niger

4459852

New Zealand

Nicaragua

16714018

Population (2012)1

Netherlands

Country/area

1480

22830

17200

51090

11590

5350

1030

24660

1310

51470

3260

600

12740

8560

2150

78060

20620

12660

2950

5890

1790

9030

25250

98880

2490

390

1690

35520

48110

Gross national income per capita2 3

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

Low

High

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

Low

Middle

High

Income level

GENERAL INFORMATION

Yes

26.00 31.15

Subnational

Yes

Interpersonal violence

42.48

65.77

29.62

40.30

50.82

40.11

27.42

33.03

41.10

38.45

32.73

42.98

48.14

50.88

51.92

25.79

48.83

34.55

40.47

36.17

30.90

Income inequality (Gini index)4

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Armed violence

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Gang violence

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Organized crime

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Child maltreatment

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Youth violence

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Intimate partner violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Sexual violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Elder abuse

230

Part IX – Statistical annex

2105575

8008990

66785001

1337439

10874915

73997128

9860

36345860

9205651

62783115

47783107

317505266

28541423

247262

90795769

4218771

TFYR Macedonia

Tajikistan

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Tuvalu

Uganda

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United Republic of Tanzania

United States of America

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Viet Nam

West Bank and Gaza Strip

13724317

7997399

Switzerland

14075099

9511313

Sweden

Zimbabwe

1230985

Swaziland

Zambia

37195349

Sudan

23852409

46754541

Yemen

52385920

Spain

Population (2012)1

South Africa

Country/area

800

1410

1220

2810

1550

2990

1700

52350

570

38300

38620

480

5650

10810

4240

14780

5250

880

4710

80950

56120

3100

1460

29340

7460

Gross national income per capita2

Low

Middle

High

Low

High

Low

Middle

High

Middle

Low

Middle

High

Middle

High

Middle

Income level3

GENERAL INFORMATION

50.10

57.49

37.69

35.50

35.57

36.72

40.81

37.58

35.97

44.30

40.03

36.06

39.37

30.83

43.56

33.68

25.00

51.49

35.29

34.66

63.14

Income inequality (Gini index)4

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Interpersonal violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Armed violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Gang violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Child maltreatment

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Youth violence

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS Organized crime

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Intimate partner violence

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Sexual violence

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Elder abuse

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

231

156 - 2521

7 - 15

1.1

6.2

9.8

3.1

0.8

Cabo Verde

117

478

Burkina Faso

Burundi

104

Bulgaria

Brunei Darussalam

47136 4

115

104

141

50108

10.3

1.9

25.2

1461

657

1613

141

64357

249

Brazil

220

12.1

Botswana

1270 132

3505d

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

10 - 195

138 - 2844

404 - 6274

2 - 35

32 - 566

8.8

6.7

9.8

1.9

2.1

32.4

12.4

3.4

13.9

1.9

6.3

117

581

4794

2.4 32.1

2586d

225 120

1.1 0.9

633

44.7

1.6

7.4

2.7

29.8

254

Benin

182 145

1.1 0.9

Bhutan

134

4169

111

254

44.7

124

Belgium

Belize

478

231

190

2.1

6.0

4.4

145

429

3988

Belarus

Barbados

Bangladesh

Bahrain

231

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

244

165

Australia

Austria

1.8

526 - 9140

10.7

2232 2445 39

11.2

4.4

5.0

7.3

Rate

0.8

390 - 6998

130 - 188

516 - 9030

95% confidence intervals

1701

159

2180

Number

Armenia

631

5.0

6.5

UNODC criminal justice homicide rate

1.9 - 39.4

1.4 - 28.9

2.5 - 38.1

0.5 - 8.4

0.8 - 14.8

1.5 - 25.1

0.5 - 1.1

2.5 - 43.9

1.0 - 18.2

4.1 - 5.9

1.7 - 30.3

95% confidence intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides per 100 000 (2012)c

Argentina

Antigua and Barbuda

Angola

Andorra

Algeria

157

UNODC criminal justice homicide number 1948

142

Civil or vital registration homicide number

Number and rate of homicides (for 2012) according to criminal justice statistics as reported by UNODCb

Afghanistan

Police homicide number

Number of homicides (latest year available) as reported by countries in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey

Albania

Country/area

HOMICIDES

13.5

9.8

13.0

3.0

2.2

60.0

17.1

4.7

21.8

1.8

8.5

80.8

1.3

9.0

16.2

3.5

1.0

48.0

3.4

0.9

1.4

2.6

10.5

6.0

17.1

1.2

7.4

7.6

11.7

Male homicide rate

4.1

3.6

6.7

0.9

2.1

5.6

7.8

2.3

6.1

1.9

4.1

8.7

0.8

3.7

3.4

2.7

0.3

16.9

1.4

0.8

1.5

1.6

2.7

4.4

0.5

1.4

2.4

2.8

Female homicide rate

Homicide rate by sex (2012)

42%

47%

22%

17%

73%

36%

30%

45%

13%

27%

69%

38%

40%

11%

18%

75%

16%

14%

17%

10%

58%

31%

55%

32%

27%

66%

45%

Percentage firearms

41%

31%

42%

51%

43%

17%

43%

33%

35%

47%

39%

21%

26%

51%

60%

41%

27%

18%

53%

37%

34%

25%

32%

39%

23%

39%

34%

16%

27%

Percentage sharp force

17%

22%

35%

32%

53%

10%

22%

37%

20%

41%

34%

10%

36%

47%

48%

55%

32%

49%

48%

65%

10%

30%

22%

29%

39%

18%

28%

Percentage other mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism (2012)

Table A3. Reported homicide numbers and rates by sourcea, estimated homicide numbers and rates by sex, and estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism

232

Part IX – Statistical annex

543

1.6

UNODC criminal justice homicide rate 356

Number

Costa Rica

Cyprus

Ethiopia

7334

1644 - 29060

102 - 2024 70

474

956 - 16123

Eritrea

2767

4101

2144

2608

Estonia

41.2

12.4

22.1

5 - 112

2594

1924

2268

Equatorial Guinea

4371

171

El Salvador

2106

3549

Ecuador

2268

Egypt

Dominican Republic

7.0

8.0

5.4

7.7

3.5

43.9

5.1

13.8

25.4

6.8

12 - 295

Djibouti

13.3

4.7

0.9

2.0

5.0

1.3

12.2

Dominica

1954 - 37066

271 - 5015

535 - 9912

8.5

3.1

10.4

8.0

43.9

1.1

4.6

9.4

13.5

1.8

11.7

2.4

Rate

0.9

561

2412

110 - 2113

13 - 220

257 - 4734

140 - 2646

606 - 11129

95% confidence intervals

0.8

1 407

8755

Denmark

1.0

2.0

1.2

8.5

Democratic Republic of the Congo

105

407

1169

534

407

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

185

589

Cuba

Czech Republic

Croatia

Côte d’Ivoire

474

Cook Islands

20923 450

30.8

811 15480

Congo

14670

3.1

15742

16033

Colombia

550

Comoros

12336

China

Chile

610 1168

Central African Republic

Chad

614

527

UNODC criminal justice homicide number

HOMICIDES

1.8 - 31.7

1.7 - 33

0.7 - 15.2

1.2 - 20

1.4 - 34.3

3 - 56.4

1.1 - 20.3

2.7 - 50

2.5 - 48.7

1.8 - 30.6

2.1 - 38

3.1 - 58.5

2.8 - 51.3

95% confidence intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides per 100 000 (2012)c

Canada

476

Civil or vital registration homicide number

Number and rate of homicides (for 2012) according to criminal justice statistics as reported by UNODCb

2544

268

Police homicide number

Number of homicides (latest year available) as reported by countries in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey

Cameroon

Cambodia

Country/area

12.9

8.4

12.0

5.5

80.9

7.8

24.4

46.2

11.7

9.8

1.2

22.1

7.2

1.1

2.8

7.3

1.9

16.9

14.5

4.4

17.4

11.1

81.7

1.4

8.0

13.7

23.5

2.8

17.8

3.5

Male homicide rate

3.1

2.8

3.5

1.3

10.5

2.4

3.3

4.5

1.9

4.2

0.6

4.6

2.4

0.8

1.3

2.6

0.6

7.2

2.2

1.6

3.4

4.8

7.3

0.8

1.4

5.1

3.8

0.8

5.7

1.3

Female homicide rate

Homicide rate by sex (2012)

13%

17%

48%

77%

33%

66%

64%

37%

36%

17%

29%

18%

22%

32%

31%

63%

15%

32%

35%

80%

41%

23%

24%

30%

33%

14%

Percentage firearms

43%

54%

42%

26%

13%

37%

25%

39%

56%

35%

30%

39%

33%

72%

28%

35%

19%

37%

34%

39%

16%

30%

52%

36%

37%

41%

33%

37%

Percentage sharp force

44%

42%

41%

26%

11%

30%

11%

24%

28%

36%

65%

43%

44%

23%

40%

34%

17%

48%

34%

26%

66%

42%

39%

28%

34%

50%

Percentage other mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism (2012)

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

233

7014

17.0

Indonesia

1133

1020

133

1416

2283

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

2641

1464

416

1130

464

2761

1263

1087

530

134

154

528

Israel

Italy

147

733 54

2518

1456

Ireland

Iraq

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

1456

1 43355

35122

Iceland

India

132

7172

Honduras

Hungary

6.4

7.8

39.3

0.9

1.8

1.2

0.6

3.5

0.3

1.3

90.4

10.2

3175

1499

205

450

1250

530

160

6093

3630

11687

52998

154

8248

2703

160

1033

Guyana

Haiti

169

1008

Guinea-Bissau 135

115

130

6025

5155

Guatemala

Guinea

6025

39.9

180 13.3

653 2527 14

3821

431

Grenada

423

Ghana

Greece

662

Germany

3063 - 9886

874 - 16070

2775 - 46330

633 - 10908

39 - 717

243 - 4065

587 - 10999

38 - 704

169

18 - 27

95% confidence intervals

209

102

665

Number

Gambia

1.0

1.6

UNODC criminal justice homicide rate

Georgia

665

UNODC criminal justice homicide number

7.4

9.2

2.9

0.4

45.1

0.9

2.1

1.2

18.6

4.8

4.7

4.3

0.6

1.5

103.9

26.6

20.2

10.1

8.8

39.9

6.2

1.6

10.0

0.8

4.8

9.4

9.3

1.0

1.4

2.3

Rate

9.3 - 30.2

1.1 - 21

1.1 - 18.8

6.2 - 107.2

2.4 - 43.1

2.1 - 35.5

2.3 - 43.4

2.1 - 39.3

1.9 - 48.1

2 - 3.1

95% confidence intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides per 100 000 (2012)c

31 - 785

107

Civil or vital registration homicide number

Number and rate of homicides (for 2012) according to criminal justice statistics as reported by UNODCb

152

Gabon

France

114

Fiji

Police homicide number

Number of homicides (latest year available) as reported by countries in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey

Finland

Country/area

HOMICIDES

11.2

15.6

3.9

0.4

82.1

1.3

3.2

2.1

28.2

7.7

7.3

6.9

0.9

1.9

193.6

41.9

30.7

14.5

12.8

72.1

10.0

2.5

12.1

0.8

8.5

13.4

14.8

1.3

1.5

3.8

Male homicide rate

3.5

3.3

1.9

0.3

9.3

0.5

0.3

8.8

1.8

2.1

1.5

0.4

1.2

14.1

11.5

9.3

5.8

4.8

9.4

2.4

0.8

7.8

0.8

1.5

5.5

3.7

0.8

1.3

0.8

Female homicide rate

Homicide rate by sex (2012)

32%

17%

65%

70%

50%

58%

43%

45%

43%

14%

27%

84%

36%

49%

27%

32%

86%

27%

32%

12%

16%

35%

27%

47%

41%

22%

Percentage firearms

31%

39%

27%

33%

19%

27%

29%

30%

14%

32%

45%

38%

100%

45%

10%

37%

47%

36%

10%

35%

31%

46%

37%

36%

45%

28%

30%

45%

46%

Percentage sharp force

37%

44%

64%

10%

24%

13%

27%

41%

25%

41%

35%

47%

27%

37%

58%

38%

37%

42%

47%

28%

25%

29%

33%

54%

Percentage other mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism (2012)

234

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

4.7

497

102

Number

158

Maldives

1323

Myanmar

Nauru

Namibia

436

849

Morocco

Mozambique

849 388

704

17.2

2.2

Montenegro

446

2198

852

810

283

239

Mongolia 14

Monaco

271

26597

Micronesia (Federated States of)

Mexico

2.7

2.8

1640

1244

Mauritius

1.8

430

27213

279

Mauritania

Marshall Islands

Malta

Mali

321

438

540

Malawi

Malaysia

1 1810

130

Madagascar

6.7

Luxembourg

202

194

Lithuania

3.2

469

135 157

Liberia

Libya

249 770

Lebanon

Lesotho

473

129

UNODC criminal justice homicide rate

143

200

248

UNODC criminal justice homicide number

HOMICIDES

505 - 8815

13 - 22

94 - 1879

413 - 6466

3 - 50

292 - 6109

452 - 7244

35 - 663

111 - 2045

678 - 848

51 - 1339

119 - 1919

72 - 133

95% confidence intervals

1.3

19.7

4.2

3.4

2.5

2.8

10.1

1.1

4.6

22.0

2.7

11.3

4.7

2.8

11.0

3.5

4.3

2.0

8.1

0.2

6.7

2.6

11.2

37.5

5.4

7.0

7.1

9.1

3.1

8.2

Rate

1 - 16.7

2.1 - 3.5

2.5 - 49.5

2.8 - 43.5

0.8 - 14.7

1 - 20.9

2 - 32.5

0.6 - 10.8

2.6 - 48.8

33.1 - 41.3

1.1 - 28.8

1.8 - 28.9

2.2 - 4.1

95% confidence intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides per 100 000 (2012)c

Lao Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Democratic Republic

467

Kyrgyzstan

Civil or vital registration homicide number

Number and rate of homicides (for 2012) according to criminal justice statistics as reported by UNODCb

Latvia

144

Kuwait

Police homicide number

Number of homicides (latest year available) as reported by countries in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey

Kiribati

Country/area

1.9

27.7

3.8

5.2

4.4

4.0

15.8

1.5

5.9

40.6

3.1

15.2

7.3

2.3

13.8

4.4

6.2

3.1

11.5

0.4

10.5

3.4

16.8

51.7

8.3

11.1

10.5

13.9

4.8

10.5

Male homicide rate

0.8

12.2

4.5

1.7

0.6

1.6

4.5

0.6

3.3

4.6

2.2

7.4

3.4

8.2

2.7

2.4

0.9

4.8

3.4

1.7

5.5

23.7

2.3

3.5

3.8

4.4

0.7

5.9

Female homicide rate

Homicide rate by sex (2012)

47%

32%

20%

70%

25%

18%

73%

24%

40%

20%

52%

31%

33%

19%

14%

43%

29%

50%

39%

21%

12%

73%

27%

Percentage firearms

32%

33%

32%

34%

72%

42%

41%

37%

15%

39%

38%

32%

42%

36%

52%

34%

42%

46%

44%

28%

42%

33%

27%

48%

37%

49%

27%

38%

Percentage sharp force

60%

21%

36%

46%

28%

22%

56%

34%

45%

12%

38%

22%

42%

16%

27%

31%

41%

61%

39%

40%

54%

29%

30%

17%

34%

48%

42%

40%

35%

Percentage other mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism (2012)

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

235

750

12249

6.5

1.2

150 146

Romania

378

San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe

25.6

33.6

457

665

18780

Samoa

1.7 9.2

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

13120

500

421

18951

495

15408

Saint Lucia

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Rwanda

Russian Federation

196

304

993 229

122

418

12029

265

649 3295

Republic of Moldova

8.8

9.6

Republic of Korea

149

Portugal

Qatar

353

8484

310

12086

Philippines

Poland

649 2865

Paraguay

Peru

9.7

713

Papua New Guinea

774

734

17.2

665

Panama

654

15923

Palau

Pakistan

Oman

159

17059

1760

776

152

905

Number

31 7.7

11.3

0.9

UNODC criminal justice homicide rate

31 13846

675

UNODC criminal justice homicide number

154 - 2726

24 - 1037

10713 - 13329

27 - 1137

4158 - 66312

383 - 6929

95% confidence intervals

7.2

0.7

3.7

14.0

15.3

13.8

5.8

13.1

2.1

7.5

2.0

7.1

1.4

1.1

12.4

11.0

9.7

10.8

19.3

3.1

8.9

4.8

0.6

2.8

10.1

10.3

13.0

1.2

0.9

3.3

Rate

1.3 - 23.8

1.2 - 50.6

11.1 - 13.8

0.8 - 34.3

2.5 - 39.3

2.2 - 40.4

95% confidence intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides per 100 000 (2012)c

Norway

1897

Nigeria

401

143

Civil or vital registration homicide number

Number and rate of homicides (for 2012) according to criminal justice statistics as reported by UNODCb

Niue

738

788

New Zealand

Nicaragua

165

Niger

752

Netherlands

Police homicide number

Number of homicides (latest year available) as reported by countries in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey

Nepal

Country/area

HOMICIDES

10.8

0.7

5.6

22.1

26.9

25.1

8.2

21.4

2.9

10.5

2.5

8.1

1.9

1.7

22.4

17.6

17.5

15.6

34.3

4.5

12.5

6.1

0.9

4.2

14.3

13.5

22.1

1.5

1.2

4.8

Male homicide rate

3.7

0.7

1.7

5.7

4.1

2.6

3.5

1.4

4.9

1.5

3.8

0.6

2.4

4.3

1.8

5.8

1.8

2.6

0.4

1.4

5.8

0.9

0.6

1.9

Female homicide rate

Homicide rate by sex (2012)

36%

21%

14%

54%

51%

62%

12%

29%

25%

34%

55%

47%

60%

26%

80%

13%

55%

19%

14%

24%

25%

48%

14%

34%

Percentage firearms

39%

42%

35%

31%

37%

26%

49%

23%

45%

33%

75%

41%

45%

42%

37%

33%

38%

16%

35%

26%

27%

48%

36%

37%

45%

38%

41%

27%

24%

Percentage sharp force

25%

37%

51%

15%

13%

11%

39%

49%

47%

59%

66%

25%

49%

16%

36%

52%

20%

18%

33%

50%

40%

30%

13%

45%

39%

71%

Percentage other mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism (2012)

236

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

South Africa

332

1703

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

379

Trinidad and Tobago

Tonga

1 379

1.0 28.3

223

2020

199

472

54 618

Timor-Leste

Togo

2941

3704

3327

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Thailand

145

117

Tajikistan

46 544

Syrian Arab Republic

Switzerland

239

Sweden

0.7

102

Swaziland 68

Suriname 67

364 2435

1244

0.8

524

18698

560

Sudan

364

13.9

31.0

0.7

774

154

795

334

1504

16259

1.4

0.2

1.9

1.2

Sri Lanka

Spain

South Sudan

16259

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

11 75

Singapore

Slovakia

8 113

111

Sierra Leone

Seychelles

130

135

Serbia

Number

1829

UNODC criminal justice homicide rate 1087

UNODC criminal justice homicide number

HOMICIDES

54 - 901

47 - 853

152 - 2392

13 - 219

585 - 9560

117 - 2257

130 - 2370

6 - 112

174 - 3331

266 - 4449

405 - 8559

95% confidence intervals

4.3

2.7

1.8

35.3

4.7

9.3

4.9

1.8

5.5

1.8

2.5

0.6

0.8

19.4

9.4

6.5

3.8

0.8

4.8

35.7

5.5

4.9

0.7

1.4

0.6

13.0

9.5

1.6

7.9

6.5

Rate

1 - 17.4

0.4 - 7.8

2.3 - 36

1.2 - 19.6

1.6 - 25.7

1.1 - 20.8

1.3 - 23.2

1.1 - 20.3

2.9 - 55.7

1.9 - 32.4

1.4 - 30.3

95% confidence intervals

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides per 100 000 (2012)c

Civil or vital registration homicide number

Number and rate of homicides (for 2012) according to criminal justice statistics as reported by UNODCb

Saudi Arabia

Police homicide number

Number of homicides (latest year available) as reported by countries in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey

Senegal

Country/area

7.3

4.8

2.9

62.2

5.7

13.6

6.6

2.4

10.0

3.1

4.0

0.6

1.0

27.4

14.8

9.7

6.3

1.1

7.2

62.2

8.5

6.7

0.8

1.5

0.8

19.0

15.2

2.3

12.3

7.1

Male homicide rate

1.4

0.7

0.8

3.7

5.1

3.1

1.1

1.3

0.5

11.7

3.4

1.3

0.5

2.5

10.7

2.6

0.6

1.2

0.4

3.7

0.9

3.7

5.7

Female homicide rate

Homicide rate by sex (2012)

31%

57%

77%

19%

20%

10%

38%

74%

20%

31%

27%

56%

38%

28%

25%

48%

54%

55%

10%

15%

22%

42%

33%

70%

Percentage firearms

33%

23%

43%

14%

37%

39%

44%

21%

33%

34%

31%

50%

28%

50%

29%

39%

47%

28%

24%

40%

20%

38%

44%

43%

38%

29%

41%

20%

Percentage sharp force

36%

20%

55%

44%

40%

47%

59%

46%

38%

23%

16%

44%

33%

29%

24%

18%

22%

51%

70%

46%

56%

35%

19%

30%

27%

10%

Percentage other mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism (2012)

Part IX – Statistical annex

237

1866

814

981

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Yemen

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Viet Nam

1393

53.7

267

17293

2066

1476

1300

288

3605

17259

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

16072

4.7 7.9

Vanuatu

267

14827 920

16259

922 3831

Uzbekistan

1358

14612

United States of America

Uruguay

653

3928

United Kingdom

United Republic of Tanzania

521 - 8051

372 - 5968

66 - 1354

830 - 14008

767 - 1066

905 - 16023

62 - 2755

95% confidence intervals

15.1

10.5

5.4

6.8

4.0

57.6

2.9

3.2

7.9

5.4

8.0

1.5

4.1

5.2

12.0

4.2

Rate

3.8 - 58.7

2.6 - 42.4

1.6 - 32.1

0.9 - 15.4

2.7 - 3.7

1.9 - 33.5

0.7 - 29.9

95% confidence intervals

24.1

15.4

8.6

10.9

6.1

108.9

3.9

5.1

13.2

8.7

12.2

1.9

5.2

8.0

20.6

5.6

Male homicide rate

6.2

5.6

2.2

2.6

1.8

1.9

1.4

2.9

2.3

3.9

1.3

2.9

3.3

2.8

Female homicide rate

Homicide rate by sex (2012)

33%

42%

84%

24%

90%

12%

24%

52%

76%

21%

48%

15%

27%

23%

Percentage firearms

31%

46%

62%

35%

60%

39%

12%

40%

42%

35%

33%

38%

40%

Percentage sharp force

36%

27%

13%

31%

53%

16%

11%

39%

50%

17%

52%

35%

37%

Percentage other mechanisms

WHO estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism (2012)

All police-reported data shown are as submitted to WHO as part of the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey. As such, these data may differ from the police-reported homicide numbers and rates supplied to and published by UNODC owing to variations in the procedures/channels used to gather the data, the timing of their collection and the validation methods used by WHO and UNODC respectively. b Source: Global Study on Homicide [website] hosted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html, accessed 6 October 2014). c These estimates of homicide represent the best estimates of WHO, based on the evidence available to it up until October 2014, rather than representing the official estimates of Member States, and have not necessarily been endorsed by Member States. They have been computed using standard categories, definitions and methods to ensure cross-national comparability and may not be the same as official national estimates produced using alternate, potentially equally rigorous methods. d Includes “manslaughter” and “homicide in a traffic accident”. e Police data include completed and attempted cases of homicide.

4358

Number

375

0.7

UNODC criminal justice homicide rate

United Arab Emirates

UNODC criminal justice homicide number

WHO estimated number and rate of homicides per 100 000 (2012)c

2381

428

Civil or vital registration homicide number

Number and rate of homicides (for 2012) according to criminal justice statistics as reported by UNODCb

Ukraine

1987

Uganda

Police homicide number

Number of homicides (latest year available) as reported by countries in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey

Tuvalu

Country/area

HOMICIDES

Table A4: Availability of national population-based surveys by types of violence NATIONAL POPULATION-BASED SURVEYS OF VIOLENCE Country/area

Afghanistan

Survey interpersonal violence

Survey armed violence

Survey gang violence

Survey child maltreatment

Survey youth violence

Survey intimate partner violence

Survey sexual violence

Survey elder abuse

Albania

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Algeria

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Armenia

Yes

Australia

Yes

Yes Yes

Austria

Yes

Azerbaijan

Subnational

Bahrain

Don’t know

Bangladesh

Yes

Belarus

Yes

Belgium

Don’t know

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Belize

Yes

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Don’t know

Yes

Botswana

Yes

Brazil

Yes

Yes No

Brunei Darussalam

Don’t know

Yes

Burkina Faso

Subnational

Yes

Burundi

Cambodia

Yes

Cameroon

Yes

Bulgaria

Canada

Subnational

Yes

China

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Colombia

Don’t know

Subnational

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Cook Islands

Costa Rica

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Cuba

Croatia

Yes

Cyprus

Yes

Czech Republic Dominica

Dominican Republic

Yes

Ecuador

Yes

Egypt

Yes

El Salvador

Yes

Estonia

Yes

Fiji

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Finland

Yes

Gabon

Yes

Georgia

Yes

Germany

Ghana

Subnational

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Guatemala

Subnational

Guinea

Guyana

Yes

Honduras

Yes

Iceland

Yes

Subnational

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

India

Indonesia

238

Part IX – Statistical annex

NATIONAL POPULATION-BASED SURVEYS OF VIOLENCE Country/area

Survey interpersonal violence

Survey armed violence

Survey gang violence

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Survey child maltreatment

Survey youth violence

Survey intimate partner violence

Survey sexual violence

Survey elder abuse

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Iraq

Yes

Israel

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Italy

Yes

Don’t know

Subnational

Yes

Jamaica

Yes

Japan

Yes

Jordan

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Kazakhstan

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Kenya

Yes

Kiribati

Yes

Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Don’t know

No No

Latvia

Yes

Liberia

Yes

Lithuania

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Malawi

Yes

Malaysia

Maldives

Subnational

Yes

Madagascar

Mauritania

Yes

Mexico

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Mongolia

Yes

Montenegro

Yes

Morocco

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Mozambique Myanmar Nepal

Yes

Netherlands

Yes

New Zealand

Yes

Subnational

Nicaragua

Yes

Niger

Nigeria

Yes

Norway

Yes

Oman

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Peru Philippines

Yes

Subnational

Yes

No Yes

Poland

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Portugal

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Qatar Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation

Yes

Subnational

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Rwanda

Yes

Samoa

Yes

San Marino

Yes

Sao Tome and Principe

Don’t know

Saudi Arabia Senegal

Subnational

Serbia

Yes

Seychelles

Part IX – Statistical annex

239

NATIONAL POPULATION-BASED SURVEYS OF VIOLENCE Country/area

Survey interpersonal violence

Survey armed violence

Survey gang violence

Survey child maltreatment

Survey youth violence

Survey intimate partner violence

Survey sexual violence

Survey elder abuse

Singapore

Slovakia

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Slovenia

Yes

Solomon Islands

Yes

South Africa

Yes

Subnational

No Yes

Spain

Yes

Don’t know

Sudan

Swaziland

Yes

Sweden

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Switzerland

Yes

TFYR Macedonia

Yes

Tajikistan

Thailand

Subnational

Trinidad and Tobago

Don’t know

Tunisia

Yes

Turkey

Yes

Tuvalu

Yes

No Subnational

Uganda

Subnational

Yes

United Arab Emirates

Don’t know

United Kingdom

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

United States of America

Yes

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Yes

Viet Nam

Yes

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Yes

Yemen

Zambia

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Zimbabwe

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania

240

Part IX – Statistical annex

Table A5: Laws and policies that address multiple types of violence: social and educational policies, policing strategies, laws to regulate civilian access to firearms, and consumption of alcohol and alcohol policies and laws SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICIES Country/area

Incentives provided for high risk youth to complete schooling

POLICING STRATEGIES

Housing policies to de-concentrate poverty

Improving communitypolice relations

Problem-oriented policing

Afghanistan

Yes

Albania

Yes

Algeria

Yes

Armenia

Yes

Australia

Subnational

Yes

Austria

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Azerbaijan

Yes

Bahrain

Yes

Bangladesh

Yes

Belarus

Yes

Belgium

Subnational

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Belize

Yes

Benin

Subnational

Yes

Bhutan

Don’t know

Yes

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Yes

Botswana

Yes

Brazil

Yes

Don’t know

Brunei Darussalam

Yes

Bulgaria

Yes

Burkina Faso

Yes

Burundi

Yes

Cambodia

Yes

Cameroon

Yes

Canada

Yes

China

Yes

Colombia

Yes

Cook Islands

Yes

Costa Rica

Yes

Croatia

Yes

Cuba

Yes

Cyprus

Yes

Czech Republic

Yes

Dominica

Yes

Dominican Republic

Yes

Ecuador

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

El Salvador

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Estonia

Yes

Don’t know

Fiji

Yes

Finland

Yes

Gabon

Yes

Georgia

Yes

Germany

Yes

Ghana

Don’t know

Yes

Guatemala

Subnational

Yes

Guinea

Subnational

Yes

Guyana

Yes

Honduras

Yes

Iceland

Yes

India

Yes

Indonesia

Yes

Don’t know

Egypt

Part IX – Statistical annex

241

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICIES Country/area Iran (Islamic Republic of)

POLICING STRATEGIES

Incentives provided for high risk youth to complete schooling

Housing policies to de-concentrate poverty

Improving communitypolice relations

Problem-oriented policing

Subnational

Yes

Iraq

Yes

Israel

Yes

Italy

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Japan

Yes

Jordan

Yes

Kazakhstan

Yes

Kenya

Yes

Kiribati

Yes

Jamaica

Kuwait

Yes

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Yes

Latvia

Yes

Liberia

Yes

Lithuania

Subnational

Yes

Madagascar

Subnational

Yes

Malawi

Yes

Malaysia

Subnational

Yes

Maldives

Yes

Mauritania

Yes

Mexico

Yes

Mongolia

Yes

Montenegro

Yes

Morocco

Yes

Mozambique

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Nepal

Yes

Netherlands

Yes

New Zealand

Yes

Nicaragua

Yes

Niger

Yes

Nigeria

Yes

Norway

Yes

Oman

Subnational

Yes

Panama

Don’t know

Subnational

Yes

Papua New Guinea

Yes

Peru

Yes

Philippines

Yes

Poland

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Portugal

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Qatar

Yes

Republic of Moldova

Yes

Romania

Yes

Russian Federation

Yes

Rwanda

Yes

Samoa

Yes

San Marino

Yes

Sao Tome and Principe

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Myanmar

Saudi Arabia Senegal

Yes

Serbia

Yes

Seychelles

Yes

Singapore

Yes

242

Part IX – Statistical annex

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICIES Country/area

POLICING STRATEGIES

Incentives provided for high risk youth to complete schooling

Housing policies to de-concentrate poverty

Improving communitypolice relations

Problem-oriented policing

Slovakia

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Slovenia

Yes

Solomon Islands

Yes

South Africa

Yes

Spain

Yes

Sudan

Yes

Swaziland

Yes

Sweden

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Switzerland

Yes

TFYR Macedonia

Yes

Tajikistan

Yes

Thailand

Yes

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

Tunisia

Yes

Turkey

Yes

Tuvalu

Yes

Uganda

Yes

United Arab Emirates

Don’t know

Yes

United Kingdom

Yes

Subnational

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Uzbekistan

Yes

Vanuatu

Yes

Viet Nam

Yes

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Yes

Yemen

Yes

Zambia

Yes

Zimbabwe

Yes

United States of America

LAWS TO REGULATE CIVILIAN ACCESS TO FIREARMS1 Country/area

Laws to regulate civilian access

Do they include: Mandatory background check

Handguns

Long guns

Automatic weapons

Carrying firearms in public

Programmes to reduce civilian possession and use

Afghanistan

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Albania

Yes

Algeria

Yes

Armenia

Yes

Australia

Subnational

Austria

Yes

Azerbaijan

Yes

Bahrain

Yes

Bangladesh

Yes

Belarus

Yes

Belgium

Yes

Belize

Yes

Benin

Yes

Bhutan

Yes

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Yes

Botswana

Yes

Brazil

Yes

Brunei Darussalam

Yes

There is great variability in the content of these laws between countries and between states/provinces in countries with federal constitutions.

Part IX – Statistical annex

243

LAWS TO REGULATE CIVILIAN ACCESS TO FIREARMS1 Country/area

Bulgaria

Laws to regulate civilian access Yes

Do they include: Mandatory background check

Handguns

Long guns

Automatic weapons

Carrying firearms in public

Yes

Programmes to reduce civilian possession and use No

Burkina Faso

Yes

Burundi

Yes

Cambodia

Yes

Cameroon

Yes

Yes Yes

Canada

Yes

China

Yes

Colombia

Yes

Cook Islands

Yes

Costa Rica

Yes

Croatia

Yes

Cuba

Yes

Cyprus

Yes

Czech Republic

Yes

Dominica

Yes

Yes Yes

Dominican Republic

Yes

Ecuador

Yes

Egypt

Yes

El Salvador

Yes

Subnational

Estonia

Yes

Fiji

Yes

Finland

Yes

Subnational

Gabon

Yes

Georgia

Yes

Germany

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Ghana

Yes

Guatemala

Yes

Guinea

Yes

Guyana

Yes

Honduras

Yes

Iceland

Yes

Don’t know

India

Yes

Indonesia

Yes

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

Iraq

Yes

Yes Yes

Israel

Yes

Italy

Yes

Jamaica

Yes

Subnational

Japan

Yes

Jordan

Yes

Kazakhstan

Yes

Kenya

Yes

Kiribati

Yes

Kuwait

Yes

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Yes

Latvia

Yes

Liberia

Yes

Yes Yes

Lithuania

Yes

Madagascar

Yes

Malawi

Yes

Malaysia

Yes

244

Part IX – Statistical annex

LAWS TO REGULATE CIVILIAN ACCESS TO FIREARMS1 Country/area

Laws to regulate civilian access

Do they include: Mandatory background check

Handguns

Long guns

Automatic weapons

Carrying firearms in public

Yes

Programmes to reduce civilian possession and use

Maldives

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Mauritania

Yes

Mexico

Yes

Mongolia

Yes

Montenegro

Yes

Morocco

Yes

Mozambique

Yes

Myanmar

Yes

Subnational Yes

Nepal

Yes

Netherlands

Yes

New Zealand

Yes

Nicaragua

Yes

Niger

Yes

Nigeria

Yes

Norway

Yes

Yes Yes

Oman

Yes

Panama

Yes

Papua New Guinea

Yes

Peru

Yes

Philippines

Yes

Poland

Yes

Portugal

Yes

Qatar

Yes

Yes Yes

Republic of Moldova

Yes

Romania

Yes

Russian Federation

Yes

Subnational

Rwanda

Yes

Samoa

Yes

Yes Yes

San Marino

Yes

Sao Tome and Principe

Yes

Saudi Arabia

Yes

Senegal

Yes

Serbia

Yes

Seychelles

Yes

Singapore

Yes

No Yes

Slovakia

Yes

Slovenia

Yes

Solomon Islands

Yes

Yes Yes

South Africa

Yes

Spain

Yes

Sudan

Yes

Swaziland

Yes

Sweden

Yes

Switzerland

Yes

Subnational Yes

TFYR Macedonia

Yes

Tajikistan

Yes

Thailand

Yes

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

Tunisia

Yes

Turkey

Yes

Tuvalu

Yes

Uganda

Yes

Part IX – Statistical annex

245

LAWS TO REGULATE CIVILIAN ACCESS TO FIREARMS1 Country/area

United Arab Emirates

Laws to regulate civilian access Yes

Do they include: Mandatory background check

Handguns

Long guns

Automatic weapons

Carrying firearms in public

Yes

Programmes to reduce civilian possession and use Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know

United Kingdom

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania

Yes

United States of America

Yes

Subnational

Uzbekistan

Yes

Vanuatu

Yes

Viet Nam

Yes

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Yes

No Yes

Yemen

Yes

Zambia

Yes

Zimbabwe

Yes

CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, AND ALCOHOL POLICIES AND LAWS Patterns of drinking score1

Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)2

Albania

Medium risky

Algeria

Somewhat risky

Country/area

Afghanistan

Excise tax Spirits

On premise age limits

Off premise age limits

Beer

Wine

7.0

Yes

1.0

Yes

0.7

Armenia

Somewhat risky

5.3

Yes

Australia

Somewhat risky

12.2

Yes

Austria

Least risky

10.3

Yes

Medium risky

2.3

Yes

Medium risky

0.2

Yes

Belarus

Very risky

17.5

Yes

Belgium

Least risky

11.0

Yes

Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh

2.1

Belize

Very risky

8.5

Benin

Somewhat risky

2.1

Yes

0.7

Yes

Medium risky

5.9

Yes

Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Botswana

Medium risky

8.4

Yes

Brazil

Medium risky

8.7

Yes

0.9

Yes

Somewhat risky

11.4

Yes

Burkina Faso

Medium risky

6.8

Yes

Burundi

Medium risky

9.3

Yes

Cambodia

Medium risky

5.5

Yes

Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria

Cameroon

Medium risky

8.4

Yes

Canada

Somewhat risky

10.2

Yes

China

Somewhat risky

6.7

Yes

Colombia

Medium risky

6.2

Yes

Cook Islands

Medium risky

6.4

Yes

Costa Rica

Medium risky

5.4

Yes

Croatia

Medium risky

12.2

Yes

The patterns of drinking score reflects how people drink instead of how much they drink within a population. Strongly associated with the alcoholattributable burden of disease in a country, the patterns of drinking score is measured on a scale from 1 (least risky pattern of drinking) to 5 (most risky pattern of drinking). The higher the score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease in population groups with the same level of consumption. Notably, different drinking patterns give rise to very different health outcomes in population groups with the same level of consumption (WHO Global status report on alcohol, WHO, 2014, p.28). 2 Total per capita (15 years and older) consumption is defined as total (recorded plus estimated unrecorded) alcohol per capita (aged 15 years and older) consumption within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol (WHO Global status report on alcohol, WHO, 2014, p.35). 1

246

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, AND ALCOHOL POLICIES AND LAWS Country/area

Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic

Patterns of drinking score1

Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)2

Excise tax Beer

Wine

Spirits

On premise age limits

Off premise age limits

Somewhat risky

5.2

Least risky

9.2

Yes

Medium risky

13.0

Yes

Dominica

Medium risky

7.1

Yes

Dominican Republic

Medium risky

6.9

Yes

Ecuador

Medium risky

7.2

Yes

0.4

Yes

Egypt El Salvador

Medium risky

3.2

Yes

Estonia

Medium risky

10.3

Yes

Fiji

Medium risky

3.0

Yes

18 18

Finland

Medium risky

12.3

Yes

Gabon

Medium risky

10.9

Yes

Georgia

Somewhat risky

7.7

Yes

Germany

Least risky

11.8

Yes

Medium risky

4.8

Yes

Ghana Guatemala

Very risky

Guinea

3.8

0.7

Yes

Guyana

Medium risky

8.1

Yes

Honduras

Medium risky

4.0

Yes

20 21

Somewhat risky

7.1

Yes

India

Iceland

Medium risky

4.3

Yes

Indonesia

Medium risky

0.6

Yes

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

1.0

Iraq Israel Italy

Somewhat risky

0.5

2.8

Yes

Least risky

6.7

Yes

Jamaica

Somewhat risky

4.9

Yes

Japan

Somewhat risky

7.2

Yes

0.7

Yes

Very risky

10.3

Yes

Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya

Medium risky

4.3

Yes

Kiribati

Medium risky

3.0

21 18

Kuwait

0.1

Kyrgyzstan

Medium risky

4.3

Yes

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Medium risky

7.3

Yes

Latvia

Medium risky

12.3

Yes

Liberia

Medium risky

4.7

Yes

18 18

Lithuania

Medium risky

15.4

Yes

Madagascar

Medium risky

1.8

Yes

Malawi

Medium risky

2.5

Yes

Malaysia

Medium risky

1.3

Yes

Maldives

1.2

Mauritania Mexico

0.1 Medium risky

7.2

Mongolia

Medium risky

6.9

Yes

Montenegro

Medium risky

8.7

Yes

Medium risky

2.3

Yes

0.7

Yes

2.2

Yes

Morocco Mozambique

0.9

Myanmar Nepal

Medium risky

Netherlands

Least risky

9.9

Yes

New Zealand

Somewhat risky

10.9

Yes

Medium risky

5.0

Yes

Nicaragua

Part IX – Statistical annex

247

CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, AND ALCOHOL POLICIES AND LAWS Country/area

Patterns of drinking score1

Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)2 0.3

Yes

Nigeria

Medium risky

10.1

Yes

Norway

Medium risky

7.7

Yes

0.9

Medium risky

8.0

Yes

Niger

Oman Panama

Excise tax Beer

Wine

Spirits

On premise age limits

Off premise age limits

Papua New Guinea

Medium risky

3.0

Yes

Peru

Medium risky

8.1

Yes

Philippines

Medium risky

5.4

Yes

Poland

Medium risky

12.5

Yes

Portugal

Least risky

12.9

Yes

Very risky

16.8

Yes

Medium risky

14.4

Yes

18 18

Qatar Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation

1.5

Most risky

15.1

Yes

Rwanda

Medium risky

9.8

Yes

Samoa

Medium risky

3.6 Yes

Yes

San Marino Sao Tome and Principe

Medium risky

Saudi Arabia

7.1

0.2

Senegal

Medium risky

0.6

Yes

Serbia

Medium risky

12.6

Yes

Seychelles

Medium risky

5.6

Yes

Singapore

Somewhat risky

2.0

Yes

Slovakia

Medium risky

13.0

Yes

Slovenia

Somewhat risky

11.6

Yes

Solomon Islands

Medium risky

1.7

South Africa

Very risky

11.0

Yes

Spain

Least risky

11.2

Yes

Sudan

Medium risky

2.7

Swaziland

Medium risky

5.7

Yes

Sweden Switzerland

Somewhat risky

9.2

Yes

Least risky

10.7

Yes

TFYR Macedonia

Medium risky

6.7

Yes

Tajikistan

Medium risky

2.8

Yes

Medium risky

7.1

Yes

Trinidad and Tobago

Thailand

Somewhat risky

6.7

Yes

Tunisia

Somewhat risky

1.5

Yes

Turkey

Medium risky

2.0

Yes

Tuvalu

Medium risky

1.5

Yes

Uganda

Medium risky

9.8

Yes

United Arab Emirates

4.3

United Kingdom

Medium risky

11.6

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania

Medium risky

7.7

Yes

Somewhat risky

9.2

Yes

Uzbekistan

Medium risky

4.6

Vanuatu

Medium risky

1.4

Viet Nam

Medium risky

6.6

Medium risky Very risky

United States of America

Yes

4.0

Yes

5.7

Yes

West Bank and Gaza Strip Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

248

0.3

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

Part IX – Statistical annex

249

None

Larger scale

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Larger scale

Croatia

None

Cuba

Larger scale

None

Colombia

Cook Islands

Limited

China

Costa Rica

Limited

Larger scale

Cameroon

Canada

None

Burundi

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Cambodia

Burkina Faso

Bulgaria

Brunei Darussalam

Larger scale

None

Brazil

Botswana

Limited

None

Limited

Bhutan

Limited

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Limited

Larger scale

Belize

Benin

Limited

Larger scale

Belgium

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

Belarus

Bangladesh

Bahrain

None

Larger scale

Austria

Azerbaijan

Larger scale

Australia

Limited

Algeria

Armenia

Limited

None

Limited

Afghanistan

Albania

Implementation

Parenting education

Home visiting

Country/area

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Training to recognize/ avoid sexually abusive situations

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT CHILD MALTREATMENT

Table A6: Child maltreatment prevention programmes and laws

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Existence

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Not enforced

Limited

Full

Not enforced

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Enforcement

Yes

Yes/No

Covers all settings

Ban on corporal punishment

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Enforcement Enforcement

Against statutory rape

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Against child marriage

LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Enforcement

Against female genital mutilation

250

Part IX – Statistical annex

Limited

Israel

Italy

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Kiribati

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Latvia

Larger scale

Kenya

Kazakhstan

None

Limited

Iraq

Jordan

Limited

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Larger scale

Limited

Indonesia

Larger scale

Limited

Jamaica

Larger scale

Iceland

India

Japan

Limited

None

Guatemala

Honduras

Limited

Larger scale

Germany

Ghana

Guyana

Limited

Georgia

Larger scale

None

Gabon

Guinea

Larger scale

Finland

Fiji

Limited

Estonia

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Egypt

El Salvador

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Implementation

Parenting education

Ecuador

Larger scale

Home visiting

Dominican Republic

Dominica

Country/area

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Training to recognize/ avoid sexually abusive situations

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Don’t know

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Yes

Yes/No

Covers all settings

Ban on corporal punishment

Yes

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Enforcement Enforcement

Against statutory rape

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against child marriage

LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Don’t know

Limited

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against female genital mutilation

Part IX – Statistical annex

251

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Rwanda

Samoa

San Marino

None

Larger scale

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation

Larger scale

Portugal

Qatar

Larger scale

Poland

Philippines

Limited

None

Papua New Guinea

Peru

None

Panama

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Oman

None

Nigeria

Limited

Larger scale

Norway

None

Larger scale

Nicaragua

Niger

Larger scale

New Zealand

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Nepal

Netherlands

Limited Limited

Limited

Larger scale

Mozambique

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Implementation

Parenting education

Myanmar

Morocco

Limited

Mauritania

Montenegro

Limited

Larger scale

Malaysia

Maldives

Mongolia

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Madagascar

Malawi

Mexico

Limited

Liberia

Home visiting

Lithuania

Country/area

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Training to recognize/ avoid sexually abusive situations

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Existence

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Enforcement

Yes

Yes/No

Covers all settings

Ban on corporal punishment

Yes

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Enforcement Enforcement

Against statutory rape

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against child marriage

LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Not enforced

Don’t know

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Full

Limited

Enforcement

Against female genital mutilation

252

Part IX – Statistical annex

None

Limited

Larger scale

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Spain

Sudan

Swaziland

Sweden

Limited

None

Larger scale

Vanuatu

Viet Nam

Limited

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Limited

None

Yemen

Limited

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

United States of America

Limited

Limited Larger scale

Uzbekistan

United Republic of Tanzania

Larger scale

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

Limited

None

Limited

Tuvalu

Uganda

Larger scale

Limited

Turkey

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Trinidad and Tobago

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Tunisia

Limited

Larger scale

Thailand

Larger scale

Tajikistan

TFYR Macedonia

Limited

Larger scale

Slovakia

Switzerland

Limited

Singapore

Limited Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Implementation

Parenting education

None

Larger scale

None

Home visiting

Seychelles

Serbia

Senegal

Saudi Arabia

Sao Tome and Principe

Country/area

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Training to recognize/ avoid sexually abusive situations

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Yes

Yes/No

Covers all settings

Ban on corporal punishment

Yes

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Don’t know

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement Enforcement

Against statutory rape

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Don’t know

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against child marriage

LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against female genital mutilation

Part IX – Statistical annex

253

None

Larger scale

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahrain

Limited

None

Bhutan

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Limited

Larger scale

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Limited

Larger scale

Croatia

Cuba

None

Larger scale

Cook Islands

Larger scale

Colombia

Costa Rica

Larger scale

Canada

China

None

Cameroon

None

Burundi

Cambodia

None

Burkina Faso

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Brunei Darussalam

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Bulgaria

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Belize

Benin

Botswana

Larger scale

Don’t know

Brazil

Larger scale

Belarus

Belgium

Don’t know

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Bangladesh

Limited

Larger scale

Armenia

Australia

None

Larger scale

Limited Limited

Algeria

None

Larger scale

Afghanistan

Life skills and social development training

Albania

Pre-school enrichment

Country/area

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Don’t know

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Implementation

Mentoring

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Don’t know

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

After-school supervision

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE

Table A7: Youth violence prevention programmes and laws

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

School anti-bullying

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against weapons on school premises

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Don’t know

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against gang or criminal group membership

LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE

254

Part IX – Statistical annex

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Guatemala

Guinea

Guyana

Honduras

Iceland

India

None

Limited

None

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale Limited

Limited

Latvia

Liberia

Limited

None

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Kyrgyzstan

Larger scale

None

Kuwait

Limited Limited

None

Kenya

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Kiribati

Larger scale

Limited

Israel

Italy

Kazakhstan

Larger scale

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Iraq

Limited

None

Indonesia

Larger scale

Finland

Gabon

Limited

Don’t know

Estonia

Fiji

Limited

Larger scale

None

El Salvador

Egypt

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Implementation

Mentoring

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

None

Limited

None

After-school supervision

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE Life skills and social development training

Ecuador

None

Pre-school enrichment

Dominican Republic

Dominica

Country/area

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

School anti-bullying

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Don’t know

Partial

Enforcement

Against gang or criminal group membership

LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE Against weapons on school premises

Part IX – Statistical annex

255

Larger scale

Montenegro

Larger scale Limited

Larger scale

Nicaragua

Larger scale

None

San Marino

Larger scale

Limited

Rwanda

Samoa

Sao Tome and Principe

None

Russian Federation

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale Larger scale

Larger scale

Qatar

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Larger scale

Portugal

Larger scale Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Philippines

Larger scale

Limited

Poland

Larger scale

Peru

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

Larger scale

Oman

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Limited

None

Norway

Limited

None

Limited

Niger

Nigeria

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

New Zealand

None

Nepal

Limited

Larger scale

Netherlands

Limited

Mozambique

Myanmar

Limited

None

Morocco

Larger scale

Mongolia

Larger scale

None

Maldives

Mauritania

Mexico

Limited None

Larger scale

Limited

Malawi

Malaysia

Larger scale

Larger scale Limited

Life skills and social development training

Pre-school enrichment

Limited

Madagascar

Lithuania

Country/area

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

Implementation

Mentoring

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

After-school supervision

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

School anti-bullying

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against weapons on school premises

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against gang or criminal group membership

LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE

256

Part IX – Statistical annex

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Seychelles

Singapore

Slovakia

Larger scale

None

Limited

Tuvalu

Uganda

None

Larger scale

Limited

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Limited Limited

Limited

Viet Nam

West Bank and Gaza Strip

None

Vanuatu

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Uzbekistan

United States of America

Limited

Larger scale

None

Don’t know

Limited

None

Don’t know

United Republic of Tanzania

United Kingdom

United Arab Emirates

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Tunisia

Turkey

Limited Larger scale

None

Limited

Thailand

Limited

Trinidad and Tobago

Tajikistan

Larger scale

TFYR Macedonia

Larger scale

Sweden

Switzerland

Larger scale Larger scale

Larger scale

Sudan

Swaziland

Larger scale Larger scale

Larger scale

South Africa

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Spain

Solomon Islands

Limited

Serbia

Slovenia

Larger scale

None

Senegal

Limited

Saudi Arabia

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Implementation

Mentoring

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Don’t know

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

After-school supervision

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE Life skills and social development training

Pre-school enrichment

Country/area

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

School anti-bullying

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against gang or criminal group membership

LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE Against weapons on school premises

Part IX – Statistical annex

257

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Armenia

Australia

Larger scale

None

Burkina Faso

Burundi

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Cuba

Cyprus

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Social and cultural norms change

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against rape in marriage

In some countries, the minimal legal age of marriage may be lowered with parental consent in individual cases.

Larger scale

Costa Rica

Croatia

None

Cook Islands

Colombia

Larger scale

Canada

China

None

Cambodia

Cameroon

Limited

None

Brunei Darussalam

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

Bulgaria

Larger scale

Brazil

None

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Larger scale

Limited

Botswana

Larger scale

Benin

Bhutan

None

Limited

Larger scale

Belgium

Belize

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

None

Belarus

Bangladesh

Bahrain

Azerbaijan

Austria

Larger scale

Limited

Algeria

None

Limited

Albania

None

Implementation

Dating Microfinance violence and gender prevention in equity schools training

Afghanistan

Country/area

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Table A8: Intimate partner violence prevention programmes and laws

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Allowing free entry into marriage/divorce

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Allowing removal of violent spouse

LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Exists

Age for females Age for males

Law regarding minimum legal age of marriage1

258

Part IX – Statistical annex

None

Limited

El Salvador

Estonia

None

Don’t know

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Gabon

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Guatemala

Guinea

Guyana

Honduras

Iceland

None

Larger scale

Israel

None

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Latvia

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Limited

None

Kiribati

Limited

Larger scale

None

Kenya

Larger scale

None

Kazakhstan

None

Don’t know

Japan

Jordan

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Jamaica

Italy

Limited

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Iraq

None

Limited

India

Indonesia

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Fiji

Finland

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Ecuador

None

Dominican Republic

Limited

Larger scale

Implementation

Egypt

None

Larger scale

Dating Microfinance violence and gender prevention in equity schools training

Dominica

Czech Republic

Country/area

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Social and cultural norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Existence

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against rape in marriage

Yes

Existence

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Allowing free entry into marriage/divorce

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Existence

Not enforced

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Not enforced

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Allowing removal of violent spouse

LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Exists

Age for females Age for males

Law regarding minimum legal age of marriage1

Part IX – Statistical annex

259

Limited

Madagascar

None

Republic of Moldova

Limited

Samoa

San Marino

Limited

Larger scale

Rwanda

Russian Federation

Larger scale

Limited

Portugal

Qatar

Romania

None

Limited

Peru

None

Philippines

Limited

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Poland

None

Don’t know

Norway

Oman

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Niger

Nigeria

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

New Zealand

Nicaragua

None

Limited

None

Nepal

Limited

Netherlands

Myanmar

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Mozambique

Morocco

None

Limited

None

Limited

Mongolia

Montenegro

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Mauritania

Mexico

None

Malaysia

Maldives

Larger scale

None

Malawi

Limited

Liberia

Implementation

Dating Microfinance violence and gender prevention in equity schools training

Lithuania

Country/area

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Social and cultural norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Don’t know

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against rape in marriage

Yes

Existence

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Allowing free entry into marriage/divorce

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Don’t know

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Allowing removal of violent spouse

LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Exists

Age for females Age for males

Law regarding minimum legal age of marriage1

260

Part IX – Statistical annex

None

Larger scale

Limited

Senegal

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

South Africa

Spain

Sudan

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

TFYR Macedonia

Tajikistan

Thailand

None

Limited

None

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Larger scale

Viet Nam

Yemen

None

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Limited

United Republic of Tanzania

United States of America

Limited

United Kingdom

Don’t know

None

Uganda

United Arab Emirates

None

Turkey

Tuvalu

None

Limited

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Trinidad and Tobago

None

Limited

Tunisia

Limited

Larger scale

Singapore

Slovakia

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Serbia

Seychelles

None

Saudi Arabia

None

Implementation

Dating Microfinance violence and gender prevention in equity schools training

Sao Tome and Principe

Country/area

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Don’t know

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Social and cultural norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Not enforced

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against rape in marriage

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Full

Enforcement

Allowing free entry into marriage/divorce

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Not enforced

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Allowing removal of violent spouse

LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

Yes

Exists

Age for females Age for males

Law regarding minimum legal age of marriage1

Part IX – Statistical annex

261

Don’t know

None

Larger scale

Azerbaijan

None

Limited

Cyprus

Larger scale

Cuba

Czech Republic

Larger scale

Costa Rica

Croatia

None

Larger scale

Colombia

Cook Islands

Larger scale

Canada

China

None

Larger scale

Cambodia

Limited

Burundi

Cameroon

None

Limited

Burkina Faso

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Bulgaria

None

Limited

None

Limited

Brunei Darussalam

Larger scale

Brazil

None

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Larger scale

Limited

Bhutan

Botswana

Larger scale

Belize

Benin

Don’t know

Larger scale

Belarus

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Belgium

Bangladesh

Bahrain

Larger scale

Limited

Austria

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Algeria

Limited

Larger scale

None

Albania

Australia

Limited

Afghanistan

Implementation

Physical environment changes

Armenia

School and college populations

Country/area

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Social and cultural norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Table A9: Sexual violence prevention programmes and laws

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against rape

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against contact sexual violence without rape

LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Existence

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Full

Don’t know

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against non-contact sexual violence

262

Part IX – Statistical annex

Limited

None

Larger scale

Kyrgyzstan

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Latvia

Liberia

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Kuwait

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Kiribati

Kenya

Larger scale

Limited

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Limited

Don’t know

Jamaica

Limited

Japan

Larger scale

Israel

Limited

Indonesia

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Italy

Limited

Larger scale

Iceland

India

Larger scale

Limited

None

Honduras

Iraq

Larger scale

None

Guyana

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Germany

Ghana

Limited

None

Georgia

None

Guinea

None

Gabon

None

Guatemala

Larger scale

Finland

Fiji

None

Estonia

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

El Salvador

Limited

Implementation

Egypt

Larger scale

Limited

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Limited

Physical environment changes

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Social and cultural norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE

School and college populations

Dominica

Country/area

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Enforcement

Against rape

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Existence

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Against contact sexual violence without rape

LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Existence

Limited

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Don’t know

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Against non-contact sexual violence

Part IX – Statistical annex

263

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Maldives

Mauritania

Mexico

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Limited

None

Don’t know

Limited

Norway

Oman

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Romania

Larger scale

Limited

San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe

Limited

Saudi Arabia

Larger scale

Rwanda

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Samoa

Russian Federation

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Republic of Moldova

Qatar

Limited

Portugal

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Poland

Philippines

Larger scale

Limited

Nigeria

Peru

Limited

Niger

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

None

Limited

Nepal

None

Limited

Myanmar

Limited

Mozambique

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Malawi

Malaysia

Limited Limited

Limited

Implementation

Physical environment changes

Lithuania

School and college populations

Madagascar

Country/area

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Social and cultural norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against rape

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against contact sexual violence without rape

LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against non-contact sexual violence

264

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

Limited

United Arab Emirates

Limited

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Limited

Viet Nam

Limited

None

Vanuatu

West Bank and Gaza Strip

None

United States of America

Uzbekistan

Limited

Larger scale

United Republic of Tanzania

Larger scale

Limited

Uganda

United Kingdom

None

Larger scale

Turkey

Tuvalu

Limited

Trinidad and Tobago

Limited

Thailand

Tunisia

Limited

TFYR Macedonia

Tajikistan

Limited

Sweden

Switzerland

Limited

Larger scale

Swaziland

Larger scale

Sudan

Limited

Larger scale

Spain

South Africa

Limited

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Singapore

Slovakia

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Serbia

None

Implementation

Seychelles

Limited

Physical environment changes

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Social and cultural norms change

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE

School and college populations

Senegal

Country/area

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against rape

Yes

Existence

Limited

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against contact sexual violence without rape

LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Yes

Existence

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Not enforced

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against non-contact sexual violence

Part IX – Statistical annex

265

Larger scale

Algeria

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Limited

None

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

None

Limited

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Limited

Larger scale

Cameroon

Canada

China

Larger scale

Limited

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Dominica

None

Larger scale

Limited

Costa Rica

Czech Republic

None

Limited

Cook Islands

Limited

None

Cambodia

Colombia

None

Burundi

Larger scale

Limited

Brazil

Burkina Faso

Limited

Botswana

Larger scale

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Larger scale

Belgium

Limited

Larger scale

Belarus

Bangladesh

Bahrain

None

Larger scale

Afghanistan

Albania

Azerbaijan

Professional awareness campaigns

Country/area

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Don’t know

Caregiver support

Implementation

Public information campaigns

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE

Table A10: Elder abuse prevention programmes and laws

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Don’t know

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

Residential care policies

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Full

Not enforced

Full

Not enforced

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Against elder abuse

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Limited

Don’t know

Full

Not enforced

Full

Limited

Enforcement

Against elder abuse in institutions

LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE

266

Part IX – Statistical annex

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Finland

Gabon

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Guatemala

Guinea

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

None

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Latvia

Liberia

Lithuania

Madagascar

Larger scale

Kuwait

Limited

None

Kiribati

Kyrgyzstan

Limited

Kenya

Don’t know

Limited

Italy

Kazakhstan

Larger scale

Israel

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Larger scale

Limited

Indonesia

Iraq

None

Limited

India

Don’t know

Limited

Fiji

Iceland

None

Estonia

None

Limited

El Salvador

Larger scale

None

Egypt

Honduras

Limited

Ecuador

Guyana

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Don’t know

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Caregiver support

Implementation

Public information campaigns

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE

Professional awareness campaigns

Dominican Republic

Country/area

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Don’t know

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Don’t know

None

Larger scale

Residential care policies

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Existence

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Not enforced

Limited

Partial

Limited

Enforcement

Against elder abuse in institutions

LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE Against elder abuse

Part IX – Statistical annex

267

None

Limited

None

Limited

Sao Tome and Principe

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia

None

San Marino

Larger scale

Samoa

Russian Federation

Rwanda

None

Limited

Romania

Qatar

Limited

Larger scale

Portugal

Republic of Moldova

None

Larger scale

Poland

None

Limited

Panama

Philippines

Larger scale

Oman

None

Limited

Norway

Limited

Nigeria

Peru

None

Papua New Guinea

Limited

Niger

Limited

Nepal

Nicaragua

Limited

Myanmar

None

Limited

Mozambique

New Zealand

None

Morocco

Larger scale

Limited

Montenegro

Netherlands

None

Mongolia

None

Mauritania

Larger scale

Limited

Maldives

Mexico

Limited

Larger scale

Malaysia

Professional awareness campaigns

Malawi

Country/area

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Caregiver support

Implementation

Public information campaigns

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Don’t know

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Residential care policies

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Limited

Full

Limited

Partial

Full

Enforcement

Against elder abuse

Yes

Existence

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Limited

Full

Enforcement

Against elder abuse in institutions

LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE

268

Part IX – Statistical annex

None

Limited

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Limited

Tajikistan

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

None

Limited

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Zimbabwe

Limited

Viet Nam

None

Vanuatu

Limited

None

Uzbekistan

Zambia

Limited

United States of America

Yemen

Limited

United Republic of Tanzania

Larger scale

United Kingdom

Limited

Uganda

Don’t know

Tuvalu

United Arab Emirates

None

Larger scale

Turkey

Larger scale

Limited

Tunisia

Limited

Sweden

TFYR Macedonia

Larger scale

Swaziland

Switzerland

None

Limited

Sudan

Larger scale

Limited

Slovakia

Spain

None

Larger scale

Singapore

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Don’t know

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Caregiver support

Implementation

Public information campaigns

PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE

Professional awareness campaigns

Seychelles

Country/area

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Don’t know

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Residential care policies

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Existence

Limited

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Don’t know

Full

Partial

Enforcement

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Subnational

Yes

Don’t know

Existence

Limited

Partial

Limited

Partial

Full

Partial

Full

Partial

Don’t know

Enforcement

Against elder abuse in institutions

LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE Against elder abuse

Table A11: Health and social services for victims of violence and victim support laws HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES Country/area

Prenatal screening for child maltreatment and intimate partner violence risk

Identification Identification Medico-legal and referral for and referral services for victims of child for victims sexual violence maltreatment of intimate by health care partner and providers sexual violence by health care providers

Child protection services

Adult protective services

Mental health services

Larger scale

Implementation Afghanistan

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

Albania

Larger scale

None

Algeria

None

Larger scale

Armenia

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Australia

Larger scale

Austria

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Belarus

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Belgium

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Belize

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Benin

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Bhutan

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Brunei Darussalam

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Bulgaria

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Burkina Faso

Limited

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Botswana Brazil

None

Limited

None

Limited

Cambodia

Burundi

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Cameroon

None

Don’t know

None

Limited

Don’t know

Limited

Larger scale

Canada

Limited

Don’t know

Limited

Colombia

China

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Cook Islands

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Costa Rica

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

None

Larger scale

Estonia

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Fiji

Limited

Finland

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Gabon

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Georgia

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Germany

Larger scale

El Salvador

Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guyana Honduras

Part IX – Statistical annex

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

269

HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES Country/area

Prenatal screening for child maltreatment and intimate partner violence risk

Medico-legal Identification Identification services for and referral for and referral sexual violence victims of child for victims maltreatment of intimate by health care partner and providers sexual violence by health care providers

Child protection services

Adult protective services

Mental health services

Implementation Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale Larger scale

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Iraq

Larger scale

Israel

Larger scale

Limited Larger scale

Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Don’t know

Larger scale

Kenya

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Kiribati

Limited

None

Limited

None

Kuwait

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited Limited

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan Lao People’s Democratic Republic Latvia

None

Limited

None

Liberia

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Lithuania

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

Madagascar

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Malawi

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Malaysia

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Maldives

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Mauritania Mexico Mongolia

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Montenegro

Larger scale

Morocco

Larger scale

Larger scale Limited

Mozambique

Limited

None

Myanmar

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Nepal

None

Limited

None

Limited

Netherlands

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

New Zealand

Larger scale

Larger scale Larger scale

Nicaragua

Larger scale

None

Niger

Larger scale

None

Limited

Nigeria

None

Limited

None

Limited

Norway

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Don’t know

Limited

Don’t know

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Oman Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Portugal

Larger scale

None

Limited

Qatar

Larger scale

Republic of Moldova

Larger scale

None

Romania

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Russian Federation Rwanda

270

Larger scale

Part IX – Statistical annex

HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES Country/area

Prenatal screening for child maltreatment and intimate partner violence risk

Child protection services

Adult protective services

Mental health services

Implementation Samoa

Larger scale

None

Limited

San Marino

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Sao Tome and Principe

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

None

Limited

Larger scale

Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale Limited

Seychelles

None

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Singapore

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Slovakia

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Slovenia

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Solomon Islands

Limited

None

Limited

South Africa

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Spain

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Sudan

None

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Swaziland

None

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

Larger scale

Switzerland

Limited

Larger scale

None

Limited

TFYR Macedonia

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Tajikistan

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Sweden

Thailand

Larger scale

Trinidad and Tobago

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Tunisia

None

Larger scale

Limited

Turkey

Larger scale

Tuvalu

Limited

Larger scale

None

Don’t know

Uganda

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

United Arab Emirates

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

United Kingdom

Larger scale

Limited

Don’t know

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Larger scale Limited

United Republic of Tanzania United States of America Uzbekistan

None

Vanuatu

None

Viet Nam

Larger scale

Limited

None

Limited

None

Larger scale

Limited

West Bank and Gaza Strip Yemen

None

Larger scale

Limited

None

Zambia

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

None

Larger scale

Limited

Larger scale

Limited

Zimbabwe

Part IX – Statistical annex

271

VICTIM SUPPORT LAWS Country/area

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim representation

Existence

Enforcement

Existence

Enforcement

Afghanistan

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Albania

Yes

Limited

Algeria

Yes

Full

Armenia

Australia

Subnational

Partial

Subnational

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Austria Azerbaijan

Yes

Not enforced

Yes

Full

Bahrain

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Bangladesh

Yes

Full

Belarus

Yes

Full

Belgium

Yes

Belize

Full

Yes

Full

Subnational

Limited

Benin

Yes

Full

Bhutan

Yes

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Botswana

Brazil

Yes

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Yes

Limited

Burkina Faso

Yes

Limited

Burundi

Yes

Full

Cambodia

Yes

Partial

Full

No Yes

Limited

Cameroon

Canada

Yes

China

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Colombia

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Cook Islands

Costa Rica

Yes

Partial

Croatia

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Cuba

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Cyprus

Yes

Full

Czech Republic

Yes

Full

Dominica

Partial

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Yes

Partial

Yes

Limited Full

Egypt

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

El Salvador

Estonia

Yes

Fiji

Finland

Yes

Gabon

Yes

Full

Georgia

Yes

Partial

Germany

Yes

Full

Ghana

Yes

Full

Guatemala

Yes

Limited

Guinea

Yes

Full

Guyana

Honduras

Yes

Limited

Iceland

Yes

Full

Yes

Limited

India

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Indonesia

Yes

Limited

Yes

Partial

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Iraq

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

272

Full Full

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

VICTIM SUPPORT LAWS Country/area

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim representation

Existence

Enforcement

Existence

Enforcement

Israel

Italy

Yes

Limited

Yes

Limited

Jamaica

Yes

Limited

Yes

Partial

Japan

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Jordan

Subnational

Limited

Don’t know

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Yes

Limited

Kiribati

Limited

Yes

Full

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Yes

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Yes

Latvia

Yes

Liberia

Lithuania

Yes

Madagascar

Partial Full

Full

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Yes

Limited

Yes

Full

Malawi

Yes

Malaysia

Maldives

Yes

Mauritania

Mexico

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Mongolia

Yes

Limited

Yes

Limited

Montenegro

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Morocco

Yes

Full

Mozambique

Yes

Full

Myanmar

Partial

Yes

Limited

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Subnational

Limited

Yes

Limited

Nepal

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Netherlands

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

New Zealand

Yes

Full

Nicaragua

Yes

Full

Yes

Niger

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Nigeria

Yes

Partial

Norway

Yes

Partial

Don’t know

Yes

Partial

Panama

Yes

Partial

Papua New Guinea

Yes

Partial

Peru

Yes

Limited

Philippines

Yes

Partial

Yes

Partial

Poland

Yes

Don’t know

Yes

Full

Portugal

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Qatar

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Yes

Partial

Oman

Yes

Partial

Full

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Subnational

Limited

Yes

Full

Rwanda

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Samoa

Yes

Full

San Marino

Yes

Full

Yes

Full Full

Russian Federation

Sao Tome and Principe

Yes

Not enforced

Yes

Saudi Arabia

Yes

Full

Don’t know

Senegal

Yes

Limited

Serbia

Yes

Full

Seychelles

Yes

Full

Singapore

Yes

Full

Slovakia

Yes

Full

Part IX – Statistical annex

Full

273

VICTIM SUPPORT LAWS Country/area

Providing for victim compensation

Providing for victim representation

Existence

Enforcement

Existence

Enforcement

Slovenia

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Solomon Islands

Yes

Limited

South Africa

Spain

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Sudan

Yes

Partial

Yes

Full

Swaziland

Yes

Full

Sweden

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Switzerland

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

TFYR Macedonia

Yes

Partial

Yes

Not enforced

Tajikistan

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Thailand

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Trinidad and Tobago

Yes

Limited

Yes

Partial

Tunisia

Yes

Full

Turkey

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Tuvalu

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Uganda

Yes

Partial

Yes

Limited

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

Yes

United Republic of Tanzania

United States of America

Yes

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Yes

Viet Nam West Bank and Gaza Strip

No Full Full Limited

Not enforced

Yes

Limited

No Yes

Partial

Yes

Limited

Yes

Full

Yes

Full

Subnational

Limited

Yes

Full

Limited

Yes

Limited

Yes

Partial

Yemen

Zambia

Yes

Zimbabwe

274

Part IX â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Statistical annex

Management of Noncommunicable Diseases, Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention (NVI) World Health Organization 20 Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Tel +41-22-791-2064 violenceprevention@who.int www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/status_report/2014

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