Food additives appendix

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The UFS Food Labelling Guide 2012 is published by: Unilever South Africa (Pty) Ltd. 15 Nollsworth Crescent, La Lucia Ridge La Lucia Ridge Office Estate La Lucia 4051 www.ufs.com

Copyright Š 2012 This work is the property of Unilever South Africa (Pty) Ltd. This work is protected under the Berne Convention. In terms of the Copyright Act 98 of 1998, no part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from Unilever South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information published in this work is accurate, Unilever South Africa (Pty) Ltd, the editors, publishers and printers take no responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person as a result of the reliance upon the information contained therein.

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Food additives appendix In this appendix, we list additives used in foods, state their use and origin and indicate their suitability for different groups of people including vegetarians, vegans and ethnic groups.

Disclaimer: • This guide is a general list of food additives. It does not necessarily mean that these additives can be found in Unilever Food Solutions products.

For information about the ingredients used in Unilever Food Solutions products please refer to the ingredient list on the product label • This guide does not in any way supplement the law, nor constitutes legal guidance

Information you will find for each food additive Chemical/Common Name Food Additive

E-number (in heading)

E-numbers are part of a European numbering system. An E-number signifies approval of an additive by the European Union (EU). To obtain an E-number, the additive must have been fully evaluated for safety by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Also known as

Some additives may be known by a number of different names.

We show the most common ones here to help you through the maze.

Short description

Short description of the additive.

Sources

Details of the origin of the food additive.

Function

Food additives are grouped into classes according to their main function (use). Some additives are used for more than one purpose. See for example Lecithin (E322). It can be used as an emulsifier as well as a stabilizer.

Please see the Food ingredients & additives chapter for more information about various types/classes of food additives.

Products

Examples of food products which may contain this additive.

Suitability of the additive for the most common religious diets, vegetarians and vegans. This is an indication of use only; please always check with your guest before serving a meal.

Suitability

Note: suitability of the additive for allergies, intolerances or similar (nutritional) disorders is not taken into account unless indicated. If you are in any doubt, always consult a skilled dietician!

Main references used http://www.food-info.net http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/ 120

A B C D Acesulfame potassium – E950 Also known as

Acesulfame K

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of ketones

Function

Sweetener

Products

Soft drinks, fruit juice, dairy drinks, jam, ice cream, marinated fish, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

E F G H I J K L

Acetic acid, glacial – E260 Also known as

Ethanoic acid, glacial acetic acid

M

Short description

Acid, for example used against the growth of fungi in bread

N

Sources

Natural acid, present in fruits like figs. Also synthetically made of wood-vinegar

O

Function

Preservative

Products

Vinegar, cheese, bread, salad dressing, mayonnaise, meats, soup, beer

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R S T

Acetylated di-starch adipate – E1422 Also known as

Starch G, acetated starch

U

Short description

Substance, for example used to make a product thicker and to make the texture stronger

V

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch and acetic acid (E260) and adipic acid (E355)

Function

Thickener

Products

Ready-to-eat meals, desserts, cake filling, jelly products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

W X Y Z

121

Acetylated di-starch phosphate – E1414 Also known as

Starch J

Short description

Substance, for example used to make a product thicker

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch

Function

Thickener

Products

Ready-to-eat meals, desserts, cake filling, jelly products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Acid treated starch Also known as

Acid modified starch

Short description

Substance, for example used to make a product thicker and to make the texture stronger

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch (also indicated as modified starch)

Function

Thickener and stabilizer

Products

Gumballs, sugared candy, chips, chocolates, biscuits, sausages

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Adipic acid – E355

122

Also known as

Hexanedioic acid

Short description

White powder, for example used to minimize taste and odour in products

Sources

Natural acid, present in beets and sugar cane (juice)

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Confectionery, baking products, gelatin, canned vegetables, sausages

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Agar – E406

F

Also known as

Agar-agar, bengal isinglass, Ceylon isinglass, Chinese isinglass, gelose, Japanese isinglass, Japan agar, layor carang

G

Short description

White or yellowish, occurs in different forms (e.g. strips, flakes, powder), for example used to absorb water so a gel can be formed

H

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, produced by seaweeds (vegetable alternative of gelatin)

Function

Thickener, stabilizer

Products

Ice cream, confectionery, bakery products, beer, marmalade

K

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

L

I J

M Alginic acid – E400

N

Also known as

Norgine, polymannuronic acid, sazio

Short description

White to yellowish brown substance, serving many functions

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, produced by seaweed

P

Function

Emulsifier, thickener

Q

Products

Lemonade, instant pudding powder, confectionery, chewing gum, glaze, chocolate milk, mayonnaise

R

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

O

S T

Alitame

U

Also known as

Alclame

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Synthetic substance, made by a complex chemical process

Function

Sweetener

Products

Candy, chocolates, chewing gum, jam, marmalade

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

V W X Y Z

123

Alkaline treated starch Short description

Substance, for example used to make a product thicker and to make the texture stronger

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch and sodium or potassium hydroxide (E524 or E525) (also indicated as modified starch)

Function

Thickener and stabilizer

Products

Custard, yoghurt, ice cream, margarine, mayonnaise, cheese spread, candy, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Allura red AC – E129 Also known as

CI (1975) No.16035, CI Food Red 17, FD&C Red No.40

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

Function

Food colour

Products

Candy, hamburgers and other meat products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Alpha-Amylase

124

Also known as

alpha-Amylase and Glucoamylase from Aspergillus oryzae, alpha-Amylase from Aspergillus oryzae, alpha-Amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus, alpha-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis, Amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger, Carbohydrase from Bacillus lichen

Short description

Enzyme, for example used in production to prepare the ingredients

Sources

Natural enzyme, extracted from fungus

Function

Flour treatment agent

Products

Dairy products, cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Alpha- Tocopherol – E307

A

Also known as

Vitamin E, RRR-alpha-tocopherol

Short description

Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products. There are two different types of this additive, 307a and 307b

Sources

Natural extract of vegetable oils (especially derived from sunflower oil), also made synthetically

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Oils and fats, frying oil, cheese, pastry, soup

F

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

G

B C D E

H Aluminium – E173

I

Also known as

CI (1975) No. 77000, CI pigment metal

Short description

Silver-grey colour powder. There are five types of this additive; (i) up to (v)

K

Sources

Natural metal, a low concentration is found in grains and vegetables

L

Function

Food colour

M

Products

Pastry decorations, candy, pasteurized protein

N

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

O

J

P Aluminium ammonium sulphate – E523 Also known as

Ammonium alum, aluminium, ammonium disulphate

Short description

Colourless substance with a sweet taste, for example used as acid source in baking powder. Also used to prevent colour loss

Sources

Synthetic substance, extracted from aluminium sulphate (E520)

Function

Acidity regulator and stabilizer

Products

Baking powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Q R S T U V W X Y Z

125

Aluminium potassium sulphate – E522 Also known as

Burnt alum (anhydrous), potassium alum, potash alum

Short description

Colourless or white crystals, for example used to regulate the sourness of food

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of aluminium sulphate (E520)

Function

Acidity regulator and raising agent

Products

Baking powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Aluminium silicate – E559 Also known as

Kaolin, light or heavy

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources

Natural substance, extracted from white clay

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Flavours and colours

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Aluminium sodium sulphate – E521

126

Also known as

Sodium Alum, soda Alum

Short description

Colourless substance, for example used to improve the structure of vegetables and fruits during processing

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of aluminium sulphate (E520)

Function

Acidity regulator and raising agent

Products

Cheese, candy

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Aluminium sulphate – E520 Also known as

Alum, cake alum, patent alum

Short description

White powder, for example used to improve the structure of vegetables and fruits during processing

Sources

Natural substance, derived from the mineral alunogerite or from clay

Function

Acidity regulator and raising agent

Products

Pickled vegetables, beer, herbal vinegar

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

F G H I J K L M

Amaranth – E123 Also known as

CI (1975) No. 16185, CI Food Red 9, Naphtol Rot S

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

Function

Food colour

Products

Fruit brandy, soft drinks, lemonade, red gelatine, yoghurt drinks, milkshake, custard (all imported from outside the EU)

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N O P Q R S T

Ammonia solution – E527 Also known as

Ammonium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, strong ammonia solution

Short description

Clear liquid, for example used to control the pH value of a product and for the production of caramel

Sources

Synthetic liquid, made of ammonia and water

Function

Acidity regulator

X

Products

Egg and cacao products

Y

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Z

U V W

127

Ammonium alginate – E403 Also known as

Alginic acid ammonium salt

Short description

White to yellowish brown substance, serving many functions

Sources

Ammonium salt of alginic acid (E400)

Function

Emulsifier, thickener

Products

Soft drinks, food colours, icings

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Ammonium carbonates – E503 Also known as

Ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate

Short description

White powder, for example used to rise the product and to neutralize sour ingredients. There are two different types of this additive, 503(i) and 503(ii)

Sources

Synthetically produced from ammonium sulphate and calcium carbonate (both natural minerals)

Function

Acidity regulator and raising agent

Products

Cookies, pretzels, chocolates, candy, baking powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Ammonium chloride

128

Also known as

Ammonium muriate, sal ammoniac

Short description

White powder, for example used in baking goods to stabilize the mixture

Sources

Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt. Synthetically produced from hydrochloric acid (a synthetic acid) and ammonia

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Salmiac pastiles, doughnuts, low salt crackers and biscuits

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E

Ammonium phosphate Also known as

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate

Short description

White powder, has many uses

Sources

Natural salt, present in our body. Commercially produced from phosphoric acid (E338)

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer

Products

Baking powder, pastry filling, candy, breakfast cereals, soup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

F G H I J K L

Ammonium polyphosphate Also known as

Ammoniumpolymetaphosphate, ammoniummetaphosphate, ammoniumhexametaphosphate

Short description

White powder, for example used as food source for yeast

Sources

Synthetic substance, made by heating ammonium hydrogen phosphate (E342)

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer

Products

Frozen poultry, meat products, cheese spread

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

M N O P Q R S T

Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid – E442 Also known as

Ammonium phosphatides, emulsifier YN

Short description

Substance, only used in chocolate production

Sources

Mixture of the ammonium compounds of phosphatidic acids derived from edible fat (usually rapeseed oil)

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer

Products

Chocolate

Suitability

E442 is generally produced with rapeseed oil. However, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) cannot be completed excluded

U V W X Y Z

129

Ammonium sulphate – E517 Also known as

Sulphuric acid diammonium salt, mascagnite

Short description

White crystals, for example used to make bread dough stronger and stable so that the texture doesn’t change

Sources

Natural substance, extracted from mascagniet. Now made synthetically from ammonium salt and sulphuric acid (E513)

Function

Stabilizer

Products

Bread cream, baking goods, baking powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Annatto, bixin, norbixin – E160b

Also known as

Annatto B, CI (1975) 75120 (Natural Orange 4), Orlean, L. Orange, Terre orellana, annatto F, CI (1975) 75120 (Natural Orange 4), Orlean, L. Orange, Terre orellana

Short description

Red-brown colour liquid. There are three different types of this additive; 160b(i), 160b(ii) and 160b(iii)

Sources

Natural pigment, derived from the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana). Annatto is the mixture, bixin is the fat-soluble colour and norbixin is the water-soluble colour

Function

Food colour

Products

Margarine, cooking oil, salad dressing, cheese, ice cream, mayonnaise, chocolate cake, salads, pretzels

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Anthocyanins – E163

130

Also known as

Enociania, eno

Short description

Red to blue colour powder. There are nine different types of this additive, a, b, c, d, e, f, (i), (ii) and (iii)

Sources

Natural pigment, derived from many different plants

Function

Food colour

Products

Berry juice, pudding, custard, soft drinks, lemonade, milkshake, ice cream, yoghurt drinks, candy, ketchup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians, except Jews because the juice can come from grapes

A

Arabic gum – E414 Also known as

Acacia gum, gum Arabic

Short description

Yellow-white substance, for example used against crystals forming in sugar

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, produced from the Axacia tree (Acacia senegal)

Function

Thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer

Products

Chewing gum, confectionery, jelly, fondants

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H

Argon – E938

I

Also known as

Ar, atomic number 18

Short description

Colourless gas, for example used to keep the product well preserved in packaging

Sources

Natural inert gas

Function

Propellent gas

Products

Canned products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

J K L M N O

Ascorbic acid – E300

P

Also known as

Vitamin C (however, it cannot be added as a vitamin supplement when labelled E300)

Short description

White to slightly yellow, odourless crystalline powder, for example used to prevent discolouration of fruit and meat after cutting

Sources

Natural acid, which occurs naturally in most fruits and vegetables. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation of glucose

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Milk powder, buttermilk, meatloaf, lemonade, wheat flour, beer, apple juice, grape juice, meats, jam, candy, canned mushrooms, soup, egg products

Suitability

Q R S T U V W

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

X Y Z

131

Aspartame – E951 Also known as

APM, aspartyl phenylalanine methyl ester

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of asparaginic acid and phenylalanine (both natural amino acids). Also made of genetically modified bacteria

Function

Sweetener

Products

Lemonade, soft drinks, yoghurt drinks, chewing gum, sweeteners, coffee creamer, instant pudding powder, chocolates, candy

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Aspartame-acesulfame salt – E962 Also known as

Salt of Aspartame-acesulfame, twinsweet

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Synthetic salt, made of aspartame and acesulfame

Function

Sweetener

Products

Jam, canned fruit, aromatized alcoholic beverages

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Azodicarbonamide – E927b

132

Also known as

ADA, azoformamide, carbamide, carbonyldiamide, aquadrate

Short description

Yellow powder, for example used to optimize the dough of baked goods

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of ammonia and carbon dioxide (a gas)

Function

Flour treatment agent, raising agent

Products

White bread, wine

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Azorubine – E122

A

Also known as

Carmoisine, CI Food Red 3, CI (1975) No. 14720

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

C

Function

Food colour

D

Products

Fruit brandy, soft drinks, lemonade, strawberry quark, ice cream, cake, pastries, yoghurt drinks, milkshake, custard, jam, candy, marzipan

E

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B

F G H

Bees wax – E901 Also known as

Bees wax, white or yellow

Short description

Wax, for example used to make a product shine on the outside.

Also used for citrus fruit to prevent the affect of fungus and against drying out. There are two different types of this additive, 901(i) and 901(ii)

K

Sources

Natural wax, produced by bees. The white wax is bleached by sunlight or hydrogen peroxide

L

Function

Glazing agent

M

Products

Coffee, citrus fruit, candy, lemonade, ice cream, chewing gum, baked goods, cheese, honey

N

Suitability

Can be used by all religions and vegetarians. Some vegans won’t want to eat this additive because it is made by bees

I J

O P Q

Beet red – E162 Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Natural pigment, derived from the roots of red beet

Function

Food colour

Products

Strawberry pudding, soft drinks, lemonade, jam, ketchup, candy, liquor, pastry filling

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

R S T U V W X Y Z

133

Bentonite – E558 Also known as

Bentoniteicum, aluminium silicate

Short description

Cream-white powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and to make a solution clear

Sources

Natural substance, derived from volcanic clay

Function

Anti-caking agent and emulsifier

Products

Cacao butter, fruit juice, fruit wine

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Benzoic acid – E210 Also known as

Benzenecarboxylic acid, dracylic acid, phenylcarboxylic acid

Short description

Acid, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast in food products

Sources

Natural substance, present in many fruits. In addition to fruits, benzoates occur naturally in mushrooms, cinnamon, cloves and some dairy products (as a result of bacterial fermentation). For commercial purposes, it is prepared chemically from toluene

Function

Preservative

Products

Sambal, ice cream, lemonade, mustard, vegetables in jars, jam, mayonnaise, margarine, egg yolk products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Benzoylperoxide

134

Also known as

Benzoylsuperoxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, lucidol, oxy-5

Short description

Colourless substance, for example used to optimize the flour in baked goods and to bleach flour or oil

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of benzoylchloride (an organic compound) and sodium peroxide (a synthetic compound made when sodium is burned with oxygen)

Function

Flour treatment agent

Products

White bread, white cheese (such as gorgonzola)

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Benzyl alcohol

F

Also known as

Benzenemethanol, alpha-hydroxytoluene, phenylcarbinol, phenylmethyl alcohol

G

Short description

Liquid, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in a product

H

Sources

Natural substance, present in yasmin-, hyacinth- and ylang-ylang oil. Mostly synthetically produced

Function

Flavour agent

Products

Lemonade, soft drinks, ice cream, soup, pudding powder, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

I J K L M

Beta-Apo-8’-carotenal – E160e

N

Also known as

CI Food Orange 6, CI (1975) No. 40820, beta carotene

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Natural pigment, derived from plants or made of beta-carotene

Function

Food colour

Products

Soft drinks, ice cream, candy, baked goods, pudding, soup, cheese

R

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

S

O P Q

T Beta-Cyclodextrin – E459

U

Also known as

BCD, cyclodextrin B, beta-cyclodextrin, beta-schardinger dextrin

Short description

White substance, for example used to stabilize unstable compounds in a product

Sources

Synthetic compound, produced from starch

Function

Stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier

Products

Sugar-free candy, frozen meals, snacks, sport drinks

Y

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Z

V W X

135

Bleached starch Also known as

Partially oxidized starch, starch E

Short description

White substance, for example used to make a product thicker and to make the texture stronger

Sources

Synthetic substance, made by bleaching starch (also indicated as modified starch)

Function

Thickener

Products

Salad dressing, custard, fruit yoghurt, pudding powder, ice cream

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Bone phosphate Also known as

Edible bone phosphate

Short description

Cream-white powder, for example used to clear syrups and to prevent ingredients clumping together

Sources

Substance made from the residue of animal bones, this method is approved by authorities

Function

Anti-caking agent and emulsifier

Products

Cane sugar syrup

Suitability

Because of the animal origin of this additive, vegans and vegetarians won’t eat these products. Muslims, Jews and Hindus also can’t eat this additive because of its animal origin

Brilliant black PN – E151

136

Also known as

Black PN, CI Food Black 1, CI (1975) No. 28440

Short description

Black colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

Function

Food colour

Products

Custard, soft drinks, candy, liquor

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Brilliant blue FCF – E133

F

Also known as

CI Food Blue 2, CI (1975) No. 42900, FD&C Blue No.1

Short description

Blue colour powder

Sources

Synthetic pigment

H

Function

Food colour

I

Products

Ice cream and a few other food products

J

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

K

G

L

Brown FK – E154 Also known as

CI Food Brown 1

M

Short description

Brown colour powder

N

Sources

Synthetic pigment, mixture of azo dyes

O

Function

Food colour

Products

Fish products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R

Brown HT – E155

S

Also known as

Chocolate brown HT, CI (1975) No. 20285, CI Food Brown 3

Short description

Brown colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

Function

Food colour

Products

Pasties, chocolate, cake, candy, toffees

W

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

X

T U V

Y Z

137

Butane, isobutane – E943 a,b Also known as

n-Butane, 2-methyl propane; methyl propane

Short description

Gas, for example used to make the product come out of the packaging, such as aerosols. Also used to freeze products

Sources

Natural inert gas

Function

Propellent gas

Products

Aerosols

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Butylated hydroxyanisole – E320 Also known as

BHA, antracine 12, sustane 1-F, tenox BHA, embanox, nepantiox 1-F

Short description

White or slightly yellow substance, for example used to prevent rancidity in fats and fatty products

Sources

Synthetic antioxidant

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Biscuits, cake mix, pretzels, chips, cookies, oil, salad oil, chewing gum, instant soup, pudding powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Butylated hydroxytoluene – E321

138

Also known as

BHT, vianol, DBMP, impruvol, antracine 8

Short description

White substance, for example used to prevent rancidity in fats and fatty products

Sources

Synthetic antioxidant

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Cake mix, chewing gum, pretzels, instant sauce and soup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Soy-lecithin can cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to soybeans or eggs

A

Calcium 5’-guanylate – E629 Also known as

Calcium guanylate

Short description

Substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626) and calcium salt

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Bouillon cube, sprinkle flavour

Suitability

Can be used by all religions. Cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because the origin can come from sardines

B C D E F G H I

Calcium 5’-inosinate – E633 Also known as

Calcium inosinate

J

Short description

Substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product. Can also be used in salt reduced products

K

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of inosinic acid (E630) and calcium salt

L

Function

Flavour enhancer

M

Products

Soup, bouillon cubes, sausages, corned beef, hot dogs, hamburger, ham

N

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians as it is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

O

Suitability

P Q

Calcium 5’-ribonucleotides – E634

R

Also known as

Calcium ribonucleotides

Short description

White substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626), inosinic acid (E630) and calcium salt

U

Function

Flavour enhancer

V

Products

Loempia, soup, bouillon cubes, sprinkle flavour, prepared minced meat, sausages, hamburger, corned beef, hot dogs, ham, low salt meat products

W

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because it is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

S T

X Y Z

139

Calcium acetate – E263 Also known as

Brown acetate of lime, grey acetate of lime

Short description

White substance, for example used against the growth of micro-organisms in bread

Sources

Synthetic salt, made of acetic acid (E260) and calcium

Function

Preservative

Products

Bread, instant pudding powder, cake mix

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium alginate – E404 Also known as

Alginic acid calcium salt

Short description

White to yellowish brown substance, for example used to prevent crystals forming in frozen products

Sources

Calcium salt of alginic acid (E400)

Function

Emulsifier, thickener

Products

Ice cream, frozen bakery products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium aluminium silicate – E556

140

Also known as

Aluminium calcium silicate, calcium aluminosilicate, calcium silicoaluminate, sodium calcium silicoaluminate

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together

Sources

Natural substance, derived from natural minerals

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Noodles, powdered sugar, instant coffee, salt, milk powder, dried egg yolk, rice

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C

Calcium ascorbate – E302 Also known as

Calcium L-ascorbate

D

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used to prevent discolouration of fruit and meat

E

Sources

Natural calcium salt of ascorbic acid

F

Function

Antioxidant

G

Products

Soup, egg products, ready-to-eat meat products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

H I J

Calcium benzoate – E213 Also known as

Benzenecarboxylic acid calcium salt, dracylic acid calcium salt, phenylcarboxylic acid calcium salt

K

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast, bacteria and some fungi in food products

L

Sources

Synthetic salt made of benzoic acid and calcium

Function

Preservative

Products

Brandy, sauces, margarine, cheese, steak tartare, chips, ketchup, sambal, mayonnaise, ice cream, marmalade, cake mix

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

M N O P Q

Calcium carbonate – E170

R

Also known as

Chalk

Short description

White colour powder

Sources

Natural mineral

Function

Anti-caking agents, stabilizer

U

Products

Ice cream, candy, salt, flavours and fragrances, soya milk

V

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

W

S T

X Y Z

141

Calcium chloride – E509 Also known as

Calcium chloride anhydrous

Short description

Powder, for example used to optimize the structure of vegetables and fruit

Sources

Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Apple cake mix, cheese, chocolate, candy, tomatoes, kidney beans, cream, milk powder, quark, instant pudding powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium citrates – E333 Also known as

Monocalcium citrate, dicalcium citrate, tricalcium citrate

Short description

White powder, for example used to improve the structure of canned vegetables. There are three different types of this additive: 333(i), 333(ii), 333(iii)

Sources

Calcium salt of citric acid (E330)

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Few products, due to limited solubility

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium di-L-glutamate – E623

142

Also known as

Calcium glutamate

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product. Can be used in salt reduced products

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of glutamic acid (E620)

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Sprinkle flavour, soup, minced meat, meat

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate – E385 Also known as

Calcium disodium edetate, calcium disodium EDTA

Short description

White powder, for example used to optimize the structure of a product

Sources

Synthetic compound, calcium/sodium salt of EDTA

Function

Stabilizer, sequestrant (metal binder)

Products

Mayonnaise, cauliflower, kidney beans, lentils or beans in jars, liquor, peanut butter, canned shrimps, canned crab

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E F G H

Calcium ferrocyanide – E538 Also known as

Hexacyanoferrate of calcium, yellow prussiate of lime

I

Short description

Yellow substance, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

J

Sources

Synthetically made of calcium hydroxide (E526)

K

Function

Anti-caking agent

L

Products

Dietary salt

Suitability

Can be used by all religions and vegetarians

M N O

Calcium gluconate – E578 Also known as

Calciumdigluconate, calcium-di-D-gluconate monohydrate, calciofon

P

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and to improve the structure of a product during processing

Q

Short description

R

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of gluconic acid (E574) and calcium carbonate

S

Function

Anti-caking agent

T

Products

Cheese, pudding powder, sugar replacers, chocolate, candy, chocolate cake, dried apples, canned tomatoes

U

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

V W X Y Z

143

Calcium hydrogen sulphite – E227 Also known as

Calcium bisulphite solution

Short description

Green-yellow liquid, for example used as a preservative in beer production

Sources

Synthetic calcium salt of sulphurous acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Beer

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium hydroxide – E526 Also known as

Slaked lime

Short description

White powder, for example used to control the pH value in a product. Also used to improve the structure of vegetables and fruit during processing

Sources

Synthetic substance, extracted from calciumoxide

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Cheese, cacao products, wine, sweet frozen products, dried fish, chips

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium lactate – E327

144

Also known as

Calcium dilactate

Short description

White to cream coloured powder, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeasts

Sources

Calcium salt of lactic acid (E270)

Function

Preservative

Products

Whipped cream, cheese spread, ice cream, soup, industrial baking powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and so suitable for people with a milk allergy or lactose intolerance

A B C D E Calcium lignosulfonate (40-65)

F

Also known as

Lignosulfonic acid, calcium salt (40-65)

Short description

Brown powder, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in a product

Sources

Natural substance, extracted from the sulphite pulping of softwood

I

Function

Flavour solvent

J

Products

Fruit drinks, vitamin drinks

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

G H

K L M

Calcium malate – E352 Also known as

Calcium hydrogen malate, calcium malate

N

Short description

White powder, for example used to thicken and give strength to the product. Also used to prevent colour reduction

O

Sources

Calcium salt of malic acid (E296)

P

Function

Thickener

Q

Products

Fried products, ice cream, marmalade

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

R S T

Calcium oxide – E529 Also known as

Lime

U

Short description

Grey-white powder, for example used to clear the juice in sugar production and to stabilize ingredients in bakery goods. Also used as a food source of yeast

V

Sources

Synthetic powder, extracted from limestone or chalk

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Cacao, ice cream mix, chocolate, sour cream, waffles

Y

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Z

W X

145

Calcium phosphate – E341 Also known as

Monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent clumps forming in powders

Sources

Natural salt, present in our body. Commercially produced from phosphoric acid (E338)

Function

Acidity regulator, anti-caking agent, sequestrant (metal binder)

Products

Bakery products, baking powder, pastry filling, candy, breakfast cereals, soup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium polyphosphate Also known as

Calciumpolymetaphophate, calciummetaphosphate, calciumhexametaphosphate

Short description

Colourless powder, for example used to prevent demixing in melted cheese

Sources

Synthetic substance, made by heating calciumphosphate

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer

Products

Cheese spread, cheese without crust

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium propionate – E282

146

Also known as

Calcium propanoate, calcium-mycoban

Short description

White substance, for example used against fungus

Sources

Natural calcium salt, derived from propionic acid (E280)

Function

Preservative

Products

Rye bread, baked goods with chocolate, frozen pizza

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C Calcium silicate – E552

D

Also known as

Micro-cell, silene, sil-ka

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and to improve shine, such as candy

Sources

Natural substance, derived from chalk and special sand

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Salt, baking powder, chewing gum, candy, glace of sugar, instant sauce and soup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

E F G H I J

Calcium sorbate – E203

K

Also known as

Calcium salt of sorbic acid

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast in a food product

M

Sources

Natural salt, present in the fruit of mountain ash trees.

Commercially made by a synthetic process

N

Function

Preservative

O

Products

Rye bread, fruit yoghurt, concentrated fruit juice, frozen pizza, jam, meat and fish salads, meatballs, dairy products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

L

P Q R

Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate – E482 Also known as

Calcium stearoyl lactylate, calcium stearoyl lactate

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used to optimize the baking process in bread

Sources

Synthetic mixture of calcium, stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid) and lactic acid (E270)

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Bread, cream, candy, potato flakes

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

S T U V W X Y Z

147

Calcium sulphate – E516 Also known as

Gipsum, annaline, alabaster, sleniet, terra alba, satin spar

Short description

Yellow-white powder, for example used to optimize the function of gelling agents and the structure of vegetables and fruit during processing. Also used to make bread dough stable

Sources

Synthetically produced from calcium salts and sulphuric acid (E513). Natural mineral

Function

Stabilizer

Products

Danish blue cheese, gorgonzola, beer, tomatoes, pepper, potatoes

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium sulphite – E226 Also known as

Calcium salt of sulphurous acid

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria, fungi and some yeast in food products

Sources

Synthetic calcium salt of sulphurous acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Cider, fruit juice, granulated sugar

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium peroxide

148

Also known as

Calcium superoxide

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used to bleach flour and optimize flour in baked goods

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of calcium

Function

Flour treatment agent

Products

White bread, pastry

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Calcium tartarate – E354

A

Also known as

DL-calcium tartarate

Short description

White powder, for example used in seaweed to mask the odour of fish

Sources

Calcium salt of tartaric acid (E334)

Function

Acidity regulator, preservative

Products

Fish and fruit preserves, seaweed products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G

Candilla wax – E902

H

Also known as

Candilla cera, euphorbia wax

Short description

Brown-yellow wax, for example used to make a product shine on the outside

Sources

Natural wax, made of plants

Function

Glazing agent

Products

Coffee, candy, chewing gum, fruit

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

I J K L M N

Canthaxanthin – E161g

O

Also known as

CI Food Orange 8, CI (1975) No. 40850

Short description

Orange colour powder

Sources

Natural pigment, present in many plants and birds. Commercially prepared from catharelles (mushroom) or flamingo feathers.

However, it is mainly produced synthetically from carotene

Function

Food colour

S

Products

Imported egg yolk (from outside EU), salmon, canned shrimp

T

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R

U V W X Y Z

149

Caramel – E150 (a,b,c,d)

Also known as

Sugar couleur, burnt sugar, alkaline caramel, Class I caramel, alkali-sulphite caramel, Class II caramel, ammonia caramel, Class III caramel, sulphite-ammonia caramel, Class IV caramel

Short description

Brown colour powder, there are four different types of this additive, 150a, 150b, 150c and 150d

Sources

Natural pigment, made by heating sugar. There are four different methods to make this colour, so there are four subadditives (a, b, c and d)

Function

Food colour

Products

Beer, liqueur, whisky, cognac, vinegar, pudding, bouillon, soft drinks, ice cream, cookies, candy, toffee, ketjap, peanut sauce

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Carbon dioxide – E290 Also known as

Dry ice

Short description

Colourless gas, for example used in carbonated drinks for the sparkling effect

Sources

Natural gas, part of air

Function

Preservative

Products

Carbonated soft drinks, sparkling alcoholic drinks, spray whipped cream, freeze dried vegetables, pre-packed foods

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Carmine and carmine acid – E120

150

Also known as

CI (1975) No. 75470, CI Natural Red 4, Cochineal carmine

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Natural pigment, derived from the coccus insect (Dactylopius coccus)

Function

Food colour

Products

Fruit dessert, strawberry sauce, soft drinks, lemonade, yoghurt drinks, milkshake, lipstick, eye shadow

Suitability

NOT for all religions, vegans and vegetarians because this additive comes from insects.

Carnauba wax – E903

A

Also known as

Brazil wax

Short description

Green wax, for example used to make a product shine on the outside

Sources

Natural wax, made from palm leaves of the Canauba palm or related trees

Function

Glazing agent

Products

Citrus fruit, coffee, baked goods, chewing gum, chocolate

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H

Carob bean gum – E410 Also known as

Locust bean gum, visco gum

I

Short description

Yellow-white powder, for example used to make gels or to make products thicker

J

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, extracted from the seeds of the Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua)

Function

Stabilizer, emulsifier, thickener

Products

Frozen desserts, cultured dairy products, cream cheese, sauces, chocolate spread

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

K L M N O

Carotenes – E160a

P

Also known as

CI Food Orange 5, CI (1975) No. 40800, carotenes-natural, CI (1975) No. 75130, CI (1975) No. 40800 (beta-Carotene), Natural beta-carotene

Short description

Yellow-orange colour powder. There are two different types of this additive 160a(i) and 160a(ii)

Sources

Natural (160a(ii)) and synthetic (160a(i)) pigment, derived from plants and carrots

Function

Food colour

U

Products

Cheese, margarine, soup, mayonnaise, pudding, custard, soft drinks, candy

V

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

W

Q R S T

X Y Z

151

Carrageenan – E407 Also known as

Eucheuman, furcellaran or Danish agar, hypnean, iridophycan, Irish moss gelos

Short description

Yellow-white powder, for example used to form gels or make the product thicker. There are three different types of this additive, the most common one is 407a, processed Eucheuma seaweed

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, produced by seaweeds

Function

Thickener, stabilizer

Products

Ice cream, flavoured milk, bakery products, salad dressings, cheese

Suitability

Can be used by all religions and vegetarians

Cassia gum – E427 Short description

Pale yellow-white powder, for example used to make products thicker

Sources

Natural substance, extracted from the seeds of the Cassia plants

Function

Thickener, emulsifier

Products

Cheese, frozen dairy desserts, meat and poultry products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Castor oil

152

Also known as

Ricinus oil

Short description

Light-yellow oil, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in the product

Sources

Natural oil, extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus tree (castor bean)

Function

Flavour solvent

Products

Sugar candy

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Cellulose – E460

A

Also known as

Microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose gel, powdered cellulose

Short description

White powder, with many uses

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, present in plants and wood.

Commercially prepared from wood

Function

Thickener, anti-caking agent, emulsifier

Products

Frozen pudding, canned whipped cream, chocolate, candy, chewing gum, meats, bread, ice cream

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H

Chlorine Also known as

Chloor, chlor, chlore, cholo, monocular chlorine

I

Short description

Yellow-green gas, for example used to bleach flour and optimize flour in baked goods

J

Sources

Natural gas obtained from salt

K

Function

Flour treatment agent

L

Products

Cake flour, walnuts, mushrooms, white bread

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

M N O

Chlorophyll – E140 Also known as

CI Natural Green 3, CI (1975) No. 75810, magnesium phaeophytin, magnesium chlorophyll

P

Short description

Green colour powder

Q

Sources

Natural pigment, present in all plants and algae.

Commercially extracted from nettle, grass and alfalfa

R

Function

Food colour

Products

Feta cheese, mayonnaise with herbs, concentrated green vegetables, soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, fruit yoghurt

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

S T U V W X Y Z

153

Cholic acid Also known as

Cholate, choleate

Short description

Colourless substance, for example used to combine ingredients in a product that normally wouldn’t mix

Sources

Natural substance, present in the bile of vertebrate animals.

Also made synthetically

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Protein powder

Suitability

Cannot be used by all vegans, vegetarians and religions, because of its origin (chicken egg)

Citric acid – E330 Also known as

Citric acid monohydrate, citric acid anhydrous, B-hydroxytricarballic acid

Short description

White or colourless powder, for example used to decrease enzymatic browning of fruit and fruit products

Sources

Natural acid, found in citrus fruits, kiwi, strawberries and many other fruits. It is commercially prepared by fermentation of molasses with the mould Aspergillus niger

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Meat, jam, marmalade, canned vegetables and fruit, soft drinks, lemonade, margarine, mayonnaise, salad dressing, mustard, cheesecake, beer, wine, cider, ice cream, candy

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Copper complexes of chlorophyll – E141

154

Also known as

CI (1975) No. 75810, CI Natural Green 3, Copper chlorophyll, Copper phaeophytin

Short description

Green colour powder

Sources

Synthetic pigment, extracted from the green colour agent chlorophyll (E140, made of plants and algea)

Function

Food colour

Products

Custard, pudding, soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, wine gums

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose – E468

A

Also known as

Crosscarmellose sodium, cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium CMC, cross-linked cellulose gum, cross-linked CMC

B

Short description

White to greyish-white powder

C

Sources

Synthetic salt, made of sodium and carboxymethyl cellulose (E466, a synthetic substance of cellulose)

Function

Stabilizer and thickener

Products

Cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals, pre-cooked pasta and noodles, baked goods

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

D E F G H

Cupric sulphate

I

Also known as

Copper sulphate, blue stone

Short description

Blue powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria and to add colour to a product

Sources

Natural substance, extracted from sulphuric acid (E513)

Function

Preservative and colour agent

Products

Meat, cereals, vegetables, grapes, melons, berries

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

J K L M N O

Curcumin – E100

P

Also known as

Kurkum, turmeric yellow

Short description

Yellow-orange colour powder

Sources

Food colour

Function

Preservative

S

Products

Curry powder, curcuma, salad dressing, mayonnaise

T

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

U

Q R

V W X Y Z

155

Curdlan Also known as

beta-1,3-Glucan

Short description

White powder, for example used to make products thicker and stable

Sources

Natural substance, produced by bacteria

Function

Thickener, stabilizer, firming agent, gelling agent

Products

Cheese, fat spread, canned vegetables and fruit, breakfast cereals, chocolate products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Cyclamates – E952 Also known as

Cyclohexylsulfamic acid, sodium cyclamate, calcium cyclamate

Short description

White substance, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value and to make the taste of fruit stronger. There are three different types of this additive, 952(i), 952(ii) and 952(iii)

Sources

Synthetic salt of cyclamic acid (a sweet/sour acid)

Function

Sweetener

Products

Canned fruit and fruit cocktail, baked goods, jam, pudding

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Cyclotetraglucose

156

Also known as

Cycloalternanotetraose, cyclotetraose, cycloalternan, cyclic nigerosyl-(1→6)-nigerose

Short description

White powder, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in a product

Sources

Natural substance, present in sake leeks. Synthetically produced from acetic acid

Function

Flavour solvent

Products

Bread, dairy products, fruit juice, canned soup, candy

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Delta-Tocopherol – E309

F

Also known as

Vitamin E, DL-delta-tocopherol

Short description

Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products

Sources

Natural extract of vegetable oils (especially derived from soybean oil), also made synthetically

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Oils and fats, particularly olive oil, soup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

G H I J K L

Dextrin

M

Also known as

British gum, white or yellow dextrin, roasted starch

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used to make a product thicker and to let the outside of a product shine

Sources

Natural substance, made by heating starch (also indicated as modified starch)

Function

Thickener

Products

Custard, beer, liquor, candy, chewing gum, low energy products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N O P Q R S T

Dicalcium pyrophosphate Also known as

Calcium pyrophosphate

Short description

White powder, for example used in dough to make the texture stable and bread or baking goods rise

V

Sources

Synthetic salts of phosphoric acid (E338)

W

Function

Emulsifier, acidity regulator and raising agent

X

Products

Cookies, cheesecake, cheese without crust, frozen bread, pretzels

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

U

Y Z

157

Dilauryl thiodipropionate Also known as

DLTDP, didodecyl ester, thiodipropionic acid dilauryl ester

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent rancidity

Sources

Synthetic compound

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Fats and oils

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Dimethyl dicarbonate – E242 Also known as

Dimethyl pyrocarbonate, DMDC

Short description

Colourless liquid, for example used to prevent spoiling

Sources

Synthetic liquid

Function

Preservative

Products

Soft drinks

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

158

Also known as

Docusate sodium, DSS

Short description

Waxy substance, for example it prevents a product from drying out, used to make a firm structure

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of octane (a hydrocarbon), malic acid (E296) and sodium

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Sweetener tablets, bouillon cubes, instant cacao powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Diphenyl – E230

A

Also known as

Diphenyl, 1,1-Biphenyl, bibenzene, phenyl benzene

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used against fungi (mostly used on citrus fruit)

Sources

Synthetic substance, derived from heating benzene

Function

Preservative

Products

Oranges, lemons, grapefruit, fruit in syrup, jam of citrus fruit

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G

Dipotassium 5’-guanylate – E628 Also known as

Potassium guanylate, potassium 5’-guanylate

Short description

Colourless substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626) and potassium salt

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Sprinkle flavour, soup, meat, bouillon cubes

Suitability

Can be used by all religions. Cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because the origin can come from sardines

H I J K L M N O

Dipotassium 5’-inosinate – E632 Also known as

Potassium inosinate, potassium 5’-inosinate

Short description

White substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of inosinic acid (E630) and potassium salt

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Soup, meat, bouillon cubes

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because it is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

159

Disodium 5’-guanylate – E627 Also known as

GMP, sodium guanylate, sodium 5’-guanylate, G-nucleotide

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of guanylic acid (E626) and sodium salt

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Sprinkle flavour, bouillon cubes, soup, corned beef, hamburger, sausages, hot dogs

Suitability

Can be used by all religions. Cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because the origin can come from sardines

Disodium 5’-inosinate – E631 Also known as

IMP, sodium 5’-inosinate, sodium inosinate, I-nucleotide

Short description

White substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of inosinic acid (E630) and sodium salt

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Soup, sprinkle flavour, bouillon cubes, sausages, hamburger, ham, corned beef, chips

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because it is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides – E635

160

Also known as

Sodium ribonucleotides, sodium 5’-ribonucleotides

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources

Synthetic mixture of inosinic acid (E630) and guanylic acid (E626)

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Sprinkle flavour, bouillon cubes, soup, meat, canned corned beef, hot dogs, hamburger

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because it is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate Also known as

Disodium EDTA, disodium edetate

Short description

White powder, for example used to optimize the structure of a product

Sources

Synthetic compound

Function

Stabilizer, sequestrant (metal binder)

Products

Mayonnaise, cauliflower, kidney beans, lentils or beans in jars, liquor, peanut butter, canned shrimps, canned crab

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E F G H

Di-starch phosphates – E1412 Also known as

Starch I

Short description

Substance, for example used to make a product thicker

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch and phosphoroxychloride (a synthetic liquid, made of phophor and chloride)

Function

Thickener

Products

Frozen pastry and cake, mayonnaise, ice cream, pudding

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

I J K L M N O

Dodecyl gallate – E312 Also known as

Lauryl gallate, gallic acid dodecyl ester, gallic acid lauryl ester

Short description

White or creamy-white solid, for example used to prevent rancidity

Q

Sources

Synthetically made of lauryl (an alcohol) and gallic acid

R

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Oils and fats, milk powder, soup, biscuit, margarine

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. However, there is the possibility that the lauric acid used for lauryl alcohol is obtained from animal fat, although the main source is vegetable fat. Use of animal (incl. pork) fat cannot be ruled out

P

S T U V W X Y Z

161

Erythorbic acid – E315 Also known as

Iso-ascorbic acid

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used to prevent change of colour

Sources

Synthetic variant of vitamin C

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Sliced meat, beverages, baked goods

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Erythrosine – E127 Also known as

CI (1975) No. 45430, CI Food Red 14, FD&C Red No. 3

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Synthetic dye

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Cocktail cherries, custard, chewing gum, candy, glacé-biscuits, strawberry sauce (all imported from outside the EU)

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Esters of glycerol – E472

162

Also known as

Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol, acetylated monoand diglycerides, acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides, acetoglycerides, citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol, citroglycerides, CITREM, citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides

Short description

Waxy substance, for example used to improve the volume and texture of a product (such as bread). There are seven different types of this additive, 472a to 472g

Sources

Compound of synthetic fats, extracted from glycerol and natural fat

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Pudding powder, pastry, cake mix, bread, cookies, chocolate milk, frozen pizza, soup, margarine, coffee creamer

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Ethyl cellulose – E462

A

Also known as

Ethocel

Short description

White-grey powder, for example used to equally distribute the colour over the whole product and to prevent ingredients clumping together

C

Sources

Synthetically made of wood-pulp or cotton

D

Function

Thickener, stabilizer

E

Products

Aromatic substances

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B

F G H

Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8’-carotenoic acid – E160f Also known as

CI (1975) No. 40825, CI Food Orange 7

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Natural pigment, derived from plants or made synthetically of beta-apo-8’-carotenal (E160e)

Function

Food colour

Products

Soft drinks, ice cream, candy, baked goods, pudding, soup, processed cheese

M

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N

I J K L

O

Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Also known as

Bermocoll EBS 481 FQ, cellulose ethyl hydroxyethyl ether, ethyl 2-hydroxyethyl ether cellulose, etulos, bermocoll E 511 FQ

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used to make the product thicker and stable

Sources

Synthetic substance, extracted from cellulose

Function

Preservative and colour agena Emulsifier, stabilizer and thickener

Products

Cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals, pre-cooked pasta and noodles, baked goods

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

163

Ethyl lauroyl arginate Also known as

Lauric acid ester

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria

Sources

Synthetic salt

Function

Preservative

Products

Cheese, dried fruit, fruit filling for pastries, chewing gum, egg products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Ethyl maltol Also known as

3-Hydroxy-2-ethyl-4-pyrone; 2-Ethyl pyromeconic acid

Short description

White substance with a sweet taste and the smell of candyfloss, for example used to give taste to a product and make the taste of a product stronger

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of maltol

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Chocolate, candy, pastry, pudding powder, fruit sauces

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans because the origin can be milk. Although this additive can be made of the milk sugar lactose it doesn’t contain any lactose, so people who are lactose intolerant can use it

Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E214

164

Also known as

Ethylparaben, ripagin A, solbrol A

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast and fungi in food products

Sources

Synthetic substance

Function

Preservative

Products

Candied fruit, pasty filling, dessert sauce, fruit candy, fruit juice

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, Ascorbyl palmitate, Ascorbyl stearate – E304

A

Also known as

Ascorbyl palmitate, Ascorbyl stearate

B

Short description

White or yellowish-white solid, with a citrus-like odour. There are two different types of this additive, 304i (Ascorbyl palmitate) an 304ii (Ascorbyl stearate)

C

Sources

Syntethically made of a combination of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, E300) and palmitic acid (a fatty acid) or stearic acid (a fatty acid)

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Oils and fats, margarine, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. However, it is possible the palmitic acid is obtained from animal fat (incl. pork)

D E F G H I

Ferric ammonium citrate

J

Also known as

Ammonium iron citrate, ammonium ferric citrate, iron ammonium citrate

Short description

Brown or green salt, for example used to enrich the amount of iron in a product and to prevent salt from caking together. There are two different types of this additive, 381(i) which has a brown colour and 381(ii) which has a green colour

Sources

Mixture of ammonium, iron and citric acid (E330)

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Bread flour, salt

O

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P

K L M N

Q

Ferro carbonate Also known as

Ferro (II) carbonate, ferrous carbonate

R

Short description

Powder, for example used to enrich products with iron

S

Sources

Natural mineral, present in natural mineral water

T

Function

Acidity regulator

U

Products

Fruit lemonade, dietary products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

V W X Y Z

165

Ferrohexacyano manganate – E537 Also known as

Ferrous hexacyanomanganate

Short description

Powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of iron hydroxide

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Salmiac salt, licorice

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Ferrous gluconate – E579 Also known as

Iron(II)gluconate, fergon, ferlucon, iromon, irox

Short description

Yellow-grey powder, for example used to enrich the product with iron and to add colour

Sources

Synthetic salt, made of gluconic acid (E574) and iron

Function

Colour agent

Products

Olives

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Ferrous lactate – E585

166

Also known as

Ironlactate, iron(II)lactate

Short description

Green-white powder, for example used to enrich food products with iron

Sources

Synthetic substance, derived from lactic acid (E270)

Function

Nutrient

Products

Baby nutrition

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Fumaric acid – E297

F

Also known as

Allomaleic acid, boletic acid

Short description

Acid with many functions

Sources

Natural acid, present in many fruits and vegetables. Commercially made by fermentation of sugar by fungi or synthetically

Function

Acid, antioxidant and stabilizer

Products

Baking powder, pudding powder, candy, marmalade

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

G H I J K L

Gamma-Tocopherol – E308

M

Also known as

Vitamin E, DL-gamma-tocopherol

Short description

Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products

Sources

Natural extract of vegetable oils, also made synthetically

O

Function

Antioxidant

P

Products

Oils and fats, particularly olive oil

Q

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

R

N

S

Gellan gum – E418 Also known as

Amylopektine

T

Short description

White powder, for example used to make products thicker and stable

U

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, produced by bacteria

V

Function

Thickener, stabilizer

W

Products

Milk products, sauces, fruit juice

X

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Y Z

167

Gluconic acid – E574 Also known as

D-gluconic acid, dextron acid, maltn acid, glycon acid, glyconene acid

Short description

Substance, for example used to prevent lemonade turning brown because of the reaction with oxygen

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of glucose by fungi

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Fruit lemonade, pudding powder, fruit juice

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Glucono delta-lactone – E575 Also known as

GDL, glucono-delta-lactone, delta-gluconolactone, gluconolactone

Short description

White powder, for example used in the production of beer and to speed up the ripening of dried sausages

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of glucose by bacteria

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Pudding powder, canned corned beef, ham, hot dog, milk, beer, cake mix, baking powder, canned vegetables and fruit

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Glucose oxidase and catalase from Aspergillus Niger

168

Also known as

Aero-glucose dehydrogenase, glucose aerodehydrogenase, glucose oxyhydrase, notatin

Short description

White-brown substance, for example used to prevent spoilage due to oxidation

Sources

Natural enzyme, extracted from fungus

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Milk, cheese, eggs, salad, canned vegetables

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C

Glycerol – E422 Also known as

Glycerin, trihydroxypropane, IFP

Short description

Clear syrupy liquid, for example used to make products sweeter

Sources

Natural substance, compound of fat. This additive is commercially produced either synthetically from propene (organic compound), or by bacterial fermentation of sugars; it is not produced from fat

F

Function

Sweetener, humectant

G

Products

Baking and confectionery products

H

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

I

D E

J

Glycerol diacetate – E1517 Also known as

Diacetin

Short description

Clear oily liquid, for example used to dissolve flavouring agents in a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of acetic acid (E260) and glycerol (a type of alcohol)

Function

Flavour solvent

Products

Ice cream, chewing gum, candy, marshmallows, cola, chocolate, wine, beer

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

K L M N O P Q R

Glycerol ester of wood rosin – E445

S

Short description

Yellow to pale amber solid, for example used to mix the ingredients of a product. There are three different types of this additive: glycerol ester of gum rosin (445(i)), glycerol ester of tall oil rosin (445(ii)), glycerol ester of wood rosin (445(iii))

Sources

Synthetic mixture of glycerol and wood resin

U

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer

V

Products

Energy drinks, sport drinks, water based drink

W

Suitability

Can be used by all religions and vegetarians

T

X Y Z

169

Glycines – E640 Also known as

Glycine, sodium glycinate

Short description

Sweet substance, for example used to increase the taste intensity and sweetness of a product

Sources

Mainly produced from gelatin, partly synthetic

Function

Bread enhancer

Products

Bakery products

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because it is made from animal bones. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

Gold – E175 Also known as

CI 77480

Short description

Gold-yellow colour powder

Sources

Natural metal, derived from pulverized gold ore

Function

Food colour

Products

Pastry decoration

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Green S – E142

170

Also known as

CI Food Green 4, CI (1975) No. 44090, Food Green S

Short description

Green colour powder

Sources

Synthetic pigment

Function

Food colour

Products

Custard, pudding, cake mix, instant sauces, soft drinks, lemonade, candy, ice cream, milkshake, fruit yoghurt

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Guaiac gum

A

Also known as

Guaiacum, guaiac resin

Short description

Brown powder, for example used against rancidity

Sources

Natural resin of the tree Guajacum officinale and some related tropical trees

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Cola

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G

5’-Guanylic Acid – E626

H

Also known as

GMP, guanylic acid

Short description

White powder. Guanylic acid and guanylates do not have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby reducing the amount of salt needed in a product

Sources

Natural substance, present in all living organisms. Mostly synthetically derived from sardines and yeast-extract

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Meat, canned fish

Suitability

Can be used by all religions. Cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because the origin can come from sardines

I J K L M N O Guar gum – E412

P

Also known as

Gum cyamopsis, guar flour, Jaguar, cyamopsiggum, Mazaca

Short description

White to yellowish-white powder, for example used to make gels or make products thicker

R

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, produced from the guar shrub (plant) found in Pakistan and India

S

Function

Thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer

T

Products

Processed meat, dressings, sauces, instant soup

U

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

V

Q

W X Y Z

171

Helium – E939 Also known as

He, atomic number 2

Short description

Colourless gas, for example used to keep the product well preserved in packaging

Sources

Natural inert gas

Function

Propellent gas

Products

Food transported in containers with pressure

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Hexamethylene tetramine – E239 Also known as

Hexamine, methenamine

Short description

White powder, for example used against fungi

Sources

Synthetic acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Caviar, pickled herring, canned fish

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Hydrochloric acid – E507

172

Also known as

Muriatic acid

Short description

Clear liquid, for example used to control the pH value of a product

Sources

Synthetically produced from rock salt and sulphuric acid (E513).

Natural acid, present in gastric juice

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Cheese spread, beer

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E

Hydrogen – E949 Also known as

Protium

F

Short description

Gas, for example used to maintain the shelf life of a product

G

Sources

Natural gas

H

Function

Propellent gas

Products

Gas packed food products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

I J K

Hydrogenated poly-1-decene – E907 Also known as

Hydrogenated poly-alpha-olefin

Short description

Colourless substance, for example used to prevent cheese becoming dry and the formation of foam in a product. Also used to make a product shine on the outside

Sources

Synthetic mixture of hydrocarbons (an organic compound of hydrogen and carbon)

Function

Glazing agent, preservative and anti-foaming agent

Products

Crust of cheese, chewing gum, candy

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

L M N O P Q R S

Hydroxypropyl cellulose – E463

T

Also known as

Cellulose hydroxypropyl ether, modified cellulose, klucel, cellulose HPC

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the product thicker and to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix

V

Sources

Synthetic substance, extracted from cellulose (of wood) by high temperature

W

Function

Emulsifier, thickener and stabilizer

X

Products

Sugar glazes, canned whipped cream, frozen desserts

Y

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Z

U

173

Hydroxypropyl-di-starchphosphate – E1442 Also known as

Starch R

Short description

Substance, for example used to make a product thicker and to make the texture stronger

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch with propylene oxide (an organic compound) and phosphoric acid (E338)

Function

Thickener, stabilizer, binding agent and gelling agent

Products

Frozen pudding, ice cream

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose – E464 Also known as

Hypromellose

Short description

White powder, for example used as filler and to prevent ingredients clumping together

Sources

Synthetic substance, extracted from cellulose (of wood) or chemically modified

Function

Gelling agent, stabilizer and thickener

Products

Instant pudding powder, instant mousse, frozen ice cream, waffles

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Hydroxypropylstarch – E1440

174

Also known as

Starch K

Short description

Substance, for example used to improve the texture

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch and propylene oxide (an organic compound)

Function

Emulsifier, thickener and binding agent

Products

Coffee creamer, caramel chocolates, dried plums, kidney beans, almonds, nuts

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Indigotine – E132

A Also known as

CI Food Blue 1, CI (1975) No. 73015, FD&C Blue No. 2, Indigo Carmine

Short description

Blue colour powder

Sources

Natural pigment, derived form the shrub Indigofera tinctoria.

However commercially it is produced synthetically

Function

Food colour

Products

Custard, ice cream, mustard, soft drinks, lemonade, candy

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H

5’-Inosinic acid – E630 Also known as

IMP, inosinic acid

Short description

Colourless or white powder. Inosinic acid and inosinates do not have the specific umami taste but strongly enhance many other flavours, thereby reducing the amount of salt or other flavour enhancers needed in a product

Sources

Natural substance, present in all living organisms. Synthetic process by extraction from meat or fish (sardines). May also be produced by bacterial fermentation of sugars

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Soup, spiced minced meat, meat

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because it is made from meat or fish. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

I J K L M N O P Q

Insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone – E1202

R

Also known as

Cross linked polyvidone, crosspovidone, cross linked homopolymer of 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidone, insoluble cross linked homopolymer of N-vinyl-1-pyrrolidone,polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, insoluble PVP

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent discolouration and colour loss

U

Sources

Synthetic substance, a polymer (a chain of identical molecules)

V

Function

Stabilizer and colour agent

W

Products

Dairy products, cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

S T

X Y Z

175

Invertase from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae – E1103 Also known as

Invertin, saccharase, sucrase

Short description

White powder, for example used in bakery goods to optimize the texture

Sources

Natural enzyme, extracted from fungus

Function

Stabilizer

Products

Baked goods, chocolate

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Iron oxides – E172

Also known as

CI (1975) No. 77499, I (1975) No. 77492, CI pigment black 11, CI (1975) No. 77491, CI pigment yellow 42 and 43, CI pigment red 101 and 102, Iron oxide black, Iron oxide red, Iron oxide yellow

Short description

Black, brown-red and yellow colour powder. There are three different types of this additive; 172(i) (black), 172(ii) (brown-red), 172(iii) (yellow)

Sources

Natural minerals, but commercially made of iron powder

Function

Food colour

Products

Candy, salmon pasta, cake mix, ready-to-eat desserts, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Isomalt – E953

176

Also known as

Hydrogenated isomaltulose

Short description

Substance, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of saccharose

Function

Sweetener

Products

Candy, jam

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Isopropyl citrate mixture

A

Also known as

Isopropyl citrates

Short description

Colourless syrup, for example used in fatty products to prevent rancidity

Sources

Mixture of the alcohol propanol and citric acid (E330)

Function

Antioxidant and preservative

Products

Fat spreads, vegetable oil and fat

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G

Karaya gum – E416

H

Also known as

Gum sterculia, gum karaya, karaya, katilo, kadaya, kullo, kuterra, sterculia

Short description

Yellow-brown substance, for example used to prevent crystals forming in ice

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, obtained from the tree Sterculia urens found in India, as well as some related trees

Function

Thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer

Products

Salad dressing, soup, sauces, snacks, cheese spreads, bakery products, desserts, egg-based liqueurs

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

I J K L M N O

Konjac flour – E425

P

Also known as

Konjac gum, konjac glucomannane, konnyaku, conjac, yam flour

Short description

White powder, for example used to make products thicker

Sources

Natural substance, extracted from the tubers of the Amorphophallus

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener, gelling agent

Products

Desserts, confectionery

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Q R S T U V W X Y Z

177

Lactic acid – E270 Also known as

DL-Lactic acid; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, lactovagan, racemic lactic acid, tonsilosan

Short description

White liquid, for example used against the growth of yeast and fungi

Sources

Natural acid, produced by bacteria in fermented products like sour milk

Function

Preservative and acid

Products

Spicy tomato sauce, carbonated drinks, beer, sangria, buttermilk, margarine, mayonnaise, candy, fish, bread, pastry, fried snacks

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. It doesn’t contain milk or lactose, so people with a milk allergy or lactose intolerance can use this additive as well

Lactitol – E966 Also known as

Lactobiosit, lactit, lactositol

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Synthetic substance, produced by milk sugar derived from whey (milk)

Function

Sweetener

Products

Sugar free candy, chewing gum, chocolates, hard baked goods like cookies

Suitability

Can be used by all religions and vegetarians. Cannot be used by vegans, because the origin is milk. Although this additive can be made of milk, it doesn’t contain the milk sugar lactose, so people who are lactose intolerant can use this additive

L-Cysteine – E920 Also known as

Cysteine, L- and its hydrochlorides – sodium and potassium salts

Short description

Substance, for example used in bread to optimize the dough

Sources

Synthetic substance, derived from proteins

Function

Flour treatment agent

Products

Beverages without gas, wholewheat bread, wholewheat cookies

Suitability

178

This additive cannot be used by vegans and vegetarians because it is made from animal sources. The origin of the meat isn’t always clear, so Muslims, Jews and Hindus can’t use this additive unless the origin is known

L-Cystine – E921

A

Also known as

Cystine, L-and its hydrochlorides sodium and potassium salts

Short description

White powder, for example used to optimize the flour of baked goods

Sources

Synthetic substance, derived from proteins

Function

Flour treatment agent

Products

Bread, cream

Suitability

The use of animal products cannot be excluded completely, so this additive can’t be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H

Lecithin – E322 Also known as

Phospholipids, phosphatides

I

Short description

Waxy substance, for example used to make chocolate softer

J

Sources

Natural compound found in all living organisms. Commercially derived from egg yolk and soy beans

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Cookies, biscuits, coffee creamer, margarine, desserts

Suitability

The lecithin is not only derived from soy beans but also from chicken eggs. The origin of this compound should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

K L M N O

L-Glutamic acid – E620

P

Also known as

Glutamic acid

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product so less salt is needed

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of carbohydrates or vegetable proteins

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Soup, spiced minced meat, meat

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Q R S T U V W X Y Z

179

Lipase from animal Also known as

Lipase, triglycerin lipase, tributyrase

Short description

White powder, for example used in the fermentation of cheese and yoghurt products. This additive has many functions

Sources

Natural enzyme, extracted from fungi and animals (forestomach and pancreatic)

Function

Stabilizer

Products

Cheese, yoghurt

Suitability

The use of animal products can’t be excluded completely, so this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Lithol Rubine BK – E180

Also known as

Brilliant carmine 6B, carmine 6B, CI pigment red 57, CI (1975) No. 15850, FD&C red No. 7, litholrubintoner BKL, permanent rubin L6B, rubinpigment

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

Function

Food colour

Products

Cheese

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Lutein – E161b

180

Also known as

Bo-Xan (lutein), vegetable luteol, vegetable lutein, xanthophylls

Short description

Yellow colour powder

Sources

Natural pigment, present in many plants. Commercially prepared from grass, nettles or Tagetes species

Function

Food colour

Products

Soup, liquor

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Lycopene – E160d

A

Also known as

y-caroteen, lycopine

Short description

Dark red colour. There are three different types of this additive; 160d(i), 160d(ii) and 160d(iii)

Sources

Natural pigment, present in many yellow and red plants and fruits. Commercially isolated from tomatoes

Function

Food colour

Products

Cheese, salad dressing, custard

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H

Lysozyme hydrochloride – E1105 Also known as

Lysozyme, muramidase, N-acetyl muramidase, globulin G1, delvozyme

I

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent decay of the product

J

Sources

Natural substance, present in body fluids like tears and blood.

Mostly made of chicken eggs or produced by bacteria

K

Function

Preservative

L

Products

Baby nutrition

M

Suitability

Cannot be used by vegans, because it is made from animal sources. Vegetarians and all religions can use this additive

N O

Magnesium carbonates – E504

P

Also known as

Magnesium hydroxide carbonate, hydrated basic magnesium carbonate, magnesium subcarbonate (light or heavy), magnesium carbonate hydroxide

Short description

Substance, for example used against colour loss or to extract water from the product

Sources

Synthetically produced from magnesium hydroxide or derived from magnetite, lansfordiet, limestone or dolomite (all natural substances). Also occurs as a natural mineral

T

Function

Acidity regulator and anti-caking agent

U

Products

Salt, chewing gum, sour cream, butter, ice cream, raw cacao

V

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

W

Q R S

X Y Z

181

Magnesium chloride – E511 Also known as

Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, magnogene

Short description

Powder, for example used to make vegetables and fruit stronger during processing and to prevent colour loss

Sources

Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Peas in jar, carrots with peas in jar

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Magnesium di-L-glutamate – E625 Also known as

Magnesium glutamate

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product. Can also be used in salt reduced products

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of glutamic acid (E620)

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Low salt meat products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Magnesium gluconate

182

Also known as

d-Gluconic acid magnesium salt

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources

Synthetic salt, made of magnesium and gluconic acid (E574)

Function

Flavour enhancer and acidity regulator

Products

Cheese, fat spread, canned vegetables and fruit, breakfast cereals

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Magnesium hydroxide – E528 Also known as

Marinco H, hydro-magma

Short description

Powder, for example used to control the PH value of a product and to prevent colour loss

Sources

Natural substance, derived from minerals. Also made synthetically

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Cheese, canned vegetables, cacao products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E F G H

Magnesium L-lactate Also known as

L-Lactic acid magnesium salt

I

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria, fungi and yeasts

J

Sources

Magnesium salt of lactic acid (E270)

K

Function

Preservative

L

Products

Cheese, dried vegetables, canned vegetables, baked goods, egg based desserts

M

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and so suitable for people with a milk allergy or lactose intolerance

N O P

Magnesium oxide – E530 Also known as

Magnesia, magnesia usta, magcal, maglite

Q

Short description

White powder, for example used to control the pH value of the product and to prevent ingredients clumping together

R

Sources

Natural substance, derived from minerals. Also made synthetically

S

Function

Acidity regulator and anti-caking agent

Products

Cacao products, waffles, bakery products

U

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

V

T

W X Y Z

183

Magnesium phosphate – E343 Also known as

Monomagnesium phosphate, dimagnesium phosphate, trimagnesium phosphate

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources

Natural salt, present in our body. Commercially produced from phosphoric acid (E338)

Function

Anti-caking agent, emulsifier

Products

Bakery products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Magnesium silicate – E553 Also known as

Magnesium silicate (synthetic), magnesium trisilicate, talc

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together and to let a product shine, like candy.

There are three different types of this additive, 553a(i), 553a(ii) and 553b (or sometimes called 553(iii))

Sources

Natural and synthetic substance, made of magnesium sulphate and sodium silicate or directly from minerals such as talcum, sepiolite and steatite

Function

Anti-caking agent and glazing agent

Products

Vanilla powder, salt, herbal salt, candy, chewing gum, milk powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Magnesium sulphate

184

Also known as

Epsom salt (heptahydrate)

Short description

Powder, for example used to improve the texture of vegetables and fruit during processing. Also used to optimize the quality of beer

Sources

Natural substance, present in some minerals like limestone.

Mostly made synthetically from magnesium salts and sulphuric acid (E513)

Function

Stabilizer

Products

English beer, mineral water, mineral salt

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Malic acid – E296

A

Also known as

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, malate

Short description

Acid, for example used as a flavour compound and colour stabilizer in apple- and grape juice.

Sources

Natural acid, present in many fruits and vegetables.

Also made synthetically

Function

Acid, flavour and colour stabilizer

Products

Canned soup, (sugarless) soft drinks, canned tomatoes, apple juice, grape juice, candy, chips, frozen vegetables, spaghetti sauce

F

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

G

B C D E

H Maltitol – E965

I

Also known as

Hydrogenated maltose, D-maltitol

Short description

White powder or colourless liquid, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value.

Also used as a stabilizer and to prevent a product from drying out

K

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of the carbohydrate maltose or corn starch-glucose solution

L

Function

Sweetener

M

Products

Chocolate, candy, chewing gum, sugar free products

N

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

J

O P

Maltol Also known as

Larixin acid, platone, veltol, corps praline

Q

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity and sweetness of a product without increasing the sugar level

R

Sources

In general, commercially extracted from the bark of lark trees or roasted malt. Also made synthetically by heating the sugars lactose and maltose

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Lemonade, ice cream, candy, baked goods, bread, chewing gum, pudding powder

Suitability

This additive cannot be used by vegans because the origin can be milk. Although this additive can be made of the milk sugar lactose it doesn’t contain lactose, so people who are lactose intolerant can use it

S T U V W X Y Z

185

Mannitol – E421 Also known as

D-Mannitol, mannite, manicol, mannidex, diosmol, osmitrol, osmosal

Short description

White powder, for example used to optimize the structure of products and to prevent drying

Sources

Natural substance, present in many plants like conifers, seaweed and mushrooms. Commercially produced from glucose

Function

Anti-caking agent, sweetener, bulking agent

Products

Chewing gum, baking and confectionery products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Metatartaric acid – E353 Short description

Acid, for example used against the growth of yeasts in fruit juice

Sources

Acid, present in sugar cane and produced from glucose

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Wine, fruit juice

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Methyl cellulose – E461

186

Also known as

Cellulose methyl ether, cologel, cellumethe, hydrolose, nicel, tylose, cethytine, methocel, cellothyl, syncelose, bagolax

Short description

For example used to replace natural vegetable gums.

Often used in dietary products

Sources

Synthetically made of cellulose or wood-pulp

Function

Thickener, emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Mayonnaise, cocktail sauce, ice cream, canned hot dogs, instant pudding powder, potato products, dietary products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Methyl ethyl cellulose – E465 Also known as

MEC, ethylmethylcellulose

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used as a filler or to prevent ingredients clumping together

Sources

Synthetic substance, extracted from cellulose (of wood) or chemically modified

Function

Emulsifier, thickener

Products

Fruit glaze mix, fruit cake mix, mayonnaise

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E F G H

Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E218 Also known as

Methyl p-oxybenzoate, methylparaben

I

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of fungi, yeast and some bacteria in food products

J

Sources

Synthetic substance

K

Function

Preservative

L

Products

Beer, pastry filling, pickles in sour, canned fish

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

M N O

Microcrystalline wax – E905 Also known as

Mineral oil, petroleum jelly, vasiline, microcrystalline wax, petroleum wax

Short description

Colourless oil, for example used to make a product shine on the outside and to prevent foam forming in a product. There are three different types of this additive, 905a, 905b and 905c

Sources

Oily mixture of hydrocarbons (an organic compound of hydrogen and carbon)

S

Function

Glazing agent

T

Products

Pre-packed meat, dried protein, raisins, dried plums, citrus fruit, candy, chewing gum, cookies

U

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R

V W X Y Z

187

Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – E471

Also known as

Glyceryl monopalmitate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl monooleate, Dimodan, GMS (for glyceryl monostearate), monoolein, monostearin, monopalmitin

Short description

White waxy substance, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to make a firm mixture

Sources

Synthetic fat, extracted from glycerol and natural fatty acids

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Instant cacao, chocolate drinks, apple cake, ice cream, biscuits, toast, baguettes, pretzels

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Monoammonium L-glutamate – E624 Also known as

Ammonium glutamate

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product. Can also be used in salt reduced products

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of glutamic acid (E620)

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Sprinkle flavour, soup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Monopotassium L-glutamate – E622

188

Also known as

MPG, potassium glutamate

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product. Can also be used in salt reduced products

Sources

Synthetically made of vegetable protein or carbohydrates

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Sprinkle flavour, soup, minced meat, meat

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Monosodium L-glutamate – E621

F

Also known as

MSG, sodium glutamate, ve-tsin, chinese salt, glutacyl, glutavene

Short description

White powder, for example used to increase the taste intensity of a product

Sources

Natural substance, present in seaweed. Often made synthetically from vegetable protein or carbohydrates

I

Function

Flavour enhancer

J

Products

Sausages, hamburgers, meatballs, bouillon powder, soup, ketchup, peanut sauce

K

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

L

G H

M Mono-starch phosphate – E1410 Also known as

Phosphate starch, starch P, F starch

Short description

Substance, for example used to improve the texture

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch by treating it with phosphoric acid (E338)

Function

Thickener and stabilizer

Products

Instant pudding, meat sauces, cream soups, ice cream, mayonnaise, mustard

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N O P Q R S T U

Montan acid esters – E912 Also known as

Montan wax, lignite wax, OP wax

V

Short description

Clear wax, for example used to make the outside of fruit shine and to extend the shelf life of fruit

W

Sources

Natural substance, extracted from brown coal

X

Function

Glazing agent and preservative

Y

Products

Citrus fruit

Z

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

189

Natamycin – E235 Also known as

Pimiricin, antibiotic A 5283, tennecetin, myprocin, pimafucin, mycophyl

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of fungi

Sources

Natural substance, produced by bacteria

Function

Preservative and antibiotic

Products

Cheese crust, meat, residue on apples, pears and citrus fruit

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Neohesperidine DC – E959 Also known as

Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone

Short description

Substance, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Synthetic substance, made from the residue of citrus fruit

Function

Sweetener

Products

Candy, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Neotame – E961

190

Also known as

Nutrasweet

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of aspartame

Function

Sweetener and flavour enhancer

Products

Chewing gum, aromatized alcoholic beverages

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Nisin – E234

F

Also known as

Nisin preparation

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria

Sources

Natural antibiotic, produced by bacteria

Function

Preservative and antibiotic

I

Products

Quark, cheese, cream

J

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

K

G H

L

Nitrogen – E941

M

Also known as

N, atomic number 7 Gas, for example used to make the product come out of the packaging, such as aerosols. Also used to optimize flour in baked goods

N

Short description

Sources

Natural inert gas

P

Function

Propellent gas

Products

Chips, soup, pre-packed meat and vegetables

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

O

Q R S

Nitrous oxide – E942

T

Also known as

Dinitrogen oxide, dinitrogen monoxide

U

Short description

Gas, for example used to make the product come out of the packaging, such as aerosols. Also used to freeze products

V

Sources

Natural inert gas

W

Function

Propellent gas and flour treatment agent

X

Products

Whipped cream, chocolate cream

Y

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Z

191

Octenyl succinic acid modified gum Arabic

Also known as

Gum Arabic hydrogen octenylbutandioate, gum Arabic hydrogen octenylsuccinate, OSA modified gum Arabic, OSA modified gum acacia

Short description

Off-white powder, for example used to help mix some ingredients in the product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of Arabic gum (E414)

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Fruit juices, fruit flavoured drinks, carbonated juice, energy drinks, salad dressings, sauces, icing, bread

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Octyl gallate – E311 Also known as

Gallic acid octyl ester, n-Octyl gallate

Short description

White or creamy-white solid, for example used to prevent rancidity

Sources

Synthetically made of octanol (an alcohol) and gallic acid (produced by plants)

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Oils and fats, margarine, dressings

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

o-Phenyl phenol

192

Also known as

Orthoxenol, dowicide 1

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used against fungus on citrus fruit, apples and pears

Sources

Synthetic substance

Function

Preservative

Products

Oranges, mandarins, grapefruit, lemons, pears, apples, jam made of these fruits

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Oxidised starch – E1404

A

Short description

Substance, for example used to make a product thicker and to combine ingredients so the product is stronger

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch

Function

Thickener and binding agent

Products

Custard, margarine, ice cream, mayonnaise, compote, melted cheese, cheese spread, jam, marshmallows

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G

Oxidized polyethylene wax – E914 Also known as

Ethene, homopolymer

Short description

Substance, for example used to make fruit shine on the outside and to extend the shelf life of fruit

Sources

Synthetic polymer, extracted from poly-ethylene (a hydrocarbon) and oxygen

Function

Glazing agent, humectant

Products

Citrus fruit, pineapple, melon

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

H I J K L M N

Oxygen – E948

O

Also known as

O, atomic number 8

Short description

Gas, for example used to prevent decay in pre-packed vegetables

Sources

Natural gas

Function

Preservative

Products

Pre-packed vegetables

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

193

Paprika extact – E160c Also known as

Capsanthin, capsorubin, oleoresin paprika

Short description

Dark red colour powder

Sources

Natural pigment, derived from bell pepper

Function

Food colour

Products

Herbal essences, soft drinks, ice cream, candy, meat products, egg yolk

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Patent blue V – E131 Also known as

CI Food Blue 5, CI (1975) No. 42051, Patent Blue 5

Short description

Blue-violette colour powder

Sources

Synthetic pigment

Function

Food colour

Products

Custard, pudding, fruit cocktail in syrup, soft drinks, lemonade, soft fruit candy, liqueur, milkshake, yoghurt drinks

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Pectins – E440

194

Also known as

Pectin (440a(i)), sodium pectate (440a(ii)), potassium pectate (440a(iii)), ammonium pectate (440a (iv)), amidated pectin (440b)

Short description

White, yellowish, light greyish or light brownish powder with many functions. There are five different types of this additive, 440a (pectin, split in i, ii, iii and iv) and 440b (amidated pectin)

Sources

Natural carbohydrate (polysaccharide) present in nearly all fruits, especially apples, quinces and oranges. It is commercially produced from apple pulp and orange peels.

Function

Thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer, gelling agent

Products

Marmalades, fruit jellies and sauces, and many other different products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Phosphatylated di-starch phosphate – E1413 Also known as

Starch N

Short description

Substance, for example used to make a product thicker and to make the texture stronger

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch

Function

Thickener and stabilizer

Products

Frozen soup and ragout, pastry fillings

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E F G

Phosphoric acid – E338

H

Also known as

Orthophosphoric acid

Short description

Clear liquid, for example used to peel fruit without a knife

Sources

Natural acid present in many fruits and vegetables.

Commercially produced from phosphate mined in the US

Function

Acidity regulator, chelating agent

Products

Cola, cheese and meat products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

I J K L M N

Polydextroses – E1200

O

Also known as

Modified polydextroses

Short description

Grey powder, for example used to make a product thicker.

Also used to freeze products like meat and prevent products from drying out

Sources

Synthetic substance, made by heating dextrose (glucose) in the presence of sorbitol and citric acid (E330)

Function

Thickener

Products

Chewing gum, frozen pudding, baked goods, candy, peanut butter, lemonade

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

195

Polydimethylsiloxane – E900 Also known as

Dimethicone, dimethylsilicone fluid, dimethylsilicone oil, dimethylpolysiloxane, poly(dimethylsiloxane)

Short description

Clear liquid, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and the formation of foam

Sources

Synthetic mixture, made of silica gel or silicium dioxide

Function

Anti-foaming agent

Products

Cooking oil, lemonade, fruit juice, jam, marmalade, soup, meat bouillon

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Polyethylene glycols – E1521 Also known as

Macrogol, PEG

Short description

White powder, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of ethylene oxide (a synthetic gas)

Function

Flavour solvent

Products

Chewing gum, water based drinks, sport drinks, energy drinks

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids – E475

196

Also known as

Glycerin fatty acid esters, polyglycerol fatty acid esters

Short description

Yellow-brown liquid, for example used against the formation of crystals in sugar during production of sugar rich products

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of polyglycerol (a type of alcohol) and natural fatty acids

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Sprinkle flavour, soup, minced meat, meat

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate – E432 Also known as

Polysorbate 20, tween 20

Short description

Lemon to amber coloured oily liquid

Sources

Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and lauric acid (a natural fatty acid).

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Ice cream, soft drinks

Suitability

This compound contains fatty acids, which are nearly always made from vegetable oils. However, the use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. The origin of these compounds should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E F G H I

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate – E433

J

Also known as

Polysorbate 80, tween 80

Short description

Lemon to amber coloured oily liquid, for example used o improve volume and texture in bakery products

Sources

Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and oleic acid (a fatty acid)

M

Function

Emulsifier

N

Products

Salt, chocolates, ice cream, desserts, bakery products, soft drinks

O

Suitability

This compound contains fatty acids, which are nearly always made from vegetable oils. However, the use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. The origin of these compounds should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

K L

P Q R

Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid – E476

S

Also known as

Glyceran esters of condensed castor oil fatty acid, polyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids from castor oil

T

Short description

Substance, for example used to make chocolate softer

U

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of castor oil and polyglycerol (a type of alcohol)

V

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Bread cream, chocolate cake, chocolate bread

X

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Y

W

Z

197

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate – E434 Also known as

Polysorbate 40, tween 40

Short description

Yellow-orange oily substance, for example used to help ingredients which don’t mix well (e.g. water and oil), mix and stay mixed

Sources

Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and palmitic acid (a natural fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Cake, cake mix

Suitability

This compound contains fatty acids, which are nearly always made from vegetable oils. However, the use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. The origin of these compounds should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate – E435 Also known as

Polysorbate 60, tween 60, Crillet 3

Short description

Yellow-orange oily substance, for example used to help ingredients which don’t mix well (e.g. water and oil), mix and stay mixed

Sources

Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Cake, cake mix, glaze, sugar coating for chocolates, frozen desserts, ice cream, salad dressing, instant soup, bouillon

Suitability

This compound contains fatty acids, which are nearly always made from vegetable oils. However, the use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. The origin of these compounds should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate – E436

198

Also known as

Polysorbate 65, tween 65

Short description

Tan coloured waxy substance, for example used against the creation of foam during the production of sugar

Sources

Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (E420) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifier, anti-foaming agent

Products

Cake, cake mix, mayonnaise in tubes, glace, frozen pudding, sorbet

Suitability

This compound contains fatty acids, which are nearly always made from vegetable oils. However, the use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. The origin of these compounds should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate Also known as

Polyoxyl (8) stearate

Short description

Cream-white soft waxy solid, for example used to mix and stabilize ingredients in fruit sauces

A B C

Sources

Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid)

D

Function

Emulsifier

E

Products

Sauces

F G

Suitability

This compound contains fatty acids, which are nearly always made from vegetable oils. However, the use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. The origin of these compounds should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

H I J

Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate – E431 Also known as

Polyoxyethylene (40) monostearate, polyoxyl (40) stearate

Short description

Cream coloured flakes or waxy solid

Sources

Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Bakery products, pudding

Suitability

This compound contains fatty acids, which are nearly always made from vegetable oils. However, the use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. The origin of these compounds should be checked to ensure suitability for all religions, vegans and vegetarians

K L M N O P Q R

Polyphosphates – E452

S Colourless-white substance, for example used to improve the structure of a product and prevent it drying out. There are five different types of this additive: 452(i) (sodium), 452(ii) (potassium), 452(iii) (sodium-calcium), 452(iv) (calcium) and 452(v) (ammonium)

U

Sources

Synthetic salt, made of sodium or potassium and phosphate

V

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer, sequestrant (metal binder)

W

Products

Cheese spread, pudding powder, frozen turkey

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Short description

T

X Y Z

199

Polyvinyl alcohol – E1203 Also known as

PVOH, vinyl alcohol polymer, PVA, or PVAl

Short description

White powder, for example used to make a product shine on the outside and to thicken

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of vinyl acetate (derived from a carbohydrate and acetic acid)

Function

Glazing agent and thickener

Products

Food supplements

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Polyvinylpyrrolidone – E1201 Also known as

Povidone, PVP

Short description

White-grey powder, for example used to clear a solution and to improve its structure

Sources

Synthetic substance, a polymer (a chain of identical molecules)

Function

Stabilizer, thickener

Products

Beer, chewing gum, vinegar

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Ponceau 4R – E124

200

Also known as

Brilliant Scarlet, CI (1975) No. 16255, CI Food Red 7, Cochineal Red A, New Coccine

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

Function

Food colour

Products

Fruit yoghurt-drinks, fruit in syrup, custard, pudding, jam, compote, liqueur, cheese, ice cream, candy, chips, crab salad

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Potassium acetate – E261

F

Short description

Acid, used against bacteria and loss of colour

Sources

Natural potassium salt of acetic acid, also synthetically made

Function

Preservative

Products

Cooked sausages, herbs and spices

I

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

J

G H

K Potassium adipate – E357

L

Also known as

Adipic acid potassium salt

Short description

White powder, for example used to regulate the pH of the product

M

Sources

Potassium salt of adipic acid

N

Function

Acid regulator

O

Products

Herbal salts

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R

Potassium alginate – E402 Also known as

Potassium polymannuronate, alginic acid potassium salt

S

Short description

White to yellowish brown substance, serving many functions

T

Sources

Potassium salt of alginic acid

U

Function

Emulsifier, thickener

Products

Low salt/sodium products, ice cream, cake mix, pudding powder, custard, chocolates, wine, meat

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

V W X Y Z

201

Potassium aluminium silicate – E555 Also known as

Mica, muscovite

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources

Natural substance, derived from natural minerals

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Noodles, powdered sugar, instant coffee, salt, milk powder, dried egg yolk, rice

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium and sodium di-phosphates – E450

Short description

White powder. There are five different types of this additive: di sodium di phosphate (450(i)), tri sodium di phosphate (450(ii)), tetra sodium pyrophosphate (450 (iii)), tetra potassium pyrophosphate (450(v)), Calcium di hydrogen di phosphate (450(vi))

Sources

Synthetic compounds, derived from minerals

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Bakery products, meat products, sauces, cheese products, desserts

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium benzoate – E212 Also known as

Benzenecarboxylic acid potassium salt, dracylic acid potassium salt, phenylcarboxylic acid potassium salt

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast and bacteria in food products

Sources

Synthetic salt made of benzoic acid and potassium

Function

Preservative

Products

Brandy, sauces, margarine, cheese, steak tartare, chips, ketchup, sambal, mayonnaise, ice cream, marmalade, cake mix

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

202

Potassium carbonates – E501

A

Also known as

Potassium hydrogen carbonate, perelas, potas, potassium bicarbonate

Short description

White powder, for example used to help the product rise and to optimize the structure of chocolate products so the different ingredients won’t separate. There are two different types of this additive, 501(i) and 501(ii)

D

Sources

Synthetically produced from potassium chloride

E

Function

Acidity regulator, raising agent

F

Products

Cacao, low salt products, chocolates, candy, wine

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C

G H I

Potassium chloride – E508 Also known as

Sylvite, sylvine

J

Short description

White powder, for example used to replace salt in salt reduced products

K

Sources

Natural salt, part of sea salt and rock salt

L

Function

Flavour enhancer

M

Products

Dietary salt, mineral salt, low salt soup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N O P

Potassium citrates – E332 Also known as

Monopotassium citrat, tripotassium citrate

Short description

White powder, for example used to maintain the pH value in a product. There are two different types of this additive, 332(i) and 332(ii)

Sources

Potassium salt of citric acid

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Low-sodium/sodium-free (salt-free) products, milk powder, coffee cream, cheese, wine, soft drinks

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Q R S T U V W X Y Z

203

Potassium ferrocyanide – E536 Also known as

Hexacyanoferrate of potassium, yellow prussiate of potash

Short description

Yellow substance, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources

Synthetically made of potassium hydoxide (E525)

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Wine, salt

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium gluconate – E577 Also known as

Potassium D-gluconate, kaon, katorin, potasoral

Short description

Yellow-white powder, for example used as a food source for yeast in baked goods

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of gluconic acid (E574) and potassium carbonate

Function

Sequestrant (metal binder), acidity regulator, stabilizer

Products

Pudding powder, custard

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium hydrogen sulphite – E228

204

Also known as

Potassium bisulphite, potassium acid sulphite

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast, fungi and bacteria in food products

Sources

Synthetic potassium salt of sulphurous acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Sweet-and-sour products, like pickles or onions

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium hydroxide – E525 Also known as

Caustic potash, potassium hydrate

Short description

White substance, for example used to peel fruit and to make green olives black. Also used to control the pH value in a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, extracted from potassium chloride

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Cacao products, tea extract

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E F G

Potassium iodate

H

Also known as

Iodic acid, potassium salt

Short description

White powder, for example used in bread to optimize the dough

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of potassium

Function

Flour treatment agent

K

Products

Bread, salt

L

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

M

I J

N Potassium lactate – E326 Also known as

Lactic acid potassium salt

Short description

Slightly viscous liquid, for example used to prevent the drying out of products and against the growth of yeasts and fungi

Sources

Potassium salt of lactic acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Cheese, confectionery, ice cream, fruit jellies, soups, canned fruits

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and so suitable for people with a milk allergy or lactose intolerance

O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

205

Potassium malate – E351 Also known as

Monopotassium malate, dipotassium malate

Short description

White powder, for example used to mask the aftertaste in a product. There are two different types of this additive, 351(i) and 351(ii)

Sources

Potassium salt of malic acid

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Ice cream, fried products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium metabisulphite – E224 Also known as

Potassium pyrosulphite

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria, fungi and some yeast in food products

Sources

Synthetic potassium salt of sulphurous acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Pickled onions, frozen shrimps and mussels

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium nitrate – E252

206

Also known as

Salpeter, nitre

Short description

Colourless powder, for example to prevent fading of natural colours and used as preservative

Sources

Natural mineral, also present in many vegetables

Function

Preservative

Products

Meats, sausages, canned and vacuum meat products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium nitrite – E249

A

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of bacteria in meat

Sources

Natural mineral, but also made synthetically

Function

Preservative

Products

Meat and fish products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F

Potassium phosphate – E340

G

Also known as

Monopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, tripotassium phosphate

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product. There are three different types of this additive, 340(i), 340(ii) and 340(iii)

Sources

Natural salt, present in our body. Synthetically made of phosphoric acid (E338)

K

Function

Acidity regulator, anti-caking agent, sequestrant (metal binder)

L

Products

Pudding powder, noodles, meats for a low salt diet, chocolate drink

M

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N

H I J

O

Potassium propionate – E283 Also known as

Potassium propanoate, potassium-mycoban

P

Short description

White substance, for example used against fungi

Q

Sources

Natural potassium salt, derived from propionic acid (E280)

R

Function

Preservative

S

Products

Baked goods with chocolate, rye bread, bread, pasty, cheese products, dietary products

T

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

U V W X Y Z

207

Potassium sodium tartrate – E337 Also known as

Rochelle salt, seignette salt

Short description

White powder, for example used to control the pH value of a product

Sources

Potassium-sodium salt of tartaric acid

Function

Acidity regulator, emulsifier, stabilizer

Products

Mainly meat and cheese products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium sorbate – E202 Also known as

Potassium salt of sorbic acid, BB-powder

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast in a food product

Sources

Natural salt, present in the fruit of mountain ash trees.

Commercially made by a synthetic process

Function

Preservative

Products

Sandwich spread, fish sauces, cake, mayonnaise, frozen pizza, cookies, low-sodium diet products, wine

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium sulphate – E515

208

Also known as

Sal polychrestrum

Short description

White powder, for example used to replace salt in salt reduced products

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of sulphuric acid (E513) and potassium salt

Function

Flavour enhancer

Products

Beer, dietary salt

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Potassium sulphite

A

Also known as

Potassium salt of sulphurous acid

Short description

White powder, for example used against discolouration

Sources

Synthetic potassium salt of sulphurous acid

Function

Preservative

D

Products

Beer

E

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

F

B C

G

Potassium tartrate – E336

H

Also known as

Monopotassium tartrate, tripotassium tartrate

Short description

White powder, for example used to control the pH value in food products

Sources

Potassium salt of tartaric acid

Function

Acidity regulator, emulsifier

Products

Baking powder, confectionery and baking products

L

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

M

I J K

N Propane – E944 Also known as

Dimethylmethane; propyl hydride

Short description

Gas, for example used to make the product come out of the packaging, such as aerosols. Also used to freeze products

Sources

Natural inert gas

Function

Propellent gas

Products

Aerosols

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

209

Propionic acid – E280 Also known as

Ethylformic acid, methylacetic acid, propanoic acid

Short description

Oily liquid, for example used against fungus

Sources

Natural acid, present in many foods. Also made synthetically

Function

Preservative

Products

Rye bread, sliced bread, pastry, canned sausages, milk products, pizza

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Propyl gallate – E310 Also known as

Propyl ester of gallic acid, progallin P, tenox PG

Short description

White or creamy-white solid, for example used to prevent rancidity

Sources

Synthetically made of propanol (an alcohol) and gallic acid

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Chewing gum, soup, biscuits, margarine, breakfast cereals, snacks

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Propylene glycol – E1520

210

Also known as

Propan-1,2-diol; propylene glycol, Methyl glycol, propanediol

Short description

Clear liquid, for example used to prevent products from drying out

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of propylene and carbonate

Function

Flavour solvent

Products

Margarine, candy, pastry, biscuits, oil

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Propylene glycol alginate – E405

A

Also known as

Hydroxypropyl alginate, propane 1,2-diol alginate

Short description

White to yellowish brown substance, serving many functions

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of algenic acid (E400)

Function

Thickener

D

Products

Ice cream, confectionery, dressings

E

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

F

B C

G

Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids – E477 Also known as

Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids

Short description

White-yellow substance, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of fatty acids and propanediol (a type of alcohol)

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Pudding powder, strawberry dessert, cake mix

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

H I J K L M N O

Proteases

P

Also known as

Protease, papain, bromelain, ficin

Short description

White powder, for example used to optimize the structure of bread dough

R

Sources

Natural enzyme, extracted from plants related to pineapples

S

Function

Stabilizer

T

Products

Cheese, dairy products, breakfast cereals, canned and dried vegetables, beer, meat

U

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

V

Q

W X Y Z

211

Pullulan – E1204 Short description

White powder, for example used to make a product shine on the outside and to thicken

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch by fungi

Function

Glazing agent

Products

Dairy products, cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Quillaia extract – E999 Also known as

Bois de Panama, Panama bark extract, quillai extract, quillaja extract, quillay bark extract, soapbark extract

Short description

Brown substance, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value.

Also used as foaming agent. There are two different types of this additive, 999(i) and 999(ii)

Sources

Natural substance, extracted from the bask of the soap bark (Quillaia saponaria)

Function

Foaming agent

Products

Soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, candy

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Quinoline yellow – E104

212

Also known as

CI Food Yellow 13, CI (1975) No. 47005

Short description

Yellow colour powder

Sources

Synthetic pigment

Function

Food colour

Products

Soft drink, lemonade, milkshake, ice cream, vermicelli

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Red 2G

A

Also known as

Azogeranine, CI Food Red 10, CI (1975) No. 18050

Short description

Red colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

Function

Food colour

D

Products

Candy, hamburgers, cooked meat products

E

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

F

B C

G

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) – E101 Also known as

Lactoflavin, vitamin B2

H

Short description

Yellow colour powder

I

Sources

Natural pigment, present in products such as milk, egg, vegetable and liver. Commercially prepared from yeasts.

Also manufactured synthetically

Function

Food colour

Products

Breakfast cereals, processed cheese, jam, soft drinks, lemonade

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

J K L M N

Saccharines – E954

O

Also known as

Calcium saccharin, potassium saccharin, sodium saccharin

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value.

There are four different types of this additive, 954(i), 954(ii), 954(iii) and 954(iv)

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of sulphuric acid (E513)

Function

Sweetener

Products

Sweeteners

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

213

Salts of fatty acids – E470 Also known as

Potassium stearate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate

Short description

Yellow-white powder or solid, for example used to prevent the product sticking to the pan while cooking. There are four different types of this additive, all made of another salt, 470a(i) (sodium), 470a(ii) (potassium), 470a(iii) (calcium) and 470b (iv) (magnesium)

Sources

Synthetic salts, derived by heating fatty acids

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Biscuits, toast, pretzels, pastry, cookies, chips, low salt biscuits and toast, candy

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Shellac – E904 Also known as

Lacca, lac

Short description

Yellow-transparent resin, for example used to make a product shine on the outside

Sources

Natural wax, derived from lice

Function

Glazing agent

Products

Candy, crust of cheese, cake decoration, fruit

Suitability

Can be used by vegetarians. Not all religions and vegans consume this additive because it comes from scale insects, although the purified product doesn’t contain lice

Silicon dioxide – E551

214

Also known as

Silica, silicic anhydride, flogard, sipernat 22S pirosil, aerosil 200

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product and to improve its structure

Sources

Natural substance, derived from sand

Function

Anti-caking agent, anti-foaming agent

Products

Coffee syrup, milk powder, salt, herbs and spices, instant sauce and soup, wine, beer

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Silver – E174

A

Also known as

CI No. 77820

Short description

Silver-grey colour powder

Sources

Natural metal, derived from silver ore and the mineral argentite

Function

Food colour

D

Products

Pastry decoration, candy

E

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

F

B C

G

Sodium acetate – E262 Also known as

Sodium diacetate, sodium hydrogen diacetate, dykon

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of micro-organisms. There are two different types of this additive, 262(i) and 262 (ii)

Sources

Synthetic salt, made of acetic acid (E260) and sodium

Function

Preservative

Products

Herbs (powder), bouillon, sausages, bread, pastry

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

H I J K L M N

Sodium adipate – E356

O

Also known as

Adipic acid sodium salt

Short description

White substance, for example used to regulate the pH value of the product

Q

Sources

Sodium salt of adipic acid

R

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Herbal salts

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P

S T U V W X Y Z

215

Sodium alginate – E401 Also known as

Alginic acid sodium salt, algin, sodium polymannuronate

Short description

White to yellowish brown substance, serving many functions

Sources

Sodium salt of alginic acid

Function

Emulsifier, thickener

Products

Ice cream, cake mix, pudding powder, custard, chocolates, wine, meat

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium aluminium phosphate – E541 Also known as

Kasal

Short description

Substance, for example used to help a cake rise and to make melted cheese. There are two different types of this additive, 541(i) and 541(ii)

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of phosphoric acid, aluminium and sodium hydroxide

Function

Raising agent, emulsifier

Products

Baking powder, cake mix

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium aluminium silicate – E554

216

Also known as

Sodium silicoaluminate

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources

Natural substance, derived from natural minerals

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Noodles, powdered sugar, instant coffee, salt, milk powder, dried egg yolk, rice

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium ascorbate – E301

A

Also known as

Sodium L-Ascorbate, sodium L-(+)-ascorbate, monosodium ascorbate

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent discolouration of food

Sources

Natural sodium salt of ascorbic acid

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Sausages, cutted meat, milk powder, lemonade, flour, beer, fruit puree, buttermilk, egg products, soup, jam

F

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

G

B C D E

H Sodium benzoate – E211

I

Also known as

Benzenecarboxylic acid sodium salt, dracylic acid sodium salt, phenylcarboxylic acid sodium salt

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast and bacteria in food products

K

Sources

Synthetic salt made of benzoic acid and sodium

L

Function

Preservative

Products

Brandy, sauces, margarine, cheese, steak tartare, chips, ketchup, sambal, mayonnaise, ice cream, marmalade, cake mix

N

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

O

J

M

P Sodium calcium polyphosphate

Q Also known as

Sodium calcium polyphosphate, glassy

Short description

Substance, for example used to improve the structure of the product during processing

Sources

Synthetic mixture of sodium- and calciumphosphate

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Cheese spread, frozen products, cake

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

R S T U V W X Y Z

217

Sodium carbonates – E500

Also known as

Soda ash, sodium salt of carbonic acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, baking soda, bicarbonate of soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, sodium monohydrogendicarbonate

Short description

White powder, for example used to keep the colour in a product and to make the product rise. There are three different types of this additive, 500(i), 500(ii) and 500(iii)

Sources

Synthetically produced from sea water or salt

Function

Acidity regulator, raising agent

Products

Tomato soup, tomato ketchup, cacao, salt, pretzels, custard, beer, cream, milk powder, cake, biscuit, ice cream, chocolates, waffles, olives in jars

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose – E466 Also known as

Cellulose gum, Na CMC, sodium cellulose glycolate, sodium CMC

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent ice crystals forming in a product or to let a product shine on the outside (like glace)

Sources

Synthetic substance, extracted from cellulose (of wood) or chemically modified

Function

Thickener, emulsifier

Products

Pudding powder, pastry filling, strawberry or cherry dessert, fruit yoghurt, milkshake, mayonnaise, cheese products, lemonade, soup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, enzymatically hydrolyzed – E469

218

Also known as

CMC-ENZ, enzymatically hydrolyzed carboxymethyl cellulose

Short description

White-grey powder, used to make the product thicker

Sources

Synthetic salt, made of sodium and carboxymethyl cellulose (466, a synthetic substance of cellulose)

Function

Stabilizer and thickener

Products

Cheese, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals, pre-cooked pasta and noodles, baked goods

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Sodium citrates – E331

F Also known as

Monosodium citrate, disodium citrate, trisodium citrate

Short description

White powder, for example used to decrease enzymatic browning of fruit and fruit products. There are three different types of this additive, 331(i), 331(ii) and 331(iii)

H

Sources

Sodium salt of citric acid

I

Function

Acidity regulator

J

Products

Marmalade, ice cream, chocolate cake

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

G

K L M

Sodium erythorbate – E316 Also known as

Sodium iso-ascorbate, erythorbic acid sodium salt, mercate 20, neo-cebitate

N

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent change of colour

O

Sources

Sodium salt of erythorbic acid, a synthetic variant of vitamin C

P

Function

Antioxidant

Q

Products

Meat products

R

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

S T

Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E215

U

Also known as

Ethyl-p-hydroxybenzene, PHB-ethyl ester

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast, fungi and bacteria in food products

Sources

Synthetic substance

Function

Preservative

X

Products

Candied fruit, pasty filling, dessert sauce, fruit candy, fruit juice

Y

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Z

V W

219

Sodium ferrocyanide – E535 Also known as

Hexacyanoferrate of calcium or potassium or sodium, yellow prussiate of lime or potash or soda

Short description

Yellow substance, for example used to form gels and to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources

Synthetically made of sodium hydroxide (E524)

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Salt, salt bath for cheese

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium fumarate Also known as

Monosodium fumarate

Short description

White powder, for example used to regulate the pH value of powders

Sources

Sodium salt of fumaric acid

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Confectionery, baking products, baking powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium gluconate – E576

220

Also known as

Sodium-D-gluconic acid

Short description

White-grey powder, for example used to give powdery products a longer shelf life and used as a food source for yeast

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of gluconic acid (E574) and sodium carbonate

Function

Sequestrant (metal binder)

Products

Pudding powder, herbal sauces, dipping sauce

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium hydrogen sulphite – E222 Also known as

Sodium bisulphite, acid sodium sulphite

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast, fungi and bacteria in food products

Sources

Synthetic sodium salt of sulphurous acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Liquor, pickled onions, dairy products, fruit juice, mashed potatoes

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E F G

Sodium hydroxide – E524

H

Also known as

Caustic soda, lye, sodium hydrate

Short description

White substance, for example used to peel vegetables and fruits.

Also used to give pretzels a glazed brown colour and to turn green olives black

Sources

Synthetically made of rock salt

K

Function

Acidity regulator

L

Products

Pretzels, cacao products, coffee creamer, black olives, sour cream, canned peas

M

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

I J

N O

Sodium lactate – E325

P

Also known as

Lactoline, lactic acid sodium salt, L-sodium lactate, purasal S

Short description

Colourless, transparent liquid, for example used to prevent drying out of products and against the growth of yeasts and fungi

R

Sources

Sodium salt of lactic acid

S

Function

Preservative

T

Products

Cheese, confectionery, ice cream, soup, canned fruit

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and so suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance.

Q

U V W X Y Z

221

Sodium malate – E350 Also known as

Monosodium malate, disodium malate

Short description

White powder, for example used to mask the aftertaste of products. There are two different types of this additive, 350(i) and 350(ii)

Sources

Sodium salt of malic acid

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Soft drinks, candy, ginger

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium metabisulphite – E223 Also known as

Disodium pyrosulphite, sodium pyrosulphite

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast, fungus and bacteria in food products

Sources

Synthetic sodium salt of sulphurous acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Liquor, pickled onions, sausages

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate – E219

222

Also known as

Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate, sodium methyl hydroxybenzoate

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast and fungi and some bacteria in food products

Sources

Synthetic substance

Function

Preservative

Products

Candied fruit, pasty filling, dessert sauce, fruit candy, fruit juice, beer, pastry filling, herring in sauce, pickles in sour, beet in jar

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium nitrate – E251

A

Also known as

Chile saltpetre, cubic or soda nitre

Short description

White powder, used against the fading of natural colours and used as preservative

Sources

Natural mineral, also present in many vegetables

Function

Preservative

Products

Cheese (made of vegetable oil), vacuum meat products, frozen pizza

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H

Sodium nitrite – E250

I

Also known as

Nitrous acid sodium salt, erinitrit

Short description

White powder, for example used against fading of natural colours and against the growth of bacteria in meat

Sources

Natural mineral, but also made synthetically

Function

Preservative

L

Products

Cheese, meat, frozen pizza

M

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N

J K

O

Sodium o-phenyl phenol Also known as

Sodium orthophenylphenate, dowicide A

Short description

White powder, for example used against fungus on citrus fruit, apples and pears

Sources

Synthetic salt, made of sodium and phenylpenol (E231)

Function

Preservative

Products

Oranges, mandarins, grapefruit, lemons, pears, apples, jam made of these fruits

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

223

Sodium phosphate – E339 Also known as

Monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, trisodium phosphate

Short description

White powder, for example used to optimize the texture of the product, without losing moisture. There are three different types of this additive, 339(i), 339(ii) and 339(iii)

Sources

Natural salt, present in our body. Synthetically made of phosphoric acid (E338)

Function

Acidity regulator, anti-caking agent, sequestrant (metal binder)

Products

Soft drinks, sausages, ice cream, margarine, instant pudding powder, chocolate cake, noodles

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium propionate – E281 Also known as

Sodium propanoate, sodium mycoban

Short description

White or colourless substance, for example used against the growth of fungi and some bacteria in food products

Sources

Natural sodium salt, derived from propionic acid (E280)

Function

Preservative

Products

Baked goods with chocolate, dietary products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium sorbate – E201

224

Also known as

Sodium salt of sorbic acid

Short description

Acid, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast in a food product

Sources

Natural salt, present in the fruit of mountain ash trees.

Commercially made by a synthetic process

Function

Preservative

Products

Meat and fish salads, meatballs, frozen pizza, meat sauces, ice-cream, margarine, jam, strawberry-sauce

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate – E481 Also known as

Sodium stearoyl lactylate, sodium stearoyl lactate

Short description

Yellow powder, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to improve the structure of the product

Sources

Synthetic mixture of stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid) and lactic acid (E270)

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Vegetable powdered soup, cake mix, pancake mix, biscuits, toast, cookies, cake, spray for baking

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

D E F G H I J K L

Sodium sulphate – E514

Also known as

Glauber’s salt (decahydrate form), sodium hydrogen sulphate, nitre cake, sodium bisulphate, sodium acid sulphate, sulphuric acid, monosodium salt

Short description

White substance, for example used to dilute colour agents and to ensure the colour won’t change

Sources

Natural substance, present in rock salt and mountain spring water.

Mostly made synthetically of salt and sulphuric acid (E513)

Function

Stabilizer

Products

Chewing gum, colour agents

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

M N O P Q R S T

Sodium sulphite – E221

U

Also known as

Disodium sulphite

Short description

White powder, for example used against the growth of yeast, fungi and bacteria in food products

Sources

Synthetic sodium salt of sulphurous acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Egg salads, wine, beer, caramel

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

V W X Y Z

225

Sodium tartrate – E335 Also known as

Monosodium tartrate, disodium tartrate

Short description

Colourless powder, for example used to enhance the flavour and purple colour of grapes. There are two different types of this additive, 335(i) and 335(ii)

Sources

Sodium salt of tartaric acid

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Confectionery, marmalade, sausages

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium tetraborate – E285 Also known as

Borax, sodiumpyroborate, sodiumborate

Short description

White substance, for example used to control the pH value of a product

Sources

Natural sodium salt, derived from boric acid

Function

Preservative

Products

Rarely used in foods, often used in pharmaceuticals

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sodium thiosulphate

226

Also known as

Sodium hyposulphite

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent potato slices getting brown after cutting

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of sodium and sulphite

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Liquor, potato products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sorbic acid – E200

A

Also known as

2-propenylacryl acid

Short description

White acid, for example used against the growth of fungi and yeast in a food product

Sources

Natural acid, derived from the berries of the mountain ash tree (Sorbus aucuparia). It is commercially produced by several different chemical pathways

Function

Preservative

Products

Sambal, salad dressing, mayonnaise, sliced bread, vegetables in jar, margarine

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H I

Sorbitan monolaurate – E493 Also known as

Sorbitan laurate, span 20

J

Short description

Brown liquid, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix, to optimize the structure of the product and to prevent foaming

K

Sources

Synthetic liquid, made of sorbitol (E420) and lauric acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer

Products

Filled chocolates, ice cream

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

L M N O P Q Sorbitan monooleate – E494 Also known as

Span 80

Short description

Brown liquid, for example used to keep the product malleable

Sources

Synthetic liquid, made of sorbitol (E420) and oleic acid (a natural unsaturated fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Chewing gum

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

R S T U V W X Y Z

227

Sorbitan monopalmitate – E495 Also known as

Span 40

Short description

Cream-grey waxy substance, for example used against the separation of fat in the product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of sorbitol (E420) and palmitic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Cake, cake mix, bread mix, ice cream

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sorbitan monostearate – E491 Also known as

Span 60

Short description

Cream-grey waxy substance, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to optimize the structure of the product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of sorbitol (E420) and stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Ice cream, coffee creamer, cake mix, dried yeast

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sorbitan tristearate – E492

228

Also known as

Span 65

Short description

Cream-grey waxy substance, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to optimize the structure of the product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of sorbitol (E420) and stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifer and stabilizer

Products

Ice-cream, battenberg

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E Sorbitol – E420

F

Also known as

D-Glucitol, sorbit, D-sorbitol, sorbol

Short description

White powder, for example used to give a sweet taste to the product. There are two different types of this additive, 420(i) and 420(ii)

Sources

Natural substance, present in many fruits. Commercially produced from glucose

Function

Sweetener

Products

Many bakery and confectionery products, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

G H I J K L M Soybean hemicellulose – E426 Short description

For example used to make products thicker

Sources

Natural substance, extracted from soybeans

Function

Thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer, anti-caking agent

Products

Baked goods

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians. Soybean hemicellulose can cause an allergic reaction in people who are allergic to soybeans

N O P Q R S T

Stannous chloride – E512 Also known as

Tin dichloride

U

Short description

Substance, for example used to prevent colour loss

V

Sources

Synthetically produced of hydrochloric acid (E507) and tin ores (a natural mineral)

W

Function

Stabilizer

Products

Green beans in jars, asparagus in jars

Y

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Z

X

229

Starch acetate – E1420 Short description

Substance, for example used to make a product thicker and to make the texture stronger

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch and acetic acid (E260)

Function

Thickener

Products

Ready-to-eat meals, desserts, cake filling, jelly products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Starch sodium octenyl succinate – E1450 Also known as

SSOS

Short description

Substance, for example used to thicken a product and to make the texture stronger

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of starch and acetic acid (E260)

Function

Thickener

Products

Rarely used

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Stearin acid – E570

230

Also known as

Octadecane acid

Short description

White waxy substance, for example used to prevent ingredients clumping together in a product

Sources

Natural acid, present in fats and oils

Function

Anti-caking agent

Products

Chewing gum, butter aroma, vanilla aroma, candy, cookies, pastry

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Stearyl citrate

A

Also known as

Stearoyl citrate

Short description

Cream-white oily liquid, for example used to combine some ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid) and citric acid (E330)

Function

Emulsifier

Products

Margarine, bakery products

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H I

Stearyl tartrate – E483 Also known as

Stearyl palmityl tartrate

J

Short description

Cream-white oily substance, for example used in bread cream to create a firm structure

K

Sources

Synthetic oily substance, extracted from tartaric acid (E334) and stearic acid (a natural saturated fatty acid)

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Pudding breads, cake filling, pastry

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

L M N O P Q

Steviol glycosides – E960 Also known as

Stevioside, rebaudioside A

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Natural substance, made from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana

Function

Sweetener

Products

Candy, chewing gum, canned fruit, low sugar dietary products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

R S T U V W X Y Z

231

Succinic acid – E363 Also known as

Amber, amber acid, butanedicic acid

Short description

White powder, for example used to enhance the taste and regulate the pH value of a product

Sources

Natural acid, present in many fruits and vegetables.

Synthetically made from acetic acid (E260)

Function

Acidity regulator, flavour enhancer

Products

Confectionery, baking products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sucralose – E955 Also known as

4,1’,6’-Trichlorogalactosucrose

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of sugar

Function

Sweetener

Products

Candy, chocolates, sweeteners, jam, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sucroglycerides – E474

232

Also known as

Sugar glycerides

Short description

White-yellow powder or gel, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to optimize the texture of the product

Sources

Synthetic mixture of sugars and fats, derived from saccharose and fatty acids

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

Products

Meat bouillon, candy, pastry, fruit

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sucrose acetate isobutyrate – E444

A

Also known as

SAIB

Short description

Liquid, for example used to mix ingredients in water based drinks

Sources

Synthetic compound derived from sucrose

C

Function

Emulsifier

D

Products

Energy drinks, sport drinks, water based drinks

E

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

F

B

G

Sucrose esters of fatty acids – E473

H

Also known as

Sucrose fatty acid esters

Short description

White-grey powder, for example used to combine ingredients which normally wouldn’t mix and to optimize the texture of a product

Sources

Compound of synthetic fats, extracted from glycerol and natural fat

K

Function

Emulsifier and stabilizer

L

Products

Ice cream with fruit, chicken or meat bouillon, bouillon cubes, fruit

M

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N

I J

O P

Sulphur dioxide – E220 Also known as

Sulphurous anhydride, sulphurous oxide

Q

Short description

Colourless gas, for example used against decay

R

Sources

Natural gas, produced by burning sulphur

S

Function

Preservative

Products

Raspberry juice, dried vegetables and fruit, beer, wine, cider, sherry, liqueur, garlic powder, gelatin, jam, breakfast cereals

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

T U V W X Y Z

233

Sulphuric acid – E513 Short description

Light-brown liquid, for example used to control the pH value of a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of sulphur dioxide, oxygen and water

Function

Acidity regulator and stabilizer

Products

Beer, liquor, cheese spread

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Sunset yellow FCF – E110 Also known as

CI Food Yellow 3, CI (1975) No. 15985, Orange Yellow S

Short description

Orange-red colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

Function

Food colour

Products

Fruit brandy, custard, fruit yoghurt, marzipan, mayonnaise, candy, smoked fish

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Tannic acid

234

Also known as

Gallotannic acid, tannins (food grade)

Short description

Yellow-white colour powder with typical odour

Sources

Natural pigment, derived from acorns or made synthetically

Function

Food colour

Products

Soft drinks, ice cream, wine, beer, candy, baked goods

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Tara gum – E417

A

Also known as

Peruvian carob

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used to make a product thicker

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, obtained from the tree Cesalpinia spinosa

C

Function

Thickener

D

Products

Milk-based products, cheese, processed fruit, dried vegetables, canned vegetables, breakfast cereals, sauces, soup

E

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B

F G

Tartaric acid – E334

H

Also known as

L(+)-tartaric acid

Short description

Colourless or white powder, for example used to enhance the flavour and purple colour of grapes

Sources

Natural acid, present in many fruits, especially grapes.

Commercially prepared from waste products of the wine industry (grape skins)

Function

Acidity regulator

Products

Confectionery, soft drinks, marmalade, ice cream, wine

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

I J K L M N O

Tartrazine – E102

P

Also known as

CI (1975) No. 19140, CI Food Yellow 4, FD&C Yellow No. 5

Short description

Yellow-Light orange colour powder

Sources

Synthetic azo dye

R

Function

Food colour

S

Products

Liqueur, currant, milkshake, fruit yoghurt, cake flour, soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, mayonnaise, chips, pretzels, candy, custard, pudding

T

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Q

U V W X Y Z

235

Tertiary butylhydroquinone – E319 Also known as

TBHQ, buthylhydrochinon

Short description

White powder, for example used to prevent rancidity in oil

Sources

Synthetic antioxidant

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Oils and fat

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Thaumatin – E957 Also known as

Talin

Short description

Cream-white powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value

Sources

Natural mixture of proteins, extracted from the berries of the plant Thaumatococcus daniellii

Function

Sweetener

Products

Candy, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – E479b

Also known as

TOSOM

Short description

Liquid, for example used to prevent the oil from splashing when heated

Sources

Synthetically made by heating soy oil and fatty acids

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer

Products

Spray for baking tray

Suitability

Although this additive is mostly made of vegetable oil, the use of animal fat can’t be excluded completely. So this additive cannot be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

236

Thiabendazole

A

Also known as

TBZ, thiaben, thiabendazole, omnizole, thiaben, tribendazole

Short description

Substance, for example used against the growth of fungi on food products. Mainly used on fruit

Sources

Synthetic pesticide

Function

Preservative

Products

Bananas, lemons, oranges, grapefruit, residue in meat (products) and potatoes, grains, tomatoes, onions

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H

Thiodipropionic acid

I

Also known as

Thiodihydracrylic acid

Short description

White solid, for example used to prevent rancidity

Sources

Synthetic compound

Function

Antioxidant

L

Products

Fats and oils

M

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N

J K

O Titanium dioxide – E171

P

Also known as

CI (1975) No. 77891, CI pigment white 6, titania

Short description

White colour powder

Sources

Natural mineral

Function

Food colour

Products

Candy, chewing gum, horseradish sauce, quark, cottage cheese, mozzarella

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Q R S T U V W X Y Z

237 238

Tocopherol concentrate – E306 Also known as description

Vitamin E concentrate Oily liquid, for example used to prevent rancidity of fatty products

Sources

Natural extract of vegetable oils, like soya bean, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize and green leaves

Function

Antioxidant

Products

Oils and fats, frying oil, cheese, pastry, soup

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Tragacanth gum – E413 Also known as

Tragacanth

Short description

White-yellow powder, for example used against the formation of crystals in sugar used in confectionery

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, produced from the Tragacanth tree (Astragalus Gummifer)

Function

Emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer

Products

Confectionery, ice cream, icing, processed cheese

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Triacetin – E1518 Also known as

Glyceryl triacetate

Short description

Clear oily liquid, for example used to dissolve flavouring agents in a product

Sources

Synthetic substance, made of acetic acid (E260) and glycerol (a type of alcohol)

Function

Bulking agent

Products

Dried protein, ice cream, margarine, candy, soft drinks, baked goods, chewing gum

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

238

Triammonium citrate – E380 Also known as

Ammonium citrate tribasic, citric acid triammonium salt

Short description

White powder, for example used to mix the ingredients in products.

There are two different types of this additive, 380(i) and 380(ii)

Sources

Ammonium salt of citric acid

Function

Acidity regulator, emulsifier

Products

Chocolate, confectionery, cheese spreads

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

A B C D E F G H

Triethyl citrate – E1505 Also known as

Ethyl citrate, citric acid ethyl ester

I

Short description

Oily liquid, for example used to optimize the taste of an aroma in a product

J

Sources

Synthetically made of citric acid (E330)

K

Function

Bulking agent

L

Products

Soft drinks, lemonade, ice cream, candy, baked goods, instant pudding

M

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

N O

Triphosphates – E451

P

Short description

White powder, for example used to improve the structure of meat (such as sausages or hamburgers). There are two different types of this additive, one with sodium (451(i)) and one with potassium (451(ii))

Sources

Synthetic compounds, derived from minerals

Function

Emulsifier, stabilizer,acidity regulator

Products

Soup, cheese, meat products, custard powder

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Q R S T U V W X Y Z

239

Vegetable carbon – E153 Also known as

Carbon Black, Vegetable black, CI 77266, Charcoal, Norit

Short description

Black colour powder

Sources

Natural element, commercially produced by burning vegetable matter

Function

Food colour

Products

Some fish products

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Xanthan gum – E415 Also known as

Kelzna, Keltrol

Short description

Cream-white powder, for example used to thicken a product

Sources

Natural carbohydrate, produced by the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris from sugar and molasses

Function

Stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier

Products

Salad dressing, mayonnaise, sauces, desserts

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

Xylitol – E967 Also known as

D-xylitol; Xyliton; xylite

Short description

White powder, for example used to make the taste of a product sweeter without increasing the caloric value. It also prevents the growth of yeast

Sources

Natural substance, present in many plants. It is commercially produced from xylan, a polysaccharide fraction of wood pulp.

Function

Sweetener

Products

Chewing gum, toffees, peppermint, chocolates, waffles, marmalade, jam, soft drinks

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

240

Zeaxanthin

A

Also known as

Citranaxanthin

Short description

Yellow colour powder

Sources

Natural pigment, present in many plants. Commercially derived from dried plants

Function

Food colour

Products

Eggs, soup, soft drinks, ice cream

Suitability

Can be used by all religions, vegans and vegetarians

B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

241

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Storage continued...

Answers Corporation, 2012. Is it safe to eat expired canned food? [Online] http://wiki.answers.com/Q/ Is_it_safe_to_eat_expired_canned_food [Retrieved 04 December 2012] University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2012. Refrigerated and Freezer Storage. [Online] http://food.unl.edu/ web/safety/refrigerator-freezer. [Retrieved 04 December 2012] State Government of Victoria, 2012. Food safety – storage. [Online] http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/ bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Food_safety_storage.

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