Vision and Voice 2019 The Next Generation of Researchers

VISION AND VOICE 2019 THE NEXT GENERATION OF RESEARCHERS

WELCOME I am delighted to showcase a representation of the work of our Research Degree students. Our University community includes over 650 students across 9 schools. We have one of the most distinctive and varied portfolios of Masters and Doctoral study in the UK including 12 professional doctorate programmes.

As part of the University’s Annual Conference for Research Students, the Doctoral College runs a photography competition with a view to engaging the public with our students research – here you will see a selection of the entrants giving a flavour of the diverse research activity at the University of Hertfordshire.

Dr Susan Grey Director of the Doctoral College  @UHDoctoral

University of Hertfordshire was ranked 4th globally for Research Culture PRES 2019 (Postgraduate Research Experience Survey) is run by HEA (Higher Education Academy)

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 3

Contents 7

6 Childhood traumatic events and psychosis-like experiences Diamantis Toutountzidis 7 Investigations on a mycovirus found in Dothistroma needle blight fungus and its effects on host pathogenicity John Daudu 7 Locating the women in a centenary year Jenny Dart

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8 Learning from the parent experience to promote empathy Julia Petty 8 A frustrated mother’s attempt to bridge the gap between her two children’s development Bushra Ayub 9 Cemetery stories Janine Marriot 10 Vulnerable like who?

Giorgia Vaccaro

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11 Visualizing quantum mechanics in phase-space as fluid mechanics Dimitris Kakofengitis 11 Out of thin air Samadhi Samararatne 12 Patient and doctor perceptions of hypertension and its treatment: a qualitative study in urban hospitals of Pakistan Qurrat ul Ain Ainee 13 How does a silicon nutrient enhance the passive defence pathway of strawberries Carmilla Asiana

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4 Vision and Voice 2019 I The next generation of researchers

13 Autophagy and spinal muscular atrophy: towards a pathway-centric therapy for a fatal childhood disorder Michael Hodgson 14 Walking the path to capability: experiences that shape trainee sport psychologists Aura Goldman 15 Assessing Group B Streptococcus awareness in pregnancy Jeffrey Lucas 16 Blur: sensory overload Sandra-Eve Bamigbade 17 Why have aircraft in museums soared?

Peter Elliot 17 PhD project: learning chemistry with application and understanding Marianne Rial 18 Biometrics in engineering Benjamin Stacey 18 A nature inspired approach of design development Purvesh Bharadwaj 19 Sacred and profane Stefania Chiappini 20 Antimicrobial therapy – from the revolutionary to the obsolete Lisa Blagg 20 Please do touch Lisa Bowers 21 A step towards a much richer and personalised human experience with the Internet of Things Ruben Barbosa-Hughes

22 Delirium superimposed on dementia, the importance of engaging carers with nursing staff to improve care Caroline Gough 22 Which patient would prefer to wait more to be seen by a doctor when suffering from illness?

Muhammed Ordu 23 Struggling teachers?

Yeah, I know loads of them!

Suzanne Culshaw 24 …the first casualty is the truth Jane McClinchy 25 To see and see again: the role of visual and narrative methods in collecting food stories of migrant women living in the UK Dawn Lukk 25 From waste to biological material…

Rosemond Attaa Mensah 26 How digital scenography and images affect the visual spectacle in a site-specific choreographic Iinstallation Maria Mitsi 26 Profiling dust over the eastern Mediterranean Maria Kezoudi 27 Learning what is important: instance weighted clustering Paul Moggridge 28 Sons and daughters of the land Lianne Oosterbaan 28 Investigating the effects of newly designed compounds as a potential therapy for pancreatic cancer Deborah Ogbeni

29 Physiological and thermoregulatory demands of fencing Luke Oates

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29 Blending creative writing and folklore: an alternative approach to research and presenting history David Trebus 30 Visualising lilliput Dominik Brotherton 30 Identifying therapeutic compounds for S100P in pancreatic cancer therapy Ellie Hurer

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31 The female of the species is more deadly than the male Daisy Butcher 32 Endogenous fibrinolysis: the hidden prayer in clot formation Nik Spinthakis 32 Reducing the vulnerability of masonry houses to earthquakes and hurricanes Grenville Phillips 33 Bayfordbury telescope at sunset Joanna Ramasawmy

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34 The tunnels of life Sudhir Tripathi 34 The worklife experiences of UK autistic women Tracey Turner 35 Map as shelter Miriam Usiskin 36 A movement-based emotional self-regulation programme for adolescents with special educational needs Leung Siu Ling Angela

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Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 5

Childhood traumatic events and psychosis-like experiences MY RESEARCH focuses on the relationship between childhood traumatic events and psychosis-like experiences in healthy people. Adverse experiences in childhood (eg physical, emotional and sexual abuse) have been found to be associated with increased risk of developing psychosis later on in life. This line of research has been based on patients’ retrospective accounts of their experiences. Of course, these accounts could be influenced by a number of factors, such as memory deficits and reality distortions, which are experienced by people with psychosis. It has been observed that symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations (eg hearing voices) and delusions (eg believing that others have plans against one’s self) – which are key characteristics

in people diagnosed with a psychotic disorder, could also be experienced by healthy individuals. This notion is termed the continuum hypothesis of psychosis. Additionally, it has been argued that factors which increase the risk of psychosis, such as childhood

“ My research may have implications about the possible ‘causal’ role of childhood trauma in psychosis” adversities, also increase the risk of psychosis-like experiences in healthy people. Therefore, it is important to assess the relationship between traumatic events and psychosis in those who are healthy but who experience some psychosis-like

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symptoms. By examining healthy people we could rule out that any recall of traumatic events could possibly be affected by the condition itself. Additionally, we could identify similarities in aetiological factors between patients with psychosis and healthy people with psychosis-like experiences. My research may have implications about the possible ‘causal’ role of childhood trauma in psychosis and could permit teasing apart this role in specific psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. The most important contribution would be to inform preventive interventions which could reduce the detrimental outcome of psychosis on people’s lives.

Diamantis Toutountzidis n

Investigations on a mycovirus found in Dothistroma needle blight fungus and its effects on host pathogenicity THIS PHOTOGRAPH shows a pine tree at the University of Hertfordshire’s Bayfordbury field station (on the left), a branch of the pine tree infected by Dothistroma needle blight (bottom right) and a subculture of Dothistroma septosporum growing on an agar plate (top right).

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB, aka red band needle blight) caused

by D. septosporum has emerged in the British Isles as a major threat to Corsican pine, lodge pole pine and Scots pine. Mortality is rare, but the economic losses due to growth retardation can be highly significant in forestry depletion, affecting the green environment in the long run.

Disease severity is affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and light intensity. Mycoviruses have been reported in numerous fungal species; however no studies on the incidence or characterisation of viruses in D.

the fungus, one isolate 752-1 was found to harbor four double-stranded (ds) RNA elements.

“ I aim to provide insight into the effects of the mycovirus on fungal host growth” septosporum have been performed and none have been described.

With increasing evidence that mycoviruses can reduce the growth and pathogenicity of fungal plant pathogens and have potential as biological control agents, with the investigation of British isolates of

My initial aim was to fully characterise the virus found in D. septosporum at the molecular level. This revealed significant similarity to members of the established family Chrysoviridae, which have four genomic segments encapsidated in isometric particles and are known to elicit hypovirulence in their hosts, leading to the designation of the virus as Dothistroma septosporum chrysovirus (DsCV-1).

Now I aim to provide insight into the effects of the mycovirus on fungal host growth and virulence, by comparing the pathogenicity of the virus-infected and virus-free isolates on pine trees to detect putative hypovirulence and investigate the potential of DsCV-1 as a biological control agent against DNB.

John Daudu n

Locating the women in a centenary year DURING THIS CENTENARY year that marks the end of the First World War and the granting of the vote to some women, I am researching the lives of women who lived through these times. I am exploring the argument that women were encouraged back into the home after the war, and specifically into their ‘natural’ place within the domestic. Many historians have argued that magazines were used as a means of persuasion to encourage women back into the home during the inter-war period.

I took this photo when I first started my research as I was so excited at the glimpse that these bound magazines would give me into the lives of women during the period. At a time when attention is largely focussed on the Suffragettes I wanted to be able to access the ordinary women as well.

I have been researching the shared space that exists between feminists and ordinary women, as well as exploring how fluid these groups are, through an examination of some of the magazines available. Would ordinary

women have considered themselves feminists? Were the magazines displaying consistent messages?

Did attitudes change throughout the decade once the legacy of the war became less significant?

The magazines have been fascinating reading and full of examples of feminist campaigns, as well as more traditional views on woman’s place.

These seemingly contradictory messages, as well as examples of low-level feminism, would make the arguments more acceptable, with women more likely to engage at this level. There was promotion of women at work outside the home, but also of a professionalisation of work within the home through business terminology and the Good Housekeeping Institute which legitimised housework as work.

I am also excited to find evidence of women influencing their space and the design of houses and household items.

Jenny Dart n Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 7

Learning from the parent experience to promote empathy “ We can only know about this impact by listening to the parent voice and in turn, teaching this to students; our future practising nurses”

AS A RESEARCHER in children’s nurse education, I realise the importance of supporting parents of sick babies through difficult times. This photo of a parent holding the tiny hand of their premature baby, taken through the incubator door, represents the essence of my research which explores the experiences of parents. I wish to find out how we can promote and teach empathy in student nurses who care for premature babies and their parents.

Current healthcare is often driven by targets and statistics but the person at the heart of care can be forgotten.

Therefore, it is better to understand patient experience by listening to their stories. Storytelling helps us to learn

from experience; in this case, the parent dealing with the early birth of their baby, their size, vulnerability and the barriers to bonding imposed by tubes and machines. This photo captures all such elements: a tiny baby dependent on technology inside an incubator meaning that the parent cannot pick them up, hold them or take on the role of a parent as they expected to during pregnancy. But there is a connection there, being able to touch their baby and hold their hand represents one small step towards emotional closeness.

Students learning about these tiny patients must understand why the connection is so essential and how closeness can be encouraged. One parent interview stated; “I held his hand; one small thing with a huge emotional impact’’. We can only know about this impact by listening to the parent voice and in turn, teaching this to students; our future practising nurses. Enabling them to give better emotional support is vital for personcentred care of our smallest, most helpless patients and families.

In the photo, the connection and barrier together tell us about the bittersweet experience of having a premature baby.

Julia Petty n

A frustrated mother’s attempt to bridge the gap between her two children’s development IN THE UK around 4% of children have neurodevelopmental disorders.

Amongst these disorders developmental delay and Autism Spectrum disorder is the most common in children. This research is about the mental health in parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

My findings from my research clearly indicates that parents’ mental wellbeing is significantly affected whilst caring for children with neurodevelopmental disorder. In consideration of parents’ experiences it is rather commendable how they normalise their everyday life when clearly it is a challenge.

This picture represents a mother who is attempting to convince her younger child with developmental delay to play with his older brother but the effort goes in vain as the child refuses

“ It is rather commendable how parents normalise their everyday life when clearly it is a challenge.” to participate. This picture expresses connection and disconnection of parents’ dilemma about how to provide

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a childhood without limits to all their children. In this picture, various aspects of parenting a child with neurodevelopmental disorders can be observed including frustration, disappointment, perseverance, hope, bravery, persistence, helplessness and positivity. There is a mix of emotions and feelings which parents experience from the moment their child is diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder to the point where they have to adapt to a new life. In this transition the focus is always the child but in the larger context parents’ mental wellbeing is at risk. This topic, although sensitive in nature needs attention from researchers, practitioners and society to care for the carers.

Bushra Ayub n

Cemetery stories SUMMER EVENING sunshine at Arnos Vale Cemetery. This image was photographed on a weekday evening before the start of a public talk in the beautiful Victorian Anglican Chapel that you see on the left. The audience is hanging out with some refreshments in the cemetery surrounded by graves, chatting and relaxing. This reflects my research which explores how public engagement can be used to help historic burial spaces, such as 19th century Garden Cemeteries and city graveyards, be financially sustainable and relevant to 21st century audiences.

Public engagement in burial sites can and does events including talks, tours, theatre, film and other performance.

Public engagement encourages audiences that may not otherwise visit these spaces. My research is also looking at ways to share good practice and case studies with other developing

heritage cemetery organisations.

These historic places need to be protected, cherished and saved for current and future generations. They can have a wide range of roles and uses to local people. Burial spaces are repositories of peoples heritage, they offer vital green space in busy polluted cities, places of peace and contemplation, social spaces and can offer important community space.

However, without means of income generation to become and remain sustainable for the future such spaces are at threat of destruction and abandonment. Arnos Vale Cemetery is one of a number of case studies that I will research and present as part of my work to show how sustainability can be achieved using a variety of methods and resources.

“ These historic places need to be protected, cherished and saved for current and future generations�

Janine Marriot n Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire  9

Vulnerable like who?

IN RESEARCH, health, or ethics contexts some groups of subjects can be categorised as vulnerable populations as they are more disadvantaged for various reasons, when compared to the rest of the population. Children, elderly people, the homeless and people with mental health issues, are the main groups we can think about when we are talking about vulnerable populations.

However, prisoners also fall under this definition, given their particular condition of detention and confinement in penal institutions, their ability of free choice is comprised. Amongst this vulnerable group in the UK the use of ‘New Psychoactive Substances’ (NPS), mainly synthetic cannabinoids, also commonly referred as ‘Spice’,

is a cause of major concern. The abuse is associated with violence, organised crime, bullying and debt, also NPS’s pose a particular risk to vulnerable prisoners in terms of mental health, self-harm and suicide. The main reasons for their abuse are boredom and the undetectability by traditional drug testing. Despite the development of new analytical technologies, the detection of NPS’s is still a very challenging task. In this framework my research through the use of an innovative technique, called Raman spectroscopy, aims to enhance the rapid in-field detection of NPS’s.

Enhancing the detection of these substances smuggled into prisons will have a positive impact in the daily issues faced by prison and NHS staff

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WINNER

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“ NPS’s pose a particular risk to vulnerable prisoners in terms of mental health, self- harm and suicide” in managing emergencies related to the use of NPS’s as well as improvement in the well-being and quality of life of prisoners.

This photo showing a child behind a bar represents the inner innocence of drug addicted prisoners, prompting us to look beyond their current state and what crimes they have committed, reminding us that we were all once children.

Giorgia Vaccaro n

Visualizing quantum mechanics in phase-space as fluid mechanics BIRD’S-EYE VIEW of a quantummechanical probability distribution in phase-space (Wigner distribution). The quantum system under consideration is a Morse potential which represents the potential energy of a diatomic molecule. Black lines are the contours (isosurface values) of the Wigner distribution, and the thick black line is where it goes to zero. Orange and pink colours represent positive and negative quantum probability values in phase-space, respectively. These negative values are typical in quantum probabilities in phase-space, but until recently physicists did not know what they represent, apart from being thought of as the signature of the presence of a quantum system. The existence of these negative values is linked to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. This is no surprise, because we are in phase-space, the simultaneous representation of position and momentum, and Heisenberg’s

uncertainty principle states that one cannot measure, simultaneously, the exact position and momentum of a quantum particle. By visualising the Wigner distribution as a heterogeneous fluid, its associated current (Wigner current), superimposed on top of the Wigner distribution (thin white lines and arrows), represents its rate of flow.

Namely, in a time evolution, the Wigner

current represents how fast and in what direction the quantum probability is moving in phase-space. In this picture, the negative (and positive) parts of the quantum probability blend naturally in phase-space to form this conserved current. In the limit of massive particles or high energies, ie in the classical limit, these negativities disappear and the current becomes degenerate; the thin white lines collapse to the contours of the Wigner distribution (black lines). In such limit, the Wigner current’s stagnation points (red plus and yellow minus) form a stagnation line. Thus, the quantum description of a system is more fruitful compared to its degenerate classical counterpart.

Dimitris Kakofengitis n References: https://journals.aps.org/pra/ abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.95.022127; https://link.springer.com

Out of thin air EVERYONE HAS felt the power of moving air at some point; be it as a gentle breeze or a brutal gale.

Humankind has harnessed this power in many ways as well, from transportation to electricity generation and spawned a branch of science and engineering known as Aerodynamics, concerned with studying the patterns and intricacies of the movement of air. Aerodynamicists have had a new weapon added to their arsenal in relatively recent times, aiding in

the discovery of hitherto unknown phenomena and making aerodynamic predictions easier than ever before.

This weapon is called Computational Fluid Dynamics or CFD software, which works by solving a set of equations, most commonly the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, repetitively, until a convergent solution is reached.

Largely thanks to CFD, most aerodynamic applications have been explored thoroughly, but there still exists a few intricate aerodynamic

phenomena that are yet to be fully understood.

It is one such area of aerodynamics that my research is concerned with.

It is a little known aerodynamic phenomenon called dynamic stall which occurs when an oscillating aerofoil surpasses what is known as its static stall angle. Normally, the lift created by an aerofoil increases with its angle of incidence to the airflow, up to a certain point, whereafter it starts to drop off or stalls. The angle at this point is the static stall angle.

When an oscillating aerofoil surpasses this point, however, a vortex forms on the leading edge of the aerofoil, delaying the onset of stall, but then the vortex peels off the aerofoil resulting in a dramatic stall effect.

This effect can be seen on several applications such as helicopter rotors, wind turbine rotors and flapping wing flyers and I am trying to identify the effect different design characteristics of aerofoils have on this dynamic stall phenomenon through CFD simulation.

Samadhi Samararatne n Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 11

Patient and doctor perceptions of hypertension and its treatment: a qualitative study in urban hospitals of Pakistan HYPERTENSION (HTN) or high blood pressure is a chronic disease that has become a growing public health problem in countries around the world including Pakistan. Along with medications, an integral element in controlling HTN is nonpharmacological treatment, which includes: increased physical activity, balanced diet, smoking cessation, low alcohol consumption and low salt intake. However, multiple factors, cultural values and beliefs interact and make adherence to HTN treatment very challenging.

Although patient and doctor views on HTN have been well studied in Western countries, little is known about how HTN is perceived by patients and doctors in Pakistan.

To understand why HTN is difficult to manage, it is crucial to gain an understanding of the patient’s perspectives of their condition.

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However, a patient’s perspective is often very different from that of doctor and a better understanding of the differences might offer further insight into how doctors can help patients to manage HTN. Moreover, doctors’ views and understanding serve as a base for constructing the healthcare strategies to manage the patient’s illness.

Therefore, an in-depth qualitative study was carried out to understand the patient and doctor views about HTN and its treatment in Pakistan.

This is the first qualitative study that contributes towards understanding the complex issues in the lives of hypertensive patients and explores the perspectives of both patients and doctors with regard to HTN treatment in Pakistan. The study identified that doctors and patients had different expectations from each other regarding HTN treatment and a divergent view of its management. Patients’

“ A patient’s perspective is often very different from that of doctor and a better understanding of the differences might offer further insight into how doctors can help patients to manage HTN” understanding about the disease, drug dislikes and communication problems with doctors tended to affect their attitude to drug adherence.

In contrast, doctors pointed factors such as time restraints, work burden, poor health literacy of patients and communication issues that affected their treatment approach and information provision during consultations.

Qurrat ul Ain Ainee n

How does a silicon nutrient enhance the passive defence pathway of strawberries weekly use of silicon nutrient in the fertigation tubes at a commercial strawberry farm results in reduced susceptibility to this disease.

THIS IMAGE was taken whilst collecting samples from Maltmas farm, Wisbech in Cambridgeshire UK. My research aims to quantify the effect and benefits of silicon nutrient applied through the roots of strawberries in enhancing the constitutive defence pathway against strawberry powdery mildew.

This photograph provides a visual representation of how silicon travels through the roots of a plant by means of transpiration. This image was captured by a fluorescence microscope using cross sections of plant samples (leaves, petioles

and roots) treated with silicon nutrient on a silicon fertigation field trial located at Wisbech.

My PhD research is entitled ‘the deposition of silicon linked to the reduction in susceptibility to strawberry powdery mildew’. The most important disease of protected strawberries in the UK is strawberry powdery mildew caused by the fungus Podosphaera aphanis, which has to be controlled by the frequent use of fungicides.

Work carried out at the University of Hertfordshire has shown that the

In an attempt to reduce disease susceptibility in strawberries, I am investigating the deposition of silicon in the plant. I am currently in the final year of my PhD and my research is looking at how a bioavailable form of silicon reduces the severity of Podosphaera aphanis and the sites of deposits of silicon in strawberry plants.

Examining and quantifying the sites of deposits of silicon creates a better idea of the amounts of silicon accumulated by the plant in relation to the amounts of spores (powdery mildew) before and during an epidemic.

Carmilla Asiana n

Autophagy and spinal muscular atrophy: towards a pathway-centric therapy for a fatal childhood disorder SPINAL MUSCULAR atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular condition and is the leading genetic cause of death in children with an incidence rate of 1 in 6,000-10,000.

SMA is characterised by progressive muscular weakness, paralysis and respiratory complications. This muscular wastage is caused by an early loss of motor neurons from the spinal cord, which results from a widespread reduction in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein – a vital protein present in every cell type which is required for the correct growth of motor neurons during development.

While the genetic aspects of SMA are well established, determining the underlying molecular mechanisms behind the disease continues to prove challenging, and as a result, there is

currently no effective treatment available for SMA. One interesting avenue of treatment lies within the power of protective genetic modifiers; genes that can counteract the effects of SMN loss when their natural levels are altered.

Research at the forefront of SMA and other related neuromuscular diseases suggests that the autophagy

pathway may be disrupted in these disorders. Autophagy is required for upholding the balance of nutrients and other important molecules in cells, particularly motor neurons, and it is well known that this pathway is frequently disrupted in other neurodegenerative disorders which have similar characteristics to SMA. Using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, a free-living nematode worm found in the soil, it is our hope that we can screen the genes involved in the autophagy pathway and identify new potential genetic modifiers of SMA which will spark future research into developing a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of SMA.

Michael Hodgson n

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 13

Walking the path to capability: experiences that shape trainee sport psychologists AT ITS HEART, my work is about experiences that have a profound and transformative effect. Many different terms have been used to describe experiences such as these: epiphanies, critical incidents, transformational learning experiences, sudden personal transformation, the list goes on.

Though little is definitively known about how or why these experiences come about, we do know that they usually emerge from tumultuous and difficult times and that they are generally powerful and positive moments in people’s lives which profoundly change their perspectives.

My PhD involves exploring these experiences within the context of the

“ The path to capability is not linear, it is a winding road fraught with obstacles” Qualification in Sport and Exercise Psychology (QSEP) process. The qualification involves undertaking supervised practice over two to four years to develop doctoral level skills in: professional practice, consultancy, research, and communication. The QSEP process is a challenging and testing experience for trainee sport psychologists, where they often suffer anxiety and self-doubt. It is understood that typically, a trainee moves from a rigid mode of practice, to a more flexible and open stance.

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By understanding the forms that this transformation can take within the QSEP process, how trainees make meaning from them, and the importance of the supervisory relationship, this study seeks to comprehend how to facilitate trainee growth.

The path to capability is not linear, it is a winding road fraught with obstacles.

How one walks down this path can determine the outcome, and the kind of help received along the way can facilitate or hinder progress. Should a trainee have a transformational experience, perceptions and perspectives will change.

Aura Goldman n

Assessing Group B Streptococcus awareness in pregnancy GROUP B Streptococcus (GBS) is the main cause of sepsis and meningitis in fetuses and young infants in the United Kingdom (Public Health England, 2017). Maternal health literacy plays an important role in improving health outcomes of babies (Cleland, 1988; Quah, 2014).

In pregnant women, access to information is important in the maintenance of disease awareness.

However, GBS awareness: having knowledge or being informed about GBS during pregnancy, is an understudied phenomenon. Literature review reveals the dearth of a GBS awareness-specific measure in which psychometric evaluation was performed. The purpose of this study was to develop and preliminarily validate an instrument that measures the core dimensions of GBS awareness.

The researcher developed the GBS awareness tool to assess the following dimensions of awareness following literature review: knowledge, familiarity, access to information, experience

and engagement. Three hundred and forty-one pregnant women aged 18-44 years self-completed a survey assessing levels of GBS awareness based on the dimensions described above; generating data needed for evaluating the psychometric properties of the GBS awareness tool.

An exploratory factor analysis of the survey data revealed three latent constructs of GBS awareness: • Finding relevant information • Familiarity with disease • Discussing GBS with Healthcare Professionals The GBS awareness tool demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.858). Continued research is needed to confirm the structural and psychometric properties of this tool. The tool can be used in clinical practice and Public Health awareness campaigns to assess the impact of antenatal education on GBS awareness during pregnancy.

Key words: Group B Streptococcus, Awareness Status Tool, Development and Preliminary validation, Pregnancy.

Jeffrey Lucas n

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 15

Blur: sensory overload

EVER NOTICED how the sound of someone chewing or the smell of someone else’s meal can make you lose your appetite? This happens because our senses play a large role in how we perceive food and enjoy mealtimes. Properly functioning senses are something that we can easily take for granted, but even then, we can experience negative reactions towards our food, such as those mentioned above. So what happens when someone has heightened sensitivity to certain smells, tastes and sounds?

People with sensory sensitivities can be easily overwhelmed by simultaneous stimulation of multiple senses. Research indicates that mealtimes are the most impacted daily activity for these individuals which can also have negative consequences for

perceived quality of life. Due to this, I decided to research the mealtime experiences of children with sensory sensitivities and their parents.

This photo encapsulates several elements of my research. The motionless boy represents a child with sensory sensitivities. While he remains static his family appear to be in motion, highlighting the hectic mealtime happening around him and the disconnect between them. Both the motion blur and his gestures illustrate how overwhelming mealtimes can be for individuals with sensory sensitivities. Additionally, his tableware remains empty during the meal and there is an open packet of crisps in front of him. This represents food refusal and picky eating which is associated with sensory sensitivity and often results in the requirement

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“ Research indicates that mealtimes are the most impacted daily activity for these individuals which can also have negative consequences for perceived quality of life” of a special meal or alternative.

Both parents look towards their son whilst still engaging in the family meal with their other children, this displays their consciousness of his lack of participation in the family meal.

Additionally, the motion blur here is symbolic of parental confusion and helplessness surrounding persistent picky eating.

Sandra-Eve Bamigbade n

Why have aircraft in museums soared?

IN 1968 THERE were only 13 aviation museums in the UK; 50 years later, there are 87, with over 2,000 aircraft in their collections. Why has the number grown? What is it about transport that fascinates people and leads them to spend their leisure restoring aircraft, railways or canals and running museums? Despite this growth there is no nationally-funded museum devoted specifically to aerospace, yet there are national railway and maritime museums – why is this? And why did the attempts to set up such a museum in the 1930s, 1950s and 1980s fail?

Very little has been written on the history of aviation museums. Only four books have been identified, and these works were aimed at the enthusiast – rather than academic – market. Studies of other transport heritage organisations are rare, but an academic study of British Railway Enthusiasm and a recent history of preserved railways give useful insights for comparison with the aviation sector. The policies underlying the preservation of historic railway material are examined in a recent thesis, and a thesis from 1977 looked at the canal restoration movement.

Volunteers’ motivation has been studied in other contexts, and I will build on this through interviews with people who are currently active in the aircraft preservation movement, or who were involved during the period of growth in the 1970s and 1980s.

In addition to museums that open their collections to the public, there are many individuals who collect and restore aircraft or major components such as cockpits; is this simply a case of “rich boys’ toys” or does their activity bring wider benefits?

I have many questions and I hope that by trying to answer them I can increase understanding of how individuals’ leisure time activities can help to preserve our transport heritage.

Peter Elliot n

PhD project: learning chemistry with application and understanding CHEMISTRY IS an interesting yet difficult subject that students often find challenging to fully understand.

The pharmacy degree incorporates a range of science subjects as well as law, professionalism and clinical teaching. Chemistry is a very important subject for pharmacy students as medicines are chemicals.

Understanding chemistry allows them to have a deeper insight into medicines and how they work in the body and react with each other. So far, the project has looked at the attitudes and motivations of pharmacy students towards studying chemistry. This found that students are more motivated to learn and engage with teaching if the relevance to pharmacy and their future practice is appropriately highlighted. This approach is often known as contextualisation. The project is currently developing and implementing an approach to

effectively contextualise chemistry within a pharmacy setting and then evaluate its impact on student learning.

The photo aims to highlight the important relationship between the subject of chemistry and pharmacy as a vocation. The molecular model is the chemical structure of propranolol. This is a drug which belongs to a commonly prescribed group of medicines which control high blood pressure and pulse rate.

On their path to becoming a competent pharmacist, students also need to understand the range of medical resources available and appropriately utilise these. Understanding the importance of the chemical structure and how this influences the body’s response is equally as important as their understanding of a patient’s pulse (using the pulse-oximeter pictured) and calculating the most appropriate dose (using the British National Formulary pictured).

Marianne Rial n

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 17

Biometrics in engineering ALL ENGINEERED products are a compromise between different characteristics, this is particularly evident in modern aircraft. These structures are developed for a purpose, such as efficiency in the case of civil airlines and manoeuvrability and performance in military jets. This inadaptability poses a problem with the development of intelligent aircraft, which are required to meet the increasingly varied demands facing today’s aircraft. The solution to this issue, which has helped solve the engineering challenges which faced everything from the bullet train to velcro, is biomimetics.

Biomimicry or bio-inspired design is the mimicking or copying of biological systems and mechanisms in artificial

designs. In aviation the avian or bird is next to unmatched in precise control and efficiency all while adapting to varying flight conditions, the avian has therefore been looked to for inspiration in all aerospace fields.

Red kites (Milvus Milvus) are being studied to provide an insight into the muscle systems that allow large wing movements for stability and control.

The picture shows a red kite soaring, while using minute movements in its black outer feathers to control the flight. The mimicking of these unique characteristics would allow a wing to alter its shape so significantly it would enable small UAVs to replicate the useful manoeuvres the red kite performs naturally.

Benjamin Stacey n

A nature inspired approach of design development CONVENTIONAL BUILDING simulation methods provide a top-down approach towards understanding building behaviour and developing appropriate design solutions. This approach has major limitations for designers in exploring the design-space and investigating various design solutions, as it is generally based on solving complex mathematical equations which require considerable user preparation and long computing time.

How can designers explore the design-space for appropriate design solutions?

Nature has, over several billion years, produced a variety of living organisms through the process of emergence.

These organisms are then allowed to either live or die through the process of natural selection. This process of emergence, utilised by nature, represents a bottom-up approach that leads to self-organisation of form. My research investigates an alternative simulation method inspired by nature with the aim of exploring the design space.

Simulation models are developed utilising principles of interaction that

replace the need for solving complex mathematical equations. The model visualises and analyses the natural behaviour of elements resulting in the creation of a self-organized emergent pattern of thermal insulation material in response to the intensity of heat-loss. These organic solutions are a consequence of automatic filtration of non-viable design solutions, representing a three-dimensional heat-loss field. Insulation design solutions developed through this process have shown higher reductions in energy consumption and carbon emissions in comparison to design solutions developed through conventional methods.

This research aims to develop and introduce a bottom-up approach to enable designers to explore the design-space in higher detail while providing them with a starting point for design development.

It will also empower them with a stronger understanding of the building behaviour through the visualisation of complex component interaction.

Purvesh Bharadwaj n 18  Vision and Voice 2019 I The next generation of researchers 

Sacred and profane “ My work has been asking me to challenge things, to create doubts, to change the way things appeared and find out other possible answers, in a perpetual research of the truth” NAPLES, 26th March 2018. At each corner of the city a mix of Sacred and Profane, religious icons and lucky amulets and talismans, “Saint Gennaro pray for us” and “Be careful to the evil eye”. Italy is the country where the religious Catholic influence is silently dominant and in parallel the place where “it is not true, but I believe it”.

I think this picture describes what I have been learning through my studies in Medicine, my clinical work, and my PhD: the unequivocal need of the scientific method and my faith to its rigour and truthfulness. In fact, the term ‘Science’ comes from the Latin, meaning knowledge, intended

as the learning process leading to the real essence of the things; in ancient Greece it is referred to as ‘Episteme’, meaning a sure and unconfutable knowledge of the world. During years, my work has been asking me to challenge things, to create doubts, to change the way things appeared and find out other possible answers, in a perpetual research of the truth.

This picture frames all the existing restrictions to the acquisition of the knowledge emerging from mistaken beliefs, outdated ideas and irrational attitudes. It is a memento for students and scientists to pose always questions on themselves and their work.

Stefania Chiappini n

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 19

Antimicrobial therapy – from the revolutionary to the obsolete IN THE late 19th century, germ theory of disease superseded the theory of miasma and the ‘golden era’ of bacteriology was born. The discovery of infectious agents created a demand for the development of effective treatment strategies. Half a century later, in 1928, Alexander Fleming inadvertently discovered penicillin; revolutionising the world of medicine and subsequently saving countless lives. Fleming did however, forewarn that the misuse of antimicrobial therapy can select for resistant bacteria....

Plagued with complexities, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a grave threat to all. Presently, one person dies every 45 seconds due to AMR, a number predicted to rise to one person every 3 seconds by the year 2050. A lack of drug development, misuse, and overuse of drugs in agriculture facilitates the widespread dissemination of multi-drug resistant strains; giving rise to the evolution of the ‘superbugs’.

Clostridium difficile is a significant cause of infectious disease in humans worldwide. Highly prevalent in nosocomial settings, C. difficile is responsible for a host of enteric

pathologies. Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antimicrobial that has demonstrated activity against C. difficile. My research aims to characterise the resistance profiles of 147 strains against linezolid, determine the mechanism(s) of resistance and whether this confers resistance across other classes of antimicrobials.

“ Presently, one person dies every 45 seconds due to AMR, a number predicted to rise to one person every 3 seconds by the year 2050” In 2015, the World Health Organisation (the emblem of which, pictured here, drawn with a linezolid resistant strain of C. difficile) adopted the Global Action Plan on AMR. One aim was to enhance worldwide surveillance and research, through the development of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS). The importance of antimicrobial therapy cannot be overemphasized. The relentless rise of resistance seems unstoppable, the very use of antimicrobial agents rendering them obsolete. As we stare into the possibility of a post-antibiotic era, the future certainly looks bleak, a pre-antibiotic era is awaiting us all.

Lisa Blagg n

Please do touch THIS RESEARCH study was rooted in inclusive design but the larger story was told through non-sighted designer-makers and their use of touch. Having just submitted the thesis study, this image is in itself a visual narrative of the work undertaken, offers an opportune period of reflection about the PhD study, the advances in tactile technology and of course the participants who took part in the study.

The image shows a hand set in a specific position, the owner of the hand is sensory impaired, and he was blind from birth and hard of hearing.

The specific position is one part of a ‘hand sign’ which translates to the word ‘haptic’. In front of the hand is a haptic device which is curved in the similar positioning to the hand. The device shown was the exact tool used to guide non-sighted participants around interactive 3D haptic scene. The yellow toned block shape, at the bottom of the haptic device, is a sample of the battery of 3D haptic shapes that participants

were requested to explore and to assemble into a 3D virtual prototype as part of the empirical testing.

It is often said that the road to a PhD degree is a mix of highs and lows. Personally speaking, my journey

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has been a series of highs and lows, but the road has always been lined with amazing individual people with their own story to tell, their own vision and voice.

Lisa Bowers n

A step towards a much richer and personalised human experience with the Internet of Things ADULT VISITORS may choose to read description labels and carefully examine the archaeological discoveries of the site to understand a little more about its ancient inhabitants. On the other hand, in the girl’s mental model, the same site may be perceived as a rustic playground.

The ideal user interface should allow users to interact freely with the elements that are relevant to them and not be constrained to what a designer deemed appropriate to all.

With that in mind, my research focuses on a method to support user experience designers to use Machine Learning in User Interfaces (UI) for the Internet of Things (IoT).

In the girl’s interaction with the archaeological site, it is not obvious

what the interface is but the lack of constraints can be easily observed. She is not being forced to interact with the site like the other adult visitor seen at the back, she is free to enjoy her very own experience, a very personal one.

If we achieve similar levels of freedom and personalisation with user interfaces, we will present users with a much richer experience; the type of experience to which they have become accustomed, growing up in a physical world.

Imagine the various typical everyday objects that people interact with.

From door locks and light switches to microwaves and cupboards.

When all these objects become smart objects, ie become interconnected and connected to the internet, people will also interact with them through apps,

websites or smart assistants – this is the Internet of Things.

Machine learning can help to personalise the experience by learning through users’ interactions. Aiding designers to use machine learning in UI designs could help us to eradicate the ‘one size fits all’ approach, bringing a more positive experience when the Internet of Things becomes pervasive in our lives.

Ruben BarbosaHughes n

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 21

Delirium superimposed on dementia, the importance of engaging carers with nursing staff to improve care “THE NURSES are lovely but they do

something different to worry me every day, yesterday my room was full of budgerigars in cages, last night they set up a trap in the toilet, every time the door opened a man with big eyes jumped out”.

“I found my way back to my job as a milkman, and asked for my job back”.

These are real accounts of patients who have experienced delirium.

Delirium is one of the most serious complications that a person with dementia can experience during hospitalisation. Delirium occurs suddenly, unlike dementia which develops over a period of time. Delirium is a sudden change in consciousness and attention. Delirium can cause hallucinations, illusions and impairment of immediate recall or event. It can fluctuate between being hyperactive and hypoactive, a person with delirium therefore can be very restless and agitated or alarmingly drowsy, lacking interest in food and communication.

It can affect sleep and can cause emotional disturbances, depression, anxiety and fear. Delirium can result as a consequence of serious illness or injury. Patients who develop delirium, especially those living with dementia, not only may remember frightening experiences of their delirious episode but are also at risk of an extended stay in hospital and risk becoming less functionally independent. Alarmingly though despite research into delirium

growing in popularity and the introduction of delirium screening tools, delirium is often overlooked by doctors and nurses, and therefore remains a contributor for poor patient outcomes.

I am a 2nd year DHRes student, I work as a Dementia Clinical Nurse Specialist and I want to improve communication

Which patient would prefer to wait more to be seen by a doctor when suffering from illness?

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between carers and nursing staff so as to improve care for patients with dementia. By exploring current awareness, we identify potential solutions for interventions to reduce the incidence of delirium in dementia during hospital stay.

Caroline Gough n

Struggling teachers? Yeah, I know loads of them!

WHAT DOES it really feel like to be struggling? Is it something we can really put into words? Or do we just assume we know as it’s a word we hear all the time? My PhD study gave teachers the opportunity to express what it really feels like to be struggling.

A particular form of collage – one which places materials rather than sticks them – was used as a way into that experience.

Struggling is an experience which involves feelings, thoughts and bodily sensations. Several teachers struggled – if you’ll forgive the use of the word – to start the process of collage-making but in the end, all embraced the activity and reported getting something from it that they hadn’t anticipated. Many found it an emotional process.

Collage allows for the creation of visual metaphors. Some metaphors represent the embodiment of struggling; knots in the stomach, portrayed by tightly wound pipe cleaners and fuzzy heads, illustrated by blue (‘because struggling has a sad feel to it’) cotton wool. Images of water – and especially of drowning – emerged. One teacher used blue felt to show the shark-infested waters of accountability which surround her. Straws and pipe cleaners were used as clear delineators between the person struggling and the ‘outside world’ – ‘I don’t want people to see I’m struggling.’

A QUIET hospital corridor... The photo was taken in a different country than the UK in order to prove that my research problem interests health systems of all countries (including the UK) around the world. In the background of the photo, new patients are being registered to be seen by a doctor when many patients are waiting their treatment time in the corridor of the hospital. They have to wait their turns even if they suffer from their health problems. Hospitalization has been globally increased along with the growth of the population. This situation causes hospitals to struggle to work under limited resources (ie budget, human resources and capacity). Therefore, hospital

The photo shows the box of materials which was available for all participating teachers to use, in the privacy of their homes during our interview, as well as laminated photos of the collages created. Increasingly, I am using this technique to help with my analysis.

Collage clearly has the potential to go beyond words, to move into the realms of visual thinking. And maybe, it reveals things that we haven’t thought of – or spoken about – before.

Suzanne Culshaw n

management will be obliged to use more effectively their limited resources and patients will suffer more when they are waiting for a doctor in the future… My research is interested in the development of a projective approach for all hospitals by developing a flexible simulation-based decision support system which aims to help a number of stakeholders of healthcare systems (ie hospital management, NHS, patients, taxpayers and beyond) in solving the demand and capacity problems of healthcare services.

All hospitals over the world should have more efficient services in the future and people should be healthy and happy…

Muhammed Ordu n

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 23

…the first casualty is the truth THIS PHOTOGRAPH is a collage of newspaper cuttings that were collected by people who have type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as part of a PhD study exploring information about food.

Processing information about what to eat is a daily activity for people with T2DM and newspapers were found to be one of many sources of information used. However, information about food and what should be eaten published in newspapers was a concern to participants and this photograph seeks to encapsulate their struggles.

The photograph shows the many ways in which diabetes is portrayed in newspapers. Newspapers appear to be trying to support people with diabetes however they also suggest that advice that people have been given may not be helpful. Newspapers seem to promote high sugar foods and yet they also suggest that a ‘war’ is needed against sugar. Value laden words are used in headlines implying that type 2

diabetes needs to be ‘fought’ and the ‘battle’ must be won.

Some of the participants who took part in the study read newspapers with interest, spoke about saving useful information they read and sharing it with others. However some were concerned about articles that imply that diabetes can be halted or reversed, preferring to use the word ‘remission’ in cases where diabetes no longer features in medical tests.

Others were concerned about the amount of conflicting information published, the lack of trustworthiness and the inaccuracies in many articles.

For example one of the participants, Andrew said that he felt that newspaper articles were written not because of the wish to tell the truth and to help people but in order to sell newspapers. He said: Well you see the problem you have with any newspaper, any publication the first casualty is the truth…They just do that to sell copy. (Andrew)

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“ Newspapers appear to be trying to support people with diabetes however they also suggest that advice that people have been given may not be helpful. Newspapers seem to promote high sugar foods and yet they also suggest that a ‘war’ is needed against sugar”

Jane McClinchy n

To see and see again: the role of visual and narrative methods in collecting food stories of migrant women living in the UK MIGRATION OFTEN involves change and a turning point in food practices.

Food access, food security, social and cultural factors all play a role in women’s food and eating practices in a new country. Ultimately, this can affect their health and well-being. Traditional methods of dietary assessment fail to capture the holistic aspect of migrant women’s food lives. Through the use of visual and narrative methods such as photo-elicitation, visual food journals and life grid interviews, my study aims to highlight the past and present food experiences of first generation Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) women living in the UK. Each woman’s food and migration story is unique.

Through increased understanding of the challenges, resilience and diversity of each woman’s narrative, it is hoped that further insight into the lived experiences of migrant women can offer practical solutions when addressing the nutrition, health and well-being of these migrant women in the UK.

Migration has been described as a ‘fragmentation’ experience, however, as one participant expressed; ‘Food brings us together. It is something we all share. They are happy memories for me’.

“ Food brings us together. It is something we all share. They are happy memories for me”

The photographs in the collage show the kitchen life of Maaliyah* (*not her real name), a newly migrated Yemeni woman living in the UK. The war in Yemen started in 2015 and continues. The photos on the left are from Maaliyah’s family kitchen in Yemen’s countryside, making traditional food known as ‘Aseed’.

It is in the countryside that Maaliyah holds fond childhood memories.

In comparison, the photos on the right show Maaliyah’s present kitchen in the UK with the same traditional ‘Aseed’ dish. It is here that she describes starting her ‘new life’ with her husband.

Dawn Lukk n

From waste to biological material…

MILLIONS ARE ESTIMATED to suffer from acute and chronic wounds yearly and these various wounds invariably bring, aside from the obvious health issues, potential emotional and financial implications to patients. The go-to treatment of chronic wound is the application of protein-based bandage.

These proteins are obtained from a biocompatible material such as fish, pig and/or horse skin. However, these bandages are extremely expensive but a necessity to ensure closure of the

wound and promote healing. An ideal bandage must encourage a moistwound environment, promote healing, non-toxic to surrounding tissues, have the appropriate physical/mechanical characteristics, conforms to the shape of the wound, be easily removable and cost effective. In most cases, the treatment of chronic wounds also requires repeated administration of drugs at regular interval for extended duration. My PhD project aims to generate a novel drug-incorporated biocompatible bandage for wound healing applications.

Eggshells

Adhesive bandage

Eggshell membrane

Across the globe, millions of chicken eggs are utilized in food industries and the eggshells are discarded.

However, the membranes lining the eggshells have a multitude of fascinating applications and its exploitation has long been overlooked. Nonetheless, some researchers have made significant advancement in investigating this exceptional

“ Across the globe, millions of chicken eggs are utilized in food industries and the eggshells are discarded” biological material because of its unique texture, antimicrobial and wound healing properties. The eggshell membrane (ESM) is composed of a fibrous network comprising of proteins including collagen, fibronectin and hyaluronic acid. These chemical compositions support the application of ESM as a biological and biocompatible material. The ESM embedded in the shell can simply be isolated by an acidic treatment, then thoroughly washed and sterilized. Current results have demonstrated that the texture and in vitro toxicological profile of the ESM have been extremely promising.

For additional enhancement, drugs will be loaded into the membranes to produce cheap, adhesive, rapid wound-healing bandages for patients.

Rosemond Attaa Mensah n

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 25

How digital scenography and images affect the visual spectacle in a site-specific choreographic installation AN EXPERIMENTAL dance performance, a choreographic installation

The aims of the research project were to gain a better understanding of digital scenography, mainly in the field of dance as used by recent choreographers, to create an experimental, improvisatory dance performance. This was eventually

entitled Απεραντοσύνη/Vastness, and successfully staged at the Attic, University of Hertfordshire, on 16 September 2016.

The performance’s constructed cylindrical architecture (fig.1), surrounded by transparent fabric allowed two dancers inside the structure to experience the projected, scripted/un-scripted visuals along with an original, experimental musical composition. The performance invited the audience to be involved as observers and spectators of the strange/natural phenomena, while wandering around the space outside the structure.

The three main research questions are: Can a narrative, as represented by images in a projected animation, be a choreographic tool? Is it possible to combine projected animation with projected interactive motion generated images successfully for developing improvisatory dance performances in non-theatre spaces?

And if so, can this combination also be a choreographic tool?

The thesis of the project is that firstly, despite the apparent lack of historical precedents, it would be possible to present a decorative/aesthetic enhancement to the visual spectacle of the performance and secondly, that such use could also be identified as a valuable choreographic tool for the development of improvisatory dance performances in non-theatre spaces.

Conceptually, the project derived not only from the eighteenth-century philosopher Edmund Burke’s ideas about the “sublime”, as an experience of awe and terror prompted by human confrontations with the power of natural forces, but also from the contemporary philosopher Paul Crowther’s idea of the “postmodern sublime”, concerning the awe and terror evoked by the contemporary, incomprehensible and invisible power of digital technology. The storyline is also related to the operation of the moon’s gravitational force on the ocean tides, and the terrifying tsunamis that may be produced as a result.

Maria Mitsi n

Profiling dust over the eastern Mediterranean MEASUREMENTS OF the size distribution of atmospheric particles and cloud droplets are fundamental to gain statistical insight into their microphysical properties and the physical processes governing aerosol and cloud interactions.

There is an abundance of commercial and experimental instruments for such observations. However, in-situ measurements of the size of atmospheric aerosols above the boundary layer are still scarce as they are mostly conducted with research aircraft.

The scope of my PhD project is to perform height-resolved measurements of the size distribution of mineral dust in the eastern Mediterranean by using the Universal Cloud and Aerosol Sounding System (UCASS). The UCASS is a novel, balloon-bourne, disposable optical particle counter developed at the

University of Hertfordshire and has great potential to become an affordable alternative to aircraft observations of large particles such as mineral dust and volcanic ash.

There is practically no limitation on time frame or location on the utilisation of UCASS, as opposed to measurements with a research aircraft.

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The purpose of this work is to assess the reliability of UCASS aerosol observations through a thorough collaboration in the laboratory and by means of a comparison to independent data obtained from measurements with a research aircraft as well as from sun photometer and aerosol lidar measurements. In sprint 2007, UCASS measurements have been performed during two international field experiments on Crete and Cyprus in a region strongly affected by dust storms from the Saharan and Arabian deserts. Further UCASS launches are planned for the first D-TECT campaign from the island of Antikythera, Greece. The use of data from several field campaigns will allow for a comparison of UCASS observations during different dust transport events over the eastern Mediterranean.

Maria Kezoudi n

Learning what is important: instance weighted clustering THE PICTURE in the background shows a variety of plastic pieces… childhood memories anyone? Thanks to the lighting and the aging of the plastic pieces, they are all slightly different shades however, to any human it is clear there are four different pieces on offer. This is because our brains can intuitively group the objects.

Unfortunately, for computers they lack this natural ability, instead they must utilise a technique called Clustering. Clustering is a technique for recognising groups in data. In the foreground of the image we see the pieces plotted by the amount they

are green and red. The X’s in the top right have a lot of green and have little red, the X’s in the top right have a lot of green and little red (making yellow an additive colour), the X’s in the middle right have some green have a lot of very red and finally in the bottom right the X’s have little green and have a lot of red. Clustering can recognise these groups, see the circles identifying the typical case for each of the clusters of X’s. This can be useful as when shown another piece it can be recognised as one of types it has previously seen. Of course, they need not be plastic pieces, more usefully it could identify customers,

medical conditions, environmental data, behaviours and much more.

My research investigates weighting those X’s to improve the performance of the clustering technique. The X’s (instances) could be weighted on how reliable a source they originated from, how well they fit a model or by how much information they encode. By weighting instances on whatever is important to the task at hand, it is hoped the outcome of the clustering (represented by positioning the circles in the foreground) is improved.

Paul Moggridge n

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 27

Sons and daughters of the land THIS PHOTO was taken in a village in South India, in the midst of my three-month data-collection for the research project access to land.

This photo shows three research assistants, all local PhD students, on their way to conduct a household survey questionnaire at the house behind them, located at the border of the village, bordering the forested hills. In the field just outside the frame of this picture, four women, all agricultural wage labourers, are weeding a field with cassava plants.

One of the research assistants is calling out to another research assistant across the field, directing her towards the women for the survey.

While the surveys are conducted individually, managing the completion of 1,000 household surveys requires teamwork. Not only in directing each

other to households that are not yet covered, but also in helping each other understand the survey better, to discuss and make sense of the data the informants have given, and to try and come up with solutions together for issues that are encountered in the villages, such as water shortages, lack of bus facilities, lack of knowledge

about government benefits, and restricted access to the forests.

This project aims to improve household food security through securing tenure rights to land and forests, which will be done through evidence-based policy making. The collected data through the surveys will provide this evidence and through contact with local officials, we hope to make governance more responsible, which will positively impact local rural wellbeing. Since traditional practice and formal state laws do not always coincide, we look at both on equal footing, and try to find some accordance that will improve land rights, for example women’s land rights, and the right to food, with the goal of equality and improved livelihoods.

Lianne Oosterbaan n

Investigating the effects of newly designed compounds as a potential therapy for pancreatic cancer

Migration of S100P-expressing pancreatic cancer cells in the absence of text compundo

Treatment with test compound prevented the migration of S100P-expressing pancreatic cancer cells

PANCREATIC DUCTAL adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive cancer, which spreads quickly, leaving patients with little hope of survival. PDAC tends to be resistant to normal therapies, and thus makes a crucial area for drug design. A small protein called S100P which is pumped out in large amounts by PDAC has been linked to the aggressive progression of the disease.

Our team of computational and synthetic chemists developed 93 novel compounds based on the known asthma drug cromolyn. These novel compounds would, in theory, have the ability to block S100P from binding to its target on the cell surface, a receptor known as RAGE. My research

Blood vessel formation in chicken embryo membrane without test compound

project has involved improving and validating techniques to screen these compounds for their biological effects on human pancreatic cancer cells.

Of all the tested compounds so far, eighteen prevented the migration of S100P-expressing pancreatic cancer cells; whereas no effect was observed with non-S100P expressing pancreatic cancer cells suggesting an S100P-specific mechanism.

Interestingly, eight of the identified compounds also prevented the formation of new blood vessels in a chicken egg membrane model.

Further studies aim to investigate the effects of these compounds on the expression of cell signalling proteins

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Treatment with test compound prevented blood vessel formation in chicken embryo membrane

involved in the development and progress of PDAC. If successful, it might make a difference for patients between no survival – and a prolonged life. Since in theory any drug that worked in this way would both slow down the progression of PDAC and make it more vulnerable to chemotherapy.

Deborah Ogbeni n

Physiological and thermoregulatory demands of fencing THE PHOTOGRAPHS were taken during my research during the two simulated fencing competitions I have set up myself. When choosing a picture for the competition it was difficult to encapsulate my research in one picture so I decided a collage of four was a better representation.

Studying the demands of fencing competition is challenging and despite there being 36 medals available at the Olympics it is an under-researched area in Sports Science, especially when medal performance directly influences funding for athletes, coaches and governing bodies. Furthermore, the nature of fencing with the full-body, multi-layered protective clothing adds an extra physiological strain on the body especially when dissipating heat produced from a fight.

During my research I have used an athlete tracking system (picture: left) to quantify the heart rate response, and movement demands of fencing

(eg distance covered, speed of movement, accelerations etc). To determine the energy expended during fencing I have collaborated with Xavi Iglesias group from Barcelona who allowed me to use their portable gas analysers (picture: top middle). The athletes had to wear a gas mask under their equipment, which monitored the air they breathed in and out.

To understand the metabolism that the athletes are using during fencing I took capillary blood samples (picture: bottom middle), which were analysed for blood lactate concentration that

shows if the athletes are working aerobically or anaerobically. Finally, to assess the thermoregulatory demands was the most complex aspect of the PhD due to their protective clothing. I have measured their Core Temperature (picture: right) using an ingestible pill, which uses a magnetic signal to the reader, and I have measured skin temperature using wireless skin thermistors that are located on different sites on the body.

Luke Oates n

Blending creative writing and folklore: an alternative approach to research and presenting history MY PHD RESEARCH centres around folklore and culture in England and Poland. It draws direct comparisons between the two nations, with specific references to supernatural creatures such as dragons, spirits, goblins and werewolves. What makes my research unique and important is that it isn’t conveyed through traditional papers, but through a collection of interlocking fictional short stories, told through the eyes of a protagonist travelling between the two countries. This allows my research to not only span two very different fields, but makes it accessible to a wider audience through the use of creative writing.

The photo below shows York Castle, a location rumoured to be haunted and inhabited by otherworldly creatures due to its bloody past. It can be compared to Poland’s Wawel Castle in Krakow, which while physically larger, has it’s own set of supernatural stories.

David Trebus n

Photo: York Castle winter sky

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire 29

Visualising lilliput AS PART OF MY PHD project I explore the viability of bacteriophages (viruses that target bacteria) to provide a source of future antibiotics in the wake of global multi-drug resistance. However, the viruses I study fall well below the wavelength of visible light. Accordingly, the microcosm they inhabit is rendered invisible under normal light microscopes and is not easily visualised without the use of specialist techniques, such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) or Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

As an alternative, the power of dilution and growth is harnessed to enumerate viral concentration in a more lab-friendly manner, allowing researchers to glimpse these vanishingly small entities with few materials. The viral stock is repeatedly diluted, reducing the concentration by orders of magnitude such that a single vessel holds only a few hundred viruses. These are then spread over a firm agar plate on which bacteria grow in a thick lawn when incubated.

agar peeks out. As the viruses continue to decimate their bacterial adversary, the plaques get larger and larger until they are visible to the human eye.

In this digital photo, taken on a smart phone in the University’s microbiology laboratory, the plaques are visible as pixels among the translucent agar screen held firm in the dish, providing a lens through which to view another world. In this manner, the simple process of serial dilution and exponential growth acts as its own magnifying glass, making the microscopic, suddenly visible: a world once hidden, now tangible.

Each small zone of inhibition, known as a Plaque Forming Unit (PFU) represents a single viral particle that has infected a bacterium and proliferated in a localised positive feedback loop, leaving in its path dead bacteria, which, in the absence of intact cellular structure, appear as an empty space where the underlying

Dominik Brotherton n

Identifying therapeutic compounds for S100P in pancreatic cancer therapy PANCREATIC CANCER is one of the most lethal types of cancer with a 5-year survival rate of 5%. There are currently no effective treatments available other than early removal of part or the entire pancreas. However, only 15%-20% of patients actually qualify for the surgery. Even with the surgery, the prognosis is still low, so research into pancreatic cancer is vital.

S100P is a protein, which is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer and is linked to poor prognosis. S100P acts through interactions with a cell surface protein receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE).

When RAGE is activated, signalling pathways are induced, which stimulate cell growth and invasion.

At the University of Hertfordshire, drug-like compounds were designed computationally and synthesised, as they are predicted to inhibit the interaction between RAGE and S100P,

found to slow down the progression of cancer cell growth and invasiveness (the bracelet shows one of the small molecule drugs).

My research is to test the interaction of drug-like compounds with S100P. If interaction occurs where they were not predicted, the drug-like compounds will be re-designed to increase binding with S100P. With this increased binding to the protein the aim of this study is to show decreased progression of the cancer.

“ Even with the surgery, the prognosis is still low, so research into pancreatic cancer is vital” by binding to S100P. These drugs have been tested in different assays and pancreatic cancer cell lines and have

30 Vision and Voice 2019 I The next generation of researchers

This bracelet was made because in my research, it is hard to see what is happening as everything I do is at a molecular level and every step is small progress, but each step together will make a big impact. So I wear it as a motivational tool, which keeps reminding me of the bigger picture and why this research is so important.

Ellie Hurer n

The female of the species is more deadly than the male MY RESEARCH investigates monsters and the feminine in the nineteenth century short story and modern film/ TV. I have chosen to examine three female monsters in particular in that of the female vampire, the female mummy and the killer plant. As a uniquely interdisciplinary project, I combine gender studies, medical humanities and psychoanalysis in my approach to unpacking the myths, metaphors and symbols that surround the female monster. I argue that each creature represents a different fear surrounding the female body and interrogate nineteenth century gynaecology.

My own argument about the female vampire compares menstruation and

cliterodectomy and my analysis of the female vampire allows for a critical discussion of the slayer in terms of hyper-masculinity comparing well with that of the mummy and the archaeologist. This thesis also highlights the neglected area of the menopausal/post-menopausal woman in horror and develops an original line of research connecting that of the mummy with body horror in terms of the dried up, barren, decayed feminine.

Curse tales dedicated to the female mummy revolve around her reverse ageing, her becoming beautiful, fertile and in her prime once again for the male archaeologist to enjoy. My chapter on killer plants focuses on the orchid as I investigate Victorian tales of exotic

orchids devouring their collectors and the orchid-like demogorgon monster in the Netflix hit show Stranger Things.

My research in the area of botany, gothic and modern plant horror reveal that its vaginal appearance renders the killer orchid as a monster steeped in female sexuality and body horror.

Drawing on a history of misogynistic medical practices and misunderstanding of the female body, it has therefore proved interesting to analyse the ways in which the vagina, menopause and menstruation have been demonised and pathologised within narratives old and new.

Daisy Butcher n

2019 RUNNER UP

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Endogenous fibrinolysis: the hidden prayer in clot formation

HEART ATTACK is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the western world. Despite our efforts to tackle this, still some 10% of people who are treated with the best available treatments have a recurrent event within a year. Thus far research has been focused on the process of trying to prevent us from forming a blood clot which eventually causes an occlusion to a vessel leading to a heart attack. The role of our own body’s natural defensive mechanism

(endogenous fibrinolysis), which breaks down a clot once formed, has been overlooked. My research mainly focuses on differences in clot architecture people exhibit with abnormal endogenous fibrinolysis and how can this be altered with intense pharmacotherapy. This will allow us to individualise treatment, identifying patients at high risk and offer them more intense therapy.

Nik Spinthakis n

Reducing the vulnerability of masonry houses to earthquakes and hurricanes

Endogenous Fibrinolysis: The hidden player in clot formation Intact to severely impaired endogenous fibrinolysis in patients with an acute heart attack (Left to Right in three different magnifications under SEM – x3500 x6000 x9000) As endogenous fibrinolysis becomes less efficient clots become denser and fibre diameter becomes thinner

THE CARIBBEAN and South Pacific are two of the most hazard prone regions on Earth. Two hazards that normally cause extensive and severe damage to houses are earthquakes and hurricanes. In response to the more frequent hurricanes, most new houses in these regions are constructed with masonry walls using hollow concrete blocks.

The aim of this research is to reduce the vulnerability of houses in the Caribbean and the South Pacific to earthquakes and hurricanes.

Part of the research is to examine damage to houses following a hazard 32 Vision and Voice 2019 I The next generation of researchers

Bayfordbury telescope at sunset “ The moon is practically in our backyard, only a few hundred thousand kilometres away”

to determine: why the damage occurred, what building methods could have prevented the damage, and economical improvements that can be applied to existing building standards to reduce the risks of similar damage.

The most useful information comes from partially demolished houses immediately following an impact, like in the photo below taken by the author following an earthquake in Haiti.

It is important that such buildings be examined before they are completely demolished by the government authorities due to their unsafe state, or repaired by the owner.

IN MOMENTS like this I wonder at our sense of distance. This photo, taken at Bayfordbury campus just after sunset, shows one of the telescope domes in silhouette. The evening sky behind is punctuated by the waxing crescent moon and two other points of light: Venus and Mercury. Everything looks impossibly distant, suspended on some celestial sphere. In fact the moon is practically in our backyard, only a few hundred thousand kilometres away. Venus on the other hand is much more distant – it takes the light over ten minutes to reach us here on Earth. The stars – not yet making an appearance in this dusky image – are almost indistinguishable from the planets by eye, but their light travels for years, even millennia, to reach us. Our image of the sky is one filled with history.

The objects I study are invisble to the naked eye, tens of billions of light years away. They provide a snapshot of our universe in a younger, more violent time: galaxies furiously forming stars, and black holes spewing energy out into intergalactic space. By looking to these very distant, early galaxies, we can piece together a story of how the universe has evolved, and understand the physical processes that shape galaxies like our own Milky Way.

“ The photo shows part of an unreinforced masonry wall, that is partially bonded to a reinforced concrete column that is precariously supporting a concrete roof slab”

The photo shows part of an unreinforced masonry wall, that is partially bonded to a reinforced concrete column that is precariously supporting a concrete roof slab.

The wall failed at its weakest point at the lower left-hand window corner. It also failed at the weaker mortar joints that cemented the blocks together.

To arrive at disaster sites early enough to compile sufficient relevant evidence, the author volunteers with several agencies to be a first responder in exchange for volunteer structural engineering services.

Much of the damage could have been avoided had the wall been reinforced with steel bars that extended into the concrete roof slab.

That we can learn so much about the history of our universe by looking to ever greater distances, deep into the past, still amazes and inspires me.

Joanna Ramasawmy n

Grenville Phillips n

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The tunnels of life FROM THE olden times, the marginalised communities in the foothills of the Western Ghats in India have been digging water tunnels for their drinking water requirements and subsistence agriculture. These tunnels, locally known as suranga, are low-cost, eco-friendly solution to water issues of low-income families living on the water-scarce hill slopes.

Except for suranga, no other water abstraction techniques are usually successful on these steep hill slopes.

My PhD aims to fill the knowledge gap to the outside world by investigating the origin, history, and development of suranga. I found 792 concealed tunnels in 215 families distributed in thirteen villages, and if interpolated, a minimum of five thousand water tunnels exist in this region. With an average length of 36 metres, the length of a suranga can range from 3 to 300 metres. These tunnels harvest water from perched and shallow aquifers on a weathered soil profile. Suranga system is vanishing because of intrusion of bore well technology.

Govinda is a farm labourer, and his family did not have a regular water

2019 RUNNER UP

34 Vision and Voice 2019 I The next generation of researchers

source for drinking. After seeing a suranga at his neighbours, Govinda decided to construct a suranga in his property to solve his water issues.

However, Govinda did not have enough money to hire a suranga worker, so he decided to dig a suranga himself.

Govinda’s first suranga failed, but Govinda did not lose hope, he excavated another suranga next year, and finally, he succeeded. Presently, all Govinda’s water requirements are met by two perennial suranga. In this picture, Govinda is proudly standing at the entrance of one of his suranga.

During the fieldwork, I met many underprivileged families, who resolved their water woes by excavating their water tunnels. These “tunnels of life” are an example of human determination and the importance of water for life.

Sudhir Tripathi n

Map as shelter THIS IMAGE is of a large world map semi-immersed in sand on the vast beach at Calais on the France-UK border. It encapsulates the work that myself and a team of art therapist/ visual artist colleagues have been undertaking for the past three years with refugees in the area. The image reflects the potency of the context and wider issues including climate change, world politics and movements of people.

The use of mapping takes on multiple meanings in an ongoing project with refugees in Calais through Art Refuge UK; it is of literal importance and can be psychologically grounding: many individuals arriving in Calais do not know where they are, how far they have come, what organisations to trust and who to go to for what. It also takes on a metaphoric importance, particularly in relation to mapping out what is where in terms of aspiration and imagination. With this notion can come a sense of hope, allowing a thought of other, away from here, and a better future.

allows journeys to be recorded and witnessed by others. While these journeys have often been distressing, even traumatic, the on route experiences can be talked about, drawn, and most importantly acknowledged.

Miriam Usiskin n “ Using my experience as an Art Therapist in the humanitarian field working for Art Refuge UK, I am

undertaking a practice-based educational doctorate. This is looking at how best to teach and train in safe art-based psychosocial practices which support emotional resilience.

Working with refugees in Calais on the France-UK border since September 2015, Art Refuge UK has consistently offered psychosocial art making spaces and is now offering training to other grass roots organisations as to how to use safe creative interventions.” https://www.artrefugeuk.org

Refugees are invited to mark routes of travel onto large maps. This process

The worklife experiences of UK autistic women AUTISM IS a lifelong invisible disability likely to affect equal numbers of men and women in the population. The National Autistic Society estimate that there is a low participation rate in employment by autistic adults, however this ignores the large number of undiagnosed autistics in the workplace. My PhD research explores the worklife experiences of 35 UK autistic women who were interviewed about seeking or being at work. This research seeks to address the significant gap in the literature on disability/autistic women and the workplace.

My research found that autistic women hold a diverse range of jobs, including many at a senior level. There are no jobs ‘most suitable’ for autistic women,

as the main issues encountered by them were connected either with the work environment or managerial styles. Autistic women identified that ‘Ideal’ jobs would feature elements of creativity, problem solving and have high flexibility. However, many jobs were insufficiently challenging, and they might change jobs regularly to avoid boredom. Whilst self-employment offered greater flexibility, autistic women often found marketing themselves and networking difficult.

Working, and having a defined work identity was very important to many autistic women. However, many described their work identity as a performed act and spoke about ‘office me’ vs ‘autistic me’. Autistic women

feel very stigmatised from having to mask or camouflage their autistic identity and this had an impact on their health and wellbeing.

Many also had mixed experiences about disclosing their diagnosis at work which might result in them being bullied.

Although many women had not received a diagnosis until later in life, this had enabled them to reframe their work identity and/ or seek support or adjustments, though very limited support was typically available, and they often felt very isolated. Ultimately autistic women wanted to feel valued and respected by colleagues.

Tracey Turner n

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A movement-based emotional self-regulation programme for adolescents with special educational needs

WHAT IS the feeling when you facing the crowd?

As an adolescent with Special Educational Needs (SEN) graduated from school and entered the society, he or she would face the community.

Will he/she be aware of the feelings and how the physical body feel?

A study of the 1999 Office for National Statistics survey of mental health of children and adolescents in the UK revealed that there was a bigger mental health problem of those with Intellectual Disability (ID) than their non-ID peers (Emerson, 2003). Adolescents with SEN have a limited language in verbal expressions than their main stream peers. Emotions can be disturbed especially when adolescents experience changes and in times of adversity during the critical transition period from school to post-school. Research studies

indicate that programmes that adopt dance movement therapy (ADMP UK, 2013; Smeijsters et. al., 2011) or self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985; Wehmeyer, 2004; Sheppes, 2013) can have positive effects on emotional self-regulation to facilitate such transitions.

“ The study may contribute to the development of an emotional self-regulation programme for young people with SEN in Hong Kong” This research study aims to investigate the impact of a Movement-Based Emotional Self-Regulation (ESR) Programme, underpinned by selfdetermination theory, on adolescents with SEN in Hong Kong during their transition from school to post-school.

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The themes in the programme include awareness of body, self and emotion, expression of different emotions and strategies to regulate emotions.

This is a mixed method study which is based on pragmatism (James, 1995).

Standardised questionnaires, the strength and difficulties questionnaires of Goodman and colleagues (1998) and focus group interviews were conducted.

If positive, the study may contribute to the development of an emotional self-regulation programme for young people with SEN in Hong Kong.

The experiences of conducting a movement-based programme with self-determination theory and using mixed methods to collect both verbal and non-verbal data can better inform the field of education and social science research.

Leung Siu Ling Angela n

DOCTORAL COLLEGE Join the next generation of researchers Study in a community of over 650 research students at our University Our programmes underpin your research and give you the knowledge and skills to progress successfully into your future career Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA)

Master of Arts by Research (MA by Research)

Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy)

Master of Philosophy (MPhil)

Doctorate in Cyber Security (CSecD)

Master of Science by Research (MSc by Research)

Doctorate in Design (DDes)

PhD with Industry Experience

Doctorate in Education (EdD) Doctorate in Engineering (EngD) Doctorate in Fine Art (DFA) Doctorate in Health Research (DHRes) Doctorate in Heritage (DHeritage) Doctorate in Management (DMan) Doctorate in Medicine (MD) Doctorate in Public Health (DPH)

For more information: go.herts.ac.uk/doctoralcollege

Vision and Voice 2019 I University of Hertfordshire  37

RESEARCH THEMES Internationally recognised for our original, high-quality research, we’re committed to finding inspiring, sustainable solutions to the 21st century’s most fundamental global challenges.

Our research centres on six key themes: Food

Securing a sustainable food supply for the Earth’s expanding population is a huge challenge, demanding a careful balance of environmental, health and societal impacts. Our interdisciplinary research applies science, technology, social and cultural investigation to food consumption and production, helping industry, policymakers and the public tackle it head on.

Global economy

Heritage, cultures and communities

Within this theme, our work explores our cultural history and heritage and the ways that contemporary, interconnected communities create identity and social cohesion. It encompasses a variety of human endeavour, from faith and ethics to transportation and innovation, drawing on past and present influences to help shape the future.

Information and security

Our research addresses major issues in the global economy, including innovation, development, energy and economic growth. By using inclusive, sustainable processes and taking a historical approach to understanding the economy, our interdisciplinary work is informing policy at local, national, regional and international levels.

In our rapidly changing world, information is vital to innovation.

Advanced information technologies create an ever-increasing volume of data which can be used to address societal challenges, but which also needs to be secure. Our research spans robotics, artificial intelligence, algorithms, biocomputation, cyber security, biodefence and civil protection.

Health and wellbeing

Space

Poor health impacts not only patients and their families, but health systems and societies. Our research focuses on improving mental and physical health and wellbeing across the human lifespan. Drawing on health science, biomedicine, biomedical engineering and medical humanities, we’re informing healthcare policy and practice and making a difference to people’s lives.

Our researchers work in the diverse areas of astrophysics, atmospheric physics and mathematics, expanding human knowledge on scales ranging from microscopic quantum physics to the structure of the universe. Their work is helping to drive innovation in climate modelling, airborne pollution monitoring, bio-particle detection, computer science, visual representation and informatics.

For more information: go.herts.ac.uk/research

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University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, UK AL10 9AB herts.ac.uk