Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
TESTING 27
2018/2019
2018/2019
RESEARCH 9
CHAPTER 4
DEVICE 33 CHAPTER 5
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 2
Gosia Grzesikowska
DEPLOYMENT 49
introduction
2018/2019
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
INTRODUCTION This project is a part of the Architecture and Extreme Environments master program at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. This master programme has a strong focus on site-specific design, achieving this through direct engagement and expeditions to environments which are out of balance. This year’s expedition was to Alaska, the United States which took place between 19th of November and 14th of December 2018.
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 4
Gosia Grzesikowska
The aim of this study expedition is to respond to present and future global challenges through research by design and direct on-site involvement. The expedition and project focus on struggles with situations like extreme cold, difficulties with finding food, floods, lack of energy, isolation, etc. During the first months of our academic year, we are investigating the current problems of the chosen environment and we are searching for innovative solutions. As a result, we are building 1:1 prototype which is being transported to the region and later tested and assessed. Further investigation take place after the travel and finally it transformed into an architectural project during the second semester.
Alaska’s name comes from an Aleut (oh-loot) word meaning
„The object toward which the action of the sea is directed”
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
ICE 5
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM2018/2019 Gosia Grzesikowska
Alaska
Information gathering phase First three weeks we gather information about Alaska. The specifics of Alaskan climate like temperature, weather conditions and changes in different regions were collected and presened as infographics.
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
ICE 6
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM2018/2019 Gosia Grzesikowska
Alaska
2018/2019
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Infographics allow to create a picture about past, current and future possible challenges in Alaska and assess the
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 7
Gosia Grzesikowska
Infographic: Evidence of Climate Change Author: Malgorzata Grzesikowska
research
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Erosion and floods extreme events
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 10
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
Alaska has warmed twice as fast as the global average over the past half a century, and temperatures are projected to rise by 1-3C (1.8-5.5F) by 2050 and by 3-7.5C by 2100.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Reduction in Arctic Sea Ice
Higher temperature
More absorbed sun light
Reduction in Arctic Sea Ice
2018/2019
2018/2019
In the past, Arctic sea ice has provided a “buffer” to the impacts of sea storms on coastal communities. As a result, coastal communities are much more vulnerable to the impacts of coastal sea storms and related storm surges, flooding and erosion.
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 11
Gosia Grzesikowska
More dark surface of the water
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Reduction in Arctic Sea Ice - impacts
2018/2019
In the past, Arctic sea ice has provided a “buffer” to the impacts of sea storms on coastal communities. As a result, coastal communities are much more vulnerable to the impacts of coastal sea storms and related storm surges, flooding and erosion.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Erosion, flooding, and severe storms are significant concerns to the community. Winters in Shaktoolik have been getting shorter and temperatures are increasing. Norton Sound is freezing up later, and so shore ice forms later. This shore ice provides an important barrier between the community and fall storms, so its lack has made the community more vulnerable to the storms. Recent storms have resulted in damage to community infrastructure and erosion at the old village site. During the storms, waves have brought driftwood and other debris into the community. If waves and storm surges increase, it could have a catastrophic impact on Shaktoolik.
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 12
Gosia Grzesikowska
The community has recently decided to take a “defend in place” approach to erosion, which would allow residents to remain at the current village site for the immediate future. The community has indicated they are interested in eventually relocating.
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Shoreline protection
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 13
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
Measures aiming at protecting, preserving or restoring the shore and the dynamic coastal landscape as well as protecting against coastline retreat to the extent possible
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Problem definition No materials very expensive transport no budget
Can we find anything on site? yes!
2018/2019
2018/2019
What to do?
ICE
Can we use ice as a construction material in extreme events situation?
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 14
Gosia Grzesikowska
Let’s find out
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Igloo Historical background
2018/2019
Highly optimized, only functionality counts, aesthetics is not important. There is no ornametation. Dome can be structure can be raised out of independent blocks leaning on each other. Building on site, depen-
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 15
Gosia Grzesikowska
A type of shelter built of snow, typically built when the snow is easy to compact. On the outside, temperatures may be as low as −45 °C (−49 °F), but on the inside the temperature may range from −7 °C (19 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F) when warmed by body heat alone
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Ice Architecture NOWadays
Ice architecture—think frozen hotels, igloos, and winter festivals—seems quite the novelty in the context of a hotter planet. And yet, as another polar vortex descends upon Minnesota, I am reminded that climate change is more global weirding than warming, bringing extremely low winter temperatures to regions such as our middle-northern U.S. Such climate volatility has not deterred global interest in Arctic exploration for oil and other resources and expanding development in high latitudes raises the prospect of more year-round activities above the Arctic Circle. So is it time to get more serious about ice architecture?
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Blaine Brownell
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 16
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
The Ice Balls / Mjölk architekti
2018/2019
Fabricating Grounds: Ice Shelter Installation
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Ice?
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 17
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
General information about ice and its properties
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Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Building with ice Scope
2018/2019
The whole character of the planet Earth depends on the abudance of water any on the temperature being such that all phases: ice; liquid and vapour are present in significant qualities (V.F. Petrenko ET. Al. 1999). Normal melting point is 0 Celcius degree and normal boiling point is 100 celcius degree.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 18
Gosia Grzesikowska
The diagram (Fig.2) illustrates some boundaries set to the research. There are several different building methods of ice composites, as well as different methods of reinforcement of ice. This research will mainly focus on micro reinforcement (particle and fibre reinforcement) and main chosen building method is stocking using previously designed mould. Application of an ice composite is a shoreline protection (berm) in village called Shaktoolik, located on west coast of Alaska (Fig.1). Shaktoolik is a village that facing big problems with heavy storms that cause coastal erosion. In that moment the village doesn’t have working protection of the coast.
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Ice is considered as a construction material, but in compare to other construction materials is relatively week and extremely brittle. Its mechanical properties are very dependent on temperature, the closer to the ice becomes weaker. The biggest issue is creep deformation over time. Ice readily deforms with time under stresses as low as 1 kg/cm2, so that it is unsuitable for permanent or semi-permanent loads.
2018/2019
2018/2019
Problem? Limitations
Ice to the rescue.
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Gosia Grzesikowska
The utility of ice and snow structures is limited by the prevalence of at least a short melt season in most Arctic localities. This makes the useful life short. Melt protection is necessary even in the coldest areas of the world. [N.K. Vasiliev et. Al, 2011]. However little effort has been devoted towards the possibility of controlling this by insulation, surface treatment or refrigeration techniques. [W.D. Kingery, 1960]
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Pykrete Geoffrey Pyke Pykrete is a frozen composite material, originally made of approximately 14 percent sawdust or some other form of wood pulp (such as paper) and 86 percent ice by weight (6 to 1 by weight)
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Project Habakkuk
2018/2019 Ice to the rescue.
ICE 20
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
During World War II, Geoffrey Pyke proposed it as a candidate material for a supersized aircraft carrier for the British Royal Navy. Pykrete features unusual properties, including a relatively slow melting rate due to its low thermal conductivity, as well as a vastly improved strength and toughness compared to ordinary ice. These physical properties can make the material comparable to concrete, as long as the material is kept frozen
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Plain ice vs. ice composite
Ice to the rescue.
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Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
advantages and disadvantages
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Experimental research on ice composites
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 22
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
timeline
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Methodology Reinforcement types Classification of composites (universal), there are three main divisions: particle reinforcement, fibre reinforcement and structural.
2018/2019 Ice to the rescue.
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Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
1) Particles: The composites that consist of a continuous phase (ice) and a disperse phase (particles, pores, brine inclusions) 2) Fibres: The composites with (short) fibres 3) Structural: The composites that consist of two or more continuous phases – sandwich or laminar types and composites with the fibres in a hybrid pattern of reinforcement.
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Classification of ice composites
Ice to the rescue.
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Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
There are two specific categorizations od ice composites created by Russian researcher N.K. Vasliev in 2003 and 2011. First focuses on method of creation (Fig.12) and second on implementing the composite material into the matrix (ice
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 25
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
Consideration of classification
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
testing
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Plain ice
Ice composite test #1
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
Pykrete
Ice composites have been frozen in the freezer and tested with a hammer testing: ductility
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 28
Gosia Grzesikowska
Newspaper
Toilet paper
2018/2019
Seaweed
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Ice composite test #2
Sample #4
2018/2019
Pykrete
Sample #3
Algae
Plain ice
Sample #2
2018/2019
Algae
Sample #1
Gosia Grzesikowska
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Ice composites have been frozen in the freezer and tested with a hammer testing: ductility
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 29
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Ice composite test #3 Sample #3 Seaweed Location: Amager beach Percentage: 14% Seaweed 40 gr 86% Water 280 ml
Sample #4 Seagrass Location: Amager beach Percentage: 14% Seagrass 40 gr 86% Water 280 ml
Sample #5 Saw dust Location: Bought Percentage: 14% Saw dust 40 gr 86% Water 280 ml
Sample #5 Saw dust Location: Bought Percentage: 14% Saw dust 40 gr 86% Water 280 ml
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Ice composites have been frozen in the freezer and tested with a hammer testing: ductility
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 30
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM2018/2019 Gosia Grzesikowska
Alaska
Ice composite test #3 Sample #1 Algae Location: Christiania Percentage: 14% Algae 40 gr 86% Water 280 ml
Sample #2 Seagrass Location: Amager beach Percentage: 14% Seagrass 40 gr 86% Water 280 ml
Sample #3 Seaweed Location: Amager beach Percentage: 14% Seaweed 40 gr 86% Water 280 ml
Sample #4 Seagrass Location: Amager beach Percentage: 14% Seagrass 40 gr 86% Water 280 ml
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Ice composites have been frozen in the freezer and tested with a hammer testing: ductility
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 31
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM2018/2019 Gosia Grzesikowska
Alaska
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
ICE 32
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Alaska
device
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
ICE 34
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Alaska
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 35
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
First design of a brick cast
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
2018/2019
2018/2019
Plan of the block
Inside
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Gosia Grzesikowska
Outside
2018/2019
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 37
Gosia Grzesikowska
Possibility of building in any direction
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
First design Problem - complexity
Ice to the rescue.
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Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
First design of a brick cast
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
First designs of compressive machine
Compressive machine design for testing
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 39
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
The aim of this test is to check the strength of each material composites and evaluate the strongest mixture. The result are measured in Mpa. The results are compared both to plain ice and pykrete properties.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Axonometric view Final design
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 40
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
Final design of compressive machine
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Final design of compressive machine
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
2018/2019
2018/2019
Plan
Side
Technical drawings Final design
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Gosia Grzesikowska
Front
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Final design of compressive machine
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Handle
Frame
2018/2019
2018/2019
Frame
Axo Final design
Ice to the rescue.
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Load cells (scale) box
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Ice to the rescue.
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Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
Final brick cast design
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 44
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
Final brick cast design
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
First aluminium prototypes
Solution: Plastic hollow moulds
5. Collecting materials
5. Collecting materials
5. Collecting materials
5. Collecting materials
First prototypes Problem - leaking
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 45
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
5. Collecting materials
2018/2019
Collecting materials
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Final device building process Brick casts
Ice to the rescue.
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Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
Building phase
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Building phase Plastic forms
Wooden moulds
2018/2019
2018/2019
Stress strain machine
Final device building process Brick casts
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 47
Gosia Grzesikowska
Load cells
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
ICE 48
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Alaska
deployment
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Making ice composite process Shaktoolik
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 50
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
Making ice composite process Shaktoolik
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
1. Transport to the river
2. Drilling hole in the river’s ice cover
3. Collecting water
4. Education - presentation to local class
5. Collecting materials
6. Collecting beach grass for fibre reinforcement
7. Cutting and implementing fibre into the cast
8. Assembling the cast
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Process of making an ice composite brick Tagoomenik River - fibre reinforcement
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 51
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
2018/2019
2018/2019
Creating samples and bricks for testing
Weighting
Process of making an ice composite brick Tap water - hybrid and fibre reinforcement
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 52
Gosia Grzesikowska
Implementing fibre - beach grass
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Snow + gravel
1. Taking off screws
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
2. Taking the cover off
3. Taking out hollow moulds
2018/2019
2018/2019
Shovel
4. Bringing out the brick in plastic
Taking off the casting fibre brick
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Gosia Grzesikowska
5. The brick is ready
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
2018/2019
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Small gravel brick
Shovel
Snow + gravel
Plastic brick cast
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 54
Gosia Grzesikowska
Material collection for brick cast Shaktoolik beach
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Discontinuous
2018/2019
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Random
Small grain size
Continuous
Big grain size
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Hybrid
Tap water
Sea water
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 55
Gosia Grzesikowska
Ice brick catalog
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
2018/2019
Hybrid - beach grass + gravel
2018/2019
Fibre - beach grass continuous
Sea water
Sea water + beach grass
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 56
Gosia Grzesikowska
Final bricks detail
2018/2019
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 57
Gosia Grzesikowska
Final bricks details
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
2018/2019
Compressive strength test Aim: The aim of this test is to check the strength of each material composites and evaluate the strongest mixture. The result are measured in Mpa. The results are compared both to plain ice and pykrete properties.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Method and hypothesis Ice composites should withstand higher pressure than plain ice
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 58
Gosia Grzesikowska
Testing compressive strength
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Melting test Aim: This test is to check how fast different composite specimens melt.
Samples - cast
Arduino
Due to Poisson’s effect (the tendency of a material to expand in directions perpendicular to the direction of compression) samples had to be design in particular shape and dimensions. In order to achieve 1 sq – the shape of the specimens is cylindrical and dimensions are 28.6 mm x 57.2 mm. Specimens were frozen in the freezer in constant temperature –15℃. Afterwards were compressed in compressive machine.
• • •
Arduino Uno HX711 on breakout board 50kg load cells (x4)
Testing compressive strength
Testing compressive strength
Testing compressive strength
Arduino script
Arduino script
2018/2019
Testing compressive strength
Method and hypothesis Ice composites should withstand higher pressure than plain ice
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 59
Gosia Grzesikowska
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
2018/2019
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 60
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Method and hypothesis Ice composites should withstand higher pressure than plain ice
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
93
83
63
100
150
160
120
Hour
115
Melting test Aim: This test is to check how fast different composite specimens melt.
12:30
amount of min
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Architecture and Extreme Environments
128
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
12:40
12:50
13:00 Performing experience Test was performed in Shaktoolik, indoor; temperature: 30
13:10
13:20
13:30
14:00
14:40
Tap water
14:30
River water
Sea water
14:20
Discontinuous
14:10
Hybrid
Big grain size
13:50
2018/2019
Small grain size
2018/2019
13:40
Random
14:50
15:10
Continuous
15:00
15:20
Performing experience Test was performed in Shaktoolik, indoor; temperature: 30 Constance: Dimensions: Plastic samples – 50 ml Freezing temperature: -15 Freezing time: ≤10h Testing temperature: +30
Ice to the rescue.
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15:30
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Single drop test Aim: This test is for comparison and it’s based on observation, there is no actual values measured. The aim of this test is to check the brittleness of specimens.
Tap water
Salinity: 0,0% Water: 100% Brittleness: very high Amount of drops to crush: 1
2018/2019
Salinity: 0,7% Water: 100% Brittleness: very high Amount of drops to crush: 1
2018/2019
Plani ice
Sea water
River water
Salinity: 2,6% Water: 100% Brittleness: high Amount of drops to crush: 1
Particles
Small grain size
tap water: (1228 ml) Fibre length (200 g): 2.5 cm Brittleness: very low Amount of drops to crush: 3 and it didn’t break
86% 14%
Constance: Dimensions: 296 x 167 x 142 mm Freezing temperature: -20 Freezing time: ≤10h Testing temperature: -5 Drop height: 144 cm Drop surface: concrete floor
Ice to the rescue.
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Constants of specimens Because there is no values measured, it is important to make sure that variables of ice samples are comparable.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Big grain size Particles
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Grain size: 7-10 mm Grain: 5166g Tap water: 3050 ml Brittleness: high Amount of drops to crush: 1
84% 18%
tap water: (1228 ml) Fibre length (200 g): 2.5 cm Brittleness: very low Amount of drops to crush: 3 and it didn’t break
86% 14%
tap water: (1228 ml) Fibre length (200 g): 5 cm Brittleness: very low Amount of drops to crush: 3 and it didn’t break
86% 14%
2018/2019
Fibre
2018/2019
Random
Discontinuous
Continuous
grass: 287g tap water: 3050 ml Fibre length: 30cm; 15cm Brittleness: very low Amount of drops to crush: 3 and it didn’t break
86% 14%
Small grain mixed with grass Fibres: Grain size: 4-5 mm Tap water: Fibre length: 3-5 cm Brittleness: medium Amount of drops to crush: 2
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 63
Gosia Grzesikowska
Hybrid
Hybrid
2018/2019
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 64
Gosia Grzesikowska
Ice brick photos Photo credits: Viktor Hooge
2018/2019
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 65
Gosia Grzesikowska
Kids from Shaktoolik School holding ice bricks
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
ICE 66
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Alaska
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
ICE 67
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Alaska
Night time Photo credits: Viktor Hooge
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 68
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
ICE 69
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Alaska
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Timeline
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
ICE 70
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Alaska
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Ice to the rescue.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
ICE 71
2018/2019
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Alaska
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Primary Need: Community Emergency Shelter The Shaktoolik Community Emergency Shelter that provides shelter for the community during emergencies, principally during storm surges, but also in other extreme weather events. It will have capacity to accommodate up to 280 persons for 2 to 7 days in an emergency situation.
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
2018/2019
Photograph by fine art images, heritage images
In addition to the primary need for a safe place to house community residents during a natural disaster or emergency event, the shelter has the potential to provide space for other community needs: Community and Regional Meeting Space: Shaktoolik, aside from the school’s gym, lacks a large communal meeting/gathering space.
2018/2019
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Image: www.latimes.com
Image: Norsafe.com
A hybrid of a lifeboat and a building. Permanently in the village but with an abillity to float or sail in case of emergency.
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 72
Gosia Grzesikowska
Architectural challenge
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Why am I proposing this and how is this relevant to my context? climate change
Shaktoolik
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
It is located on the east shore of Norton Sound, on a spit of land between the Sound and Shaktoolik Bay, at the mouth of the Togoomenik River. Storm seasons have been regulated and tempered depending on the formation of sea ice. To stay or to relocate?
threat to life
Storms
Erosion, flooding, and severe storms are significant concerns to the community. Winters in Shaktoolik have been getting shorter and temperatures are increasing. Norton Sound is freezing up later, and so shore ice forms later. This shore ice provides an important barrier between the community and fall storms, so its lack has made the community more vulnerable to the storms. Recent storms have resulted in damage to community infrastructure and erosion at the old village site. During the storms, waves have brought driftwood and other debris into the community. If waves and storm surges increase, it could have a catastrophic impact on Shaktoolik. Plan B
Relocate
Shaktoolik has decided to “state and defend” the current site of the community against threats from flooding and erosion.
One discussed strategy was the eventual relocation of the village to higher ground located in the foothills. However, understanding the high cost and complicated logistics and availability of funding for village relocations, the community wants to entertain shorter term and less costly solution – building a community emergency shelter that is accessible and located in the center of the city.
2018/2019
“State and defend”
Even if they decide to change place - the relocation can take years or even decades. In the meantime, residents still need to send their children to school, go to the doctor when they are sick, have functioning water lines and fuel tanks and a safe place to go when a severe storm comes.
2018/2019
Plan A
in both cases it is needed a
Safe place during storm One of the biggest concerns in Shaktoolik is having a safe place to be during storms. With flooding events expected to inundate the community with 1-3 feet of water, there is no existing location within the community that would be above the water level.
additional difficulties
Plan C
Gosia Grzesikowska
The only way to access the village is by air or sea. Evacuation of all individuals from the village either by air or boat may not be feasible or safe during a storm event. Sufficient aircraft or boat resources or access to those resources may not be available to move or evacuate all individuals with very short notice, and severe weather conditions may not allow safe aircraft or boat operations for days.
Evacuation road An evacuation road was previously studied to be impractical due to the cost, potential flooding of the evacuation road, lack of transportation for residents, and need for a shelter at the road terminus.
Ice to the rescue.
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Acces to the village
Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Three operation scenarios:
24-48 Hour Storm Event (1-49 year storm scenario)
(50-100 year storm scenario)
• Kitchen, Serving, Food Storage • Restrooms/Showers/Laundry • A large communal meeting/ gathering space - the heart of the building • Tribal Offices/City Office • Non-emergency space for the Shaktoolik Tribal Council would include offices, workroom, communications room, and storage for records and supplies. During an emergency event, these areas would become part of the shelter space, and serve as an emergency operations command and communications center. For the city offices, two work stations minimum would be required. • Visitors logging • Lodging/Sleeping Rooms/Laundry • Utility and Support Spaces
• Temporary shelter and sleeping space during a storm event. • Lodging quarters in the new shelter would be occupied by Elders during an emergency event. • After the storm event the lodging quarters would be available to families or individuals that may need temporary shelter while repairs are made to damaged homes. • Dry food storage and family storage will provide for families whose homes were damaged during the storm.
• In the event of a catastrophic storm, the Emergency Shelter would act as a “lifeboat “and house all residents above high water. • All emergency services would be handled in the new shelter including clean water, sanitary sewer (storage) and electrical power generation. • The shelter would provide basic services for the community until an evacuation plan could be developed and executed by first responders. • In the need of helicopter rescue, access to the roof is accommodated.
Gosia Grzesikowska
2018/2019
(Non-Emergency Use)
Catastrophic Storm
2018/2019
Daily Operations
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Architecture and Extreme Environments
Site The heart of the village
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ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Architecture and Extreme Environments Shoreline protection. Ice to the rescue
Collaborators:
Bibliography:
Shaktoolik School
Literature
Marc Jong, Principal
Author: Vibe E. S. de Ed. Title: Neigbourhood planning and housing design in cold and subarctic areas Proceedings Også m. t.: Procee
Steve
Author: Erskine R. Title: Subarktisk elemenlarbok [Tryk af: Att Bo, 2, 1963]
Bering Strait School District
Bering Strait School District
Teacher
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
ARCHITECTURE AND EXTREME ENVIRONEM-
Alaska
Author: Strub Harold 1945Title: Bare poles Building design for high latitudes
Cold Climate Housing Research Center Fairanks, Alaska
Architect/Project Manager/Researcher at The Cold Climate Housing Research Center
Many Norths. Spatial Practice in a Polar Territory Sheppard, Lola New York ActarD Inc. 2015 471 s. ill., 24 cm.
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Landscape Futures. : Instruments, devices and architectural inventions Manaugh, Geoff (ed.) Barcelona Actar D Editorial 2013 232 s. ill., 24 cm.
Andrew Mahoney
Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Researches geophysics of sea ice and its role in Earth system
2018/2019
Author: Otto Frei (ed.) Title: TENSILE STRUCTURES Volume 1-2
Aaron Cooke
2018/2019
Author: Gass S. Title: Experimente Også med t.: Experiments
References
Slush ice berm - research paper Author: Vibe E. S. de Ed. Title: Neigbourhood planning and housing design in cold and subarctic areas Proceedings Også m. t.: Procee
NASA Andrew Mahoney
Ice to the rescue.
ICE 75
Gosia Grzesikowska
Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Researches geophysics of sea ice and its role in Earth system