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~~~oqrlVa. , PublishedMonthlyby the Philologi&nand Mu Sigma.Rho Literary Sooietiea,
Vol.XXIV.
No. 4.
FEBRUARY, 1898.
CONTENTS: LITERARY. A Retreat . . . • • • • • • • • 137 Was the Execution of King Charles I. Justifiable • • • • .• • • • • 138 Hamlet's Sanity • • • • • • • . 141 The Constitution of the United 143 States ••••••••.••• To Brinne . • • • • • • . ••• 149
EDITORIALS. \ 151 Vox Populi Vox Dei ••••. Tl-e Undergraduate in College . 151 153 Storµi Clouds ••••••••• 154 . . . • . • • . • • CGLLEGIANA
ATHLETICS. Base· Ball • • • • Gymnasium •. . • Tennis Associatio_. Basket-Ball. • • • Croquet . • • • • Confidence • • '· •
• • 159 • • 160 •• 166 •• 161 . • 161 • • 161 V. II. C, A. NOTES• . • . • ••• 162 NEW. BOOKSAND THE LIBRARY.16S EXCHAN8EDEPARTMENT: • 165 On Earth, Peace • • • • . • 167 Unrest . •. • • • , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ..-•
. • • • • • • • • . • •
[Xnte?ed at the Posi.Otlice at Richmond, Va., u NOODd-claa lllMClr.]
THE GLOBE SHOE
CLOTHIN COMPA G
1
llD
Will make a special effort to merit the patronage
of the Students of
Richmond College.
T:S:E
G-LOEE, Seventh and Broad Sts.
SAJ'&TY-~OXU .
IN NEW BURGLAR AND FIRE-PROOF VAULT AT s;J.60 AND UPWARDS PllR ANNUM.
CAPITAL,$500,000.
•
•
•
•
FOR RANT
SURPLUS, $240,000,
THE STATE BANK OF VIRGINIA, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.
JOHN 8. ELLE'l'T, Pttaident.
IVJJ. M. HILL, Cub11r.
DIRECTORS. WILLIAM E. TANNKa, JOHN TYLER, ALEX. CAMERON, OS. M. Fot ' RQURKAN, PETER H. MAYO, OHN S. ELLETT,
T.
c. WrLLTAMS,
GRANVILLE
JAMES
D.
JR.,
G. VAL&NTIKS,
,
CRUMP,
College Books I College Supplie I !IOOKS, FINE STATIONERY, OXFORD TEACHERS' BIBLES, GOLD PENS, POCKET-BOOKS, CARD CASES, ETC,, ETC,
FOUNTAINGOLDPENSfrom $1.50 to $5.00.
HUNTER & Co •J
629 EAST BROADSTREET,
y• RICHIIOHD, ,..
PER CENT. TO STUDENTS
DISCOUNT OF TEN
FOR CASH.
i. R. SHEPPARD, •cotrnetr
Fotttrth and :Btroad Sttreets.* IN-
-DEALER
CLOTHJ:NG., HATS AND FURNISHING GOODS. STUDENTS
STRICTLY ONE PRICE.
F0R
SUITS
DR9SS
ALWAYS WELCOME.
HIR9.
SALES:MEN":
J. B. MULLAN.
J. J. MITCHELL.
H. C. SHEPPARD.
OLD DOMINION LINE. DAILY SER VICE. LARGE, FAST STEAMSHIPS,
PERFORMING THE
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Accommodations Unsurpassed! Cuisine Perfect! For full information, apply to
JOHN F. MAYER, Agent, 1212 East Main Street, Richmond Va.
'
W. L. GUILLAUDEU, VICB-fRESIDENT
AND
TRAFFIC
MANAGER,
New York, N. Y.
N~TitE !
IF YOU WANT THE
Best PLUMBING, TINNING, GAS-FITTING,
CULVERTING, FURIIIACES, RANGES, FIRE PLACE HEATERS,
HI
STOVES and GAS RADIATORS IN THE CITY, see
DALTON & CHAPPELL, No.11Governor Street.
"YMENT' U EMPL I
E~eR~;;.~~m~J~~;~1:~P;:~~::!~; all or part of their time to the sale of our publications, Good Profits! Pleasant and Satisfactory Work I Apply early to _
B. F. Johnson Publishing Company, Richmond, Va..
COLLEGE BARBER
SHOP!
WANTED-Everybody to know that the only ap-town place wherethey can get Clan HAIR-CUT tor 16 cents and SHAVE for IO cente, 11 at
a First-
JOHN H. FELDNER'S,316 W. BROAD STREET. WHITE BARBERS TO WAIT ON YOU.
A LONG SERMON .
r
• • •
. Of beautiful language is not necessary to acquaint the sensible • public with the fact that BISHOP'S MADE-TO-MEASURE SHIRTS • are exactly correct in every detail. The dressy folk know it. , He'll make 'em just the way you want, and guarantee you • • • something very seldom attained in Richmond-an absolute fit. . • . . Prices are reasonable, too.
S. E. BISHOP, Expert in Shirts, 702 E. Main St. Virgi.:n.:la
N'a"Vi.ga1iie>:n.
Compa:n.y
JAMES RIVER DAV LINE between RICHMOND,NORFOLK,NEWPORT NEWS, OLD POINT COMFORT. RICHEST RIVER IN AMERICA IN COLONIAL AND WAR SCENERY.
THE FAST AND ELEGANT SALOON STEAMER "POCAHONTAS." Leave Richmond Monday, Wednesday and Friday, 7:00 A. M. Petersburg, 8:00 A, M, Arriving at Old Point Comfort 4:30 P. M.; Norfolk, 5.80 P. M. Leave Norfolk, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturd ay, 7:00 A, M.; Old Point Comfort, 8:00 A, M, Arriving at Petersburg, 3:00 P. M.; Richmond, 5:30 P. M,
Fare One Way, $1.50. Round Trip, $2.50. Second Class, $1.00. IRVINWEISIGER, Gen'I Manager, Richmond, Va.
DRS. GEO. B. & CHAS. L. STEEL
~·Dentists,
-l~
No. 727 Main St., between Seventh and Eighth Sts. 0 FFICES: { No. 307 Main St., between Third and Fourth Sts., Dll. GEO. B. STEEL, 727 E. Main_ Street. Dll, CHAS. L. STEEL, 3CYlE. Matn Street.
RICHMOND, VA
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&
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711 and 713 E. Broad. Per
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to Students.
Discount
'PHONE 574.
'PHONE511.
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E. ~OSE
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&
1512 E. Main Street and 223 E. Broad Street. STOVES-COOJ{.ING, HEATING, and RANGES, SLATE, IRON LATROBES and FURNACES. and WOOD MANTELS. Special attention given to
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New 'Phone 914.
Cut Flowers, Designs and College Decorations Specialties.
F. W. DABNEY, Avent, Dealer in
SHOES, TRUNKS,
SATCHELS,
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. ·. Trunks Sold R etail at Wholesale Prices. . ·.
801 E. Broad Street, Corner Third. JJ~:·, RL•. JHOHNSToN,•}satesmen. ARTZ, Discount
to Richmond
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1
VA '
BASE-BALL, TENNIS,
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Send 3-cent Stamp for 84-Page Illustrated Catalogue.
HAR RIS,FLIPPIN & CO., 1323 Main Street, Ricbmond, Va, A Specialty:
D.
DIAMONDSAND WATCHES.
I
Manufacturln~
BUCHANAN
GOLDSMITH and JEWELER.
SON,
&
(Late of Glasgow, Scotland.)
PR,::t
CTI
C,::t L
No,
East
III
W,::tTC
Broad
Street,
H iut,::t KE
Ricbtnond,
R
1
Va,
Badges and Medals in Gold and Silver made to Order at the Lowest Prices, . also Eye-Glas ses and Spectacles in every Style and Price. Ten per Cent. Discount to Professors and Students.
Js.oo{Wear Home Hand-Made Shoes. }Js.oo BUY DIRECT FROM THE MAKERS. One Profit. · • • • • No Middle
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We carry in Stock a Fine Line of MEN 'S AND BOYS' SHOES OF OUR OWN MAKE.
737 W.E.DRE W&CO., Sboe Manufacturers, MA~:rn~~R ·rH.
PASTELS, CRAYONS,
......................
.
and WATER · T he Carbon COLORS our ...................... SPECIALTY.
M.
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SYKES
••• PRICES
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& C0.,
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AN Ke Prescr.i~11;;E H il.
J MBl I
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RICHMOND,
107 Eaat Broad Street,
SPECIAL
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Cor. Hancock and Clay Sts.,
Phone
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RICHMOND,
VA.
J. J. COLLINS, CONFECTIONERIES
01.aars.
a:n.d.
T oba.cco
G-roceri.es,
A SPECIALTY.
SUPPLIES. STUDENTS' AND OILS FIXTURES, LAMP STATIONERY, 1500
W. Br .,ad St
Opp 'l site
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G. W. LAT I MER,
DRUGGIST
AND
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Toilet Articles, Stationery, Tobacco and Cigars, AND EVERYTHINGUSUALLYFOUNDIN A FIRST-CLASSDRUG STORE. Prescriptions carefully comp oun ded at all hours-day or night. Telephone ord ers and C. 0. D. ord ers by mail or telegraph promptly executed.
800 W. Marshall Street, Richmond,Va.
TelephoneNo.67.
CE COMPANY, VIRGINIASTATE INSURAN 1006
MAIN
RICHMOND,
STREET,
VIRGINIA.
ASSETS, $400,000....
...
CHAS. K. WILLIS, SECRETARY. N. V. RANDOLPH, PRESIDENT. ROBERT LECKY, JR., ASSISTANTSECRETARY.
GEORGEM. WEST,
andBinder Printer, , Stationer, Bookseller 909 E. MAIN ST., RICHMOND,VA. College representative,
J . DOUGLAS LECKY.
The . Cohen RICH:M.'.0ND,
Company, YIRGINI:A'.,
GENTS' FURNISHINGS .A.
SPECIALTY.
f,0,JOHNSON J[W[LRY COMP (Successors to F . D. JOHNSON & SON) ,
LYNCHBURG, -DEALERS
-
- VIRGINIA. IN-
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F.D.JOHNSON JEWELRY COMPA LYNCHBURG,VIBGilflA.
JI. S.Jt.Ks & Co .• ONB•PBifJB
BBS,
OUTFIT7 M:tlIN
101-'l•IOIIJ
ST.,
YiBGI~I.d..
RrtJHMOND,
Ten Per Cent. Discount to Oo1lege Students .. J.
R, GOODE,
J. R. GOODE & SON,
1501 and
1503
E. Main • ,
Men's
Va.
Richmond,
Street,
IN , , ,
• DEALERS
1io F:l:t all
Shoes
F:l.n.e
R, N. GOODS.
Fee1;.
THE EMPORIUM OF STYLES, TEN
PER
CB'IT.
DISCOUNT
TO COLLEGE
STUDENTS.
· J. WATSON PHILLIPS. Won.roe:
Tf)e
LBAOINCS
Wa.rke:t,.
CS~eeN
4:>i We • t Grace
CS~OCe~,
Street,
Try Him.
~
Try Him.
~
L. FELLHEIJIER,
Goods Furnishing andGents' Hats Clothing, 9i6 TBN
Broad Street, Oorner 'l'hird, Bichmo:ad, Va. PBR
CENT . TO COLLBGB
STUDENTS
FOR
CASH.
Victor & ·Ramb l er Bicycles.
Barlock Typewriter.
NEOSTYLE DUPLICATOR .
• Write for Catalogue . Consult us before buying
•
Sold on easy termsrented by the day, week or month. Re;eairs for all style Machines. Bargains in second-hand Machines always on hand .
•
E. H. CLOWES & co., Agents.
.......................
713 and 715 E. Main. St., Richmond,
•
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N RAILWAY SOUTHER THE FAMOUSTHROUGH-CARLINE BETWEEN
ANDTHESOUTHWEST. THESOUTH, VIRGINIA, PEERLESS
SERVICE l
SCHEDULES
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l
Operating the Most Luxurious and Handsomely-Appointed Trains, Composed of Pullman's most Moderu and Elegant llrawing-Room, Sleeping Cars, and Southern Railway Diuing-Cars, viz--
Washington and Southwestern Limited, Land of the Sk1,"
Daily between New York, Virginia, Florida, New Orleans, Asheville" Chattanooga, and Nash ville.
United States Fast Mail, Daily between New York, Virginia cities, New Orleans, Florida, and all Southern and Southwestern Points. Carries Tourist Sle(ping Car , without change, from Washington to t-an Francisco every Wednesday . PASSENGERS TO AND FROM Rlf:HMOND COLLEGE. Rl f'HMOND, CAN MAKE CONNECTION WITH THE ABOVE LIMITED TRAINS AT DANVILLE, GREENSBORO, AND SALISBURY. The Southern Railway offers Exceptional Facilities to the Students of Richmond College and and other Richmond Institutions to and from their homes. BE SURE THAT YOUR TICKETS READ VIA SOUTHERN RAILWAY, THE SHORT LINE TO AIKEN, AUGUSTA, FLORIDA, NASSAU, N. P., AND JEKYL ISLAND.
All information relative to Rates, Schedules, Sleeving -Car Reservations, etc ., cheerfully furnished upon application to any Agent Southern Railway, or
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e.
JAH ftUl{le'_lil BROS Watchmakers,Jewelers~f0 Opticians, SuccessorstoA. F. JAHNKE.
ESTABLISHED 1852.
9I2
E. Main
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Richtnond,
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Eyes Examined Free. No Charge except for Glasses. ALL KINDS OF REPAIRING
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Up-to-DatePhotographs ~,Up-to-Date Photographer. ...... ~y
AN •
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ArtistPhotographer, LINEBACK, 429 East Broad Street.
~~~~: ClOTHIE "This Fall and Winter you're in style . ifin an overcoat too big for you," says someone. Roomy best describes it-loose, straight back. Shorter than ever, it should be, too. $7.50 to $30 gives a wide varietyrough and smooth cloths; light and dark colors ; serge and silk-lined.
Suits, $5.00 to $25.00 Hats, ·$1.50 to $5.00 10 per eent. Di•count to Stndent• and Profe11on.
0
H. BERRY Successors to
McADAMS
&
& CO.,
BERRY,
WHITTET cl SHEPPERSON, Sel'\eral Pril"\ter.s, Cor. Tenth
and Main 8ts., RICHMOND, Cheapness is not always a recommendation, but our prices will be found the lowest .
VA.
Fifty Oard.a and.Plate, '1.00. Printing Fifty Card.a, 50 oentl.
THE• NEW• STEAM• LAUNDRY, T. E, TURNER,
DOR.
FIRST
AND
w.
STREETS.,
11u. NEA'l'Hl!lBY, lepreaent&tiTI at the Oollere, New
B.
Proprietor,
DUVAL
'Phone
J.A.GILMi ~RE t~.,FURNITURE i••
We are near the College, and are always glad to allaw the LATEST. orders will receive our best attention.
Yoa,
TEN PER CENT. DISCOUNT TO PROFESSORS AND STUDENTS
Bo. 'l E. Broad ltreet, Richmond, Va.
Jbnncngcr. VoL. XXIV.
FEB RU ARY, 1898.
No . .f.
J5Ntor,.tn==abtet, J'8BN' EDWABli> J'O!HN'SON'.
:associate J5l>ttorg, JAMES D. GWALTNKY, Phil-Ologian.
LITERARY.
JOSIAH MOSES, Mu Sigma RIIO.
COLLEGIANA. .ALL,Uf D. JONES; Jiu Sfgtna Rho ATHLETICS. JOHN BROOKS KAUFMANN, Mu Sigma Rho.
GILBERT €. SMl/l'H, Philologian.
EXCHANGES. JOHN K. GOODE, 1'11ilologian. ALUMNI. ERNEST M. LONO, L. Ji,., B,
:13ustness.managers, J'OHN J'ETER HURT, Philologian, BENJ', H. WEST, Ass't, M:u Sigma :Bbo,
A Retreat. In. silence the swift-flying clouds, By fierce Winter's blast hard driven As some mighty phantom host, Broken, fleeing, having striven,
Roll on madly to the southward, Reeling on seething masses ; Rearing chargers, blackened faces, FiU the Night's Plutonian passes. O'er the field thus swept so clearly Creeps the Moon's bright placid face. While the stars each other crowding Cover vast unfathomed space.
138
RICHMOND COLLEGE MESSENGER.
Was the Execution of King Charles I. Justifiable? questions present themselves in connection with this THREE subject. The :first, is it a crime to attempt to overthrow the constitution of one's country? In answer to this we would say that human law recognizes no graver crime. Next, was King Charles I. guilty of this crime? To this we are obliged to respond that he was. The third question is, is punishment the just reward of crime? And again we are forced to answer, Yes. And when we are thus forced to answer these questions in the affirmative, it is plain to us that the execution of Charles I. was indeed justifiable. This man brought with him to the throne of England all of his father's ideas of the divine right of kings to rule. He believed that the sole right of governing was vested in the king; that the only right which the people possessed was that of being governed. And should they, the English people, .one -0f the freest nations on God's green earth, sit quietly by while their rights were thus invaded, while their liberties were thus ruthlessly trampled under foot? No, never! The descendants of the men who, upon the bank of the Runnymede, had extorted Magna Charta from the hand of an unwilling tyrant, would never be the people to thus basely surrender their birthright. When we look back to the time when these events occurred, we can see in our fancy this man as he succeeds to the throne of his father. We see him crowned king of the realm of all England, we see the joy and the love with which he was received by his subjects, the loyalty shown him on every hand, -and it is plain to us that in the beginning of his reign this man was indeed the idol of his people. In imagination we can almost hear him as he takes the coronation oath. We hear him solomnly swear to govern this people, " according to the statutes in Parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same." We hear him take this solemn oath, and it is with unfeigned sorrow that we see him (before he has been upon his
WAS EXECUTION OF KING CHARLES I. JUSTIFIABLE?
139-
throne three years) attempt to override the British laws-those very laws which be bad solemnly sworn to support. As Parliament will not do his bidding, be attempts, without the consent of the English legislative body, to secured forced loans from bis subjects; arbitrarily attempts to make these· people deliver their money into the royal treasury. When some of them have manhood enough to refuse to be robbed in this manner, be bas them cast into prison, intending to keep• them there until such time as they should consent. His victims attempt to secure their liberty by means of the writ of habeas corpus, but his judges refuse to allow the writ to begranted. Thus at one fell blow did this man attempt to destroy this great writ of liberty-this writ which was as dear to the British people as life itself; for what is life without freedom? · These brave men who had dared to defy the authority of this king were, by his orders, kept in prison until the king, finding it necessary to have supplies voted him in order to enable him to c.arry on the gevernment, ordered them to be relea sed, thinking thereby to gain the good will of Parliament. But Parliament would not consent to grant the desired supplies until their liberties were placed on a more secure footing. In order to carry his point the king must by his royal assent allow the petition of right to become a law. King Charles, finding himself forced to consent to the measure, answers in a very evasive manner. He makes an attempt t? deceive Parliament, tries to make them think he has consented to the measure when be bas not, in fact, done so. He, the king, the foremost man in all the realm of England, was not above resorting to deceit and falsehood in order to accomplish bis purposes. Parliament, however, remains firm, and the king is forced to consent to the measure. The next year, A. D. 1629, there was another clash between king and Parliament, and as Parliament was firm in defending · the rights of the people, the king resolved to rule without the assistance of Parliament. In pursuance of this policy, he, in the fourth year of his reign, issued a proclamation from which
140
RICHMOND COLLEGE MESSENGER.
it was generally inferred that he intended to summon no more Parliaments. And during the next eleven years no more Parliaments were summoned; the people of England were not represented in the government. During this whole period (from 1629 to 1640) the government of England was run and controlled by one man, and that man the tyrant King Charles L "This man was admitted to be kiug of England and possessed of limited power," but he wickedly attempted to overthrow and annihilate the constitution of his country in order that he might exercise unlimited power; in order that he might erect a tyrannical government, in which he was to be the sole governing power, and his will should be law. But in spite of this many of his followers still clung blindly to him, fo1¡they -said, "The king hath done this thing, and the king can do no wrong." But was it to be expected that the English people as a whole would submit to the dictates of this man? Never, no, never! It does not run in Anglo-Saxon blood to surrender liberty so long as there remains any possible means of defending it. ~, With oppression, love of liberty increased, republican principles were developed and extended," and freedom was soon to make itself felt throughout the entire kingdom. A storm was rapidly gathering about the bead of the ill-fated man, and when it broke forth in all its fury old England was shaken from centre to circumference. The question which was presented to the English people was one with which many governments have been confronted. They had to decide whether it were better for their Cresar to live while they died all slaves, or for their Cresar to die while they lived all free men. This, then, was the issue which was presented to them, and like brave men they met it, and with freedom, hope, liberty, everything which is dear to the heart of a freeman trembling in the balance, they appealed to the God of battles, who in the end decided against an unworthy king.
S. G.
HAMLET'S SANITY.
141
Hamlet's Sanitv. tragedy of Hamlet is one of the masterpieces of the THEEnglish language. Some one has called it "the Sphinx of modern literature." But like many great works it is surrounded by difficult questions. Scholars differ as to its significations. At the very threshold of the subject stands the question of Hamlet's sanity. Was he really insane or did he simply feign madness? Does Shakespeare consider him insane? The object of this paper is to prove that Hamlet was sane, and that he simply feigned madness in order to carry out his well-devised plan of revenge. In seeking to attain this end, the internal evidence of the play will be used. It may be well to notice, in the first place, that sadness is not madness. Hamlet had not always worn "the trappings and the suit of woe." In the days of his father, when things were going on all right, he was no doubt very different from the Hamlet of this play. The calamities of earth had befallen him. His father had been killed, his kingdom had been usurped, and his mother had proven herself a weak, vacillating, wicked woman. All these had conspired to give him an ascetic view of life. Therefore, his life was, we may believe, somewhat changed. The queen speaks of him as "our too-much changed son." But the change was not from reason to madness, from sanity to insanity. The sorrows of his heart had hurled him into a cloud of sadness. The "raven of despair" had lit over the door of his life. And because of this everabiding sadness, Hamlet may have been absent-minded at times, and thus acted a little foolish occasionally. But this is not a test of insanity. Any man might have done the same under like circumstances. Sadness is not _madness. Hamlet was always sad, but certainly not always mad. In the second place, Hamlet's words or utterances reveal his sanity. Words are symbols of thought, and thoughts are products of the mind. If Hamlet's expressed thoughts are the
142
RICHMOND COLLEGE MESSENGER.
fruit of an insane mind, there are people who would like to be crazy enough to think such thoughts. This is, as Polonius says, "a happiness that madness often hits upon." A fool may say some striking things, but no fool could ever think such thoughts nor say such things as did Hamlet. Indeed, while playing the fool he shows wisdom and sense; and Polonius has sense enough to see it, for he says, "Though this be madness, yet there is method in it." Notice, now, some of his expressions. It will be at least profitable, for they are worth considering, whether they reveal his madness and folly or his sense and wisdom. The queen sends Polonius to tell Hamlet that she wishes to speak with him. This brief conversation follows: Polonius: "My Lord, the queen would speak with you, and' presently." Hamlet: " Do you see that cloud? That's almost like a camel." Polonius: "By the mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed." Hamlet: "Methinks it is like a weasel." Polonius: "It is backed like a weasel." Hamlet: "Or like a whale." Polonius: "Very like a whale." Now who is the weak-minded man here? Not Hamlet, for he, instead of revealing his own weakness of mind, shows that of Polonius. Observe next something more serious: '' There are more things in heaven and earth Than are dreamed of in our philosophy."
Again: '' There is a divinity that shapes our ends Rough hew them how we may."
Are these the thoughts of a fool? Can a mad man express such sublime ideas? Surely not. Then there is the soliloquy. It is one of the sublimest products of the human mind; it is a work of genius; no insane man could possibly produce such a masterpiece. Hamlet was sane.
THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE UNITED ST ATES.
143
Lastly, that Hamlet was ~ane is evident from the fact that he only played the fool before certain persons. He had a purpose to accomplish; feigning madness would help him to carry it out; and he was wise enough to resort to this means. So admirably did he feign madness that .the general impression was received that Hamlet was insane. But there was one before whom he never played the fool. That one was his confidant Horatio. He made known to Horatio his plans, and plainly tells him that he is going " to put an antic disposition on." Further, Hamlet's letter to Horatio is not the writing of an insane man. He certainly knows what he is doing, and the letter indicates that Horatio would understand these things. If nothing else would prove the sanity of Hamlet, his action toward Horatio would, for an insane man man would not have ¡ respect of persons.
IL T.
MUSSELMAN.
The Constitution of tl1e United States-Its Origin and Development.
-rHIS
noble instrument, the pride of all Americans, and the admiration of Europeans, while not perfect, is one of the noblest documents human intelligence and patriotism ever produced. Its brevity, clearness, and comprehensiveness are the wonder of statesmen. The "supreme law of the land" has an adaptiveness and elasticity which make it unique among the written constitutions of the world. This document of a few pages has been found adequate to the needs of a vast, expanding, vigorous nation, whose swift development is one of wonders of history. This wonderful plan of government was the work .of a few earnest, far-seeing patriots, but the result of the stirring events of centuries. The framers of the Constitution brought to their task a training and experience which proved invaluable. Their political teachers were such men as Locke and Montesquieu. It was a period when the sacredness of human rights and sover-
144
RICHMOND COLLEGE MESSENGER.
eignty of the people were not so familiar to all minds as at the present. The American colonists had, by a century of hardship and partial self-government, gained a self-reliance and "Strength of character which prepared them for the new era about to dawn upon them. They had the experience of their <iolonial and State governments, especially their new State constitution, framed after they threw off their allegiance to the mother country. They had the benefit of thus being already familiar with the workings of written constitutions. While the thirteen original colonies were connected with England, they were independent of each other, only united by the ties of a common blood, speech, and largely similar habits. They :first united to resist the oppressive measures of the mother ,county; but after the Declaration of Independence the colonies formed a new union under the Artides of Confederation. The Confederation worked badly. It had no Federal executive, no Federal judiciary, no means of raising money. Congress lacked the power of enforcing its own enactments. It could make and conclude treaties, but could only recommend their observance. It had no authority over individuals. A convention of all the States but one was held in Philadelphia. This body drafted the Constitution in its present form, and submitted it to the different States for ratification. Many were the difficulties with which the framers of the Constitution contended. The wealth of the various sections was widely different. In some States it consisted of slaves, in others of shipping. The sentiment of local independence was so strong that any suggestion of external authority was regarded with suspicion by large numbers of people. Under these circumstances the Constitution was inevitably an instrument of comproro.ises. Many questions were, of necessity, left unsettled, and here lay the germs of future fierce controversies, which, after raging for two generations, ended in the greatest and most disastrous civil war of modern times. "The acceptance of this Constitution made the American people a nation." A league of States the Union remained, but with a central authority added. A national government was
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formed separate and distinct from the State governments, but not intended to supersede them. It was a corifederated republic, mode1led upon those of ancient Greece, but with the new idea of a separation of the national powers into executive, legislative, and judicial departments. The threefold division of the national authority is the chief difference between our government and all previous confederations. This feature of the new government was the only entirely novel idea it contained. It was this and the power of the central government to act directly upon individuals, which form the bulwark of the strength of the Constitution. The executive, legislative, and judicial powers relate to matters common to the entire nation-such as war and peace, army and navy, the Federal courts of justice, commerce, currency, copyrights and patents, postal service taxation, and arbitration between a citizen and a State. It will be seen that in all foreign relations the United States are a unit, and can act with the vigor of a consolidated nation, while in purely domestic and local matters each State is supreme. All the ordinary powers of internal government, such as legislation on private law, civil and criminal, the maintenance of law and order, the creation of local institutions, the provision for education, together with taxation for the above purposes, all these powers remain with the States. One idea is to be kept distinctly in mind by a student of our Constitution. All sovereignty resides originally with the people in their organized capacity. The State was recognized as a sovereign power before the Constitution existed, and relinquished no part of its sovereignty when it entered the Union. All power belonging to the national government is delegated power. The government of the United States has absolutely no inherent authority. Consequently, according to a wellestablished principle of English common law, all acts performed by the United States government exceeding the powers granted to it are necessarily null and void. But in all such questions between the national and State governments there must be an arbitrator. This is furnished by the judicial department of the
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United States government-the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest judicial authority in the system. The legislative department of the United States consists of a Senate, in which the States are represented equally, and the House of Representatives, in which representation is based upon the population of the States. The executive department consists in a President and all inferior officers. The judicial department comprises the Federal courts, from the district to the supreme. Each of these three departments of the government is entirely independent of the others. The framers of the Constitution evidently feared to have too strong a chief executive, and so 1imited his authority in every possible way. But experience bas shown that of all three departments, the legislative bas been the one most apt to exceed the limit of its authority. In time of war, however, the powers of the President are almost unlimited. The Constitution was not received with universal approval. By many, the national powers were considered too strong; the government was too centralized, they thought. They feared the F ederal authority encroached upon that of the States. Only the urgency of the times prevailed upon the States to ratify the new Constitution, and they did so with provisory amendments. These were afterwards formed into the first ten amendments, often called the Bill of Rights. They all deal with the relations of the citizen to the government. The eleventh amendment provides that the judicial department of the United States bas no jurisdiction over any of the States. The twelfth changed the manner of electing a President. The rest of the amendments are those passed immediately after the Civil War. From the first, two political parties sprang up. One was opposed to too strong a national government, and was jealous of any exercise by it of power not expressly delegated to it in the Constitution. This party became known as strict constructionists or the States rights party. The other party favored a strong national government, and approved of extend-
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ing the powers conferred by the Constitution to the utmost limit when expediency demanded it. These were the liberal constructionists. 'l'he Constitution has been modified and developed with the development and expansion of the country. By an express provision of the instrument itself, the Federal courts, and especially the Supreme Court, are the chief authoritative expounders and interpreters . But a large part of the necessary interpreting of the Constitution, as, for instance, in all matters involving political questions, has been done by the legi slative In all questions as to the validity and executive departments. or Congress, and in all disPresident the either of of any acts putes between a State and the national government, two principles have been established upon which the courts have based th eir decisions . First: "Every power alleged to be vested in the national government must be shown to have been granted by the Constitution ." rrhe burden of proof lies upon those who assert that such power exists. Nothing is to be pre sumed in favor of the national government, as it is a government of delegated and specified powers. Second: "When once the grant of a power by the people to the national government is proved, the power is always construed broadly." This view is sustained by the language of the Constitution, which distinctly authorizes Congress, "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other pow ers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or any department or office thereof ." This interpretation and construction of the Constitution occupies an important place in the history of the United States. Many have been the controversies upon the validity of certain acts of the different Presidents and Congress. The purchase of Louisiana was a much-disputed point. The existence of the right of the President to purchase foreign territory without the consent of Congress was denied by many . It was finally decided, however, that the right was included in the authority given to the Executive to conclude treaties with fore.ign powers . The administ rati on in power when this pur-
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chase¡ was made was charged by its opponents with inconsistency, since it belonged to the same party that had, with so much vigor, pushed forward the famous Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. The next important step expounding the Constitution grew out of the embargo, and the exercise of the war powers in 1812. Now here in the Constitution can be found the express power to lay an embargo, and the assumption of the power on the part of the President was warmly denounced. After much bitter feeling and fierce controversy, the power was decided to result from the power to regulate commerce, and, therefore, the acts of the President were pronounced constitutional -. The tariff and "internal improvements" were the much-disputed questions of the next two decades. According to the strict constructionists the power to lay import dutie s was given the national government for the purpose of revenue only. They denounced the tariff bill of 1824, calling it a "palpable usurpation of power." But this controversy was slight compared to that which raged after the tariff act of 1828. Then followed the days of "nullification." The Kentucky Resolutions were again brought forward, and what was known as the Southern Movement began. 'fhe Supreme Court never was called upon to decide upon the right of nullification, as the con~promise of 1830 laid the question aside. The tariff qu estion also remains unsettled, and is one of the leading questions of the pr esent day. Besid es development by interpr etation the Con stitution has also develop ed and expanded by usage. Many features of the American government, especially tho se that relate to its practical workings, depend chiefly upon custom. Thus we have seen that ours is not an absolutely rigid Constitution, but that it has changed and is changing to meet the demands of the time s. Som etimes the tendencies toward the centraliz ation of power have prevailed. Sometimes the States rights party has been in the ascendency. Upon a review of the entire period since the adoption by the States of the Constitution, we see that power has gradually but slowly centralized. The Constitution has succeeded indeed. It has proved
VOXPOPULI The anti-flirting bill was defeated in the Virginia Legislature, and we are not going to discuss VOXma flirting now. We feel like reminding our friends (and enemies, too, if we have any) that those who live in glass houses should not throw stones or snow-balls either. But it does look as if the spirit of paternalism is. about to be Legislation, developed even to ever-watchful maternalism. they say, is needed to determine what games the boys may play, and how the girls a11cl,boys may flirt (whatever that means), and legislation will soon be called upon (as once upon a time in England) to determine what style of dress one may wear. If all this legislation be necessary, it is made so by the people themselves, who exhaust their ingenuity by trying to invent some new thing under the sun, and have no energy left with which to govern the conduct of themselves and their families. After all, in our democratic government legislation is according to the people, and "the voice of the people is (to them) the voice of (their) God." If there is anything the matter, let the watchword ¡ be not "legislate," nor even "educate," but let it be "regenerate." Then will the voice of the people be indeed the voice of God.
THE UNDERGRADUATElives in a little world. When he sees IN OOLLEGE only the dull routine of daily lectures
and stud_y and recitation; when he cannot yet duly appreciate the privilege of fellowship with the great minds of the ages past and present; when be realizes that his comprehension of the past is feeble, that his plans and hopes for the future are imperfect, and that he is restrained from rejoicing in pleasures which he occasionally sees others enjoy, the ambitious fellow's soul is restless as a man in prison.
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But he seldom understands that his circle, however little, is a world, and in no exclusive respect different from the world he sees without with longing eyes. You tell him, "It takes all sorts of people to make a world," and he will reply, "Well, we've got 'em right here in college." But he does not understand that his behavior towards his class-mates as individuals and as an organized body may be in spirit, if not in manner, in all respects the same as if he were in any other sphere, however great or different in appearance from his present circle. "Boys will be boys," and "a college boy must be jolly." No condemnation of jollity and buoyant spirits. The most popular and influential middle-aged and gray-haired men are men of constant good spirits.
Before the next issue of the MESSENGER, the present editorin-cbief will be relieved by his newly-elected successor, Mr. H. M. Fugate, Mu Sigma Rho. The forthcoming chief will be initiated by the aides of the present staff. The present chief will disappear after the February issue of the MESSENGER. Out of consideration for your feelings, he will not say au revoir, but good-bye, farewell, and if forever, still forever fare ye well. During his year of office he has been assisted by excellent associates, and if their labors had not been disturbed by such widely-removecl facts aud fancies as the happy marriage of the first alumni editor, and the yellow-fever saare of the contemporary athletic editor, the chief would have been able to see his platform, set forth a year ago, fully established and beautifully adorned. In spite, however, of disappointments, he has been '' upheld by the kind approval of partial friendship and by the warm sympathies of a common brotherhood," and has struggled with some succesi; upon the career whose "ultimate and legitimate goal is honor and undying fame." Like every one else, of coUl'se, he is hungry for praise; but he is too old to be fooled into believing that if he gives it to himself it will be just the same as if some one else had given it.
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Lo! these many days has he been blowing his own trumpett and now he will take a rest, and he will be generous and share it with you, poor tired reader. And when you, dear reader, shall awake from this mutual rest, you will behold the impress. of his successor, to whom we turn over the paraphernalia and good will of the MESSENGER. Keep and honor and love and cherish and obey him, for he is worthy.
Storm Clouds. The sun has rested from its daily race, And deepening shadows now draw on apace ; Dark, threatening clouds the firmament enshroud, While peals the thunder reverberating loud. The lightning's weird and forked flashes fly Like streams of liquid fire across the sky, And night winds swiftly through the tree -tops go, Singing their wild, sad songs of woe. To-morrow, if God sends another day, These troubled scenes will then have passed away ; The sky will don the robe of rosy dawn, And zephyrs sing a welcome to the morn. So ever in our journeys through this life Where sorrow, sin, and misery are rife, Troubles will oft within our pathways rise, As storm clouds cross the b;ight September skies ; But God leads us to another glorious day, When sorrow and all troubles fade away ; Then shall we view the never-changing sun, To-morrow, after our race is run. BON ~
A little common sense is worth many copper cents.-Ex.
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M?P."ic 4:~<t\i?'g ~~oi 'e.'{!!114!J!/::t~~ ~~ Two hundred and fifty-six on the roll. The Faculty stopped toe-pulling.
It snowed. Examinations began January 31st, and lasted until the snow was gone. We were snowed under. "Billy goat" asked Professor if he saw the ground-hog; now he's got the measles. We started to tell what happened on every calendar-day; but we didn't have to. Anyhow, you know that we studied when nothing else happened. Sam i.s a devoted student of philosophy, and of literature, too. He is constantly collecting gems, putting them away for reference. He is a society man, too, and occasionally makes new acquaintances. Out calling one afternoon to see his Valentine, he found that he had only blank cards in his pocket. Selecting one that seemed to be perfectly clean, he neatly inscribed his name. The fai.r one of his choice, however, saw the other side, too, and read with interest, " We are apt to ascribe our meanness to the devil; but you need not, for you have devilment enough in yourself." The following officers of the two Literary Societies were elected for the ensuing termPHILOLOGIAN. President, S. M. Sowell; Vice-President, B. O. Hutchison i Recording Secretary, T. B. Spencer; Corresponding Secretary, J. C. Cone; Treasurer, J. T. Bowden; Chaplain, R. W. Neathery; Ori.tic, A. J. Hall; Censor, S. P. De Vault; Sergeant-at-Arms, G. C. Durham.
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For the Public Debate the following gentlemen were elected: . Debaters-E. D: Turner, John E. Johnson, G. W . Clarke, . H. T. Musselman . Declaimer-J. C. Cone. Reader-S . P. De Vault. A. J. Hall was elected Final Orator. MU SIGMARHO.
President, W. S. McNeill; Vice-President, T. B. McAdams; ¡ Recording Secretary, G . Mabry; Corresponding Secretary, _ J. W. Du rham; Treasurer, F. W. Moore; Chaplain, J. P. McCabe; Critic, A . P. Bagby; Censor, Burnley Lankford; Sergeant-at-Arms, H. L. N or:fleet. The following gentlemen were elected for the Pu bli.c Debate: Debaters-G . T . Lumpkin, B. M. Hartman, R. L. Williams, W. S. McNeill. Declaimer-G. P . Bagby. Reader-O. L. Owens . Final Orator-R. L . Williams. The Annual Association was reorganized January 13th, and ' a new constitution adopted, according to which the name of the organization was changed to " 7 he Association for the publication of the Spider ." The officers of the Association are John B. Kaufman, President; W. S. McNeill, Vice-President; and H . Lee McBain, . Secretary. The charming success of the gay young Spider of '.97 was . very gratifying and set up a high standard of exce11ence,which those in charge of the next issue promise to attain and even surpass. Allan D. Jones, ofNewportNews, Va ., is Business Manager, and J. B. Kaufman, of Portsmouth, Va., Editorcin-Chief. Thos. T. Duke is Art Edi.tor. The other associates elected by their organizations are H. L . Norfleet, of the Mu Sigma !tho Society; John E. Johnson; of the Philologian Society; B. West Tabb , of the Athletic Association; Thos. B. McAdams, of the Geographical and Historical Society ; H ..
RICHMOND COLLEGE MESSENGER.
G. Noffsinger, of the Y. M. C. A.; Ben. W. Lacy, of the ~I'. LI.; John A. Moore, of the K. A. ; Fred. Gochnauer, of the ffl. K. ~-; John C. Weckart, of the Williams Law Association ; Thomas Temple, of the Senior Law Class. Messrs. Evan R. Chesterman and Henry C. Nicholas were chosen to represent the Alumni and uninitiated students. Prof. R. J. Kellogg delivered a very instructive and entertaining address, January 6th, on " The Religion of the Vedas and its Relation to Modern Hindooism." He said that Hindooism is a religion of Pantheism, and in it everything is worshipped as a manifestation of God, but God himself is not worshipped. The Vedic religion, be said, is on one hand all ritualism, and on the other all philosophy, and its value must be estimated by considering its system of philosophy, and again by noticing its moral effect. In conclusion, be said that while Mohammedanism regarded God as only transcendent and not manifest in the world, and Vedism, together with modern Hindooism, regarded God as everywhere manifest and immanent in the world, Christianity combined the two ideas, and no other religion did this except Judaism, and that not so perfectly. "Robert E. Lee, The Model Man," was the subject of an eloquent address delivered in the Chapel, January 20th, by Rev. Dr. J. William Jones. Dr. Jones is such an ardent advocate of the South that he has been called " an unreconstructed rebel." He indulges, too, in " Old Virginia Brag." But one cannot doubt the sincerity of his praise for the South and for Virginia. He loves bis country, he cherishes the South, he honors his own State, whose greatest son he delighted to obey. No living man, perhaps, is better acquainted with General Lee's life than is D1¡. Jones, and his recital of the hero's virtues as a boy at home, as a cadet, as a superior officer, as a citizen, and as a Christian gentleman is a description of a model man indeed.
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The series of addresses on the" Evidences of Christianity," which was announced in December to be given on the Thursday evenings of February, has begun. The first was delivered February 3d, by Rev. Dr. J. C. Riden. Subject: " The Plain Christian vs. The Advanced Critic." He took Prof. C.H. Toy, of Harvard, as a type of the advanced critic, and made the evidence very clearly in favor of the plain Christian. The second of the addresses was delivered February 10th, by Rev. Dr. T. S. Dunaway. Subject: "Experential Evidences." The Board of Trustees of the College held their semi-annual meeting February 8th, and attended the mid-session Commencement at the College that evening. They established a Chair of History and English Literature. Hereafter, the former School of English will be known as the School of English Language ; and Greek, Roman, French, German, and English History will be removed from the language schools, and placed in the School of History and English Literature. Prof. R. J. Kellogg was elected Professor of Greek for next year. The pleasure of the Commencement exercises was heightened by the sinÂľ;ing of the Glee Club, and the lively humor of a speech by Governor J. Hoge Tyler. A reception in the Jeter Memorial Hall was tendered the students and their friends by the Faculty. Refreshments were served by pretty girls, and a pleasant social hour followed. Law students have for some time been inconvenienced by the early closing of the library. Now the Librarian has made such arrangements that the Heaton Law Alcove, containing a valuable and well-selected lot of books, is accessible to the students at such hours as they care to consult it. Professor Leonard, of Heidelberg University, who first dis~overed the cathode rays, has received from the French Academy of Sciences its prize of 10,000 francs.-Ex.
Due to the dormant nature of the man, the athletic editor was so unfortunate as to be found wanting in the last issue of the MESSENGER. Not fancying the idea of ever being left, he determined to be in the next issue, and, to further that end, he finds himself nearly a month before writing up some few notes. Some one blamed the editor for not publishing in the MESSENGER an account of the game of foot-ball between the Cottage and College, advancing as the reason that he felt too sore over the defeat of the team he captained. In a measure this gentleman judged the editor's feelings exactly, for where is the enthusiastic man in college who does not feel sore when defeated. For the benefit of those not knowing the result of the aforesaid game, and likewise for the benefit of those desirous of seeing the result in print, whereby it may be made more emphatic, the editor announces the fact that the College won thegame from the Cottage by the small score of six to nothing. Well may it be said, when you take into consideration the heavy burden athletics has had to bear, that foot-ball has been a succe ss at Richmond College this year. The association has been, and is now, heavily in debt, and unless some measure is adopted whereby the association's treasury can be replenished we ruust lay aside athletics. Most of us scorn this idea, but it will be an inevitable fatality if something is not done. Our association would never be in debt if it bad any financial backing. When you consider that we (the enthusiastic students) have to equip the team, pay g-uarantees in the main, and, in fact, be security for any indebtedness incurred by the manager, you cannot but wonder that our indebtedness is not greater. The most natural question arises now, How can this be remedied? Is there no way hy which the association can raise money enough to start with every year? Take several of the leading
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colleges of our State and you will see that out of the matriculation fee is deducted a certain per cent. for the Athletic Association, which, of course, makes RVERY student a member of the Athletic Association. This admirable plan could and should be executed at Richmond College. Go to any professor at our institution and ask bi.m, "Ought I to join the Athletic .Association?" or what is of quite the same import, "Ought I to manifest any College enthusiasm?" There i.s not one that would not reply in the affirmative. The fact that you cannot indulge in foot-ball or base-ball or any other branch of athletics is no reason why you should not become a member of the association. Some may say," 0 I haven't the money to spare." This is folly. Stint yourself a little, deprive yourself of some little pleasure in order to manifest the enthusiastic feeling, which, if you possess it, you will be willing to do. You certainly cannot say that you pay your money to defray the expenses of teams that do not give honor to the colors they bear. BASE-BALL. As the foot-ball season, bearing with it both pains and pleasures, has taken flight for a few months, we now turn to the popular sport of our land. Base-ball has ever been a success at Richmond College. We look with pride for several years on the success of our base-ball teams, and it is with a like feeling that we hold up their records as an example of our capabilities. It is quite hard to predict anything definite regarding the team until you can see the applicants on the field and watch them practice; even then it requires some ti.me before any adequate conception can be formed of their ability, or, what is more essential, of their stability. Base-ball ''took a slump" in the Athletic .Association when our captain and manager resigned their respective positions. And yet this was a most wise move, not because we do not experience an irretrievable loss by the resignation of both of
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these gentlemen, but that it aroused in every man present a realism of our situation. It made every one determine that athletics should not "go under." Things did look a little blue, as one of the members proclaimed, but joined to that blue was a strata of crimson, which seemed to say, "as long as we band together, and as long as you hold us as your motto, success will attend us." Several of last year's team have returned and everything bids fair to a successful base-ball team. Mr. Jones has already arranged several very desirable games, and we can be 11,ssuredof several others if we will but furnish a team, and furnish one we must. 'Tis folly to think of Richmond College not being represented by a base-ball team. GYMNASIUM. The work done in the gymnasium has been very gratifying to the instructors, Messrs. Cammack and Scruggs. These two gentlemen have five classes a week under their charge; and everything is done by them to make the members enjoy as well as develop themselves. The attendance in these classes has been very good, and it is to be hoped will continue so. A class in tumbling has been formed, and, although they have experienced a few falls from quite lofty places, they are succeeding admirably in their work. From all points can be heard such remarks as, " 0, just wait until we get our Science Hall and Gymnasium," and, if we could sing, the atmosphere would, no doubt, be rent with that grand old song, " Dars a good time comin' bye and bye." TENNISASSOOIATION. The membership of the Association is not quite so large as it has been, but now that the spring term is opening, it is hoped that it will increase. The Association is in a good condition :financialiy. Of course very little can be done now during examination and snow, but when they are over, the courts will be trimmed
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â&#x20AC;˘ and everything will be in readiness. and marked off again, The material in College this year is exceptionally good, and the prospects for field-day intensely interesting. We have in College the winners of the medals of '96 and '97. It is highly gratifying to see so many of our boys indulging in this popular sport. Some one has intimated that many of them do so because they no longer have to chase the missent ball which, in days of yore, seemed to be an object with perpetual motion. Let all come out now, preachers as well. Since the modern improvement-namely backstops, have been erected, you need not fear the danger of an angry passion rising. Exception.-The Association can guarantee no remedy for a gentleman who is unable to hit the ball on account of there being a "hole in his racket." It only asks that such gentlemen do not indulge in profane expressions caused by repeated failures to return the said tennis ball. It is especially urged and likewise recommended that all gentlemen expecting to enter for field-day, and having a strong desire for winning, will come out often and practice. BASKETBALL. Basket Ball is rapidly becoming a popular sport at Richmond College. Our team has played the representative team of the Richmond Y. M. C. A., and, although defeated, they played quite a nice game. The Y. M. C. A. boys are all experienced players, while ours are comparatively new at the game. We hope to see this branch of athletics encouraged by all. OROQUET. By mutual consent of all participants, is refrained from until " Old Sol becomes a warmer article." JOHN BROOKS KAUFMAN.
OONTIDENOE. "Be bold! be'.bold! and everywhere be bold; Be not too bold! Yet better the excess Than the defect ; better the more than less." -Selected.
· The Wednesday night prayer-meetinµ;s have been well attended ]ately. They have been led by some able men, too. January 19th Rev. W.R. L. Smith, the new pastor of the Second Baptist church, spoke upon "Be strong and of a good courage" (Joshua i: 6, 7, 9), and made a rousing appeal. February 2d State-Secretary L. A. Coulter made a strong plea for consecration of our all to the service of our Lord. He brouµ;ht out very clearly some striking contrasts of the Old and New Testaments. Compare Mal. iv: 5 and 6 with Rev. xxii: 20 and 21. February 9th Mr. Robert R. Gailey, of the International Student Volunteer Movement, spoke, and µ;ave a charmingly graphic account of the rise and rapid growth of this movinq movement. Mr. Gailey was here two d·ays and endeared himself to many. His tour among the colleges was almost ended, for immediately after the Cleveland (Ohio) Convention be will ~o to Tien Sin, China. He ii; to take charge of the Y. M. C. A. work at that place, and goes forth under the direction of the International Committee. Mr. D. Willard Lyon will leave the work at Tien Sin to Mr. Gailey, and go to Shanghai. Four delegates, namely, A. J. Hall, S. M. Sowell, G. T. Lumpkin. and S. P. De Vault, were elected for the Missionary Convention in Cleveland, Ohio, February 23d to 27th. A strong delegation will attend the State Convention at Lynchburg, February 17th to 20th. Harvard has graduated more students than any other college in America, the number of her alumni being 17,684. Yale stands next with 16,765 graduates. The Uuiversities of Pennsylvania and Michigan each have over 10,000.-Ex.
"Rew lSooks an~ tbe 1fbrar~. With the new year there came to our tables a large number of new books that we would gladly mention at length. All tastes can be supplied from the volumes of history, biography, poetry, and fiction with which we are surrounded. We can mention only a few. Alfred Lord Tennyson: A Memoir. By his son, Hallam Lord Tennyson. In 2 Vols. This book is the first to claim attention. A book long promised us has at last arrived, and our most sanguine hopes are realized. Rich in the wealth of information it brings to admirers and lovers of the laureate, for it is filled with Tennyson's letters, private and public, all printed in profusion. From these one gets a clearer idea of and insight into the life anil works of the great poet, and can thus appreciate aud understand him better than ever before. Many poems are included in these volumes, Jae The book abounds in similes of the original . manuscripts. incidents connected with the writing and publication of many of the poems. Pictures of haunts and homes where the brightest sparks were struck out by this genius are sprinkled from cover to cover. The frontispieces of the two volumes are excellent likenesses, taken at different ages, of the Peer, of the man who gave us Enoch Arden and that host of poems read and studied throughout the world.
The Great Poets and 1heir 1 heolo!JY. Hy Augustus Hopkins Strong, D. D., LL. D. Published by the American Baptist Publication Society. The author tells us these essays, as be is pleased to call them, are but summer recreations of the past thirteen years. Indeed, we must say his idle moments have been well employed; for now he comes with this excellent volume on the theology of the poets. He does not maintain that the poets were conscious theologians, but " that in their vocation as seers, however, they have glimpses of truth in theology, as well as in philosophy and physics." "From their higher points of view they sometimes descry truths which are
164
RICHMOND COLLEGE MESSENGER.
yet below the horizon of other thinkers." In the selection of names that deserve to be considered among the great poets, the author declares that at first he intended to include only Homer, Virgil., Dante, Shakespeare, and Milton, but upon further study was convinced that Wordsworth, Goethe, Browning, and Tennyson must be admitted to the company of the immortals. Robert Edward Lee and the Southern Confederacy, 1807-1870. By Prof. H. A. White. Another volume has been added to many that have been written of this hero and his achievements. This one, from the pen of Professor White, of the Washington and Lee University, should be treasured by us with great care, read, and studied; for the story of a great people and a peerless. leader it contains is a lasting memorial. Carefully compiled from sources heretofore inacce ssible, a biography and history delightfully blended. This book is issued in the "Heroes of Nations" series, from the press of G. P. Putnam & Sons. Rome and Pompeii; Ar chmologicalRambles. By Gaston Boissier, of the French Academy. With map and plans. Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens. By Evelyn Abbott, .M. A., Fellow of Ballail College, Oxford. Quo Vadis. By Henryk Sienkiewicz. This book has been reviewed, adverti sed, and read throughout the breadth of the land. We can add nothing to what has been said; that a true picture of the gross excesses of the :fiddling Nero is here drawn is not doubted, and one, though busy, may profitably spare the time to read it. The College has for some years past been sending surplua books, duplicates, and bound papers to the academies of the State. This work of aiding the young ones to procure a¡ library has met with success. In this way Southside Academy and Alleghany Institute have started very interesting libraries. ALLAN
D.
JONES.
~~~~ÂŁ~~ From a literary standpoint the VanderbiltObserver(Tenn.) is by far the best of our December exchanges. We would make special mention of "Cupid versus Bacchus" and "A Question in Ethics." Vanderbilt University should justly be proud to send out sach a magnificent journal. We are glad to say that the December number of the lllini (Illinois) show a marked improvement over the former publications. Number 13 is especially good. "A Te Deum" is a sad, sweet story, abounding in beautiful are very interesting, and The "Fables" word paintings. show something that many of our exchanges lack-originality. The Emory Phamix comes to us bedecked in a neat, attractive cover; but the cover is not the only attractive feature, for the Literary Department contains much interesting matter. Wonder if all young school teachers are as successful as the one described in "A Story Said to be True"? We congratulate the Universityof Virginia Magazi.nefor th& quantity, excellence, and variety of literary articles in the Decemher issue; but we think that more space should be devoted to the Exchange Department. ON EARTH, PEAOE. Clear and calm the midnight air, Bright the stars with heavenly _glory. Shepherds watching, waiting there, Hear from angel choirs the storyHear the voices singing still : "To all the earth has come good will. Be forgotten fear and sadness, Let your hearts be filled with gladness ; Hail the morn When Christ is born! "
166
RICHMOND COLLEGE MESSENGER.
Through the ages echoes yet That triumphant song of glory ; Lest our struggling hearts forget Angels bring us now the story. Hear their voices singing still : "To all the earth has come good will. Be forgotten fear and sadness, Let your hearts be filled with gladness. Glorious morn! Christ is born! " -The Vassar Miscellany.
The poems in the Tennessee University Magazine for December are deserving of special mention. There is also in this issue a strong-, well-written editorial. We heartily sympathize with the editor in all that he says, and think that his ringing words should appeal sensibly to every student who feels the least interest in his college paper. The Clemson College Chronicle(S. C.) spoke a kind word in behalf of the MESSENGER, and then spoiled it all with this statement, "But the short stories, which should form an important part of every journal's literary department, are entirely neglected." "Physician, heal thyself" by practicing "what you preach," and don't "throw stones," since you are living in a "glasshouse." But we didn't mean to be rude by what we have just said. We thank you for telling us of our faults. The CTemsonChronicl,e is a very creditable magazine, and has steadily improved since its :first issue. In our perusal of the December exchanges no article has impressed us more than a story in the 1.rinity Archive (N. C.), entitled "Twice Found." We heartily agree with the idea brought out by the author that man makes a success in life by doing what he realizes to be his life's work.
167
EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT.
There seems to be a universal idea that God calls only -preachers. Away with such nonsense. We believe that a -doctor, a lawyer, a merchant, or mechanic is just as much called to his work as is a preacher; and unless a man follows his calling his life's work will be a miserable failure. If more men realized this all-important fact, there would not be so many poor doctors, bankrupt merchants, and "botch" mechanics.
In the McMi cken Review for January we noticed two fairly good poems-" Comforting Assurance" and "The Brook." "His Most Interesting Case" is a well-written story; but we do think that the author could have selected a more refined plot. Our Dumb Animals is a regular and most welcome visitor. -God speed you on your mission of mercy. UNREST. A feeling of sadness and longing, A sense of vague unrest, As myriad moods come thronging And trouble the quiet rest. A longing for something sweeter Than our hearts have ever known ; But ere we frame the sentence The sweet pure thought is flown. Leaving our hearts so restless, Altho' they cannot be sad, For the beauty and love around us Compels us to be glad.
Who knows but that this longing, So vague and indistinct, Draws us nearer unto heaven Than we would dare to think ? That the nature of God within us, Finding naught to meet its need, Seeks a life more pure and holy, From human failings freed?
-Ex.
RICHMOND Straight cm,RETl'II
Out No. I Cigarettes.
who &re will ing to p&y &little more than the price char ged for the ordinary trade Cigarettes, will find TH IS B KAND su perior to all others. These Cigarettes &re m Hd e from th e bri ghtest, most delicately flavored, and hi ghe st cost Gold Leaf grown in Vlrg!nl&. This is the Old and Original e ,and of Straight Cut Cigarett es, and wa.s brou ght out by us in the year 1875. . and observe that the firm name BEWAREOF IMITATIOI\IS as below ls on every package . ALLEN & Cl ll:TER, SMOKaas ,
The American Tobacco Company, SUCCESSOR,MANUFACTURER, RICHMON D, - - V I RCINIA
Clothing, ng, TheBest-Wearing Clothi TheBest-Made Clothing, TheBest-Fitting at PRICES atTHELOWEST
Burk'sClothingHouse Being Manufacturers , we save all intermediate or Jobbers' Profits. It's worth saving, too. We would be pleased to show you through our stock. We know it will please you. TRY US.
rumis~ Hatters, ClotMers, House, ClotMng Bur~'s 1003 EAST MAIN
STREET.
CS.H. PLASSMAN,
Grocer and Produce Merchant, OOR.BROAD anc'I HANCOCKSTS., FIRST-CLASS MEATS of all kinds, FISH and OYSTERS, POULTRY BUTTER and EGGS, CANNED and BOTTLED GOODS, and FRESH VEGETABLES of every variety.
TAYLOR
& BROWN,
-DEALERS
IN-
LADIES' andGENTS' FINE SHOES ,918 EAST MAIN STREET. OUR CALF SHOES AT $3 A SPECIALTY.
J.
A.
MORRIS, KANUFACTURKR
FZN"E SODA
.A.ND
IOEJS.
MINERAL WATERS, CIGARS, TOBACCO, &c.
AND
525 E. BROAD 'Phone
Ol"
:XOE-OB.E.A.1'4.:
STREET,
.t.99.
RICHllOND,
TA..
Dyeing, Scouring and Dry Cleaning. ALL lllNDS OF LADIES' AND GENTS' GOODSDYED AND CLEANED BY
C.A.:RL
SCE:1TLTZ
307 WEST
BROAD
NOT Fil
STREET.
7
FROM COLL:SGK.
NEARESTAPOTHECARYTO RICHMOND COLLEGE. TEN PER CENT. GIVEN TO STUDENTS, DRUGGISTS'SUNDRIES,SMOKING AND CHEWING TOBACCOS, STATIONERYANO FINE CONFECTIONERIES. r>•·AGENTSFOR PRESCRIPTIONSA SPECIALTY,
CHELF'S
CELERY
OAFFEIN
COMPOUND,
SORE CURE FOR HEADACHE AND NEURALGIA.
Price,
IO,
25,
and
50
Cent&
CALL TO SEE US
a Bottle.
CHELF & co., 106and108N.PineSt.,between Grace andFrankltn Sts.
W' oman ·'s Exchange. It may be a convenience to visitors to know the Richmond Exchange for Woman's Work (Third street, corner Franklin) is prepared to take orders •for Home-Made Cakes, Breads, and everythi, ,g made by good housekeepers. Elaborate or simple Suppers, Dinners , and Luncheons can be !furnished on short notice. The most beautiful Fancy Work always for sale. Sewing of every description done. Gentlemen's Clothing neatly repaired,
R. J. SLAUGHTER, 601 a:n.d 608 "VV". Broad. S e1; Fine Livery, Carriages for Entertainments and Marriages. Awnings furnished tor Marriages. · HORSES
AND
BUGGIES
A
SPECIALTY.
W. DILLIE SUTHERLAR D,
Fine Livery Stables 7 and •
CARRIAGES,
'
9 N. EICH TH ST. (EA.ST SIDE~
CABS , BUGGIES, PASSENGER and BAGGAGE TRANSFER.
WAGONS
. d ·==== r W e are t h e Co lleg-e Boys , F nen
Old 'Phone 48. 1
New 'Phone 24.
1l6QESTA , .•• H • TIT YY • .&I.I. Manoraatare, orPore fne-Cre•m-fro;t Water-I c11, :eatabll•t\•tl
I I I E. Main Street, RICHMOND, US'7S.
Fancy Cakes, Confectioneries, Bread, Pastry, Wedding Supplies, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.
JOHN 0. TAYLOR, G-R-OCEE, 1418
::t:v.1:A.IN STREET,
RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.
11!1!
VA.
I856.
E8TA.BLI8HED
London and Liverpool~ Company,. '-Clothing HARRY
MARKS, Proprietor,
H~F~b:~1tco.
HATS,FURNISHINGS,. CLOTHING, RICHMOND, VA.
1403EastMainStret,
TEN PER CENT. DISCOUNT TO STUDE~TS.
LADD & CO.,
ELLYSON,
IN-
-DEALERS
~ and COKE, COAL,WOOD 1710 E. Broad St., RICHMOND, VA. xo96.---
---'Phone College Representative,
KENON HENING, Room 25. College.
ORGANIZED
1832.
COMPAN E:lANCE INSU MARIN IAOFANO FIRE VIRGIN RICHMOND luuea a short, comprehensive policy. free of petty restrictions, and liberal In its terms and , conditions . Agents in every town and county. Correspondence eollclted,
WM. H. PALMER, President.
WM . H. McCARTHY,
Secretary.
D. S. CATES, Managerâ&#x20AC;¢.
M. E. CATES, Owner.
RICHMOND SHOE-REPAIRING
COMPANY,
Ne. 202 N. FIFTH STREET, RICHMOND, VA.
~BEST
EQUIPPED CONCERN IN THE SOUTH.~
Fine Shoes neatly and promptly repaired by Hand or Machine. Goods Sent for and Delivered Free of Charge.
Soda, Mineral C.SCHMIDT, WM. (Succeuor
to SCOTT & HINDS)
Waters,
, and all Hot Drinks,.
FINE CANDIES, IL-E-CREAM, ICE " . and FANCY PASTRIES, TOBACCO, CIGARS, ETC. RICHMOr.D,VIRGINIA. 427 EAST BROAD STREET,
COLLEGE DIRECTORY. LITERARY SOCIETIES. MU
SIGMA
RHO.
President. • . . . W. S. McNEILL. Vice-President • . T. B. McA DAMS. Rec. Secr etary. • . • . G . MA BRY. Cor. Secretary . . . J . W. DU RHAM. Treasurer • .. . F. W . MooRE.
PHILO
LOG
IAN.
President . . . • • S. M. SOWELL. Vice-President, B. 0 . HUTCHINSON .. Rec . Sec1etary . •• T. B. SPENC ER. Cor. Secretary • • • . . J. C. CONE . Treasurer • ••.• J. T . BOWDEN.
WILLIAMS LAW ASSOCIATION. President . • , •.• . •• ., ... . .......... .. ... . J. J. WOLF Vi&e-President • • • • • . . . • • • . • • • • E. F . STORY. Recording- Secretary . . •.•.•. J. A. MOORE. Treasurer . . . . . W. H. GRIFFITH. Sheriff, R. L. WILLIAMS
GLEE CLUB. Di~e;t;r •• •• •• •• • • R..'E: GAINES. President • •. . JESSE R . TAYLOR. Manag-er. . • B. W . MONTG OMERY.
,
Y. M. C. A, President • ••. JOHN E. JOHNSON, Vice-President. H. G . NOFFSING ER. Rec. Secretary . . . S . L. MORGAN, Cor. Secretary . . J. D. GWALTNEY, Treasurer, J. PENDLETON SCRUGGS,
HISTORICALAND GEOGRAPHICALSOCIETY. President • • • • • , • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • . . S C. MITCHELL. Vice-President . ••••••..•••.• JoHN JETER HURT. Secretary • • • • • • . • . • . A. C . HARLOWE, Treasurer •.•• ALLAN D. JONES.
GENERAL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION. President •••••••••••••.••••• ' •• J. RUFUS HUNTER, Vice-President , ••.••• . .•••••• R. L. WILLIAMS. Secretary . • ' ' • • • . • ' FRED. GOCHNAUER. Treasurer. • • JOHN B. KAUFMAN.
FOOT-BALLDEP'T. Manag-er • • • • CLAUDE M. DEAN. Captain ••... J. W. T. McNIEL. Trainer. • . WM. WERTENBAKER.
BASE-BALL DEP'T. Manag-er •••• Captain. • Trainer ••••••
ALLAN D. JONES, . w. s. MCNEILL , ---
TENNIS CLUB. .President • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • GIDDINGS E. MABRY Vice-President ••••••••..... JOHN JETER HURT. Se,relary .•....•. CHILTON C. PEARSON. Treasurer . • • . . ELVIN S. LIGON .
.
1'1'T1'R~ s.
1\LI~ 1
1
6
SEVENTH
STREET.
i. ~,Honse, Sign, andDecorative Painter'.
GRAINING AND POLISHING.
I'Phone 1079I
All Orders Promptly Attended To. Your PatronageSolicited.
White Enameling, Kalsomlnlng. Wall Coloring and Glazing,
8,8.BOWL[S, Fine Sboes,D;;;ks,~atche Etc. 305 E. BROAD STREET, RICHMOND, VA. J. FLOYD e..-
HUXTER,
+
Special attention to Students.
Salesman.
'l'HE CHEAPES'I'S'l'ORESIN 'l'HE CI'l'Y
THE
~
~
.~
BON•<Nt~RCHE,
405 E. l3roa.dStreet a.nd19 W. l3roa.dStreet, We carry a full line of Gent's Furnishing, all of the latest and newest styles, at prices beyond competition . You are earnestly requested to call and see for yourself. ,,. THB :SON-MAR.CHS, 405 East Broad Street. W. I>. ROSE, Proprietor
Fine
Meerschaum
and B .riar
-GC>
0
Pipes.
TC>-
..
-~ A~;LJIJljB
-I '<
0 C>
~ m"
0
lo-
••
-FOB-
"" 'i
.. IMPORTED .. KEY WEST ... C
en
.c: ;:,
"Cl
'Cl
~
:I
C: :I
"'
(A
=
:I
ti
0
'1'lf'
~ ;:,
..
;-
• •. MINERAL
WATER
DEPOT
•••
"" -t 0
a"
tC: I:
"' ... • :I
o<CIGARS>o
'Cl
0
..
11:1
•ooMESTIC
;:,
= :I
"' 2.
BRANCH 14'rB 11TB
ff..ND Mff..lN ff..ND lflff..lN
ll'rll., STII,.
R. }
ALLEN, RICHMOND.
·11eno .ra2110 pu.v wqouod
I»
0 0
V.d.
ooovqo.i:.
!J
P. ASBTOII,
BENJAMIN
IN-
-DEALER
, Grocer andStaple Fancy CORN, OATS AND MILL-FEED, TOBACCO
AND CIGA RS.
804: Ea.st Marshall Street,
:;
-
-
Richmond, Va..
& CLARK,
HOMEIER
,n~
J
T~ T~GRA ARTI~PH~ 525 E. Broad Street, Riohmond, Va. ~
NIGH-CLASSWOR-< AT IIDDERAIE PRICES. BRNJ. L. PUllCJlL L. w. s. PILCHER. 4 CO., W. S. PILCHER COKE~ .A.ND -W-OOD 00.A.L,
MRS.
5u W. Broad St., Richmond, Va. QUALITY,
WEIGHT,
AND PRICES
GUARANTEED.
Patronage of Richmond College Students Especially New 'Phone 760. Solicited. Old 'Phone 330.
P.
843.
TELEPHONE
NEW
I
o. Box
216.
J. L. HILL
I
PRINTING COMPANY,
I
Street, Nos.9,11,13NorthTwelfth RICHMOND,
- - - VIRGINIA.
PUBLISHERS OF THE FOLLOWING
DIRECTORIES. VIRGINIA.
NORTHCAROLINA.
p.oo $6.00 Wilmington ••••••••• Virginia State •••••••• 6.00 •.•••••••• Richmond GEORGIA. Norfolk, Portsmouth & Berkley, 6.00 • • • • • • , • $6.00 State Georgia 5.00 • • • • • • • • • • • Roanoke 6.00 ••••••••••• Augusta 3.00 . . . • • • Petersburg. • • • 5.00 • • • • • • • • • • t, s.oo Savannah lew»onNews,llamptoR,Phmbus&OldPo11 WE MAKE A SPECIALTY OF
School and College Printing OF ALL KINDS.
W ADDEY Co.,
EvERETT 110
5 E. Main Street,
WE CARRY AN EXCEPTIONALLY LARGE AND FASHIONABLE LINE OF CORRESPONDENCE PAPERS . • • • WE ENGRAVE CALLING.
CARDS,.
••• • INVITATIONS.
ANNOUNCEMENTS,
EVERETT WADDEY CO., Publishers of Richmond College Annual,
VA.
• • • RICHMOND,
HI KRATZ Fancy Oakes, Ice Crea~, (i[o [ I I Water Ices, and Fine Candiesa Specialty. " THE
SPIDER.
II
Telephone 1204.
•
'109 W. Main
St., Richmond,
Va.
WEDDINGS, PARTIES, AND PICNICS SERVED AT SHORT NOTICE AND AT REASONABLE RATES.
RICHMOND STEAM DYEING, ScouRING,
AND CARPET
CLEANING
WORKS,
MRS.A: J. PYLE, PROPRIETOR, 315 'North Fifth Street, RICHMOND, VA. IN'l'E:ROOLLEGIA'l'E BUREAUOFACADEMIC OOS'l'tJ'l'l!E.
COTRELL &; LEONARD, 472--478
Sl"'oaciway, MAKERS
.Aibal'\Y, N,
Y.
OF THE
C:1=tPs, • GC:>:w.:Ns, • :A'.Nc • H000s To the American Universities and Colleges. Illustrated Bulletin, samples and price • upon application.
+ H0TEL.~
$-1\ltVRPHY'S RICHMOND, Improved and Renovated.
JOHN MURPHY,
VA.
Famous for its Superb Location.
Proprietor.
BlankBookMaking• • . . EditionBookBinding. . • Law andMagazineBindir.g.
MAND'OUNs Gu1TARSAN°8ANJDS. The Washburn is the one and only make of world-wide reputation. Sold by first-class dealers everywhere from $ 15.00 upward. Imitated exten5ively, so be sure that the name "George Washburn" is burned upon the inside. A beautiful Wash burn Book containing portraits and letters from the De R~szkes, Calve, Eames, Nordica, Sealchi and 100 other famous artists and teachers, mailed free upon request. Address Dept. U, LYON& HEALY, Cor.WabashAve;and AdamsSt., Chicago.
L. H. JENKINS, 10 N. 12th St .• RICHMOND,
VA.
C. LUMSDEN
& SON,
Diamonds, Watches and Jewelry, WEDDING ANDHOLIDAY PRESENTS. 731 East Main Street, - - Richmond, Virginia. DISCOUNT TO STUDENTS. 1009 BAST MAIN STREET, RICHMOND VA., LEADER OF LOW PRICES,
J JACOBUS J
1
CLOTHIER, HATTER, FURNISHER. Formerly "THa BosToN."
Ten per cent Discount to Students.
GRUMP &WEST GOAL COMPAN G I nd Woodâ&#x20AC;¢ UaderShelter, 11 k1Wot oa a
'Phone 83 DtalUI all
KEPT DRY
1719
m.
a-tree"t,
Cary
RIOHMOND,
YA.
Rensselaer ~.. ~~;CPoly ~echniceffc,-~ . "'"~~o( 0,,. Institute, lf>~q
Troy, N. Y.
(Mll-"'6._._....,., ......,...~
htK &C Wrlg a'i O I' ' I
THE LEADING BADGEMAKERS OF AMERICA , OIRclalMakersfor 71 College Fraternltlll,
lntreducera ol Select Fraternity Stationery.
ANY ARTICLEFROMOURHANDS IS THE BEST THAT CAN BE MADE. DESIGNSAND ESTIMATESFURNISHEDFOR ALL CLASSESOF TROPHYWORK,
Address 140-142 Woodward Ave., Detroit, Mich. SEND FOR SAMPLE BOOK.
ri a Potom and ond, icksbll RichlllFrodor RAILROAD. Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New- York, Boston, '
-AND
ALL POINTS-
NORTHANDEAST. THROUGH ALL-RAIL
Fast Passenger andFreight Line. E.T. D. MYERS, President.
C. A. TAYLOR, Traffic Manager.
Interesting Facts
RICHMOND
About
• • •
-COLLEGE. The College was founded in 1832. It was moved
Historical. from the country to its present beautiful park in Richmond city in 1834. The value of grounds and buildings is $400,000. The value of endowment is $260,000. The endowed Library contains 13,000 volumes and is kept supplied with the . newest stan<Jii books. I t ti Full corps of professors in twelve departments. ns rue on. Courses leading to degrees of B. A.; B. S., .M. A., and Bachelor of Law. Thorough instruction. High standards. ·E Tuition free to all students for the ministry. Enxpenses. ·', dowed sc , ho1arsh"1ps pay tuition • • 1or r • ht twenty-e1g worthy students. Donation funds aid ministerial students from ether States. The tofal living expenses of a student who pays all (ees ar~ less th.an· $225 ' for se~sion of nine months. Table board costs $7.50 to $10 a rtlonth. ' " ·A flourisp.ing school of~aw offers legal training at Law. sma¾tcost under the most favorable surroundings. Junior and _S.enior daiises: Fees for entire session, $61 to $76. Last Sesai D' Quring 1896-'97 there were two hundred and . · ,Q. •· fifteen students. The good health of students was unbroken by any case ·of serious sickness. During the entire session there 'was no infraction of rules requiring action by Faculty. Fourteen Degrees, one hundred and sixty-three Diplomas, and two hundred and ninety-six Distinctions awarded June 24, 1897, indicate that the .session's work was faithfully done. '
·,
'1,
'
NEXT
j
I
SESSION
BEGINS
SEPTEMBER
23, 1897.
Postalcard request will bring catalogue, bulletin and full information, Address, President F. W. BOATWRIGHT, RICHMOND,
VA.