Influence of Rewards on Motivation Coaching Strategies Why Kids Quit Coaching Survey Rhythmic Reports
Cover Illustration by Diane McCabe
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Inside This Issue
January-March 1990, Volume 10, No.1 Sports Psychology Publisher Mike Jacki Director of Educational Services Stephen W. Whitlock Production Luan Peszek United States Gymnastics Federation Board Of Directors Executive Director:Mi ke Jacki; President: Mike Donahue;President Emeritus: Bud Wilkinson;Athlete Representa-tives: Brian Babcock, chair; Kathy Johnson, vice chair; LindaKardos Barnett, sec; Kelly Garrison; Wend y Hilliard;Tim Daggett; jim Hartung; Peter Vidmar; USOC AthleticAdvisory Council; Amateur Athletic Union: Julie Sickels;American Sokol Organization: Norma Zabka;
~~~~:~~~ci:t~~n~B~~ ~~~~~/u~~~,:o~ri~YC~:~~~:
Association:Jim Howard; National Association for Girls and Women inSperts: Dr. Mimi Murray; National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Men: Fred Roethlisberger; National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Women: Gail Davis; National Association of Women's Gyn:tnastics Judges:Dale Brown; National Collegiate AthlehcAssociation: Sylvia Moore, Dave Mickelson; National Federation of State Hi~h School Associations:Sharon Wilch, Susan True; Nahonal Gymnastics JudgesAssociation: Harry Bjerke; National High School Gymnastics Coaches Association: John Brinkworth; National Jewish Welfare Board: Courtney Shanken; Rhythmic CoachesAssociation: Pauline David; Special Olympics, Inc.: Kate Faber; U.S. Association of Independent Gym Club: LanceCrowley; U.S. Elite Coaches Association for Women: Roe Kreutzer, Chere Hoffman U.S. Sports Acrobatics Federation:joe Schabacker; Young Men's Christian Association: CUff Lothery USGF National Membership Representatives: Men's: Dave Strobel, Bob Wuomos; Women's: joan Moore Rice, jeff Metzger; Rhythmic: Marina Davidovich, Jolie Barretta.
United States Gymnastics Federation Executive Committee President: Mike Donahue; Secretary: Mike Milidonis; VicePresident-Women: Sue Ammerman; Vice PresidentMen:Jim Howard; Executive Director: Mike Jacki; FIG Women'sTechnical Committee: Ja ckie Fie; FIG Rhythmic TechnicalCommittee: And rea Schmid; FIG Men's Technical Com-mittee: Bill Roetzheim; Members-At-Large: Roe Kreutzer; Nancy Marshall; Athlete Representatives: Kathy Johnson, Peter Vidmar, Wendy Hilliard, Brian Babcock; President Emeritus: Bud Wilkinson.
Associate Content Editors SPORTS MEDICINE COMMITIEE: Merrill A. Ritter, MD. Frank A. Pettrone, M.D. james j. Campbell, M.D. SAFETY COMMITIEE: Dr. Gerald S. George EDUCATION COMMITIEE: Susan True BIOMECHANICS COMMITIEE: Dr. Marlene Ad ri an, Director SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY COMM ITTEE: Dr. Keith Henschen, PhD. EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY COMMITIEE: Dr. Pat Eisenma n, Ph.D. Unless expressly identified to the contrary, all articles, statements and views printed herein are attributed solely to the author and th e United Stales Gymnasti cs Federation expresses no opinion hereon and assumes no responsibili ty thereof.
TECHNIQUE JanuanJ - March 1990
Influence of Rewards on Motivation .................................... 4 Men's Grassroots
Coaching Strategies ..................... 6 Men's Technical
1989 CompulsoryEvaluation ...... 9 page 4
Research Report
Coaching Survey ........................ 22 Rhythmic Gymnastics
Music at Rhythmic Worlds ....... 28
-
Sports Psychology
Why Kids Quit. .......................... 10 page 6
Sports Medicine
USGF Orthopedic Referral Network ....................... 14 Research Report
Impact of Strength Training ....................................... 18 International
South Africa Position Sta tement. ................................... 47 CHANGE OF ADDRESS AND SUBSCRIPTION INQU IRIES: In order to ensure uninterrupted delivery of TECHNIQUE magazi ne, noti ce of cha nge of address sho uld be made six to eight weeks in advance. For fas test service, please enclose you r prese nt mai ling label. Direct all subscription mail to TEC HNIQUE Suscriptions, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225. TECHNIQUE is published quarterly for $12.00 by the United States Gymnas tics Federation, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225 (phone: 317-237-5050). Third class postage paid a t Indiana polis, IN . Subscription price: $12.00 per yea r in United States; all other countries 524.00 per year. Back issue single copies $2.00 plus 51.00 postage / handling. All reasonable care wi ll be taken, but no responsibility ca n be assumed for unsolicited material; enclose return postage. copyright 1987 by USGF and TECH, IQU E. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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page 26
----SpfJr-ts ]2.~ychology
Influence of Rewards on Motivation David A. Feigley, Ph.D. Rutgers University Youth Sport Research Council
This article is designed to critically examine a number of commonly held beliefs about youth sports and re-examine those beliefs in light of recent evidence and new trends in youth sports programming.
wareness of the actual infl uence which sport has on children has evolved continuously during the past few decades. The early belief was that sport invariably had a positive effect on participants. Subsequently, analysis entered a "muckraker" period where the evils of sport were documented and denounced. Finally, youth sport has arrived at a period of careful examination of the particular circumstances which determine if a sports experience will be positive or negative. Research findings now exist giving concrete information about how sports influence children. However, prior attitudes and beliefs are slow to change. This article is designed to critically examine a number of commonly held beliefs, or stereotypes, about youth sports and re-examine those beliefs in light of recent evidence and new trends in youth sports programming. Stereotypes are actually shorthand ways of dealing with the world around us. Typically, that world is very complex. Stereotypes simplify things and often provide us with straightforward information about how to deal with that world. Not all stereotypes are negative in the sense of being critical of others or other situations. For example, the "happy Irish cop" or the "close-knit Italian family" are beliefs just as commonly held as those of the "drunken Irishman" or the "Italian mafia family." The concern with stereotypes is not whether they are positive or negative, but rather that they are typically half-truths because of their simplification. They often prevent those who believe them from understanding the realities of situations. Partial understandings are major barriers to effective problem solving.
A
Issue: One commonly held belief is that extrinsic rewards (medals, trophies, shirts, badges) diminish the effect of intrinsic rewards (the joy of
4
participating; the thrill of an accomplishment). Awards have traditionally been an important aspect of sports programs, even at the amateur level. Nonetheless, the value of material awards and their role in youth sports has been a topic of substantial debate. On the one hand, awards are seen as motivating and as a legitimate way to acknowledge athletic accomplishments. On the other hand, awards have been criticized for distracting young athletes from the job of sport itself; for becoming a goal in and of themselves; and for undermining intrinsic motivation to participate. Since the costs of awards are often the single most expensive item in many sports programs, there is a need to determine their actual value and influence in youth sports programming.
Research: A number of widely cited theorists have argued that extrinsic rewards motivate behavior but subsequently undermine the intrinsic motivation which sustains that same behavior (e.g., DeCharms, 1968; Deci, 1975). That is, kids will work for rewards but when they believe that those rewards are no longer available, they will stop working. This effect is particularly pronounced when the kids originally liked doing the activity whether or not it led to external rewards. Kids run races, play games and sports, and exercise just for the fun of it. When adults supply them with rewards for those types of activities (medals for sports; ribbons for fitness; etc.), the children begin to expect rewards for those behaviors which they normally did without rewards. Later, when rewards are no longer available (e.g., the competition is too tough; the league is over; they graduate from the high schools which sponsored the games), they choose not to do the activity because they are no longer getting external rewards and they no longer look to the internal satisfaction which they originally felt. Apparently the earlier presence of the external rewards steered them away from paying attention to such esoteric satisfactions. However, an extensive review of the research literature by Guzzo (1979) revealed conflicting evidence about this belief. His analysis indicated that the undermining-of-motivation effect of external rewards requires at least four necessary conditions to be present simultaneously: 1) the external reward must be so obvious and prominent that it distracts the participant from the sporting behaviors themselves. Jal1uanJ - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
2) the external reward must be so great in magnitude that it induces the participants to believe that somehow their behavior was responsible for obtaining that reward. 3) the external reward must not be seen by the participant as symbolizing success or reflecting an accomplishment of the participant. This perception is particularly demotivating if the reward is perceived as an attempt to manipulate the behavior of the participant. 4) the participant must believe that there is little, if any, likelihood of future rewards for similar behavior. All of these conditions must exist simultaneously before the undermining of intrinsic motivation by extrinsic reward is observed. Furthermore, Halliwell (1978) found that the presence of reward was perceived by very young children (5 years old) as making the activity, itself, more fun. Older youngsters (9 years) interpreted the rewards as bribes to continue the activity. When the reward was discontinued, they stopped the activity. Thus, a fifth factor appears to be that the participant must be old enough to think in the sophisticated fashion of an adult.
Conclusion: The undermining influence of extrinsic rewards on the intrinsic desire to pursue an activity appears to occur only under very specific and restrictive conditions. Thus, the concern that concrete, external rewards will generally decrease intrinsic motivation appears to be unwarranted. Fears that medals, trophies and other concrete rewards will produce a population of young athletes who grow up with little intrinsic motivation are not justified. In fact, extrinsic rewards are often a useful and necessary first step in the development of intrinsic motives. Involvement in sport is often maintained more effectively by using concrete external reinforcers, then shifting toward social reinforcers such as praise and affection, before finally expecting motivation to focus on predominantly intrinsic factors such as selfsatisfaction at a good performance and the pleasure of participating.
the participant. Belonging to a sports team, for example, can provide a strong sense of identity to many people. Rewards which signify that "I belong" or ''I'm part of a special group," can be quite satisfying to people. Rewards can also be given for effort. Such awards are very appropriate for children below the age of 10 and 11 years for whom "trying hard" is equivalent to "being good" (Feigley, 1985; Roberts, 1984). Rewards for effort have less effect upon older children unless that effort is coupled with success. Rewards for effort when the outcome is failure can be quite demotivating for older children. With older children, rewards are quite motivating when they reflect mastery, such as the learning of new skills or the accomplishment of a meaningful task. Such awards are particularly valuable because they can be earned independently of how well others do and because the program director can often set the criteria for mastery based upon the ability, age and experience of the individuals. Finally rewards can be given based on competition. Making the all star team or being selected as the most valuable player tends to be motivating for highly successful, competitive athletes who believe that such rewards are within their capacity to achieve. Such awards by their very nature are only available to a select few (the winners, the finalists, the champions) and as a result tend to have motivational value only to those who believe they have a realistic chance for such awards. Rewards which can be displayed appropriately and relatively unobtrusively are also quite motivating, not because they themselves are the reward, but because they are symbols of accomplishment or of membership which can displayed in socially appropriate ways (Those of us who are not five star generals are hard pressed to wear our medals in public). Such rewards lend themselves to the development of social rewards (praise, esteem, recognition) which ultimately foster the growth of intrinsic motivation.
Recommendations: The use of external rewards is a very useful tool, particularly when combined with an understanding on the part of adults (coaches, parents, league administrators) that it is a step toward, not away from, building intrinsic motivation. Rewards can be given for participation. Such awards are appropriate for very young, very shy, or very uncertain individuals who have had little or no expertise in the program offered. Rewards which are symbolic of special group membership are very effective when the group or activity carries with it a substantial amount of prestige or value to
TECHNIQUE JanuanJ - March 1990
5
Rewards which can be displayed appropriately and relatively unobtrusively are also quite motivating, not because they themselves are the reward, but because they are symbols of accomplishment or of membership which can be displayed in socially appropriate ways.
Men's Grassroots
Coaching Strategies on Floor Exercise Mark Williams University of Oklahoma
fter an extensive warm up and a concentrated stretching session, Class IV gymnasts should begin each of their workouts with a pad drill or a series of basic tumbling passes. These basic skills performed in the pad drill become the basis from which properly executed rolls, handstands, saltos and other skills for the floor exercise and the other events may be refined. At the completion of the pad drill, sequences and progressions specific to the class IV floor exercise routine and developmental optional skills may be demonstrated. Finally, a floor exercise workout may be concluded with the class IV routine performed in its entirety.
A
skills and move onto more advanced skills. An example of sequences of passes in a pad drill may go as follows: I.
Forward roll jump sequ ence, sticking each landing. (Forward roll straight jump, forward roll tuck jump, forward roll straddle jump and forward roll full twist).
2.
Kick to handstand and roll out in a tuck, straddle or straight body position.
3. Forward roll pike to handstand and roll out. 4. Backward roll tuck, straddle and back
extension to handstand. 5. Forward roll pike to handstand pirouette
to back extension roll to handstand. 6.
Straddle and stalder forward rolls to handstand .
7.
Kick to handstand and straddle or stalder downs to back extension roll tohandstand.
o
8.
Cartwheels, alternating sides.
::;
9. Round offs.
#7
CJJ
a::
#6
#1
a:: a::
#3
#4
10.
Forward roll to headsprings.
II.
Handspring walkouts and handsprings landing with feet together.
12.
Handspring bounders in a series.
13.
Handstand snapdowns.
14.
Standing back handsprings.
15.
Round off back handsprings.
#5
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~-----'
FIGURE 1
These kinds of sequences should be done every day. Different combinations and possibly more advanced tumbling may be incorporated into the pad drill, depending upon the available time and the gymnasts' level of profiCiency.
The Pad Drill The pad drill should begin with the boys forming several lines of two or three gymnasts along the edge of the floor exercise area. On command, the first boy in each line presents the required pass across the side of the floor mat. The tumbling progressions begin with the most basic 6
Floor Exercise Stations During the class IV's floor exercise workout, separate stations may be set up to enhance each gymnast's development more efficiently. With one coach to eight or ten boys, the stations allow JanuanJ - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
)
the gymnasts more activities between the turns where the coach is spotting. The coach could set up seven stations around which the gymnasts will rotate. The equipment in the area and the purpose of each station is explained below. 1.
The first area has a folding mat situated on one section of the floor mat. This elevated surface allows the coach to spot flipping skills with a height advantage. Behind the folding mat, a 4" landing mat may be used for a softer landing surface.
2. The second area has an 8" training mat located in the middle of the floor area, which will be used as a higher landing surface for acrobatic tumbling moves. 3. Area three is a tumbling space on the last section of the floor mat. 4. Area four is a foam pit or a porta-pit at ground level. 5. The fifth area is a space against the gym wall. The area is used primarily for balancing against the wall and as a strength station. 6. Area six is in front of the gym's mirrors. The mirrors are used to help the gymnasts make visual corrections of body positions and balletic movements. 7. The seventh area is for stretching and flexibility exercises. Once the stations are set up, the coach sets the circuit in motion by having the gymnast rotate through it. The boys may complete the circuit a couple of times without any changes, or the coach may switch the skills performed at each station as needed.
Circuit Rotation 1 Station #1In the first circuit rotation, the coach may spot front headsprings off the top of the folding mat. The gymnast starts in a low piked headstand position on top of the folding mat and kips to a stand on the landing mat. The coach helps the gymnast by accelerating the action of the legs, forcing the arms to stay overhead and stretched backward and accentuating the arch of the back. The coach needs to remind the gymnast to keep the head in between the arms and also in a neutral position. After three turns, the gymnast rotates to the next station.
Station #2Without the assistance of a spotter, the gymnast takes three running steps and performs a front handspring on the training mat. The gym-
TECHNIQUE JanuanJ - March 1990
nast lands in the same body position as the headspring. He starts by placing his hands on the mat and finishes with his feet on the training mat. Depending upon level of proficiency, the mat is eventually removed.
Station #3In the third area, the gymnast works on other parts of the class IV compulsory routine. The gymnast kicks to a handstand, rolls forward and executes a jump turn, squats and rolls backward to a back extension roll to handstand, lowers to a straddle stand and presses up to handstand. This sequence should be done twice.
Station #4Tumbling into the pit area, the gymnast takes three running steps and does a round off on the edge of the floor area. After the snapdown of the round off, the gymnast performs a backward jump onto the porta-pit or onto a mat over the foam pit. He lands on his back with his arms overhead. This drill should be done several times or until the next gymnast arrives at the station.
Station #5Leaning against the wall, the gymnast performs five straddle press handstands. As strength in the press action increases, the gymnast should not use the wall during the press. The wall may be used to help with balancing in the handstand, though. Pirouetting to face the wall leads to a straighter body position while balancing in the handstand.
Station #6 In front of the mirrors, the gymnast should demonstrate three to five slide scales. Prior to the beginning of the circuit, the coach shows the gymnast the correct posture and form of the scale by manipulating the gymnast's arms and legs into the proper positions. The visual cues gained by looking into the mirror helps the gymnast adjust his body alignment to conform to a technically correct scale position. Each scale must be held three to four seconds. Bobbled scales don' t count.
Station #7Area seven is a stretching station for the gymnasts waiting for their next circuit rotation. During the first rotation, the gymnasts waiting in this area should concentrate on their tight pike and straddled "pancake" positions. The gymnasts may take turns putting pressure on a teammate's back to increase the lowering of the chest.
Circuit Rotation 2 Station #1The second circuit begins with changing one side of the 4" landing mat. Fold back one side of
7
During the class IV's floor exercise ~orkout,separate
stations may be set up to enhance each gymnast's development more efficiently. With one to eight or ten boys, the stations allo~ the gymnasts more activities bet~een the turns ~here the coach is spotting.
the mat to make it an 8" and a 4" landing area. Place the 8" section against the folding mat so there is a stair step effect from the folding mat to the landing area. The gymnast takes three running steps in front of the folding mat and performs a front handspring off the top of the folding mat. His feet should land on the high side of the 4" landing mat, at which time he performs a bounding front handspring onto the lower section of the landing mat. During this rotation, the gymnast is not spotted at this station.
The proper execution of developmental skills on the floor exercise are the building blocks from which a sound foundation for all the other gymnastics events are built.
Station #2In area two, the gymnast takes three running steps in front of the training mat and executes a front handspring on the floor mat, landing on the floor mat, and performs a slow dive roll onto the training mat. The end position of the handspring should be stressed before springing into the dive roll. After proper execution of the front handspring has been accomplished, the two skills may be combined at full speed. The second drill at this station is a punch bounder handspring to dive roll.
Station #3At the third station, the coach spots running round off, back handspring, back handspring. The coach may also use this station to have the gymnasts work on the backward setups from their back handsprings into back salta skills. He may spot the blocking action for sets by standing behind the gymnast and lifting him upward. From this progression, the coach may ask the gymnast to execute round off, back handspring, back salta, performed with a spot.
Station #4On the way to the pit, the gymnast performs two alternating cartwheels, turns and falls forward to a prone position and turns 180 degrees to a sitting position. After this sequence, the gymnast performs several running dive rolls into the pit. Once the dive roll has been executed properly, the gymnast may perform running front saltos into the pit.
Station #6While watching in the mirror, the gymnast performs several tour jetes, fouettes and front scales. The coach should pay special attention to movement of the hips while the gymnast executes the two leaps. The hips should remain square and the chest should remain up. The leg kicks forward to 90 degrees and then the turn is executed. The leg should not swing from around the side. Flexibility of the legs and lower back should be stressed on the front scale.
Station #7In this circuit, the gymnast stretches his straddled splits, his two side splits and his back. Splits are performed on all three slides, and a bridge up, a back walkover and a front limber are executed before finishing the circuit. After, or possibly before, working on these circuits, the coach divides the boys into two or three groups and has each boy perform the class IV floor routine two or three times. If the group is small enough, two groups may use the floor diagonals; if not, the three groups may use the three side sections of the floor mat for their routines. The team members waiting for their turn should be stretching or should be mentally preparing for their routine.
Summary The coach must make the floor workouts of the class IV gymnasts varied and very active. The workout should be full of progressive tumbling exercises, strengthening sequences and body awareness drills. Many of the drills and the proper execution of developmental skills on the floor exercise are the building blocks from which a sound foundation for all the other gymnastics events are built. Consistent and well planned training circuits can lead to significant advancement for the Class IV gymnast in his skill level acquisition and overall conditioning level.
Station #5At station five, the gymnast sits with his back to the wall, legs straddled and lifts a weight over his head with his arms straight. The gymnast's arms should remain straight throughout the lifting phase, and he should lift the weight from between his legs upward until it is over his head. He then lowers the weigh t and repea ts the motion several times. (This is a build up to planche press action.) After finishing with the weight, the gymnast balances in a handstand next to the wall, facing in, for several seconds.
8
la/wan} - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Men's Team Results
World Ranking By Event Robert Cowan
1989 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS COMPULSORIES
USGF Men's Program Administrator
RANK
FLOOR EXERCISE
POMMEL HORSE
STILL RINGS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
USSR 49.05 DDR 48.10 CHN 47.75 BUL 47.05 ROM 46.90 JPN 46.90 ITA 46.90 USA 46.85 FRG 46.80 CUB 46.45 HUN 46.40 FRA 46.15 GRB 46.00 CAN 45.35 PRK 45.25 KOR 44.95
USSR 49.00 CHN 48.55 DDR 48.15 ITA 48.00 HUN 47.85 BUL 47.75 USA 47.65 ROM 47.55 JPN 47.45 FRG 47.10 KOR 46.40 FRA 46.25 GBR 45.70 CUB 45.60 PRK 45.45 CAN 44.90
USSR 48.80 DDR 48.40 JPN 48.40 CHN 48.30 ITA 48.00 BUL 47.90 FRG 47.90 ROM 47.30 USA 47.15 HUN 47.15 PRK 46.70 CAN 46.70 CUB 46.40 FRA 46.50 KOR 46.50 GBR 45.70
RANK
VAULTING
PARALLEL BARS
HORIZ. BAR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
DDR 48.65 USSR 48.55 ROM 48.35 HUN 48.00 JPN 47.95 CHN 47.80 CUB 47.80 FRA 47.75 ITA 47.65 GBR 47.60 USA 47.60 KOR 47.50 FRG 47.30 CAN 47.10 PRK 46.95 BUL 46.55
USSR 48.55 CHN 47.85 HUN 47.55 DDR 47.45 JPN 47.35 USA 47.30 PRK 47.05 BUL 46.85 ITA 46.80 CUB 46.55 ROM 46.55 KOR 46.35 FRG 46.30 GBR 45.40 FRA 45.25 CAN 44.70
USSR 49.05 CHN 48.50 JPN 48.30 DDR 48.05 HUN 48.00 ROM 48.00 FRG 47.95 USA 47.50 CUB 47.75 CAN 47.65 BUL 47.15 ITA 47.00 FRA 46.35 KOR 46.25 GBR 46.00 PRK 45.70
TECHNIQUE Januan) - March 1990
9
Sports Psychology
Why Kids Quit? David A. Feigley, Ph.D. Rutgers University Youth Sport Research Council
Encourage children to interpret comparisons with others as a tool for improving. In addition, use praise as an earned reward.
ne of every three kids involved in organized sports quit between the ages of 12and 17 years. This high dropout rate is not due solely to adult pressure. While adults can clearly place pressure on children, if pushy parents and pushy coaches were the major problem, kids would be dropping out uniformly at all ages. In fact, the drop out rate increases dramatically after 12 years of age just at a point where major developmental changes ha ve occurred in the way children think. Children quit when they perceive that their needs are not being met. If children participa te for different reasons, they probably drop out for different reasons too. To understand why children quit, we must first understand why they choose to participate in the first place.
O
swer appears to be involved with the young athletes cognitive ability.
Six Years and Younger Very young children cannot distinguish between ability and effort. They believe that when they try hard they are automatically good at what they're doing. Trying hard means being talented. Thus, when adults offer praise for either exhibiting skill or for trying hard, the effect upon young children is virtually the same. Praise for ability and for effort enhances the youngster's self-esteem. Praise tends to be accepted positively by very young children regardless of whether the task was successfully completed.
Why Do Kids Play Sports? Seven to Twelve Years Old Martha Ewing, a researcher at the University ofIllinois, identified three primary attitudes which children display in terms of their orientation to sports. Ability oriented children enjoy competition and want "to be the best." Task oriented children enjoy the activity itself and often focus on self-improvement at the sport. Social approval oriented children work to please others such as coaches, parents and teammates. What is perceived as "fun" is quite different for each of these types of children. Many coaches are convinced that the child "who wants to be the best" is more likely to withstand the rigors of intense competition and, thus, is likely to remain involved longer than a child with a different orientation. That may be true if the child is successful and believes that he or she can be the best. However, a young athlete who is intensely motivated to be the best, yet who believes that he or she cannot be, is quite vulnerable to the dropout syndrome. The evidence suggests that those who work for social approval persist the longest. Apparently, within the context of youth sports sufficient reinforcement exists to encourage such children to continue despite limited playing status. That is, even if they are not among the best, they are less likely to quit than the achievement oriented youngster who interprets not playing as "being no good" or as being "unfair." Ability-oriented players have fewer alternatives and ultimately decide to quit rather than to be embarrassed or ridiculed. Given this type of information, why does the high dropout rate occur after 12 years? The an10
During this stage, children develop the ability to differentiate between having talent and trying hard. They actively compare themselves with their peers and begin to realize that no matter how hard they try, they may never be as good as some of their more talented friends . Therefore, if they try their very best, they risk exposing their true ability. If they are strongly committed, and they cannot successfully compete with others of their own age, they cope by clowning around or dropping out. They find it easier to attribute failure to a deliberate lack of effort, than to admit that they lack ability.
Twelve Years and Older By 12 years of age, children have become skilled at making social comparisons and realize tha t expending effort is no longer a guarantee tha t they will succeed. Their efforts may be to no avail if the others are of higher ability.
What Can You Do to Help? There are at least four ways adults can reduce the pressures which cause kids to quit. First, encourage enjoyment of the activity itself and self-improvement at that activity. As children begin to believe they can control those factors which lead to self-improvement, their selfconfidence will increase. While you cannot (and probably should not) attempt to eliminate the social comparisons of ability inherent in competitive sports, the negative effects of such January - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
comparisons can be reduced if youngsters have broader definitions of fun and success than merely did they win or lose the contest. Secondly, adults can encourage children to interpret comparisons with others as a tool for improving. When youngsters see others performing better, they should be encouraged to ask the question "What are the others doing to allow them to perform better?" Answers such as they practice more intensely, they use a more effective strategy, they cooperate with the team better, or they are in better condition all provide information which allows a young athlete to improve. Comparisons which are limited to "they're better" or "I'm worse" serve little purpose other than to undermine self-esteem. Comparisons which ask "why?" provide strategies for self-improvement. Third, praise must be an earned reward. Look for performances that are legitimate successes and let the youngster know that you recognize those accomplishments. While he may not be a great hitter, he runs the bases well. While she may not be a greater tumbler, she has improved dramatically as a vaulter. As youngsters mature, they begin to value praise for successful outcomes much more than praise for "trying hard." Often you must look for very specific abilities to praise. You can enhance a child's ability to recognize progress, by focusing on very specific performances within the sport.
Fourth, you can continually remind children (especially those with low self-esteem) that ability often changes dramatically as they mature. Growth spurts frequently produce temporary difficulty with certain tasks that had previously been mastered. Such reminders literally give kids hope.
Summary Whether children will quit or continue in organized youth sports programs depends as much upon their internal states as upon external pressures. Their current stage of mental development and their motives for participating in sports are at least as important, if not more so, than parental or coaching pressures and the stresses of competing. Previously, many people felt that it was primarily demanding parents or peer pressure which forced kids "into retirement," but research shows that the ability of the coach to recognize different levels of psychological functioning in their athletes, and adapt their style accordingly, is at least as importan t when it comes to influencing whether young athletes continue to play. Whatever the cause(s), most experts agree that to improve this situation, concerned adults must take corrective action long before the youngster makes the final decision to quit. Awareness of developmental patterns permit coaches to initiate specific strategies to reduce the number of dropouts.
Praise must be an earned reward. Look for performances that are legitimate successes and let the youngster know that you recognize those accomplishments.
Educational Materials
I
#1101 Women's FIG Code of Points. $34.95
#1201 Men's F.LG. Code of Points .. $34.95
#17 Coaches Guide to Nutrition and Weight Control (Eisenman, Johnson, Benson) Recommended .... ...... ......................... $14.95
Women's J.O. Compulsory Book. Levels IIV and 5-10 for the current season. #111 0 Price for USGF Pro-memo ..... $24.95 #1111 Price for non-Pro-memo ......... $34.95
#1202 Men's J.O. Compulsory Text $16.50
#19 Ergogenic Aids in Sports .......... $28.95
#1211 Men's Gymnastics Training Diary. Keep track of your progress! ........ ...... $8.50
#20 Psychological Nurturing & Guidance of Gym. Talents (Salmela, et al) ....... $20.00 #21 World Identification Systems of Gymnastics Talent (Petiot, et al) .. ...... .. .. .. . $20.00 #22 Treatment Diagonstics & Analysis of Gymnastics Talent (Hoshizaki, et al) $20.00 #23 Special price for all 3 books $55.00
Women's Materials
Men's Materials
NEW! #1114 Women's J.O. Levels I-IV. (Same as 1st 80 pages of Compobook). Ideal for pre-compo program coaches ........ $15.00
NEW! #1213 Men's F.LG. Artistic Symbols book ... ....... ............ ...... ............ .............. $12.50
NEW! #1113 F.LG. Women's Artistic Symbols book. ...................... ........................ $12.50
General
#1117 J.O. Technical Handbook (Previous I y called the J.O . Supplement to the Code) ... ............ ... .. .......................... ..... .......... ...... $10.00 #1192 Updated version ofthe Judges Training Course Outline .... .... ........ .. ............. $10.00
Rhythmic Materials #1301 Rhythmic Gymnastics F.LG. Code of Points ... ..................................... ... ... ...... $34.95 #1302 Rhythmic Compulsory Text $26.50
TECHNIQUE January - March 1990
NEW! #3604 Sequential Gymnastics (grades 3-6) 2nd. Edition. Just revised by the USGF Education Sub-committee, this book is ideal for P.E. teachers as well as the club developmental and pre-competitive coaches. The book is 3-hole punched so pages can be removed and posted for the gymnasts to see the skills. Illustrations beautifully drawn by James H. Stephenson. ............... .. .. .. ........................ .......... ........ $19.95
See page 2 for information on the new Sequential Gymnastics Video tape!
00'
NE W! #6001 - The USGF Safety Manual, 2nd Ed ......... .. ........ ............ ...... .. .......... $16.45
USGF Safety Posters #6101 - 1. Safety Guidelines ...... ....... $5.00 #6102 - 2. Respon. of Gymnasts ....... $5.00 #6103 - 3. Mats .... .... .... .. ................ .... . $5.00 #6104 - 4. Safety First! .......... ............. $5.00
To order any of these publications, please use the form on page 2 of Technique . 11
Re-searGh Report
Impact of Strength Training Brian Bailey, M.S. and Chris Eskridge, Ph.D. University of Nebraska
s
Shoulder Press 10 weeks 3 X 10
trength training has emerged as a crucial component of championship level competition in many sports. One area where it has yet to be applied with careful precision is in the area of gymnastics. There are six Olympic gymnastics events for men. These events require balance, agility, quickness and power, all of which can be enhanced through strength training. It has been suggested by many observers that strength training can improve gymnastics performance and this study was undertaken to test this proposition.
Preacher curl 10 weeks 3 X 10 Incline Press 4 weeks 3 X 10 3 weeks 3 X 6 3 weeks 3 X 10,8,6 Low Row 10 weeks 3 X 10
Methodology It has been suggested by many observers that strength training can improve gymnastics performance and this study was undertaken to test this proposition.
In October of 1988, 30 young male gymnasts aged 8 through 16 were divided into two groups. Over the course of the following 10 weeks, both groups continued their gymnastics training. One group, however, also participated in a strength training program. Both groups of athletes were tested as to their gymnastics performance and their lifting abilities at the beginning and at the end of the 10 week study period. Those who did participate in the strength training program were tested on 10 lifts. Those who did not participate in the strength training program were only tested on the bench press. The strength training program called for the participants to train on 12 "Future Force" exercise stations three times a week. The Future Force stations used in this study were scaled down versions of normal exercise machines. This was done so as to accommodate the younger, smaller athletes in vol ved in this particu1ar evaluation. The strength training program touched upon each of the major muscle groups of the body. The training program consisted of the following daily routine: Bench Press 4 weeks 3 X 10 (3 sets of 10 repetitions) 3 weeks 3 X 6 3 weeks 3 X 10,8,6 High Lat Pulldown 10 weeks 3 X 10 Squat 3 weeks 3 X 10 3 weeks 3 X 6 2 weeks 2 X 10 2 weeks 2 X 6
12
Leg Extension 10 weeks 3 X 10 Tricep Pushdown 10 weeks 3 X 10 Upright Row 10 weeks 3 X 10 Leg Curl 10 weeks 3 X 10 Crunchboard 10 weeks 1 X 10 The trainers initially experimented with each individual athlete until they found a poundage that athlete could complete with good form for a maximum of 10 repetitions at each exercise station. Once the initial 10 repetition poundage figures were determined for each individual, a pre-designed computer program was used to determine weekly poundage increases for each specific lift for each specific individual. A 90 second rest interval was used between sets. A stretching routine was used as a warm-up and also as a warm-down following each lifting session.
Results The results of the study are displayed in Tables 1-5. From the data presented in Table I, it can be seen that those who participated in the strength training program substantially improved their lifting performance for all 10 strength training events that were tested. Performance increases ranged from a 28 percent increase for the January - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
bench press to a 148 percent increase for the squat. Those who did not participate in the strength training program were tested only in the bench press. They experienced a 9.5 percent reduction in the bench press from pre-test to post-test (see Table 2). From the data presented in Table 3, it can be seen that strength training enhanced overall gymnastics performance. Those who lifted, experienced more than a six percent increase in their overall gymnastics performance score, while those who did not lift realized less than two percent of an increase in their overall gymnastics performance score. The data was subjected to a multiple classification analysis. Age, height and weight were controlled. The results are displayed in Table 4. Using the most visible example, the data indicates that those who participated in strength training (lifters) improved their ring score nearly .94 points from pre-test to post-test, controlling for age, height and weight. Those who did not participate in the strength training program (nonlifters) experienced a reduction of .34 points in their ring score from pre-test to post-test, controlling for age, height and weight. On the basis of this, it would seem that strength training was particularly beneficial to ring performance. The floor exercise seems to have a different result. Note that those who participated in the strength training program scored .79 points higher at the post-test, and that those who did not participate in the strength training program scored .78 points higher at the post-test. This would suggest a difference on only .01 points. On the basis of this, it would seem that strength training was at best only marginally beneficial to floor exercise performances. Also note that all participants scored lower in the vaults of the post-test, but those who lifted had the least decrease. From the data presented in Table 4, it can be seen that when controlling for age, height and weight, those who participated in the strength training program showed greater improvement in their gymnastics performance from pre-test to post-test than those who did not participate in the strength training program. This held true in all events except for the vault, where the scores declined for both groups. However, those who participated in the strength training program experienced less of a decline in their vaulting scores than did those who did not participate in the strength training program. It is evident from the data presented in Table 4 that while gymnastics performance can be enhanced through strength training, all gymnastics events do not benefit equally from all types of strength training. From the data presented in Table 5, it appears that the following gymnastics events can be improved by engaging in the following types of strength training exercises: See Chart 1.
TECHNIQUE JanuanJ - March 1990
CHART 1
Gymnastics Performance Enhancing Lifts Floor Exercl..
Low Lat Leg Extension Tricep Extension Upright Row
Horizontal Bar
Lat Pulldown
Parallel Bars
Lat Pulldown
PommelHo....
Incline Press
Rings
Low Lat Tricep Extension Upright Row
Vault
Bench Press Incline Press Lat Pulldown Leg Curl Leg Extension Low Lat Tricep Extension
From the data presented in Table 4, it can be
CHART 2
Gymnastics Performance Diminishing Lifts Floor ExercIM
Horizontal (ler
/
'"
Bench Press Leg Curl Squat Arm Curl Bench Press Incline Press Leg Curl Leg Extension Seated Row Tricep Extension
Parallel Bars
Arm Curl Bench Press Leg Extension Low Lat Tricep Extension
Pommel Hor..
Low Lat Squat Tricep Extension
Rings
Leg Curl
Vault
None of the lifts diminish performance for the vault
13
seen that when controlling for age, height and weight, those who participated in the strength training program showed greater improvement in their gymnastics performance from pre-test to post-test than those who did not participate in the strength training program.
certain strength training routines that appear to diminish performance in other gymnastics events. This would suggest the need to have vault specialists on the team that focus and train for the vault and perhaps nothing else.
TABLE 1
Lifting Performance of those who Participated in the StrengthTraining Program: Pre-Test to Post-Test -
Event
Pre-Test (in Lbs)
Arm Curl
Bench Incline Lat Pull Leg Curl Leg Extension Low Lat Seated Row Squat Tricept Extension
Post-Test (in Lbs)
38.9 63.3 46.3 62.9 28.9 46.3 48.9 29.1 85.5 37.0
66.7 81 .0 82.0 97.9 49.5 77.0 88.5 48 .7 209.1 53.0
- --
Pre to Post Pre to Post Difference Difference (in Lbs) (Percentage) 27.8 17.7 35.7 35.0 20.6 30.7 39.6 19.6 123.6 16.0
Conelusions
71 % 28% 77% 56% 71% 66% 81 % 67% 145% 43%
TABLE 2
Pre-Test to Post-Test Difference in the Bench Press for those who did not Participate in the Strength Training Program
It can be seen that
with the exception of the vault, the leg curl and the bench press are negatively correlated with gymnastics performance and should be avoided. With the exception of the horizontal bar, the squat is negatively correlated with gymnastics performance and should also be avoided.
We can draw some additional conclusions from the data presented inTables 4 and 5. It can beseenthatwiththeexceptionofthevault, theleg curl and the bench press are negatively correlated with gymnastics performance and should be avoided. With the exception of the horizontal bar, the squat is negatively correlated with gymnastics performance and should be avoided. This data also suggests that the vault is somew hat of a unique event. To enhance vaulting performance, gymnasts need to participate in
I
This research effort should be classified as a pilot study since the sample was only a small group of gymnasts. Perhaps, by chance, a larger number of more rapidly maturing boys were placed in the experimental group than in the control group, suggesting that what was measured was a natural physical maturation process. Gymnastics is a technique sport and perhaps by chance a larger number of gymnasts in the experimental group obtained a greater mastery of the techniques during the 10 week study period than did the gymnasts from the control group. The study period was only 10 weeks in duration, certainly not long enough to see the complete benefits of a solid strength training program. There was no way of knowing if the gymnasts in the experimental group worked equally as hard in their strength training program. While the gymnasts in the control group did not participate in the strength training program designed for this study, some of the gymnasts in the control group could have participated in self-directed strength training/ weight lifting in their own homes. Strength gains among the gymnasts who participated in the strength training program were rather large in some instances. Some of the increase can probably be accounted for due to improved lifting techniques learned by the athletes during the study period. While it would not be reasonable to argue that this was the only reason for the post-test lifting performance enhancement, this certainly would be one factor to consider in explaining w h y performance improved. Additionally, despite best efforts, a number of the judges who scored the gymnasts' performance knew that a strength training study was underway. Some of those judges may have known
TABLE 3
Gymnastics Performance: Overall Pre-Test to Overall Post-Test Difference in Gymnastics Performance Between those who PartiCipated in the Strength Training Program and those who did not Group
Non-Lifters Lifters
14
Overall Pre-test Gymnastics Score
Overall Post-test GymnastiCS Sc ore
Difference (Points)
Difference (Percentage)
47.89 47.10
48 .72 50.50
+ .83 + 2.95
+ 1.7% + 6.3%
I I
January - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
TABLE 4
Multiple Classification Analysis: Impact of Strength Training on Gymnastics Performance, ContrOlling for Age, Height and Weight
.78 .79
Non-Lifters Lifters
.42 .52
.26 .47
who was participating in strength training and who was not. It is believed that the judges took every effort to score the gymnastics performance correctly, the fact that they may have known which was the experimental group and which was the control group removes some of the methodological purity from this evaluation. Despite these problems, the study produced some rather tantalizing results that clearly demands further, more carefully constructed evaluations. The general c(}nclusion is that certain
.21 .43
-.34 .94
-.07 -.02
The general conclusion is that
types of strength training seems to enhance performance in certain gymnastics events, and that certain types of strength training seems to diminish performance in certain gymnastics events. While there are numerous limitations to this stud y, we do feel confident enough in our research to suggest that young gymnasts consider embarking on a carefully structured and supervised strength training program to augment their regular gymnastics training regimen.
TABLES
Correlation Between Percent Improvement In Lifting Performance and Percent Improvement in Gymnastics Performance, Controlling for Age, Weight and Height
Event
Arm Curl
Floor Ex. Horiz. Bar Parallel Bars Pommel Horse Rings Vault
-.02 -.21 -.18 .01 .01 .03
Bench Incline -. 24 -.63 -.47 -.03 -.13 .31
Gymnastics Research Foundation
-.04 -.30 -.03 .25 -.06 .48
Lat Pull
Leg Curl
Leg Ext.
Low Lat
-.04 .23 .23 .03 -.06 .30
-.26 -.26 -.14 -.09 -.35 .14
.55 -.19 -.31 -.17 .03 .25
.48 .04 -.38 -.41 .26 .47
certain types of strength training seems to enhance performance in certain gymnastics events, and that certain types of strength training seems to diminish performance in certain
Seated Tricep Row Squat Ext .57 -.32 -.08 .05 .41 .24
-.15 .19 .00 -.15 -.11 -.03
gymnastics events.
.20 -.19 -.42 -.40 .46 .61
Proudly Presents A Seminar Featuring: Mr. Benjamin Morosov and Dr. Eugene Rozin Topics of Discussion will include: • Physical Preparation. Compensation and Super Compensation • Element and Combination Ratios • Training Principles for Puberty • and much more ...
LOCATIONS: Richmond Olympiad, Richmond, VA, Jan. 21-22 - Gyminax in Sudbury, MA, Feb 3-4 - and Olympus Gymnastics Center in Benicia, CA, Jan 27-28,1990. REGISTRA nON FEE: $500 per Club (Two coaches or Two Gymnasts) or $250.00 per Person
For more information Please Write: IGRF, PO Box 41023, Fredricksburg, VA 22404 -
advertisment -
International Event
1991 Preview World Championships John Arends Director of Marketing National Institute for Fitness and Sport
The USGF is planning to make the 1991 World Championships event, to be held in Indianapolis, IN, extremelyattractive and affordable for USGF professional members.
he center of the universe - as far as gymnastics professionals are concerned - will be located in Indianapolis for 10 magical days during the 1991 World Gymnastics Championships. From Opening Ceremonies on Friday, September 6th through the Individual Event Finals and Closing Ceremonies on Sunday, September 16, the finest athletes and the brigh test hopes for the 1992 Olympics will perform in the Hoosier Dome. It will be the first time the World Championships will have been held in the U.s. since the 1979 event in Fort Worth, Texas. The USGF is planning to make this event extremely attractive and affordable for USGF professional members. We want you here in Indianapolis - for the entire 10 days. And our plan to get you here is simple: We plan to provide you with a hotel! ticket/hospitality package that is affordable. We plan to offer clinics and seminars featuring the top coaching talent in the world. And we plan to stage a worldclass competition that will recharge your commitment to the sport and energize your coaching for your kids.
T
The Key to Success: Organization The key to success in 1991 will be organization. The 1991 World Championships will be a joint effort, bringing to bear the considerable assets of both the City of Indianapolis <the amateur sports capital of the world) and the resources of the USGF (headquartered in offices across the street from the Hoosier Dome). The city will be mobilized through its network of volunteers - talented volunteers that successfully ran the 1987 Pan American Games, the 1982 National Sports Festival (now called the U.S. Olympic Festival) and numerous World Cup, 16
national and NCAA championship events. The USGF will be mobilized through the office staff - skilled at running everything from the U.S. Gymnastics Championships to coast-to-coast tours of international Olympic champions. Coordinating the entire effort will be the Local Organizing Committee, or LOC. Designed to bridge the assets of the City with those of the USGF, the LOC is responsible for managing the enormous amount of logistics - everything from the international needs of the 50 countries expected to participate, to the telecommunications needs of more than 500 media representatives. The LOC, which was responsible for presenting the winning Indianapolis bid to the FIG in 1988, is structured to operate at two levels: 1) a committe structure, directed by volunteer chairman, and 2) a paid, professional staff. The committees will oversee the volunteers and suppliers of services, as well as directing the overall policy and direction for the event. The professional staff will actually promote and run the event.
The Staff The LOC is chaired by Jack Swarbrick. Jack was a vice president of PAX-I, the local organizing committee that ran the 1987 Pan American Games. Also, as legal counsel for the USGF since 1983, Jack has become very familiar with the USGF, its structure and its people. He spearheaded the bid presentation to the FIG during the Seoul Olympics that brought the World Championships to the U.S. President of the LOC is Mike Jacki. Mike, we presume, is well-known to all of you. He's been the Executive Director of the USGF since 1983, and he has served on the FIG executive committee since 1984. Currently, he is first vice president of the FIG. His presence on the committee ensures that the interests of the sport and the collective experience of the USGF and the FIG will be focused on making the 1991 World Championships the best in the history of the event. Vice President of the LOC is Sandy Knapp. Sandy is president of the Indiana Sports Corporation, the pre-eminent group of its kind in the U.S. Formed in the early 1980s to bring sporting events and groups to Indianapolis, the Indiana Sport Corporation, under Sandy' s leadership, has helped stage the 1987 Pan American Games, NCAA regional basketball tournaments, the World Indoor Track & Field Championships, as well as numerous other world-class events. January - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Heading up the professional staff is Executive Director Joe Claypool. Joe is well-known in Indianapolis as one of the most capable managers of special events and organizations in the Midwest. With both a J.D. in law and an MBA, Joe has considerable skill and experience in handling logistical challenges, negotiating complex financial transactions and managing organizational systems. He's adept at keeping the organization on target, on track and on budget. And he's committed to making the event a fun, thoroughlyeducational and enlightening international experience for the U.S. gymnastics community. Assisting Joe with the peculiar complexities of our sport will be Vice President of Operations, Dale Brown. Dale is well-known in gymnastics circles, both as president of the National Association of Women's Gymnastics Judges, and as a member of the Executive Committee of the USGF Board of Directors. Under Dale's leadership, NAWGJ has consistently elevated the standards of judging in this country. And as an internationally certified brevet judge, she brings both valuable insight and practical experience to the LaC staff and the Indianapolis effort. Dale will oversee all of the operational aspects of staging the competition in the Hoosier Dome. Rounding out the professional staff is the Director of Sales and Marketing, Tim Heath. Tim is an employee ofInternational Management Group
U S G F
and will be with the LaC for the duration of the 1991 World Championships. Prior to coming to Indianapolis, Tim served as the IMG liaison to the organizers of the 1989 World Alpine Ski Championships in Vail, Colorado. His primary responsibilities will be soliciting national sponsorship, promotional support for the event, and coordinating the efforts of IMG and the Lac. The LaC staff is headquartered in Pan American Plaza, on the same floor as the USGF offices. Look for informational mailings from them in the months ahead. And please feel free to write with any suggestions or to offer assistance. The address is:
1991 World Gymnastics Championships Pan American Plaza 201 S. Capitol Avenue Suite 391 Indianapolis, IN 46225 And keep watching Technique for information about ticket and hotel packages. As soon as we can finalize prices and packages, the USGF professional members will be the first to learn how to attend what will be a truly spectacular gymnastics experience.
The Local Organizing Committee staff is headquartered in the Pan American Plaza in Indianapolis, Indiana, on the same floor as the USGF offices.
Safety Manual, 2nd Edition
The USGF is pleased to present the Second Edition of the Gymnastics Safety Manual. This has been the compilation of efforts of many of our top sports professionals headed by Project Director and Senior Editor, Dr. Gerald S. George. The final product contains almost four years of study review and the procurement of data research and documents.
The area of safety is as integrated in our sport as the most fundemental coaching concepts . The efforts of the USGF have put safety in high regard and have made it a priority in our fundamental mission of raising the standards of our sport. We simply could not raise the standards of our sport if we did not make every effort possible to make our sport safer and more enjoyable to our participants. -:\.~NAS 1'/,.. The safety manual, while a cornerstone of this effort, has a great deal of additional support. There ffl\..; ~J>~. are other efforts such as our Safety Certification Program, safety posters, safety updates ~ ~ and articles, a safety video and an on-going program of instructional clinics, workshops t:; ~ and seminars. C) ;...j Mike Jacki, ~ USGF Executive Director
t:
Thanks to the following authors: ~ Ken Allen, Jeff Austin, Jon Cada, Dr. Gerald Calkin, Dan Copeland, Donna Cozza, Dr. Robert H. Dvorak, Stormy Eaton, Dr. Patricia A. Eisenman, Dr. A. B. Frederick, Dr. Sidney A. Freudenstein, Jim Gault, Jay Geist, Kayce L. Gilmore, Abie Grossfeld, Dr. Keith Henschen, Ed Isabelle, Dr. Chic Johnson, Tom Jones, Bruno Klaus, Gregory M Lederer, Esq., Pete Longdon, D.J. Milem, Rusty Mitchell, Dr. Alan P. NewYvonne "Sam" Sand mire, John Salvo, Dr. William A. Sands, man, Fred Orloksky, Don Peters, Fred Roethlisberger, Dr. Don Tonry, Stephen Whitlock and to gymnastics illustrator James H. Stephenson. See page 2 of this magazine to order the USGF Safety Manual, 2nd Edition or any other USGF Educational materials. The manual is item #6001 and costs $16.95
TECHNIQUE January - March 1990
17
Men's'l'eehnical 1989 World Championships
Compulsory Evaluation Mas Watanabe USGF Men's Technical Director
The purpose of this article is to help improve the compulsory exercises of the U.S. men's team. The analysis and evaluation is presented event by event in three parts: 1. Interpretation II. Evaluation and suggestions for future training III. Score analysis
Floor Exercise I. Interpretation A The execution of the overall routine for the U.S. team was correct. B. The following remarks were made by the head judge prior to the competition: 1. The dive back handspring (part 9 in the text) must finish in the handstand position. NOTE: Only the Japanese team was trying to go through the handstand, but most teams (including USSR) were emphasizing the amplitude of the back handspring.
2. The exercise may be reversed only in its entirety 3. There were many incorrect steps and turns - particularly at the first and last corner of the routine. II. Evaluation & suggestions for future training AAll U.S. routines looked very good and were executed correctly. B. The U.S. needs improvement on the 1st pass. 1. The front handspring and front flyspring require better rhythm. 2. The dive roll must be at least head height and show a chest arch position. NOTE: The head should be kept upward while the body and arms reach all the way to the floor. 3. Overall amplitude of the tumbling skills must be emphasized for the future . III. Score analysis Land.lPerf. 9.30 Underscored! 9.45 9.20 Underscored! 9.60 9.05 Weak 1st pass. Missed press hndstd. 9.35 Weak 1st pass.
M.Racanelli C.Voorsanger T.Ryan P.Kirksey L.Ringnald K.Davis Legend: Landing Performance
18
"
X +
X
+
"
+ + +
Indicates stuck landing Indicates missed landing Indicates average or better performance Indicates below average performance
Team Total: 46.85 (8th place) Potential score: 47.30-47.60 1st USSR 49.05 -2.20 2nd CHN 49.05 -0.90 3rd ROM, JPN, ITA 46.90 -0.05 Note: Having Racanelli going in the 1st session, definitely did not help the team in this event. However, this system ~oes not allow for any team to have a gradual score bUlld up on each event. Here, unexpected mistakes cost the U.s. a minimum of 0.5 points which could have been easily avoided. A fairly good percentage (5:6 = 80%) of landings were "stuck," but 2 gymnasts performed under their capability.
Pommel horse I. Interpretation A Overall execution of the U.S. team was correct. B. Many countries appeared to have the same problems on the mount sequence (square hand placement) and taking the dismount up to handstand. C. Nothing was mentioned about piking excessively on going up to handstand on the dismount. II. Evaluation& suggestions for future training A The overall technical execution was very respectable. B. The hand placement of the mount sequence was relatively good in comparison with the other teams, but needs further refinement. C. From the standpoint of ideal execution, a smootier transition from the back stockli handstand to the scissor sequence is needed. D. The technique on the stockli needs refinement: 1. ThE turning action should be initiated with the shoulders, but leaving the legs behind --:- this allows the hips to be more extended. 2. Leaving the hand (not supporting arm) on the pommel as long as possible while the body is initiating the turn and then, reach to the pommel as quickly as possible when the body has completed the turn. E. Need refinement on the technique on the Swiss hop: 1. First, must havea very solid right hand support on the pommel (the clockwise circle) prior to the hop action. 2. The hips should not be lifted excessively or opened during the hop - this usually happens due to body looseness or hastiness. 3. An excessive hop should not be emphasized at first. Rather, quick replacement of the hand without any hopping action should Januan) - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
be emphasized until consistency is achieved. F. The consistency of the second half of the routine should be stressed most in the training. G. U.s. team had only one major break which did not affect the team score; but as a whole, there was only one solid handstand dismount and two close to it. III. Score analysis Performance M .R. 8.90 Extra circle 9.45 Rough in the 2nd half C.V. T.R 9.35 No handstand + P.K. 9.65 + 9.60 L.R. + 9.65 No handstand K.D. 47.65 (7th) Team Total: Potential score: 48.00 49.00 -1.35 1st USSR 48.15 -0.50 3rd DDR 47.75 -0.10 6th BUL Note: All U.s. team members were capable of hitting the handstand dismount at the end of the routine. However, the consistency of the last half of the routine was not at the expected level. The U.s. team's overall technical execution was as good as most other countries. Improvement in the consistency of hitting the routines should be the single most important goal for the team.
some of U.S. team members showed a high position and/ or holds which were not solid. e. Greater control and good rhythm while lowering the legs to the straddle "L" after the shoot to handstand should be demonstrated. D. The gymnasts need to develop the strength to keep the arms straight and free from the straps while lowering to the forward cast. 1. When practicing the swing down, emphasize straight arms free of the straps but without spreading the rings. 2. These drills should be done at a slow speed at first. The hips should be kept in line with the vertical support position. E. Create a strong forward/upward swing during the cast: 1. During the arm support swing, it is essential to kick through the bottom of the swing (like a natural beat swing). Too early lift of the toes (too early pike in the hips) will result in a weak swing. 2. With a slight shrug in the shoulders, the legs and the hips should be vigorously thrust forward / upward. F. Obviously, development of the strength for the straight arm, straight body press will facilitate taking the inlocate up to the handstand.
Rings I. Interpretation A. The overall execution of the team was correct. B. The event head judge announced that lowering the body with straight arms after the mount is acceptable ... but with no bonus. NOTE: Execution with straight arms definitely looked better than with bent arms. e. The arms should be kept straight and stay free of the straps during the lowering of the body for the forward cast. The U.S. team needs to improve on this particular part in the future. D. The U.S. attempted to use a quick thrusting backward of the rings (with slight bent arms) after the forward cast - no other country showed this technique. The foreseeable drawback with this technique is the bent arms during the thrusting action. If the technique could be refined to execute with straight arms, it would then be feasible to pursue in the future . E. In gene rat there were a very few inlocates to the handstand demonstrated even in the podium training. However, Wecker (DDR) performed a solid handstand during the competition. His score of 9.85 was the highest of the competition. II. Evaluation & suggestions for future training A. Three U.S. team members lowered the body with straight arms prior to the kip. This should be encouraged even though no bonus is awarded. B. The cross position still needs to be refined-
TECHNIQUE January - March 1990
Landing/ Perf. M.R. C.V.
T.R. P.K. L.R.
K.D.
9.25 Underscored 9.35 9.40 Underscored 9.45 9.40 9.55
X
.y .y .y
X
.y
+ + + + + +
Team Total: 47.15 (9th tie) Potential score: 47.55 1st USSR 48.80 -1.65 3rd JPN 48.30 -1.15 6th BUL, FRG 47.90 -0.75 Note: BaSically, all the team members hit the routines within their capable range; however, most of them did not show total body control in executing each skill throughout the routine. In addition, the team's stronger members competed on the first day of competition this definitely did not help the team event score. In order for the U.s. to score higher internationally, an improvement of overall body strength is required.
Vaulting I. Interpretation A. The technique which the U.S. team is trying
to develop for the compulsory vault is in line with that demonstrated by most of the top vaulters in the competition. B. Basically, the judges were looking for: good lift off the horse, crisp twisting at the peak of the flight, long post flight and a controlled (stuck) landing. e. DDR and USSR teams had the most refined technique .. . that is, a low entry with hechttype repulsion. N a turall y, this was reflected in their 1st and 2nd place team finishes in 19
this event. (DDR 48.65 and USSR 48.55 II. Evaluation & suggestions for future training A. None of the u.s. team members were able to stick their landings. Voorsanger and Davis both had a small hop for 0.10-0.20 deduction. The others were badly overrotated and had to take a medium to large deduction. B. The major reasons for overrotation in the competition included: 1. Too high an entry in the preflight. 2. Not enough hecht-action during the repulsion. 3. Body not tight enough in the air (overanxious to land). 4. A combination of more than one of the above reasons. e. The best ways to solve these problems include: 1. Drilling the hecht-action from a minitramp or a trampoline to land on the back onto an elevated surface until this action becomes very natural. 2. Practicing the handspring vault onto the horse emphasizing a low entry position and a definite hecht-action. 3. It should be noted that the amount of hecht-action required to accomplish a good handspring is closely related to the speed of the run, speed of the body rotation in the preflight and the body angle at entry. 4. Ideally, the repulsion with a hecht-action and the twisting action should be separated as much as possible. III. Score analysis Landing/Perf. M.R. 9.35 X + ev. 9.60 Good control X + T.R. 9.30 Bad overrotation! X P.K 9.45 X + L.R. 9.45 X + KD. 9.75 Good flight X + Team Total: 47.60 (10th tie) Potential score: 47.80-48.00 1st DDR 48.65 -1 .05 3rd ROM 48.35 -0.75 6th CHN 47.80 -0.20 Note: There were not as many perfect landings as was anticipated in this competition. Voorsanger and Davis had a chance to stick their landings, but the other team members obviously overrotated. Overall, the height and distance of the U.S. vaulters' postflight seemed comparable to the other teams. The teams that outscored the U.s. generally had better body control in the air and superior landings.
Parallel Bars I. Interpretation A. Overall, execution of the
u.s. team was correct. B. Prior to the competition, the U.S. coaching staff decided that an execution deduction on the front uprise stutz must be avoided as much as possible ... even though the amplitude of performing the stutz would suffer. e. Only a few gymnasts in the entire competi-
20
tion executed a solid front uprise stutz to handstand. D. While none of the gymnasts in the competition performed a giant glide; it is inevitable that that many giant glides will be shown at the next World Championships in Indianapolis. E. There were many straight arm peaches performed in the competition, but very few executed with great amplitude. F. It was surprising that few "great" cast supports were demonstrated (even in the better routines). G. Although several gymnasts did have some excellent parts in their routines, there were but a few excellent routines in which all the parts were executed with maximum amplitude. II. Evaluation & suggestions for future training. A. Most of the U.S. team members performed up to their capability. B. Two gymnasts were not able to correct their form break problems in the front uprise stutz as well as the other members and this affected their scores. e. As a whole, the U.S. team performance looked very respectable compared to the other teams - this is reflected in the 6th place team score. D. The team was very close to doing excellent straight arm peaches. As this technique is further refined, it will certainly reflect in the team score. E. While team members were close to doing a good front uprise to stutz handstand, perhaps a few more months of training are needed to perfect it. Execution of a good stutz handstand to a giant glide should be a goal for the next season. F. The weakest skill in the entire routine for the u.s. team appeared to be the cast support... none of which were executed with great amplitude. More must be spent perfecting the technique on the drop from the handstand to create more swing through the bottom. ,III. Score anal sis Landing/Perf. M.R. 9.40 -.J + ev. 9.55 -.J + T.R. 9.65 Good routine with stutz hand! -.J + P.K. 9.35 Form break on stutz -.J + L.R. 9.35 Form break on stutz -.J + KD. 9.30 Break on the mt & toss -.J Team Total: 47.30 (6th) Potential score: 47.70 1st USSR 48.55 -1.25 3rd HUN 47.55 -0.25 Note: The U.s. team looked very respectable in this event and could do well in the future if technique on the key skills is perfected.
Horizontal Bar I. Interpretation Jal1uanJ - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
A.Overall, execution of the U.S. team was correct. B. The head judge noted that a back uprise is not allowed prior to the cast forward 1/ 2 turn in the mount. C. In the competition, there were many excellent dislocate to handstands shown with good control. D. Surprisingly, there were very few good Voronin/hop-change to handstand combinations demonstrated in the competition. E. There were many examples of routines ending with excellent double back dismounts. A very early opening of the body with excellent amplitude and controlled landings were characteristic.' II. Evaluation & suggestions for future training. A. Most of the U.S. team members performed their average routines. B. The U.S. team was weak in the dislocate as a whole exceDt Davis who executed an excellent disloc~te to handstand and received 9.70. C. Landings. Racanelli and Ryan were the only
two who stuck the landings. As a team, the U.S. must have lost at least 0.8-1.0 points just in landing deductions. D. There are 3 parts in the routine where technical execution is critical in order to receive a high score: dislocate to handstand, Voroin/hop-change to handstand and the dismount. Therefore, these skills should receive the main emphasis in future training. E. The key factor to scoring well in the competition situation is hitting the 9 possible handstand positions in the routine. However, this must first be accomplished in the practice gym in many repetitions before any gymnast can comfortably compete with an aggressive attitude. III. Score analysis Landings/Perf. M.R.
ev.
T.R. P.K. L.R. K.D.
9.35 9.40 9.60 9.25 Bad landing 9.45 Weak front Stalder 9.70
Team Total:46.50 (10th) Potential score: 48.00 1st USSR 49.05 48.30 3rd JPN 6th HUN, ROM 48.00
-V
X V
+ + +
X X
X
+
-1.65 -0.80 -0.50
Note: Overall, the performances of the U.s. team appeared to be conservative - the team is capable of scoring much higher in this event.
Summary It would appear that the U.s. approach to the compulsories was on target. There are still remaining problem areas to be resolved, however, the gymnasts performed respectfully with fairly solid performances. Following are some further observations on the team performance in the competition and some attrib-
TECHNIQUE January - March 1990
utes to the outcomes: 1. There was only one (1) major break out of 36 routines. Note: A 97% "hit-rate" is a tremendous accomplishment at this level of competition ... for any team! Factors contributing to this result might include: a) 60% weighting of the compulsory exercises, and b) the emphasis that was placed on the compulsories throughout the year (such as at training camps, workshops and clinics) . 2. The consistency oflandings was only about 64% (13 missed landings out of 36). Note: There were 7 teams between 5th and 10th place- all within 1.6 points after the compulsory sessions! The U.s. was only 0.60 away from the 6th place team. An improvement in landing consistency alone woul have easily placed the U.S. team in the top six. (The the top teams maintained a consistency of landings within the 67-85 % range). The further improvement of the landing ability must be one of the important priorities for future U.S. training. 3. About 78% of the performances by the U.s. team members were equal to or better than their expected performance level (8 out of 36 routines were under performed). Note: Although the U.S. team had only one major break in the entire competition, there were 7 other routines that could have been performed at a much higher level. (This judgement is obviously based on coaches' observation of the athlete's training, however, this number is an indication of probable performance and consistency of the U.s. team) . There were few other factors which may not be directly related to the team performance, but may have affected the team outcome in subtle ways. These include: 1. The U.S. team had only one gymnast in the final session whereas their immediate team contenders (Romania, Hungary and West Germany) had 2 gymnasts in the final session. 2. The U.S. team did not have an internationally well known gymnast in either the all-around or an individual event who could draw a big score. 3. All of the U.s. team members had some weak event(s) which prohibited them from taking ad vantage of building their scores particularly in the later sessions. 4. Some of the critical skills on certain events, such as, the handstand dismount on PH, inlocate to handstand on R and front uprise stutz to handstand on PB were better than many of the other teams, but not quite good enough to make the difference in the scores. These were some factors over which the coaches and athletes had no control; however, there were many places where a significant improvement could be made. Based on this World Championships observation, the major focal points for U.s. team future training should be: a) refining the technique and performance of the "critical skills" in each event, b) increasing the consistency of the landings (stuck landings) and c) improving the general stability of the performances . 21
Research Report
Gymnastics Coaching Survey - 1989 he gymnastics coach must be an accomplished teacher, strategist, trainer, chauffeur, psychologist, business executive, travel agent, and a host of other occupations. However, first and foremost, a gymnasticscoachisa teacher. There are no formal schools for gymnastics coaches. Moreover, there is no formal training other than what can be obtained from the mentoring process or through self-education from journals and symposia. The present condition and the future direction of gymnastics lies with these coaches. They will train the athletes, build the facilities, design the training, and direct the sport. Characterizing the nature of the gymnastics coach is an important task. The nature of the gymnastics coach and his / her skills and attitudes may offer an indication of the impending direction and needs of gymnastics. An analysis of these skills and attitudes may also indicate where the gymnastics coach might be most able to use assistance. The assistance can come from a variety of sources, but of most concern in this study is the potential for future educational activities. The purpose of this study was to determine selected demographic characteristics and attitudes about artistic gymnastics coaches, their programs, and their athletes.
T
W.A. Sands, Ph.D. R.S. Crain, and K.M. Lee Motor Behavior Research Laboratory
The purpose of this study was to determine selected demographic characteristics and attitudes about artistic gymnastics coaches, their programs, and their athletes.
Methods
Safety equipment was a major area of interest in this survey. The respondents showed that the majority of the programs have one or more foam pits. 22
A survey questionnaire was developed to determine various characteristics regarding gymnastics coaches. The survey consisted of 32 items on a questionnaire and an answer sheet consisting of a Scantron standard "dot" sheet form . The dot sheet permitted the respondent to select responses to questions by darkening a dot on the appropria te place on the answer sheet. The dot sheets were then collected and scanned via a full page scanner (Scantron - R). The survey was conducted at the 1989 U.S. Gymnastics Federation Coaches Congress in Philadelphia, PA. in September, 1989. The annual Coaches Congress is the single event where the largest number of gymnastics coaches will attend. The event drew overlOOO coaches, judges, and administrators in 1989 covering men's, women's, and rhythmic gymnastics. The survey forms were completed at the u.s. Elite Coaches Association for Women's Gymnastics booth in the exhibitors area. The secretary of the organization distributed the forms and assisted in the completion of the forms by answering questions. The forms were then checked and
filed. The forms were completed anonymously. Following collection of the forms the data were reduced by scanning and analysis by the SPSSPC+ statistical package.
Results A total of 95 surveys were completed during the three day Coaches Congress. All items that were completed with errors were not counted. Refer to Table 1 for a listing of the questions and responses with percentages and frequencies.
Discussion Demographic Results (Items 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 27) Demographic results indicate that the typical gymnastics coach in this survey is a single male, former gymnast, between 26 and 35 years of age, with 11-15 years of experience, earning between 15 and 25 thousand dollars per year. The figures support the notion that gymnastics coaching is undertaken by fairly young former gymnasts who are making a moderate amount of money at the job. Moreover, in further support of these ideas, 69.5% of the gymnastics coaches are under 35 years of age, 70.6% have 15 years of experience or less, and 83.2% make less than 35 thousand dollars per year. Program Information (Items 1,2,8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,20,21) The responses indicated that the majority of respondents (71.6%) teach/train both male and female gymnasts in private club settings (83.2%). The second most likely type of program was a community program (20.0%). The third most likely type of program was a college or university (18.9%). Item 8 showed that the typical student/ athlete of these coaches was a competitive privately-trained athlete. This was followed by noncompetitive preschool students (42.1 %) and competitive college athletes (20.0%). The facility size of these programs was most likely to be from 5000 to 10,000 square feet (45.3%). Only 17.9% of the respondents indicated they had larger facilities. Safety equipment was a major area of interest in this survey. The respondents showed that the majority of the programs have one or more foam pits (77.9%). It is interesting that 20% of the programs still do not have a foam pit more than 10 years after the use of foam pits was first described (Malmberg, 1978). The majority of foam pits used uniformly cut foam pieces (56.8%) and were of the in-ground type (51.6 %). Uniformly cut foam pieces Januanj - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
have been shown to require deeper pit structures and provide softer landings than randomly torn up foam pieces (Sands, Cunningham, Johnson, Meek, & George, 1988). Spotting belts are a second area of safety equipment and have been shown to offer slightly more protection in a fall than foam pits (Sands, Cunningham, Johnson, Meek, & George, 1988). Overhead traveling spotting rings were few with only 21.1 % of the programs having one or more of these pieces of equipment. Stationary respondents indicating that they had one or more of these. Hand held spotting belts were also available in approximately half of the programs represented (48.1 %) Coaching/Teaching Activities (Items 9, 15, 16, 17,18,19, 22,23,24,25,26,28,30,31,32) The respondents indicated that in the noncompetitive programs, the student/ teacher ratio was most commonly 6-10 students per teacher (78.9%). This ratio was somewhat lower for the competitive programs. The most common student/ coach ratio of competitive programs was approximately 4-6 students per coach (48.4%). However, the two response categories covering student/ coach ratios from 4-10 athletes per coach accounted for 88.4% of the responses. This appears to indicate that the student / athlete to teacher / coach ratios are similar in both programs with competitive programs enjoying a slightly smaller ratio. The use of spotting and other safety equipment were also of interest. The most common form of safety intervention was hand spotting with 85.3% of the respondents indicating that they hand spotted at least once per day. The use of overhead spotting rigs was not nearly as prevalent with 70.5% of the respondents indicating that they never or almost never used an overhead traveling rig, and 35.8% indicating that they never or almost never used a stationary overhead spotting rig. The stationary overhead spotting rig was used much more than the traveling rig with 24.2 % of the respondents using the traveling at least once per year while 57.9% used a stationary spotting rig at least once per year. Safety skills, education, and personnel regarding first aid, CPR, injury management, and safety certification were somewhat disappointing. Approximately one third (33.7%) of the coaches were never first aid certified,37. 9% of the coaches were never CPR certified, and 34.7% of the coaches were not USGF safety certified. Interestingly, only an additional 11 % of the coaches were planning to become safety certified. Sixty percent of the coaches responded that they do not have a certified athletic trainer or thera pist working with their athletes. This information is somewhat disappointing and may indicate a potential need for future Congresses and symposia to offer CPR and first aid courses for coaches. Considering the injury potential in gymnastics, every gymnastics coach TECHNIQUE la/wan; - March 1990
should be able to offer first aid and CPR. Moreover, further steps would seem warranted to obtain the service of athletic trainers and physical therapists to assist the athlete once an injury occurs. Finally, the coaches should be safety certified to enhance safety awareness and the prevention of injuries. The respondents also indicated that almost 10% of them had been sued for a gymnastics injury or mishap (9.5 %). If the chances are one in 10 that a gymnastics coach will be sued, it would be wise to take every precaution to eliminate injury and to be fully-equipped and staffed to handle an injury if it occurs. The programs appear to be servicing a large number of young athletes with 62.1 % of the respondents indicating that their programs handle more than 300 athletes. This makes the coach's exposure to potential injuries and litigation correspondingly great. The primary means of education indicated by the respondents were congress, clinics, and symposiums (53.7%). They also indicated that they commonly attend such activities more than two times per year (80.0%). The various journals and magazines of gymnastics were a distant second to clinics and symposiums as the major means of educational information. This appears to indicate that coaches are most likely to seek education from a means other than reading. Interestingly, although the primary means of academic communication is through scholarly journals, it appears that coaches want to be "shown." This may indicate that the various educational needs for coaches should be locally developed clinics and congresses to maintain a reduced expense and to promote reaching more coaches. Finally, the coaches use video tape instruction with coaches and athletes watching video tapes.
Conclusion The natures and backgrounds of coaches are important for the continued safe development of gymnastics and maintenance of a competitive international posture. Coaches are extremely important for the continued safe development of gymnastics and maintenance of a competitive international posture. Coaches are extremely important to the progress and direction of gymnastics. Gymnastics administrators may look upon this information as indicators of the "best" means of developing educational opportunities that will meet the needs and preferences of gymnastics coaches in the United States.
References Malmberg, E. (1978). Science, innovation, and gymnastics in the USSR. International Gymnast, 20, 63. Sands, W .A., Cunningham, S.J., Johnson, S.c., Meek, S.c., & George, G.s. (1988). Levels of protection: Gymnastics safety equipment, Technique, 3&4, 2024.
23
Coaches are extremely important for the continued safe development of gymnastics and maintenance of a competitive international posture.
Item 1.
Which of the following do you coach/ teach?
ITEM 1 Men Women
Both (men & women)
~
••••••i".·<'i..i'' i".·$
Jii.·'"i;w.·~·
Judges
•
~
None of these
Item 2,
Which type of program do you coach/ teach gymnastics?
COlleg:~i~~::e~~~~ JI=~··'i·"'T· ·i-" i"'·~·r·~~·"E1'
Table 1 Coaching Survey Questions and Responses
D •
ITEM 2
)Ii
High School Jr . H.S.
~
Elem School
YM:'A Turners
'
Sokol Comm Prog. )
Percentages Frequencies
•••
ITEM 3
Item 3_
Under 18 yrs
What is your age?
~: ~;: ~,i:",i",iow;l.s·i:;w;r·'n~:;" '~"·i" I" <iIIi+iIIi+ : ::
> 45 yrs
~
Unknown
ITEM 4
Item 4,
The typical gymnastics coach in this survey is a
How many years have you been a paid coach/ teacher of gymnastics?
5 or less years
6 - 10 yrs 11 - 15 yrs 16 - 20 yrs > 20 yrs
Unknown
single male, former gymnast, between 26 and 35 years of age, with
.,
~;;;;~~P _ ..
I
·i
~~--~--~-+--+-~--~--~~
o
10
20
30
40
50
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
ITEMS
Item 5_
Were you a competitive gymnast yourself?
Ve. Unknown
Item 6_ What is your approximate annual income from coaching?
11-15 years of expenence, earning between
ITEM 6
< $15,000 $15 ,001 · $25 ,000 $25,001 -$35,000 535 ,001-$45,000 > $45,001
Unknown
15 and 25 thousand dollars per year,
.ll.-
ITEM 7
Item 7,
What is your sex?
Male
~
Female Unknown
~
ITEM 8
NonComp/Pre-Schl
Item 8_
What type of students/ athletes do you teach/ coach?
NonComplEtemSchl
NonComp/Jr.H.S . NonCorr¢i.S. PE Comp/Pre-Schl Comp/ElemSchl
Comp
"Competitive"
Pri
"Private Club"
>
"Greater than"
<
"Less than"
Comp/Jr.H.S . Comp/H.S.
Comp/Pri/ <:8 yrs Comp/ Pr 1l 9 · 12 Comp/ Pri/ 13 - 15
Comp/Pril15 + None of lhese
24
;r
•.
., = =-
10
20
60
70
80
JanuanJ - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Item 9 _ Are you USGF safety certified?
ITEM9
v:
No, bul will soon ...
==.,r",.r I I I I 1 1 ~p
ITEM 10
Item 10. How large is your teaching/ training facility?
< 5,000
sq It
]'l1li
151=;-'1· :r··i-II·I··r~"i':.I",:
1::~~:::~: ~~~ j
15 ,001 -20 ,000 > 20,000 sq 11
Unknown
Table 1 Cont inued Coaching Survey Questions and Responses
:=
.,
o Percentages
Item 11 . How many foam pits do you have?
•
Frequencies
>5
Unknown
Item 12. How many traveling overhead spotting rigs do you have?
ITEM 12
3 >3 Unknown
III
~~4---4---+---+---+---+---+-~
o
Item 13. How many stationary overhead spotting rigs do you have?
Unknown
ITEM 14
None
>3 Unknown
<
6:1
6-10 : 1 1 1-15 : 1 16-20 : 1 > 20:1
Unknown
ITEM 16
Item 16. What is the typical student/ teacher ratio with your competitive program?
< 4 :1
4-6 : 1 7-10 : 1 ' 1 1 - 15 : 1 > 15 :1
Unknown
TECHNIQUE JanuanJ - March 1990
30
40
50
60
70
80
None
3
Item 15. What is the typical student/ teacher ratio w ith your noncompetitive program?
20
ITEM 13
>3
Item 14. How many hand held spotting belts do you have?
10
.,~ The respondents indicated that in the noncompetitive
.,
= -
programs the student/teacher ratio was most I
II
~'$i
,
,.
commonly 6-10 students per teacher (78,9%). This ratio
• ~ -.'=
was somewhat lower for the competitive programs,
~.~<~w
--
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
25
ITEM 17
Item 17. Approximately how often do you hand spot?
> 10's/da
1- 10 x's/da
l:==rllrllrEr-r 1
1· 7 x's/d. <
30 x's/mo
(Almost) Novor Unknown
ITEM 18
Item 18. Approximately how often do you use an overhead traveling spotting rig?
Table 1 Continued Coaching Survey Questions and Responses
10's/da
1· 10 x'sl da 1·7 x'sl da < 30 x'slmo
(Almosl) Navar
)l• • • • • • • • • • • •Pl
Unknown
D Percentages •
>
Item 19. Approximately how often do you use a stationary overhead spotting rig?
Frequencies
ITEM 19 > 10'slda
l===~
1·10 x'sida 1·7 x'slda ] < 30 x'slmo
The use of spotting and other safety equipment were also of interest. The most common form of safety intervention was hand spotting.
(Almost) Nover
:iii•••••
Unknown
Item 20. Which type of pit(s) do you have?
ITEM 20
Unilorm cui piCaS Torn piocos "Ros l· Pil"
11111=====+...
Foam in a bag No pits
'!!!!!!!!!!!!4---+--+--+--I--I--I--I 10
Item 21. Are your pits in-ground or above ground?
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
60
70
80
ITEM 21
In·ground Above ground
1l===~~.'.~
No pils
This information is somewhat disappointing and may indicate a potential need for future Congresses and symposia to
Unknown
ITEM 22
Item 22. How do you use video-tape?
Don" use
Coaches only Alhletes & Coaches
Yes_._
Unknown
Item 23. Are you currently first aid certified (Red Cross)?
offer CPR and first aid courses for coaches ... the coaches should be safety certified to enhance safety awareness and the prevention of injuries.
ITEM 23
I was ... Unknown
Item 24. Are you currently CPR certified?
ITEM 24
y""
I was ...
I ••••
Unknown
o
26
10
20
30
40
50
90
January - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Item 25. Do you have a current full or part time certified athletic trainer or therapist for your athletes?
ITEM 25
Yes
Unknown
Item 26. How many athletes/students does your program serve?
ITEM 26 <25
Table 1 Continued Coaching Survey Questions and Responses
26·100 101·300 301·500 500+
D
Unknown
• Item 27. Whatis your marital status?
Percentages Frequencies
ITEM 27 Married Single Divorced Unknown
Item 28. Have you ever been sued for a gymnastics injury or other mishap?
ITEM 28 Yes
Unknown
Item 29. How many people are attending the Congress from your program besides yourself?
o
10
20
I o
I
I
ITEM 29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
,-_ .
2
3:1" III
two times per year.
Unknown
ITEM 30
Item 30. Are you a member of the men's or women's elite coaches association? Item 31. What is your most important media of gymnastics news and information?
~
Yes
Unknown
w,
ITEM 31
Technique
•
~~.'tI!1.'1I
Inter. Gymnast •
Clinics
USGF Official Unknown
Item 32. How frequently do you attend educational clinics, meetings, or symposiums to increase your teaching skills (other than your own staff meetings, etc.)
===' = '~" M ill
USA Gymnastics
)i• • • • • •~I·-:>7,I<<!il<-*~ I·. ,: :10".: .' .'~·~fI· ~
11•••~
ITEM 32
Almost never once / yr
::~
_
: : : )~=t:':~;~:~-'="'=~'.~IIIi·r·r·T'f>;lw.a:w
More than 7 . .
Unknown. T=~+---+---+---+---+---~--~ 10
TECHNIQUE January - March 1990
The primary means of education indicated by the respondents were Congress, clinics, and symposiums ... they commonly attend such activities more than
20
30
40
50
60
70
27
Rhythmie Report
Music At 1989 Rhrthmic World Championships
T
Robert Stahnke Rhythmic Accompanist
,.--J J. LXXII
\I,.~-t
LXXXIV
J
~
.;.-+-..r
I
he 1989 Rhythmic World Championships in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia introduced the most drastic change in the individual's competition I have seen in my four years as a rhythmic accompanist: duet music - never before have so many different types of sounds been heard at a single competition. Pieces for violin and piano, saxophone and electric piano, guitar duet, flute and percussion, synthesizer and drums, synthesizer and electric guitar . . . the list is long but the number of possibilities for expressive music is endless. The important challenge for USA coaches lies in taking adI I ! I J J. J vantage of the LX~VIU ~ / 1 LX;'V II icxXF t.J ,LJ:! LXX V:""""\ wonderful aural opportuni ties ! -offered by two instruments while maintaining high standards as new styles of music prompt new I i choreography. LXXXIU"": Most gymnasts at the I World Championships used a combination of single and double instrumentation . Soviet gymnasts like world champion Alexandra TimoshLXXXVI 1~XVII;I- I .1LXXXVII [JxX,If" I enko had music 7 . scored for piano, another for piano and violin, and another for synthesizer and electric guitar. Other Soviet gymnasts used drums and piano, percussion ensemble, and two synthesizers. Bulgaria's Adriana Dunavska and Japan's Erika Akiyanva took advantage of their countries folk music with arrangements for flute and percus-
).&fI
LXX XV
28
sion, and authentic oriental instruments. The gymnasts from Spain used their national music exclusively with very dramatic arrangements for guitar duet, or guitar and percussion. U.s. gymnasts also performed to multi-instrument music, highlights of which include Diane Simpson's ribbon routine to Michael Jackson's "Smooth Criminal" arranged for synthesizer and drums; Alexandra Feldman's hoop rou tine to Phil Collins' song "In the Air Tonight" arranged for synthesizer and electric guitar; and Jenifer Lovell's original music (composer Jim Oliver) for hoop arranged for two synthesizers. Having established goals and models for the new music possibilities, the question remains: just how many instruments is two instruments? Is a drum set one instrument? What about multiple~voice synthesizers, which can playas many as eight different sounds simultaneously - is that one instrument or eight? I have found that FIG codes are translated differently from country to country and one has never received a hard and fast rule to resolve this question. However, I have some guidelines which I follow for arrangements of multiple-sound pieces: a drum set is one instrument (including symbols); a percussion ensemble is one instrument (bongos, tombale, conga) one voice from any synthesizer is one instrument; four hands for piano are two instruments; any two acoustic instruments (two violins, viola and violin, tenor and alto saxophone . . . are two instruments. Despite the presence of duet music, I am compelled to establish that two black Sternway & Sons grand pianos graced the competition hall, as well as 10 pianists, who performed throughout the competition. Even though the music will provide more entertainment and variety than ever before, the intimacy of movement and music achievable with a piano is still unsurpassable! One final note regarding choosing music remember the gymnast, whether the music arrangement is for only one instrument or for duet, the music should be chosen for its ability to compliment the strengths of the gymnast: the benefits of having the right kind of music are endless.
1a/1Uan) - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Code
Rhythmic Gymnastics Clarification of certain norms in the 1989 Code of Points Subsequent to the initial use of the Code of Points at competitions and to questions raised by the judges, the TC/RG deems it expedient to give the following clarifications:
1. Pivots (Chapter II p. 25) The pivots of medium and superior difficulty must be executed on semi-tip toe. Heel support as envisaged in Examples 6 (superior) and 7 (medium and superior) (p. 32), must be only momentary in order to link two or more successive pivots.
2. Combination of Elements (Chapter III p.41) Two or more elements of medium difficulty performed successively, without any intermediary steps, constituting a single unit, are considered as one superior difficulty. e.g. - 2 successive jumps of medium level. - One jump of medium level followed immediately (on the foot on which the gymnast landed) by pivot of medium level. - One jump of medium level followed immediately (on the foot on which the gymnast landed) by a balance of medium level. - One pivot of medium level followed immediately (without changing support) by a balance of medium level.
3. Pre-Acrobatic Elements (Chapter III p.45) A single pre-acrobatic element may be executed in a composition in the form of a series or a combination.
The apparatus is "handled" when a gymnast executes either the elements belonging to the fundamental groups or the elements belonging to the other groups connected with the apparatus concerned. e.g. - A jump by the gymnast who either describes little circles with the clubs or large circles by swinging the arms with the clubs as a prolongation thereof.
...
,
A. B. The two elements are correct - there is no penalty and no immobility of the a ppara tus when:
a. The clubs execute an autonomous movement envisaged among the groups called "fundamental" ; b. The gymnast executes a movement where the arms and the clubs form a single unit as envisaged among the "other groups" connected with the apparatus. - The same jump performed with arms outstretched forward and the clubs as prolongation of the arms or with the clubs held double in the two hands in the same position.
OR
Legend: ~
= one element
..Q..Q..Q.;.
= series or combination
Examples:
Penalties: 0.00 0.00 0.50 for add. element 0.50 for additional series 0.50 for additional series
4. Relation Between Static Apparatus and Bodily Difficulties An apparatus is static when handling of that apparatus noticeably ceases. TECHNIQUE la/wan} - March 1990
In this case the two elements are not correctpenalty of 0.20 points for static apparatus. N.B. The same remarks to all the other apparatus. A bodily difficulty performed without some connection with the apparatus does not count as a difficulty (Chapter III p. 43). One of the reasons for the absence of a link between the apparatus and the bodily difficulty is the immobility of the apparatus. However, during the execution of certain difficulties, it is not always possible to keep the apparatus moving. Analogously to that which is en29
Update~
visaged by the Code in regard to the pre-acroba tic elements (p.44), the element with the apparatus may be performed at the beginning, at the end or during any element of bodily difficulty. e.g. - Rope doubled and held by the two hands, arms outstretched forward or downward; - Simultaneous upward swing of the arms and the rope and of the free leg upward and backward; catching of the rope around the foot while balance is maintained.
f
Commencement of the bodily element coincides with the swing of the arms and the rope together (the swing is one of the "other groups" connected with the apparatus). This difficulty is valid - there is no penalty for immobility of the apparatus. - Hoop held in both hands, arms stretched upward: - 360 degree pivot, free leg outstretched horizontally, the pivot terminating with the hoop rotating around one hand.
r \
..
,
?
'- ...
-"'"
The rotations of the hoop (fundamental group connected with the apparatus) coincide with the end of the pivot. This difficulty is valid - no penalty for immobility of the apparatus. - Clubs doubled and held in the two outstretched hands, arms upwards: - 360 degree pivot, free leg outstretched horizontally, arms still stretched upwards.
This difficulty does not count - penalty of 0.20 for immobility of the apparatus.
5. Giant Roll of the Hoop along the Ground (min. 6 m) (Chapter V p. 74) The 6 m of the large roll along the floor must ensue as a single line, either straight or curved. A 30
roll, with retro effect consisting of: 3 m forward and 3 m backwards does not count as a large roll along the floor.
6. Loss and Retrieval of the 2 Clubs The loss of the two clubs is penalized as the loss of two apparatus (0.10 for each club plus any change of place incurred). However, the penalty for the change of place must be calculated according to the action of the gymnast in respect of each club. e.g. - Loss of the two clubs and immediate retrieval (without steps) : 0.10 + 0.10 ( - 0 -0 - Loss of the 2 clubs, immediate retrieval of one and retrieval after 1 or 2 steps of the other: 0.10 + 0.20(-0 -
~-o
- Loss of the two clubs, retrieval of one after 1 or 2 steps and retrieval without steps of the ~ -0 other: 0.20 + 0.10 ( -0 - Loss of the 2 clubs, retrieval of one after 1 or 2 steps and retrieval of the second after another lor 2 steps: 0.20+0.20(- ~ -0 -
~
-o
- Loss of the two clubs, retrieval of one after 3 or 4 steps and retrieval of the second after another 1 or 2 steps: 0.30+0.20(- ~ -0 -
~-o
- Loss of the two clubs, immediate retrieval of one and retrieval of the second after a considerable change of place: 0.10+0.50(-0 _ _ -
-
~-o
- Loss of the two clubs, retrieval of one after a considerable change of place and immediate retrieval (without steps) of the other: 0.50+0.10( _ _ _ _ _ ---7 -0 -0
7. Group Exercise with Ribbons (Chapter IX pi 125) The ribbons used by a group must be identical; only their color may differ. With regard to the length, a maximum difference of 10 cm. among the six ribbons is permitted. However, all six ribbons must comply with the minimum length laid down in the Code of Points (6 m) . The Federations are requested to bring this circular to the attention of their technical staff and their judges. The TC / RSG / FIG August 1989 January - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Rhythmic Gymnas ie
Code of Points Questions and Answers 1. With regard to the definition of body difficulties, what is the difference between the medium and superior difficulty pictured on page 30 #5 of the FIG code?
A
The determining factor in awarding difficulty in this example is the position of the support foot. If the balance is on flat foot it is a MEDIUM difficulty. If the balance is on ball of the foot, it is a superior difficulty.
2. On page 31 of the code, the #9 superior illustration shows a gymnast in a balance on the toes with a vertical split. Would the gymnast receive superior credit if either leg was held by the hands while in this position?
A
Yes, provided all other balance and flexibility requirements were met.
3. According to the FIG definition, a pivot is performed on one foot. However, on page 31 of the FIG code, the illustration of medium pivot #1 shows a gymnast turning on TWO feet. You are right. 99% of the time a pivot is performed only on one foot. However, in the illustra tion described, a 360 0 SPIRAL PIVOT is given medium difficult credit.
A
4. If a gymnast has TW0.10 execution errors and ONE .20 composition deduction, can virtuosity be awarded?
A
No. Virtuosity can only be awarded in the following instances:
TECHNIQUE Jan uanJ - March 1990
A. When no execution and no composition
errors occur. B. When only ONE 0.10 or ONE 0.20 execution deduction is made. C. When only ONE 0.10 or ONE 0.20 composition deduction is made. D. When only ONE 0.10 composition deduction + ONE 0.20 deduction in execution is made. E. When only ONE 0.20 composition deduction + ONE 0.10 execution deduction is made. F. When only ONE 0.20 composition deduction + ONE 0.20 execution deduction is made. 5. Q: If a gymnast drops both clubs at the same time, what is the deduction?
A
The deduction is 0.20, 0.10 is deducted for each club drop regardless if the drop is simultaneous or successive.
1990 USGF Rhythmic Gymnastics Summer Camp Coaching Positions Applications are now being accepted for coaching positions at the following USGF Developmental and Elite Summer training camps: Class III Class II Class I Elite The camps will be held throughout July and August. Specific sites and dates will be finalized in February. If you are interested in serving on the staff of one or more of the training camps, please send a resume of your coaching activities with a cover letter indicating the level or levels you would be qualified to coach to: Nora Hitzel, RSG Program Administrator USGF 201 S. Capitol, Suite 300 Indianapolis, IN 46225
More details will be sent upon receipt of application. DEADLINE: February IS, 1989.
31
Gemmit-tee Reports
Rhythmic Judges Committee Meeting Philadelphia, Pennsylvania September 16, 1989 Voting Members
The Rhythmic Program Administrator
Acting Chaiman, Region I Candace Feinberg Vice President for Rhythmic Norma Zabka Jan Williamson Region II (for H . Greathouse) Region III Carol Bormann Region IV Thelma Hubbard Region V Diane Massad Maureen Broderick Region VI (for J. Bloom) Region VII Ellen Nyemcsik Marina Davidovich Region VIII
office and will be responsible for maintaining an active record of judging assignments, clinics, etc. The Rhythmic Program Administrator will do an annual update of all judges records based upon the log books which must be submitted by June 1 of each year. V. Judging Assignments The Regional Judging Chairman is responsible for making judging assignments for all sanctioned USGF local and state competitions. Criteria for assignments are to include: rating (and assignments need to upgrade rating), years of experience and locality of competition. a regional rotation system should be developed if needed. Fully certified judges are to be given preference over those judges who hold only a provisional rating. Judges who are not USGF professional members cannot be assigned to judge a competition.
will do an annual update of all judges records based upon the log books which must be submitted by
I. Compulsory Judging Manual
A. The JO Technical Committee will review all
June 1 of each year.
The Manual was reviewed. Editorial and content changes were made to meet the new FIG Code of Point rules.
breaches of conduct which result from competitions below the Regional level. Any action deemed necessary will be reviewed by the Rhythmic Technical Committee for approval. The Rhythmic Program Administrator and USGF Executive Director must also approve proposed action. B. Procedures for misconduct: 1st offense .. . written warning 2nd offense ... probation 3rd offense .. . revoke Certification
VI. Judges Ethics
II. Rules and Policies A. The Rhythmic Judges fee structure will remain
the same for the 1990 competitive season. B. A maximum of 15 minutes will be allocated for judging breaks, additional time will be considered part of the paid sessions. C. It is recommended that meal breaks do not exceed one to one-and-a-half hours. D. INQUIRES: There will be no inquires accepted at national level competitions. For those competitions below the national level, there will be a $5 fee assessed for all inquiries. Fees will be refunded for changes made in favor of the gymnast. Monies collected from inquiries will go to the Regional Chaiman to be allocated for costs incurred by the Regional Judging Chairman. It was recommended that coaches hire a judge early in the season to evaluate routines in order to eliminate the possibilities of unnecessary inquiries at the lower levels of competition. E. JUDGES RATING POLICIES: All judges must judge at least one competitive season at each level. III. Judges Certification List
A. It was recommended that a published list of all
judges ratings be made available in August and January of each year. B. It was recommended that a compulsory and optional refresher course be offered at each Congress. IV. Judges Log Book The use of a judges log book was approved. All certified judges will receive the book from the USGF 32
VII. Judges Technical Committee Operating Code The committee approved the opera ting code in principle and made several proposed changes. VIII. Judges Attire It is recommended that the following addition be made: "Dress shoes are required as part of the judging uniform."
IX.Committee Meetings It was recommended that committee members who do not attend a regularly scheduled meeting will not be allowed to send a substitute. The committee member may appoint another committee member to voice opinions and cast a absentee vote for them.
Anyone who accepts a nomination to the Judges Technical Committee must know that the annual USGF Congress is the official meeting time for the Judges Technical Committee.
Signed Candace Feinberg, Rhythmic Judges Chairman Approved: Mike Jacki, Nora Hitze/
Januan) - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Rhythmic Gymnasties
Qualifying and Selection Procea ures 1990 FOUR CONTINENTS
CHAMPIONSHIPS A. USGF National Championships 1. All athletes must be USA citizens and registered athlete members with the USGF prior to the competition. 2. Qualification to the USGF Rhythmic Championships is through Regional Championship meets. a. A Junior gymnast must score a minimum of 32.00 All-Around OR be ranked in the top twenty of all Junior scores. b. A Senior gymnast must score a minimum of 35.00 All-Around OR be ranked in the top forty of all Senior scores. 3. Injury petitions will be accepted for review by the Rhythmic Program Committee and the respective Regional Chairman. 4. The 1990 USGF Rhythmic Championships are scheduled for May 4-6 in Eugene, Oregon. a. All-around competition will take place on May 4th and 5th as follows: May 4th - Juniors - Ball and Clubs Seniors - Rope and Hoop May 5th - Juniors - Rope and Hoop Seniors - Ball and Ribbon b. Individual Event Finals will take place on May 6th. 1) The top eight (8) Seniors and the top six (6) Juniors in each event from the All-Around competition will compete in the Individual Event Finals. Ties will be broken by the highest All-Around score. 2) Scores will NOT be carried from the AllAround competition. B. National Team Selection 1. The 1990 Junior National Team shall be comprised of the top eight (8) Juniors in the Junior All-Around competition. 2. The 1990 Senior National Team shall be comprised ofthe top ten (10) Seniors in the Senior AllAround competition. 3. Ties will NOT be broken. C. Four Continents Championships 1. The 1990 USOC Olympic Sports Festival will serve as the Trials for the individual gymnasts for the 1990 Four Continents Championships. 2. The top ten (10) Senior gymnasts and the top six (6) Junior gymnasts from the 1990 National Championships will be invited to participate in the Olympic Sports Festival. 3. The All-Around score from the Championships of the USA and each day of All-Around competition from the Trials will count 100% in determining an individual's overall final placing (300% total). 4. Based on the combined total All-Around scores from the National Championships and theOlympic Sports Festival (as stipulated above) the top three (3) Senior gymnasts and the top three (3) Junior gymnasts will be invited to participate in TECHNIQUE JanuanJ - March 1990
the 1990 Four Continents Championships. 5. The 1990 Four Continents Championships will take place from August 28-September 1 in Tokyo, Japan.
ANNOUNCEMENT Received December 13,1989 At the recent Rhythmic Technical Meeting, two very important decisions were made that reflect a great change in the Technical Regulations, because the FIG recognized that some of the new rules in the Code were hard to enforce. EFFECTIVE IMMEDIATELY: 1. Musical Accompaniment for Individ-
ual Exercises Music may be played by one or several instruments. (The requirement is now the same as that for group exercises). 2. Fluorescent Colors Fluorescent colors or leotards and apparatus are now authorized.
33
L-..f-1C uali!ieation Procedures
1990 USGF Women's National Team I. The top twenty (20) Senior gymnasts of the 1990
USA Championships will comprise the 1990 Senior National Team. II. The top twelve (12) Junior gymnasts of the 1990 USA Championships will comprise the 1990 Junior National Team. III. Age Divisions A. Senior: 1. All gymnasts born in 1975 or before 2. Gymnasts born in 1976 or 1977 may choose to enter the Senior Division at Elite regionals. Once a gymnast attains the qualifying score to enter the Classic competition as a Senior Elite, the gymnast may not return to the Junior Division. B. Junior A Division: 1. Gymnasts born in 1976, 1977, and 1978 (exception as noted above). IV. Qualification Scores A. Senior Division - Competition III Rules except vault which will be governed by Competition Ib rules. Compulsory exercises counting as 60% and optionals counting as 40%. B. Junior A Division - Competition II Rules except vault which will be governed by Competition Ib rules . Compulsory exercise counting 50% and optionals counting 50%. C. Elite Regionals - Junior A and Senior Division 1. 72.00 AA from Junior Olympic Class I Regionals or J.O. Nationals (1989 season) or from Level 10. 2. Former Regional or National Elites. 3. See Petition D. Classic Competitions 1. Senior Division a. 1989 Junior National Team Members (14+ age 1990). b. 71.20 C / O in the current season from a Regional Elite meet. c. All Senior gymnasts scoring 71.20 in the Senior Division of the 1989 USA Championships. 2. Junior A Division a. 1989 Junior National Team members (12-14 yrs). b. 69.60 C / O in the current season from a Regional Elite Meet. c. See Petitions. E. USA Championships 1. Senior Division a. 1989 World Championships Team (8) b. Top 24 Seniors from Classics (6 from American Classic and 18 from U.5. Classic) who are not already qualified as World Championship Team. 2. Junior Division a. Top 24 Juniors from the Classics (6 from
34
American Classic and 18 from U.S. Classic) F. Petitions 1. Petitions into Regional Pre-Elite Qualifying meets are considered by the Regional Elite Board. 2. Petitions into Pre-Elite Qualifying Meets must be received by the Regional Technical Chairman one month prior to the Pre-Elite event. 3. Petitions into Classic competitions because of injury or illness must be sent to the National Elite Technical Chairman for consideration. 4. Petitions must be received no later than three days after the Regional Elite meet. 5. Petitions into the USA Championships because of injury, illness or International Assignments during the Classic meet will be considered by the National Elite Technical Committee. 6. Petitions must be received no later than three days after the U.S. Classic. G. Foreign Athlete Qualification 1. Non-citizens may participate for score only up to and including Classic Meets.
Januanj - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Committee Reptrrt--s
Women's JO Committee Conference Call ~overnber13,
1989
John Wojtczuk Mark Cook Bob Levesque Steve Snow Tom Koll Doreen Bolhuis Frank DeFrancesco Tony Gehman OJ Milem Connie Maloney (absent) Roe Kreutzer Mary Ann Mahoney Kathy Kelly
Chairman Region I Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII NJOTC EPCC ABC WPA
Roll Call was taken and the Conference Call commenced at 9:0S pm. Connie Maloney is representing the U.s. as Judge for the Argentina Competition and was not present. Kathy Kelly stated the purpose of the call was to discuss a number of issues that have been brought to the attention of the Executive Director and the national office concerning the new Program. The Junior Olympic Program was presented at a recent Olympic Committee Meeting by Mr. Jacki. The other National Governing Bodies were impressed with its scope and quality. The program is the finest that has been produced and is generally well received by the gymnastics community. Lengthy discussion followed concerning the administrative aspects of the program. Recommendation that the Age Determining Date remain January 1 for this competitive year (1989-90) with consideration of an August 1 Age Determining Date for the (1990-91) season. Motion- Steve Snow Second- Bob Levesque PASSED
*** EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR REQUESTS THAT THE PROPOSALFOR AGE DETERMINATING DATE FOR THE 1990-91 SEASON WILL BE COMPLETED BY THE AD HOC COMMITTEE AND RECEIVED INTHE NATIONAL OFFICE NO LATER THAN JANUARY 12, 1990. An Ad Hoc Committee was formed to devise a format for Level IV "profile testing" that would provide a vehicle for smaller "recreational clubs" to maintain interest and involvement in their programs. The committee will also present suggestions for lower level optionals to service those particular gymnasts. A report by the Ad Hoc Committee will be received by January 1, 1990. Recommendation that All-Around and Individual Event Achievement Awards MAY be given at ALL Level 5 Meets. Motion- OJ Milem Second- Bob Levesque PASSED
Recommendation that Team Competition be allowed at Level 5 Invitational Meets (non qualifying). TECHNIQUE January - March 1990
Motion- OJ Milem Second- Mark Cook PASSED
John Wojtczuk has resigned as Chairman of the Committee as ofJ anuary 1. All members encouraged him to continue in his present position. John was commended by everyone for his leadership and efforts on behalf of the Junior Olympic Program. In the event that John's decision remains the same, Mark Cook was nomina ted to replace John as Chairman. Mark received John's support and accepted the nomination. Mary Ann asked that the committee consider the interim appointment and communicate with her in that regard. Kathy Kelly discussed the next set of compulsory exercises, in particular the Dance Program and asked the committee for recommendations for the Dance Committee. Vicky Clarkson (Colorado State Chairman), Shirley Tranquill (Elite Judge/Choreographer) and Mary Faulkenberry (National Team Dance Consultant) have distinguished themselves and expressed an interest in assisting in this effort. Sandy McCarthy was also suggested by the committee. Clarification of the Technical Committee Meeting, IV. Page 41 Technique. The statement concerning entry level at Level 7 or below referred to those gymnasts who have competitive experience outside the USGF and now wish to enter the program may attempt to do so by petitioning their State Chairman and proving their proficiency at a compulsory level. Call completed at 10:50 pm
2nd Conference Call- Nov. 30, 1989 9:00pm (All members present except Doreen Bolhuis) Recommendation that either the Level 10 text or the Elite Text for Balance Beam and Floor Exercise in the areas of connections be allowed for Level 10 gymnasts. Motion- Steve Snow Second- Mark Cook PASSED
*** WOMEN'S PROGRAM COMMITTEE WILL CONDUCT A CONFERENCE C ALL CONCERNING THE J.O. COMMITTEE'S RECOMMENDATION ON THE LEVEL 10 BEAM AND FLOOR ROUTINES. Clarifications: The deduction for use of compulsory elements (0.3) will not be taken if a Level 10 gymnast performs a RO, FF, Full Twist in her optional Floor Exercise. Straddle kip over and pike jam over arc considered two different elements when counting for use of compulsory elements. Correction to the Rules and Policies: Page 48, III, A,2,c - Statement should read: All age divisions of LevelS are permitted ... Call completed at 10:35 pm.
Approved by Mike Jacki, December 5,1989 35
John Wojtczuk has resigned as Chairman of the Committee as of January 1... John was commended by everyone for his leadership and efforts on behalf of the Junior Olympic Program.
Men's Gemmittee Reports
MPC Conference Call November 20, 1989 Roll call was done by the conference operator. Members Present: Greg BuwickChairman,MPC-Senior Coaches Representative Dave Mickelson- NCAA Representative Bill Roetzheim- FIG / MTC Representative Mas Watanabe- Mens Technical Coordinator (Voice, no vote) Yoichi Tomita- Junior Coaches Representative Robert Cowan- Mens Program Administrator (MPC Secretary, voice, no vote) Members Absent: John BurkelNGJA Representative -called earlier, explained teaching conflict Athletes Advisory Council Jim HartungRepresentative-Operator error Vice President for Men Jim Howard-Operator Error Peter Kormann- Senior Coaches Representative -Operator Error Ed BurchJunior Coaches Representative -Operator Error
... the NCAA had received notification from HB U that due to the pending investigation into their program, they would decline hosting the 1990 NCAA Championships for Men . .. (The committee) awarded the meet to Minnesota pending Executive Committee approval.
decline hosting the 1990 NCAA Championships for Men. The committee reviewed all the bids which entailed a bid from HBU, Nebraska, and Minnesota and awarded the meet to Minnesota pending Executive Committee approval. Also, Mr. Mickelson stated that the NCAA is looking at the international calendar in regards to the NCAA season and championships. He needs firm dates for the 1992 and beyond World Championships in order to present a proposal to the Rules Committee. Mr. Cowan and Mr. Roetzheim commented on the "window" of tim~ in which the meets will probably fall, the rationale behind this and the 1990 FIG Congress at which the proposal and dates will be ratified. There being no further business the call was concluded. Call terminated at 1:47 p .m. EST.
The above is true and accurate to the best of my knowledge. Respectfully submitted, Robert Cowan
The call was put up at 1:30 p .m . EST and originated from the USGF office. I. Agenda Item OneApproval of qualifying scores for Winter Nationals.
Chaiman Buwick opened the call with some statistics on last year's qualifiers versus this years. Last year 47 athletes competed in qualifying meets with the 12th place score being 105.20. This year 97 athletes competed with the 12th place score being 107.20. Robert Cowan had faxed all members with fax machines the results of the qualifying meets. There were 47 athletes who had either: A. Qualified by virtue of top 24 from U.S. Nationals in Minneapolis, OR B. Scored 100.00+ in a qualifying meet. There were no petitions received. Accept the 47 athletes for the Winter Nationals with no replacements if less than 47 attend. MOTION- Bill RoetzheimSECOND- Greg Buwick MOTION- PASSED UNANIMOUSLY
II. Agenda Item Two New Business Chairman Buwick asked Mr. Mickelson if he wanted to report on the just concluded NCAA Rules Committee Conference Call. Mr. Mickelson stated that the NCAA had received notification from HBU that due to the pending investigation into their program, they would
36
Men's Team Ranking (as of December 3, 1989) Men's Senior National Team 1. Lance Ringnald 2. Conrad Voorsanger 3. Kevin Davis 4. Tim Ryan 5. Patrick Kirksey 6. Mike Racanelli 7. Chainey Umphrey 8. Tom Schlesinger 9. Jeff Lutz 10. John Roethlisberger 11. David St. Pierre 12. Scott Keswick Men's Senior Development Team 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Dan Zimpfer William Roth Bob Stelter Charles Loop Kyle Asano Chris Kabat Kerry Huston Summer Darling
JanuanJ - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Men's Minutes.---l
MPC Winter Nationals Meeting
December 2-3, 1989 Colorado Springs, Colorado
Members Present: Greg Buwick Chairman, MPC; Senior Coaches Representative John Burkel National Gymnastics Judges Assn. Representative Ed Burch Jr Coaches Representative Dave Mickelson NCAA Representative Jim Howard Vice President for Men Athletes Advisory Council Jim Hartung Representative Mas Watanabe Mens Technical Director Men's Prog. Administrator Robert Cowan (MPC Secretary, Voice, no vote) Substitute for Yoichi Tomita Dan Connelly (arriving early afternoon) Bill Meade World Championships Coach Substitute for Bill Roetzheim (Voice, no vote) Members Absent: Yoichi Tomita arriving at noon - excused Bill Roetzheim Judges Course - excused I. ROLLCALL
Chairman Greg Buwick called the meeting to order at 9:00 a.m. MST. II. APPROVAL OF MINUTES Approve minutes of Congress meeting MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Jim Howard PASSED- Unanimously
Approve minutes of Conference Call MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Peter Kormann PASSED-Unanimously
III. WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS REPORT Bill Meade, 1989 World Championships Coach had sent out a written report earlier. He reinforced the positive effect ofEd Burch and Jim Hartung and praised Mas Watanabe's game plan, especially the compulsory emphasis. Mas added that our World Team was doing the compulsories correct and that his report would emphasize the needed areas for路 improvement. Further, Mr. Meade stressed that he felt locking three was good, that taking three to a final meet was bad. Felt team of seven should be named at Championships and all 12 should train all summer and replace if necessary due to injury. IV. ROLE OF NCAA PROGRAM IN USGF Greg Buwick initiated this area of discussion and spoke about a directive he had received from Mike Jacki regarding synchronization of the NCAA and International Calendar. Dave Mickelson reported on the action of the NCAA Rules Committee on this topic. The NCAA has a workable attitude to changing the season IF there are firm dates for the World Championships beginning in 1992. Also feel they can make the necessary changes with only one year's lead time. SugTECHNIQUE January - March 1990
gested that when MPC gets dates, they make proposal to NCAA Rules Committee, which would support the change and proceed to Executive Committee. Robert Cowan asked about the possibility of Team compulsories and also the use of the CBS windfall of monies to endow Olympic Sports and also to provide grants for the start-up of new programs. More discussion about the workings of the NCAA Championships. At this point, Greg Buwick introduced the topic of the USGF National Training Center and an article which had appeared in his local paper. While the MPC has been aware of the plans for the facility, they have not addressed as a committee the role of this facility in our overall game plan. Mr. Howard feels USGF needs Sports Arena in Indianapolis, not a Training Center. Robert Cowan explained the reasons why the center was created, (Athletes statements about needing consistent place to train; problems of getting Colorado Springs; Podium storage need; emulation of other sports like volleyball) . Discussion continued about the pros and cons of the center. Concern over athletes leaving programs, both private and NCAA were mentioned. Concern over what guarantees a gymnast would have were mentioned. Greg Buwick read the MPC mission statement from the Men's Rules and Policies. The Mens Program Committee summed up their concern with the following statement: As outlined by the by-laws of the United States Gymnastics Federation, and expressed in the men's rules and policies, it is the responsibility of the men's program committee to provide and create direction for all levels of men's gymnastics in the United States. This process is best served when suggestions or directives are presented to the men's program committee for action, whether these ideas come from the general gymnastics community or the USGF National Office. The Men's Program Committee has welcomed this input in the past an demonstrated the ability to perform these leadership roles in every regard. Further, the men's program committee continues to improve and clarify their interaction with the USGF and the men's program. All aspects of men's gymnastics, including, but not restricted to: rules for competition; training programs; coaches, judges and athlete assignments; a national training center; and other areas, must be deliberated on and approved by the men's program committee. Accept Mens Program Committee Statement of Purpose MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Greg Buwick MOTION-Passed Unanimously
At this point, Chairman Buwick said it was appropriate to bring to the Committee's attention some concerns addressed to him by members of the gymnastics community regarding the Junior Technical Coordinator. After much discussion, Mr. Buwick issued the following statement: It has been brought to the attention of the Men's Program Committee that a number of procedural violations had occurred within the Junior Program. The 37
violations were initiated by or the responsibility of the Junior Technical Coordinator. The situation was directed to the Men's Program Administrator, to whom the Junior Technical Coordinator reports. The Men's Program Administrator discussed his knowledge of the situation and the action taken towards a formidable solution. This action was amenable to the men's program committee. The men's program committee reaffirmed its position that any action affecting the men's program must first and foremost receive men's program committee approval. V. TRACKING PROGRAM UPDATE Mas Watanabe explained how the program would operate and the forms would be ready by January 1. Robert Cowan stated that the forms would initiate from the office and that every National Team member (Senior, Senior Development, Junior Elite and Junior) would be included. VI.
BUDGET Robert Cowan discussed the budget preparations. Robert Cowan gave handout (see attached) and explained the Olympic Sports Properties program. This TV program which has been created by Eddie Einhorn (owner, White Sox and Bulls) and Mike Jacki could significantly increase the revenue potential of the USGF, thus making our budget possible. VII. COACHES SUPPORT PROGRAM Greg Buwick distributed a compromise document (see attached) which had been created during a meeting at Congress. Accept Coaches Support Program as outlined, effective at 1990 U.S. Nationals. MOTION-Greg Buwick SECOND-Ed Burch PASSED Unanimuusly
Jim Howard directed Robert Cowan to add additional monies by percentages outlined if they became available. VIII. MPC ADDITIONAL COMBINATION REQUIREMENTS Mas Watanabe handed out a document and explained that the USA has increased difficulty significantly but is missing SUPER "D". He said Greg Buwick and Robert Cowan had been very helpful in this area and had given much input. Based on all this: He had 3 recommendations: a) Mitigate execution deductions for original moves. b) Require SUPER "D" and deduct 0.2 from combination if not present. c) Additional landing deductions of 0.1 for compulsory and "C" dismounts. Process is for Mas to pick committee to review-disseminates material-they review and return-he collates changes and returns to committee-conference call is held for approval-then MPC has conference call to ratify. Deadline for final approval is January 16 or 17 (Committee call-Jan 15).
Adjourned for lunch-reconvened at 1 p.m. - Yoichi Tomita joined the group at this time. IX.1990 ELITE REGIONAL SITES Three bids were received (two previous, one at meeting) for the May 19-20 event. Ohio State - University of Iowa - UCLA Regionals are to be Saturday-compulsories, Sunday-optionals. All athletes are to register prior to com38
petition. All coaches and judges are to be Professional members. At least 3 programs must attend. Two judges per event who will judge U.s. Nationals are to be used . Scores are to be called to Robert Cowan on Sunday night. Competition II rules with Additional Combination requirements are to be used. Also, petitions are to be received by Robert Cowan by May 17 by 5:30 p.m. (Indy time), unless injured at Regionals and then by Monday, May 21 by 5:30 p.m. (Indy time). Accept the three sites for 1990 USGF Regionals. MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Yoichi Tomita PASSED Unanimously
X. 1990 SELECTION PROCEDURES This document, created by Robert Cowan with USOC guidelines exists for 1990 and 1991, but the 1990 document must be published for due process in the next issue of USA Gymnastics. The document had been reviewed by the Elite coaches on Friday and most changes reflected the new information on the year's activities. The committee went through the document and made changes. Accept amended Selection Procedures document with exception of Coaches Selection Procedures. MOTION-Jim Hartung SECOND-Jim Howard PASSED Unanimously
XI. CALENDAR Robert Cowan had created a large calendar for 1990, 1991 and 1992 for the MPC and typed in all major dates, as known. There had been some changes since that time and these were announced. Major dates are: USA-DDR-April 27-29; Regionals-May 19-20; U.s. Nationals-June 8-1 0; USGF Junior Olympic Nationals July 5-7; U.s. Olympic Festival-July 6-15; Goodwill GamesJuly 20-22 (men); USA-USSR meet-August 3-5; World Cup-October 19-20; Pacific Alliance-December 4-12 Adjourn for evening competition MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Greg Buwick PASSED Unanimously
Meeting adjourned at 3 p.m. Sunday, December 3 Meeting reconvened at 9 a.m. All members were present that had attended on Saturday. XII. JUDGES RANKING Greg Buwick gave background and explained purpose. By-laws empowers MPC to give direction to judges and approve who should judge USGF events. There is now an international precedent. Jim Howard explained that the Midwest Region is doing a study on evaluation of judges. Gary Alexander (a guest at the meeting) was asked to explain this procedure. He explained that the NGJA Executive Committee had approved this pilot program. Discussion ensued which included a very informative section from John Burkel who said that the NGJA has worked to provide the type of judging which the MPC and the Coaches have asked for. There is not now an evaluation system which will adequately rank judges. If the MPC wants a ranking, the NGJA will provide one, but, in the meantime, acknowledge their efforts and that they are working hard for gymnastics. Greg Buwick acknowledged their efforts and explained some of his recent experiences on the independent selection committee. One person, he said, should not control selections. Table topic until U.S. Nationals and request presentation by NGJA on pilot study.
Jamwnj - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
MOTION-Jim Howard SECOND-Dave Mickelson PASSED Unan im ou s ly
XIII. 1990 GAME PLAN Mr. Watanabe had prepared a plan, only to learn that a number of changes in the calendar had occurred. He presented a schedule (see attached) and explained that is was not quite accurate due to changes which had occurred just prior to coming to Winter Nationals. Jim Howard presented an alternate plan which encompassed the added information and date changes. Also, suggested that optional summer training be in 2 weeks blocks, with specific purpose to each block and athletes could choose which block or blocks they wished to attend. Accept proposal for Goodwill Games training and competition for July 8-23 for rank order of 1-4 form U.S. Nationals. MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Jim Howard PASSED Unanimously
Accept proposal for Olympic Festival training and competition for July 1-15. Would include compulsory competition and be for Senior Team 5-12 and Senior Development 1-4. MOTION-Jim Howard SECOND-Ed Burch PASSED Unanimously
Accept proposal for USA-USSR Training and Competition from July 23-August 5 for Senior Team, rank 1-12. MOTION-Jim Hartung SECOND-Yoichi Tomita PASSED 4-2-2
Accept proposal for summer training camp for Senior Team 1-12 from August 20-29 (or at least one day after women's camp departs), for those who wish to attend. (School Conflict). MOTION-Yoichi TomitaSECOND-Dave Mickelson PASSED 7-0-1
Accept proposalfor two week segments from July 1 to August 13 for optional camps for Senior Elite Development, Junior Elite and any other Senior Team gymnast who wishes to attend. MOTION-Jim Hartung SECOND-Yoichi Tomita PASSED Unanimously
Team '92 athletes will be mandated to participate in: Olympic Festival and training; Goodwill Games and training; USA-USSR and training. MOTION-Jim Howard SECOND-Dave Mickelson PASSED Unanimously
XIV. EVENT ASSIGNMENTS American Cup & Mixed Pairs-March 1-7 Tim Ryan, Lance Ringnald, Conrad Voorsanger, Tom Schlesinger - Alternate Kevin Davis, plus personal coaches and up to 5 judges. MOTION-Greg Buwick SECOND-Jim Howard MOTION PASSED 7-0-1
Toronto Cup-March 29-31 Lance Ringnald plus rank order starting at #2, with highest ranking personal coach and 1 judge. MOTION-Greg Buwick SECOND-Jim Hartung MOTION PASSED Unanimously
China Cup-April 27-30 Kevin Davis, Lance Ringnald plus Kevin's personal coach and 1 judge.
Cottbus-April6-8 Tom Schlesinger, Jeff Lutz, Alternate David St. Pierre, plus highest ranked personal coach and 1 judge. MOTION-Peter Kormann SECOND-Ed Burch PASSED Una nimously
Grand Prix-Rome-May 30-31 Table this event to NCAA's. MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Yoichi Tomita PASSED Unanimously
Moscow News-March 30-31 Rank order after athletes who accept Toronto Cup. MOTION-Peter Kormann SECOND-Jim Hartung PASSED Unanimously
Rotterdam Ahoy Cup-Decline due to domestic conflict. MOTION-Greg Buwick SECOND-Dave Mickelson PASSED Unanimously
US CHALLENGE-March 29-31 - Senior Team Rank order and named from USGF office. MOTION-Greg Buwick SECOND-Jim Hartung PASSED Unanimously
SWISSIDDR TRAINING AND COMPETITIONApril 29-May 5 - Seven gymnasts in rank order from Senior Elite Development Team named at 1989 US Nationals, plus two highest ranking personal coaches and two judges. MOTION-Greg Buwick SECOND-Jim Hartung PASSED Unanimously
USNDDR Dual- Senior Team from Winter Nationals, plus compulsories. Top t to optionals. Top 2 personal coaches to be in charge of team, plus personal coaches plus 2 judges. MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Jim Howard PASSED Unanimously
WORLD SPORTS FAIR - MONCADO CUPCHAMPIONS ALL - Decline these competitions due to domestic conflict. MOTION-Greg Buwick SECOND-Dave Mickelson PASSED Unanimously
XV. NATIONAL COACH/EVENT COACH SELECTION Yoichi Tomita did an excellent job outlining the criteria for a national coach (unbiased, experienced, former international athlete, contemporary international coach) Person who fits this mold is Mas Watanabe. Concensus was that National Coach concept would work if all athletes were in the same locale. NO ACTIONTAKEN. XVI. NEW BUSINESS A. Discussion about Kurt Thomas and rules for competition being same for everyone. B. Earlier announcement of MPC Meetings C. Compulsory Document Revision - minor revisions needed and possible adjustment of deductions. Adjourn MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Jim Howard PASSED Unanimously
Meeting adjourned at 2:50 pm Submitted: Robert Cowan
MOTION-Dave Mickelson SECOND-Greg Buwick PASSED Unanimously
TECHNIQUE January - March 1990
39
Men's Program
1990 Team Selection Procedures I. Qualification - us National Championships A. The 1990 US National Championships are scheduled for June 8-10, 1990 in Denver, Colorado. B. Athletes will qualify to the US Nationals from Senior Elite Regional Qualifying Meets on May 19-20, 1990 to be held at Ohio State University, University of Iowa and UCLA. Exception: Those athletes who score 114.00 combined compulsory and optional in an approved meet using Competition 1 rules or 112.00 combined compulsory and optional in an approved meet using Competition 2 rules, other than the Senior Regional Qualifying Meet(s) are automatically qualified. These Scores of 114.00 or 112.00 will reflect 60% weighting of the compulsory and a 40% weighting of the optional. The Mens Program Administrator of the United States Gymnastics Federation will certify these approved meets, such as the Big 8, Pac 10, NCAA's and others. This certification allows that Competition I rules be used prior to the Regional Meets. Competition II will be used at the Senior Regional Meets, along with the additional combination requirements of the MPC. Also, at least two nationally certified judges will be required per event. More than two club/ programs must be in attendance for the competition. All official results of qualification scores will be sent to the Mens Program Administrator. C. For compulsories in the US Nationals, there will be two sessions. The first squad of 48 will be qualified from the above qualifica tion proced ure. The second squad of 24 will be qualified from Senior Regionals; and would be under age 19 as of first day of the Nationals. If a gymnast is in the top 48 from Regionals, they would have to choose which division to enter. The squad of 48 will be divided into 8 man groups with 6 events being competed concurrently. The squad of 24 will be divided into 8 man groups with 3 events being competed concurrently. Three events will be competed in their entirety (FX, PH, SR) and then competition will begin in the remaining events. The warm-up period which precedes each session will be open. After three rounds of competition in each session, an additional open-warmup period of fifteen (15) minutes for the 48 man squad and fifteen (15) minutes for the 24 man squad will be provided. D. All-Around ranking will be determined from the compulsory-optional sessions. The compulsory exercises will be weighted 60% and the optionals 40% to determine team and ranking. There will be an individual event finals with 6 athletes per event. These athletes will advance from the combined adjusted total of compulsory and optional per event. Finals will use only the score
40
E.
F.
G.
H. I.
attained in the finals to determine the individual event champions. (New life) The Senior National Team will be the top 12 from the combined weighted compulsory and optional sessions. This group is known as the Senior National Team. Ties will not be broken. However, for advancement to the next competition, ties will be broken by the higher compulsory all around score. The Senior Eli te Developmen t Team will be comprised of up to six (6) athletes in rank order who are under age 21 and finish below 12th place, in the weighted All Around competition. Ties will not be broken. Age is determined as of first date of competition. The Junior Elite Team will be comprised of up to eight (8) athletes who compete in the 24 man squad at US Nationals. All-Around ranking as determined by the combined weighted compulsory and optional competitions will determine this team. Ties will not be broken. In case of injury, a gymnast may be petitioned on to the various National Teams, unranked, by the Mens Program Committee. Petitions to the US National Championships will be considered and should be sent to the Mens Program Administrator.
II. Qualification - U.S. Olympic Festival A. The Senior National Team in rank order beginning with athlete number five (5), named at the 1990 US National Championships will comprise 8 of the 24 athletes to compete in the 1990 US Olympic Festival in Minneapolis, Minnesota on July 6-15, 1990. The top four (4) Senior Elite Development Team members named at the 1990 US Nationals will complete the 12 Senior athletes to compete in the 1990 U.s. Olympic Festival. B. The Junior National Team ranked in competition during the Spring Training Camp in Colorado Springs from March 31-April 7, 1990 will comprise the final 12 athletes to compete in the 1990 US Olympic Festival. Ties, if occuring, will be broken. C. The two (2) Senior coaches for the Olympic Festival will be assigned in rank order from the results of the 1990 US National Championships. The two (2) Junior coaches for the Olympic Festival will be assigned in rank order from the results of the 1990 Junior Olympic Spring Camp.
III. Qualification - Pacific Alliance Championships A. The Pacific Alliance Championships Team will be selected in rank order, from the Senior Team named at the 1990 US National Championships. B. The Pacific Alliance Championships Team will consist of four (4) athletes. C. Four (4) athletes will compete in Manila, there being no alternate. The competitive order will be named by the Pacific Alliance Coaches at least
Januan) - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
twenty four (24) hours prior to the beginning of the competition. D. An athlete will only be replaced in case of serious injury. No petitions onto the Pacific Alliance Team will be accepted. E. The coaches for the Pacific Alliance will be assigned in rank order based on the results of the 1990 US National Championships. One coach plus an assistant. IV. Qualification - Goodwill Games Team A. The All-Around scores (weighted) from the US National Championships will determine the Goodwill Games Team for the 1990 Goodwill Games to be held in Seattle, Washington from July 16-August 5,1990. B. The top four (4) Senior National Team athletes in rank order will comprise the four members of the Goodwill Games Team.
C. In addition, a training experience with the Soviet Union will occur between July 23 and July 29 for the Goodwill Games Team, plus the remainder of the Senior Team. Further, a dual meet is planned for August 3-August 5 for the Goodwill Games Team with the Soviet Union. D. An athlete will only be replaced in case of serious injury. NO petitions onto the Goodwill Games Team will be accepted. E. The coaches for the Goodwill Games Team will be chosen by the Mens Program Committee. A head coach and an assistant will be chosen. V. Qualification - Other events, including various international invitations will be assigned to National Team members as outlined by the Mens Program Committee.
Committee Minutes' -'
January 14, 1989 Voting Members Mary Ann Mahoney Roe Kreutzer Marilyn Cross John Wojtczuk Linda Kardos Barnett Non Voting Members Mark Cook Kathy Kelly Sue Ammerman (absent) Jackie Fie (absent)
Women's Program Committee Conference Call parts of the routines where the gymnast is allowed to show her individual style, pose and continuity. ABC EPCC TCC JOPCC Athlete Rep Reg. 1- J.O. WPA VPforWomen USGF/ WTC Liason
Conference Call commenced at 9:00 pm. Kathy Kelly opened the Conference Call and requested that the committee review the proposals of the J.O. Committee and the Technical Committee concerning the Levell 0 /Elite Floor Exercise and Beam connections. Jackie Fie asked that Kathy relay to the committee her opinion on this matter which was to allow the Level 10 gymnast to do either the Level 10 or the Elite connections on the Balance Beam and the Floor Exercise routines. International judging emphaisis is on the major elements and connections should be viewed as those TECHNIQUE JanuanJ - March 1990
RECOMMENDATION: TosupporttheJuniorOlympic program committee's proposal to allow Level 10 athletes to perform either the connections as written in the Level 10 or as written in the Elite text for balance beam and floor exercise. Motion - John Wojtczuk Second - Roe Kreu tzer PASSED
Kathy Kelly and Connie Maloney will present a document to Marilyn Cross for final approval. The document will show the differences in the text of the Level 10/ Elite Floor Exercise and Balance Beam. This document will then be direct mailed to all Level 9 and 10 Judges, USGF State and Regional Chamiman, and NAWGJ State and Regional Directors for quick dis emmination of this information. This process should prepare all parties for the upcoming season.
Conference Call Ended 9:45 pm Approved by Mike Jacki, December 17, 1989
41
- ,.....mffn- ial Report
USGF Statements of Activity he following income statement reflects the activity of the USGF over the last Olympic quadrennium (year ended December 31). The growth of the budget mirrors the growth and the expansion of the programs supported and the level to which the USGF has become involved in gymnastics in the United States and worldwide. The most notable area of activity and the one that has undergone the most fluctuation is the membership income and expense. As many of you remember, the insurance agency of Bayly, Martin and Fay previously performed the administrative functions involved in running the membership program. The skyrocketing growth of income in this area results from the Federation undertaking all aspects of the program and recognizing membership fees at their gross value as opposed to the prior practice of realizing fees net of insurance premiums and the BMF administrative fees.
T
John Hewett USGF Controller
REVENUE AND SUPPORT: Television rights fees Gate Receipts United States Olympic Committee and Foundation Support Other event revenue National sponsorship fees Membership fees Merchandising sales Net investment income Publications revenue Restricted revenue-athlete training Foundation program grants Congress and clinics Other revenue Total Revenue and Support PROGRAM EXPENSES: Events hosted Athlete training Membership Publications Marketing and communications Merchandising Congress, clinics, safety program and sanctions Committee expenses Other Total Program Expenses ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES: Salaries Employee related expenses Travel expense Interest Relocation expenses Professional expenses Postage and freight Office expense Rent and utilities Repairs and maintenance Telephone Depreciation Insurance Other Total Administrative Expenses TOTAL EXPENSES NET INCOME
42
One other change in the membership area that dramatically affected the financial statements was the insurance "crisis" of 1986. When the insurance carriers cancelled gymnastics coverage, a large loss occurred due to the resulting price increases and changes in carriers. Those losses have since been recouped without radical adjustment of the fee structure. As the USGF moves into the next quadrennium, we will be faced with new economic challenges as well as opportunities. The Women's Program has undertaken the development of the JO Compulsory routines. The USGF will be hosting t~e World Championships in 1991 in Indianapolis. More direct financial support is being provided to more coaches and athletes than has ever been done before - and an even greater amount will be expected to be provided to more individuals in the future. The USGF looks forward to these new challenges as well as to improving and streamlining operational systems that are already in place.
1988
1987
1986
1985
$ 542,384 916,679
$ 539,938 758,053
$ 566,833 441,497
$ 345,000 453,112
627,888 882,212 985,296 3,261,510 739,228 128,046 92,757 12,575 100,000 331,079 37,018 $ 8,656,672
350,539 93,250 723,367 3,434,151 442,835 92,094 145,358 11,266 35,000 280,511 26,838 $ 6,933,200
352,844 353,866 582,437 2,613,661 407,044 115,700 120,491 34,908 35,000 203,421 43,728 $ 5,871,430
620,356 191,731 542,205 951,043 490,189 103,805 94,817 60,991 30,000 129,875 37,188 $ 4,050,312
1,484,218 678,808 2,089,639 445,587 334,055 826,627 651,216 572,157 28,323 $ 7,110,630
12,36,616 530,148 2,197,619 466,528 251 ,148 452,646 377,473 394,970 11 ,991 $ 5,919,139
1,121,064 418,578 2,293,589 420,777 313,115 426,816 261,996 308,781 46,067 $ 5,610,783
838,844 334,691 673,240 312,919 164,127 424,540 158,513 212,954 123,398 $ 3,243,226
230,127 192,393 37,142 2,745 22,055 71,092 17,412 44,445 113,535 7,705 50,955 117,226 15,236 49,892 $ 971,960
208,236 157,846 58,297 10,142 7,751 50,687 27,659 42,526 141,828 11,804 39,646 82,243 6,668 35,279 $ 880,612
168,258 129,325 46,014 16,658 951 19,833 26,662 29,058 165,183 18,058 46,354 66,840 6,714 14,878 $ 754,786
156,719 76,520 75,739 16,165 18,250 30,556 57,630 33,052 135,416 8,491 49,899 24,726 4,744 70,086 $ 757,993
$ 8.082,590
$ 6,799,751
$ 6,365,569
$ 4,001,219
$ 574,082
$133,449
($ 494,139)
$ 49,093
January - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
Magazine Supplement
Annual Index of Articles In the 1989 Official Publications of the United States Gymnastics Federation
Technique, 1989
tions, Vol. 9, #1, 1989, 25-26. (Description of the USGF fO
Boys' Strength Test! Enchun, Lu. Study of the One Arm Giant Swing. Technique, USGFPublications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 23-25. (The mechanical
ADMINISTRATIVE Jacki, Mike. Member Representatives Elected to the Board. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4,11. (Introduction of new members elected to the USGF Board of Direc-
tors). APPARATUS - EQUIPMENT Hennessy, Jeff T. Seeing is Believing: Spacial AwarenessAn Approach to Better Twisting Somersaults. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989,18-23. (This expert in
Trampoline suggests methods that might enhance training of somersaulting + twisting skills for gymnasts) Ragheb, Mohamed A. and Fortney, Virginia 1. Kinematics of Roundoff Entry Vaults by Female Olympic Gymnasts. Technique, USGFPublications, Vol. 9, #1, 1989, 10-12. (An
investigation of the kinematics of the roundoff entry vaults as performed by international gym nasts in the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles) Sands, Dr. W. A.; Cunningham, S.J.; Johnson, S.G.; Meek, S.G.; and George, Dr. G.5. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1,1989,21-23. (Discussion of the deceleration characteris-
tics of five different types of mats) Sands, Dr. W.A.; Cunningham, S.J.; Johnson, S.G.; Meek, S.G.; and George, Dr. G.5. Summary: Training Safety Devices. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1, 1989, 20. GENERAL Posner, Stephen E., The Developmental System of the Peoples' Republic of China. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1, 1989, 4-5. (Discussion of the Training Plan as formulated by the People's Republic of China in 1987) Towson, Toby. Creativity and the Philosophy of Gymnastics. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989, 10-12.
("Give your kids the best possible foundation and try to keep gJjmnastics creative and expressive as well as difficult ... ") True, Susan. Gymnastics' Importance in the P.E. Curriculum. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4,10. (Dis-
cussion of the development of the Sequential Gt{mnastics to assist promotion of gJjmnastics in P.E. curriculum). JUDGING - MEN Howard, James and Scheer, John. The Big "D" of Men's Gymnastics in the 1988 Olympics. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1 , 1989, 8-9. (Evaluation of the dismounts of
Soviet and USA gJjmnasts in the compulsory and optional team competitions according to commonly accepted international judging criteria) JUDGING - WOMEN Cross, Marilyn. USGF Vault Table. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 47. Fie,Iackie. Bonification Overview of the 19880lympicGames. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2,1989,24-25. (A chart is presented of the Bonification and Starting Values of the
Exercises in Competition lB for the 24th Olympic Games in Seou l) Judges Ratings for 1989-93 Certification. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989, 29. (A chart is presented to describe the judges rating requirements for 1989-93 vs previous
requirements) MEN - GENERAL Burch, Ed; Watson, Gene; and Golder, Kurt. Junior Olympic Boys' National Strength Test. Technique, USGF Publica-
TECHNIQUE January - March 1990
principles and techniques characteristic of this skill are presented). Mizoguchi, Hideo. Analysis of a Back Toss to Handstand. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1 , 1989, 6-7.
(Sequence analysis of the Back Toss to handstand on P. Bars with coaching tips and recommendations) Mizoguchi, Hideo. AnalYSis of a Layout Cuervo. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2,1989, 26-28. (Analysis and
sequence analysis of this vault as performed by three athletes) Mizoguchi, Hideo. New Trend in High Bar Release Moves. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 20-22.
(The following moves are sequenced and discussed: Gayylord I, Gaylord II, Deff, Winkler, Layout Tkatchov, 1/1 Twisting Layout Tkatchov, Kovacs, Xiao Ruizhi). Watanabe, Mas. Technical Points On Compulsory Skills. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 23-27.
(Compulsory Critical Skills and technical executions for: PHDismount, R-cast fwd to in locate, V-l/l twisting FHS , PB- ft uprise stutz). Watanabe, Mas. Trends In Men's Gymnastics. Technique, USGF Publica tions, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 8-11. (Includes se-
quence analysis of Gaylord Ion HB, Triple Back Somersault dismount from rings, Double Front Somersault to Upper Arm on P-Bars, and Reverse Hecht-Front Catch on HB) . Williams, Mark. Coaching Pommel Horse for Class IV's. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 20-22.
(Basic instructional methods including "circuits" are presented). MEN - COMMITTEE REPORTS JO minutes, 9/14/89 . Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 30. (Reports , Calendar, fO Nat. Bids, Cumiskey
Award, fO Program structure). MPC Conference Call, 3/21/89. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989, 39. (Western Qualifying Meet, Athlete
Assignments) MPC minutes,4/16 /89, Lincoln,Nebraska. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2,1989,40-42. (Reports, Athletes' and
Coaches' Responsibilities-Non-compliance, USA/USSR meet review, Olympic Festival Review, Summer Training Plan, Athlete assignments) MPC minutes 7/7/89, Minneapolis, MN. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 30-33 and "Addendum" 35.
(Election of Chairman, Reports, At-large Election to Board of Directors, Training Center Update, Personal Coach Support for World Championships, Soviet Exchange, Winter Nationals Format, Evaluation of Designated "0" Skills, Code of Points Workshops, Tracking Program, fr. Elite Division at Championships, New Business, Mr. facki's comments) MPC Conference Call, 8/22/89. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 28-29. (NGJA Rules Interpretation,
fudges Ranking, Minicucci petition). RHYTHMIC - GENERAL Haack, Linda M., M.A., Mental Training Programs for Rhythmic Gymnasts. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1, 1989, 15-16. (Sport PsychologJf Description of a Mental
Training progra m) Schmid, Dr. Andrea. Errata: English FIG Code of Points. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 31. Tieje, Tang. Musical Structure of Rhythmic Gymnastics. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 12-13.
(Three phases: introduction, elucidation and transition).
43
Reprints of articles may be ordered at a cost of $2,00/ article, (Use the form on page 2 of this magazine). NOTE: Due to
limited print runs, back issues of the magazines are NOT available.
RHYTHMIC - COMMITTEE REPORTS JO PC minutes, 7/23-24/89, Oklahoma City. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 33-35. (Reports, R&P
changes, Training Camps, JO Level identification, RSG restructuring, RSG Representatives). PC minutes 7/26/89, Oklahoma City. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 32. (National Re-ranking,
World Cup, Parents Policy, 1990 Group Program). SPORTS MEDICINE - RESEARCH Cornelius, Dr. Wm.L. Flexibility Misconceptions. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1,1989,18-19. ("Flexi-
bility misconceptions can result in problematic conditions and certainly reduce the potential stretching offered a gymnast) Cornelius, Dr. Wm.L. Muscle Force: The Stabilizer. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 16-17. (Dis-
cusses Muscle Force, Resultant Force, and the Stabilizing Force Component). Cornelius, Dr. Wm L. Flexibility for the Stiff Jointed Gymnast. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 8-9. (Dis-
cussion focusing on the important flexibility practices essential to the stiff jointed fSljmnast). Feigley, Dr. David A. Coping with Fear in High Level Gymnastics. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989,4-9. (Sport PsycholofSlf Discusses several types of Fear
confronting fSljmnasts and suggests coping mechanisms for the fSljlnnast and coach) Fink, Hardy. The Need for Gymnast Preparation. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 26-28. (Discussion of
"PPAKTT" factors: Physical, Psychological, Artistic, Kinesthetic, Technical, and Tactical Preparation). Goldberg, Dr. Alan. Overcoming Learning & Performance Blocks. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #3,1989,47. (Sport PsycholofSlj) Gordin, Rich; Sands, Dr. W.A. and Henschen, Dr. Keith. Junior Elite Female Gymnasts' Perceptions of Ideal vs. Actual Coaching Behavior. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1,1989,36-38. (Analysis of Junior National
Team female fSljmnas ts attending a National Training Camp) Henschen, Dr. K.P., Sands, Dr. W.A., Schultz, B.B. Psychological Demands of Women's Training. Technig~ USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 4-6. (Study to document the psychological emotional states of elite fSljlnnasts to determine if
the potential for psychological overtraining exists). Jacalyn, Robert J. How Much Sleep Is Enough? Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 14-15. (Discusses the
relationship between hours of sleep and subjects' perceived physiological responses. Found a direct correlation between sleep and performance) Jackson, Dr. Douglas W. Muscles, Bruises and Strains. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3,18-19. (Sports
WOMEN - GENERAL Sands, Dr. W.A.. U.s. Gymnastics Federation Physical Abilities Testing (girls). Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1, 1989, 27-34. (Description of the USGF Physical
Abilities Test. Article includes illustrations of each item by Jim Stephenson) Schweyer, Audrey. Women's Elite Program 1990. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 45. (Gymnasts
eligible for 1990 Classic meets). Corrections to the 1989 JO Compulsory Book. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 46. Junior Olympic Awards Program. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 12. (Description of the Awards Program to accompany the Women's Compulsory Program, 1989-92). Meet Director's Certification Procedures. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 46. WOMEN - COMMITTEE REPORTS Ad . Bd. minutes, 3/11/89, Indianapolis IN. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989,26-37. (Restructuring
the Women 's Program, Reports, Changes to the Rules and Policies, Election Procedures) Ad. Bd. minutes, 9/15/89 Philadelphia, PA. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 40. (Silver Quill,
NA WGJ Fee Structure, Regional elections). Elite Ad Hoc Committee Minutes 717/89, Minneapolis, MN. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 35.
(World Championship Team Travel Schedule, Criteria for International Coach Assignments, Calendar) Elite PC minutes, 9/14/89, Philadelphia, PA. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 38-39. (Training Camps, Am. Classic, Jr. B Program, Technical Report). JO PC Conference Call, 4/5/89. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989, 38. JO PC minutes (amended), 6/3/89, Rutgers, NJ. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2,1989,43. (Age Divisions,
Philosophy of the Dance Program) JO PC Conference Call, 8/2/89. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 36. (Compu lsory Text clarifications,
etc.) JO PC minutes, 9/14/89, Philadelphia, PA. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 37-38. (Regional
Reports, NAWGJ Fee Proposal, Elections, "dowel lock.") WPC minutes 3/12/89, Indianapolis, IN. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989, 42. 路 WPC minutes Conference Call, 3/15/89. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989, 38-39. WTC minutes, 3/3/89, Fairfax, VA. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989, 32-36. (NCAA Representa-
Medicine. Defines Bruise and Muscle Strains and discusses immediate first aid and treatment).
tives, Element Evaluations, Elite Program, Reports, Rules Addendum, Revising the JO Handbook, WTC Code of Points Workshops)
Krasner, Dr. Paul R. Knocked Out Teeth Can Be Saved. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #3, 29. (Dis-
WTC minu tes, 9/15/89, Philadel phia, P A. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 41-44. (Warm-up proposals,
cusses methods and technologies for saving "knocked-out" teeth)
Rules interpretations, Elite compulsories, FIG Report, Clarifications to the Code of Points).
Metzger, Donald. The Influence of Plyometric Training on Leg Power in Gymnasts. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #2, 1989,14-16. (Dynamic leg power is a ke1j factor in successfully executing elemen ts common to gymnastics events ...
plyometric training may produce an appreciable increase in power output) Sands, Dr. W.A., Henschen, Dr. K.P., and Schultz, Dr. B.B. National Women's Tracking Program. Technique, USGF Publications, 1989, Vol. 9, #4, 14-19. (Study to develop and
implement a means of tracking the training of elite female athletes to uncover relationships of various parameters of perfonnance). Schmid, Dr. Andrea, Concentration. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1 , 1989, 13-14. (Sport PsycholofSlf
Article discusses concentration as a vitally important skill to help rhythmic fSljmnasts perform close to their optimal performance) Wickert, Joesph and West, Dr. Kenneth. Now You See It, Now You Don' t. Technique, USGF Publications, Vol. 9, #1,1989,25-26. (Discussion of the visual system for enhance-
ment of fSljmnastics training)
44
JanuanJ - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
USA Gymnastics, 1989 EDITORIALS Jacki, Mike. The Crisis In Collegiate Sports. USA Gymnastics, Jan/Feb '89, Vol 18, #1, 4. Jacki, Mike. Preparing for 1991. USA Gymnastics, Mar/ Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 4,14. Jacki, Mike. Nissen Forced to Close: A Lesson Must Be Learned. USA Gymnastics, May / Jun '89, Vol 18, #3, 4. Jacki, Mike. Safety Counts. USA Gymnastics, Sept/Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 4. Jacki, Mike. Board of Directors Increased Representation. USA Gymnastics, Nov / Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 4. Whitlock, Steve. Women's J.O. Program. USA Gymnastics, Jul/ Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 4, 10. EVENT RESULTS David, Pauline: Day of the Child: Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. Bangerter Wins 1989 U.s. Classic. Peebles, Charles: Golden Sands Invitational. Fisher, Bob: World Sports Fair. USA Gymnastics, Sept/Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 14-15. Davidovich, Marina: Florida Sunshine State Games. Boulton, Jon: Grand Prix Of Rome. USA Gymnastics, Sept/Oct '89, Vol 18, #5,16. Eisinger, Bob: Li Jing Wins 1989 China Cup. Chencinski, Linda: French International Competition. Robinson, Don: Romanian International Tournament. The Moscow News. 1989 Junior Pacific Alliance Championships. USA Gymnastics, Jul! Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 30-31. Mahoney, Mary Ann: J.O. National Championships. 15th International Tournament of Sportive Gymnastics. Woolsey Wins at American Classic. USA Gymnastics, Jul! Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 32-33. Maloney, Connie. Belgian International Gym Masters. USA Gymnastics, Mar/ Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 43. Posner, Stephen & Witenstein, Daniel: 1989 Maccabiah Games. Burkel, John: Pan Am Cup Report. Brown, Dale: Konica Grand Prix. Jacki-Titov Summit. USA Gymnastics, Nov / Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 34-35. FEATURE ARTICLES Campbell, Dr. James J. Anabolic Steroids: Part II. USA Gymnastics, Jan/Feb '89, Vol 18, #1, 10-14. Cowan, Robert. Bad Wheels: Preventing Increased Athlete Injuries. USA Gymnastics, Mar / Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 3031. Dreams Can Come True (1989 McDonald's American Cup). USA Gymnastics, May / Jun '89, Vol 18, #3, 24-32. Feeney, Rik. How to Get a Grip on Your Rip. USA Gymnas!kยง, Nov /Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 40-42. Flip the Monkey: Feature Cartoon. USA Gymnastics, May / Jun '89, Vol 18, #3, 42-43. Gordon, Rich. How to Control the Announcer in Your Head. USA Gymnastics, Mar / Apr '89, Vol 18, # 2, 15. Gothard, Jeff. The Benefit of a Doubt. USA Gymnastics, Jul! Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 36-38. Helschein, Margi. The Benefits of Preschool Gymnastics. USA Gymnastics, Nov/ Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 44-45. Henschen, Dr. K. Positive Reinforcement Key to Success. USA Gymnastics, Jul! Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 39. Koebrich, Kenneth L. How to get a Gymnastics Scholarship to College. USA Gymnastics, Nov/ Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 1013. Komara, Patti. Business Sense. USA Gymnastics, Mar/Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 32-33. Peszek, Luan. Glasnost Reaches New Heights (Panasonic Gymnastics '88 Victory Tour). USA Gymnastics, Jan/Feb '89, Vol 18, #1, 20-22. Peszek, Luan. "A+" for the Academic Athlete. USA Gymnas!kยง, Marl Apr '89, Vo118, #2, 6,24. Peszek, Luan. The Winning Combination (1989 McDonald's International Mixed Pairs). USA Gymnastics, May / Jun '89, Vol 18, #3, 37. Polakoff, Susan, Cedar City Diary. USA Gymnastics, Jul! Aug '89, Vol 18, #4,16-17. Polakoff, Susan. Backstage Views (Panasonic Gymnastics '88 Victory Tour). USA Gymnastics, Jan/Feb '89, Vol 18, #1, 23-24.
TECHNIQUE JanuanJ - March 1990
World Championships Preview. USA Gymnastics, Sept/ Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 8-10. FEATURES - MEN'S GYMNASTICS Black, Ward. Early Start (1988 Winter Nationals). USA Gymnastics, Jan / Feb '89, Vol 18, #1, 36-38. Black, Ward. We Can Do It: Mas Watanabe - Shaping the Men's National Team . USA Gymnastics, May / Jun '89, Vol 18, #3, 12-18. Holt, Jim. 1989 NCAA Men's Gymnastics Preview. USA Gymnastics, Mar / Apr '89, Vol 18, # 2, 26-28. Peszek, Luan. Davis' Determination (Kevin Davis). USA Gymnastics, Jan / Feb '89, Vol 18, #1 , 26-27. Peszek, Luan. Academic & Athletic Excellence: Tom Schlesinger. USA Gymnastics, Mar/ Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 11-14. Peszek, Luan. Tall Wonder (Partick Kirksey) . USA Gymnas!kยง, May / Jun '89, Vol 18, #3, 38-40. Peszek, Luan. Belenky: The Soviet Surprise (1989 McDonalds Challenge: USA-USSR). USA Gymnastics, Jul! Aug '89, Vol 18, #4,12-15. Peszek, Luan . Ryan Reigns (1989 U.s. National Championships). USA Gymnastics, Sept/ Oct ' 89, Vol 18, #5,24-28. Peszek, Luan. Tim Ryan. USA Gymnastics, Sept/Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 30-32. Peszek, Luan. Ringnald Retaliates (U.s. Olympic Festival). USA Gymnastics, Sept/ Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 38-40. Polakoff, Susan. The Stabilizer: Wes Suter. USA Gymnastics, Mar/ Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 20-23. Tong Fei: World Champion is Coaching in the U.s. USA Gymnastics, Nov / Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 26-27. FEATURES - RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS Peszek, Luan. Practice Pays Off (1989 U.s. Rhythmic Gymnastics Competition). USA Gymnastics, Jul! Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 20-23. Peszek, Luan. Trial for the Tough (1989 U.s. Challenge). USA Gymnastics, Jul! Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 24-27. Peszek, Luan. Simpson Shines (U.s. Olympic Festival). USA Gymnastics, Sept/ Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 41-43. Simpson, Diane. Reflections. USA Gymnastics, Jan/Feb '89, Vol 18, #1, 9. FEATURES - WOMEN'S GYMNASTICS Mackes, Dr. Beverly E. 1989 NCAA Women's Gymnastics Preview. USA Gymnastics, Mar/ Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 2829. Meet the Top U.s. Women's Coaches: Learn the Secret to Success. USA Gymnastics, Nov / Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 20-25. Peszek, Luan. Brandy (Brandy Johnson). USA Gymnastics, Jan/Feb '89, Vol 18, #1, 16-18. Peszek, Luan. The Second Team: Women's Olympic CoachingStaff. USA Gymnastics, Jan / Feb '89, Vol 18,#1, 34-35. Peszek, Luan. Kelly Garrison-Steves: Retired, Yet Still Going Strong. USA Gymnastics, May /Jun '89, Vol 18, #3, 20-21. Peszek, Luan. The Golden Gift: Brandy Triumphs Over The Soviets (1989 McDonalds Challenge: USA-USSR). USA Gymnastics, Jul! Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 8-11. Peszek, Luan. Brandy Builds Momentum (1989 U.S. National Championships). USA Gymnastics, Sept/Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 18-23. Peszek, Luan. Zealous Zmeskal (U.s. Olympic Festival). USA Gymnastics, Sept/Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 34-37. Peszek, Luan. Phoebe Mills: A New Life, Without Gymnastics. USA Gymnastics, Nov/Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 28-31. Polakoff, Susan. An Angel in the Midst of the Desert Devils (Juliet Bangerter). USA Gymnastics, Mar / Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 16-1 8. Polakoff, Susan. Stacked with Talent (Chelle Stack). USA Gymnastics, May/Jun '89, Vol 18, #3, 34-36. - The Heat Was On (1989 Women's World Championship Team Trials). USA Gymnastics, Nov / Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 14-19. NUTRITION Engelbert-Fenton, Kathy MPH, RD. Feeding a National Team Gymnast. USA Gymnastics, Mar / Apr '89, VoI18,#2, 3637.
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Engelbert-Fenton, Kathy MPH, RD. Anatomy of a Food Label. USA Gymnastics, Nov /Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 38-39. Powers, Laura . Slim & Trim Tips. USA Gymnas tics, Jul / Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 34-35. Tveit, Patti R.D. Avoid ing the Holiday Pud gies! USA Gymnastics, Nov / Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 7. REPORTS 1989 Men's Artistic Gymnastics Team Selection Procedures - Championships of the USA, Olympic Festival, World University Games, World Championship Team. USA Gymnastics, Jan /Feb '89, Vol 18, #1, 30-31. 1989 Rhythmic Gymnastics Qualifying and Selection Procedure - National Championships, Na tional Team, World Championships. USA Gymnastics, Jan /Feb '89, Vol 18, #1 , 32-33. 1989 Women's Artistic Gymnastics Team Selection Procedures -':"1989 World Championships, 1989 World University Games. USA Gymnastics, Jan / Feb '89, Vol 18, #1 , 2829. Kenney, Rich. 1989 USGF Congress. USA Gymnastics, Nov / Dec '89, Vol 18, #6, 31-32. Starek, Joanna. 1989 NCAA Women's Gymnas tics Championships. USA Gymnastics, Jul/ Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 41-43. Suter, Wes. Fighting Illini Vault to NCAA Title! USA Gymnastics, Jul/ Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 40-41. U.s. Championships: Mills & Hayden attempt to defend their 1988 titles. USA Gymnastics, May / Jun '89, Vol 18, #3, 6. Whitlock, S. & Holt, T. New JO Program Informa tion, USA Gymnastics, Sept/ Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 11. UPDATES Arends, John. Gymnastics Hall of Fame. USA Gymnastics, Sept/Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 6.
East Stroudsburg Universi ty. City of Hope Competition. Thiasis Rhythmic Tournament. Bill Meade Receives Frank Cumiskey Award. USA Gymnastics, May IJun '89, Vo118, #3, 22-23. Gymnastics Loses a Great Friend: George Lewis. Hayashi Receives Award. Record Year fo r USGF Membership. World Maccabiah Garnes. Grace, Cheryl: International Tournament of Cottbus. USA Gymnastics, Jul / Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 28-19. Gymnastics Summer Camp Directory. USA Gymnastics, Mar / Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 38-39. Junior Olympic Awards Program. USA Gymnas tics, Jul / Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 45. Liddick, Peggy: Consistency Key to Success. Inspiration Award. Jim Stephenson-Technical Art Expertise. First Jr. Olympic Training Camp. DeCristoforo, Maria: Barcelona, Spain. Elite Compulsory Premier. Peszek, Luan. New Year's "Gymsolutions." USA Gymnas!kยง, Jan / Feb '89, Vol 18, #1 , 6. Peszek, Luan. Summer Camp Fun. USA Gymnastics, Jul/ Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 6. Peszek, Luan. Nissen Award Winner David Zeddies. USA Gymnastics, Jul / Aug '89, Vol 18, #4, 18-1 9. Peszek, Luan. What's USGF Congress? USA Gymnastics, Nov / Dec '89, Vol 18, #6,6. Product Update. USA Gymnastics, Jan /Feb '89, Vol 18, #1 , 40-41. (Alpha Factor's New Catalog. A New Novel For/About Young Gymnasts. Flip the Monkey). Product Update. USA Gymnastics, Mar / Apr '89, Vol 18, # 2, 44. (O lympic Gymnastics Video. Elite/Gym-Kin Competition Shorts. USGF 1989-92 Dance Video). Product Update. USA Gymnastics, Sept/ Oct '89, Vol 18, #5, 12. (Gymnastufi, Alpha Factor Catalog). Whitlock, Steve. USGF Senior Training Camp. USA Gymnastics, Mar/ Apr '89, Vol 18, #2, 40-42.
1990 Womens National Coaching-Judging Symposium DATES : May 17-20, 1990 SITE: Saginaw, MI (the Symposium will be conducted in conjunction with the Women's u.s. Classic competition).
COST: 1. Coaches of Classic qualified athletes $40.00 2. Brevet Judges (and / or assigned to judge the Classic) $40.00 3. Other coaches / judges $60.00 NOTE : additional $10.00 discoun t if a registered USGF Pro member.
DESCRIPTION: Sessions will be conducted over the course of the U.S. Classic competition. On competition days, the symposium sessions will be scheduled so as not to conflict with the actual meet times. On Sunday, there will be a full day of symposium presentations. The Symposium is offered for the high performance level coaches and judges (Levels 8 - Elite) . While many sessions will be applicable for both coaches and judges, there will be several separate sessions. The Women's Technical Committee (WTC) will be responsible for the judges presentations. Other staff will include National Team Coaches, USGF Educational Staff and guest presenters. The goal of the Symposium is to provide participants with information in the following areas: a. International Compulsory Exercises - Informative and Technical b. Trends in International optional performance. c. New contributitions and implications for training high performance athletes from the Sport Sciences. d. USGF Safety Certification course for National Team coaches and judges. For Coaches a. Managing the athlete's workout for greater efficiency. b. Conditioning factors in elite gymnastics. c. Recent research findings relative to the high performance level athlete. For Judgesa. Review of the new Technical Supplement. b. Practical judging sessions - compulsory exercises c. Compulsory/Optional for J.O. and Elite
U.S. Gymnastics Federation Women's Program
More information will be available in the next issue of Technique magazine OR write to US GF Dept. of Educational Services for more details.
46
JanuanJ - March 1990 TECHNIQUE
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TO : FROM : SUBJECT: DATE :
United States Gymnastics Federation Pan AmrmOin PIal .. Sui!c.'\OO 201 S r~ri\(.! A\rnoc lool:ilIJI...l l~. IN ~b? ~~
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USGF Membership Mike Jacki Membership Statement; South Africa July 16, 1989
1
PLEASE FIND THE ENCLOSED DOCUMENT THAT WAS APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE UNITED STATES GYMNASTICS FEDERATION AT THE BOARD MEETING THAT TOOK PLACE IN INDIANAPOLIS ON JUNE 10TH AND 11TH, 1989. PLEASE CONTACT THE FEDERATION EXECUTIVE OFFICES IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS THANK YOU!
THE UNITED STATES GYMNASTICS FEDERATION Membership in the United States Gymnastics Federation (IUSGF) is a privilege granted by USGF. That privilege can be withdrawn by USGF at any time where a member's conduct is determined to be inconsistent with the best interest of the sport of gymnastics of the athletes we are servicing. "MEMBERSHIP STATEMENT" Therefore:
The USGF shall censure any coach, athlete, or judge who selects to participate in any gymnastics event or activity with South Africa. A censure shall be effective as of July 15, 1989, and include right of membership and future participation in any USGF event.
To: National Olympic Committees Olympic International Federations Recognized International Federations
Lausanne , November 6th, 1989 Ref. No. C/F/147/89/bog
Re: Apartheid and Olympism Dear Sirs : During its meeting held in Puerto Rico on 27th, 28th and 29th August 1989, the I.O.C. Executive Board has reasserted its position regarding the policy of apartheid in sport. It has thus adopted the recommendation of the IOC Commission for Apartheid and Olympism meeting on the 26th and 27th August not to admit for the olympic competition in Barcelona in 1992 those athletes having participated in sports competitions in South Africa from September 1st. 1989 onwards, I would be grateful of NOC's take the necessary measures. Thanking you in advance for your taking good note of these decisions, I remain, Sincerely yours,
r
I~ARD Director General
TECHNIQUE January - March 1990
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Hon.PltllitOrglniution
u.s . Postage
PAID Permit No. 7867 Indianapolis. Ind.
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.
SAFETY CERTIFICATION TESTING Sunday, January 7, 1990 Madison, Wisconsin - 9:00am-5:00pm Madtown Twisters 7035 Old Sauk Rd. Madison, WI 53717 Course Director: Ralph Druecke - (414) 782-3430 Course Contact: Charles Cotter - (608) 831-2000 This course will be conducted in conjunction with the WIG A Coaches Clinic. Sunday, January 21, 1990 South Plainfield, New Jersey - 1O:00am-5:00pm 2700 South Clinton Ave. South Plainfield, NJ Course Director: Cathy Finkel- (201) 865-6632 Friday, January 26,1990 Farmington Hills, Michigan - 9:00 am-4:30 pm Farmington Gymnnastics Center - (313) 478-6130 23905 Freeway Park Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48024 Course Director: David Kuzara - (313) 478-6130 Saturday, February 3, 1990 Indianapolis, IN - 9:00am-5:00pm US Gymnastics Federation Office Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S. Capitol Ave. Indianapolis, IN 46225 Course Director: Robert Cowan (317) 237-5050 PLEASE NOTE All of the above courses are being carried out according to the second cycle of the USGF Safety Certification program. They will be based on the new manual - USGF Gymnastics Safety Manual, 2nd Edition, and the new test will be utilized.
Everyone Needs To Be Safety Certified L Promotes a safer teaching/learning environment 2. Reduces insurance premiums. 3. Identifies your commitment to your profession, your sport and your athletes. 4. Implementation of stricter safety practices will help reduce the chances of accidents and / or injuries. 5. Helps in membership recruitment
10
General Points of Information 1. The text book for the Certification Course is the USGF GYMNASTICS SAFETY MANUAL This text / reference manual is to be purchased and studied prior to course participation. 2. The course will take approximately six hours, including the test 3. The Course fee is $100.00 (retest cost is $25.00). 4. Certification is good for four years.
r------------------------, Participation Registration Form Name: MrJ MrsJ Ms . _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _Soc. Sec. # _ _ _ _ _ __ Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ City:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ,State: _ _ _ _ __ Zip_ __ Telephone: (H) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(B) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Course Director: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Course Location:
Date: _ _ _ __
Organization Represented: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __
If USGP Member, List Type and Number_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ Form of Payment: D Check D Visa 0 Mastercard Name on Card: _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ Number: _ _ _ _ __ __ _ Expiration Date: _ _ _ __ Signature: _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Please make checks payable in full to USGF SAFETY CERTIFICATION Mail Registration Form and Payment to Respective Course Contact DO NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE â&#x20AC;˘ FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
USGP Department of Safety Pan American Plaza, Suite 300 201 S . Capitol Ave. Indianapolis, IN 46225
(317) 237-5050
Registration Form Received: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
L ________________________ Confirmation Mailed: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
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