Voice in Pavilion - Proposal for Digital Fabrication Lab Pavilion 2018

Voice in Pavilion 2018 T ADS

VOICE In PAVILION T_ADS, the University of Tokyo Obuchi Lab ANRAN WANG, YUQING SHI, YUXI ZHU July, 2018

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Voice in Pavilion 2018

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Voice in Pavilion 2018 T ADS

Prof. Yusuke Obuchi (Obuchi Lab) Anran Wang

Yuqing Shi

Yuxi Zhu

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Voice in Pavilion 2018

Part 1 // BACKGROUND RESEARCH //

lab research background and human perception of space

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// RESEARCH BACKGROUND / PREVIOUS RESEARCH / Our lab has been working on the integration of digital technologies and construction processes be used for expressing personal potentials and capabilities through the creation of new architectural practices as well as novel aesthetics.

Over the last five years, we have explored deeply into the following five human factors and created five pavilions.

- human strength (arm strength) - the shape of hugs (human interactions) - human motion and movement - human visual abilities - human sound perceptions

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Figure 1. Computational Clay, 2016

Figure 2. Computational Hug, 2016

Figure 3. TOCA (TOOL OPERATED CHOREOGRAPHED ARCHITECTURE), 2015 5

Voice in Pavilion 2018

For the past a few years, our lab has been utilizing newly-developed feedback system to guide and support people who are involved in construction to minimize human error and present their maximum potentials. The construction process involved a huge database of human potentials, and the guidance system served as a method of hydration of human behaviour, human senses and human perception into actual construction processes.

Figure 4. STIK (SMART TOOL INTEGRATED KONSTRUCTION), 2014

Figure 5. PAFF (PROJECTILE ACOUSTIC FIBRE FOREST), 2017

/ HUMAN SENSES AND SPACE PERCEPTION / Humans have five basic senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Humans have five basic senses: touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste. The sensing organs associated with each sense send information to the brain to help us understand and perceive the world around us.

However, other than these five senses, there are still a number of ways for people to perceive surrounding environment and numbers of human features that could be applied into construction.

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Figure 7. ORIENS, an audiovisual installation that throws the audience into an atom/blackhole beyond human perception, JUL 15 – SEP 16 2017, Today Art Museum, Beijing, CHINA

Listed here is some human features and several ways of human perception of space: - Sight - Smell - Hearing - Touch - Taste - Pressure - Itch - Temperature - Pain - Thirst

- Direction - Voice - Muscle tension - Proprioception (the ability to tell where your body parts are, relative to other body parts) - Equilibrioception (the ability to keep your balance and sense body movement in terms of acceleration and directional changes) - Stretch Receptors (These are found in such places as the lungs, bladder, stomach, blood vessels, and the gastrointestinal tract.) ...

Amongst various human factors, we chose human voice as our input because human voice together with our complexed language system is the prominent difference human have against other animals.

Then we conducted a series of background research and various experiments concerning each individual’s vocal abilities, potentials, and limits.

Figure 8. Human vocal soundwave image

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/ HUMAN VOICE /

Figure 9. A labeled anatomical diagram of the vocal folds or cords. And human voice and sound wave image.

/ What makes us human different from animals? / Complexed language system expressed through human voice is what makes us different from animals.

According to former studies, each person has his or her own vocal feature, and out voice frequency as a species has certain domains.

1. Each person has his own vocal feature due to the vocal folds (differences in larynx size) Adult men and women typically have different sizes of vocal fold.

Men: 17mm - 25mm Women: 12.5 mm - 17.5 mm 2. nterchangeability - Certain animal communications can only be used by one gender of that animal; 3. Humans acquire language culturally, words must be learned, whereas the way that animals communicate are biological, or inborn; 4. The human voice frequency is specifically a part of human sound production in which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are the primary sound source.

/ HUMAN VOICE PITCH / / HUMAN VOICE PITCH / Average pitch

Pitch range

Pitch perception

Pitch accuracy

Figure 10. Four main factors of human voice pitch

Amongst various factors of human voice, we chose human voice pitch as our research subject. Voice pitch can be divided into the following main aspects: - Average pitch, which we measured by collecting participants talking voice; - Pitch range, which is the result of subtraction of each individual’s highest pitch and lowest pitch; - Pitch perception, which represents how each individual perceive a certain pitch frequency; - Pitch accuracy, which indicate an individual’s ability to accurately sing out the pitch they perceived.

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Our project is to transfer human vocal abilities into a construction proposal, which we decided to achieve by panel units featuring each person’s vocal abilities.

We first did pitch test to reveal each person’s average pitch, and apply them into each individual panel’s pattern and diameter.

The pattern of each panel would be defined by cymatic pattern of each person’s average pitch And the panel diameter would be visualized according to their pitch range.

Voice in Pavilion 2018

/ EXPERIMENTS AND VISULIZATION OF HUMAN VOICE /

/ CONSTRUCTION PROPOSAL / Panel unit based construction pitch accuracy test

pitch test

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/ Cymatics /

/ Range function /

/ Panel Accuracy Analysis / ↓ / Angle function /

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/ Panel Diameter Visualization /

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/ Panel Pattern Visualization /

Figure 11. Construction proposal and its relationship with pitch experiments.

/ VOICE PITCH TEST / For our vocal pitch test, we used Voice Pitch Analyzer application in order to give results of each individual's average pitch as well as their pitch range.

Figure 11. Voice pitch analyzer application.

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Figure 12. Participants are provided with a reading sample to read for one minute.

Figure 13. After reading, the application instantly provide the range and average pitch of the participant.

// HUMAN VOICE PITCH TEST RESULT //

Figure 14. Human voice pitch test result revealing each indivisual's average pitch and pitch range.

Here is our average pitch test result: Each person has his/her own average frequency and for one person, the difference between lowest pitch and highest pitch tends to maintain the same.

For example, for Sissi, her average pitch range is 78Hz, while Anran's is 106Hz. As for average pitch, although Anran is a female, her average pitch 156Hz is in the average male range, while Rachel's average pitch is around 200Hz, which is an average female pitch range.

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/ PITCH ACCURACY TEST /

Figure 15. After reading, the application instantly provide the range and average pitch of the participant.

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The pitch accuracy test aims to use panel accuracy analysis to get an angle function for subsequent pavilion construction. Each one has different ability concerning the acoustic perception and finding the corresponding key. Therefore, in pitch accuracy test, we deployed these two applications and our intention was to reveal each person’s difference concerning acoustic pitch perception and finding the corresponding key by singing it out loud.

// TEST STANDARD //

Deviation: Left-Red-Low; Right-Green-High Frequency

Figure 16. Image and visualization of test standard.

For accuracy test subject, we chose five typical pitches for human singing voice, which are around 200 Hz, 300 Hz, 400 Hz and 500 Hz. And in order to get corresponding keys so that the participants would find them easier, we adjusted the five pitch to the following similar pitches: 196 Hz, 311 Hz, 398 Hz, 494 Hz and 588 Hz, each of which corresponds to one key, G, D#, G, B and D. As we can tell from the visualization of human voice accuracy from application interface, the bar at the bottom with a center white button can indicate whether the pitch sung by the participant is lower or higher than the standard in the form of a bar in either red or green color.

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// HUMAN VOICE PITCH ACCURACY TEST IMAGES //

Figure 17. Actual test images of each indivisual's pitch accuracy on the pitch of 300 Hz.

Figure 18. Actual test images of each indivisual's pitch accuracy on the pitch of 400 Hz.

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// TEST RESULT AND ANALYSIS //

Figure 19. One participant's test results with meaning of lower than the target pitch, accurate pitch and higher than the target key from left to right respectively.

This is the visualization of part of one participant's test results of one participant, presenting three situations of lower, higher and accurate results, respectively in 400 Hz, 300 Hz and 200 Hz pitch test.

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Frequency (Hz)

Table 1. Pitch accuracy test results

Figure 20. Visualized graphic result of pitch accuracy test.

Test number

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// VISUALIZATION OF HUMAN VOICE / CYMATICS / Our panel design is originated from the concept of cymatics, which stands for "wave" in Greek. According its theory, membrane will vibrate due to sound wave created by the speaker underneath. If small particles are spread on that membrane, they will vibrate together with the plane holder but in different degrees. Particles moving in various displacements lead to the formation of a typical pattern related to specific plate/ membrane diameter and frequency of sound source. In other words, different patterns will emerge in the excitatory medium depending on the geometry of the plate and the driving frequency.

Therefore, to obtain unique patterns for this pavilion project, we did our own experiment with a basin in medium size, plastic wrap, a speaker as well as some garden soil. The installation of equipment and experiment particles can be shown in the following figures.

Figure 21. Cymatic sample experiment equipment and material distribution process.

The vibrating divice is made of a metal bowl, a speaker inside, a plastic membrane and for vibration particles, we chose vermiculite. The diameter of the circular plastic membrane is measured to be 29.5 cm, which will regulate out largest panel size.

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The frequency of human speech voice is said to be between 85 Hz to 180 Hz for male adults and between 165 Hz to 255 Hz for females. In addition, considering normal situations where children tend to have speech voice in higher frequencies, the testing frequency is set to vary from 90 Hz to 250 Hz with 10 Hz as interval increment. From 250 Hz to 500 Hz, the increment step is set to be 50 Hz. The test results of pattern study is present as comparisons between photos and corresponding extracted diagrams.

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110 Hz

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180 Hz

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90 Hz

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/ CYMATIC PATTERN STUDY /

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Figure 22. Pattern extraction based on cymatic sample experiment results (A)

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190 Hz

200 Hz

210 Hz

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230 Hz

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400 Hz

450 Hz

500 Hz

Figure 23. Pattern extraction based on cymatic sample experiment results (B)

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Part 2 // DESIGN PROPOSAL // design scenario and proposal logic

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// DESIGN SCENARIO / HUMAN INPUT AND VOCAL ABILITY VISULIZATION/ Each participant's voice will be tested and used in two categories - average pitch and pitch accuracy.

Average Pitch

Pitch Accuracy Figure 24. Personalized vocal input

Figure 25. Average pitch data

Figure 28. Pitch accuracy data Higher than target pitch Horizontal Diameter > 300mm

vertical diameter 300mm

Figure 26. Cymatic patterns

Accurate pitch Horizontal diameter = 300 mm

Figure 27. Panel heights (gray) and panel diameter (blue).

Lower than target pitch Horizontal Diameter < 300mm

Figure 29. Horizontal diameter definition

For average pitch, the participant will be asked to read a paragraph of their own choice using their normal reading tone. The voice will be recorded and the average pitch of the reading voice will be extracted and played through a speaker to generate a certain cymatic pattern.

For pitch accuracy, the participant will be asked to listen to 5 different notes one by one and try to sing each note for 3 times as accurate as possible. If the overall accuracy is higher than the target pitch, they will generate a panel with a horizontal diameter bigger than 30 cm. If lower, the horizontal diameter will be smaller than 30 cm. If they sing all the pitch accurate, the horizontal diameter will be 30 cm.

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/ PANEL ASSEMBLY / // PLAN DISTRIBUTION // The participants will be asked to sing five pitches approximately ranging from 200Hz to 600Hz. Based on that, the whole structure will be divided into 5 sections and all data will fit into these sections accordingly.

200Hz deviation panels

600Hz deviation panels .

300Hz deviation panels

500Hz deviation panels

400Hz deviation panels

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Figure 30. Panel distribution in five sections.

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// HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION // The outer corners of the star shape will be elevated and the inner corners will be fixed on the ground.

For each section, the height distribution of the panels will be decided by each participant’s average pitch. Resulted from the reading test, the higher the average pitch, the higher the panel will be in each section. The hight distribution will be the same for each section because each participant will have only one average pitch data.

Figure 31. Participant's test result and geometry parameters.

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300Hz pitch accuracy peak

Priya: 233 Hz Ru: 207 Hz

Rachel: 198 Hz

Sissi: 185 Hz Anran: 158Hz

Miki: 119 Hz

Figure 32. Panel height distribution based on average pitch of participants.

// PARTIAL ASSEMBLY // 200Hz deviation panels

600Hz deviation panels .

500Hz deviation panels

300Hz deviation panels

For full-scale mockup, we selected 14 panels from the connecting part of 300Hz and 400Hz, including 7 participant's average pitch data and pitch accuracy data.

400Hz deviation panels

Figure 33. Selected part for actual construction applying structual optimization and feedback system.

panel heights (average pitch) Figure 34. Panel height distribution and panel diameter.

panel oval diameter (pitch accuracy)

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Part 3 // GEOMETRY AND STRUCTURE //

visual geometry design proposal and balancing structure

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// GEOMETRY PROPOSAL / RING OF THE SOUND WAVE / We extracted the main geometry feature from sound wave which is the wave shape and added a spacial feature of joining a piece of the wave into a ring to form our base geometry.

Figure 35. Inspirations from human sound wave.

Figure 36. Sound ring motif extraction and distribution.

Figure 37. Sound ring motif formation.

Because our deviation test is based on five typical pitch accuracy, we intended to form five peaks for our geometry.

Figure 38. Final geometry proposal.

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/ STRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION / // RULE 1: CLOSED CURVE // The first rule for geometry and joint optmization is to form a closed curve, which means that the last panel assembled must be within the reaching range of the last edge panel.

Figure 39. Constructing a closed curve geometry.

// RULE 2: BALANCING STRUCTURE // Tâ&#x20AC;&#x2030; â&#x20AC;&#x2030;ADS

target geometry (when panel diameters are the same)

gravity ceter

new target geometry (when panel diameters incorporate accuracy data)

Move smaller (lighter) panels further to balance

Larger diameter heavy panels

While the height of each panel (based on participants' average pitch) remain unchanged.

gravity ceter

gravity ceter

Figure 40. Balancing system to keep the gravity center unchanged during construction.

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// RULE 3: OPTIMIZED JOINT // Joints between panels will be guided as well. Although the joints will not be scanned, the length, angle, and placement of the joints will be changed based on the scanning of the panels. After scanning the center point of one panel, the system will tell us the placement and height of the next panel, as well as where to put the joints, how long will the following joints be, and in what angle.

Figure 41. Labeled panels with joint model.

Figure 42. Digitally fabricated joints.

Figure 43. Joint labeling and parameters.

Figure 42. Digitally fabricated joints.

Figure 43. Joint labeling and parameters.

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// SITE / SITE MAP / Figure 44. Site map of the plaza in front of the No. 1 Engineering Building in the University of Tokyo Hongo Campus.

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Under the research pavilion we develop every year, we chose the same site in front of the No. 1 Engineering Building in the University of Tokyo Hongo Campus. And the size of our pavilion is approximately 10 meters by 10 meters. This site is also just in front of the symbolic ginko tree which whose presence would be taken into account in our geometry design.

Figure 45 . Bird view of the site and surorunding environment

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// SITE PLAN

Figure 46. 1:1000 site plan of VIP pavilion proposal

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/ RENDERINGS /

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// GEOMETRY

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Figure 47. Birdview of geometry located on site.

Figure 48. People's view of geometry located on site.

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Figure 49. People's view of geometry located on site.

/ VIEWS /

Figure 50. Front view.

Figure 51. Side view.

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Part 4 // FABRICATION SYSTEM //

feedback system and optimization in panel making and assembly

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// M ATERIALS AND TOOLS / MATERIAL / The three basic material for constructing this pavilion will be acrylic, translucent glue, and vermiculite.

The panels will be made out of acrylic boards. Acrylic is a water proof material which will not deform under the rain. It is also rigid enough to function as joints. Because of the smooth surface, acrylic can be easily attached with adhesive materials. In addition, it will have a special optical effect under the sunlight and it is easy to manipulate.

Since one of our goals is to make the pavilion transparent at some point, the adhesive material will be translucent/transparent glue.

During the panel making process, vermiculite will be used as the vibrating particles because the weight is light enough to vibrate on a clear wrap when receiving a sound source by the speaker underneath.

Figure 52. Acrylic

Figure 53. Translucent Glue

Figure 54. Vermiculite

/ MATERIAL TEST /

Figure 55.

Translucent Glue

Figure 56. Apply to Acrylic Board

Figure 57.

Add Vermiculite

Figure 58.

Vermiculite Attached to Acrylic Board

For material test, we've tried to see if the vermiculite patterns could adhere to the acrylic board successfully. At the beginning, transparent glue was applied to the acrylic board. After apply the glue evenly, a small amount of vermiculite was poured onto the glue. This step is for material test only. In real construction, an acrylic panel with glue will be put on top of the surface containing the vermiculite pattern. After pouring the vermiculite, the acrylic board was lifted up. The vermiculite particles was glued to the surface successfully. Meaning these materials could be used in real construction.

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/ TOOLS / The main equipment for construction process in terms of guidance and feedback step is achieved by using HTC Vive device, which consists of lighthouse, headset and controller. This is a typical set of device popular nowadays in the field of VR (Virtual Reality). It gives aid for our project by localizing the real objects in the Rhino file with the help of a series of plug-ins and softwares. With the real construction data, that is, the centroid of the panels inputting into the script prepared, the updated geometry can be produced with exact coordinates as well as joints connecting adjacent panels.

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Figure 59. HTC Vive VR device

Figure 60. HTC Vive controller

Figure 61. Corresponding script for modified controller

In order to increase the accuracy of guiding and scanning process, the controller is further modified based on what we have learned from last workshop. A stick is attached to its handle to have better and easier access to the point where we want to get. Corresponding to this target, a special version of the script for the controller is made as shown in the figure.

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// PANEL FABRICATION / PARTIAL ONE TO ONE MODEL PANEL / For partial 1:1 fabrication model, we chose the deviation data from two of the five accuracy test results, which are 300 Hz and 400 Hz, which means each participant has two panels with their own cymatic patterns and accuracy deviation as oval diameter.

Figure 62. Sissi, whose average pitch based on test result is 185 Hz, and according to her perception, she sang the pitch of 185 Hz to cymatically form her panel pattern.

Figure 63. Sissi's panel making process with the size from her 400 Hz deviation data.

Figure 64. Sissi's panel making process with the size from her 300 Hz deviation data.

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Figure 65. Sissi's two panels with her cymatic data and 400 Hz deviation data (left) and 300 Hz deviation data (right).

/ PANEL CYMATIC PATTERNS / For partial 1:1 fabrication model, we tried to make 14 panels from 7 participant's data, and the following is part of their panels and patterns except Sissi's.

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Figure 66.

Anran's panel.

(Average pitch 156 Hz)

Figure 67.

Miki's panel.

(Average pitch 119 Hz)

Figure 68.

Priya's panel.

(Average pitch 233 Hz)

Figure 69.

Rachel's panel.

(Average pitch 198 Hz)

Figure 70. Ru's panel. (Average pitch 207 Hz)

Figure 71.

Sherlin's panel.

(Average pitch 182 Hz)

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// PANEL ASSEMBLY / HUMAN INPUT ON SITE / In order to generate the target geometry in accordance to the logic we designed, we have to collect participants' speech voice frequency in advance by using the pitch analyzer application mentioned.

Each participant is expected to say a sentence predetermined with their normal voice.

Then all the frequencies and resulting panel diameters are supposed to be arranged in sequence and distributed accordingly, where heavier panels are placed in lower region or ground level , while lighter // DESIGN PROPOSAL panels are installed at much higher level. / PERSONALIZED PANEL MAKING /

PROPOSAL STEP 1: INPUT Normal talking voice of each person

D PANEL MAKING /

PROPOSAL s average pitch and pitch range ROPOSAL

D PANEL MAKING / PANEL MAKING /

s average pitch and pitch range average pitch and pitch range

average pitch

pitch range

key

average pitch pitch range Figure 72.

Human input database colletion process average pitch pitch range

According to the experiment results, with plastic wrapper in 29.5 cm diameter, garden soil particles will vibrate in different ways but regularly, producing panels with specific patterns corresponding to each frequency. Consequently, each participant will have their own panel by playing their voice to vibrate the garden soil. The panel with decided diameter will be painted with glue and then put on the membrane to make the formed particle pattern attached to the panel. Subsequently, the panel will be installed under sound guidance.

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/ FEEDBACK SYSTEM¡ /

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Figure 73. Ideal gravity center indicated by red dot

Due to site and time limitation as well as according to the requirement, only a portion of the entire design is expected to be produced but it shall be in full-scale. A concave shape between the part of 300 Hz and 400 Hz is taken for the construction procedure.

The height of each panel is defined by the results of sound pitch test, with higher one installed at higher place, while panel by lower voice is placed lower. In order to produce a free standing structure, we rotate one "wing" of the original portion extracted from the target geometry to twist it in the opposite direction. Therefore, in the top view, the new geometry would be linearly presented. In addition, by taking proportion of each kind of panel into consideration, the idealized equalized panel interval will be either increased or reduced.

Here, the side bearing larger proportion will be set as standard reference for calculating new reasonable panel interval for the other side, because lighter panel needs to be hung further to balance the overall structure. The gravity center is supposed to be maintained at the geometric center of the middle four panels, which is can be indicated as the red dot in the figures above. With constructed panel information input, that is, the center of the circle or ellipse, the position of the panel in the opposite side can be given in the rhino file achieved by grasshopper script.

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// PANEL ASSEMBLY

Figure 74. Drilling holes according to joint optimization system.

Figure 75. Guiding, placing and scanning the first four panels.

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Figure 76. Scanning and baking the second panel using Vive Tracker

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Figure 77. Assembly, canning and baking the third panel using Vive Tracker

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Figure 78. Joint assembly of the third and fourth panel.

Figure 79. Assemblying Anran's 300 Hz accuracy panel.

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// STRUCTURE AND OPTIMIZATION

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Figure 81. New geometry generated by inputting 1st data

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Figure 80. Scanning and baking the fourth panel using Vive Tracker.

Dark gray - constructed panel; Light gray - panel to be constructed; Red - calculated new panel; Pink - rest updated new panels

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Figure 82. Assembly and scan process of Anran's 400 Hz accuracy panel.

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// STRUCTURE AND OPTIMIZATION

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Figure 83. Scanning of the second layer (Sissi's 300 Hz accuracy panel).

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Figure 84. New geometry generated by inputting 2nd data

Dark gray - constructed panel; Light gray - panel to be constructed; Red - calculated new panel; Pink - rest updated new panels

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Figure 85. Assembly of second layer Sissi's 300 Hz accuracy panel.

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Figure 86. Comparison of the Final geometry and initial target geometry.

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/ STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT /

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The panel assembly process is completed with our guiding and feedback system. We started the process from bottom to top and from inner to outer side by side.

The system will tell us the angle as well as the length of the joints one by one in order to achieve the overall balance and to keep the gravity of the whole structure at the center. At first, the placement of the panel was guided by the system. After placing the panel and the connecting joints, the second panel will be assembled. The center point of the second panel will then be scanned and baked. Due to human error, the following panels will not be placed at the exact positions as the digital plan. The new scanned center point will be sent to the system and a new balancing geometry will be generated. Overall, the panels of this structure will be guided and assembled one by one. The final geometry could be very different from the initial digital geometry.

Figure87. Overall structural development by inputing scanned data and corresponding calculation

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Figure 88. Feedback and optimization loop of VIP project

Voice in Pavilion 2018

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Voice in Pavilion 2018

Editors: Anran Wang Yuqing Shi Yuxi Zhu

Book Edition Design: Voice in Pavilion

© 2018 Obuchi Lab, T

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Japan

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Printed in Tokyo 2018

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