Beehive History, Volume 6, 1980 by Utah Historical Society

BEEHIVE HISTORY

Living and Working in Utah

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BY THOMAS J. ZElOtER

Being sick in the Old West was not a pleasant way to spend your time. In fact, it was much easier to be a doctor than a patient. Quite often a doctor was simply anyone who announmd he was a doctor and had people believe him. If you did not believe the "doctor" or if there wasn't one around, you might be given a folk remedy for what was d i n g you. A folk remedy is just about anything that some

folks believe will work. Some examples are: cbicken gizzard tea for stomach ache,mashed snails and earthworms in water for diphtheria, bear or polecat oil for rheumatism, owl saup

for whooping cough, boiled toads for heart disease, fried skunk meat and rattlesnake harts for tuberculosis, and hot chicken blood for shgles. If you were a child with painful new teeth coming in, you might have fresh rabbit brains rubbed on your gums. Although these "remedies" sound like something out of a witch's cauldron, they were, at least, harmless. If you went to a mgular doctor, he would probably drain your blood, loosen your bowels, or make you throw up. This was sometimw known as the "puke 'em,purge 'em, bleed 'em"school of medicine. It was not uncommon for a person with a mild disease to die simply because a doctor drained

too much blood from him.

Thclmsonian Medicine Many people in the early nineteenth century were unhappy with the methods of regular medicine. Brigham Young, for instance, once said flatly: "Doctors and their medicines I regard as a deadly bane to any community . . . I can see no use for them unless it is to raise grain or go to mechanical work." Some people turned to what was known as the Thornsonian system of medicine. As outlined by Samuel Thornson in his book New Guide to Health; or, Botanic Family Physician, this system emphasized mild food, rest, and herbs as medicine.

Thornson sold his book, alang with a license to practice his system of medicine, for $20.OQ, a fairly large sum of money in those days. Regular doctors were often angered by the Thomsgnians and botanic physicians, who also treated patients with herbs. One doctor in the Mormon Battalion during the 3840s threatened "to cut the throat of any man who would administer any medicine without his orders." Although the herbs used by the unorthodox physicians probably killed fewer patients than the arsenic, calomel, and mercury used by regular doctors, they were not perfectly safe. Most herbs contain a mixture of drugs. Some are helpful, some are harmful, and some are inactive. As medical science pr* gressed, the active ingredients in some herbs were isolated and used in medicines. As medic a l knowledge grew d u r i n g t h e middle and late nineteenth century, many people, including Brigham Young, saw the need for regular, academic medical training.

Women Delivered Babies For reasons of modesty the pioneers p r e f e d to have women tended by other women during childbirth. Although women served as midwives. more training was necessary to deal with complicated or dangerous births. &cause it was considered improper for men and women to study medicine together - especially anatomy - it was extremely difficult for women to become physicians. In 1850, however, the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania was established in Philadelphia, a city many c o n s i d e d the cultural and scientific capital of America. It was this institution that two Utahns entered during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Their names were Romania Pratt and Ellis Shipp. The hands of Dr. Ellis Shipp brought over 5.000 babies into the world during her 60 years as a physician. The midwives that Dr. Shipp trained at her School of Obstetrics and Nursing delivered thousands more. Perhaps no movie will ever be made about how a woman became a doctor, but Ellis Shipp's story forms a fascinating part of the American West. Ellis was born in Iowa in 1847. just six months before the pioneers came to Salt Lake Valley. Her parents moved to Utah in 1852. settling in Pleasant Grove, Utah County. In 1861, as the Civil War raged in the East. Ellis's mother died, leaving EHis to care for her four brothers and sisters. Brigham Young probably

was impressed by Ellis, for he invited her to spend ten months studying a t the Beehive House in 1865. The following year Fdlis married Milford Bard Shipp. The couple moved to Fillmore but returned to Salt Lake City when Bard's business failed. A polygamist, he married three more women. One of them, Margaret Curtis, became close friends with Ellis.

Women's Medical College In the fall of 1875 "Maggie" Curtis Shipp entered the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. She soon became homesick and returned to Utah. Perhaps the tuition had already been paid, for Ellis moved to Philadelphia in November and took Maggie's place in school. Like many medical students today,

Ellis had severe money problems. W h e n her husband could not send her any money, Ellis made dresses to sell. Sometimes Bard's other wives sent Ellis money orders to help pay her tuition. Finally, in March 1878 Ellis received her hard-earned M.D.She was now Doctor Shipp. She must have served as an example of determination to the rest of the Shipp family, for Maggie reentered the Woman's Medical College and received her own M.D, in 1883. Bard Shipp also received an M.D. degree in 1883. His was from the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia. By 1893 another of Bard's wives, Elizabeth, was also a practicing physician in Salt Lake City. EHis recognized that trained nurses were also essential for the proper care of mothers and their newborn babies, so she opened Dr. Ellis R. Shipp's School of Obstetrics and Nursing in 1878. The school moved around a bit, but during the twentieth century its office was at 713 Second Avenue in Salt Lake City. The house, still standing, is part of the Avenues Historic District.

DR. ELLIS R. SHlPP

Bathsheba W. Smith Jane S. Richards 'I

Elizabeth Howard

Ellla R,

Ernmeline 8. wells

DR. ROMANIA B PRATT

Zina O. Young

Isabelle M. Horne Phoebe

Marlnda N. Hyde /

Board of Directors of the Deseret Hospital. USHS collections.

In 1888 the Shipp doctors - Bard, Ellis, and Maggie - started a monthly magazine called the Salt Lake Sanitarian. In it they p u b lished articles by doctors from the United States and Europe to teach people about medicine and health. Ellis and Maggie also wrote articles themselves. Some of what they wrote and published still makes good sense today. Some things have been disproved by modern medical science. Ellis and Maggie recognized that this would happen. They understood that the art of medicine would change as science made new discoveries. In an editorial in the first issue of their magazine, they wrote: "we find fashion in medicine as well as in the milliner shop, and its changes occurring as often. A very good authority on t h s subject . . . says, 'What to-day is believed, is to-morrow cast aside'." A doctor's education cannot stop when he or she graduates from medical school. for a doctor who stops learning should stop seeing patients. Besides her teaching, traveling, and practicing medicine, Ellis Shipp also gave birth to ten children of her own, five of whom survived. Her son, Milford Bard, Jr., became a physician. Another son, Richard, was a med-

ical students for a whle, but his interests were to change and he decided to become a lawyer instead. At the age of 63 Dr. Shipp somehow found time to publish a book of poetry titled Life Lines. Before she died in 1939, Dr. Ellis Shipp was elected to the Utah Hall of Fame. The Daughters of Utah Pioneers have honored her memory with a special section in the medical h~story room of their museum in Salt Lake City.

Dr. Romania B. Pmtt Gold has fired the imaginations of many people, from the Spanish adventurers of the 1500s to weekend prospectors today. Romania Bunnell's father became part of the 1849 gold rush to California. He found gold there, but he also found typhoid fever which killed him. In 1855 when Romania was 16, her mother sold their Indiana farm and came west to Utah. Their timing was not the best, however, for they entered the Salt Lake Valley in the midst of a grasshopper plague. Nevertheless, they managed to prosper in their new home, with Romania teaching in Brigham Young's school. Romania seems to have had an especially broad love of learning: she stud-

men's diseases (obstetrics and gynecology). She stayed in Philadelphia to study eye and ear diseases (ophthalmologyand otology). Like Ellis Sbipp, when Romania returned to Utah, she became a medical writer as well as a practicing doctor, She wrote articles on health for the Young Woman's Journal. Romania also had interesb outside tha practice of medicine, the chkf of which was that women should have the nght to vote. Not until 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified could all women even vote for the president. In 1886, having divorced her first husband. Romania marrid Charles Penrose, an editor of the Degeret News.She continued to practice medicine until her retirement in 1912. Although none of Romania's children became doctors, two of her sons entered the profession that is most closely associated with medicine: pharmacy. Her son Parley began as a clerk at ZCMI. Later, he became manager,then presidentlbasurer of the Johnson,Pratt Drug C m pany on South Main Street, Salt Lake City. By the time of Dr. Romania Pratt Penrose's death in 1932, medicine had come a long way from the mashed snail and owl soup remedies

i d German, French, Spanish, and music. A piano was a much-prized possession in the

Bumell home. Advanced education was difficult for anyone to acquire in the 1800s, but it was virtually impossible for women. They were expected t~ marry, have babies, and keep house. Romania did all three at an early age: she married Parley P. Pratt. Jr., at 20 and gave birth to seven children in 14 years. DuJ.ing much of heir early marriage, her husband was away on missionary work. After the birth of her last child, Roy, in 1873, Romania decided to "arrange m y life work that I might study the science which would relieve suffering, appease paip, and prevent death." Leaving her ~hildrenwith her mother, Romania moved to New York City where she began studying at the Womq's Medical College of New York in the winter of 1874. After spending the summer in the Salt Lake Valley, Rsmania transferred to the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, where her roommate for a short while was Ellis Shipp. She received her M.D.degree in 1877 at the age of 38. Althmgh her doctor's thesis was about o M a , Romania did not feel wt a woman doctor had to restrict her practice to childbirth and wa-

of the American frontier.

Compact travel kit of Dr. Joseph M. Benedict easily fit in coat pocket. Dr. Benedict came from New York to Utah to practice medlcineafter the Civil War. USHS collections. 6

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Man has used dm@ longer than Be has used written words. Scholars, thel!dQre, have no way of telling us who or even which people fi-rst n o t i d that eating various plants wn m&ea perm11either sweat, throw up, MhWte,die, or get well. Clay tablets from the Near East s h w US that the Sumerians who lived in what is now Iraq were preparing v & m dmgs about 4,000 years ago. h Chin& the fmt organized study of drugs was by the Emperor Shen Nung who wrcite a book 5,000 years ago containing the names of 368 divided into superior, msdium, and inferior. There are records of a Chinme druggist displaying his drugs on the market as early as 200 A.D. But, for much af history in t h -tern world and in the Far East, the physician collected, prepared, and administend the drugs himelf. As the number of drugs made from animal,vegetable, and minmaI sources grew, it became inevitable that pharmacy would separate from medicine and become a

profession itself. The name often used for people who prepared and sold drugs was "apothecary." Our system of liquid measurement (as 1 gallon = 4 quarts; 1 quart = 2 pints; 1 pint = 16 ounces) is also known as apothecaries' measure because they developed it for measuring liquids. In the American colonies the man most responsible for the separation of medicine and pharmacy was the amazing jack-of-all trades Ben Fraaklin. Franklin dabbled in both fields, although educated in neither. He was, however, the chief founder of the Pennsylvania Hospital which was to have "an Apothecary to attend and make up Medicines only, according to the Prescriptions." This was to prevent apothecaries from prescribing drugs without a doctor's knowledge. When the pisneers first came to the Salt Lake Valley, physicians still acted as their own pharmacists. They either obtained drugs from the East, mixing and dispensing them them-

selves, or else they prepared local plants fw usk as drugs. The influence of botanical and Thomonian medicine was strong aod many pioneers ectd as their wun physiciafiphmausts by calleciiq plants and either dryingthem m rnrtkmg tea. Sarnetim~speople made themselves sick by doing this either because they wed the wrong plants or because they used too much of the right plant. There is an old sayiq, especially popular among physicians, that a person who acts as kis own doctor has a fool fqr a patient. Peopb learned through trial a d error that this was goad advice, Using wild plants for either food or medicise wquims knowledge and study. Without that knowledge,

w thaiw Select KEEPS constant w m % w E s and CHEMICALS hand a

beurpualit~ ANlawrtIwaoBthe tb -0rdiefti"CyZ%8mu an* tested Inthis Territory.

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opened on First Sauth and Main Street in Selt Lake City. It was c d e d Gadbe, Pit& & -any. In 1867 Dr.Oliver h w d b b y started the Pioneer Drug Store in Lagan,Cache County, below his medical office. Lakr he sold half-interest in the establisbpent to Benjamin Franklin Riter, who certainly had an appropria* name far a pharmacist. Possibly realizing that prescribing and selling drugs w l d create a c ~ n f l i c iq t interest, Dr. Ormsby sold his half of the drugstore to Riter's brother in 1884. T b Riter Brothers Drug Company s u d e d . and they opened stores tbrmghout < ,

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Brigham Young saw the need for retail drugstores and in 1870 directed that one be started as part of Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution in Salt take City. There Dr. Romania Pratt's sou, P a r , Tr,, gat his start in the pharrsaq business as a clerk in the P 880s. Parley P. Pratt, Jr.,later started his own drugstore.

was r e d l y available in American stores! It ww gewrdly sold as tincture of opium uaudan=], camphorated tineof opium bare y; '. " " goric], or as Dover's powdar. These variaus form of opium were often given to children, smnetimes as medicine, sometimes just to kesp (*, t h m quiet! This practice was so common 2c:;: ?<,- :' thsit the Shipp doctom in an ediMal in their magazine, the Salt Lake Sanitarian, wmte: h he cc~nthuousdosing of s m d children with these medicines is a very bad practice, it should be the last resort.. . . " Although. c h h s e druggists learned their i', profession by the apprentice system as did Parley P. Pratt, Jr.,their kaining was probably more strict. They served tbFee years as apprentices with no pay but free- 1 In the dmg shop. Tbey bamed such basic skills as mixing drugs by cooking, roasting, and distilling various plants and c o a w r n d i e e s with honey to meeten their taste. Then they served as te phmacists, filling '

prescriptions. As graduates, they received a small s a l q and free lodging. AMer several more years they became accountants and drug purchasers and seceived a percentage of hsstope's profits, If they managed to save money, they mi&! b e p ~ e - g w n e r spf their ;,c,T.>d,<>.$g ? .m>

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with the vast number of drugs available and new ones being discovered d d y , more educa~ ~ U T I would be n e m ~ for s people estering the profession of pharmacy. By h e end of h e nineteenth century., here were more than 50 pharmacy colleges throughout the United Sta*. Many were part of large universities and medical &,ools. Studen& had to spend many hours studying b i o l ~ chmisw, , and

OF UTAH. For the Cure of Drunkenness, Op4urn,Cocatns. Cigarette and Tobacco Habits. THE ONLY KEELEY 1NSTITV72 IN THE STATE. Addmw all mrrelpmderrcr,

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ax. (antec i h ) : before meals ad lib. {adlibitum): as desired *lt die,,. (*lternjo ,.bebus): every otherday

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It is difficult for many peapie to think of drugstores without thinking of soda fountains. Soda fountains were for many years a wellknown and profitable side venture of drugstares. Originally, "'suda water" or carbonated vater was considered a medicine "for what ails yon," usually an upset stomach PharmaT &ts in a Philadelphia d m g ~ t min the 1030s ' noticed that customers bought soda water . nuch more frequently if it had fruit syrup ,, ,; .: added This was the beginning of " a d a pap." "" Although -tares bad always saved as ' ,$, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;$I, a gathering place in the West, especially for % )* ?< :' 14those who did not like saloons, the soda f om<i.< tain became a social institution and kdng :< > 7 < * piace for dl. Childrq had a place to spend $2 their ~ O W B ~ C an W let11011fizzes and '-c:?A .Cokes; the elderly c d d &at about by+one '<* 3 days; and ymng couples cwld share a malted , < -,< : 8 w ,, rm, ;;>:L?3c& <&Cgg _ 5 3 : : ~$A ~+-r&k$$$a~+A~ ,

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Alt hor. [Alternishoris):every other hour Alt. noc. (Allemis n o d ) : every 0 t h nrgkt Aq. corn. (Aqua comrnunis):common water Aq. dest. {Aqua desiillato): distilled water B.I.D. (Bis in die]: twica a day B.I.N. [Bis in noctus):twice a night c (cum):with gtt. (suttae):drops hn.(hacnocte]: t o w t mist. (misturn]:mixture n.b. (nota berte]:note well ncmrep. [nonrepetatur):don't repeat omn. hor. [omni hora): every hour omn. nod. (omni nocte):every night p . ~[post . cibum]:aftermeals p.0. b e t os]: by mouth p.r.n.(prore natal: as needed q.h. [quaquehorn]:every hour q.i.d. (quaterin die):four time8 a day quotid. (quofidie):daily R& or Rx (recipe): take S. [signal: wrib, used to tell the drugg~~t to d t e k t i o r r s for the patient on tbe medicine labl. stat. (statim):immediately t.i.d. (terin die): three times a day The Rx that Is still found In drugstores and alao on th8 doors of the Univmity of Utah College of Pharmacy was originally T ,the symbol of Jupiter, the kmg of the Roman gods. It was put at the top of prescriptions as a prayer to Jupiter that the medicine might work.

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Living so Ear from other girls and boys and

Lupe learned how to work hard and to play happily. She also learned the importance of beauty in the Mexican home. Dishtowels, for example, should be not only clean but beautiful. When her family was in Saldura, Utah, they lived near a deserted salt plant. Salt sacks that had been left when the plant closed were gathered by Lupe and her mother. The sacks were washed and hemmed for use as dishtowels after they had beep beautifully embroidered with cdored h a d . The string for sewing the sacks closed was also gathered. On that string Lupe learned to crochet. During the school year Lupe's mother rented a cabin in Grantsville, Utah, so the children could attend school. Their father would visit the family in town on *e weekends and then remrn to his railroad section during the week. Again, the embarrassment of going to school in old-fashioned clothes made Lupe feel awkward. High-topped shoes had long been out of style, but each day Lupe wore her brown, high-topped shoes and her black dress. Her father believed in the modesty of young girls and strictly e n f o r d his dress code. He thought gym clothes were too revealing, and Lupe was excused from taking gym classes. Finally, the economic conditions of the 1930s began to affect the Otanez family. The Western Pacific Railroad had money problems. By 1936 Lupe's father had to look elsewhere for work. The family decided to try thinning beets in the Idaho sugar beet fields. Painfully, they found they were nat used to farm work. The pay was low, and they were f~rcedto live in what was little more than a hut.

Lupe's m o m became ill that winter. With her mother jn the hospital, Lupe took over the complete care of five younger children. She also fwnd work waterhq a horse and caring for a neighbor's pigs. The food they could buy or were given was not always fresh, One horrifying day she fwnd baby mice in the flour.She knew she must rid the flour of the mice and make tortillas so her family would have something to eat. The winter cold was almost unbearable. ~he'cbildrenmade allday games aut of feeding the little s t w e with willows. By spring the whole family was wearing gunny sack shoes. But their health was good and their spirits cheerful. Others were not so fortunate. Lup's father fwnd six neighbor children, ages six months to six years, abandoned in a nearby cabin. Lupe agreed to look after them until their father mtumed in the late spring. When the Western Pacific Railroad began rehiring workers, the Otanezes returned to Grantsville. Lupe's formal education ended after two months of the ninth grade when the family moved back to the section house at Mdura near Wendover, Utah.Her childhood faded further the next fall when her father began to look for a suitable husband for her. Lupe's growing up years were difficult. Yet, she remained cheerful and learned to work hard. She also learned the values of her Mexican beritage - especially f family responsibility and honor. Mrs. Guevara is a daughter-in-lawof Lupe O t a w .

Floor plan of Lupe's sa~tionhouse home on the Salt Flats as She reimmbFed it years Later. Drawing furnlshed by author.

Mount Pleasant's Very Own Music Man

JOHN HASLER COULD START UP A BAND, LEAD A CHOIR, TEACH THE ORGAN, OR SELL INSTRUMENTS ROOR-TO-DOOR!

7John HasCr, Photograph~ourtesyof author.

BY MARILYN M. SMOLKA

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At the Liverpool, England, dock Louisa Hasler sat on the t n d containing her wedding trousseau and cried. The emigrant ship carrying the Mormon company to America had b e n overbcaked. Some luggage would have to be left behind. It wasn't fair, she wept that the dozens of pillowcases, sheets, feather-bed covers, table linens, dresses,underclotha, and even shirts for the groom that she- so carefully had sewn by hand [not to mention raising and preparing the flax and wool in the first place!) had to be left in preference to her husband's trunk of organ and band instrument parts. Preference far things musical was a sign of things to come.Newly converted to the Mormon church, newly married, and newly departed from their native Switzerland, the Haslers were about to set off for Utah. For John and Louisa Hasler the 14day ocean voyage was easier than some earlier emigrant kips. Even the m k across country from New York to Utah was almost enjoyable. They were among the first Mormon groups to bavel on the newly completed transcontinental railroad. They arrived in the late summer or early fall of 1869. Louisa's sister and brother-in-law met

their train and drove them to Mwnt Pleasant, then a four-day journey. The Haslers had been in Mount Pleasant less than a week when they learned that a military d d l for Brigham Young would be held in the fields between Ephrairn and Manti. No less than a military band would do to lead the march. So John, who had taught himself to play the various band instruments in Switzerland, opened his trunk. In three weeks he was able to assemble the instruments, copy each musical part by hand, round up band members and rehearse them day and night, and put on a performance of rousing anthems to astound the people. His brass band continued to play for the community. It was always in demand for holiday celebrations, political meetings, and theatre performances. John later had printed and bound an edition of band music, probably the very first one in Sanpete Counb. But that was only the beginning. Soon he was called to lead the choir in his ward, a position he held for some 17 years. At first the bishop was shocked to hear that John expectd the ward meetinghouse to be lighted

hy, singing, lie preaching,was supp be unrehearsed and only performed spontaneously according to the inspiration of th~ spirit! John very politely put his foot d ~ w n Spirit or no spirit, his choir was going to re to

teaching the omen to several ladies in th ward so they could accompany the choir. Those first ye- in Mount Pleasant we years in a two-room basement they man

left him unable to walk without a c a m for rest of his life, He served a mission far

3 n Utah. He installed three organs in as rn '

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practicing per student. Mina Hasler S~rensen,'the youngest daub-

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Sketches of Orderville

For several y m all m l s In Ordervllle were served 4n the common din in^ hall in thecenter of town.

BY SHARON S. ARNOLD

COME, COMEYE SAINTS

Drawings by DarreH Thomaa

As soon as fhe Relief Society Hall was built, it -me the center of religiousand w l a l activity. The- call tochurch on Slindgy mornlng conalsted of Bmther Apbrtson!~bugle playing,"Cgme, Come

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MIND YOUR MANNERS IN THE DINING HALL

M E SCHOOLHOUSE Though grammar schaol Itadbe-enheld In vsrious

An early president of the Order, Thomas Chamberlaln, deserves muchof the credit for its success. He had enorrowsene y, a kindly diswition, an? was askillful er. He lived in the BIg House Z f l S llw wlws.

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OX POWER KEPT ORDERWLLE MOVING Owen pulled the mllk wagon, hauled wwl,and tookchurchgoers to quarterly conferences at Kanebor St. George. Slnce the town was nearly self-sufficient, there wasvery little freight tmfflc, thwgh one man went to Salt Lake Clty about t h m timesa year to bring back sugar, wlts, tools, paint, and farm Implements.The rwnd trip took s l weeks ~ or elght In the winter. Once awagmlosd of couples went by !earn to St. George to be marrled In the temple thew.

Typical oxdrawn vehicle and wooQanox yoke of the perid.

THE SHOE SHOP WAS A BUSY PLACE

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A team of shoemakers worked m t a n t l y to kee Ordewille's feet cwered. Children's shoes, however. were not too orlorltv. and often small f w t web bare. Emma hrrolideseribad aolno to ..the .. - a - h - shoo - - wlth .... her . slster ...... h l n a to flnd out whettier their shoes wen ream. A wprltrnan explained that they hadn't even been started yetithen teaslqly asked whose he should make flrst. Emma never forgot blurting "Mlnel" at the same time her older sister answered, "Emma's."

BEYOND THE TOWN

AND RANCH

- FACTORY. FARM,

Many Important activltles took place outsideof town. By 1882 there was a factoty equipped wlth machine~yfrom St. Louis that made clothwt of the wool from Ordervilte flocks.

TOWN LEADERS LIVED iN THE BIG HOUSE Althouah thswlglnal town plan called for a Blg House In each c&r of tEe u&, h l y one, In the southea~t m e r , wm ectual Tull!. It was complcuous~amoo the s e l l mr hou-lbr ~twaa o n a n d a half s t a r b h&h. w(th a balcony su!'munding eech floor, and tweke rooms.

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Moccasin Ranch, whlch was Nmiles southwest of town In A r i m , was the source of g ~plums, , peaches, melons, and M r n y summer memoma. The t a n ' s dairy herds were kept up three asparate nelahbwlnacanvons.Eachdav'smilkwasbrouahtdown . i a on. A ton ' surnmerdayfsjoumeysornetlhes turned 2ernR~alittle~%lin~ -

THE RULES OF THE ORDER Few could crlticlre the dedicationand industry of Order rnembrs. After all, a pms ectlve member had toagree toa setof rulesdesi ned tndlscourageths faint-hearted: Was hewillrng to dowhat he was told cheerfully and notsuflenly? would he refrain from lying, backb~ting,abusing dumb animals and plving way to MI temper? And would he ive up uul ar orobscene estln or conduci? AII of this was in addition to the tundamenta8vow of svprnitting himself, hisRrn~~y, and all he posse& to theauthorlly of the managing board of the Order.

WHY DID THE UNITED ORDER END? According to reports, fife was p w d In Ordewllle. The community was prosperousand highly productive. But the omanizat~onthat flourished in the Isolatedfarm valley of the 18708 was not as well suited to theemerging territory of the I-. Reasons for the breakup of the Order were complrcated. Some m W r s were dissatisfied with the allocatlon of Order c r d ~ tA. flash flood In 1880 damag6d the bakery beyond repair, and community dining was abandoned. A!So, just 50 miles from town, the Sllwr Reef mlnln b o r n of the late 1870s changed the complexron of the reglon, Introducing railroads, caah, a n j a g w i n g demand for g o d s and services. And the enfotcement of the EdrnundsAct, which outjawed lural marriage, affected many of the town's stalwart farnllles. But a primary factor was slrnply t L t young men could not buy stock In the Order, and they had to Imk elsewhereforopportunitias.

Above: Women laundry workers operate large mangle for ironing items such as tablecloths. Belowright: Men In foregroundoperate extractors that remove excess water from laundered items. Note wlde belts that transfer rotary power from pulley system near ceiling. Photographs courtesy of Steiner Corporation.

Rise and Fall of Steam Laundries A WOMAN WHO HATED WASHING SHIRTS FOUND A CLEVER SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM. AS A RESULT, TWO NEW INDUSTRIESWERE BORN. BY MIRIAM B. MURPHY

Hannah Montague of Troy, New York, hated washing her husband's shirts. If only the collar or the cuffs were dirty, why wash and iron the whole shirt over again and again? She thought about it and then aded. She cut the collar off Orlando Montague's shirt, thus creating the detachable collar.* Two years later, in 1829, the detached collar industq was started in Troy. Men could now buy a variety of collars to attach to a single shirt body. Because the collars had to be washed, starched, and ironed in a special way, another industry was founded. The collar manufacturers set up their own laundries.Men sent their dirty shirt collars and, later, cuffs, shirt fronts, and whole shirts - to these laundries. As word of this triumph

of American ingenuity spread, Troy laundries sprang up in town after town. The Hannah

Montagues of the world smiled. But as some women were freed from the laundering chore, other women took on the job as employees of the big, commercial steam laundries. What was it like working in a steam laundry at the turn of the century? Utah novelist Ardyth Kennelly described it very vividly. Ironically, a century and a half after Hannah Montague's invention, most men's shirts are once again washed at home. Automatic washers and dryers and wash-and-wear f a b rics have made home laundering less of a chore than in Hannah's time, but still.

*Informationon the birth of the laundry indusby was taken from The Laundry Industry by Fred DeArmond (NewYork: Harper 8r Brothers, 1950).

UTAH NOVELISTARDYTH KENNELLY TELLS ABOUT LAUNDRY WORKERS. They walked fast because it was sa cold reason why. She never did, for more than nd it would still be dark when they went up minutes, over her coffin-shapedironing board. the alley and in at the back door of thelaundry . . . Her back must have ached for she cmld be seen sometimes slipping a hand to the small at a minute or two before seven. The laundry's permanent smell was of wet of it andwincing but she smiled all the same. cement, mass and naphtha, but temporary . . . Two Danish girls of her own age, The Gigwhiffs went back and forth through this, of gler and Moonface, . . . ran the handkerchief boiling starch, hot linen, hot oil, hot machines, mangles and couldn't speak a word of English. perspiration and, at noontime, coffee,garlic in During their first lunch together Clma told baloney and summer sausage, and unaired Dorney who everybody was and what they lunch boxes. It was worse to look atthan~mell, did. Hester . .was a hand-ironer - you could illuminated by bare electric light bulbs that always tell them because their faces blistered would put the eyes auf as quick as the sun.. . . so, they had to plager on that white paste its steady noise said, Keep at it, The grumbling around their noses and an their foreheads, basement rumbled it like' h n - chins and lips - it wiped right ~ f fthough. , . .. washers in, der, the wide belts clicked it like telegraphy, Shirttail ironing was a beginner's job, but the mangles whirred it like quail, the casters Lela liked it so well that although she had under the haystack piles of white collars been in the lamdry nearly two years, she presquealed it like fiends, and the light soft flip! ferred to keep it and let others in the shirt af the rigid collars flopping into the collar deparhnent advance as they would, to more ironers' bake& told it like the drip from a exalted positions, such as bosom-ironing, neck and cuffband-ironing, sleeveironing and finfaucet.. . . . . . In the corner in the hand-iraning d* ishing. Why should she worry her head over partment, . . Dorney liked to look at . . a promotions? she said, when she was happy widow named Phoebe.. . .She was thirty-five where she was. They all got paid the same! or even older but she looked young. Naturally except the two foreladies and who would round-shouldered. her back bowed more and trade places with them? more as the long day wars on, though she often &ew her shaulders back, as if this time From t h book Goad Morning. Young Lady by A r d ~ t h Kennelly, published by Houghton Mifflin Company, she was going to stand straight or know the Boston. Copyright@ 1953 by Ardyth Kennelly Ullman.

Hiawatha

- a Company Town

BY MIRIAM 8. MURPHY AND PHILIP F. NOTARlANNl Company townsdotted the West In theearly 1900s. Most wem located in mlnlng or lumber country. Coal cwnpanies in Carbon County, Utah, owned the following towns: Consumers Ralns Sunnyside Cast la Gate Clear Creek Hlawatha Sprl Ca on Wattis Columbia Kenilworth Wlnter Quarters ~ta#dwnKe Some towns, llke Castle Gate, no longer exlst. You would have to lookat an old map to find them. Other towns, like Kenitworth are no Ionwr campany owned. The buildings have been sold to lndlulduals. Hlawatha remdns a company town, but company towns are d t f f ~ e n t today. Companies no longer control their workers' lives.

MINE ENTRANCE Men am canled from the cml pmparatlon plant to the mine in opm cars.Thls is called a man trip.

Frank Bonaccl, Iabr leader.

A COMPANY HOUSE At Hlawathathe miners rented houses

MINER'S LAMP Old styte lamps burned fu Today, llghts worn by mln are battery operated.

Joseph Sargetakis was killed in ansxplmlm at the CnstleGate mine no. 2 on March8,1924, when 172 mlners lost

owned by the company. M a t cottages had four moms and a cellar. me rds wem large enough for gardens. E n y famllim planted etables, fruits, and flwven.~hlsm d x i a w a t h a l m k w l t l e r than most company towns. But them wem disadrantagegto living In acompany house. Frank Bonacct moved to Hlawath In 1910to w x k In thecual mlnes. He believedin the mlners unbn and s e w asan officer of the local. The company did not llke his unionactivity He was forced to leave Hlawatha The farnlty mwed to Kenllwofih, another company town. One da when the Bonmls came hane tieyaawall thelr kbnglngs out on the street. The company had mved them out of the houae. Frank m c i becamean Important unlon orgrrnlzerand hel to unlonlze D the coal mines in 1933. ew89elected to the Utah House of Representatives In 1938, the first Italian-bornleglstator in the state.

,:.

HIAWATHA SCHOOL Chlldrenat thls school came from many backgrounds Italian, Greek, Serbian, Mexlcm, Japanese, Arnerlcan. Many were bill ual The &e both h z s h and t i e native language of their parents. Teachers and students leemed to enjoy the customs of other owntrle8.AfavwlteGreelr tradition was the okerrence of name days. On January 7, the feast day of S t John the Baptist, Greek men and bqys named John were honored. Farniband frienda came tovia~tSpeclal foods were served. It was a party!

DINNER PAIL Mlners spent the entire wwlrlng day below ground. The large coutd carry sevem%!ds of food such as soup, meat, and bred.

i i t s rnIlkp&tmh.

- HiBwatkn~a&Cs wltti h ~ h

TEAM SPORTS WERE POPULAR Baseball was agreat favorite in Utah rnlnlng towns. mare were many teams. Competition between towns was Intense. This photo, however, shows a Utah Fuel Company winter Quarters)smcer team - one of the e a r l i d Imal photm of a sport that Is becornlng more and more popular ln America today. This team was composed of British immigrants.

AMUSEMENT HALL bents enjoyed rnwles, bwvllng,

es,dances, meetings, and many THE TEACHERS' DORMITORY

WIIIJPAMY OFFICE

Vlrglnia Hanson tau ht grades 1 6 a t Hiawathe durlna 1983-37.Sne Ilved lr the dorrnltoly ~ 7 t h other teachen. Sometimes the neighborhood children invited them to a potato roaat on Bakers' H111. As theevening grew darker, thechildren told scary stories. Then everyone ate a smoky. hot potato seasoried with salt and. wooer. Such adventures were new to MIS Hanson of Cache County.

The mine manager supervisedthe t f m o f f i c e s here. It is the "clty hall

MONUMENT TO HIAWATHA'S WQRLD WAR I CASUALTIES

were connected to the main building with covered railways. In one, the fleece was sorted, washed, and sometimes dyed before it was laid out to dry on wide platforms in the yard. The washing or scouring of the wool was an especially important process, because the fleece contained natural wax and salt and foreign matter - dust, burrs, and mud - that amounted to 80 percent of the weight of the fleece. All of this had to be removed without damaging the soft wool. The second adobe building was used for finishing. Here, cloth was checked for quality, washed again, fulled, and sheared. In fulling, woolen cloth was moistened, heated, and pressed to shrink and thicken it. A final prem h g in the finishing room made it smooth and glossy, or, in the case of blankets, another finishing machine raised a furry nap. A third small adobe building, on the factory block next to the building where the wool was sorted, was also used for dyeing. The fortunes of the mill ebbed and flowd. At first, it prduced a full range of woolen fabrics that were loyally bought by Latter-day Saints. The cloth was extremely durable but

Heber 4. Grant told an LDS conference audience in 1910: "With one or two exceptions, I neverwore a suit of clothes that was not made of cloth manufactured at Provo." USHS collections.

not as finely finished as imports. Later, however, the factory specialized in heavier woolens: blankets, shawls, yarns, flannels, and doeskins. About one-third of these were exported, mostly to nearby states. Hart, Schaffner and Marx, a well-known men's clothing firm, were customers. The Provo mills also made the carpet for the St. George Temple. In 1897 JohnC. Cutler and Brothers of Salt Lake, agents for the Provo mills, sold men's suits for $7.50. In 1902, Reed Smoot, who had been the factory's energetic and imaginative superintendent for several years, was elected to the U.S. Senate. This, combined with the problems of old machinery and increased competition from eastern mills, brought business to a halt Machinery whirred into production once again in 1910 when Jesse N. Knight's mining money bought the mill as an investment. It continued to operate until 1932, though its primary role in Utah's history was long since played out, for decades earlier, major industry and commerce had become firmly established in the territory.

The cardlna room on the third floor of main buildina where wooiwas prepared for final splnning. Early employees were usually immigrantswho had learned their craft In textlle mills in England and Scotland. Later, more women were hired. The Deseret News of July 24,1897, reported that the looms on the lower floors were sklltf ully run by "young lady operators." Photographcourtesy of LDS church archives.

Vernal's Unique Parcel Post Bank WITH NO BRICKYARDS NEARBY AND FREIGHT COSTS HIGH, THE BANK'S OWNERS WORRIED ABOUT PLANS FOR THEIR NEW BUILDING, UNTIL.. .

Richard's frlend Joel glves hlm adobe bricks for some eggs and cheese.

~ i him w the wamnlaad of woad that E u d h wants. 4s smn as the w w d ib dellvered Richard can et the clothks he needs.&!

Back in 2926, when banks paid 4 percent interest on savings accounts, the Bank of Vernal found a novel way of saving money in the construction of its new building. Vernal, in Uintah County, Utah, was settled in 1879, 32 years after the pioneers entered the Salt Lake Valley. Much earlier (in 1861) a party led by Daniel H. Wells had been sent by Brigham Young to settle this area. But they reported that the land was useless except for "nomadic purposes, hunting grounds for Indians and to hold the world together.. . . " As a result,colonization efforts were delayed until the late 2 870s. When the origind Bank of Vernal opened its doors on December 14, 1903, outlaws including Butch Cassidy - roamed the area. The bank had a bulletproof screen and a steel-lined counter for protection. Officers of the bank in 1903 were S.M. Browne, president; W .P. Coltharp, John Reader, S.R. Bennion,and Harden Bennion, directors; and N.J.Meagher, cashier. The town prospered. In 1916 W.H. Coltharp [a son of W. P.) decided to construct a new building to house the W.P.Coltharp Mercantile Company. He offered to let the Bank of Vernal use the front corner as its new home. But putting up a brick building in Vernal was not an easy matter. The nearest brick kilns were located in Salt Lake City,and the closest railhead was 120 miles away. Not only was it expensive to purchase the building materials, but the problem of shipping them to Vernal appeared insurmountable. N.J. Meagher and W.H.Coltharp found a unique solution.

Boxes of bricks shipped parcel post to Vernal, 1916. Photqraph courtesy of Thorn8 Studlo, Vernal.

At that time, freight rates were $2.50 per hundred pounds; parcel post was $1 -05. Postal regulations, however, allowed sending no more than 50 pounds per package and 500 pounds per shipment to one address. So Coltharp bad the bricks mailed from Salt Lake City to Vernal in 5,000 fifty-pound packages addressed to different residents in the m a . The curious parcels took an unlikely route. To reach Vernal, about 150 miles east of Salt Lake City, they went by Denver gr Rio Grande Railroad to Mack, Colorado, then by narrowgauge railroad to Watson, Utah, and finally to Vernal in Star Route freight wagons, a journey of over 400 miles. For a short period of tima, both the Vernal and Salt Lake post offices were flooded with tons of packaged

bricks. Not wanling to miss out on a good thing, other Uinta Basin residents began ordering goods sent by parcel post. A Vernal Express headline on June 2, 1916, read, "Government $30,000 Yearly on Basin Parcel Post." The article reported that local merchants were "ordering every pound shipped by parcel post which can be gotten in under the 50 pound limit." Where the normal volume of parcel post handled in tlw Basin ran about 81,000 pounds a month, the preceding month reported 167,000 pounds. During t h i s period 10,000 pounds of salt, 12,500 pounds of flour, and 8,800 pounds of sugar were shipped into Vernal by parcel post. Other items normally sent by freight that began arriving in the Basin by parcel post were groceries, pitchforks,

Loses

The Bank of Vernal, 1923,was built under very unusual circumstances. Photograph courtesy of Thorne Studio, Frnal.

brooms, water hydrants, produce, auto tires, 1 feather beds, and blacksmith tools. And of course the system worked two ways; Uintah County residents started shipping their goods to other areas by parcel past. The Vernal Express reported that "Recently outward shipments have been made, 85 sacks of copper ore, cans of honey, cured hams and pork, eggs and many other articles." Some ranchers were even sending various crops to market in Salt Lake using parcel post. It was not long, though,before two postal inspectors arrived to investigate reports in Washington, D.C., about tons of undelivered mail. Fortunately for the Bank of Vernal, its bricks were delivered before a change in U.S. postal regulations set a limit of 200 pounds on packages sent from one person to another in a given day. The new Bank of Vernal opened for business on February 26, 3917. Because it was built almost entirely of Utah materials, the Vernal Express hailed it as "an advertisement for the state." Today, as Zion's First National Bank, the fine brick building is most remembered as a monument to the remarkable solution to the problem of obtaining materials for its construction. Ms.Thatcher is a librarian at the Utah State Historical Society.

This black-and-white reproduction of Woman Knitting, a Mary Teasdel oil painting owned by the state of Utah, shows some of Whistler's influence on Mary. Courtesy of Utah Arts Council. See article on the next page.

Mary Teasdel Followed a Dream THIS UTAH ARTIST WAS ALMOST 40 WHEN SHE FINISHED HER TRAINING AND FOUND SUCCESS IN PARIS. STUDIOS AND CLASSROOMS WERE HER WORKPLACES. May Teasdel. Photographcourtesy af Mrs. Joseph G. Jeppson.

BY MlRlAM B. MURPHY

The artist Mary Teasdel was barn in Salt Lake City on November 6, 1863. It was an exciting time. Utah's capital was just 16 years old. Wagonloads of immigrants continued to arrive each summer and fall. And settlers and Indians continued to figbt over who would control the land. Soldiers from Camp Douglas had Piscovered om in I3ingham Canyon earlier in 1,863to begin an important indusby. bythe t h e Mary was five and a half the hamcontinental railroad had been complebd at Promontory, Utah. That event helped to change Salt Lake City from a large farmvillage to a regional commercial center. Perhaps all the excitement in the air fired this young girl's imagination. Gifted with imagination and artistic talent, Mary was also lucky to have a wedthy father. Samuel P. Teasdel, a merchant, gave his daughter the best education Utah could offer 100 years ago. She studied both music and art and graduated from the University of Utah in 1886. In 1891 she studied under JamesT. Harwood, an important Utah painter. Samuel Teasdel did not believe in careers for women. Mary, however, was determined to become a working artist. To achieve that end she felt she must continue her training

outside Utah. She spent the winter of 1897 studying at the National Academy of Design in Mew York. Still, she dreamed of studying in Paris, one of the world's great art centers. Her brother Henry knew of her dream, When he died suddenly, Mary discovered that his savings had been left to her. With Henry's money and her own savings s b was able to pay for three years of study abroad. Prom 1899 to 1902 she spent lo- hours in the Paris studios working under the &tion of wellknown artists. Her fellow students came from many different countria and backgrounds. Classes met morning, afternmn, and evening. Studios were furnished with little more than stools, easels, and a platform for the mdel. Women students reportedly paid twice as much tuition as men. This was supposed to cover the ctwt of keeping their studios cleaner. The women were not so sure that their studios were kept cleaner. Mary Teasdel's most important teacher was the famous American-born artist James Abbott McNeill Whistler (18 3 4 1903). W histler's studio was different. The rooms were freshly painted. The furnishings were chosen for an artistic effect Whistler the artist was different, too. He always dressed to perfection. As he went from easel to easel to criticize the students' work he wore black kid gloves.

Sometimes he painted on a student's canvas to illustrate a point. Instead of having his students draw the model in black and white, Whistler started them out with brushes and the same colors he used. Whistler's best-known painting is Arrange ment in Grey and Block No. 1, often called Whistler's Mother. Some of Mary Teasdel's The Grandmother's Tale and paintings Dutch Girl Sewing, for example - seem to show the influence of Whistler. They, too, could be called "arrangements in grey and black." These two paintings and a couple of dozen more by Mary Teasdel are hanging in the Smithfield, Utah, public library. Mary was also influenced by the spontaniety and clear, bright colors of the French Impressionists. Her painting of apple blossoms, also at tt~eSmithfield library, shows her skill in this style. Mary attended sketch classes in the summer. Some were held in Normandy on the northwest coast of France. The artists lived in an old farmhouse in a picturesque, fortified town. On their evening they studied the ,-hanging effects of light on the river and counbyside. The next morning they had to make two memory sketches of what they had

seen. Success came to Mary during her stay in Europe. She became the first Utah woman to Mofhersnd Child, an oil painting by Mary Teasdel in the Utah state collection. Photwraph courtesy of Utah Arts "-.-- -".

Watercolor sketch by Mary Teasdel uses two or three colors and quick brushwork to suggest scene. Details are eliminated. Courtesy of Mrs. Joseph G. Jeppson.

have a painting accepted by the French Salon, She also exhibited her work in the International French Exposition. Following this recognition, Mary returned to Utah and opened her own studio. She also taughtart at west ~ i ~ ~~ . h,G ~ ~~~~b~~ l~ . ,M. Wells appointed her to the governing board of the Utah Art Institute. Later, she became its president. Mary painted in both oil and watercolor, and she was skilled at portraits and landscapes. Her style - daring for its day - was not understood by many Utahns at first. She suffered ridicule and rejection for a time. By 1908 her paintings were winning prizes at the Utah State Fair and other local competitions. Critics praised her work, and it was widely exhibited. In the early 1920s shemoved to Los Angeles. Her paintings continued to be shown in Salt Lake City, however. Her friend Alice Merrill Horne, Utah's foremost art patron, arranged these exhibits. In 1932 the largest collection of her works was acquired by the Smithfield library. On April 11,1937, Mary Teasdel died. In following her dream she helped to shape Utah's art heritage.

The Needlesarea of present Canyonlands Natlonal Park was a favorite goal of Ross Musselman's pack trips. USHS collections.

Guest Ranch in Southeastern Utah ROSS MUSSELMAN CAME FROM NEW JERSEY TO PIONEER PACK TRIPS TO REMOTE AREAS BY EDNA PASS

Whwr Ross S. Musselman got off the train at Thcimpson, a small railroad town in eastern Utah, he left civilization behind, He boarded an ancient truck that bumped slowly along a dusty track through the sagebrush and greasewood. Twelve hours and 95 miles later, the old vebicle pulled to a stop in Monticello. Ross hadselectedthis desolatespot for his new home. Three years earlier, w b n he needed a long rest to recover his health. Ross had decided to visit his older brother. Roy Musselman, a well-known trapper, came to southeastern Utah in the 1920s at the request of stockmen. His assignment: trapping wolves that were killing cattle. At that time,a few widely separated towns dotted the desert. Travelers camped wherever they happened to be when the day ended. Ross, a slim man, had never lived under such

strenuous conditions. Nevertheless, he thrived on the rugged life and followed Roy along the trap lines. He kept up with his brother who was hardened to outdoor living. Ross became so interested in the desert wildwness that he returned the following year. After spending two summers in southeastern Utah he decided to move there. He returned home to New Jersey just long en& to settle his business affairs. Ross bought land southeast of Moab and established the 4-M Ranch. In 1932 he moved his family to Utah. Together they planned their new life. They opened a guest ranch where people could have a real western experience.

Ross Musselman was born in 1899 near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He moved to New Jerseyin 1918 where he worked with boys in

YMCAs and private boys camps. He thought these eastern boys would enjoy a real western experience. His friends in the East liked the idea, and parents began sending their boys to Utah for summer vacation. The boys came in groups of 25 to 35. The guest season started early in July and lasted L o or three months. By summer's end Ross had welcomed about 100 guests. The highlight of a visit to the 4-M Ranch was a pack trip into t h ~ primitive country west and northwest of Monticello. The Needles, where Ross Musselman took most of the boys, contains thousands of red and white rock pinnacles that rise 800 to 900 feet from their bases. This area is now part of Canyonlands National Park. Ross and his guests explored new parts of the country on each trip. They pioneered much as did early western settlers. No two kips were ever identical. There are so many canyons in southeastern Utah. They run in all directions. Some narrow down so much that passage through them is almost impossible. Others are box canyons withonly one entrance.If the guide questioned the safety of some new canyon, he made the others wait while he scouted the trail. The guests showed rugged stamina on pack trips. They stayed in the saddle for 25 to 30 miles each day. Lunch consisted of small f+ items they could carry in pockets. A day's journey extended from one water hole to another. The travelers met typical desert weather conditions: dryness, sudden cloudbursts and flash floods, extreme changes in daily temperature. Going from water hole to water hole and wearing proper clothing prepared the travelers for most conditions. During unexpected storms they found shelter under overhanging rocks. When the rain let up they went on to see what wonders lay around the next turn. Ross Musselman started his guest ranch for boys, but soon girls wanted to join their brothers. Later, adults started to come. Ross led writers and photographers for magazines like Nafional Geographic through the colorful scenery. He also guided two archaeological expeditions into the remote country west of Monument Valley. This area contained many early Indian dwellings that were studied for their scientific interest. Game hunters also used Ross as a guide. He took them to the nearby mountains where they bagged their limit of

mule deer in a few days. Ross became friendly with the Navajo Indians soon after moving to Utah. For many years he attended their sings and ceremonies. The Musselman family sometimes enjoyed a vacation on the Navajo Reservation. Their Indian friends welcomed them to a hogan that had been prepard especially for their visit. The same Indians would later visit the Musselman family at the ranch. During the years he w a s ranching and guiding tourists, Ross developed other interests - rocks,photographs, and archaeology. In 1957 he made his hobbies into a full-time job. He and his wife opened a small rock,gift, and Indian craft store in Moab. The desert country from Moab south to the Four Corners area will always show the imprint of Ross S. Musselman. Although guiding tourists is not unique, the places he took his guests had been seen by few white men before his expeditions. He helped to make the world aware of the scenic beauty of southeastern Utah. He did not live to see Canyonlands National Park established, but he did attend meetings that led to approval of the park. He died on August 16, 1964, shortly before the U.S.House of Representatives paqsed the park bill. Later, the National Park Service honored this 20th century pioneer by naming an arch near Moab after him. Ms. Pass, a writer living in Bountiful, interviewed Ross Musselman in 1960.

Ross B. Musselman in his rock and gift shop In Moab, Utah, September 1960. Photograph by author.

Drawlng by Lee Udall Bennlon.

06 the Road in a Sheep Camp Wagon BY TOM CARTER

Awakened before dawn by the bleating of his stirring herd, the sheepherder peers out the small window above his head at the still slumbering day. His bed, a mattress stretched across the rear of the camp wagon, is narrow and barely long enough. But it is a lot more comfortable, he thinks, than the hard, mountain g r m d his sheep have rested on. He reaches for clothes hanging from pegs, dresses his sleep-stiff body, and bangs out through the small door into the early morning darkness. Several hours of hard work pass. After the herd is in place for the new day's grazing and the sun is once more a respectable citizen of the sky, the herder returns to the camp for breakfast. Stopping to fill the crook of one arm with split pinyon, he steps up into the familiar homeyness of the wagon. He kindles a fire in the small stove near the enbance. During the winter, this stove will heat the small &by-10 foot interior. Now, with the summer sun warming the damp canvas top, food alone

occupies the herder's thoughts. From the cabinets behind the stove he brings out flour, salt, coffee, and assorted canned goods. He slides a table out from beneath the bed. Dough crackles in the hot skillet, and a cup of coffee warms an already awake throat. Another day on tbe sheep range has begun. The sheep camp wagon is home on this range. Both its comfort and its mobility serve the herder well. Sheep herding is a movable but solitary occupation. The ability of sheep to live on marginal grazing land has pushed the herds into the most remote areas of Utah. Furthermore, the sheep industry is based on a system of transhumance or summer-winter grazing that locks the herds into a yearly cycle of perpetual movement. During the warm summer months the sheep feed in high mountain pastures. Fall drives the herds to lower elevations and finally into the desert country for the harsh winter. By spring the cycle has begun again. Afbr shearing and lambing the sheep hit the trail back to the mountains.

rc . '*.

THlSWESTERNMOBlLEHOME-BUlLTLlKEAGYPSYVAN -- LEADS GRAZING HERDS FROM DESERTS TO MOUNTAINS

The herder's presence is vital. The sheep must be kept together. They must graze evenly and move often. Salt and water are neded. And the herder must keep a constant watch for predators. Moving with the sheep from one isolated place to anather, the herder's wagon becomes a symbol of home and stability in a changing world. Tents served as the first shelters for herders. By the 1890s small, bow-top camp wagons had become common on the winter range. The origins of the camp are not known. Its dimensions and internal structure are similar to nineteenth-century European gypsy caravan wagons. Since gypsies are known to have traveled in the American West during the

frontier years, sheepmen could have easily * , borrowed the gypsy wagon form for their own special nomadic needs. Despite changes in the undercarriage the old wooden frame and wheels were re- - L- -! 9 placed by rubber tires and a cutdown car 4 chassis - the basic sheep camp has remained . ..4 the same for almost 100 years. The bed is ralways across the rear of the wagon. Benches 'w4 ' 4 $ are on the left and cupboards on the right. , The stove is always in thefrwtbyh-., . ,hlC In a world characterized by change, the sheep camp wagon is one constant. As such it is an ,,. important visual image on the western landscape. Mr.Carter is a folklorist. A