Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 36, Number 4, 1968

HISTORICAL QUARTERLY VOLUME 36

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NUMBER 4

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

BOARD OF STATE HISTORY Division of Department of Development Services j . GRANT IVERSON, Salt Lake City, 1971 President MILTON c. ABRAMS, L o g a n , 1969

Vice-President EVERETT L. COOLEY, Salt Lake City Secretary DEAN R. B R I M H A L L , F r u i t a , 1969 MRS. J U A N I T A B R O O K S , St. George, 1969

JACK GOODMAN, Salt Lake City, 1969 MRS. A. c. J E N S E N , Sandy, 1971 T H E R O N L U K E , Provo, 1971

CLYDE L. MILLER, Secretary of State

Ex officio HOWARD c PRICE, J R . , Price, 1971 MRS. ELIZABETH S K A N C H Y , M i d v a l e , 1969

MRS. NAOMI WOOLLEY, Salt Lake City, 1971

ADMINISTRATION EVERETT L . COOLEY, D i r e c t o r

T. H . JACOBSEN, State Archivist, Archives F . T. J O H N S O N , Records Manager, Archives

J O H N J A M E S , J R . , Librarian MARGERY w . WARD, Associate Editor

IRIS SCOTT, Business M a n a g e r

T h e U t a h State Historical Society is a n organization devoted t o t h e collection, preservation, a n d publication of U t a h a n d related history. I t was organized by publicspirited U t a h n s in 1897 for this purpose. I n fulfillment of its objectives, the Society publishes t h e Utah Historical Quarterly, which is distributed to its members with payment of a $5.00 a n n u a l membership fee. T h e Society also maintains a specialized research library of books, pamphlets, photographs, periodicals, microfilms, newspapers, maps, a n d manuscripts. M a n y of these items have come t o the library as gifts. Donations are encouraged, for only through such means can t h e U t a h State Historical Society live u p to its responsibility of preserving t h e record of U t a h ' s past.

T h e primary purpose of t h e Quarterly is t h e publication of manuscripts, photographs, a n d documents which relate or give a new interpretation to U t a h ' s unique story.

Contributions of writers are solicited for the consideration of the editor. However, the editor assumes n o responsibility for t h e r e turn of manuscripts unaccompanied by ret u r n postage. Manuscripts a n d material for publications should be sent to t h e editor.

T h e U t a h State Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed by contributors.

T h e Utah Historical Quarterly is entered as second-class postage, paid a t Salt Lake City, U t a h . Copyright 1968, U t a h State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple Street, Salt Lake City, U t a h 84102.

FALL,

1968

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VOLUME 36

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NUMBER 4

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HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Contents OPENING T H E GATES O F ZION: U T A H AND T H E COMING O F T H E U N I O N PACIFIC RAILROAD B Y ROBERT G. A T H E A R N

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AN ANGUISHED ODYSSEY: T H E F L I G H T OF T H E UTES, 1906-1908

BY FLOYD A. o ' N E I L

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SCOTS AMONG T H E M O R M O N S

BY FREDERICK

S. B U C H A N A N

328

T H E PRESIDENT'S R E P O R T F O R T H E FISCAL YEAR 1967-1968

BY J. GRANT IVERSON

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REVIEWS AND PUBLICATIONS

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INDEX

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The Cover Bear River City, "several hundred and for gambling seemed bent upon

Wyoming, was described by a dismayed Mormon elder as tents, wagons and shanties . . . erected for the sale of whiskey and dance houses" governed by a vigilance committee that hanging half the population.

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL S O C I E T Y (A. J . RUSSELL)

EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR

EVERETT L. COOLEY Margery W. Ward

HUGHES, J. DONALD, The Story of Man at Grand Canyon, BY p. T. REILLY

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360

PERCEVAL, DON, Maynard Dixon Sketch Book,

BY J. ROMAN ANDRUS ....

361

DILLON, RICHARD, Fool's Gold: The Decline and Fall of Captain John Sutter of California,

BY LAWRENCE KINNAIRD

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361

REINHARDT, RICHARD, Out West on the Overland Train: Across-the-Continent Excursion with Leslie's Magazine in 1877 and the Overland Trip in 1967,

BY A. R. MORTENSEN

BOOKS

363

FITZGERALD, J O H N D., The Great Brain, 364

BY ILENE H . KINGSBURY

GIESE, DALE F., ed., My Life with the Army in the West: The Memoirs of J. E. Farmer, 1858-1898, 364

BY HOWARD G. PRICE, JR

ABBEY, EDWARD, Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness, 365

BY WARD J. ROYLANCE

TODD, A R T H U R CECIL, The Cornish Miner in America: The contribution to the mining history of the United States by emigrant Cornish miners — the men called Cousin Jacks, 366

BY RODMAN W. PAUL

HYDE, PHILIP, and STEPHEN J E T T , Navajo Wildlands "as long as the rivers shall run,"

BY ERNEST H . LINFORD

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367

FERRIS, ROBERT G., ed., Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster: Historic Places Associated with the Mining, Ranching, and Farming Frontiers in the Trans-Mississippi West,

BY W. D. AESCHBACHER

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368

LINGENFELTER, RICHARD E., R I C H ARD A. DWYER, and DAVID COHEN, eds., Songs of the American West,

BY AUSTIN E. FIFE

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369

LAVENDER, DAVID, The Rockies,

BY ORDE S. PINCKNEY

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U N I O N PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY

"What Cheer" Dining Hall in Wahsatch, Utah, 1870. This railroad town, located at the divide between the Bear and Weber rivers, had only a short life as the rails pushed across the country.

Opening the Gates of Zion: Utah and the Coming of the Union Paeifie Railroad B Y R O B E R T G. A T H E A R N

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1866 and 1867 the American reading public became increasingly engrossed in a contest that was developing in an area still frequently labeled the American Desert. Union Pacific Railroad construction crews, off to a slow start in the summer of 1865, now were mounting their attack upon the distances of the plains, with a vigor that attracted national attention. With each passing month the army of workers improved its techniques, added manpower, and commenced to URING THE YEARS

Dr. Athearn, a previous contributor to the Utah Historical Quarterly, is professor of history at _ the University of Colorado and book review editor of Montana, the Magazine of Western History.

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set track-laying records that generated complimentary remarks in an increasing number of newspapers and periodicals.

The prospect of a railroad conquest of the West excited not only the eastern press, whose editors viewed the development in terms of international trade and of commercial annexations beyond the Missouri, but it was also highly stimulating to such isolated communities as the mining camps of the Rockies. Both East and West regarded the coming of rail service as being reciprocally advantageous, particularly in a commercial sense, and each was quick to essay upon the obvious need for such a development.

Utah, the oldest and best developed region between the Missouri River and the Pacific Coast States, received very little favorable attention in the barrage of publicity that accompanied the building of the Union Pacific. The memory of the Mormon War was less than a decade old, and few observers who had written of their visits to the Great Basin area since that time had found many kind things to say about its people.

Polygamy, one of the twin evils referred to in the election of 1856, was not only present, but the suppression of the other evil, slavery, appeared to make the continued existence of this Mormon custom all the more repugnant to American "Gentiles," as non-Mormons in Utah were called.

Brigham Young's earlier opposition to commercial intercourse with outsiders and his disapproval of efforts to mine precious metals in Utah were interpreted to mean that the Mormons wanted no contact with the eastern business world. The story spread, therefore, that Zion did not look with favor upon the coming of the railroad facilities.1 Even after the Union Pacific's construction was assured and despite Brigham Young's words and deeds to the contrary, there remained a stubborn belief as to his presumed opposition.2 There are indications that Young had long believed the day would come when Utah would be served by rail, and while he may have thought this circumstance not to be an unmixed blessing, he was not blind to the advantages of such service. Edward W. Tullidge, a contemporary Mormon historian, wrote that during the original Mormon crossing of the plains to the Salt Lake Valley, the church leader had pointed to where he thought railroad tracks one day would run. As early as the 1 For a discussion of this attitude, see Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, 1958), 47, 82, 195, 236-40.

2 See Fitzhugh Ludlow, "Through-Tickets to San Francisco: A Prophecy," Atlantic Monthly, X I V (November, 1864), 6 1 5 ; Nebraska Republican ( O m a h a ) , November 15, 1865.

T h e Republican correspondent predicted that with the coming of the U . P . R . R . Brigham Young's "dissolution is inevitable."

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meeting of the first U t a h Territorial Legislature, in session during the winter of 1851-52, a memorial, signed by Young, asked Congress for rail service. 3 I n his message to that body, December 12, 1853, Young again referred to the prospect of such a road, remarking that "pass where it will, we cannot fail to be benefitted by it." 4 A little over a month later a mass demonstration favoring a Pacific railroad was held at Salt Lake City; obviously such a gathering h a d the full support of church leadership. 5 A decade passed, and there was no railroad. However, in his message to the legislature in December 1863, Acting Governor Amos Reed, reminded his fellow lawmakers that the time of waiting was nearly over.

After describing the benefits of a Pacific railroad to the nation as a whole, he spoke of its influence upon Utah, saying that it "draws us closer to our former homes a n d opens to our vision the near prospect of wealth and prosperity." U t a h , far away from more heavily settled areas, now was to be placed upon "the highway of commerce of the world," and that, he promised, would necessarily promote the rapid advancement of the territory. 6 By the summer of 1864, with the passage of amended legislation that increased the Union Pacific's land subsidy a n d placed the federal government in the position as second mortgage holder, prospects for the commencement of construction brightened considerably. O n July 13 Samuel Reed, a divisional chief engineer of the Union Pacific, conferred with Brigham Young and showed him survey maps of the country between the mouth of Weber Canyon and a point just east of Bear River Mountain, where, he said, a railroad could be built as cheaply as one crossing any point in Iowa. Very shortly Young revealed the conversation to the editor of the Millennial Star of Liverpool, England, a city from which the bulk of British M o r m o n emigrants sailed for the United States. 7 Before long the westward movement of railroad rails was to be a n important consideration in M o r m o n planning of the annual European emigration to Zion, as Young pointed out in his letter.

W h e n the ghost government of the State of Deseret met in J a n u a r y 1865, Young referred to the survey earlier discussed with Reed and 3 Edward W. Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City . . . (Salt Lake City, 1886), 7 0 8 - 1 1 . See also "Journal History" ( C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Library, Salt Lake C i t y ) , December 21, 1846. T h e author particularly wishes to express his appreciation for help given by Mr. Earl Olson of the L.D.S. Church Historian's Library.

"Governor's Message, December 12, 1853, in "Governors' Messages, 1 8 5 1 - 1 8 7 6 " (typescript, U t a h State Historical Society).

5 Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 711.

6 U t a h Territory, Governor's Message to the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah (Great Salt Lake, 1863). "' The Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star, X X V I (Liverpool, England, 1864), 604.

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expressed his pleasure that the Union Pacific Railroad finally had begun its own westward trek to Utah. He spoke of the advantages of the telegraph, already in use, and predicted that when the two "great discoveries of our age," the telegraph and the railroad were available to the Mormons, the territory would be much benefited.8 The Mormon leader was willing to do more than say kind things about the approaching road; he subscribed to five shares of stock, par value $1,000 each. In December 1864 Chief Engineer Peter A. Dey referred to Young's payment of the balance of what he owed on the stock and thanked him for this and other assistance to the Union Pacific.9 The company's directors also expressed their appreciation for the church leader's continued efforts during 1865, and particularly for the assistance given to reconnaissance and surveying parties. General John A. Dix, the company's president, referred to the "zealous cooperation" the road received from the Mormons who, he said, were contributing to a work that would bind the states of the Union together with new and indissoluble ties.10 In January 1866 Brigham Young once more made reference to the oncoming road when he addressed the legislative body of the State of Deseret. Its progress, he said, was such that during the approaching season rails would reach out several hundred miles nearer "our isolated position in the tops of the mountains," and to hasten the process he suggested that the brethren lend material aid to the speedy completion of, what he termed, a great national work. Mormon business with the East was increasing yearly, said Young, and the heavy outlay that was necessary to supply freight outfits made that slow and unreliable method of transportation quite expensive. The legislators, many of whom were businessmen, did not have to be reminded that the want of a railroad was "sensibly felt," to use Brigham Young's words, or that its completion was "to be viewed as very desirable." X1 Expensive also was the annual convoy of teams and wagons sent east each spring to aid the emigrant parties in their crossing of the plains. As plans were being made for the 1867 migration, Elder Wilford Woodruff 8 Governor's Message to the General Assembly of the State of Deseret, Fourth Annual Session ([Great Salt Lake City, 1865]). After Brigham Y o u n g was replaced as governor of U t a h in 1857, the Mormons kept the dream alive of their State of Deseret through a rather novel device.

Following each session of the U t a h Territorial Legislative Assembly, which had been addressed by the federally appointed Gentile governor, the legislature would form itself into the legislature of the State of Deseret and listen to an address from governor of Deseret, Brigham Young.

9 Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 236, 2 3 7 ; Photostat ( U n i o n Pacific Archives, O m a h a ) ; Letter of Dey to Young, December 16, 1864 (L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) .

10 Millennial Star, X X V I I I ( 1 8 6 6 ) , 108.

11 Governor Brigham Young's Message to the Fifth Annual Session of the State of Deseret, quoted from the Salt Lake Telegraph in the "Journal History," J a n u a r y 22, 1866.

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advised his colleagues in England that it was possible no teams would be sent forth that year because "we are waiting awhile for the Pacific Railroad to approach nearer to us." 12 Young referred to the tedious miles that lay between Utah and more populated regions when addressing local legislators. Travel over what he termed "the unsettled plains and deserts" had for years made the approach to Utah difficult and costly, but now, in 1867, the railroad was approaching at a rate that promised an early end to that annoying problem. Rather than fear its approach, he welcomed it, saying "this gigantic work will increase intercourse, and it is to be hoped, soften prejudices, and bind the country together." 13 While the road might increase the westward flow of Gentiles, it would also make much easier the importation of Mormons whose presence in larger numbers would tend to maintain numerical superiority.

Although no teams were sent in 1867, there was such a demand for immigrant transportation in 1868 that a record number of wagons — 534 — were sent forth that year to bring in the newcomers.14 On March 18 Brigham Young wrote to Edward Hunter, the presiding bishop of the church, that "it is deemed necessary to send five hundred teams to the terminus of the U.P.R.R. each team to consist of one wagon and four yoke of oxen, or their equivalent strength, in either mules or horses."

Pointing out that the railroad was now prepared to convey passengers over five hundred miles beyond Omaha, teamsters could leave Salt Lake City as late as June 15 to meet their passengers at the rail terminus.

Even with the modern convenience of rail service, there were many plans to be made. Young recommended the location of a temporary depot near the end of track, where provisions could be stored and where there were adequate camping facilities for a large number of people.

Rather than buy any provisions in eastern markets, the leader proposed to send enough food forward to care for a large number of people, and to supply them he asked his Utah Mormons to make donations from "the bounties with which they have been so liberally provided." Dried fruit was particularly recommended, because it was "an excellent substitute for vegetables, and when freely used, is conducive to health, especially to those who are traveling on the plains." Contributors were to send their 12

Letter of Wilford Woodruff in the "Journal History," December 12, 1866.

Deseret News (Salt Lake C i t y ) , J a n u a r y 22, 1867.

14 Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 208. Although the evidence indicates t h a t no teams were sent from Salt Lake City to the rail terminus in 1867, there was an emigration that year.

Perhaps it was outfitted from eastern sources. T h e diary of Brigham Young, Jr., relates that he arrived^ at North Platte August 1 on his way home from Europe, where immigrants waited, "impatient to be off, but we have no guns, and must wait for them," as he described it. Brigham Young, Jr., Diary (32 vols., L.D.S. Church Historian's L i b r a r y ) , V I I .

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offerings directly to Brigham Young, president of the Perpetual Emigrating Fund, in as large a quantity as possible. He estimated that not less than five thousand adults would cross the plains that season bound for Zion. 15 In February of 1867 a member of the Young family had an opportunity to examine and to use a portion of the new rail facility. On the second of that month Brigham, Jr., went to the Wells, Fargo & Company office at Salt Lake where he picked up his ticket to the East and paid $210.00. Two days later he was aboard a coach bound for the railhead in a driving snowstorm. Alternating between coach and sleigh, the stage company took its load of passengers eastward across present Wyoming and to Denver where those who were going farther east transferred to the North Platte run. Although the weather was bad and deep snowdrifts undoubtedly made the road hard to follow, the young man from Salt Lake City explained that the wandering propensities of the vehicle were caused by the driver who nursed a bottle steadily across those desolate, cold miles.

Beyond Denver the roads were rough and the drivers "ungentlemanly," but by the time the party neared Fort Sedgwick the situation seemed to improve. "The drivers do not get drunk along this part of the road, for they are bullet proof," wrote the younger Brigham, who added, "but they are constantly pouring down the liquor, and it is only their great powers of endurance that keeps them sober." Early on the morning of February 13 the coach crossed the solidly frozen Platte River, and arrived at the railroad station at ten o'clock. There was no train in sight.

It was supposed to have arrived from Omaha two hours earlier, but the storm had increased its fury to a point where high drifts of snow covered the tracks. Hopeful rail passengers were obliged to sleep in the depot waiting room that night because the unfinished hotels could do no better than supply what Young called "the commonest kind of food." At one o'clock on the morning of the fourteenth the train pulled into North Platte, seventeen hours late. It did not begin its return trip until noon that day.

An angry and complaining group of passengers boarded the cars for Omaha, among them the son of the Mormon leader who bitterly expressed his displeasure at the inefficiency of the train's crew. "I firmly 16 Young to Franklin D. Richards in "Journal History," January 25, 1868; Young to Edward Hunter in "Journal History," March 18, 1868; Deseret Evening News (Salt Lake City), February 4, 1868; Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 208, estimated that the church teams brought in four thousand people that year. A further account of church wagon trains may be found in William Mulder, Homeward to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia (Minneapolis, 1957) and P. A. M. Taylor, Expectations Westward: The Mormons and the Emigration of their British Converts in the Nineteenth Century (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1965).

Union Pacific Railroad believe that the characters referred to," he wrote, "are paid by Restaurant proprietors to detain passengers if possible a few days at their miserable hovels."

As the train got under way things looked brighter. The road was smooth and the train slid along at twenty-five miles an hour, carrying its load comfortably across a frosted desert. At Kearney, Nebraska, the conductor briskly announced there would be a short stop of twenty minutes for supper before resuming the journey. But, instead, the passengers stayed there all night. "The wind is fearful and drifting the snow into the car covering our beds," wrote Young. " T h e cold is intense and the provisions miserable."

The next day the train moved out, its engine bucking snow drifts six to eight feet in height. "The concussions were sometimes terrific and then we would become stationary, powerless to retreat or advance until the road was cleared by shoveling," the young man wrote in his diary. By the sixteenth the train had worked its way to Grand Island, but the progress was so slow that some of the passengers got off and walked on ahead to the depot "being very hungry and disgusted with the railway officials." At eleven that night the party reached Omaha where the son of Brigham gratefully checked in at the Herndon House, glad to have a warm room and a good meal, after a trip that left him with far less enthusiasm for rail travel than that expressed by his noted father. 16 16

B. Young, Jr., Diary, VII.

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Sill

f Brigham Young (1801-1877)

Brigham Young, Jr. (1836-1903)

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Travel during the warmer months was a good deal more comfortable.

A. N. MacFarlane, of Dundee, Scotland, called the Union Pacific "decidedly the finest railroad over which we passed," stating flatly that its cars far surpassed the first-class carriages in his own country. "The trains on this line of railway ran so smoothly," he recalled, "that when I passed over it I could, with the greatest of ease, take my shorthand notes of all that was going on around me." 17 By the time the Scotsman made his run across the plains the snows had melted and what he saw was quite another world than that viewed by the younger Brigham.

In mid-November 1867 tracklayers reached the young and boisterous village of Cheyenne, at which time Samuel B. Reed telegraphed to Brigham Young: "Track laid to Cheyenne, 16 miles more than half way from the Missouri River to Salt Lake City." The Mormon leader immediately answered with a congratulatory message that spoke of the railroad's unprecedented success and of the hope that he would soon see Reed "on one of those elegant western cars." In warm appreciation he concluded: "God bless you in your good labor." 18 By the spring of 1868, the rails were well beyond Cheyenne. As the Mormons watched the iron penetrate what soon would be Wyoming Territory and make its way toward the Valley of Great Salt Lake, the excitement of a dream about to be realized broke among them. The entrance of this great enterprise, said the Deseret News, would result in the formation of states and territories all around Utah which, in turn, would become the economic capital of that new empire. Comparing Salt Lake City to one with a large and influential seaport, the paper predicted that it possessed a natural commercial drainage that would draw trade to it from all directions. There was talk that the road would enter Zion by the autumn of 1868, but even if this should be delayed until the next year, it was admitted that such an accomplishment would set new construction records. 19 Not only were the Mormons enthusiastic about the prospect of having a railroad, but they were also increasingly defensive over accusations that their people wanted to be shut out from the rest of mankind.

Referring to the long and dusty miles that stretched westward from the Missouri River, across which most of those people had traveled in jolting wagons, the Deseret News wrote of the day when passage to Zion could be made under less trying circumstances.

17

Millennial Star, XXX ( 1 8 6 8 ) , 818. " J o u r n a l History," November 12, 1867.

19 Deseret News, August 7, 1867.

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Nor were the brethren blind to the effect rail service would have upon the price of all imported goods, especially heavy machinery so long freighted in at exorbitant rates. Instead of viewing Salt Lake City as a place of religious refuge, the local press now spoke of it as a stopping place on an international highway that would carry passengers from London to Bombay in half the time formerly required. Thousands, even millions, some day would stop off at Zion on their way to other lands.

To the News this was an event to be anticipated, not dreaded. 20 That the Mormons regarded the Union Pacific as a new instrument that would be of use to them is also seen in comments made by the Millennial Star, of Liverpool, in quoting a progress report made by the New York Herald. Noting that over five hundred miles of railroad would be available to emigrating Saints by the next season the Star commented: "We are filled with gratitude to God for his goodness in thus making 'a path in the desert' for his people." To those who awaited passage from the British Isles, reports of the Union Pacific's progress came as good news; very few of them had any desire to make the trip by wagon. 21 One of the reasons that Americans generally believed the Mormons were clannish and hostile to outsiders was due to the persistence of their feeling against mining and mining people. Brigham Young had long emphasized the value of a community that combined agriculture with manufacturing, one that worked toward economic independence as opposed to the traditional dependence upon the East experienced by many earlier, and later, western settlements. As the railroad came nearer there was reiteration of this sentiment among the Mormon elements.

Pointing out that the territory had increased steadily in wealth from its earliest days, the Deseret News, the voice of the Mormons, argued that such would not have been the case if mining had been encouraged. Those who represented the paper's management took the point of view that mining did not produce real wealth or prosperity, but rather it brought in a floating population that often did not become permanent. California was used as an example of a state that would have been depopulated after the mining boom had it not been for its agricultural potential. That state would "today be among the least prosperous and possibly the most wretched communities in the world," said the editor, in support of his argument that only agriculture had saved the place. 22 20

ibid.

"Journal History," September 2, 1867.

22 Deseret News, December 17, 1867.

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Utah leaders admitted that mining was not prospering. Albert Carrington, chairman of a Utah legislative committee, reported in January 1867 that his group had "not learned of a single mine in this Territory that has declared a dividend, nor of any placer diggings, notwithstanding much labor, skill and search have been expended to obtain dividends and discover such diggings." 23 Governor Charles Durkee argued that some progress had been made in mining, but he conceded that no real success was likely until cheap transportation was available. 24 So far as official Mormon policy was concerned, railroad service might indeed aid mining, but it was not one of the benefits that the church looked forward to with pleasure. On the contrary, stress was laid upon Utah's agricultural advance and how rail service would help to sell that product throughout the West. In 1867, for example, over eighty thousand acres of cereal crops were harvested, not to mention nearly two thousand acres of sorghum, about seven thousand acres of root crops, a small amount of cotton, and over a thousand acres of orchard produce. In addition nearly thirty thousand acres of meadowland fed local livestock.25 It was statistics such as these of which Mormons spoke in praising the progress of their people.

It was the farmer and the handscraftsmen they wanted, classes apt to settle into the already-established community, and not those who came to get and get out, only taking from the land, but leaving nothing.

When Brigham Young addressed State of Deseret's legislature in February of 1868, he spoke once more of the Union Pacific's progress, expressing the hope that within two years "the solitude of our mountain fastnesses will be broken by the shrill snort of the iron horse," and he again referred to the many benefits it would bring. At that time Young did not know on which side of the lake the Union Pacific proposed to build; and although he thought the south side promised a more direct route and one that would accumulate a heavier local business, he did not appear to be deeply concerned over the choice. He felt that if the road passed to the north a branch line could be built to Salt Lake City at a relatively small outlay. 26 In any case Young was willing to speed the work and to lend any assistance he could.

23 Utah Territory, Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah of the Sixteenth Annual Session for the Years 1866-7 (Great Salt Lake City, 1866), 147.

24 "Governor's Message to the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, Executive Office, Utah, Great Salt Lake City, December 10, 1866," ibid., 16-22.

25 Utah Territory, Journals of the Legislative Assembly for the Years 1866-7. 159, 161, 166-68.

26 Speech of Brigham Young in "Journal History," February 24, 1868; Joseph Fielding Smith, Essentials in Church History . . . (Salt Lake City, 1922), 541; Millennial Star, XXX (1868), 189.

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During April, when Reed asked him to send supplies to feed a large force of workers then being sent to Green River, Young said he would make every effort to answer the request. "I think that considerable flour can be furnished," he wrote, but he cautioned Reed that its price was governed by western gold mining communities where it was in great demand. If the Union Pacific's needs could be met from other sources until July when new flour would come into the market, prices would be more favorable and supplies larger, he added. Labor was more plentiful.

Young advised Thomas Durant that Mormon workers could be hired for $1.00 to $2.25 a day, according to their talents, provided their board was furnished. 27 Brigham Young and his followers were keenly aware of what the Union Pacific could do for them and they made every effort to utilize it at the earliest possible date. As early as December 1867, Brigham Young, Jr., discussed with Elder Franklin Richards of Liverpool, the possibility of making transportation contracts that would enable Mormon immigrants to travel all the way from New York to Cheyenne with only one or two changes of cars. He based cost estimates on rates charged during the recent travel season, giving figures of $25.00 in greenbacks from New York to Omaha and $10.00 for each adult from that point to North Platte. 28 Brigham Young also utilized the rails to haul hardware and other necessities part of the way to Zion. During 1868 the amount of freight passing westward over the line to Utah reached such proportions that it drew criticism from Washington. Referring to a clause that permitted supplies for Young's employees to pass over the road free, Government Director C. H. Snow commented that the freight consigned to Young was "so largely in excess of what is for the use of his men [that it] suggests mismanagement, if nothing else." 29 On the contrary, argued Young, large amounts of Mormon goods were lying at Omaha and other points on the line due to the unwillingness or inability of the company to furnish transportation. "Some little has," he wrote, "however been forwarded at my earnest request, to supply the men working on the railroad with blankets, boots, &c." 30 Union Pacific officials were to discover, before long, that they were dealing with a shrewd and hard27 Telegrams, Reed to Young, April 22; Young to Reed, April 23, 24; Young to Durant, April 22 (L.D.S. Church Historian's Library).

28 B. Young, Jr., to Richards in Millennial Star, XXX (1868), 27.

29 U.S., Congress, Senate, Government Director C. H. Snow, Reports of the Directors of the Union Pacific Railroad Company 1864 to 1886, 47th Cong., 1st Sess., 1881-82 Senate Ex. Doc. 69, p. 61, Serial 2336.

30 "Journal_ History," November 18, 1868; Young to Joseph Little, December 24, 1868, Letterbooks of Brigham Young (L.D.S. Church Historian's Library).

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headed businessman when they associated themselves with the Mormon leader. However, the relationship must have had its advantages because it continued for years.

In 1868, as the Union Pacific neared Utah, commercial excitement in that territory reached new heights. The Deseret News quoted eastern newspaper stories that predicted an economic boom for the Great Basin country once a railroad had tapped its resources, and emphasized the material good that was to come from the venture. 31 Historian Orson F. Whitney later wrote that the road's approach stimulated the development of new commercial ventures, including Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution, and it played a large part in the growth of numerous Mormon towns throughout the territory. 32 In July the News noted that a steady stream of wagon trains arrived from the railroad terminus, bringing in machinery, merchandise, and other items to feed the growing commercial life of Utah. 3 3 The assiduous Mormons overlooked no possibilities for the future economic growth of Zion. In August 1868 Brigham Young wrote to Seth Green, of New York, saying that "we fully expect when the Railroad comes through to plant the oyster, lobster and other salt water fish in suitable places in our lakes and rivers," 34 To reassure its readers that the incoming flow of goods was largely beneficial, the News quoted an Iowa paper whose editor warned that gamblers and fancy ladies would find no haven in the new business metropolis of the West. "I have been told," he wrote, "that as soon as such persons enter this quiet abode, the President dispatches a messenger, intimating gently that the climate is not healthy for them and that they should select a more salubrious locality. A hint from such a power will go a great way." He had a further warning for those who thought that boom town social life had accompanied the new prosperity when he said: "Drinking saloons are very scarce and there are but one or two lager beer [establishments]." 35 As the railroad net spread across the American West in the latter years of the nineteenth century, many a small town envisaged itself as the commercial capital of its region and talked largely of achieving the title "Great Railroad Center." Salt Lake City businessmen saw this as a distinct possibility for their town. In 1868 Joseph S. Wilson, com31

Deseret Evening News, April 30, 1868.

Orson F. Whitney, History of Utah (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1892-1904), II, 277.

33 Deseret Evening News, July 20, 1868.

34 Letterbooks of Brigham Young, August 28, 1868.

35 Correspondent from the True Radical (Davenport, Iowa), written at Salt Lake City May 31, 1868. Deseret Evening News, July 7, 1868.

32

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missioner of the General Land Office, wrote from Washington, D . C , that the Mormon capital was sure to become a radiating point for other roads, one of which would lead to the Columbia River and then to Portland, while another would connect Utah with Arizona and California and run clear to San Diego bay.36 The Deseret News announced that the Union Pacific already had plans to connect Salt Lake City with both Portland and Los Angeles, a prediction that would come true a good many years later. 37 Much sooner, however, small Mormon lines were to be built in several directions from the City of the Saints, binding both the religious and the commercial life of Utah to its capital.

Anxious to build Zion into a strong economic unit, Mormon leadership continued to insist, both for home and national consumption, that it did not fear the coming of the railroad. The News carried a story in May 1868 in which it outlined the past history of persecution suffered by the Mormon people and admitted that there was a widespread belief in the United States that the penetration by the Union Pacific would spell the death-knell of Mormonism. Those who retailed such stories, said the editor, supposed that the Mormons also believed this and that they therefore opposed the coming of the rails. He asked if the large force of Brigham Young's people, working at top speed all that summer to complete a grading contract made by their leader, did not sufficiently deny these rumors. "The railroad is coming," said the News. "It is a fixed fact. We intend, as a community, to do all in our power to push it through. . . . We need it; for we can see many advantages that it will bring to us." 38 In praise of the project the News of June 5, 1868, exclaimed: "We live in a wonderful age." Admittedly, the railroad would bring in Gentiles; but it also would carry them out, said the Mormons, Nor would the presence of those who stayed sway "confidence in our system and its great author" or cause the faithful to waiver, further promised the Deseret News.39 While the News editor was confident that his people could cope with the importation of ideas foreign or antagonistic to them, he warned that material changes inherent in the new form of transportation might be more disruptive. The Mormons, who had worked so hard to develop home manufactures, might be threatened by the importation of such 30 U.S., Secretary of the Interior, Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office [1868], 40th Cong., 3d Sess., 1868-69, House Ex. Doc. 69, p . 67, Serial 1366. ^ Deseret News, November 19, 1868.

38 Ibid., M a y 20, 1868. Editor George Q. C a n n o n reiterated this view in an editorial p u b lished in the News J u n e 10, 1868.

39 Deseret News, M a y 20, 1868.

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items as fine tables, wagons, or other products, Should this happen the coarser local manufacture might suffer from eastern competition, and to ward off such a development the editor pointed out that a better grade of raw materials should be imported with which to produce manufactured goods of equal quality. Rather than to suffer from the coming of the railroad, highly skilled Mormon artisans ought to redouble their efforts to compete with the imports it would bring to Utah. Editor George Cannon was one of those who foresaw the necessity of tightening Mormon business lines to meet a new and potent threat. 40 Samuel Bowles, an eastern journalist who visited Salt Lake City during this period of change, commented upon the prospect of Gentile competition in a growing commercial community and the church's probable reaction to such danger. He guessed that before the coming of the rails there were not more than three or four thousand Gentiles in a territorial population of between 100,000 and 125,000, but this ratio appeared likely to change in the near future. Bowles therefore predicted a tightening of the practice, already in partial use, whereby Mormons bought only from Mormons in order to prevent any further breakdown of their rule "growing out of the revolutionary influences of the railroad." 41 In October 1868 the Thirty-Eighth Semi-Annual Church Conference convened at Salt Lake City and among the important matters discussed was that of trade. Elder John Taylor, one of those who spoke on the subject, argued that nations made treaties of commerce in which special advantages were conferred, and while Utah did not fall in such a category it stood in a position where it had "political relations with the general government." He inferred that because of Utah's remote location and its status as a territory, the Mormons might be justified in refusing to trade with those "who have tried and continue to try to injure us." 42 Editor George Q. Cannon, now wearing his other hat as Elder Cannon, told his fellow churchmen that although the Gentile merchants, some of whom were fine men, might be injured by a general boycott, the Mormons had to think of their own welfare. "We have been threatened by men in our midst with complete overthrow when the railroad should be completed," he wrote in the News. Obviously this could not be allowed to happen.

Cannon spoke for many of his people when he pointed out that those 40

Deseret Evening News, August 10, 1868.

Samuel Bowles, Our New West: Records the Pacific Ocean . . . ( H a r t f o r d , 1 8 6 9 ) , 223, 227.

12 Deseret Evening News, O c t o b e r 6, 1868.

41

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For a short period after the Union Pacific laid its rails through the town in 1869, Uintah, Utah, boomed as a point of transshipment to Salt Lake City. The first immigrants transported by rail were discharged into the valleys of the Great Salt Lake from this point. Completion of the Utah Central between Salt Lake City and Ogden in 1870 nipped Uintah's boom. This photograph was taken in about 1869; notice the abandoned freight wagons.

who had redeemed the country from the wilderness, and had labored to bring it prosperity, had a right to protect what they had built.43 Before the church conference closed, its participants voted to "withdraw the hand of fellowship from all those who persisted in the policy of sustaining our enemies," 44 Intercourse with Gentiles was to be limited to absolute necessities, and those who grew careless in their purchases were promised stern punishment. As one foreign journal explained the situation: "This measure was urged as necessary in self-defense against the rapidly approaching dangers of outsiders, coming in with the Pacific Railroad, who are avowed enemies of Mormonism." 45 That there was backsliding and a necessity of reprimanding the guilty is seen in an entry of the "Journal History," in late November, where it was observed that the subject of trading with outsiders had been discussed in a recent meeting of the School of the Prophets. "Br. Wilkinson was charged with having bought goods from a Jew. He confessed, asked forgiveness, and i3 Ibid., October 7, 8, 9, 1868. ^Ibid., October 9, 1868.

4o The Illustrated London News, LIII (November 7, 1 8 6 8 ) , 438.

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promised not to do so any more," noted the "Journal" recorder. The items suggest that the Mormons not only were well aware of the potential danger inherent in their forthcoming connection with the world, but that they were prepared to act firmly when it threatened to erode the economic apparatus of their theocracy.

Reaction to the threat of outside competition was not entirely negative, although it was this aspect of the move that gained the most publicity. Within days after the closing of the church conference of October 1868, plans were made for the formation of a cooperative wholesale store, the object of which was to offer goods at prices comparable to those sold by Gentile merchants and to keep the profits in Mormon hands.

During that month the Deseret News explained that it was difficult to found such a company because capital was in such short supply; therefore, the faithful were asked to participate in a venture designed to protect themselves. The Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution, as the new organization became known, thus commenced its activities as the wholesale buyer of non-local goods which were then sold through retail outlets in perhaps a hundred Mormon communities throughout Utah. 4 6 Despite continuation of the old attacks upon their system and potential threats to it, Mormon leaders did not waiver in their contention that they were ready to receive the outstretched commercial connection with the rest of the nation. In an editorial entitled "A Change Coming" the Millennial Star predicted that Brigham Young's participation in railroad construction would do more than dispel notions that the Mormons wanted to remain isolated; it would also dispel misconceptions "concerning a great many other important questions." The brethren had waited through a good many years of persecution and abuse, said that journal, and now the day when they would be understood by all men was near at hand. The Union Pacific had provided the means and the people of Utah knew it. "They cheerfully engage upon the rough work of the great railway, not only for the material and intrinsic benefits they expect it to bring them, but because it will assist in a very great degree in making them and their doctrines and institutions known to the world." 47 Brigham Young reiterated his views regarding the advantages of the railroad several times during 1868. At a mass meeting held on June 10, he told over three thousand assembled listeners that rumors 46 47

Deseret Evening News, October 10, 1868; Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, Millennial Star, XXX (1868), 408-10, 440-42.

248, 249.

Union Pacific Railroad

807

about Mormon antipathy to the project were false and that, on the contrary, the church strongly desired to have it. With typical Young directness he suggested that even he might become less disliked by his detractors when he became better and more widely known; the railroad would help spread his name. 48 On another occasion he called the road one of the greatest temporal blessings ever conferred upon the Saints.

He praised Union Pacific officials for the honorable manner in which they had dealt with the Mormons and suggested that they should be blessed by the Lord for their kindly cooperation. 49 Writing to one of the foreign missionaries early in November, Young remarked that "we want the railroad, [and] we are not afraid of its results." Once again he suggested that the new means of transportation would make it easier for strangers to come to Zion and to see for themselves the good order, the peace, and the freedom from crime enjoyed by the Mormons, 50 He felt that by comparison with other American communities his was an outstanding example of civic advance.

During the summer of 1868, as Mormon boys worked on the railroad grade and their people prepared for the coming of the rails, the church used the partially constructed facilities to expedite and to enlarge the annual emigration from Great Britain. The first group of west-bound Mormons to sail from Liverpool that season came on the John Bright, hoping to reach the Union Pacific rail terminus by July 10.51 Between them, that vessel and the Minnesota brought 1,250 emigrants to the United States, all of whom had reached Laramie before the end of July, where they were met by the usual wagon trains, By that time the Colorado had delivered another 600 who also came west by rail.52 The total emigration from Europe that year amounted to 3,232 persons, most of whom came from the British Isles. England contributed 1,845; Wales, 232; Scotland, 193; Ireland, 16; Jersey, 24; and the Isle of Man, 5.

The continental contribution was mainly from northern Europe, with Denmark sending 540; Sweden, 216; Norway, 63; North Germany, 3; Switzerland, 4 1 ; Italy, 8; Bavaria, 2; France, 1; and Holland, 3. In addition there were 40 of the entire group who were returning missionaries, ÂŁ3 !

Cheyenne Leader, J u n e 15, 17, 1868. ' "Journal History," October 6, 1868. ' Y o u n g to George Nebeker, November 4, 1868, Letterbooks of Brigham Young. ' Deseret Evening News, J u n e 2, 1868. ' " J o u r n a l History," July 28, 1868.

Ibid., September 26, 1868.

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Brigham Young was pleased by the dispatch and the ease with which the converts made their way, commenting that they arrived looking well thanks to a rail ride of 650 miles beyond the Missouri that made the journey across the plains far less dangerous and wearing than in years gone by.54 One of the Mormons who accompanied the travelers gave a less glowing picture of the new facilities, remarking that "It cost us much trouble to get the saints in the crowded cars [at Omaha], as these were poor and uncomfortable." O n arriving at Laramie, he said, "Some of the saints were very sick on account of the heat and the ride." 55 Despite any discomforts the trip was cheaper and quicker than before. Brigham Young estimated that it cost about $65.00 a head to bring his people from Liverpool to the rail terminus, a figure that was quite reasonable considering what the road charged other customers. The regular fare from Omaha to the terminus was ten cents a mile, a figure that equaled what the British emigrants had to pay for the entire trip to the end of the rails. 56 By the time the road was in full running order, conditions seem to have improved, even for the cheap-fare passengers. In August 1869 Elder David M. Stewart reported to Young that employees all along the route "are disposed to do what is right by our emigrants." The rail superintendents, he said, "are doing all in their power to make our people comfortable, and to speed them on their journey to Utah." 57 After the road's completion the situation became even more elastic, as it regarded the transportation of Mormons from abroad. No longer did the church have to predicate its plans for the annual emigration on the plains wagon travel season; now these people could be brought in at the season of most favorable rates. In May 1869 Brigham Young wrote to Albert Carrington, head of the European Mission, and directed that the next group to be forwarded be held until August or early September. "The chances are that the rates will then be lower," he explained. 58 Even so, a sizeable amount of money was spent on transportation that season. Church records show a receipt in the amount of $25,826.16 for the haulage of persons and baggage during a period covering August 20 to October 25, 1869.59 84

Young to George Nebeker, September 2, 1868, Letterbooks of Brigham Young. °5 "Journal History," September 26, 1868.

58 Ibid., October 6, 1868; Deseret Evening News, March 28, 1868.

57 Stewart to Young, "Journal History," August 18, 1869.

58 Young to Carrington, May 22, 1869, "Journal History," May 22, 1869.

59 Invoice in Union Pacific Railroad Papers (August-October, 1869), Manuscript Section (L.D.S. Church Historian's Library).

Union Pacific Railroad

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During the final months that preceded the union of the rails at Promontory Summit the entire Utah community began to feel the excitement of anticipation that precedes a long-awaited event. In January 1869 Acting Governor Edwin Higgins spoke of the approaching railroad in his address to the legislative assembly, as had Utah chief executives for more than a decade and a half. Once more the many advantages to immigration, to the exportation of local products, and to the importation of necessities were outlined. He made special mention of mining, a subject that the church had played down for years, commenting that Utah's sub-surface riches now could be extracted profitably and to the great benefit of the entire community. As he looked into the future, Higgins saw a Utah connected to the world by a modern transportation system, and he quite correctly predicted that "every branch of our social and political life must consequently feel the influence of its existence." 60 To the average resident of Utah, both Mormon and Gentile, the prospect of rail service had a more immediate appeal. Leonard E. Harrington, who had lived in Utah since 1847, noted the approach of the road in his diary, and commented that already its influence was apparent "in the supplying of goods and in the number of travelers, visitors, businessmen, etc. that come among us," He noted that in former times winter travel was particularly difficult, "but now things are materially changed for the better." 61 Not only was transportation becoming easier, but it was also cheaper. Speaking of the yet-uncompleted road, Elder George A. Smith remarked that already it had reduced the price of merchandise, and when the demands of construction crews had been satisfied he thought the additional available cars would mean a further reduction in the price of freight. Smith called the million dollars already injected into the Mormon community, through construction contracts and employment, "very opportune," especially so because grasshoppers had caused heavy damage to crops thereby sharply reducing the territory's income. "There is about another million due us," he said, in reference to the Mormon grading contracts, and its receipt promised further to aid the local economy.62 While the Mormon community was happy to acquire railroad facilities and to have its supply of cash replenished as a fringe benefit, 60 U t a h Territory, Governor's Message to the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah [January 11, 1869] ([Salt Lake City, 1869]).

61 J. Cecil Alter, ed., "Journal of Leonard E. H a r r i n g t o n , " Utah Historical Quarterly y V I I I (January, 1940), 46. ' 62 Smith to W. S. Elderkin, April 14, 1869, " J o u r n a l History," April 14, 1869.

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U N I O N PACIFIC RAILROAD C O M P A N Y (A. J . RUSSELL P H O T O G R A P H )

During railroad construction in 1868, tent saloons, gambling houses, and brothels sprang up to fleece the Irish railroad workers in Echo City, Utah. Note the tents with the false fronts to give the appearance of greater permanance.

The town quieted as the rails moved west.

there began to be some misgivings about the price to be paid for these endowments by the outside world. It was anticipated that the employment of local men would diminish the influence of the roistering element that accompanied construction, but such a hope was in vain. As the railhead approached Utah it continued to produced the rough and ready towns it had strewn across the countryside all the way from Omaha.

Bear River City (just beyond Utah's border) was described by a dismayed Mormon elder as "several hundred tents, wagons and shanties . . . erected for the sale of whiskey and for gambling and dance houses" governed by a vigilance committee that seemed bent upon hanging half the population.

The next mushroom municipality was Wahsatch, a temporary village that existed primarily because of the large crews called in to cut a long tunnel nearby and to build a temporary track around it while the bore was being made. The life of Wahsatch was so short that no serious disorder had a chance to mount before the town faded away. 63 "Terminopolis," as each new railhead community was dubbed, moved on as relentlessly as before. cs

ibid.

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Echo City was more orderly, but it also felt the impact of the railroad in a very significant way. Suddenly town lots began to sell rapidly, prices soared, and temporary business houses did a thriving trade. Late in 1868 a Salt Lake City newspaper correspondent counted some fifty flimsy structures, exclusive of Union Pacific buildings, most of which, he said, were "mere duck tenements . . . as frail as the erring humans in some cases sheltered by them." The occupants to which he referred, known to his colleagues as "nymphs du grade," recently had been imported from what was called an "Emporium of Fashion" at Bear River. T h e re-enforcements, noted a newsman, "places Echo in direct 'communication' with all the gilded enticements with which wanton pleasure decks herself to charm her votaries." While reporters talked lightly of the sporting element that accompanied construction crews, the Mormon press generally showed open concern over what it called "the brutalization, setting so strongly westward." One of its representatives confessed that he did not see how local authorities could condone a situation where "unblushing depravity, gross intemperance, gambling hells and kindred places are allowed full swing." 64 The Saints, now confronted with the benefits of civilization as introduced by the railroad, had begun to realize that the package was not completely filled with good things.

In the field of more ordinary commercial transactions, Echo City displayed the confusion typical of other western boom towns. Sheltered by what one observer described as "a vigorous spread of cotton," was a wide array of groceries, dry goods, clothing, hardware, and general merchandise. With lumber selling as high as $250.00 a thousand and termed "non-come-atable" even at that price, .stores, bakeries, blacksmith shops, restaurants, saloons, and other places of business were part of a canvas world that had crept across the continent to Utah. 65 The excitement was brief, the commotion passing westward with the rails, and before long the transient population had departed leaving the place with not much more than an appropriate name: Echo.

Uintah, located at the mouth of Weber Canyon and approximately seven miles from Ogden, served as a depot for Salt Lake City passengers during 1869. Elder John Jaques, who passed through it that summer on his way to Liverpool, called it a "characteristically Gentile arrangement," consisting of about two acres of boards and canvas, "the buildings 04 65

Deseret Evening News, December 19, 1868.

Ibid., December 20, 1868.

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huddled closely together, as though afraid of their own fraility." It seemed to the Mormon elder that every building in the place was either a grog shop, a gambling den, or what might loosely be termed a restaurant.

"Uintah, in fact," he concluded, "is one of the most repulsive looking places I ever saw." 66 Non-Mormon sources attest to the fact that there was indeed violence in the construction camp. "There was a man shot and hung at Wasatch tonight," noted Paymaster O. C. Smith in his diary.

"Reason given: He is a Dammed Nigger." 6 7 Nearby Ogden was described as "a changed place," where hotels, boardinghouses, restaurants, and "meals at all hours" chop houses were jammed to overflowing.68 The city, which had been incorporated for many years, was now growing rapidly and real estate prices soared. Again, prosperity was not without its price. "Until the advance of the railroad drunkenness and crime were almost unknown," wrote one of the Mormon elders. Here, however, municipal leaders were able to exercise better control than that attempted in newer towns, and lawless elements tended to move on to greener pastures. 69 Beyond Ogden lay Brigham City, another Mormon community that experienced a crush of humanity larger than it was prepared to handle. So many businessmen and travelers demanded lodging that rooms could be had only by telegraphing to hotels a day or two in advance. 70 At Corinne, near the point where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific would join, disorder and chaos ruled. One of the Mormons called the place a "headquarters for libertines." This canvas community was fast becoming civilized, said a newspaper reporter in the early spring of 1869, "several men having been killed there already." Moreover, he commented, the railroad already was developing the resources of the territory, for dance houses and saloons were springing up in all directions.

Venturing a guess that there were no less than three hundred whiskey shops between Corinne and Brigham City, the Mormon journalist sarcastically remarked that newcomers were indeed showing the Saints "what is necessary to build up a country and make it self-supporting and permanent." 71 Such disapproval of these additions to Utah society brought a scornful reaction from newspapers in other parts of the United States. A Nebraska journal, explaining that the Mormons were alarmed 66

Letter of Jaques, August 16, 1869, "Journal History," August 16, 1869.

O. C. Smith, Diary (Ellsworth W. Cardwell, Salt Lake City), June 29, 1869.

68 Deseret Evening News, March 19, 1869.

69 Smith to Elderkin, "Journal History," April 14, 1869.

70 Deseret Evening News, March 25, 1869.

71 Ibid.

67

Union Pacific Railroad

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at the influx of wickedness, stated that "Brigham Young's paper advises that a whistle be kept hanging up in every house, to be sounded in case robbers or murderers break in." 72 The quiet agricultural community that had grown up in the Great Basin during the preceding two decades was understandably disturbed by the sudden injection of rowdyism, and it is not surprising that some of its members thought it was literally time to blow the whistle on the proceedings.

As it was with the many western railroads that were built later, the commotion caused by construction in Utah passed away when the pay-car no longer supported the workmen and their followers. As early as July 1869, a local observer who visited Echo could write that "Everything is so still and quiet that the wonder arises how those who profess to do business here contrive to pass the time. . . . Store doors stand open with their usual dispensers of goods lounging around, while saloons boast each a couple or three occupants stretched full length on benches adorning the canvas sides. . . ." 73 Already the social wounds caused by the gash cut through Utah during railroad construction days were beginning to heal. Sensible Mormons realized that disorder was only part of the birth-pangs and that the benefits promised by rail service would emerge in due time. Not only would the new transportation stimulate commerce, but it would introduce the West to multitudes who otherwise never would enjoy its beauties. Long before "See America First" became a promotional slogan, Mormon leaders thought of selling the region's scenery, trout fishing, and hunting to easterners. In the early spring of 1869, Salt Lake City boosters were already calling for a "Grand National Hotel" to accommodate the many visitors who were expected. 74 During the first summer of regular service, the prediction of a heavy tourist season was realized; more visitors passed through Salt Lake City during those travel months than at any time since its founding. They were welcomed by the local press, with the comment that Mormondom had nothing to fear from the examination of it by intelligent minds and that only through such exposure could the prevailing ignorance about the church be fought.75 Equally welcome were commercial men of the East and Midwest.

Hardly had the road been opened before a large commercial delegation from Chicago arrived at Salt Lake City to talk business. Brigham Young 72

Nebraska Herald (Plattsmouth), June 3, 1869.

"Journal History," July 17, 1869.

74 Deseret Evening News, March 3, 1869.

73 Ibid., January 6, 1870.

73

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greeted them with enthusiasm and listened with interest to their comments about the mutual advantages of rail service. He agreed with such sentiments and sagely reminded them that the Mormons had built part of the Union Pacific.76 The Salt Lake City Directory of 1869 made much of the new commercial union with the Midwest, giving considerable space to a section entitled "Chicago: Its Growth and Trade," in which it described places of interest, theaters, museums, hotels, and the leading business houses of Chicago. 77 The publication reminded the world that on their exodus of 1847 the Mormons were "firmly imbued with a belief in the future construction of an overland railroad, [and] during the whole of their tedious journey they carefully kept it in view and endeavored to find a practicable route for it." 78 Despite persistence of the belief that the clannish Mormons did not want to open their kingdom to the rest of the world, the documents of their own history show that they not only desired a railroad, but that they were more than willing to help build one when the opportunity presented itself. That their beliefs in their own system were deeply rooted and that their way of life was in no real danger of erosion from outside exposure need no further proof today than a visit to the wellintegrated economic empire they carved from the desert. Far from fearing the railroad, they seized upon it as another weapon in the fight for survival and they made it work for, rather than against them.

76

Whitney, History of Utah, I I , 3 2 1 - 2 3 .

E. L. Sloan, comp., The Salt Lake City Directory and Business Guide for 1869 (Salt Lake City, 1869), 189-220.

78 Ibid., 182. I n a speech on August 16, 1868, Brigham Young stated that he and his followers "never travelled a day [on the original trek] without marking the p a t h for the road to this place." Deseret Evening News, September 11, 1868.

77

An Anguished Odyssey: The Flight of the Utes 1906 -1908

BY FLOYD A. O NEIL

T

Ute lands is in the familiar vein of American Indian history — they lost their lands to white men. The original land had been a princely domain. It stretched from Denver to the Salt Lake Desert and from northern Colorado to the pueblos of northern New Mexico.

H E HISTORY OF

Mr. O'Neil is assistant to the director of the Western History Center, University of Utah.

A family group of Ute Indians about 1912. The man wearing head feathers is Saponise Cuch, a member of the Indian band who traveled to Fort Meade, South Dakota.

MRS. JAMES W . HOOPES

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Because the Utes lived just north of the Spanish frontier, they were generally immune from control by their European neighbors and often served as allies to the Spanish in humbling other tribes. In the two and one-half centuries of contact with that Spanish frontier, the Utes came to expect a certain set of relationships with white men. Then came the Americans.

The first Americans came to the Ute lands to seek furs, both from the Missouri country and from New Mexico. Their energy caused little concern to the Indians at first, and they were welcomed as friends and allies. By the 1830's fur trading posts were established among the Utes in the heart of their land by traders from Taos and Santa Fe. Trade blossomed with both the Americans and the Mexicans, especially after the Old Spanish Trail was opened from Santa Fe to Los Angeles. The trail went through central Utah.

When the Mexican War came in 1846, the Utes saw the Spanish people with whom they had dealt for two centuries quickly humbled.

The new power which now confronted them was very different indeed.

By the time the war was over, the Mormons had already invaded their lands. Within a decade, the western border was lost to the control of this group, and the discovery of gold in the eastern part of the Ute domain caused the effective loss of that area shortly after 1859.

The Americans also ringed the land with forts. Southern Wyoming, Utah, northern New Mexico, and eastern Colorado all had forts; and to further irritate the Utes, the Americans placed a fort deep in their territory — Fort Massachusetts in southern Colorado.

Resistance began — first in Utah in what was called the Walker War — in 1853. The Utes lost. The Utes resisted in southern Colorado — they lost. They tried again to stem the tide in Utah in the 1860's, and lost the so-called Black Hawk War (not to be confused with the Black Hawk War earlier in Illinois). For their trouble the Utah Utes were removed to Uintah Valley where President Abraham Lincoln had a reservation set aside for them.

Difficulties in the Denver area caused the Utes to be pushed west of the Continental Divide in 1868, and the discovery of gold and silver in the San Juan Mountains resulted in another loss in 1872. The United States' attempt to make farmers of the Utes led to their rebellion in 1879 against Nathan Meeker, whom they considered a tyrant, and the United States Army was sent against them in force. By then the demand for land had risen to the point that the pressure to "remove" the Utes was strong enough to bring the desired results. Those unfortunate people

Ute Indians

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north of the San Juan Mountains, guilty of rebellion or not, were dispossessed and pushed into Utah's Uintah Basin. The land assigned to them was extremely barren. Those to the south of the San Juans were forced into a small corner of Colorado which was, and is, relatively unproductive.

Two bands of the Utes were moved into Utah, the White River band (Yampahs) and the Uncompahgres or Tabeguaches. It was members of the White River band who had killed Nathan Meeker and made war on the United States. They had earned the attention and enmity of both the United States Army and the Indian Bureau. While the Uncompahgres were bewildered and shocked by their removal, the White River Utes were angry and sullen.

Several times between the time of their removal to the Uintah Basin and the great exodus, they returned to Colorado to hunt. Each time they were repulsed by cattlemen or the army herded them back.

The army, which moved the Indians to Utah, established Fort Thornburg at the present site of Ouray, and later the fort was moved to a site near Vernal. In 1886 Fort Duchesne was established about midway between the two agencies of Ouray and Uintah.

In 1902 Congress passed a law to allot the Utes in severalty and conducted a great survey and evaluation of the land area of the Utes in preparation for throwing the Uintah Basin open to homesteaders.

The Utes viewed all of this with disquietude.

In the living memory of many of these people, they had watched the white man seize political control, virtually destroy their way of life, occupy their lands, and force them to live with a fort guarding the interests of the white man. The outrage was greatest among the White River Indians who had "massacred" Nathan Meeker and fought the Army of the United States.

The Indians protested bitterly through their agent and finally gained so much attention that the government brought their leaders to Washington, D.C. According to later testimony of Tim Johnson a leading Ute, there was a long dispute between the Indians and the Department of Interior over the opening of the Reservation. 1 The Indians lost again.

The new State of Utah now had men of influence in the federal government, and Senator Joseph L. Rawlins of Utah spearheaded the opening of the last refuge of the Utes.

1 "Verbatim Report of a Council Held with the Ute Indians of the Uintah and Ouray Agency, Utah, by Captain Carter P. Johnson, U.S.A., on Sunday, February 17, 1907" (MS, Uintah and Ouray Agency, Fort Duchesne, U t a h ) .

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As the Uintah lands were allotted to the White River band in preparation for the opening, the Indians refused to cooperate with the officials. So the agents allotted lands without the Indians taking part in what they were given. This led to much bitter complaint after the Utes lost their fight to keep the whites out.

The frontier was opened again in 1905 for the sparse acres of the Uintah Basin, and the settlers poured into that area in what must have seemed a tide of people to the Utes. As their anger turned to dismay, they decided to flee.

Not all of their discontent went unobserved. The Vernal Express warned that: Indian trouble of gigantic proportions is brewing . . . a band of the White River Utes, by actual count known to number 321 camped at Dry Fork Wednesday night.

The Indians were all well armed and had ammunition in abundance, they also had 1,000 head of horses, and about 50 head of cattle. . . . They informed the settlers that they were going to one of the Northern reservations where a great gathering of all the Indians in the West has been arranged for, to council over their supposed grievances. They express freely their determination to fight rather than return. . . . 2

This intense anxiety of the people of Uintah was unnecessary, as the Indians had no intention of disturbing the peace in their outward migrations and they said so.3 When the Utes reached Diamond Mountain, north of Vernal, the Express opined: It is hardly possible that among all the three hundred there is a single Indian whoever took a scalp; yet these young bucks, sons of the wilder redmen, have slumbering in them the wanton ferocity of the race, which needs but the flaming. And nothing is just suited to awaken all the old time spirit of the Indian, more than the war whoop and the war dance. 4

When " C a p " Whitlock, a Uintah Basin resident who had many dealings with the Utes, was contacted by the Vernal Express, the report of his testimony furnishes some insight. . . . we learned that the evil genius who is in reality the backbone of the present ugly disposition of the natives, is no other than Red Cap, a sub-chief of the same stock as the bloody old chiefs Arapene and Walker.

That he is a repeat of these bad Indians is emphasized more when it is known that he speaks English well and has twice been a delegate to Wash2

Vernal Express, May 26, 1906.

Ibid., June 9, 1906.

4 Ibid. s

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ington for his tribesmen and ought, therefore, to counsel peace. On the contrary, he was the first to raise the banner of insurrection. This he did openly on the occasion of the last great Bear Dance at the Indian village on the Duchesne. About once every hour he would get up on a box and deliver himself of a harangue. "The whitemen," said he, "have robbed us of our cattle, our pony grass and our hunting ground," and then seeing that others approved his words, he grew bolder in his fiery tirade. He called upon all the Indians who were willing to fight for their rights to shave their heads in token. Shortly after, thirty or forty young bucks were seen among the crowd with their hair so cut that it stood straight up all over the top of their heads, and with their painted faces looked positively wild.

And then in a most revealing paragraph, the reason for the choice of destinations is given away.

A LEAGUE W I T H T H E SIOUX Red Cap advocated a trip to the Sioux, the Crows and all northern Indians for the purpose of forming a league to fight the whites, and it appears that he has prevailed. Other influential Indians told Mr. Whitlock during the festivities, that they did not want to fight. But it seems that the

COLORADO THE ROUTE OF THE FLEEING UTES Adapted from, "Utes Invade Dakota" THE WI-IYOHI, Monthly Bulletin of the South Dakota Historical Society, Vol. V I I , No. 3, (June 1, 1953). (No author listed).

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radical element is carrying the band northward, it may be by dint of the enthusiasm aroused and kept alive by war-like demonstrations, together with the novelty of a visit in the distant country. Whichever motive impels them, there is serious liability of trouble ahead. 5

In the summer of 1967, the author talked to Wilson Johnson, son of one of the Utes who fled. H e mentioned that the reason for the journey was to make an alliance with the Sioux to resist further white encroachment.

The Indians were especially afraid that they would be gathered up by the soldiers from Fort Duchesne and forced to return to their erstwhile camps. Legal considerations made it impossible to go after the Utes with an armed force. The agent at Fort Duchesne followed the Indians as they fled into Wyoming.

The citizens of that state took alarm at the size of the Indian caravan moving across their state. A dispatch from Cheyenne on August 20, 1906, stated: Seven hundred Utes are slaughtering cattle and sheep, robbing ranches and committing other depredations in the vicinity of Douglass, on the Platte River 150 miles north of Cheyenne. They are in an ugly mood and refuse to return to their reservation at White Rocks, Utah. Mosisco, a Ute Chief, is at the head of the band. Engleston, a Sioux renegade, and Red Cap who is said to have driven a barrel stave through the head of old man Meeker at the Meeker Massacre, and Red Jacket Jane, the squaw who gave the Indian the alarm when the soldiers came, are also with the party. T h e three latter are troublemakers, and hate all whites. The Indians have little or no money or provisions. Occasionally they sell a pony and with the provisions buy flour and ammunition. All are well armed.

Agent Hall of White Rocks Agency, has been following the redskins ever since they entered Wyoming two weeks ago, but they have reportedly refused to return to their reservation. Tonight agent Hall wired the department for instructions and in all probability troops will be hurried to Douglass from the Crow Creek maneuvre camp.

Ranchmen and townspeople in the vicinity of Douglass are arming and a conflict appears to be inevitable. Should an outbreak occur the Indians could massacre many settlers before troops could reach the scene, although there are 1,000 infantry, 1,200 cavalry and 800 artillery in the Crow Creek camp, 130 miles away. 6

Their progress was closely followed by the Vernal Express, and the comments of the Wyoming press tend to prove that the Utes were far more peaceful and reasonable than the people had been prepared for, as the following item on September 1, 1906, indicated: 5 6

Ibid.

Ibid., August 26, 1906.

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Word comes from Douglas that Indian agent Hall now seems to have the band of 700 Utes encamped along the river near that place, fully under control, and while there is still some stealing and killing of stock, affairs are comparatively quiet. Mr. Hall is awaiting advice from Washington as to the disposition desired to be made of the band. 7

The people of Wyoming were vocal in their attempt to get the federal government to intervene. On August 25, 1906, Honorable B. B. Brooks, governor of Wyoming, telegraphed the Commissioner of Indian Affairs that the Utes, who were camped near Douglass, should be removed to prevent violence.

Captain C. G. Hall, Ute agent who was in Wyoming, was instructed time and again to try to induce the Ute people to return to their former homes. They persisted in their outward migration. When Hall advised the government of his failure, the commissioner wired the governor: As long as they [the Indians] are peaceable and do not threaten hostility it does not seem that the Federal Government would be justified in interfering with them. Moral suasion has been used with little apparent effect in inducing them to return to their homes, it would therefore seem at present that the case is one for the local authorities rather than for this Department. 8

On September 17 the governor protested again and urged federal action. F. W. Mondell, congressman from Wyoming, wrote to the commissioner that serious trouble could be expected if the Utes were not removed.9 The commissioner in desperation sent his chief troubleshooter, Inspector James McLaughlin, to Casper to attempt to reason with the Utes. McLaughlin knew the Utes to some degree as he had negotiated the opening of their reservation. He convinced forty-five of the group to return to Utah, and one hundred of the most aggressive said they would go on to the Big Horn Mountains where they thought they would settle. The rest were bound for Pine Ridge, South Dakota.

McLaughlin had helped to keep the tribes of the area from developing too much enthusiasm during the Ghost Dance excitement of the 1890's and had become one of the leading figures in planning policy in the Indian Bureau for that part of the United States.

A week later the governor further pursued his demands upon the federal government, reporting that the Utes, "were drinking, insulting 7

Ibid., September 1, 1906.

Ibid.

9 U.S., D e p a r t m e n t of the Interior, Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1907. Administrative Reports (Washington, D . C , 1907) I I 122 Hereafter referred to as Indian Affairs Report a n d the year.

8

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White Rocks, Utah, in 1912. The long journey to South Dakota started from here.

and stealing, and had defied the local police." 10 On receiving this missive, the President asked if the governor was asking for United States troops to be sent to Wyoming. The governor responded in the affirmative, and the President sent the matter to the War Department for resolution.

In a telegram of October 14, 1906, the Secretary of War addressed the commander of the northern division: It having been represented to the President that a band of Ute Indians have entered the State of Wyoming, and have there committed a series of depredations against the property and rights of its citizens; . . . the President directs that Major-General Greely, commanding northern division, be instructed to cause a suitable force of cavalry to proceed to the scene of disturbance and command the intruders to return to their homes.

It is the President's desire that they be firmly but tactfully dealt with and that a violent course be avoided unless their defiance of the authority of the United States continues and it becomes necessary, for that reason, to compel them to desist from their unlawful conduct and return to the lands which have been allotted to their use in the Uintah Reservation, Utah. 1 1

Major-General Greely, who was in charge, sent two detachments from the Tenth Cavalry to hold council with Chief Appah and his band while soldiers from posts in the area were ordered to converge on the 10 11

Ibid., 123.

Ibid.

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323

camp. The commissioner in his Annual Report for the year stated: "The purpose of employing so large a military force was to overawe them and persuade them to return quietly to their homes as the alternative of being disarmed and compelled to do so." 12 As the troops took to the field, rumors spread. The agent at Crow, Montana, reported rumors that "the Utes had burned ranch buildings, shot and killed a prominent citizen, raided the cattle of the settlers, etc." 13 The commissioner lamented that these reports had been sent to the press.

In truth the Utes were very peaceful on their journey. They did indeed kill game, but they felt that the game was owned by the Indian people. Despite the adverse publicity of the newspapers, the losses to cattle and sheep were extremely small and violence to white persons nonexistent. Nonexistent, that is, unless insulting remarks are construed to be violent.

When the forces of the United States Army converged upon the unhappy Utes, the Indians saw the hopelessness of their situation, and after a parley with the military, they "accepted" the escort of the troops to Fort Meade, South Dakota. It was an expectant band of people who arrived at Fort Meade. In spite of all predictions to the contrary, they had succeeded in getting there. The elation at their success was shortlived. Not only were the Sioux people unwilling to enter into an alliance, but they regarded the Utes with much dismay. The end of the great campaigns against the United States Army were finished; the Sioux were facing difficult times, and they had no hunting lands they cared to share with the Utes.

In the beginning of the sojourn in South Dakota, the army supplied rations to the wanderers. This quickly caused protest, and the government sought a method to put the Utes to supplying their own needs. Several expedients were tried. The Utes' former agent in Utah was sent by President Theodore Roosevelt to help find a suitable place for them.

Captain Carter P. Johnson found surplus pasture land on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation and negotiated a rental agreement with that portion of the Sioux Nation to put the Utes there. There they remained in a bewildered state for some months.

The whole relationship of the Utes and the government was now called into the open. In a blistering speech before the Lake Mohonk 12 13

Ibid., 124.

Ibid., 125.

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Conference, the Honorable Francis E. Leupp, United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs, succinctly reviewed the next stage of the affair.

But it was no part of the President's purpose, as was explained to the Utes at the time, and has been repeatedly since, to let them live there in idleness; if they wished a change of climate and surroundings, he was willing to give them a chance to do as they pleased in these respects, but he did insist that they should, like all other citizens, of every race and color, pay for their own support. This was not in the Ute program. So we are faced with an interesting situation. The Utes were first of all offered an opportunity to work at high wages, including free house rent, free water, and free fuel, on the Santa Fe Railroad. They protested that it was a long distance off and they did not want to go so far; moreover, they had a herd of ponies, and they did not know what to do with those. It was suggested that they should do as white people would under the same circumstances — sell the ponies and use the money for the betterment of their own condition.

That did not suit them at all. So the President then said: "Very well, we will see what we can find for your nearer home."

During the summer we made an investigation of labor conditions in the northwest, and found an opportunity for all the able bodied men among these people to do unskilled labor at two dollars a day, at a point not far from where the bulk of their band were living, and where the children could go to school within fifteen miles of their work, so that the parents could see them from time to time. This offer they have absolutely rejected. They say: "We are government people, not like the Sioux — the Sioux have to work but the government will feed us." Well, I am sorry to say that I fear this bodes ill for the relations of the government and these Utes. I think that later this fall they will be given once more the opportunity of choosing between going to work and doing the other thing — going hungry. Now, the pinch of hunger is one of the greatest educators for any race of people. We sometimes say that we reach the American mind and heart through the stomach. When the Indian begins to find that his rations are dropping off, he for the first time realizes the problem which confronts him. We are cutting down the rations everywhere through the Sioux country, and among the rest these Utes are suffering. A little while hence they will discover that what has been told them was absolutely true — that they must either go to work or go hungry. When that time comes I do not know what the result may be. It is possible, as they have carried their arms with them, that they will rise in revolt; if they do, that revolt will be suppressed, and, if necessary, with an iron hand. I want to say this right here and now, so that every member of the Conference will know exactly what is going to happen, and will understand the position of the government toward those people. It was not the government's fault that they took the course they did in order to get into a place where they could live in idleness and eat the bread of charity. If they persist in that course they will be made to understand what the word "must" means.

(Applause.) 14 14 Proceedings of the Lake Mohonk Conference dent Peoples, 1907 (N.P., [1907]), 2 1 - 2 3 .

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325

Francis E. Leupp was the former Washington agent of the Indian Rights Association, a reform group headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This organization took upon itself the responsibility of defending American Indians against the encroachment of the government and white citizenry. The leaders of the Indian Rights Association were present at the Lake Mohonk Conference, a conference they helped sponsor. The Indian Rights Association was the most outspoken and forceful of the reform groups working on Indian problems at that time.

If the Rights Association could find no reason to support them, the Utes' alienation from any national support was virtually complete. The Sioux, who were enduring very pressing economic privation, were ill-disposed toward sharing their small and shrinking means with strangers, even though these were also Indians. The Utes' insistence that they were "government people" was soon dispelled. When the economic pressure became acute in the fall of 1907, Captain Hall went to their camp and told them that the last limit of leniency had been reached. They were in a mood to resist, but were restrained when the federal troops (two troops of cavalry) arrived to overawe them.

Under the leadership of Charles E. Dagenett, an employee of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, some of the Indian men went to work for two of the railroads. One of the railroads went broke and the Utes lost some of their wages. Others went to Rapid City, South Dakota, where they worked at repairing fences and other jobs. The government agents were further angered that the Utes would not sell their ponies and remove to the Santa Fe Railway to work for wages. 15 Although there had been a running argument over putting the children in school, few attended until the group went to Rapid City.

The children attended rather well there â&#x20AC;&#x201D; probably not because the government agents had won the argument, but because food and clothing were provided.

Congress was petitioned on the "Absentee Utes' " behalf and they were allowed to use some of their trust-fund money to overcome their most pressing needs. 16 After some fifteen months of their sojourn, some of them came to the conclusion that their situation was untenable.

In January 1908 the special Indian farmer who had been sent among them wrote to the agent at Fort Duchesne that the Utes had expressed a desire to return and that he would like to return with them. A little later 15

Indian Affairs Report, 1908, p. 121.

Ibid., 1909, p. 7.

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the councils were held and even the most militant felt that the only thing to do was to go back to the Uintah country. The decision came as most welcome tidings to the officers of the various federal agencies, and they were only too glad to find $9,920 to help them return.

The return was orderly and really very comfortable. The government had new wagons and harnesses shipped to Rapid City, South Dakota. There they provided additional horses and mules for dray and even collected rations for the odyssey. The Indians were escorted by Major Carter P. Johnson, and ten soldiers from the Tenth United States Cavalry. It was a journey of more than 1,000 miles but was made in 101 days.

The Vernal Express in October 1908 reported: The longest distance traveled any one day was 35 miles. Many days the cavalcade did not move at all. The trip was not without its exciting features and death was in the midst. Wherever there is life, death trying to enter in and he never fails. Three Indians died, it is said, from consumption. That is the disease which is carrying most of the red men off to-day.

While they were housed and kept in confinement in the barracks 12b north, over 40 died, but as soon as they were again given outdoor life they became healthy. This wandering outdoor life agrees with their nature, there were but few accidents. . . .

BOYCE AREEP

A group of the Utes who traveled to South Dakota.

Fort Meade about 1906.

This photograph was taken at

Ute Indians

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They have learned to make some quick remarks and witty answers to many questions. One old buck was standing alongside of his wyckiup while the squaw was baking bread. To the question as to what his name was he replied that he was too poor to have a name. . . . As a rule the Indians all appear to be healthy and in good spirits and glad to> get back, although they say they are poor. Capt. Johnson believes in feeding them well and getting them good natured, which he claims will civilize them and bring them into the white man's ways quicker than cutting down rations and say "work or starve." He takes the stand that a hungry Indian is usually a sullen, mean Indian. He makes them get busy, however, and do all the work around camp. . . . The wagons and harnesses will be given to the Utes. 17

Thus they returned.

W h a t was the meaning of their odyssey? M a n y facts of their condition were demonstrated. T h e y were frustrated to such a degree t h a t they were willing to take desperate measures to attempt to remedy their forlorn situation. It showed that the federal government was willing to go to great lengths to avoid an Indian war. But when troops were used, enough were dispatched to insure quick and certain victory should the Utes resist.

T h e journey demonstrated the loneliness of their position. I n their attempt to form an alliance with the Sioux, they were rebuffed. Even fellow Indians were neither willing nor able to help. After so long a journey, their reception by the Sioux must have been a very great shock.

They were required to pay even for pasture for their ponies.

T h e incident proved extremely costly to the government, a n d the end of the affair was a great relief to a harried group of government officials, T h e melancholy spirit of the Utes was not assuaged by the journey, and they came back to the position they h a d fled feeling very defeated. Finally, it told the Indians that their hope of return to those happy days before the coming of the white m a n was tragically hollow.

Vernal Express, October 16, 1908.

Scots Among The Mormons

BY FREDERICK S. B U C H A N A N

0

21, 1839, two Scotsmen, Alexander Wright and Samuel Mulliner, met at the home of a Mormon family in New York. Under the direction of Wilford Woodruff at this meeting and Parley P. Pratt at a subsequent meeting, plans were made to take the message of the "restored gospel" to the land of John Knox and the Covenanters. To Wright and Mulliner, both recent converts, fell the task of opening up their homeland as a field of Mormon missionary activities. 1 N OCTOBER

Dr. Buchanan is assistant professor of education at the University of Toledo, Ohio.

"Alexander Wright, J o u r n a l , 1839-1844 (microfilm, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Library, Salt Lake City), October 21., 1839.

Two famous Scotsmen, President Charles W. Nibley and Mr. Harry Lauder.

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329

The crossing to Liverpool was punctuated by what they interpreted as divine approval of their mission. Fogs were dispersed, seas were calmed, and breezes were made to blow as a result of raising "the desires of our hearts to the lord" as Alexander Wright recorded.2

By December 21 they were in the home of Samuel Mulliner's parents in Edinburgh, and from there they commenced missionary work among their fellow Scots — Wright went north to Banffshire and Mulliner west to Renfrewshire. Among Wright's earliest contacts was a minister who, while acknowledging that Wright's teachings disagreed with his present beliefs, admitted that "he could not say it was not so, but told me I had ought to be sure of thos things as ther were many getting up skemes that were only a delusion." 3 Some Scots, however, were willing to accept the new teachings; on January 14, 1840, Samuel Mulliner baptized Alexander Hay and his wife Jessie in the wintry waters of the River Clyde, the first Mormon converts in Scotland. By May of 1840 when Orson Pratt organized the first branch at Paisley, a substantial beginning had been made in bringing some ten thousand Scottish converts into the fold of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints between 1840 and 1900.

As the new converts were soon to realize, their baptisms were but a step toward their fulfilling another basic Mormon doctrine — the gathering to Zion. No sooner had the church been established in Glasgow and Edinburgh than the urge to emigrate to the gathering place in America — the land of Zion — was implanted in the newly won converts.

Mormon membership in Scotland totalled 317 souls in 1840, and in September of that year Walter Crane and his wife of Glasgow and Isabel Begg of Paisley, sailed from the Clyde — the first of some 5,000 Scots who obeyed the call of gathering to Zion.

In the years that followed the introductory labors of Wright and Mulliner, Scotland's Mormons became an important part of the church's missionary effort in Great Britain and on the continent. Joseph Smith commissioned Parley P. Pratt to build a temple in Scotland; and the Times and Seasons proclaimed, "In Scotland the truth flourishes." 4 William Dunbar presided in the Channel Islands; John Lyon and Matthew Rowan directed the work in Worcestershire. The names of such Scots as James Ure, James McNaughton, and Hugh Findlay loom large 2

Ibid., November 22, 23, 1839.

Ibid., J a n u a r y 13, 1840. ,oc * Brigham Young, "Advice to Emigrants . . . .," September 11, 1853, lournal of Discourses (26 vols., Liverpool, England, 1 8 5 4 - 1 8 8 6 ) , I, 77; Times and Seasons (Nauvoo, Illinois), V I , 975.

Parley P. Pratt was killed in 1857 without fulfilling the commission to construct a temple in Scotland. s

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in the missionary work of the 1840's and 1850's. 5 Scotsman Thomas B. H. Stenhouse helped open the Italian mission in 1849, and William Budge of Lanark assisted in establishing the Swiss and German missions. 6 In Scotland itself the missionary labors resulted in an increased membership during the first 11 years — from 317 in 1840 to 3,291 in 1851. In all some 70 branches of the M o r m o n church were established — 28 of them in the counties of Lanark, Renfrew, and Ayr, with most of the others in the Lanark, Fife, Clackmannan, and Edinburgh region, and one or two in such widely spaced places as Aberdeen in the northeast and Newton Stewart in the southwest. In 1847 William M a c K a y offered to preach Mormonism "in the Gaelic language to our Scottish Highlanders." 7 Commenting on this mission to the Highlands, William Gibson in a letter to Orson Spencer said: " M a y the God of Israel lead him on and bless his labours, till the heather hills of old Scotland reverberate with the songs of Zion." 8 However, in spite of such high hopes, the songs of Zion did not resound as loudly among the heather hills as they did among the smoke stacks, mine shafts, and factories of central Scotland; for it was there that the Mormon missionaries were most successful.

They were successful also in arousing opposition to their teachings.

Dismay, shock, and revulsion seemed to characterize the Reverend John Mackintosh's reaction when his nephew, Daniel Mackintosh, aligned himself with the Mormons. Writing to Daniel, who was in N e w York helping to edit the church newspaper The Mormon, he bitterly lamented his nephew's fatal delusion and was "grievously pained" at the infatuation which Daniel h a d for the church. Reminding him that he had brought his parents near to death by associating with the Mormons, this Baptist pastor asked: " W h a t was it so bewildered you my dearest nephew? or what spell that so effectually binds you still? that you do not exercise your natural judgments. . . . " T o J o h n Mackintosh the claim that the Book of M o r m o n was scripture was sheer blasphemy, and the speeches of Brigham Young and other leaders savored m o r e of "gross Infidelity than 5 The Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star, X I I (Liverpool, England, 1850), 239 and V I I ( 1 8 4 6 ) , 75; M a t t h e w Rowan, Journal, 1853-1864 (typescript, Mrs. Anna Rowan, Ririe, I d a h o ) , 49.

6 Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia (4 vols., Salt Lake City, 1901—1936), IV, 385. Stenhouse later apostatized and wrote his famous anti-Mormon work, The Rocky Mountain Saints: A Full and Complete History of the Mormons . . . (New York, 1873). Jesse R. S. Budge, The Life of William Budge (Salt Lake City, 1915), 37-74. Budge served as European Mission president from 1878—80 and authored a n u m b e r of Mormon pamphlets. During his first mission to Germany, in 1854, he helped to convert Karl G. Maeser, the noted Mormon educator; see also Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 707.

7 Edinburgh Conference Historical Record, 1847-61 ( M S , L.D.S. C h u r c h Archives), September 19, 1847.

8 Letter from Gibson to Spencer, November 16, 1847, in Millennial Star, I X ( 1 8 4 7 ) , 362.

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Bible piety," 9 According to William Gibson, Joseph Smith was burned in effigy at the town cross of Clackmannan in 1842 by an enraged mob which threatened to deal with the missionaries in a similar manner. 10 In 1852 the United Presbyterian Magazine warned Scottish Presbyterians about the Mormon menace. Admitting that it was with reluctance that it even mentioned Mormonism with all its immoralities, the magazine justified itself by asserting that giving space to the subject "might perhaps do good in warning some thoughtless persons meditating emigration to the great theocratic settlement in America." Comments were also made about the "mysterious orgies of the Nauvoo Temple" and the "plural wife system." The same magazine observed in its October 1853 issue that: The Mormons are increasing rapidly in the land of their adoption; and it is not a little humbling to observe that while this increase is occasioned by importations from Europe, the largest number go from Britain . . . while their proselyting agents are working with fanatical zeal in every part of Europe. 11

A Scottish traveler who visited Salt Lake City in 1869 seems to indicate some surprise that fellow Scots could be seduced to join the Mormons and emigrate to Utah's "sterile, salt-parched, rainless valleys."

Commenting on the barren look of the promised land he concluded : The Mormons represent it as a land flowing with milk and honey; but as we were told by one of the citizens, the milk flows at the rate of two shillings and three pence per gallon, and the honey at three shillings per pound.

Such is the Paradise to which the Mormons are induced to emigrate by the specious bunkum of the Mormon evangelists; and yet, season after season, consignements of these poor creatures are arriving, like dumb driven cattle, from Germany, Wales, England, and even from Scotland. 12

It is the intrusion of religious convictions which makes an explanation of the migration to Utah such a difficult task. In explaining it, nonMormons often have considered the material motive as paramount.

Mormons, on the other hand, are too often apt to see the migration as a purely spiritual experience with little or no thought given to self-interest 9 Letter from J o h n Mackintosh to Daniel Mackintosh, J a n u a r y 2, 1857 (original, U t a h State Historical Society).

10 William Gibson, Journal, 1841-1865 (original, L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) , Book 150, p. 109.

11 Letter from Miss M. S. H u t t o n , C h u r c h of Scotland, Foreign Mission Committee, Edinburgh, to writer, M a r c h 29, 1960.

12 William Robertson and W. F. Robertson, Our American Tour, Being A Run of Ten Thousand Miles from the Atlantic to the Golden Gate in the Autumn of 1869 (Edinburgh, 1 8 7 1 ) , 7 6 - 7 7 . It has been the writer's personal experience t h a t most people, outside of U t a h , are surprised that there are Mormons in Scotland; somehow they find it hard to visualize the traditionally Presbyterian Scot as a member of the M o r m o n church.

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in terms of material goods. Certainly the economic conditions in Scotland in the 1840's and 1850's may have contributed to the need for emigration.

In speaking to a group of striking miners in Oakley, Fifeshire, William Gibson said that he was not leaving Scotland because he was disloyal; rather, said he, it was because of the grinding poverty which was all too prevalent in Scotland. Continuing, he asked them "can you blame us for wishing to leave such a state of things & go to a land where we can have a part of the soil we can call our own & work it for ourselves & own no master but our God." 13 The miners, who had originally gathered with the intention of mobbing Gibson for disloyalty, lifted him upon their shoulders and carried him through the town. Seemingly his message was one they understood all too well. Andrew Sprowl of Paisley complained in 1847 that poverty had come in upon them "like a fiend" and that he had suffered idleness for fore & five weeks together, n o t h i n g to d e p e n d u p o n for m y famely b u t m y o w n labour, d e a r t h of food, p a r t of t h e last & this year h a s r e d u c e d us to w a n t . . . all o u r clothes pledged except o u r every d a y a p p e a r a l to p u r c h a s e a little food. 1 4

In addition to being pushed from Britain because of economic conditions, Scottish Mormons may have been influenced by the needs of Utah's economy. Between 1849 and 1854 especially, the church had a policy of attracting the kind of workers most needed in the establishment of Utah's infant economy. To this end the church leaders issued frequent directives concerning Utah's needs. The Millennial Star continually asked for ironworkers, potters, cutlers, woolen workers, millers, coal miners, tanners, etc., to "come home and attend to their calling here [in U t a h ] . " 1 5 That same relationship, which existed between the desire to emigrate and the conditions in Scotland and Utah, is further hinted at by an examination of the 588 Scottish Mormon emigrants who sailed for Zion between 1850 and 1870. The vast majority of these converts were industrial workers. A general breakdown of employment reveals that 40.6 per cent were miners; 11.5 per cent were from textile and related trades. The next largest category was "labourers" comprising 7.8 per cent of the total. Metal workers made up 7.1 per cent, and those involved 13 Gibson, Journal, Book 150, p. 113 and Book 15IB, p. 130; see also Edinburgh Review, XCIX, 379 for comments of a similar nature.

"Andrew Sprowl, Diary, 1841-1847 (typescript, L.D.S. Church Historian's Library), January 31, 1847.

15 Millennial Star, XIV (1852), 2 1 ; XI (1849), 247-49; XIV (1852), 321-22- XV (1853), 113. '

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Latter Day Saints.

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in the leather industry, 5.4 per cent. These industries accounted for almost 75 per cent of the total emigrants in the sample group with the remaining 25 per cent distributed among skilled and semi-skilled trades.

In addition to carpenters and stonemasons, school teachers and prosperous businessmen accepted the call to gather home to Zion.16 While economic conditions apparently played a role in motivating converts to emigrate, it is not easy to claim that as the overriding reason.

The presence of substantial numbers of undepressed skilled tradesmen would seem to indicate that emigration to Utah was not always used merely as a palliative for economic and social ills among the laboring 10 Source for occupational structure is Liverpool Emigration Records (L.D.S. Church Archives) for the years 1850-70. O n the Cynosure (sailing May 30, 1863) out of 65 designated occupations of Scottish emigrants aboard the following percentages were indicated: Miners, 52 per cent; textile workers, 16 per cent; metal workers, 3 p e r cent; laborers, 12 p e r cent, leather workers, 4 per cent; total for these industries, 87 per cent.

I n terms of rank these occupational percentages closely parallel those of the sample group of Scottish emigrants.

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masses. Motivation to leave one's native land and settle in a new country is so inextricably tied to personal feelings as well as social, economic, and, in the case of the Mormons, religious affairs, that it is almost impossible to determine exact reasons for leaving. It would seem that, for the Mormons at least, the answer is not simply depressed working conditions.

The feeling that in answering the call of the elders they were obeying a command of God was strong among these converts — depressed or not.

As John Lyon, the Scottish Mormon poet from Kilmarnock, expressed it: T o g a t h e r h o m e ' s t h e i r chief delight T h e y ' r e l o n g i n g t o be free. 1 7

To the newly converted the gathering to Zion was as important as any other doctrine. America was considered the rightful dwelling place of God's elect. Young John Johnston of Auchinearn was blessed by the elders "that he may be an ornament in the Kingdom of God, to be a Blessing to his Parents and go horn to Zion," 18 and William Morrison exclaimed: "I am led to acknowledge the goodness of God who has called us from darkness unto light, from our native lands to the heights of Zion." 10 Somewhere between the extremes of absolute material and absolute spiritual motivation may lie the answer to the riddle of why Mormons emigrated. Both factors seem to play a part in the calling of John Murdoch, an Ayrshire shepherd, to herd sheep for Brigham Young in 1851.

A materialist call one may say, but when John left Scotland he could still sing: B u t w h y should I linger or wish for to stay.

T h e voice of t h e P r o p h e t is " h a s t e , flee away.

Lest j u d g e m e n t s o'er take you a n d lay S c o t l a n d l o w " T o t h e p r o p h e t s in Zion, O h , t h e n let m e go.

F a r e w e l l t h e n m y k i n d r e d , m y h o m e a n d m y all.

W h e n d u t y requires it w e b o w t o t h e call.

W e b r a v e every d a n g e r a n d c o n q u e r e a c h foe T o t h e w o r d s of t h e P r o p h e t , O h , t h e n let m e bow. 2 0

Between 1850 and 1900, bowing to the words of their prophet and seeking to improve their earthly lot, over 5,000 Scottish Mormons bade farewell to their native land and set their faces Zionward.

17

John Lyon, The Harp of Zion (Liverpool, England, 1853), 81.

Record of Members, Auchinearn Branch, 1848—58 (L.D.S. Church Archives).

19 Letter from Morrison to Orson Hyde, November 30, 1864, contained in William Morrison, Diary, 1820-1889 (excerpts from original diary, Utah State Historical Society), 16.

20 R. Phillip Rasmussen, comp., "A History of the James Murdoch and Mary Murray Murdoch Family and Their Children Who Came to America" (copy, Utah State Historical Society), 16—17.

18

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The first Scottish Mormon to complete the journey to Zion was David Grant, a member of the first pioneer company of July 1847. In the following September, 24 Scots arrived in the valley, many of them coming from Canada, and in particular the settlement of Lanark in upper Canada. 21 In February 1848, Franklin D. Richards left Liverpool on the Carnatic, commanded by Captain McKenzie, with a company of between 120 and 130 emigrating Saints, half of them from Scotland. This company arrived in Salt Lake City on October 19, 1848, and was the first large group of Scottish Mormons to complete the journey from Scotland to Utah. It also represented the reestablishment of large-scale emigration in the Mormon church, the practice having been temporarily discontinued during the years of the exodus from Nauvoo. 22 According to the 1850 census, there were 232 Scottish-born residents in Utah. By 1890 the Scots in Utah numbered 3,474 and had become a well-recognized part of Utah's foreign-born population, ranking as the third largest immigrant group between 1850 and 1870 and fourth largest between 1880 and 1900.23 These Scottish-Mormon immigrants in Utah did not establish any separate settlements as did the Scandinavians in Ephraim, the Swiss in Santa Clara, or the Icelanders in Spanish Fork.24 Instead they tended to settle in areas already populated by Americans or English emigrants. The census of 1850 indicates that of 232 Scots in Utah over 100 were situated in and around Salt Lake City.25 This tendency is seen further in later census returns. In 1870, for example, of the 2,391 Scots in Utah, 730 resided in Salt Lake County, 350 in Cache, 276 in Utah, and 245 in Weber. Another 315 lived in Tooele, Wasatch, Box Elder, and Summit counties. In these eight counties, all in the northcentral section of Utah, 81 per cent of the Scottish-born Utahns resided, with the remaining 19 per cent divided between the other 13 counties.

In the general population these same counties contained almost 70 per cent of the total population of Utah. Similar distributions can be seen in the following three census returns. In 1880, 79 per cent of the Scottish21 K a t e B. Carter, ed., Heart Throbs of the West (12 vols., Salt Lake City, 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 5 1 ) , V I I I , 415 ff.

22 Ibid.. I l l , 2 9 5 ; Edward W. Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City . . . (Salt Lake City, 1886), 6 4 8 ; Franklin L. West, Life of Franklin D. Richards . . . (Salt Lake City, 1924), 83.

23 U.S., Bureau of the Census, Census of Population.

1950, Pt. 44, p. 2 9 ; Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 667, 670.

24 William Mulder, Homeward to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia (Minneapolis, 1957). 1 8 9 - 2 2 5 ; Douglas D . Alder, " T h e German-Speaking Immigration to U t a h , 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 5 0 " (Master's thesis, University of U t a h , 1959), 1 3 5 - 3 6 ; "Contributions of the Icelanders," in Carter, Heart Throbs, I I , 295-300.

25 U.S., Bureau of the Census, Seventh Census: 1850, xxxvi.

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born residents lived in the aforementioned areas, with 78 per cent in 1890, and 79 per cent in 1900.

In 1870 Cache County ranked second to Salt Lake County in number of Scottish-born residents; but by 1900, Cache was in fourth place and Weber had reached second place with 351 Scots. That Salt Lake and Weber counties also contain the two largest metropolitan areas (Salt Lake City and Ogden) may be indicative of a strong tendency of the Scots to gravitate toward such areas. In this they followed the English settlers; the four counties with the largest number of English also had the largest Scottish grouping. Of all the areas settled, Salt Lake County was by far the most densely populated and contained the largest number of Scots.

In 1870, 34 per cent of the total Scottish-born population resided in that county with 31 per cent in 1880, 35 per cent in 1890, and 37 per cent in 1900.26 The areas least inhabited by Scots, the counties of Washington, Kane, San Juan, Iron, Piute, Beaver, Sevier, and Millard, also show a consistency throughout the years. 27 In favoring the cities and urban counties, the Scots in Utah seemed to follow the general pattern of Scottish settlement in the United States.

In the nation as a whole in 1870 and 1880, 30 per cent of the Scots lived in the 50 principal cities; and in 1890, 41 per cent of the Scots lived in 124 principal cities. By 1900 this had risen to 46 per cent in 160 cities.

According to the 1890 census, Salt Lake City ranked nineteenth in the nation in number of Scottish residents with a total of 1,036, approximately 30 per cent of the total Scottish-born population in Utah. 28 In the years between 1870 and 1900, the urban population of Utah increased from 18.4 per cent of the total population in 1870 to 38.1 per cent in 1900, while in the nation as a whole the urban population increased from 25.7 per cent in 1870 to 39.7 per cent in 1900,29 indicating that Scots were part of the general movement to urban areas experienced in Utah and in the nation at large.

According to the census returns, the number of Scottish-born residents in Utah declined from 11.6 per cent of the total foreign-born population 26 U.S., Bureau of the Census, Ninth Census: 1870, Vol. I, 373; Compendium of Tenth Census: 1880, p. 535; Compendium of Eleventh Census: 1890, Pt. II, 676; Twelfth Census: 1900, Vol. I, Pt. I, 789-90. This trend toward the urban area is further expressed by the fact that in 1950, 63 per cent of all Scots in Utah lived in Salt Lake County. See U.S., Bureau of the Census, Census of Foulation: 1950, Pt. 44, p. 28.

27 By 1950 only a little over one per cent of Scottish-born residents lived in these counties.

28 U.S., Bureau of the Census, Ninth Census: 1870, Vol. I, 389, 340; Compendium of Tenth Census: 1880, 548, 485; Compendium of Eleventh Census: 1890, 604, 600; Twelfth Census: 1900, Vol. I, Pt. I, 799.

29 U.S., Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census: 1940. Population, Vol. I, 18, 24.

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in 1850 to 5.8 per cent in 1900. In 1860 the Scots accounted for only 3 per cent of Utah's population; and by 1900 this had been further reduced to 1.1 per cent. A similar decline is also seen in the total British-born residents during this period. Both the British and Scottish residents of Utah reached a maximum number in 1890 with 31,192 and 3,474, respectively.30 The year 1890 was also the peak year of the nineteenth century for British-born residents in the nation as a whole.31 In terms of rank the Scots in Utah were the third largest emigrant group between 1860 and 1870, following the English, Welsh, and Danes. In the next three census returns they are placed as the fourth largest foreign-born group, the third place being held by Swedes. In 1870 there were 1,790 Swedishborn residents and 2,391 Scottish. By 1900 the Swedish-born residents had increased to 7,025 and the Scottish to only 3,143.32 Although the Scots in Utah concentrated largely in the northern section, they also participated in the settling of communities throughout the whole territory. As early as 1849 Robert L. Campbell, former pastor of Scotland's Mormons, was called to join the Southern Exploring Expedition sent out by Brigham Young to reconnoiter prospects for further colonization.33 The Elk Mountain Mission, called to settle the area near Moab in 1855, had among its founders Archibald Buchanan, John Crawford, and John McEwan. McEwan's account of the mission describes their efforts to settle the area in the face of Indian depredations and the rigors of the terrain. They baptized some Indians on September 8, 1855, but on the twenty-fourth the Indians attacked the group and killed some of the settlers, eventually forcing the temporary abandonment of the mission.34 With the thought in mind of colonizing Zion as rapidly as possible, Brigham Young called members of the church to settle the southern part of Utah in 1861. Known as the Dixie Mission, this pioneering project had among its original members such Scots as John O. Angus, Robert Gardner, Hector McQuarrie, and Alexander Frazer. 35 Robert Bullock of Glasgow was a member of the first exploring party to San Juan in 1879, and William Gibson was among those chosen to lead a mission to raise cotton in St. Joseph, Arizona, while Alexander F. MacDonald 30 U.S., Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1950, Pt. 44, p. 29. British residents include English-, Welsh-, Irish-, and Scottish-born residents.

31 U.S., Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census: 1940. Population, Vol. I I , 43.

32 U.S., Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1950, Pt. 44, p . 29.

33 Robert L. Campbell, Journal, 1849-1850 (original, L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) .

34 J o h n McEwan, Journal, 1843-1853 (microfilm, L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) ; F a u n McConkie Tanner, A History of Moab, Utah (Moab, 1937), 15ff.

35 James G. Bleak, "Annals of the Southern U t a h Mission" (typescript, University of U t a h ) , 62.

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explored northern Mexico in search of a suitable location for a Mormon colony during the anti-polygamy campaign of the 1880's.36 In 1871 James Leithead settled in Berryville, Kane County. Soon after the name was changed to Glendale in memory of Bishop Leithead's Scottish origin. Glenwood in Sevier County was previously named for its founder Robert W. Glenn and was known as Glenn's Cove (later as Glencoe). After being abandoned because of Indian raids in 1866, it was reestablished in 1870 with Archibald Buchanan as branch president.37 Ebenezer Bryce, a convert emigrant from Glasgow, was one of the first settlers in the vicinity of the canyon which now bears his name. He later 36 David E. Miller, Hole-in-the-Rock: An Epic in the Colonization of the Great American West (Salt Lake City, 1959), 3 1 ; Gibson, Journal, Book 151A, October 7, 1864; Alexander F. MacDonald, Journal, 1877, 1885 (microfilm, L.D.S. Church Historian's L i b r a r y ) , J a n u a r y 1M a r c h 4 , 1885.

37 Andrew Jenson, Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1941), 2 8 6 ; Glendale Ward, K a n a b Stake, Manuscript History of the Wards a n d Stakes of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) , April, 1877; Carter, Heart Throbs, I V , 4.

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moved to Arizona and left his n a m e upon a settlement there. 3 8 Farther north in Weber County, William Geddes and his wife Elizabeth Stewart were among the original settlers of Plain City in 1859. 39 One of the first families in north Ogden was that of Robert Montgomery and his wife M a r y Wilson. Converted in Canada, they h a d first emigrated to Nauvoo and then finally to Utah. A fit of homesickness for her native Scotland caused M a r y to give the mountain towering above them a n a m e which at least would be familiar â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Ben Lomond, one of Scotland's famed beauty spots. 40 At the suggestion of William Morrison, the settlers in the area of Sevier County between the Richfield Canal and the Sevier River, n a m e d their community Inverury, the n a m e of Morrison's home town in Scotland and Gaelic for "between two waters." 41 Another Scot who left a number of Scottish names wherever he settled was William Budge. I n 1864 Brigham Young called him to be bishop of Providence in Cache County. T h e r e he laid out the town and became its first postmaster in 1865. As presiding bishop of Rich County he organized a cooperative store for the Bear Lake residents in 1874 and helped establish a cheese factory, tannery, shingle factory, and other community enterprises, 42 W h e n a group of Scots settled the area between Paris a n d Liberty in southern Idaho, they gave it the n a m e of Lanark in honor of Budge's birthplace; and he himself n a m e d the Glencoe W a r d in 1890, and later Afton, Wyoming, after the Scottish river of that name. 4 3 J o h n Kennedy of Argyleshire, Scotland, settled first at Almy, Wyoming; but in 1874 he moved to U t a h with his sons Andrew and John. Near R a n d o l p h he established a small community and n a m e d it Kennedyville. I n 1895 the Kennedyville Branch was organized as a ward and given the n a m e of Argyle. W h e n this was announced at the reorganization meeting, the record states that "most of the settlers being of Scottish origin, this n a m e seemed to please them." 44 38 Biographical Sketch of Ebenezer Bryce in Works Project Administration, "Biographical Sketches" (typescript, U t a h State Historical Society).

39 Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 440, 462.

40 Personal interview with Mary Montgomery's granddaughter, Mrs. Margaret Lee November 24, 1960, Salt Lake City.

41 Inverury Ward, Manuscript History of the Wards and Stakes (L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) , February 7, 1877; Jenson, Encyclopedic History, 364.

42 Budge, ? Life of William Budge, 9 3 - 9 8 . I n this connection it is of interest to note that William Budge's uncle, David Budge, was a member of Robert Owen's community experiment in N e w Lanark in Scotland. See Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 330.

43 Lanark Ward, Manuscript History of the W a r d s and Stakes (L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) , August 13, 1893; Glencoe Ward, Manuscript History of the Wards and Stakes J u n e 18 1 8 9 1 ; Merrill D . Beal, A History of Southeastern Idaho . . . (Caldwell, 1942), 180.

44 Woodruff Stake, Manuscript History of the Wards and Stakes (L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) , December 22, 1895.

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One town, which, though it did not have a Scottish name, became known as the "Scotch town" of the north country, was Wellsville, Cache County. When James Nibley and his family arrived in Salt Lake City in 1860, they asked about some Scottish families that had preceded them.

They were informed that a group of Scots had located in Cache Valley and thither Nibley and his family went. Shortly afterwards, they were followed by other Scots — Stoddards, Leishmans, Williamsons, Murrays, Kerrs, Jardines, and Moffats. In a few years there were twenty families from Scotland living in Wellsville.45 As Henry Hamilton made his way to Spanish Fork, he recorded that he visited with Adamsons, McDonalds, McKells, and Boyacks, all of Scotland. Like other minority groups, the Scots found it advantageous for a new arrival to associate with sympathetic Scots who had already established themselves in the community. 46 When William Gibson and his wife celebrated their twenty-fourth wedding anniversary, they invited Hugh Findlay, Robert Menzies, the McMaster family, and Isobel Muir to a dinner party where they could talk of "auld lang syne." During his missionary travels in Utah, Gibson continually made mention of visiting with families such as the Murdochs, Lairds, Rosses, Bairds, Cowans, and Frews — names common in southwestern Scotland, where he spent so many years as a missionary.47 Wherever Scots gathered it seemed almost inevitable that their national background should impress itself upon the new surroundings.

As early as 1848 at the first twenty-fourth of July celebration held in honor of the pioneers' entry into the valley, Richard Ballantyne presented Brigham Young with copies of the U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, after which an "Ode to Liberty" was sung to the tune of "Bruce's Address to His Army," the unofficial national anthem of Scotland.48 Early reports of social activities in Utah include mention of Scotch reels, and at a New Year's party in 1852 William C. Dunbar donned his kilt and sang "Alister McAllister," a Scottish comedy song.49 Other celebrations included Robert Burns' birthday on January 25, at which time the Scots would meet to extol the Bard's prowess in speech, 45 Preston Nibley et al., eds., Charles W. Nibley Reminiscences (Salt Lake City, 1934), 23-24, 3 5 ; also interviews with Preston Nibley, 1960, in Salt Lake City; Wellsville W a r d , Cache Stake, Record of Members, 1860-1890 (microfilm, L.D.S. Church Archives).

46 Henry Hamilton, Journal, 1849—1900 (original, L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's Library), J a n u a r y 15—19, 1857; Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I I , 5, 6 1 ; W a i n Sutton, Utah — A Centennial History (3 vols., New York, 1949), I I I , 2 6 ; Autobiographical Sketch of Jessie Robb in WPA, "Biographical Sketches" (typescript, U t a h State Historical Society).

47 William Gibson, "Diary of William Gibson [1855—56]" (typescript, U t a h State Historical Society), December 6, 1855, and passim.

48 Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 6 0 - 6 1 .

49 Deseret News (Salt Lake C i t y ) , February 24, 1851, and J a n u a r y 1, 1852.

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Richard Ballantyne (1817-1898)

David McKenzie (1833-1912)

song, and dance. 50 The kilt was often in evidence at such social occasions; and Robert Young, a native of Kirkintilloch and for many years president of the Salt Lake Temple, dressed in this garb and danced the sword dance at Scottish gatherings. 51 Second generation Scots also perpetuated the traditions of Scotland even to the extent of having Scottish accents.52 Apart from purely Scottish social affairs, the Scots in Utah took part in wider community activities. Only two days after his arrival in Salt Lake, young David McKenzie associated himself with the Deseret Dramatic Association, and within the week he was on the stage of Social Hall. In time he was acclaimed by the American critic, John McCullough, as the best Polonius he had ever seen, and was regarded as the most accomplished of the local actors.53 When the Salt Lake Theatre was dedicated in 1862, William C. Dunbar sang "The Star Spangled Banner" and throughout the theatre's early years, Scots played their part in contributing to its success. W. C. Dunbar was popular with his comic songs and his portrayal of Bailie Nicol Jarvie in Scott's Rob Roy, as were David O. Calder with his "native Scotch wit" and D. H. Sutherland with his Scottish dances. Other Scottish players included James Hardie, 50

Letter from Elizabeth Sumner, Monticello, U t a h , to writer, J a n u a r y 1960; Carter, Throbs, I I , 344; personal interview with Robert D . Young, Salt Lake City, July 18, 1961.

51 Interviews with Young and Robert Calderwood, Tremonton, U t a h , J u n e 17, 1961.

62 Such is the case with Robert Calderwood of T r e m o n t o n and Joseph H . McPhie of Salt Lake City.

53 George D. Pyper, The Romance of an Old Playhouse (2nd ed., Salt Lake City, 1937), 5 8 ; Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 759.

Heart

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Duncan McAllister, David Dunbar, and Mrs. William Gibson. 54 At the performance of Macbeth on April 29, 1865, M a c b e t h was played by David McKenzie, Lady M a c b e t h by Mrs. Gibson, a n d a chamberlain by a M r . Mcintosh. W. C. D u n b a r got into the act as one of the witches. 55 W h e n Brigham Young met with federal army officers at the time of the U t a h W a r in 1858, he called upon a Scottish immigrant to entertain the assembled group. David D u n b a r did so by singing "Zion," the words of which say in part I n thy m o u n t a i n retreat, G o d will strengthen t h y feet; O n t h e necks of thy foes T h o u shalt tread.

H e r e o u r voices we'll raise A n d we'll sing to thy praise Sacred h o m e of t h e prophets of God T h y deliverance is nigh T h y oppressors shall die A n d the wicked shall bow n ' e a t h thy rod.

N o doubt the intention was to remind the "guests" of the resentment the Mormons felt toward the army's presence! 5 6 Not only did Scots sing the songs of Zion, but J o h n M . M a c F a r l a n e added to the M o r m o n hymnology the Christmas carol " F a r , F a r Away on Judea's Plains" a n d wrote the music for "Dearest Children, God is N e a r You." M a c F a r l a n e was active in every phase of musicology and organized a number of choirs in southern U t a h . Another Scottish immigrant, Robert B. Baird, contributed three hymns currently used in church services, among t h e m the rousing "Welcome, Welcome Sabbath Morning." T h o m a s Mclntyre, former director of the Edinburgh Branch choir, wrote the music for Eliza R. Snow's " H o w Great the Wisdom and the Love," still one of Mormonism's best loved hymns. 5 7 M c l n t y r e was also a member, along with David O. Calder, of the original Salt Lake 54

Tullidge, History

of Salt Lake

City, 7 5 9 - 6 1 ; Pyper, Romance

of an Old Playhouse,

54,

289.

55

Salt Lake T h e a t r e handbills in Gibson, Journal, Book 151 A. See D u n b a r ' s song book in the C. R. Savage Collection (Pioneer Memorial Museum, Salt Lake City) ; also K a t e B. Carter, ed., Our Pioneer Heritage (10 vols., Salt Lake City, 1 9 5 8 1967), I I , 4. N o doubt for the sake of good public relations the third a n d fifth line of the above are now given in the present L.D.S. hymnal as "Without fear of thy foes / T h o u shalt tread" and the tenth line as " A n d thy land shall be freedom's abode."

57 M a u d e J u d d , "John Menzies M[a]cFarlane" (typescript, U t a h State Historical Society) ; George D . Pyper, Stories of Latter-day Saint Hymns, Their Authors and Composers (Salt Lake City, 1939), 8 1 - 8 3 , 171-72. m

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Theatre Orchestra. 58 In 1852 and 1853 an orchestra from Salt Lake City visited Springville and gave a number of concerts. Included among the orchestral instruments was the Scottish bagpipe played by W. C. Dunbar.

In the interests of musical harmony Dunbar no doubt played solo! 59 In a letter to his wife Janet at Tooele, John Lyon reminisced about his old acquaintances from Scotland and asked her to convey his respects to them, saying that "nothing could give me greater pleasure than if I did come, to see all my old acquaintances and to have at least a drink of water with them from John Smith's well." He listed Brother Meiklejohn, John Shields, and John McLaws as those for whom he had a special regard. 60 The Scots then, like any other small national group, were fond of meeting with fellow Scots and enjoyed the sociability of such occasions as evidenced by the frequent referral to Scots in their journals and their infusion of things Scottish into Utah's public and private social life.61 In 1876 a Scottish reunion was held at Fuller's Hill amusement park in Salt Lake City, and the Deseret Evening News reported that a large number of Scots and some who "dinna come frae the Land O' Cakes" were entertained by bagpiping, dancing, singing, and especially by reminiscences about auld lang syne. The Scots on this occasion were honored by the presence of Mormon Apostle Orson Pratt, who gave the oration and recounted his experiences in establishing Mormonism in Scotland, a fitting climax to thirty-one years of Scottish conversions and emigrations to Zion.62 While bagpipes, reels, and auld lang syne had their place in social recreation, the greatest task the early settlers of Utah faced was that of building up the kingdom in a spiritual and material sense, and the Scottish immigrants found their skills and abilities put to good use in doing just this. Mention has already been made of the church's policy of inviting and aiding certain trade groups to emigrate so that Utah's economic and industrial needs could be supplied. One of the earliest industrial ventures was the attempt to manufacture sugar from sugar beets. To this end the Deseret Manufacturing Company was organized 58 T h o m a s M c l n t y r e , Journal, 1854-1914 (original, L.D.S. Church Historian's L i b r a r y ) , M a y 27, 1862.

59 D o n Carlos Johnson, A Brief History of Springville, Utah, . . . (Springville, 1 9 0 0 ) , 18.

60 Letter from J o h n Lyon to J a n e t Lyon, September 24, 1880 (original, T . E d g a r Lyon, Salt Lake C i t y ) . " G i b s o n Condie, Journal, 1847-1909 (microfilm, L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) , August 26, 1849; Gibson, "Diary [1855-56]," December 6, 1855. See also J o h n Lyon's articles on Scottish subjects in Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine (3 vols., Salt Lake City, 1 8 8 1 - 1 8 8 5 ) , passim.

62 Deseret Evening News (Salt Lake C i t y ) , J u n e 20, 1876.

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in Liverpool in 1851, and plans were made to ship the necessary machinery to Utah. In a letter to Brigham Young, Ezra Taft Benson reported from Kanesville that Captain Joseph Russell "has just arrived here from Scotland with iron to build 50 wagons to transport machinery for a woolen factory and sugar making, under the direction of John Taylor." 63 A few months later Franklin D. Richards reported from Britain that he had been informed that we have the talent in the church in Scotland for the entire Modus Operandi of converting Beets into the best quality of refined sugar.

This information reached me too late for emigration this season, but the presidency will be wide awake to forward the same to you next season if possible.64

This venture failed, but years later David Eccles, who had risen from selling rolling pins in the streets of Glasgow to a commanding position in the economic life of western America, gave impetus to Utah's sugar industry by organizing the Ogden Sugar Company in 1898 and in helping Heber J. Grant get the Lehi Sugar Factory and the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company underway as profitable concerns.65 Other Scots who pioneered in Utah's industrial development included Samuel Mulliner, one of the first Mormon missionaries to Scotland. Before leaving on a second mission to his native land, Mulliner established a tannery in Salt Lake City, and at a general conference of the church in 1850 the first leather tanned in Utah was exhibited.66 Samuel Crawford advertised that having been engaged as a wool manufacturer for many years in Scotland he "has constructed a machine in Great Salt Lake City, and attends to the superintendence himself. He is able and will manufacture as good and as cheap as any other establishment." His machine was set up at another Scotsman's home â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Robert Cowan's in the Fifth Ward. 67 When Brigham Young imported some Scottish shepherds in 1852, he was in fact laying the foundation of Utah's woolen industry. One of the men concerned, John M. Murdoch, settled in Heber Valley; and in 1861 he organized a cooperative sheep herd, the first such large scale 03

Letter from Benson to Young, November 15, 1851, in "Journal History" (L.D.S. Church Historian's Library), November 15, 1851.

64 Letter from Richards to Brigham Young, February 24, 1852, in "Journal History," February 24, 1852.

65 Marriner S. Eccles, Beckoning Frontiers, Public and Professional Recollections, ed., Sydney H y m a n (New York, 1951), ix, 2 4 - 2 5 ; Fred G. Taylor, A Saga of Sugar, Being a Story of the Romance and Development of Beet Sugar in the Rocky Mountain West (Salt Lake City, 1944), 105-33. See also section on David Eccles in Works Progress Administration, Immigrant Contributions to America (Los Angeles, 1937), Pt. I I , Scotland.

66 Deseret News, J u n e 14, 1851, and February 7, 1852.

67 Ibid., M a r c h 5, 1856.

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sheep business in Utah. 68 A factory for the manufacture of woolen goods was built in Provo in 1871 and employed between 125 to 150 operatives, most of whom received their training in the large woolen centers of England and Scotland. Within a few years the factory was exporting its wares to Montana, Idaho, and Colorado. 69 When the machinery for manufacturing cotton goods was sent to Washington County in 1866, it was accompanied by James Davidson and his family, recent converts from Scotland who were also acquainted with the cotton industry there.

Davidson supervised the installation of the machinery and along with his daughter Maggie taught the settlers the many techniques associated with the production of cotton textiles.70 James Hoggan, a weaver from Dunfermline, imported a loom and the newest patterns from his home town so that he could supply the demand for his goods.71 During the construction of the Salt Lake Temple, Scots were much in evidence as stone workers. John Sharp put his experience as a miner in Clackmannan to work as he supervised the granite quarry in Cottonwood Canyon from which the blocks for the temple were cut. In this he was assisted by William Geddes and another Scottish workman, Alexander Gillespie.

John Burt of Dunfermline took charge of the stone-cutting while Joseph Moffat engaged himself in fine stone work.72 At St. George, too, a Scotsman, Archibald McNeil, supervised the quarry for that city's temple, while the interior plastering and plaster work was executed by "a master Scotch artist," William Burt, assisted by his two sons and another Scot, John D. Hunter. Other Scots who assisted with the St. George Temple included Alexander F. MacDonald and Hector McQuarrie, the latter a skilled blacksmith and tool sharpener. Fittingly enough, Scotsman John O. Angus kept time for the project. 73 08 L e t t e r from Franklin D . Richards to Young, February 24, 1852, in " J o u r n a l History," February 24, 1852; Leslie S. Raty, "Under Wasatch Skies/' A History of Wasatch County (Salt Lake City, 1 9 5 4 ) , 120. e9 Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 6 8 1 - 8 2 ; Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I I , 3.

Archibald G a r d n e r instigated the establishment of woolen mills in West Jordan, U t a h , see Millennial Star, X X X V I I I ( 1 8 7 6 ) , 622.

70 Andrew Karl Larson, The Red Hills of November: A Pioneer Biography of Utah's Cotton Town (Salt Lake City, 1957), 188.

71 Millennial Star, X X X V I I I ( 1 8 7 6 ) , 622. For other Scots engaged in textile industries see Deseret News, December 5, 1855; M c l n t y r e , J o u r n a l , M a y 23, 1860; sketch of Alexander C. Pyper in Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 6 2 7 ; Carter, Heart Throbs, I I , 4 8 4 ; Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine, V I I ( 1 9 1 6 ) , 139.

72 Biographical Sketch of Joseph Smith Moffat in W P A , "Biographical Sketches" (typescript, U t a h State Historical Society) ; Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I I , 5 a n d I, 440, 4 6 2 ; Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 6 7 1 - 7 2 .

73 Albert E. Miller, The Immortal Pioneers: Founders of City of St. George, Utah ([St. George], 1946), 94, 108; Robert L. Ashby, comp., Holden, Utah, Early History ([Holden, 1956]), 2 2 ; M a c D o n a l d , Journal, April 1, 1871. An interesting letter is preserved in the L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's Library, which was written,.to Brigham Young by a Scottish stone mason living in

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Apart from specific skills and trades, the Scottish immigrants in Utah also contributed to the field of general business development.

John Sharp was known as the "Mormon railroad bishop" for his part in developing the Utah railroad system and also was known among both Gentiles and Mormons as the "smartest man in the church." From his coal miner status in Scotland he arose to be superintendent of Utah's Central Railway in 1871 and a director of the Union Pacific.74 Charles W. Nibley, David Eccles, and John Stoddard, all three of them emigrants from Scotland, went into partnership in developing and utilizing the lumber industry in Oregon. The most affluent of the trio, David Eccles, left at his death in 1912 an estate of $7 million built through "courage, hard work, self-denial, thrift" and by the development of "lumber operations, sugar factories, coal mines, heavy construction, banking and utilities," Commenting on David Eccles' achievement his son has said: "As a Scot my father did not believe in praising people for doing good.

He seemed to feel it was sinful if they did less than their best." 75 David O. Calder, former manager of the Union Canal Company's stations between Edinburgh and Glasgow, was appointed by Brigham Young as business manager of the Deseret News and later served as secretary of the church-operated store, Z C M I . Another Scot, Hamilton Gray Park, was the Mormon leader's business manager between 1852 and 1869.76 Thomas B. H. Stenhouse was assistant editor of the Deseret News in 1863 and went on to found the Salt Lake Telegraph in 1864 while in 1874 the Daily Herald had as its business manager W. C. Dunbar. 77 With Scottish immigrants making up less than two per cent of Utah's total population between 1850 and 1900, it would seem that from their activities they are well represented in the progress of the material side of Zion's kingdom. Perhaps their success lay in a happy combination of Utah's needs, as her economy expanded, and their abilities as businessmen. It was said of Charles Nibley that although he came to Utah at N o r t h Carolina offering his services on the temple. See letter from James M c P h e r s o n to Brigham Young, December 19, 1875, in James McPherson Papers, M a n u s c r i p t Section (L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) .

74 Walter Gore Marshall, Through America or Nine Months in the United States (London, 1 8 8 1 ) , 2 3 3 ; Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 6 7 1 ; Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 6 7 7 ; Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, I, 414. ,s Eccles, Beckoning Frontiers, 3 6 ; see also Sketches of the Inter-Mountain States, Together with Biographies of Many Prominent and Progressive Citizens Who Have Helped in the Development and History-Making of this Marvelous Region, 1847-1909, Utah, Idaho, Nevada (Salt L a k e City, 1 9 0 9 ) , 155.

76 Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 7 3 3 ; Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 390.

77 J. Cecil Alter, Early Utah Journalism . . . (Salt Lake City, 1 9 3 8 ) , 300, 340.

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* m\ * >lA ft. A ItiM

SALT LAKE SCOTS BAGPIPE BAND

A recent photograph of the Salt Lake Scots Bagpipe Band. There are many nationalities and religions in this group: Scotch, Irish, American, Jewish, and Canadian.

This band was formed about four years ago and is the largest bagpipe band in the Intermountain Region.

an early age, he possessed "many of those characteristics which have made the Scot a leader among pioneers in every land." 78 David O. Calder was praised for his organizing ability and business foresight "so characteristic of Scotland's business class of men wherever met." 79 Practical, independent, methodical, and thrifty are terms which have been applied to a number of Utah's Scottish Mormon businessmen.80 It goes without saying that other national groups participated in building Utah's economy â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the Scots had no monopoly, but in proportion to their numbers they were able to contribute substantially to its growth. One Scot, however, decided to quit his mercantile business because Brigham Young had warned that unless the elders in the church stopped their merchandising, "they will all go to hell." Consequently, Richard Ballantyne took up farming because "I did not want to go to hell, and I had previously noticed that nearly every 'Mormon' merchant had '8 Sketches of the Inter-Mountain States, 99.

'9 Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 774.

80 Eccles, Beckoning Frontiers, 3 6 ; Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 628, 678, 774.

It should be noted that a number of n o n - M o r m o n Scots have also contributed to U t a h ' s business life, among them Robert Forrester, James D . Murdoch, Richard Mackintosh, all associated with the mining industry, and Boyd Park, a prominent jeweler. See Sketches of the Inter-Mountain States, passim.

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apostatized." Later he returned to business and lost all his financial undertakings in the panic of 1893 ! 8 1 In civic affairs, Scottish-born immigrants are also in evidence. Hugh Gowans was elected mayor of Tooele three times; and in Sevier County, William Morrison was the first probate judge to be elected there. Robert M c Q u a r r i e was elected treasurer of Weber County in 1875 and served as a councilman in O g d e n City, where David Eccles served a term as mayor. Robert Patrick, David O . Calder, Andrew N. MacFarlane, and Alexander C. Pyper participated in the government of Salt Lake City, while Andrew Burt served as city marshal. I n Spanish Fork, J o h n McNeil served as alderman and then as mayor; and in Idaho, William Budge took a keen interest in civic affairs and was elected to the I d a h o legislature three times. 82 T h e Scots were active, too, in the spiritual economy of their new home. They could point with pride to fellow Scots who h a d given devoted service to their church as missionaries, bishops, stake presidents, and patriarchs. I n a statement to his children, William Gibson proudly m a d e them aware that of the thirty-four years he h a d been a Mormon, thirty-three were spent in missionary work â&#x20AC;&#x201D; having crossed the plains twice by mule team, three times by ox team, and twice by train â&#x20AC;&#x201D; all in the service of his religion. 83 W h e n Walter Gore Marshall visited U t a h in 1879, he reported that of twenty-nine bishops in the Salt Lake Stake of the church, thirteen were British and of this number nine were from Scotland. 84 I n Andrew Jenson's biographical sketches of prominent churchmen there are listed some sixty-five Scots of whom twenty were bishops and twelve were patriarchs. Included also are stake presidents a n d councilors. Approximately twenty-six fulfilled missions for the church, the largest percentage returning, naturally enough, to the land of their birth where some presided over the affairs of the church. 8 5 There were defections, of course, some of which claimed one-time stalwarts such 81 Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 706. For Brigham Young's attitude toward merchants who dealt with non-Mormons see Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, 1958), 248-49.

82 Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 355, 451 and I I , 16; Carter, Treasures of Pioneer History, IV, 2 7 4 - 7 6 ; Sketches of the Inter-Mountain States, 26ff.; Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 881-82, 887; Biographical Sketch of J o h n McNeil in WPA, "Biographical Sketches" (typescript, U t a h State Historical Society) ; Budge, Life of William Budge, 9 9 - 1 0 7 .

83 Gibson, Journal, Book 151A, October 29, 1874. See also Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, passim and Frank Esshom, Pioneers and Prominent Men of Utah . . . (Salt Lake City, 1913), passim.

84 Marshall, Through America, 228.

85 Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, passim. A list of ninety-one missionaries laboring in Scotland between 1897 and 1904 has forty names of Scottish origin. See Scottish Mission, M a n u script History of the Wards and Stakes (L.D.S. Church Historian's L i b r a r y ) .

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as T. B. H. Stenhouse, who was excommunicated and later wrote his Rocky Mountain Saints, an expose of Mormonism. 86 Alexander Dow, an expert tinsmith, followed Joseph Morris when he rebelled against Brigham Young's leadership and tried to set up his own kingdom in Weber County. Dow is reported to have made the crown Morris wore as his followers waited the Second Coming, to be interrupted by a sheriff's posse which killed the leader of the dissenters and imprisoned many of his followers.87 William Kelly mentions that he met a Scotsman just arrived with his sister as new converts to the church. The Scotsman had become disgruntled over some financial dealings with the church and said he "dinna ken whar this wad lead to, or how it would end." 88 In spite of such disaffection, the Scottish Mormons in Utah saw one of their number, Richard Ballantyne, organize the first Sunday school for children in the Mormon church in 1849. He then left on a mission to India in 1852 where he published a periodical The Millennial Star and Daily Messenger and laid the groundwork for a number of conversions among British military personnel in India, who later emigrated to Utah. 89 John Sharp was as active in the spiritual aspects of the kingdom as he was in the material and in 1854 was ordained bishop of Salt Lake City's Twentieth Ward. Under his guidance it became, according to the ward record, one of the city's most "intellectual and liberal wards." Associated with Bishop Sharp in the leadership of the ward were other Scots, including W. C. Dunbar, John Lyon, Adam Sharp, and John Sharp.

John Nicholson, another Scottish member of the ward, helped organize a forerunner to the Mutual Improvement Association and later became editor of the church newspaper, the Deseret News.90 William Budge, already mentioned in connection with the settlement of Bear Lake, authored a number of missionary pamphlets and from 1878 to 1880 86 Tullidge, History of Salt Lake City, 3 9 9 ; Gibson, J o u r n a l , Book 151A, p. 147. Gibson recalls having known Stenhouse in Scotland " a n d was not at all surprised at the course he took h e r e " in U t a h .

81 Condie, Journal, 47. Morris emigrated from Wales and was a passenger on the Zetland along with Condie. T h e names of those who followed Morris included Moffat, Campbell, M c C u e , a n d Richardson. See J o h n Banks, " D o c u m e n t a r y History of the Morrisites" (typescript, U n i versity of U t a h ) a n d Jenson, Encyclopedic History, 5 4 0 - 4 1 .

J. Cecil Alter, ed., Utah â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The Storied Domain: A Documentary History of Utah's Eventful Career . . . (3 vols., Chicago, 1 9 3 2 ) , I, 97.

89 Conway B. Sonne, Knight of the Kingdom: The Story of Richard Ballantyne (Salt Lake City, 1 9 4 9 ) , 5 4 - 5 5 , 1 3 6 - 3 7 ; Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 7 0 3 - 6 ; Millennial Star, X I X ( 1 8 5 7 ) , 154. " J e n s o n , Biographical Encyclopedia, I, 6 7 7 ; T w e n t i e t h W a r d , Salt Lake City Stake, M a n u s c r i p t History of the W a r d s and Stakes (L.D.S. C h u r c h Historian's L i b r a r y ) , 1 8 5 6 - 1 9 3 0 ; Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine, I ( 1 9 1 0 ) , 49â&#x20AC;&#x201D;54.

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presided over the European Mission, after which he served as president of the Logan Temple. 91 Besides following a successful business career in the lumber industry of Oregon, Charles W. Nibley, an emigrant of 1860, rose in the councils of his church to become presiding bishop from 1907 to 1925. During this time he spearheaded the drive to construct a church office building and influenced the church to pay its workers cash rather than script for services performed. In 1925 he was chosen as second councilor to Heber J. Grant of the First Presidency and held that office until his death in 1931.92 The family names of Scotland's Mormon pioneers are still evident in Utah. Among them appear leaders in business, education, art, and religion. David O. McKay, the son of an emigrant of 1850, has been president of the Mormon church since 1951 and according to one Scottish newspaper "can lapse into a Scottish accent with ease." 93 Mahonri Mackintosh Young, a grandson of Brigham Young and of Daniel Mackintosh, was one of Utah's outstanding sculptors. Marriner S. Eccles, a former missionary in Scotland and a son of Utah industrialist, David Eccles, is prominent in business circles and served as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board under Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the administration of President John F. Kennedy, Sterling M. McMurrin, a grandson of Joseph McMurrin, served as United States Commissioner of Education and is now dean of the Graduate School of the University of Utah.

Loyalty to the church and loyalty to the United States were almost synonymous in the minds of many Mormons, but non-Mormons often asserted that the Mormons were disloyal and were working against the United States government.94 When Brigham Young's ex-secretary, Daniel Mackintosh, defended his leader and his church against these charges in New York, he stated that he himself was a Scotsman who was now a U.S. citizen and went on to say that the Mormon who happens to be a foreigner only wishes to leam the laws of his new country and become a citizen as soon as possible.95 That the Scots in Utah endeavored to do this can be seen from the fact that in 1900 only 2.8 per cent of the Scottish-born population of 3,143 were aliens while in the nation as a 91

Alta Budge Kidman, "Life of William Budge" (typescript, U t a h State Historical Society).

Nibley, Charles W. Nibley, passim; Jenson, Biographical Encyclopedia, I I I , 768-69.

93 Aberdeen Evening News, August 12, 1953.

94 Robertson, Our American Tour, 75, 142; Andrew Love Neff, History of Utah, 1847 to 1869, ed., Leland Hargrave Creer (Salt Lake City, 1940), 4 4 7 - 5 1 .

95 Mormon (New Y o r k ) , July 11, 1857. C. C. Goodwin in Harper's Monthly, LXIII ( 1 8 8 1 ) , 762, m a d e the charge that the Mormons were mainly "low, base-born foreigners."

92

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whole the percentage of Scottish-born aliens was 6.3 and in 11 Western States 6.4 per cent. In the nation the English and Scots had the largest group of alien men over 21 years of age; 13 per cent of each nation had not applied for citizenship by 1900.96 One factor which may account for this quick assimilation may have been the Mormon concept of America as a specially favored land whose Constitution had even been divinely inspired. 97 Becoming a citizen may have been regarded as a religious duty. Another factor aiding assimilation may have been the very nature of the Mormon emigration. Basically it was a family migration and was undertaken with the idea of permanent settlement. In contrast large numbers of non-Mormon emigrants came only seasonally to the United States in order to work in American industry and had no intention of settling permanently. 98 That the Mormon leaders looked with some disfavor on nationalism among their followers is seen in Erastus Snow's remark that when he found a Scotch party, a Welsh party, an English party, and an American party among the settlers in Iron County, he "undertook to put all these parties through the furnace and run out a party of Saints for the Kingdom of God." 99 Even when engaged in such Scottish institutions as bagpipe bands the Scottish-born Utahns wanted to be Americans. At the organization of the first pipeband in Utah as late as 1939 the prospectus felt compelled to explain that the purpose was not to create a Scottish national spirit "because first, last, and all the time we are AMERICANS." 10° As a national group within the overall British Mormon migration to Utah, the Scots can be said to be distinct only insofar as they are Scots.

Both the Scottish Mormons and the British as a whole reached a high point in total church membership in the early 1850's. Likewise the middle fifties saw a peak in both Scottish and British Mormon emigration, with great fluctuations in numbers of emigrants in the following thirty years.

By 1890 the number of Scottish-born residents in Utah reached its maximum in common with the overall British-born residents, and thereafter they have continued to decline both in absolute numbers and in relation to the other foreign-born residents.

96

U.S., Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census: 1900. Population, Vol. I, Pt. I, 914-21.

The Doctrine & Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1954), Sec. 101, Pts. 77 and 80.

98 P. A. M. Taylor, "Why Did British Mormons Emigrate," Utah Historical Quarterly, XXII (July, 1954), 259; Rowland T. Berthoff, British Immigrants in Industrial America (New York City, 1953), 10.

99 "Journal History," December 12, 1852.

100 Utah Scottish Bagpipe Band, "Suggestions for a Meeting to Be Held Sunday, February 19, 1939" (prospectus in author's possession). The writer obtained a copy of this prospectus from the late Robert Barclay, one of the founders of the band.

97

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The call of Zion struck a responsive chord in the hearts of thousands of Scots, many of whom were poor and some of whom were comfortably situated. The laborer, tradesman, and professional businessman responded with devotion and sacrifice. To each individual the message may have meant something different according to his needs. Those who had enough of the world's goods found in it a promise of life everlasting, while to those in less fortunate circumstances there was always the hope of better days here on earth. The Mormons from Scotland, and throughout Europe, saw themselves playing a role as fulfillers of Biblical prophecy. T o them Isaiah meant Utah when he talked about the mountain of the Lord's house being established in the tops of the mountains. And to their literalness he was speaking of nineteenth century Mormon emigrants when he said "all nations shall flow unto it." 101 One may object to the literal interpretation, but no one can deny that it was part of the thinking of the Mormon converts and that they used it to motivate their actions in deciding to emigrate and in helping to build up what they believed to be Zion.

The Scottish Mormons were ever anxious to retain some parts of their Scottish character, yet were willing to become part of a greater whole for the sake of the cause they had espoused. At a time when they had reached their largest number in Utah, Charles W. Stayner said of them and their native Scotland: Still from thy shores thy sons retreat, T o make thy glory more complete; For God this glorious truth has given Through Prophet's voice, From every nation under Heaven Shall Saints rejoice, And Scotia, not one whit behind, Shall in the future shortly find T h a t those who went from Scotia's land, Through heavenly choice, Shall in high rank and station stand Midst all the great in Zion's land.

The thistle mingling with the rest, An emblem of a land so blest, Shall still keep green. 102 101

Isa. 2: 2-3.

Charles W. Stayner, "To Scotland," The Contributor, V (1884), 249-50. The thistle is the Scottish national emblem.

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THE

President's Report FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 19671968

BY J . GRANT IVERSON

â&#x20AC;¢ H mm

Board Sitting: Mrs. Naomi Dr. Dean R. Brimhall, Mr. J. Grant Iverson Elizabeth Skanchy was

of Trustees of the Utah State Historical Society Woolley, Mrs. A. C. Jensen, Mrs. Juanita Brooks.

Standing: Dr. Milton C. Abrams (vice-president), Mr. Jack Goodman, (president), Mr. Howard C. Price, Mr. Theron Luke.

Mrs. absent at the time the photograph was taken.

I

is P E R H A P S all to the good that a person's achievements never quite match his expectations, for if this were not so a person might grow smug and complacent. As it is, if non-achieving does not prove too frustrating, a person is spurred on to greater effort to reach the desired goal. A n d so in reporting on Society activities for the past year, we will interpret the non-achievement of the year's goals as an indication that we set our standards too high rather t h a n that the staff failed to perform. T h e latter interpretation would be doing a great disservice to a loyal, dedicated, and competent staff w h o have accomplished near miracles despite limitations of budget and inadequate working conditions.

T h e achievements of the Society are not easily measured by statistics, although figures can be assembled to show more researchers, more visitors, more books accessioned, more documents microfilmed, and more records accessioned than in any previous period. But a more meaningful measure of the growth and worth of the Society is its influence upon the citizens of the state and its recognition beyond the borders of U t a h . Against these criteria, the Society has m a d e tremendous strides in the past few years.

T h e Society's n a m e is recognized and respected in all parts of the state.

Its services are not only expected but demanded by citizens from one end of U t a h to the other â&#x20AC;&#x201D; as well as by scholars the length and breadth of the nation. Its publications, its library, a n d its archives are constantly sought out by scholars who respect quality and professionalism. These achievements are not easily measured; but they are real, they are significant, and they are worth calling to your attention.

Because the Society has gained recognition as being a progressive, scholarly institution does not m e a n we should slack off and rest on our laurels. O n the contrary the members, the board, and the staff should demand that more funds, more staff, and more determination and dedication be expended to make the U t a h State Historical Society one of the top historical societies of the nation. I n order to do this, we have to double our efforts to improve existing programs and expand into areas only talked about previously. I would now like to elaborate upon our disappointments, achievements, and goals.

While the Mansion, home of the Society for twelve years, is a grand old building with much charm and warmth, it was not designed to house a thriving, growing public institution. Each day reveals some additional inadequacy or inconvenience. W e realize the Society can never reach T

Mr. Iverson, practicing attorney in Salt Lake City, has been president of the Board of Trustees of the Society since 1959. A shorter version of the "President's R e p o r t " was presented at the Society's Sixteenth Annual Meeting, September 21, 1968, in Logan, U t a h .

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maturity until it is housed in a building designed to preserve and service efficiently the books and records entrusted to its care. Even so, a continuous effort is made by the staff to make the present building serve until a new one is provided. Sensing its responsibility to preserve the state's historic buildings as well as its written records, the Society constantly strives to improve the appearance and the structural character of the Mansion.

Cooperating with Dr. Carl Christensen of the Utah Engineering Experiment Laboratory at the University of Utah, the Society staff is trying to find a preservative that will halt the rapid deterioration of the oolitic sandstone. Until some preserving agent is discovered, the building will continue to crumble slowly away. Meanwhile, interior "restoration" efforts are being carried on to make parts of the building appear as it was when occupied by the Kearns family and the governors who called the Mansion home.

These "restoration" efforts are always limited by an inadequate budget. This past year funds were especially restricted for such purposes when the Society (as other state agencies) suffered a four per cent budget cut. This reduction hurt in other areas as well. Only the transfer of some personnel from the administration budget to the publication budget saved the Society from having to discharge persons from its staff. The ultimate consequences of this transfer may be disastrous if the legislature does not restore the funds expended for personnel to the fast diminishing Revolving Fund. If this is not done, the publication Revolving Fund will cease to exist, and the Society will be hard pressed to find funds to publish the Quarterly to say nothing of other planned publications.

Only one bright spot in the Society financial picture occurred. The State Treasurer invested some Society funds in United States Treasury Certificates, and for the first time the Society will realize some long-term benefits from funds given to it as "trusts" or "life memberships." This places the Society in a favorable position to receive grants or trusts and expend them as the donor desires rather than as the state dictates.

Furthermore, the Society stands to benefit by receiving interest from the invested funds. Such an arrangement should encourage members to give consideration to the Society when settling estates or setting up trusts.

Last year I reported the Society had almost reached its long standing goal of 2,000 members. That figure was exceeded by more than a dozen when the last Quarterly for 1967 was mailed. This is an all-time high for the Society, but now we are out to reach a 2,500 membership. With

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Recipients of the Society Awards at the Sixteenth Annual Dinner were Mr. Larry Haslam, Logan High School, Teacher Award; Mr. Earl E. Olson, assistant librarian of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Historian's Library, Service Award; and Dr. Austin E. Fife, chairman of the Department of Languages and Philosophy at Utah State University, Fellow. The awards were presented September 21,1968:

help from devoted individuals and organizations, this figure can soon be attained. Such will be the case especially if the local chapters continue to prosper and expand. In this the Sevier Valley Chapter leads the way with well over 200 members. If other chapters do as well on a percentage basis according to the population of their respective areas, the Society could easily reach a 5,000 mark. One hopeful sign is the establishment of new chapters, one recently in Sanpete Valley. Other chapters have been encouraged in other areas.

The publication program of the Society continues to grow with the distribution of the Quarterly becoming wider each year. The Utah Historical Quarterly is now mailed to forty-nine states of the Union and eighteen foreign countries. In addition to the Quarterly, in the past year the Society published a new edition of The Valley of the Great Salt Lake, which has sold more than 105,000 copies. Next year two enlarged centennial editions of the Quarterly will tell the stories of the coming of the railroad in 1869 and the exploration of the Colorado River by Major John Wesley Powell in the same year. These two issues should focus considerable attention on Utah and the Society in particular. In addition, work is proceeding on the publication of the Checklist of Mormon Literature and a new edition of the Hosea Stout diaries. Only staff limitations

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prevent these projects from being completed now. Hopefully, before another report is made, both projects will be completed.

One recent development to aid in these projects was the establishment of an eight-man Editorial Advisory Board. The members are Professor Thomas G. Alexander, Professor S. George Ellsworth, Mrs. Pearl Jacobson, Mr. Leonard W. McDonald, Professor David E. Miller, Mrs. Helen Z. Papanikolas, Mr. LaMar Petersen, and Msgr. Jerome Stoffel. Their services are greatly appreciated by the staff.

Meanwhile, the staff is called to perform many miscellaneous activities : writing texts for highway historical markers, lecturing before various organizations, attending conferences and workshops, working on and directing centennial programs, drafting and sponsoring legislation, etc.

One of the most time consuming projects, but also the most rewarding, is working with preservation groups trying to preserve some of the state's significant historical structures.

The increased demand for services upon the Library is truly alarming. The staff is the same size as when the Society first moved to its present location, but the use of the Library has expanded many times over. The photograph library alone now serves as many patrons as the entire Library did ten years ago. Undoubtedly, the calls upon the Library have resulted from some of the significant collections that have come to the Society as gifts.

Outstanding gifts to the Library this past year were the Ralph Vary Chamberlin papers, presented by the late Dr. Chamberlin's family; the Elmer G. Thomas papers, presented by Colonel Thomas; additions to the Franklin Riter papers, presented by Mrs. Riter; and additions to the Anthony W. Ivins papers, presented by his family. These gifts to the Library's growing manuscript collection will be of great value to researchers and scholars in the years to come. The Stanley S. Ivins' Notebooks and Index have been in constant use since coming to the Library just a little more than a year ago. This priceless material has been microfilmed and copies have been purchased by the great libraries of the United States such as New York Public Library, Yale, Harvard, Bancroft, and Huntington, as well as by local institutions such as the University of Utah, Utah State University, and Brigham Young University. This is a great tribute to the late Mr. Ivins' stature and achievements as a scholar in the field of Utah and Mormon history. It also reflects the growing reputation of the Utah State Historical Society Library as an important research institution.

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Once again we are grateful to our faithful volunteers who have helped so much in the Library, especially in the sorting, arranging, indexing, and cataloguing of the manuscript collection. Mrs. Harold H. Showell and Mrs. William W. Newby have given us outstanding help.

Mrs. J. Thomas Greene, assisted by Mrs. James W. Freed, has planned and supervised the efficient work of twenty Junior League volunteers, and we salute the Junior League of Salt Lake City for completing eight years of service to the Historical Society.

Of all the functions of the Society, the Archives has made the largest growth this past year. The 1967 Legislature provided sufficient funds to establish a central microfilming section within the archival program.

Two microfilm cameras, a reader printer, a developer, an enlarger, a film printer, and other needed equipment have been acquired. Some personnel have been hired to operate the equipment, and records of several state agencies have already been filmed as well as records found within the Archives proper. However, microfilming has not achieved all that was anticipated, primarily due to lack of renovation which is absolutely needed in the Capitol basement to accommodate the equipment. Even so, some 628 rolls of microfilm were produced by the staff under less than ideal conditions.

The growth of the Archives is reflected in other areas as well. More researchers, several times over, have used the records in the Archives than ever before. And more records were added to the Archives than at any previous period. There are 4.6 times more records in the Archives now than in 1962 when the present Archivist was hired.

Significant records accessioned into the Archives are the Third District Court (Salt Lake City) civil cases, probate records, and marriage licenses. These extend from the territorial period well into statehood — some 12,935 cases in all. The records of the Utah Tuberculosis Hospital, now closed, have been recently brought into the Archives and are now available for research. This gives some idea of the variety of the materials available for researchers.

The function of Records Management is two-fold — to establish a better and more efficient body of state records and to serve the Archives in acquiring, in an orderly manner, the records destined for permanent preservation. A by-product of these functions is the saving of money to the state through planned destruction of useless records and more efficient current records. The one phase — destruction of useless records ( in the Records Center only) — resulted in a net savings of a minimum of $20,000. This was accomplished by emptying file cabinets and freeing

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filing space. What the savings are to the state in bringing about a more efficient records system is difficult to determine, but certainly a considerable amount.

In every category â&#x20AC;&#x201D; requests for service, records accessioned, records refiled, records destroyed â&#x20AC;&#x201D; there has been an increase. This, once again, reflects the increasing recognition of the services performed by staff members within the Historical Society structure.

This brings me back to my beginning statement that perhaps a more significant measure of the growth of the Society with all its divisions is the quality and extent of its services and contacts with the citizenry of the state. They are considerable, to be sure, but we are just in the beginning stages. So much of what the Society hopes to achieve depends upon adequate facilities where all activities can be housed under one roof in a building designed to offer full protection to the records and artifacts entrusted to its care. Surely the administration and the legislature must respond to the needs to care properly for Utah's historical heritage. For inevitably, if the Society is not permitted to live up to its responsibilities, other agencies or institutions will step in to fill the vacuum.

U T A H HISTORICAL QUARTERLY A U T H O R AWARD Following a recommendation of the Editorial Board, the Board of State History recently approved a long-discussed program of recognizing the author who has published the most outstanding article during the past year in the Utah Historical Quarterly. The selection will be made for presentation at the Society's annual meeting each year.

Announcement will soon be made of this year's winner.

R EVIEWS AIM D PUBLICATIONS The Story of Man at Grand Canyon.

By J. DONALD H U G H E S . Grand Canyon Natural History Association Bulletin # 1 4 . (Denver: Grand Canyon Natural History Association and U.S. National Park Service, 1967. 195 pp.

N.P.) This interesting paperback has something in it for everyone. The author has done a prodigious amount of research from many and varied sources in compiling his idea of man's chronology at Grand Canyon. The result is most apt to answer the needs of the tourist, especially the repeat visitor who is more than casually interested in the meaning of G r a n d Canyon, t h a n those of t h e specialist.

The reader is carried along in a lively manner from the canyon setting to the indigenous peoples who called it home.

Spanish soldiers and priests, American trappers, surveyors of the unmapped West, and pioneers are examined in detail sufficient to develop the broad picture. The short-sighted policies of grazing, timber, and mining interests are weighed against conservation and evolution of the National Park Service, as in Chapters V I I and V I I I , and here the author is at his best.

Brief sketches of those prominently identified with Grand Canyon occur regularly and offset the listing of numerous dates. Interesting photographs, some rarely seen, augment the text.

Scholars specializing in any of the various elements of G r a n d Canyon might find fault with some of the author's statements and interpretations, but de-

spite imperfections they will find his work a useful tool in furthering their own research. This reviewer found over fifty errors of fact and eleven instances of partial truths or misleading statements. Two deficiencies detract from the author's effort: not stating whether his locale is Grand Canyon or Grand Canyon National Park, and marginal evaluation of his reference material.

As the title suggests, the reader can expect to be told about man at Grand Canyon. I t is regrettable that the author vacillates between Grand Canyon in toto and the comparatively small areas embraced in Grand Canyon National Park and Monument. The Park is approximately one-fourth of the total canyon and the public generally is unaware of the m a n y features lying outside itsboundaries. The book does little to alleviate this situation. The author's indecision weakens the overall coverage, which is woefully scanty in western Grand Canyon. He fails to mention Wheeler's laborious upriver trip to Diamond Creek in 1871 along with T . H. O'Sullivan's fine photographic coverage.

The author would do well to be more discriminate in his references. Mere p r i n t i n g does n o t provide historical a u t h e n t i c i t y and t h e historian must evaluate with care. An example is his unobjective acceptance of Lingenfelter's version of the James White story (pp.

40-42).

The author is amazingly unfamiliar with Grand Canyon and probably typifies the modern ranger who is forced more into administration and public

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relations, having less time to acquire first-hand knowledge of the remote areas. The waters of Garden Creek do not spill over a waterfall into the Colorado (p. 154) and the Hakatai cable, mile 110.9, is located near the mouth of Hakatai Canyon, not at Asbestos Canyon which joins the Colorado at mile 78 (p. 70). If Mr. Hughes were to visit Kanab, Boysag, or Altar points; Toroweap or Prospect Wash; or the Bat Cave promontory, he would not be too sure that "the more spectacular scenic areas" are confined to the eastern part of the Canyon (p. 69).

On the positive side, Hughes corrects Woodbury's 1891 error for the Cody visit in 1892, refutes the legend of John D. Lee introducing peaches to the Havasupai (they were obtained from the Hopis), and catches the prior use of the Canon Maid as a ferry at the Paria Crossing over Dellenbaugh's claim for the Nellie Powell. T h e notes are copious and the Index and Bibliography are adequate.

Altogether, the author's work is commendable and fills a long-standing need.

Let us hope he uses it to compile the definitive study that should be done on Grand Canyon.

P. T. REILLY

North Hollywood,

California

Maynard Dixon Sketch Book. By D O N PERCEVAL. Foreword by LAWRENCE CLARK POWELL. (Flagstaff, Arizona: The Northland Press, 1967. 106 pp. $10.50) The Maynard Dixon Sketch Book can be read in an hour and enjoyed for years. Ansel Adams' frontispiece photograph of the artist leaning against an old post topped by a bleached skull of a cow with horns intact, is poignantly symbolic. Maynard Dixon looks like his paintings: contained, straight-forward, and reminiscent of a time and a tradition. Don Perceval, in this book, reveals a sensitive appreciation for these quali-

ties. He speaks with beauty and reverence of the works and travels of the artist. One feels that the author has not only traversed the same trails, but has paused in many of the same spots where Dixon sat to sketch, to look, and to feel the awesome desert expanses.

This book is a monument to and of a man who loved the stretches of the West; a man who drew the ridges, the trees, and the people with few but telling lines; lines that were telling because Maynard Dixon brought knowledge, loving observation, and consummate feeling born of experience to his work.

The sketches are dated and carry notations of locations; their informal offhand, yet penetrating, simplicity carries the message of the book. Through the selected sketches, Maynard Dixon, the rough yet sensitive interpreter of western peoples, their land of trees and soil, mountains and high skies, speaks evocatively of constancy, calmness, tolerance, and the interrelationships of nature and natural causes which seem to antedate the problems of our day. Type, layout, and paper are of fine quality in this book ; in itself, the Maynard Dixon Sketch Book is a work of art.

Contrary to the statement by Lawrence Clark Powell in the Foreword, "that no individual collector or museum gallery ever gathered more than a few examples of Dixon's work," Brigham Young University has a collection of eighty-seven pieces by Maynard Dixon many of which are major works.

J. R O M A N ANDRUS

Professor of Art Brigham Young University Fool's Gold: The Decline and Fall of Captain John Sutter of California. By RICHARD DILLON. (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1967. 380 pp. $6.95) In his book Fool's Gold, which is a biography of Johann August Sutter,

362 Richard Dillon has more than maintained the standard of his noteworthy biography of Meriwether Lewis. John Sutter, as he was known in the United States, has often been described as the father of American California. The complex and contradictory traits of this dubious California hero offered difficult problems to a biographer. Nevertheless, Dillon evaluates great masses of materials, good and bad, and utilizes them with skill and sound judgment. History may be strung on many threads and Dillon thoroughly understands this principle. O n the somewhat frayed thread of Sutter's life he strings the history of the A m e r i c a n westward m o v e m e n t which culminated in California's admission to the Union.

German born Johann A. Sutter, a fugitive from debt, fled from Switzerland to America in search of a new career. He began his own westward movement by traveling to Missouri, gateway to the Far West. Then, again pursued by debts, he joined a party of mountain men and missionaries and hit the Oregon Trail. In Oregon he observed the beginnings of American penetration which eventually would wrest the country from Hudson's Bay Company control.

En route to California by sea, Sutter made unplanned visits to Hawaii and Alaska before arriving at his destination.

In California at last, he persuaded Governor Alvarado to grant him a great tract of land on the Sacramento River.

Here he founded New Helvetia and built Sutter's Fort, thus laying the foundation for the subsequent city of Sacramento. From the Russians he purchased Fort Ross, thereby writing finis to the chapter in history known as "Russian California." He pioneered the agricultural development of Sacramento Valley and offered a haven for Americans who soon began to arrive overland.

All this he accomplished on credit. A gentlemanly manner and the persuasiveness of an unscrupulous promoter were

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almost his only assets. Consequently, he was hounded by creditors through most of his life.

From the time he arrived in California until he sat as a member of the state's Constitutional Convention, he was connected with all the more significant and publicized events of the region's history: Mexican California's local uprisings, American overland immigration, the Bear Flag affair, rescue of the Donner party, American occupation in 1846, Indian affairs, the discovery of gold and the Gold Rush (sanctified with capitalization by most authors), squatter problems, creation of California's state government, etc., etc.

For Sutter the Gold Rush was a tragedy and from that fact comes the title of Dillon's book. Gold was found at Sutter's Mill by his employee James Marshall. Instead of enriching Sutter, the discovery ruined him. In simplest terms Sutter, the gentle crook, was unable to defend himself against Gold Rush predators who swarmed over his lands. T h e Gold Rush has been romanticized by many writers, but all too often romance was only sin in retrospect. Dillon is a realist â&#x20AC;&#x201D; he writes it as it was.

T h e discovery of gold brought a flood of crooks, shysters, chiselers, and highbinders who had no respect for persons or property. Sutter's lands and herds were appropriated by creditors, swindlers, and claim jumpers. Finally he abandoned California and went east to seek congressional compensation for services rendered the government and for losses suffered at the hands of the lawless. He received nothing.

Dillon demonstrates that Sutter made great contributions to both California and national history. Yet he does not gloss over Sutter's weaknesses and moral deficiencies. Sutter was not very honest; he drank too much; and usually he did not meet his financial obligations unless forced to. Nevertheless, he had prophetic visions of the future and did not hesitate to attempt the impossible. The amazing

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Dillon is a superb stylist. He uses a tremendous amount of detail and yet sustains interest. The book ends with an additional valuable contribution, the "Bibliographical Reprise." Urbane, witty, a n d occasionally caustic, it is a most unusual and refreshing essay on authorities.

LAWRENCE KINNAIRD

Professor University of California,

Emeritus Berkeley

Out West on the Overland Train: Across-the-Continent Excursion with Leslie's Magazine in 1877 and the Overland Trip in 1967. By RICHARD REINHARDT. (Palo Alto, California: The American West Publishing Company, 1967. 207 pp. $12.95) This book is the story of two parallel journeys to the Far West ninety years apart. The first was in 1877 when Frank Leslie and his party, combining pleasure and business, traveled from New York to the Pacific Coast in his luxurious "Wagner drawing room and sleeping car, surrounded by every possible comfort." The trip lasted for five months.

Stops were made in Chicago, Cheyenne, Denver, and Salt Lake City. The party spent the summer visiting the railroad and mining magnets of San Francisco.

On the return trip they inspected the Comstock mines, and in Salt Lake City (the second visit) interviewed Brigham Young just a few weeks before his death.

The author followed the track of the Leslie party, but therein the similarity of the two trips ends, for as he says, "The Leslie transcontinental excursion was not an historic expedition, but was an interlude of American social life in a style that has disappeared. . . . The modern equivalent would not be a commemorative train trip but a luxurious vacation on a chartered jet."

The author took the liberty to edit the Leslie story considerably as it was reported in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, changing punctuation and spelling, grouping articles into chapters and sentences into paragraphs, all in the interest of readability. He did, however, let the Leslies' have their say in their opinions on Indians, Chinese, Mormons, Irish servants, and San Francisco dowagers. Yet, it seemed incredible to him that an observant journalist could "have visited San Francisco in the summer of 1877, when sandlot orators were inciting anti-Chinese mobs to riot in the streets, and have reported instead upon the furnishings of Senator Sharon's veranda and the dimensions of Mrs. Stanford's dining room . . . . One might wish that Mrs. Leslie interviewing Brigham Young a few weeks before his death, had been less concerned with the domestic intrigues of polygamous marriage and more interested in the ultimate goals of the radical religious Utopia in the Salt Lake Valley; that Frank Leslie, touring the Comstock mines, had paid less attention to the stamp mills and more to the Cornish miners; and that the entire excursion party, sight-seeing among the tragic remnants of the Plains Indians, had looked at the lives of the Cheyenne and Shoshone instead of their vermilion cosmetics."

Withal, the Leslies captured the romance of the early days of railroad travel. Their descriptions of the towns, railroad stops or stations, the landscapes, and the people as seen through their "effete" eastern eyes are enthusiastic and glowing â&#x20AC;&#x201D; good copy, to say the least, as

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they recorded America's frontier in transition. T h e author, on the other hand, reports his observations in a blase, satirical manner. He seems somewhat disillusioned with American scenery blighted with corroding civilization, and railroad travel today is anything but an adventure.

The book is enlivened with wood engravings from Leslie's Weekly and news items from Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. The footnotes provided by the author orient the reader in the then and now of place names, railroad towns long since gone, and sites of historical action, thus providing the thread of history. The news items inserted here and there throughout provide added historical context.

The book is large, coffee-table size, and entertaining as well as informative.

A . R . MORTENSEN

Professor of History University of Utah The Great Brain. By J O H N D. FITZGERALD. (New York: The Dial Press, Inc., 1967. 175 pp. $3.95) John D. Fitzgerald introduced us to second generation life in Utah in Papa Married a Mormon. The Great Brain is his version of childhood days in the year 1896.

Some people read dust covers and take their attitudes from such direction.

I take issue with the publisher's statement that this book is "for young people." The author describes eight-, ten-, and twelve-year-olds, but that is no indication that any teenager can comprehend the intrigues and the character development of children. For instance, today we consider Huckleberry Finn a. volume to be read by adults only. When Huck tells the runaway slave "they are after us" (instead of "after you") we know that a metamorphosis has transpired in Huck's heart and brain. Thus it is with the middle boy in Mr. Fitzgerald's

Quarterly

nostalgic account of life in a small Utah town in 1896. The boy stands too near the dollar sign to be considered an average ten-year-old. He makes money out of every situation connected with home and community life. Among his financial accomplishments: charges a fee to see the first water closet in town; makes a profit in the rescue of boys lost in a cave; chases the new teacher out of town; teaches an emigrant boy to speak English, to fight, and to become an American â&#x20AC;&#x201D; all for a price.

From the adult viewpoint, then, read how parents kept boys out of mischief.

Boys beat rugs, polished silver, cut wood, forked hay, played Kick the Can, became expert Indian squaw wrestlers, believed in ghosts, beat up all newcomers, and spied on odd characters who came to live and die among them. Children were exposed to diseases on purpose.

They were paddled in school as a motive for discipline. They had no indoor plumbing, no immunization shots, no new-fangled ideas.

There is a lot to chuckle over in the story, but there is more to weigh and remember after the book is closed. The long, lingering, look behind is easy to think about, but is most difficult to put in print. Mr. Fitzgerald has brought us excellent pictures, often humorous, often tragic, of those days so exciting, so far away.

The artist, Mercer Mayer, adds wit and flavor to the characterizations with his quaint pen and ink drawings.

ILENE H. KINGSBURY

Salt Lake City My Life with the Army in the West: The Memoirs of J. E. Farmer, 1858-1898.

Edited by DALE F. GIESE. (Santa Fe,

New Mexico: Stagecoach Press, 1967.

83 pp. $4.95) At the age of eighty-one, when assailed by fears of a pauper's grave, James E. Farmer began compiling his memoirs. His lack of providence in ear-

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lier years is of benefit n o w to the historian interested in early military life in the West. Unfortunately, F a r m e r died m a n y years before the publication of his autobiography.

After r u n n i n g away from h o m e a t the age of fifteen a n d m a r c h i n g westward with t h e 7th U . S . Infantry in 1858, F a r m e r spent most of his life with the army or in a n d a r o u n d army e n c a m p ments. A military aide, sutler, I n d i a n agent, laborer, h e m e t some of the foremost m e n of the age, a n d his relationship with famous officers a n d frontiersmen lends credibility to his reminiscence.

Describing t h e route taken by the 7th Infantry on the way to the U t a h W a r , he speaks of the b a n d playing with great effect as the troops m a r c h e d through Echo Canyon w h e r e " t h e echoes returned with stupendous noise." Also interesting is his description of garrison life a t C a m p Floyd, U t a h Territory, where one-third of the U n i t e d States Army was stationed prior to' the Civil War. As a volunteer aide to Colonel J o h n P. Slough, F a r m e r served with the U n i o n forces in N e w Mexico a n d gives a detailed report of the battle of Glorieta Pass.

Concise footnotes a n d an excellent Index compiled by the editor, Dale F .

Giese, give direction to this small volume of one man's adventures on the frontier.

H O W A R D C. P R I C E , J R .

Preston Nutter Ranch Price, Utah Desert Solitaire:

A Season in the

Wilder-

ness. By EDWARD ABBEY. ( N e w Y o r k :

M c G r a w - H i l l Book Company, 1968. x i v + 2 6 9 p p . $5.95) W h a t a wonderful book! This was my general assessment of E d w a r d Abbey's slender volume as I read it for the first time. H o w exciting finally to see verbalized in p r i n t — i n symbol words — the inexpressible emotions which south-

ern U t a h ' s red-rock wilderness h a d catalyzed in m e t h e first time I read a b o u t it twenty-five years ago, a n d which h a d continued t o build in m e during subseq u e n t years of first-hand acquaintance.

T r u e , I h a d read m a n y thousands of words a b o u t this strange a n d wonderful region, written by people w h o were just as e n a m o r e d of the land as M r . Abbey.

But none of them, for m e at least, h a d his gift of expressing this love with just the right words.

Desert Solitaire is a potpourri of impressions a n d thoughts a n d philosophy, and in t h a t respect it is a n intensely personal book. T h e a u t h o r spent m o n t h s in southeastern U t a h over a period of several years, a n d most of this time was spent in near-solitude as a ranger in Arches National M o n u m e n t . " I am twenty miles or more from the nearest fellow h u m a n , " he writes, " b u t instead of loneliness I feel loveliness. Loveliness a n d a quiet exultation." H e is grateful for t h e conditions of his job. " T h e fringe benefits a r e priceless: clean air to breathe (after the spring sandstorms) ; stillness, solitude a n d space; an u n o b structed view every day a n d every night of sun, sky, stars, clouds, mountains, moon, cliff rock a n d canyons; a sense of time enough to let t h o u g h t a n d feeling range from here to the end of the world a n d back; the discovery of something intimate — though impossible to n a m e — in the r e m o t e . " M r . Abbey's work is not a travel book, t h o u g h his i n t i m a t e o b s e r v a t i o n s of plants, animals, weather, water, rocks, sunrise, a n d sunset have captured more of their nostalgic essence, for m e , than anything else I have read. Anyone with a n affection for this country will enjoy w h a t he has written about the Arches, LaSals, Glen Canyon, the L a n d of Standing Rocks, a n d even his chapter on G r a n d Canyon.

As a d m i t t e d in t h e Introduction, the b o o k is u n e v e n i n e m o t i o n a l t o n e .

T h o u g h M r . Abbey is not a religious

366

Utah Historical

man in the usual sense, at times his writing becomes a rapturous paean to the loveliness and wonder of nature. Unfortunately, at other times he displays what many readers will consider rather tasteless and unnecessary irreverence.

Throughout the book is a scorn for despoilers of the wilderness. Mr. Abbey deplores the desecration of something irreplaceable, not agreeing that easiest access and comfort for the most people should be the determining factor in park planning and administration, as it now seems to be. He would make people leave their cars on the borders of a park and then take to the trails, afoot or on bicycles, to discover what the earth offers in close contact. Otherwise, if development proceeds at its present rate, our wilderness will soon disappear beneath a torrent of litter, pavement, and tourist facilities. (I cannot quite agree, but this is not the place for debate.)

For a cold winter night, when the frustrations of urban imprisonment are particularly irksome and nostalgic longings for the smells, the stillness, and the unique "feel" of the red-rock wilderness become unbearable, this is the book to pull from the shelf and read, over and over again. It is the best substitute I can recommend for the frustrated desert rat away from his favorite environment.

WARD J. ROYLANCE

Author Salt Lake City The Cornish contribution the United nish miners Jacks.

By

Miner in America: The to the mining history of States by emigrant Corâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; the men called Cousin ARTHUR

CECIL

TODD.

(Truro, Cornwall: D. Bradford Barton Ltd.; Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1967. 279 pp. $10.00) To anyone interested in the mining West, few books could be more welcome than one which tells the story of the Cornishmen. The old saying that wher-

Quarterly

ever there is a hole in the ground, you will find a Cornish miner at the bottom of it, was true of much of Western America in the second half of the nineteenth century. The Cornishmen were rarely the first arrivals; rather they came to camps that had passed out of the usual initial phase of surface workings, and into a more mature phase in which shafts had to be sunk, timbering resorted to, hoists installed, and underground "drifts," "galleries," and "stopes" cut.

It was at that point in the development of a district that the inherited skills and knowledge of this famous breed of mining men became so important. At every economic level from skilled laborer through " c a p t a i n , " superintendent, trained engineer, and even owner, the Cornish made their contribution, and always they did it in their clannish, distinctive, traditional way.

This is the story that needs to be told.

Arthur Cecil Todd, who teaches in West Cornwall, has the great advantage of knowing the Cornish and their homeland. Despite a Fulbright year at Berkeley, he does not have a comparable knowledge of the history of the mining West. The result is a book that only partly satisfies. It locates and identifies hundreds of Cornishmen. Terse summaries of individual careers and family experiences do much to give a sense of reality to comments on a people who have too often been almost anonymous in history (presumably because of the high percentage of illiteracy or semiliteracy, which has SO' greatly reduced written evidence).

For Mr. Todd's services in retelling history as a tale of individual lives and varied personalities, we should be deeply grateful. But so much more could have been done with the material he has collected. A much more thorough and accurate study of the history of the mining West, and a specific comparison of western technical and social conditions with those of nineteenth-century Corn-

Reviews and Publications

367

wall, would have m a d e it possible to give to this book a unifying theme a n d a sense of historical evolution. M r . T o d d exploits reasonably well the approaches of the a n t i q u a r i a n a n d the genealogist, but h e is weak as a historian. As a result, the larger point of view, together with the f u n d a m e n t a l insights it could suggest, is quite lacking. T h e book remains a b u n d l e of loosely tied anecdotes a n d local tales. I n addition misleading assertions a n d outright errors of fact or understanding are all too common. Finally, the literary style is surprisingly poor for o n e trained in Britain. Pronouns a n d relative clauses keep losing their antecedents, transitions a r e careless, a n d the prose is often overwritten.

RODMAN W. PAUL

California

Professor of History Institute of Technology

Navajo Wildlands "as long as the rivers shall run." Photographs by P H I L I P H Y D E , text by S T E P H E N J E T T , edited

by K E N N E T H

BROWER.

(San

Fran-

cisco: Sierra Club, 1967. 160 p p . $25.00) T h e Navajo a n d his h o m e l a n d have a way of intruding on o u r consciousness; like last winter w h e n we were preoccupied with t h e h o r r o r of Southeast Asia, the television pictures suddenly switched from the gore a n d m u d of V i e t n a m to the deep white of snow in northern Arizona a n d southern U t a h a n d the struggle of t h e I n d i a n s to save themselves a n d their flocks in a n historic storm.

T h e magnificent colored pictures of Navajo Wildlands, the fourteenth classic of the Sierra Club's superb Exhibit Form a t Series, a r e a far cry from desolation and death in unseasonal snows, b u t reading deep into' Professor Jett's text a n d David Brewer's Foreword, one finds ample w a r n i n g t h a t even the "flat red sea of s a n d " a n d cathedral-like varicolored rocks are subject to nature's laws. T h e superlative beauty of G r a n d Canyon, M o n u m e n t Valley, Canyon de

Chelly, a n d R e d b u d Pass was created over eons of time b u t can b e damaged or destroyed in m o n t h s or years. " T h e r e a r e n o w laws in various lands, including t h e Navajo Reservation, to protect artifacts from careless disturbance," says D a v i d Brower i n the Foreword. A n d h e pleads for equal protection for the land, " a n d for the beauty of things alive o n the land, t h a t gave grace to the lives of t h e ancient people to w h o m t h e Navajo wildlands were, as they a r e now, beautiful indeed."

Like other Sierra Club Exhibit Form a t books, t h e conservation message u n folds gradually a n d subtly. T h e reader is treated to twelve pages of illuminated photography of t h e red rocks, blue skies, golden sunlight, a n d purple haze before he reaches t h e title page. T h e n , if he does n o t already know it, the reader learns t h a t "as long as the rivers shall r u n a n d the grass shall grow" was the terminology of m a n y I n d i a n treaties. I t was a way of saying forever t h a t both the tribes a n d the national government should understand a n d respect. Greed and drink helped break or get around covenants of the past, however.

I n 1957 t h e Navajo Tribe created a Tribal Park Commission a n d seven Navajo T r i b a l Parks have been established with safeguards similar to those of national parks. I n 1966 the Tribal Council a d o p t e d a resolution condemning dams proposed in G r a n d Canyon, and H o w a r d G o r m a n , Navajo councilm a n , declared: "Crops c a n be replanted.

Stock c a n reproduce. So can h u m a n beings. B u t the land is n o t like these.

O n c e it is taken away, it is gone forever." W i t h t h e h u m a n a n d livestock populations far outracing the productivity of the mostly barren land of the reservation, it is problematical h o w long the Tribal Council will be able to resist pressures to imitate t h e white m a n in bowing to the G r e a t G o d Bulldozer.

As is the custom of the Sierra Club F o r m a t Series, captions of breathtakingly beautiful visitas are frequently in

368

Utah Historical Quarterly

poetry and prose from famous writers.

I n this book descriptive lines are taken from Willa Cather's a n d Oliver L a Farge's novels, effectively enforcing the conclusions of Messrs. J e t t and Hyde.

O n a ledge above Canyon de Chelly is a remarkable pictograph, t h o u g h t to portray an early Spanish expedition into t h a t country. Inhabited at different times by the Basketmakers, cliff dwellers, a n d H o p i a n d Navajo Indians, these canyons h a v e undergone violence as well as long peaceful periods. Navajo women a n d children were slaughtered by Spaniards in 1805. Less t h a n sixty years later K i t Carson a n d his troops systematically destroyed sheep a n d fields as they r o u n d e d u p most of the rebelling N a v a jos w h o h a d retreated high u p into the rock canyons. Deprived of food, the I n d i a n s were forced at last to surrender a n d submit to the L o n g Walk into exile at Fort Sumner, New Mexico. They returned four years later, a n d in m a n y ways the Navajo a n d their homeland h a v e remained unchanged since. This book is a persuasive a r g u m e n t for helping the Navajos to> safeguard their wildlands longer than " t h e rivers shall r u n . " E R N E S T H.

LINFORD

Head Department of Journalism University of Wyoming

Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster: Historic Places Associated with the Mining, Ranching, and Farming Frontiers in the Trans-Mississippi West. R O B E R T G. FERRIS, Series Editor. V o l u m e X I , T h e National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings.

(Washington, D . C : U n i t e d States D e p a r t m e n t of the Interior, National Park Service, 1967. x i v + 3 2 0 p p . $3.00) T h i s book in the i m p o r t a n t series, the National Survey of Historic Sites a n d Buildings, being compiled by the N a tional Park Service is of special interest

to inhabitants of the West. As the other books in the series it begins with a description a n d orientation to the particular areas a n d aspects of history with which it is concerned. T h e first eightyseven pages give this overview. Next come sections n a m i n g a n d describing the sites in t h e National Park system considered to be connected with these phases of our history; then the sites eligible for registry as national historic l a n d m a r k s u n d e r the National Park Service system; the districts eligible for such registration; and from pages 147 to 260 a listing a n d description of other sites t h a t were considered for inclusion in the registry.

T h e establishment of the registry by the National Park Service a n d the p u b lication of these series of books are landmarks in our a p p r o a c h to historic sites.

First we have a list of nationally import a n t sites identified. Second there is the increasing publication a n d acceptance of the criteria t h a t are used in determining eligibility for t h e registry. Finally there is the publication with each study of a m u c h m o r e extensive list of sites considered â&#x20AC;&#x201D; we m a y consider t h e m the r u n n e r - u p , or alternative sites to those included in the registry. This gives us a m u c h larger list in relation to< each aspect of our history t h a n those included in the registry. I t also, by exclusion, relegates sites not listed in the book to a third rank of importance, below those on the registry which rank first a n d those included in the book which m a k e a secondary rank. T h i s is a function of the establishment of the registry a n d the publication of the series, a n d it performs a m u c h needed service for Americans in general a n d for those concerned with identifying a n d developing historic sites in particular.

T h e series is an impressive demonstration of research a n d scholarship, a n d this book is no exception. I n setting the criteria established a n d in applying them, the necessity for visibility, tangibility, something to identify with the historical

369

Reviews and Publications in a physical way is emphasized. Emphasis on the physical site gives added importance to sites that can be identified and marked. This may mean that sites in remote areas and sites with a connection to a single specific event may be easier to identify, be more frequently recognized and remembered.

This appears to> have happened in this book. Of the thirty-four locations included in the registry only one, The Homestead National Monument, is of primarily agricultural significance. Several of the descriptions of sites include agriculture as part of the reason for being chosen, but obviously agriculture is secondary and in some cases the description labors to' bring it in at all.

The proportion of about 3 per cent holds fairly constant through the 172 secondary sites. Of the 3 frontiers considered, mining, grazing, and farming, farming should certainly have a larger proportion of recognition in the trans-Mississippi West. Several aspects of the book indicate that the problem is one of visible remains and identification with a single event or location. Two examples may indicate the problem. In the important agricultural states making the first tier of states west of the Mississippi, there is no site named except the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial at St. Louis. Also no site is listed in the registry from the State of Utah. This in spite of the agricultural heritage of the state and the impact of the irrigation techniques developed in the early Mormon settlements on the development of the Mountain West. The omission then is not on the basis of historical importance, but rather that urban development has so altered downtown Salt Lake City, that a site cannot meaningfully be identified.

The above comments are not intended to detract from the real worth of the book. They have two other purposes.

First to point out the limitations of site identification as a means of measuring historical significance, and second to impress upon us the urgent need to pre-

serve physical and tangible reminders of our significant activities for the edification of future generations.

W. D. AESCHBACHER

Professor of History University of Utah Songs of the American West. Compiled and Edited by RICHARD E. LINGENFELTER,

RICHARD

DAVID C O H E N .

DWYER,

and

(Berkeley and

A.

Los

Angeles: University of California Press, 1968. xii4-595pp. $17.50) Songs of the American West is a large a n d comprehensive c o m p e n d i u m of popular songs of and about the American West: nearly three hundred in all, under thirty separate headings selected to reflect the life, activities, and moods of Anglo-Americans in their assault upon the frontier during the century in which it was transformed from a wilderness into a land bearing the gentler lines, the brands and scars of our "civilization." There are songs of migration, stage driving, and freighting; the penetration of the railroads; mining, prospecting, and the Gold Rush; labor and the unions; Mormons, anti-Mormons, and polygamy; Indians and the military outposts; the Chinese, cowboys, and colonists; sod busters and homesteaders; western lumberjacks, bums, and wobblies. The selection is excellent and one comes to appreciate that, through the songs alone, one can perceive the processes by which a cluster of unique human experiences can be transformed into the myths via which a distinct culture identifies itself. There are useful introductory remarks which prepare the reader (or should we say "singer?") for the cultural setting for each group of songs, but no headnotes to set the mood of each song. Most of the songs are accompanied by transcription of the melodic line and tablature for the guitar.

The source for each particular song is given (generally the oldest text encoun-

Utah Historical Quarterly

370 tered by the editors), together with its other appearances in print, though these are far from being complete despite the claim on the jacket t h a t reference has been m a d e to "all k n o w n " printings.

Neglected, moreover, are the manifestations of the songs on 78 r p m or L P records, a n d t o their appearances in field recordings in private a n d public archives. H e n c e we have no way of knowing h e r e which songs have stuck in the folk consciousness a n d which are b u t e x h u m e d skeletons of our past. N o attention, moreover, is given to variant texts â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a knowledge of which is indispensable if we are to learn anything about a song's life as a vehicle of the mass culture.

At the end there is a Bibliography, musical notes, and an I n d e x of titles a n d first lines. A lexicon of "westernisms" would have been extremely useful too, since already we are so far removed from our roots that there are scores of terms in the songs presented which require illumination a n d without which the reader is h a r d - p u t to absorb the full m e a n i n g of the songs or to react intelligently to subtleties of western "lingo."

A U S T I N E. F I F E

Department of Utah State The

Rockies.

Chairman Languages University

By DAVID LAVENDER.

Y o r k : H a r p e r & Row, 1968. 404 p p . $8.95)

(New

Publishers,

D a v i d L a v e n d e r has written a big a n d busy book. Happily, the a u t h o r a n d the Rockies belong to each other; the volu m e is a credit to both.

As a region, the Rockies present an overwhelming complex of almost endless mountains a n d valleys with an English a n d F r e n c h - C a n a d i a n influence in t h e N o r t h a n d Spanish heritage in the South. T h e author's concern is for the "patterns of living t h a t developed within the m o u n t a i n o u s sections of I d a h o , M o n tana, Wyoming, Colorado, central U t a h ,

a n d n o r t h e r n N e w Mexico" (p. 14).

W i t h a most impressive personal knowledge of the region both historically a n d geographically, M r . L a v e n d e r achieves his objective with distinction.

T h e volume divides into three general a n d interwoven parts. T h e first includes the exploration of the Rockies a n d the pursuit of furs by the Spanish, French, English, and the m e n of the young U n i t e d States. T h e conflict a n d competition a m o n g the fur companies, m o u n tain m e n , I n d i a n tribes, a n d imperialistic governments sharpen to> conclusion in chapters fittingly entitled " T h e Skin G a m e " a n d "Brief C a n d l e . " T h e personal life of t h e t r a p p e r and his m o m e n t of joy in the a n n u a l rendezvous are of high interest.

T h e second era is consumed by the search for the precious metals of gold, silver, copper, a n d lead. T h e a u t h o r notes this activity as "the p r i m e determ i n a n t of Rocky m o u n t a i n history . . . " (p. 3 ) . T h e epoch belongs with the M o r m o n migration a n d the discovery of gold in California. T h e first was a notable new force in the history of the frontier in the mountains. While the M o r m o n influence is fully recognized, M r . L a v e n d e r leaves undefined his conclusion that the M o r m o n s were " u n c h a r acteristic of t h e sweep of American pioneering" (pp. 1 1 9 - 2 0 ) .

T h e golden quest soon moved inland from California a n d is well developed.

T h e discussion of mining techniques and the m e n who' roamed the Rockies in search of mineral treasure highlights this period of time a n d also* the book.

R e a d e r s will be interested in the application of the unwritten codes which assumed t h a t the resources of the land were available to all; t h a t claims could not be h o a r d e d but must be used; and t h a t "prior utilization of land, water, a n d m i n e r a l " preceded all other assigned rights of later date (p. 3 2 3 ) . T h e n u m ber, size, and m a n n e r of claim staking as practiced by the miner plus the right to exploit a lateral dip of a vein of ore

371

Reviews and Publications even if it invaded another man's claim (the Apex law, p. 260) add to our knowledge of the mining frenzy in the high country.

The modern and final period is entangled with the close of the second.

Railroad building coincides with the last of the Indian wars; cattle versus sheep add a new measure of violence to the ferocity and bloodshed of the mining frontier; and the scarcity of water and timber is heightened by the press of population. Government by vigilante and haphazard territorial administration is replaced with statehood and the more conventional political process, Progressive democracy invades the West in the interest of conservation and other social and political reforms. Some reform can be compared to gold that did not glitter at first. Wyoming granted the right to vote to women in 1869.

Western pride over such enlightenment may suffer to know that the real objective was pure publicity. The legislature felt quite safe behind a population that counted six men to every woman, and assumed in addition that the governor would veto the bill. He did not.

The pages of The Rockies are full of colorful people. Now and again the number may be bewildering. The same is true of geography, for few there are who know the region well enough to recognize the flood of locales that Mr. Lavender knows so well. The four maps (two foldouts) are indispensable.

An additional theme emerges in the book. Mr. Lavender responds to the beauty of the area with an anxious heart.

He resents the ugliness that accompanied exploitation and violence. In the beginning he suggests that the greatest value of the Rockies may be as a refuge for a "population increasingly harried by itself" (p. 14). As he closes the volume he warns us that "there simply aren't four hundred years of plunder remain-

ing, either in the Rockies or in the country as a whole" (p. 366).

ORDE S. PINCKNEY

Professor of History Central Oregon College NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS Album of North American Animals. Illustrated by CLARK BRONSON. Text

by VERA DUGDALE. Reprint. (Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, [1968]) Album of North American Birds. Illustrated by CLARK BRONSON. Text by VERA DUGDALE. Reprint.

(Chicago:

Rand McNally & Company [1968]) The

Golden Land.

By EDITH BROCK-

WAY. (Independence, Missouri: Herald Publishing House, 1968) [Based on Book of Mormon] The Great Buffalo Hunt.

GARD.

Drawings by

By WAYNE

NICK

EGGEN-

HOFER. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1968) Mission San Fernando. By REV. FRANCIS J. WEBER. (LOS Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1968) Old Wolfville: Chapters from the Fiction of Alfred Henry Lewis. Selected and edited with an introduction and commentary by Louis FILLER. Illustrations by FREDERICK REMINGTON. (Yellow Springs, Ohio: T h e Antioch Press, 1968) The Place No One Knew: Glen Canyon on the Colorado. By ELIOT PORTER. Edited by DAVID BROWER. Reprint.

(San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1968) [Paperback] Silver and Snow: City.

KUMMER.

1968)

The Story of Park

By NOAL C. NEWBOLD and BEA

(Salt Lake City: Authors,

INDEX Abbey, Edward, Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness, reviewed, 365—66 Abrams, Milton C , photograph, 3 5 3 ; vicepresident U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 353 Adams, Thomas C , died, 219; leader of Saltair restoration movement, 219 Aeschbacher, W. D., The American West: A Reorientation, review by, 2 7 8 ; Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster: Historic Places Associated with the Mining, Ranching, and Farming Frontiers in the Trans-Mississippi West, review by, 3 6 8 - 6 9 Afton, Wyoming, named, 339 Agricultural Aid Society, refused to aid Clarion Colony and discouraged migration to U t a h , 126 Aikens, C. Melvin, Ancient Hunters of the Far West, review by, 187—89 Albert, H e r m a n W., Odyssey of a Desert Prospector, reviewed, 281 Alexander, Thomas G., member U t a h State Historical Society Editorial Advisory Board, 357 All Saints Episcopal Church, established, 9 5 ; first parish in sixty-eight years, 96 All Souls Episcopal Mission (Garfield), vicar lived with men, 89 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 115 Alexander, Daniel, stockholder in U t a h Colonization Fund, 124 Allen, James B., " T h e Unusual Jurisdiction of County Probate Courts in the Territory of U t a h , " 1 3 2 - 4 2 ; Rocky Mountain Mining Camps: The Urban Frontier, review by, 279-81 _ Alter, J. Cecil, secretary-treasurer of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 255 fn. 18 Amaral, Anthony, Will James, the Gilt Edged Cowboy, reviewed, 187 American Association for the Advancement of Science, founded, 256; meetings, 2 5 7 ; U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters affiliated with, 257 The American West: A Reorientation, by Gressley, reviewed, 278 T h e Ames Brothers, performed at Saltair, 217 Ancient Hunters of the Far West, by Pourade, reviewed, 187—89 Anderson, James, photograph, 168; first factory of, 169; organized Morgan Canning Company, 169; owner of Morgan Canning Company, 169; died, 177; see also Morgan Canning Company Anderson, Joseph, photograph, 168; owner of Morgan Canning Company, 169; died, 177; see also Morgan Canning Company Anderson, William Marshall, comments on discoverer of Great Salt Lake, 18; visited Rockies, 18 Andrus, J. R o m a n , Maynard Dixon Sketch Book, review by, 361 Angus, John O., member of Dixie Mission, 3 3 7 ; worked on St. George Temple, 345

Antelope Island, recreation facilities planned, 220 Anza, J u a n Bautista de, founded mission now San Francisco, 44 Arrington, Leonard J., "Charles Mackay and His 'True and Impartial History' of the Mormons," 24-40 Arze-Garcia party, trading venture in U t a h ( 1 8 1 3 ) , 13-14 Ashley, William H., commented u p o n by William Marshall Anderson, 18; led trapping party in 1825, 2 0 ; artist sketch of, 2 2 ; activities in 1824, 104 Astor, J o h n Jacob, organized Pacific F u r Company, 14—15 Astorians, wanderings of Detached, 15; wanderings of Returning, 15 Athearn, Robert G., "Opening the Gates of Z i o n : U t a h and the Coming of the Union Pacific Railroad," 291-314 Audubon, James J., painting by, 110; expedition of, 111 Auerbach, George S., stockholder in U t a h Colonization Fund, 124 B Babbitt, Almon, selected by Council of Fifty as trustee of M o r m o n church, 153 fn. 38, 158; elected as State of Deseret's delegate to Congress, 158; joined Mormon church, 158 Badger, Carl A., favored ratification of income tax amendment, 224—25 Badham, Richard, stabbed, 150 Baer, Adolph, stockholder in U t a h Colonization Fund, 124 Bailey, George W., organizer of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 240; secretary of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 241 Bailey, Reed W., president of U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 257 Baird, Robert B., M o r m o n composer, 342 Ball, E. D., councillor of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 243 Ballantyne, Richard, participated in twentyfourth of July celebration, 3 4 0 ; photograph, 3 4 1 ; withdrew from mercantile business, 347; returned to business, 3 4 8 ; missionary to India, 349; organized first Sunday school, 349 Bamberger, Simon, donated funds to return Clarion colonists to the East, 127 Barker, Elizabeth, married J o h n Bernhisel, 152; born, 153; parents, 153; died, 166 Barnes, A. R., U t a h attorney general, 126 Barnet, Charlie, performed at Saltair, 217 Baron de Hirsch, National F a r m School, ties with Jewish Agricultural and Colonial Association, 118; see also Clarion Barrett, Gwynn W., "Dr. John M . Birnhisel: M o r m o n Elder I n Congress," 143—67 Bartleson party, traversed U t a h , 5 Battle of the Bulge, 6; end of G e r m a n offensive, 16 Bean, George W., probate judge, 135; proceedings of probate court, 138

Index Bear Lake, rendezvous, 21 Bear River, discovered, 17; named, 17; crossing near Hampton-Bigler home, 234 Bear River City, Wyoming, photograph, cover No. 4 ; description during railroad construction, 310 Beaver County Courthouse, photograph, 141 Beckwourth, Jim, mountain man, 105 Beers, W. D., report on failure of Hatchtown D a m , 268; visited site of Hatchtown Dam, 269 Behle, William H., " T h e U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters," 239—62 Beless, Jr., James W., " T h e Episcopal Church in U t a h : Seven Bishops and One Hundred Years," 77-96 Ben Lomond, named, 339 Bennett, James Arlington, candidate for U.S. vice-president, 152 Bennion, Milton, suggested broadening scope of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 252—53 Benson, Ezra Taft, informed Brigham Young machinery for woolen factory and sugar making on way to Salt Lake, 344 Benson, Wendall, master of ceremonies at Saltair dedication, 201 Bernhisel, John M., biography, 143—67; photograph, 143; appointed by Council of Fifty to take petition for territorial government to Congress, 144, 156; belief in Mormonism, 144; delegate to Congress, 144, 159; born, 145; parents, 145; practiced medicine, 145, 147; studied medicine, 145, 146, 147; life in the West, 146; impression of Henry Clay, 147; joined Mormon church, 147; purchased land in Nauvoo, 147, 148; arrived in Nauvoo, 148; relationship with Joseph Smith, 148-49; conference with Governor Thomas Ford, 150; medical practice in Nauvoo, 150; Joseph Smith predicted his end to, 1 5 1 ; letter to Governor Ford concerning Nauvoo Council involvement in destruction of Nauvoo Expositor, 1 5 1 ; New York representative at "State Presidential Convention" at Nauvoo, 1 5 1 ; personal opinion of Joseph Smith, 1 5 1 ; married, 152; selected by Council of Fifty as trustee of Mormon church, 153, 153 fn. 3 8 ; copied Joseph Smith's Bible, 154; sons, 154, 157; arrived Salt Lake Valley, 155; lot in Salt Lake Valley, 155; member Board of Regents of University of Deseret, 155; appointed marshal by Council of Fifty, 1 5 6 - 5 7 ; plans for home in Salt Lake City, 157; member of committee to draft constitution for State of Deseret, 158; warned Brigham Young of gold seekers to come, 158—59; service as delegate to Congress, 159; relationship with Abraham Lincoln, 160; chief endeavor while in Congress, 1 6 1 ; entreated public not to pay attention to sensational letters being published in newspapers, 161; children, 163; investor and participant in Z C M I , 163; later years, 163 ; retired from public service, 163; vice-president of Z C M I , 163; medical degree, 164; Z C M I certificate of election as vice-president, 164; affiliation with School of the Prophets, 165; concerned with the United Order, 165; mining investments, 165; died, 166; funeral, 166; home

373 sold to Mormon church, 166; obituaries, 166 Bernhisel I I , John Milton, founded Lewiston, 163 Berryville, Utah, see Glendale, U t a h Bigler, Agnes Standing, acquired HamptonBigler home, 238; died, 238 Bigler, Asenath Patton, worked at HamptonBigler home, 238 Bigler, Jacob, married, 238; acquired H a m p ton-Bigler home, 2 3 8 ; died, 238 Bigler, Juanita Loveland, acquired HamptonBigler home, 238 Bigler, L. Odell, acquired Hampton-Bigler home, 238 Bigler, Mark, settled in Collinston, 238 Black Rock Beach, opened on Great Salt Lake, 215; deserted, 220 Black Hawk War, 316 Bountiful, U t a h , Episcopal mission established, 96 Bourdon, Michel, discovered Bear River, 17; failed to discover Great Salt Lake, 17; killed, 17; Hudson's Bay Company fur trapper, 103 Bourion, Honore, Catholic priest in Utah, 58 Brandenbury, Lemuel H , United States judge, 134; left U t a h Territory, 135 Brewster, Sheldon, leader of Saltair restoration group, 220 Bridger, Jim, artist sketch of meeting Mormon Pioneer party, 3 ; met Brigham Young, 5 - 6 ; wintered in Cache Valley, 6; credited with discovering Great Salt Lake, 18, 103 Brigham City, Utah, Episcopal mission established, 96 Brighton, U t a h , Episcopal Conference Center completed, 96 Brimhall, Dean R., member U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 353; photograph, 353 Brocchus, Perry E., United States judge, 134; left U t a h Territory, 135; rebuked Mormons, 135 Brooks, Juanita, member U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 3 5 3 ; photograph, 353 Brower, Kenneth, Navajo Wildlands "as long as the rivers shall run," reviewed, 367—68 Brown, Benjamin, leader of Clarion colonists, 114; photograph, 117; president Jewish Agricultural and Colonial Association, 118; investigated possibility of establishing colony in U t a h , 119; officer in U t a h Poultry Producers Cooperative Association, 122 fn.

17; stockholder U t a h Colonization Fund, 124; traveled east to solicit funds for Clarion, 125; attempted to raise funds for Clarion, 126; remained in U t a h after Clarion abandoned, 127, 1 3 0 - 3 1 ; formed Central U t a h Poultry Exchange, 131; formed U t a h Poultry Producers Cooperative Association, 131; formed U t a h Poultry Producers, Incorporated, 131; see also Clarion Brown, George A., formed U t a h Poultry Producers, Incorporated, 131 Brown, Nathan, remained in U t a h after failure of Clarion, 130 Bruneau River, named, 17 Bryce Canyon, named, 338

374 Bryce, Ebenezer, settled in vicinity of canyon which bears his name, 3 3 8 ; settled in Arizona, 339 B u c h a n a n , Archibald, member of Elk M o u n tain Mission, 3 3 7 ; branch president of Glencoe, U t a h , 338 Buchanan, Frederick S., "Scots A m o n g the Mormons," 328-52 Budge, William, converted K a r l G. Maeser, 330 fn. 6; European Mission president, 330 fn. 6, 3 5 0 ; helped open M o r m o n Swiss a n d G e r m a n missions, 3 3 0 ; bishop of Providence, 3 3 9 ; Lanark, I d a h o , n a m e d in honor of, 3 3 9 ; n a m e d Afton, Wyoming, 3 3 9 ; n a m e d Glencoe Ward, 3 3 9 ; organized cooperative store for Bear Lake residents 3 3 9 ; presiding bishop of Rich County, 339 elected to I d a h o State Legislature, 348 authored missionary pamphlets, 3 4 9 ; president of Logan Temple, 350 Bullock, Robert, member of exploring p a r t y to San J u a n , 337 Burgess, Catherine, married to J o h n Bernhisel, 152; freed from covenants with J. Bernhisel, 160 Burt, Andrew, served as Salt Lake City m a r shal, 348 Burt, J o h n , worked on Salt Lake Temple, 345 Burt, Olive, Western Ghost Towns, review by, 186 Burt, William, worked on St. George T e m p l e , 345 Burton, Richard, opinion of Mackay's The Mormons^ 35 Cache Valley, received name, 2 1 ; rendezvous, 21 Caine, J o h n T., guest at Saltair statehood celebration, 202 Calder, David O., actor, 3 4 1 ; musician, 342— 4 3 ; business m a n a g e r of Deseret News, 3 4 6 ; secretary of Z C M I , 3 4 6 ; businessman, 3 4 7 ; participated in Salt Lake City government, 348 California Packing Corporation ( U t a h Packing C o r p o r a t i o n ) , 174; purchased M o r g a n C a n n i n g Company in Smithfield, 177 California Ranchos and Farms, 1846—1862: Including the Letters of John Quincy Adams Warren of 1861, Being Largely Devoted to Livestock, Wheat Farming, Fruit Raising, and the Wine Industry, by Gates, reviewed, 285 C a m p Floyd, requested a chaplain, 4 8 - 4 9 , 49 fn. 8, 53—54; duties of a chaplain, 53 fn.

1 3 ; salary of a chaplain, 54 fn. 16 Campbell, Robert L., member of Southern Exploring Expedition, 337 C a n d l a n d , W. D., president of U t a h State L a n d Board, 126 C a n n o n , George Q., defended M o r m o n s in Congress, 140; defended retention of criminal jurisdiction in probate courts, 140—42; defended Mormons as probate judges in Congress, 142; spoke at J o h n M . Bernhisel's funeral, 166; guest at Saltair statehood celebration, 202 C a n n o n , Willard T., bought Saltair, 214 Cardenas, Garcia Lopez, reached the Color a d o , 6—7

Utah Historical Quarterly Cardiff, I r a D., organizer of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 2 4 0 ; president of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 241, 2 4 3 ; left U t a h , 2 4 4 ; picture, 245 Catholic church, " T h e Hesitant Beginnings of the Catholic C h u r c h in U t a h , " 4 1 - 6 2 ; changes in the dioceses in western U n i t e d States, 4 7 - 4 8 , 47 fn. 7; Diocese of M o n terey created, 4 7 ; Diocese of S a n t a Fe created, 47, 47 fn. 7 ; Diocese of Sonora created, 47 fn. 7; F a t h e r Bonaventure Keller arrived in U t a h , 52 ; confusion over responsibility for U t a h , 5 5 ; F a t h e r J e a n Batiste Raverdy arrived in U t a h , 5 5 ; F a t h e r Edward Kelly arrived in U t a h , 5 6 ; first Christmas Mass in Salt Lake City, 5 6 ; U t a h joined with Colorado to form Vicariate of Colorado-Utah, 5 6 ; vicar bishop of U t a h ( 1 8 6 8 ) , 5 6 ; Bishop Joseph P. M a c helbeuf arrived in U t a h , 57—58; F a t h e r H o n o r e Bourion arrived in U t a h , 58 F a t h e r J o h n Foley arrived in U t a h , 59 F a t h e r Patrick Walsh arrived in U t a h , 60 Diocese of Salt Lake created, 6 2 ; VicarApostolic of U t a h established, 6 2 ; see also Saint M a r y M a g d a l e n e Central U t a h Poultry Exchange, organized, 131 Chamberlin, R a l p h Vary, papers presented to U t a h State Historical Society, 357 Chipeta ( I n d i a n ) , died, 8 5 ; Episcopalian, 85 C h o u t e a u - D e M u n , trading venture, 100—1 C h u r c h of the Good Shepherd ( O g d e n ) , Episcopal church consecrated, 79 C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, wording for "Articles of F a i t h , " 2 6 ; owned controlling interest in Saltair, 2 0 4 ; see also Mormons As A City Upon A Hill: The Town in American History, by Smith, reviewed, 181—82 Civil jurisdiction, invested in probate courts, 133 Clarion, "Clarion, U t a h : Jewish Colony in ' Z i o n , ' " 113—31; m a p showing location, 1 1 3 ; settled, 114; location, 115; d a m constructed to furnish water to, 116; price of land, 116; first meeting of colonists to, 118; background of colonists to, 120—21; investm e n t of colonists to, 120; land purchased, 120; condition of colony at beginning, 1 2 1 ; first settlers arrived, 1 2 1 ; claim for d a m ages against State of U t a h , 122—23; difficulties of, 122; size ( 1 9 1 2 ) , 122, ( 1 9 1 3 ) , 126; photographs, 123, 125, 127, 1 2 8 ; problems with water, 123—24; financial situation ( 1 9 1 5 ) , 126; granted extension

by State L a n d Board, 126; legislature petitioned for help, 127; financial condition when abandoned, 128 fn. 27, 129; lands sold at public auction, 128; reasons for failure, 1 2 9 - 3 0 ; see also Baron de Hirsch, National F a r m School; Jewish Agricultural a n d Colonial Association; Jewish Agricultural a n d Industrial Aid Society; a n d Jews Clark, Stephen Cutter, Episcopal bishop p h o tograph, 8 9 ; deacon St. Luke's (Park C i t y ) , 9 5 ; Bishop of U t a h , 9 5 ; died, 95 Clay, Henry, impression of J o h n M . Bernhisel, 147 Clayton, Nephi W., bought Saltair, 204

Index Clayton, William, at Winter Quarters, 154; secretary of Z C M I , 1 6 3 ; mining investments, 165; died, 166 Clearfield, Episcopal mission established, 96 Clio's Servant: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1846—1954, by Lord and Ubbelohde, reviewed, 189—90 Cohen, David, ed., Songs of the American West, reviewed, 369—70 Cohn, Louis, stockholder in U t a h Colonization F u n d , 124 Cole, N a t " K i n g , " performed at Saltair, 217 Colonizing, U t a h ' s participation to promote, 115 Condie, Myron, Morgan Canning Company employee, 174 fn. 5 Conservation, championed by U t a h Academy of Sciences, 247-49 The Constitution

By A Thread, by Vetterli, reviewed, 179—81 Cooley, Everett L., "Clarion, U t a h : Jewish Colony in 'Zion,' " 113-31 Corinne, U t a h , Gentile capital of U t a h , 5 8 ; Catholic school to be constructed in, 5 9 ; churches established in, 5 9 ; description ( 1 8 7 0 ) , 59, ( 1 8 7 1 ) , 6 0 ; Catholic priest appointed for, 6 1 ; first non-Mormon church in U t a h constructed in, 7 9 ; Episcopal church withdrawn from, 8 2 ; description during railroad construction, 312 Corn, Cucurbits and Cotton from Glen Canyon, by Cutler, reviewed, 278—79 The Cornish Miner in America: The contribution to the mining history of the United States by emigrant Cornish miners — the men called Cousin Jacks, by Todd, reviewed, 366—67 Cottam, Walter P., championed conservation cause, 247—49; president of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 249 Cotton, manufacture of, 345 Cowan, Robert, Scottish Mormon, 344 Crawford, J o h n , member of Elk Mountain Mission, 337 Crawford, Samuel, wool manufacturer, 344 Creer, Leland H., " I n M e m o r i a m : Leland H. Creer," 1 9 5 - 9 7 ; picture, 195; positions held by, 195; died, 196; publications of, 196; opinion of students of, 1 9 6 - 9 7 ; excerpt of book by, 197 T h e Crew-Cuts, performed at Saltair, 217 Criminal jurisdiction, invested in probate courts, 133 Crystal Beach, see Saltair Council of Fifty, selected agent to treat with Congress,_ 144; charged with responsibility of supervising western migration by Joseph Smith, 149; considered western migration proposal, 149; members, 149; size of membership, 149; meeting prior to myrterdom of _ Joseph a n d H y r u m Smith, 150; a p pointed committee to dispose of Saints' property in Nauvoo, 153 ; members received choice lots in Salt Lake City, 155; Brigham Young counsels to entice Mormons from fidling, dancing, and drinking, 1 5 5 - 5 6 ; J o h n M. Bernhisel appointed to take petition for territorial government to Congress, 156; appointed J. M. Bernhisel marshal, 156-57

375 Cutler, H u g h C , Corn, Cucurbits and Cotton from Glen Canyon, reviewed, 278-79

D Daniels, Cyrus, shot, 150 Danite Band, fictionalized account of, 68 Davidson, James, helped establish cotton manufacture in U t a h , 345 Davidson, Maggie, helped establish cotton manufacture in U t a h , 345 Davison, Stanley R., Will James, the Gilt Edged Cowboy, review by, 187 Dayton, Dello G., The Teaching of History, review by, 184-85 de Oiiate, J u a n , launched colonization of New Mexico, 7 deSmet, Pierre Jean, discussion as whether he was in U t a h , 46, 46 fn. 6; commissioned army chaplain, 48 DeVoto, Bernard, warns of pitfalls in writing M o r m o n fiction, 71—72 Deseret Manufacturing Company, organized, 343-44 Deseret, State of, committee to draft constitution for, 158; constitution rejected by Congress, 158 Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness,

by Abbey, reviewed, 365—66 Dey, Peter A., Union Pacific chief engineer, 294 Dickens, Charles, opinion of Mormons, 3 4 - 3 5 Digging For Gold Without A Shovel: The Letters of Daniel Wadsworth Coit, from Mexico City to San Francisco, 1849-1851,

by H a m m o n d , reviewed, 186-87 Dillon, Richard, Fool's Gold: The Decline and Fall of Captain John Sutter of California, reviewed, 361-63 Disney, Walt, opinion on restoring Saltair, 218 Dix, J o h n A., Union Pacific Railroad president, 294 Doctors of the Old West: A Pictorial History of Medicine on the Frontier, by Karolevitz, reviewed. 183-84 Dominguez, Francisco Atanasio , expedition embarked, 6; reached U t a h Valley, 6; see also Escalante, Silvestre Velez de Donner party, reached Salt Lake Valley, 5 Dow, Alexander, followed Joseph Morris, 349 Dowling, Patrick, appointed priest for Corinne, 6 1 ; arrived in Corinne, 6 1 , 61 fn. 3 0 ; left U t a h , 62, 62 fn. 3 2 ; reassigned to Salt Lake City, 62, 62 fn. 32 District court, appellate power, 134; places held, 1 4 1 ; powers of, 142 Dragerton, U t a h , Episcopal mission established, 95 Drake, T h o m a s J., United States judge, 137 D r u m m o n d , J. W., relations with Mormons, 137; U n i t e d States judge, 137 Duchesne, U t a h , Episcopal church organized in, 92 D u n b a r , David, actor, 342 D u n b a r , William C , 340; directed missionary work in Scotland, 329; actor, 341, 3 4 2 ; musician, 3 4 3 : business manager of Daily Herald, 3 4 6 ; liberal Mormon, 349

376 Durkee, Charles, governor of U t a h Territory, 3 0 0 ; opinion on mining and the railroad, 300 Dwyer, Richard A., ed., Songs of the American West, reviewed, 369—70

Ebaugh, W. C , councillor U t a h Academy of Sciences, 243 Eccles, David, photograph, 3 4 1 ; businessman, 344, 346; helped Mormon church establish Lehi Sugar Factory and U t a h - I d a h o Sugar Company, 344; organized O g d e n Sugar Company, 344; estate, 346; O g d e n City mayor, 348 Eccles, Marriner S., businessman, 3 5 0 ; served as chairman of Federal Reserve Board, 350 Echo City, U t a h , photograph, 3 1 0 ; description during railroad construction, 3 1 1 ; description after railroad construction crews left, 313 Eddington, W. R., Morgan Canning Company employee, 172, 174 fn. 5 Edmunds, Clyde C , formed U t a h Poultry Producers, Incorporated, 131 Edmunds-Tucker Act, passed, 142 Elk M o u n t a i n Mission, abandoned, 3 3 7 ; called, 337 Ellery's Italian Band, played at Saltair, 206 Ellsworth, S. George, member U t a h State Historical Society Editorial Advisory Board, 357 Emery Memorial House, 9 1 ; opened, 9 0 ; sold, 93 Ephraim, U t a h , settled by Scandinavians, 335 Episcopal church, " T h e Episcopal C h u r c h in U t a h : Seven Bishops and O n e H u n d r e d Years," 77—96; attitude toward Mormons, 78-79, 87. 8 8 - 8 9 , 92, 9 5 ; Episcopate of Daniel S. Tuttle, 78—82; first congregation, 7 8 ; first services in Salt Lake City, 7 8 ; first non-Mormon church constructed in U t a h , 79; schools, 79—80; churches opened in Provo, Springville, Layton, Eureka, Park City, and Vernal, 82; Episcopate of Abiel Leonard, 82—86; new churches in Salt Lake County, 8 2 - 8 3 ; size ( 1 8 8 8 ) , 82, ( 1 9 0 2 ) , 83, ( 1 9 1 4 ) , 90, ( 1 9 2 9 ) , 93, ( 1 9 5 0 ) , 95, ( 1 9 6 6 ) , 9 6 ; work terminated in Corinne, 8 2 ; Articles of Incorporation filed, 8 4 ; first service at Ouray-Uintah Reservation, 8 4 ; schools closed, 8 4 ; work among the Indians, 84—85; Episcopate of Franklin Spencer Spalding, 86—90; financial problems, 8 6 ; Episcopate of Paul Jones, 9 0 - 9 2 ; Girls' Friendly Lodge ( V e r n a l ) , 90, 9 1 , 9 3 ; St. John's House ( L o g a n ) , 9 0 ; Women's Auxiliary organized, 9 1 ; churches built at Roosevelt, Duchesne, Vernal, 9 2 ; Episcop a t e of A r t h u r W. Moulton, 9 2 - 9 4 ; missionary work at Myton, Fort Duchesne, Kenilworth, 9 2 ; conditions during depression, 93 ; U i n t a h Basin missions abandoned, 9 3 ; Episcopate of Stephen Cutter Clark, 94—95; congregations growing, 9 5 ; Episcopate of Richard Simpson Watson, 95—96;

Utah Historical Quarterly missions abandoned, 9 5 ; missions begun, 9 5 ; Sunday schools in Salt Lake begun, 9 5 ; budget ( 1 9 6 6 ) , 9 6 ; fifth parish established, 9 6 ; fourth parish established, 9 6 ; missions established, 9 6 ; present policy of, 9 6 ; see also All Souls Mission, C h u r c h of the Good Shepherd, Emery Memorial House, M o u n t Olivet Cemetery, Rowland Hall, St. Mark's Cathedral, St. Mark's Hospital, St. Mark's School, and St. Paul's Church Escalante, Silvestre Velez de, expedition embarked, 6; reached U t a h Valley, 6 ; purpose of expedition, 8; territory traversed, 8; expedition into U t a h , 4 4 ; promised Indians he would return, 4 4 ; artist sketch of, 45 Euler, Robert C , Corn, Cucurbits and Cotton from Glen Canyon, review by, 278-79 Eureka, U t a h , Episcopal church organized in, 8 2 ; Episcopal mission abandoned, 95

Fancher train, fictionalized account of Mormon attitude, 68—69 Ferris, Robert F., ed., Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster: Historic Places Associated with the Mining, Ranching, and Farming Frontiers in the Trans-Mississippi West, reviewed, 368—69 Ferris, Warren, description of I n d i a n attack on Provo River, 102; placed Provost's name on present Jordan River, 102; portion of map drawn by, 103 Ferullo's Band, performed at Saltair, 208—9 Fife, Austin E., photograph, 3 5 6 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Fellow award for 1968, 356; Songs of the American West, review by, 369—70 Findlay, H u g h , 340; missionary to Scotland, 329-30 Fisher, Phil, band played at Saltair, 211 Fitzgerald, J o h n D., The Great Brain, reviewed, 364 Fitzpatrick, Thomas, Etienne Provost assistant to, 109 Flax, L. A., vice-president and custodian of Jewish Agricultural and Colonial Association, 118 Florin, Lambert, Western Ghost Towns, reviewed, 186 Floyd, J. Whitney, The Water Crisis, review by, 282-83 Foley, John, Catholic priest arrived in Corinne, 59, 59 fn. 24; left U t a h , 5 9 ; moved to Salt Lake City, 59 Fontenelle, Lucien, partner of Etienne Provost, 107 Fool's Gold: The Decline and Fall of Captain John Sutter of California, by Dillon, reviewed, 361—63 Forrester, Robert, businessman, 347 Fort Buenaventura, founded, 22—23 Fort Duchesne, Episcopal missionary work in, 9 2 ; established, 317 Fort Thornburgh, established, 317 Franklin, Idaho, canning factory, 175 Frazer, Alexander, member of Dixie Mission, 337

377

Index Freed, Mrs. James W., volunteer for U t a h State Historical Society, 358 Fremont, J o h n C , explored U t a h country, 5 ; expedition of, 110; crossed Bear River, 234 The Frontier Re-examined,

by McDermott, reviewed, 189 Fry, Charles, Morgan Canning Company employee, 171 Fry, Henry B., Morgan Canning Company employee, 174 fn. 5, 176 Fullmer, J. S., selected by Council of Fifty to dispose of Saints property in Nauvoo, 153 fn. 38 F u r trappers, artist sketch of, 9, 16, 20, 2 2 ; Americans in possesison of U t a h country, 2 1 ; rendezvous, 2 1 ; in New Mexico, 1 0 1 ; in Rocky Mountains, 101

Gadd, J o h n D. C , "Saltair, Great Salt Lake's Most Famous Resort," 198-221 Gardner, Johnson, demanded Peter Skene O g d e n leave Rocky M o u n t a i n country, 104 Gardner, Robert, member of Dixie Mission, 337 Garfield Beach, popularity in 1893, 199; competition with Saltair, 202 Garrett, A. O., organizer of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 240, 2 4 1 ; secretary of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 243, 255 fn. 18; picture, 245 Gates, Paul W., ed., California Ranchos and Farms, 1846—1862: Including the Letters of John Quincy Adams Warren of 1861, Being Largely Devoted to Livestock, Wheat Farming, Fruit Raising, and the Wine Industry, reviewed, 285 Geary, Ivan, Morgan Canning Company employee, 174 fn. 5 Geary, Theodore, Morgan Canning Company employee, 174 fn. 5 Geddes, Elizabeth Stewart, settled in Plain City, 339 Geddes, William, settled in Plain City, 3 3 9 ; worked on Salt Lake Temple, 345 Gentiles, Mormons warned not to trade with, 304-6 Gibson, Walter Murray, joined Mormon church, 1 6 1 ; baptized, 162; commission issued by Brigham Young, 162, 162 fn. 6 3 ; excommunicated, 162 fn. 6 3 ; premier of Hawaii, 162 fn. 6 3 ; proposed moving Mormons to western Pacific, 162; visited Salt Lake City, 162 Gibson, William, 3 3 1 ; missionary to Scotland, 330; reasons for leaving Scotland, 3 3 2 ; led mission to St. Joseph, Arizona, 3 3 7 ; celebrated wedding anniversary, 340; service t o church, 348 Gibson, Mrs. William, actress, 342 Giese, Dale F., ed., My Life with the Army in the West: The Memoirs of J. E. Farmer, 1858-1898, reviewed, 364-65 Gillespie, Alexander, worked on Salt Lake Temple, 345 Glencoe, U t a h , abandoned, 3 3 8 ; named, 3 3 8 ; reestablished, 338

Glendale, U t a h , name changed, 338 Glenn's Cove, see Glencoe, U t a h Glenwood, see Glencoe Godbe, William, leader of "New Movement," 163 ; established ferry over Bear River, 2 3 4 ; brief biography, 234 fn. 3 ; sold H a m p t o n Bigler home, 236 Goldwater, Barry, nominated for Presidency, 5 Goodman, Jack, member U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 3 5 3 ; photograph, 353 Goodwin, C. C , guest at Saltair statehood celebration, 202 Goodwin, S. H., 240; second vice-president of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 243 Goodyear, Miles, letter of 1847 concerning Fort Buenaventura, 23 Gowans, H u g h , mayor of Tooele, 348 Granger, U t a h , Episcopal mission established, 96 Grant, David, first Scottish Mormon to U t a h , 335 Grant, Gogi, performed at Saltair, 217 Grant, H e b e r J., president of Mormon church, 350 Grant, Jedediah M., accompanied J o h n M .

Bernhisel to Washington, D . C , 161 The Great Brain, by Fitzgerald, reviewed, 364 Great Salt Lake, eluded discovery, 17; discovered, 18; Etienne Provost possible discoverer of, 103; Jim Bridger credited with discovering, 103; m a p showing resorts on, 2 0 3 ; "Saltair, Great Salt Lake's Most Famous Resort," 198-221 Great Salt Lake Valley, sketch of, 32 Greene, Mrs. J. Thomas, volunteer for U t a h State Historical Society, 358 Gregory, R u t h West, " 'Those Good Peas,' T h e Morgan Canning Company in Smithfield, U t a h , " 168-77 Grenville M. Dodge: Soldier, Politician, Railroad Pioneer, by Hirshson, reviewed, 274—75 Gressley, Gene M., ed., The American West: A Reorientation, reviewed, 278 Grow, Stewart L., " T h e U t a h Legislature a n d the Income T a x Amendment," 222—32

H Hafen, LeRoy R., "Etienne Provost, M o u n tain M a n and Pioneer," 99—112 Hall, Captain C. G., I n d i a n agent, 321 Hall, E. M., treasurer U t a h Academy of Sciences, 243 Hamilton, Henry, 340 H a m m o n d , George P., ed., Digging For Gold Without A Shovel: The Letters of Daniel Wadsworth Coit, from Mexico City to San Francisco, 1849—1851, reviewed, 186-87 H a m p t o n , Benjamin Y., description, 234 fn.

2; established ferry over Bear River, 2 3 4 ; constructed home on Bear River, 2 3 5 ; sold home on Bear River, 236 Hampton-Bigler Home, "A Friendly House by a Historic R o a d : T h e Hampton-Bigler H o m e , " 2 3 3 - 3 8 ; history, 2 3 3 - 3 8 ; pictures, 233, 236, 237; location, 234; barn constructed and description, 2 3 5 ; constructed, 2 3 5 ; description, 235, 2 3 8 ; overnight sta-

378 tion for stage, 2 3 5 ; sold, 235—36; hotel service discontinued, 2 3 8 ; measured, sketched, and photographed by Historic American Building Survey team, 238 H a m p t o n ' s Bridge, 2 3 5 ; constructed, 234, 237; picture, 236; sold, 236, 237; celebration over construction of, 237—38 Hansen, Peter, committee member to induce Morgan Canning Company to build plant in Smithfield, 170 Hardie, James, actor, 341 H a r d i n g , Stephen, governor of U t a h Territory, 137 Harowitz, Bernard, stockholder U t a h Colonization F u n d , 124 Harris, B. D., left U t a h Territory, 135; U t a h territorial secretary, 135 Harris, Edward, mentions E. Provost, 1 1 1 ; with James J. Audubon expedition, 111 Harris, Eleanor Towles, ed., The Rocky Mountain Journals of William Marshall Anderson: The West in 1834, reviewed, 178-79 H a r t , Herbert M., Pioneer Forts of the West, reviewed, 277 Haslam, Larry, photograph, 356; received U t a h State Historical Society T e a c h e r Award for 1968, 356 Hatchtown D a m , " T h e Failure of the H a t c h town D a m , 1914," 2 6 3 - 7 3 ; broke, 2 6 3 ; pictures, 263, 270; description of failure a n d conditions after, 264—66; m a p , 266; state government attitude toward failure, 266—67; capacity, 267 fn. 9; constructed, 267; location, 267; losses from failure of, 267 fn. 7; reasons for constructing, 2 6 7 ; site visited by U t a h L a n d Board officials a n d governor, 267; reasons for failure, 2 6 8 ; repairs to, 268; state engineer report on failure of, 268; controversy over rebuilding, 269, 272; Panguitch Citizens' Committee organized, 269; state officials met with H a t c h citizens, 269-70, 270 fn. 12; damages because of failure of, 270—71; people's reaction to failure of, 271—72; farms abandoned when not rebuilt, 272—73 fn. 17; application for work of engineer of, 2 7 3 ; problems with dam, 273 Hawley, C. M., ruled probate courts h a d no jurisdiction in criminal cases, 136; U n i t e d States judge, 136 Hay, Alexander, first Scottish convert to Mormon church, 329 Henrys Fork, U t a h , rendezvous, 21, 104 Hensley, Samuel J., crossed Bear River, 234 Herbst, J., secretary Jewish Agricultural and Colonial Association, 118; investigated possibility of establishing colony in U t a h , 119 Here Rolled the Covered Wagons, by Salisbury, reviewed, 283—85 Heywood, John, selected by Council of Fifty to dispose of Mormons property in Nauvoo, 153 fn. 38 Higgins, Edwin, acting-governor of U t a h Territory, 3 9 0 ; spoke on advantages of railroad, 390 Hillyard, William H., committee m e m b e r to induce Morgan Canning Company to build plant in Smithfield, 170

Utah Historical Quarterly Hinton, Harwood P., Clio's Servant: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1846— 1954, review by, 189-90 Hippodrome, see Saltair Historic American Building Survey, H a m p ton-Bigler home surveyed, 238 Hirshson, Stanley P., Grenville M. Dodge: Soldier, Politician, Railroad Pioneer, reviewed, 274-75 Harney, W. S., commanding general of troops sent to U t a h , 4 8 ; recalled, 48 Hoggan, James, weaver, 345 Holladay, U t a h , Episcopal mission established, 96 Holladay Overland Mail a n d Express Company, first run to Virginia City, 235 Hooper, William M., elected territorial delegate to Congress, 159; spoke at J o h n M. Bernhisel's funeral, 166 Howells, David P., bought Saltair, 214 Howard, Jack, Morgan C a n n i n g Company employee, 174, 174 fn. 5 Howard, Mary, Morgan C a n n i n g Company employee, 176 Hudson's Bay Company, N o r t h West Company merged with, 17 Hughes, J. Donald, The Story of Man at Grand Canyon, reviewed, 360—61 H u n t , Wilson Price, crossed continent in 1811, 15 Hunter, J o h n D., worked on St. George T e m ple, 345 Hyde, Philip, Navajo Wildlands "as long as the rivers shall run," reviewed, 367—68 Hyrum, U t a h , bean processing plant constructed in, 175

Income Tax, " T h e U t a h Legislature a n d the Income T a x A m e n d m e n t , " 222—32; a m e n d ment to Constitution ratified, 2 2 3 ; proposal to levy, 2 2 3 ; U.S. Supreme Court decision regarding, 2 2 3 ; U t a h Legislature rejected constitutional a m e n d m e n t for, 223, 226— 27, 2 3 1 ; William H o w a r d Taft favored constitutional a m e n d m e n t regarding, 2 2 3 ; William Spry urged legislature to reject constitutional a m e n d m e n t regarding, 2 2 4 ; Carl A. Badger favored ratification of a m e n d m e n t for, 224—25; lack of interest in U t a h passing constitutional a m e n d m e n t for, 227—28; second consideration of U t a h Legislature for proposed constitutional a m e n d m e n t for, 228 ; newspaper description of U t a h legislative proceedings concerning ratification of constitutional a m e n d m e n t for an, 230—31; newspaper reaction to U t a h Legislature killing ratification of constitutional a m e n d m e n t for, 232 Independence Hall, Episcopal services held in, 78 Indians, see U t e Indians I n l a n d Salt Company, established on Great Salt Lake, 199 Innes' Orchestral Band, played at Saltair, 206 I n t e r m o u n t a i n Farmers Association, organized, 131 Inverury, U t a h , named, 339 Iroquois Indians, 42, 46

379

Index Iverson, J. Grant, " T h e President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1967-1968," 3 5 3 - 5 9 ; photograph, 353 Ivins, Anthony W., additions to papers presented to U t a h State Historical Society, 357 Ivins, Stanley S., Notebooks and Index microfilmed and placed in libraries over the country, 357 J Jacobson, Pearl, member U t a h State Historical Society Editorial Advisory Board, 357 Jeffries, Jim, opposition to boxing match of, 207 Jensen, Mrs. A. C , member U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 353 ; photograph, 353 Jett, Stephen, Navajo Wildlands "as long as the rivers shall run," reviewed, 367—68 Jewish Agricultural and Colonial Association, organized, 118; purchased state land, 120; officers, 1 2 1 ; portion of Articles of Incorporation, 121—22; reorganized under U t a h laws, 1 2 1 ; stockholders, 1 2 1 ; see also Clarion a n d U t a h Colonization F u n d Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, investigate possibility of settling farmers in U t a h , 116; officers, 118, see also Clarion Jews, "Clarion, U t a h : Jewish Colony in ' Z i o n , ' " 113—21; purpose of colonization, 117—i8; see also Baron de Hirsch, National F a r m School; Clarion; Jewish Agricultural a n d Colonial Association; and Jewish Agricultural a n d Industrial Aid Society Johnson, Jack, opposition to boxing match of, 207 Johnson, Lyndon, nominated for Presidency, 5 Johnston, John, Scottish convert, 334 Jones, Paul, photograph, 8 8 ; attitude toward Mormons, 88—89; achievements, 9 0 ; Bishop of U t a h , 8 9 ; vicar St. John's House in Logan, 90; interests, 9 1 ; member of Christian Pacifists, 9 1 ; pacifist, 9 1 ; resigned as Bishop, 92 J u a b County Courthouse, photograph, 132 Junior Academy of Sciences, first meeting, 2 5 8 ; founded, 258; objectives, 2 5 8 ; accomplishments, 2 5 9 ; division of U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 259; see also U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters K Karolevitz, Robert F., Doctors of the Old West: A Pictorial History of Medicine on the Frontier, reviewed, 183—84 Keller, Bonaventure, photograph, 4 1 ; biography, 50—55; character, 40 fn. 9, 54—55; order in Catholic church, 5 0 ; arrived in Salt Lake City, 5 2 ; served as chaplain at C a m p Floyd, 52—53; attitude of C a m p Floyd personnel toward, 5 3 - 5 4 , 53 fn. 1 5 ; recalled from U t a h , 54 Kelly, E d w a r d , Catholic priest arrived in U t a h , 5 6 ; purchased land in Salt Lake,

5 6 ; recalled from U t a h , 5 6 ; submitted problem of title to land to B. Young, 56 Kenilworth, U t a h , Episcopal missionary work in, 92 Kennedy, John, settled in Almy, Wyoming, a n d Kennedyville, U t a h , 339 Kenton, Stan, performed at Saltair, 217 Kimball, Heber C , member of Council of Fifty, 149; at Winter Quarters, 154; apportioned land in Salt Lake Valley, 155; pioneer company of 1848, 155 Kingsbury, Ilene H., The Great Brain, review by, 364 Kinnaird, Lawrence, Fool's Gold: The Decline and Fall of Captain John Sutter of California, review by, 361—63 Kittson, William, described Bear River, 17; noted Indians wore silver and brass crosses, 45 Kletting, Richard K. A., architect of Saltair and Salt Palace, 206 fn. 23 Koenig, George, ed., Valley of Salt, Memories of Wine: A Journal of Death Valley, 1849, reviewed, 275—76 Korean War, started, 5 L LaBarge, Joseph, descriptions of Etienne Provost, 107, 111 Lagoon, resort in Farmington, 214 Laine, Frankie, performed at Saltair, 217 Lambert, Clement, p a r t n e r of Etienne Provost, 110 Lambert, Neal, "Saints, Sinners, and Scribes: A Look at the Mormons in Fiction," 63—76 Lanark, Idaho, named, 339 Langford, J. E., manager of Saltair, 203—4; bought Saltair, 204 Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star, circulation ( 1 8 5 1 ) , 27 Lauder, Harry, photograph, 328 Lavender, David, The Rockies, reviewed, 370-71 Lawrence, Henry, affiliated with William Godbe, 163 Lay ton, U t a h , Episcopal church organized, 82 Leather, first tanned in U t a h , 344 Leclerc, Francois ( ? ) , partner with Etienne Provost, 1 0 1 ; partnership with Provost ended, 105 Lee, J o h n D., at Winter Quarters, 154 Lehi Sugar Factory, profitable concern, 344 Leithead, James, settler in Berryville, U t a h , 338 Leonard, Abiel, biography, 8 2 - 8 6 ; jurisdiction, 8 2 ; Missionary Bishop of U t a h , 82— 8 6 ; died, 8 6 ; photograph, 88 L e u p p , Francis E., did not support U t e Indian flight, 324—25; United States commissioner of Indian Affairs, 324 Lewis a n d Clark Centennial Exposition, 115 Lewis a n d Clark Expedition, took place, 6; route in 1805, 10—13; description of country by Snake Indian, 1 1 - 1 2 ; returned home, 14 Lewis, Marvin, ed., The Mining Frontier: Contemporary Accounts from the American West in the Nineteenth Century, reviewed, 182-83

380

Utah Historical Quarterly

Lincoln, Abraham, petitioned by Mormons to remove territorial officials, 138; relationship with J o h n M. Bernhisel, 160; established Indian reservations, 316 Lincoln Highway, constructed, 6 Linford, Ernest H., Navajo Wildlands "as long as the rivers shall run," review by, 367-68 Lingenfelter, Richard E., ed., Songs of the American West, reviewed, 369—70 Limhi Colony, failed, 129 fn. 30 Liebler, H . Baxter, established St. Christopher's Mission to the Navajo, 94 Lord, Clifford L., ed., Clio's Servant: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1846— 1954, reviewed, 189-90 Louisiana, sold to United States, 4 4 - 4 5 Louisiana Purchase Centennial, 115 Luke, Theron, member U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 3 5 3 ; photograph, 353 Lund, Herbert Z., Doctors of the Old West: A Pictorial History of Medicine on the Frontier, review by, 183—84 Lyon, John, 3 4 3 ; directed missionary work in Scotland, 329; poet, 334; liberal Mormon, 349

Mc McAllister, Duncan, actor, 342 McClellan's Symphony Orchestra, played at Saltair, 206 McDermott, John Francis, ed., The Frontier Re-examined, reviewed, 189 McDonald, Finan, led Hudson's Bay brigade, 18 McDonald, Leonard W., member U t a h State Historical Society Editorial Advisory Board, 357 McEwan, John, member of Elk Mountain Mission, 337 McGowan, Joseph A., California Ranchos and Farms, 1846-1862: Including the Letters of John Quincy Adams Warren of 1861, Being Largely Devoted to Livestock, Wheat Farming, Fruit Raising, and the Wine Industry, review by, 285 M c l n t y r e , Thomas, composer a n d musician, 342-43 McKay, David O., photograph, 3 3 8 ; president of Mormon church, 350 McKenzie, David, actor, 341, 342; photograph, 341 McKenzie, Donald, see MacKenzie, Donald McKenzie, Kenneth, letter regarding E. Provost, 106 M c K e a n , James B., denied naturalization to Mormons, 137; United States judge, 137 McLaughlin, James, Indian inspector, 321 McLaws, John, Scottish Mormon, 343 M c M u r r i n , Sterling M., served as United States Commissioner of Education, 350 McNaughton, James, missionary to Scotland, 329-30 McNeil, Archibald, worked on St. George Temple, 345 McNeil, John, Spanish Fork alderman and mayor, 348

M c Q u a r r i e , Hector, member of Dixie Mission, 337; worked on St. George Temple, 345 M c Q u a r r i e , Robert, Ogden City councilman, 3 4 8 ; Weber County treasurer, 348

M MacDonald, Alexander F., explored northern Mexico, 337—38; worked on St. George Temple, 345 MacFarlane, A. N , description of early railroad travel, 298 MacFarlane, Andrew N , participated in Salt Lake City government, 348 MacFarlane, John M., composer, 342 MacKay, William, Scottish missionary, 330 Machebeuf, Joseph, vicar bishop of U t a h , 5 6 ; arrived in U t a h , 5 7 - 5 8 ; appointed priest for U t a h , 58 Mackay, Charles, "Charles Mackay a n d His 'True and Impartial History' of the Mormons," 2 4 - 4 0 ; description of early life, 2 9 3 0 ; later life, 40 fn. 35 Mackay, Mary, novelist, 40 fn. 35 Mackenzie, Donald, revitalized interior fur trade, 16—17; Hudson's Bay C o m p a n y trapper, 103 Macintosh, Daniel, Scottish convert, 3 3 0 ; defended Brigham Young a n d Mormon church in New York, 350 Mackintosh, John, attacked Mormonism, 330— 31 Mackintosh, Richard, businessman, 347 Maeser, Karl G., converted to Mormon church, 330 fn. 6 Malheur River, named, 17 Marshall, Walter Gore, visited U t a h , 348 Maynard Dixon Sketch Book, by Perceval, reviewed, 361 Meeker massacre, 316, 317 Meeks, Preddy, " T h o m p s o n i a n " physician, 165 Meikle, J. H., president of F a r m Bureau, 170 Merrill, Harrison R., professor at B.Y.U., died, 251 Merritt, Samuel A., guest at Saltair statehood celebration, 202 Menzies, Robert, Scottish M o r m o n , 340 Mesplie, Toussaint, Catholic priest who may have visited U t a h , 57 ; biography, 57 fn. 2 2 ; urged creation of a Vicar Apostolic of U t a h a n d M o n t a n a , 62 Mestas, Manuel, description of relations with Indians, 10 Metzger, Harry H., formed U t a h Poultry Producers, Incorporated, 131 Mexico, achieved independence from Spain, 101 Miller, Alfred Jacob, paintings by, cover No. 2, 9 9 ; artist with Stewart expedition, 109 Miller, David E., member U t a h State Historical Society Editorial Advisory Board, 357 Miller, George, western migration proposal by, 149 Miller, Joseph, wanderings of, 1 5 ; river named for, 15

Index Miller, H . W., selected by Council of Fifty to dispose of Saints property in Nauvoo, 153 fn. 38 Milner, J. B., prosecuting attorney of U t a h County, 135 Mining, Brigham Young's attitude toward, 292, 2 9 9 ; Governor Charles Durkee's attitude toward, 300 The Mining Frontier: Contemporary Accounts from the American West in the Nineteenth Century, by Lewis, reviewed, 182-83 M o a b , U t a h , Episcopal mission established, 96 Moffat, Joseph, worked on Salt Lake T e m p l e , 345 Moler, M u r r a y M., The Mining Frontier: Contemporary Accounts from the American West in the Nineteenth Century, review by, 182—83 M o n h e i m , Henry, designed a n d constructed St. M a r y Magdalene, 60 Montgomery, M a r y Wilson, named Ben Lom o n d , 3 3 9 ; settled in north Ogden, 339 Montgomery, Robert, settled in north Ogden, 339 Moody, R a l p h , Stagecoach West, reviewed, 276-77 _ , , ' _ .

M o o r m a n , D o n a l d R., Pioneer Forts of the West, review by, 277 M o r g a n C a n n i n g Company, " 'Those Good Peas,' T h e M o r g a n Canning Company in Smithfield, U t a h , " 1 6 8 - 7 7 ; capital, 169; first years, 169; organized, 169; construction in Smithfield, 171, 172, 174; description of warehouse, 172; photographs, 172, 173 ; description of canning from harvest to shipping, 172—74; contractors for factory in Smithfield, 174; bean processing plant, 1 7 5 ; milk factory, 175; viner sheds, 175; wells dug, 175; employee-employer relationship, 176—77; description, 177; hours worked, 176; warehouse constructed, 176; winter employment in, 176; women employees, 176; sold, 177; see also Anderson, James A., a n d Anderson, Joseph M o r g a n , Dale L., " U t a h Before the Morm o n s , " 3—23; ed., The Rocky Mountain Journals of William Marshall Anderson: The West in 1834, reviewed, 178-79 M o r m o n Tabernacle Choir of Salt Lake City, performed at Saltair, 201 M o r m o n s , artist sketch of Pioneer party meeting Jim Bridger, 3 ; " U t a h Before the M o r m o n s , " 3—23; description of party returning to W i n t e r Q u a r t e r s ( 1 8 4 7 ) , 4 ; Book of M o r m o n published, 5 ; "Charles Mackay a n d His ' T r u e and Impartial History' of the M o r m o n s , " 24—40; membership in British Isles ( 1 8 5 1 ) , 2 6 - 2 7 ; description of emigrating British, 3 0 - 3 1 ; inflated figures on membership a n d wealth ( 1 8 5 0 ) , 31—32; "Saints, Sinners and Scribes: A Look at the M o r m o n s in Fiction," 63—76; artist sketch of baptism, 6 3 ; difficulties in writing M o r m o n fiction, 64, 71—73; as literary villains, 6 4 - 6 9 ; polygamy in fiction, 65—66; as literary comics, 69—70; fictionalized p r a c ticability of, 70—71; good literary works on, 71—75; fictionalized difficulties of modern,

381 73—74; fictionalized problems with polygamy, 74; attitude toward Episcopal church, 8 7 ; relations with Episcopalians, 9 5 ; settled Provo, 100; judicial control of U t a h Territory, 134; indignant at a t t e m p t to secure congressional a m e n d m e n t to act which created U t a h Territory, 137; problems with J. W. D r u m m o n d , 137; refused naturalization, 137; sent petition to Abrah a m Lincoln, 138; charges against by Luke P. Poland, 140; accused of abusing probate courts, 142; railroads influenced European migration of, 293, 294—95; immigrant transportation in 1867, 2 9 5 ; attitude toward construction of the railroad, 299, 306, 3 1 4 ; cost for transportation for emigrants, 3 0 1 , 3 0 8 ; pay for railroad construction workers, 3 0 1 ; warned not to trade with Gentiles, 304—6; emigration by railroad of, 3 0 7 ; sell U t a h ' s scenery, fishing, a n d h u n t i n g to easterners, 3 1 3 ; welcome commercial delegation, 3 1 3 - 1 4 ; "Scots A m o n g the M o r m o n s , " 328—52; first missionary work in Scotland, 3 2 9 ; Scottish converts to, 3 2 9 ; Scottish membership ( 1 8 4 0 - 1 8 5 1 ) , 3 3 0 ; description of conditions u n d e r which they live, 3 3 1 ; reasons for Scottish conversions to, 331—34; Scottish Presbyterians warn against, 3 3 1 ; Scottish emigrants (1850-1870), 332-33, (1850-1900), 3343 5 ; handbill advertising meeting in Edinburgh, 3 3 3 ; militant song, 3 4 2 ; a t t e m p t e d to manufacture sugar, 343—44; see also C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The Mormons: Or Latter-Day Saints, With Memoirs of the Life and Death of Joseph Smith, the "American Mahomet," illustrations from, 24, 29, 32, 3 7 ; published, 2 5 ; editions, 25—26; reason for writing, 2 9 ; n a t u r e of the book, 32—34, 3 7 ; M o r m o n reaction to, 3 4 ; reviews concerning, 34—36; American reaction to publication of, 3 6 ; translations of, 3 6 ; plagiarism of, 36—37; publication of illustrations from, 37—38; problems in cataloging in libraries, 38—39; contribution of, 39—40 Morris, Joseph, a t t e m p t e d to establish own sect, 349 Morrison, William, 3 3 4 ; settled in Inverury, U t a h , 3 3 9 ; probate judge in Sevier County, 348 Morrow, Buddy, performed at Saltair, 217 Mortensen, A. R., Out West on the Overland Train: Across-the-Continent Excursion with Leslie's Magazine in 1877 and the Overland Trip in 1967, review by, 363—64 Moss, F r a n k E., The Water Crisis, reviewed, 282-83 Moulton, A r t h u r W., photograph, 8 9 ; attitude toward Mormons, 9 2 ; Bishop of U t a h , 9 2 ; preferred work a m o n g Utes, 9 2 ; retired, 94 M o u n t Olivet Cemetery, established, 80 Mueller, Anthony, Catholic priest accompanying F a t h e r Bonaventure Keller, 52 M u i r , Isobel, Scottish M o r m o n , 340 Mulliner, Samuel, missionary, 328—29, 3 4 4 ; organized tannery, 344 M u r d o c h , James D., businessman, 347

Utah Historical Quarterly

382 Murdoch, John, Scottish convert, 3 3 4 ; organized cooperative sheep herd in Heber Valley, 344 My Life with the Army in the West: The Memoirs of J. E. Farmer, 1858—1898, by Giese, reviewed, 364—65 Myton, U t a h , Episcopal missionary work in, 92

N Nash, Gerald D., The Frontier Re-examined, review by, 189 National Science Foundation, gave grant to U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, 255, 259 Nativism, brief sketch of activities in America, 50 fn. 9; incident which sparked, 50 fn. 9 Naturalization, refused Mormons, 137 Nauvoo, sketch of exodus from, 24 Nauvoo Temple, closed, 152; endowments in, 152; burned, 159 Navajo Wildlands "as long as the rivers shall run," by Hyde, Jett, a n d Brower, reviewed, 364-65 Nelson, , Saltair manager, 210 Newby, Mrs. William W., volunteer for U t a h State Historical Society, 358 Newhouse, Samuel, contacted regarding Jewish colony in U t a h , 118; stockholder U t a h Colonization Fund, 124 Nibley, Charles W., bought Saltair, 2 0 4 ; photograph, 3 2 8 ; businessman, 3 4 6 - 4 7 ; presiding bishop of Mormon church, 3 5 0 ; second councilor to Heber J. Grant, 350 Nibley, James, settled in Cache Valley, 340 Nicholson, John, helped organize forerunner of M I A , 3 4 9 ; editor of Deseret News, 349 Nicollet, Jean N , expedition of, 110; opinion of E. Provost, 110 Nootka Sound Convention, 43 Northwest F u r Country, portion of m a p of, 103 North West Company, 16; see also Hudson's Bay Company Nunis, Jr., Doyce B., The Rocky Mountain Journals of William Marshall Anderson: The West in 1834, review by, 178—79 Nusbaumer, Louis, Valley of Salt, Memories of Wine: A Journal of Death Valley, 1849, reviewed, 275—76 Nuttall, L. John, U t a h County clerk, 135

O'Neil, Floyd A., "An Anguished Odyssey: T h e Flight of the Utes, 1906-1908," 3 1 5 29 Odyssey of a Desert Prospector, by Albert, reviewed, 281 Ogden, Peter Skene, artist sketch of, 16; diary entry concerning Bear River, i 7; Snake Country Expedition ( 1 8 2 5 ) , 19; trappers desert, 2 0 - 2 1 ; fled U t a h , 2 1 ; explanation for Indian attack of E. Provost trapping party, 102; met E. Provost's party, 104 Ogden Sugar Company, organized, 344 Ogden, U t a h , description during railroad construction, 312

Olson, Earl E., photograph, 3 5 6 ; received U t a h State Historical Society Service Award for 1968, 356 Out West on the Overland Train: Across-theContinent Excursion with Leslie's Magazine in 1877 and the Overland Trip in 1967, by Reinhardt, reviewed, 363—64 Overland travel, time from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Salt Lake in 1859, 52 fn. 11 Oviatt, Alton B., Stagecoach West, review by, 276-77 _ Owyhee River, named, 17

Pace, William B., U t a h County sheriff, 135 Pacheco, Miera y, plea to establish Catholic mission in U t a h , 44 Paine, Catherine, married to J o h n Bernhisel, 152 Panama-California Exposition, 115 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 115 Papanikolas, Helen Z., member U t a h State Historical Society Editorial Advisory Board, 357 Park, Boyd, businessman, 347 Park City, U t a h , Episcopal church organized, 82, 8 3 ; Episcopal mission abandoned, 9 5 ; Episcopal church reactivated in, 96 Park, Hamilton Gray, Brigham Young's business manager, 346 Pastor, Tony, performed at Saltair, 217 Patrick, Robert, participated in Salt Lake City government, 348 Paul, R o d m a n W., The Cornish Miner in America: The contribution to the mining history of the United States by emigrant Cornish miners—the men called Cousin Jacks, review by, 366—67 Pederson's Band, played at Saltair, 201 Perceval, Don, Maynard Dixon Sketch Book, reviewed, 361 Perpetual Emigrating Fund, donations requested for, 295-96 Petersen, L a M a r , m e m b e r U t a h State Historical Society Editorial Advisory Board, 357 Peyote, legislation concerning, 91 Phillips, George, Morgan Canning Company employee, 174 fn. 5, 176 Phelps, John Wolcott, noted presence of Catholic priest at C a m p Floyd, 49, 49 fn. 9; officer at C a m p Floyd, 49 The Photographer and the River, 1889—1890: The Colorado canon diary of Franklin A. Nims with the Brown-Stanton railroad survey expedition, by Smith, reviewed, 282 Physician, "Thompsonian," 164 Picate, Frank, boxer, 207 Pinckney, O r d e S., The Rockies, review by, 370-71 Pioneer Forts of the West, by H a r t , reviewed, 277 Piute Reservoir, cost of construction a n d size, 116 fn. 3 ; applications of Clarion colonists for water from, 120; capacity, 267 fn. 9; survived flood, 267 Poland Bill, ended controversy over criminal jurisdiction, 142; passed, 142

Index Poland, Luke P., charges against M o r m o n s , 140

Poll, R i c h a r d D., The Constitution

By A Thread, review by, 179—81 Polygamy, n o n - M o r m o n opinion, 33 fn. 17; irritant to U n i t e d States judges, 136 Pomeroy, Earl, As A City Upon A Hill: The Town in American History, review by, 179-81 Portneuf River, named, 17 P o u r a d e , R i c h a r d F., Ancient Hunters of the Far West, reviewed, 187—89 P r a t t , Orson, converted to Mormonism, 2 6 ; driven from Nauvoo, 2 6 ; first to enter G r e a t Salt L a k e Valley, 2 6 ; m e m b e r of Pioneer Company, 2 6 ; missionary, 2 6 ; ordained apostle, 2 6 ; p a m p h l e t written by, 26, 2 7 ; president of branches of M o r m o n c h u r c h in British Isles, 2 6 ; edited Millennial Star, 2 7 ; T. B. H . Stenhouse declared greatest proselyter was, 27 fn. 5 ; died, 166; organized first b r a n c h of M o r m o n c h u r c h in Scotland, 3 2 9 ; spoke at Scottish celebration, 343 P r a t t , Parley P., directed missionary activity to Scotland, 3 2 8 ; commissioned to build temple in Scotland, 3 2 9 ; killed, 329 fn. 4 Price, H o w a r d C , member U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 3 5 3 ; p h o t o g r a p h , 3 5 3 ; My Life with the Army in the West: The Memoirs of J. E. Farmer, 1858-1898, review by, 3 6 4 - 6 5 Price, U t a h , Episcopal mission established, 96 P r o b a t e court, " T h e U n u s u a l Jurisdiction of C o u n t y Probate Courts in the Territory of U t a h , " 132—42; jurisdiction of probate j u d g e , 1 3 3 ; powers defined by legislature, 133, i 3 4 ; arguments for a n d against conferring criminal jurisdiction to, 134—35; active in g r a n t i n g petitions for U.S. citizenship, 1 3 8 ; incident in court, 139; law passed by Congress concerning, 139; powers limited, 140; reasons for retention of criminal jurisdiction in, 140—42; abolished, 142; see also Civil jurisdiction a n d Criminal jurisdiction Probate judge, jurisdiction, 1 3 3 ; powers, 1 3 3 ; duties, 134; appointed by President, 142 Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster: Historic Places Associated with the Mining, Ranching, and Farming Frontiers in the Trans-Mississippi West, by Ferris, reviewed, 368-69 Provo, U t a h , Episcopal church organized, 8 2 ; designated county seat, 100; settled, 100 Provost, Etienne, possible discoverer of Great Salt Lake, 1 8 ; born, 19, 100; entered fur t r a d e , 19; first American trapper to enter U t a h , 19; fur t r a p p i n g party attacked by I n d i a n s , 19, 101—2; leader of fur t r a p p i n g party, 2 0 ; artist sketch of, 2 0 ; "Etienne Provost, M o u n t a i n M a n a n d U t a h Pioneer," 99—112; paintings in which he appears, cover No. 2, 9 9 ; first in Rocky M o u n t a i n s , 1 0 1 ; imprisoned in New M e x ico, 1 0 1 ; in G r e a t Basin, 1 0 1 ; on Green River, 1 0 1 ; p a r t n e r with Leclerc, 1 0 1 ; explanation for I n d i a n attack of party of, 102; credited with discovery of Great Salt Lake, 1 0 3 ; m e t Peter Skene Ogden, 104;

383 a t Fort Tecumseh, 105; p a r t n e r s h i p with Leclerc terminated, 105; worked for American F u r Company, 105—6; married, 1 0 6 ; trading venture, 106; description by Joseph LaBarge, 107, 1 1 1 ; fur t r a p p i n g ventures, 107, 108—9; m o u n t a i n expedition, 1 0 7 ; p a r t n e r of Lucien Fontenelle, 107; assistant to T h o m a s Fitzpatrick, 109; descriptions of, 109; with William D . Stewart expedition, 109; partnership with Clement L a m bert, 110; with J e a n N. Nicollet expedition, 110; with James J. A u d u b o n expedition, 1 1 1 ; died, 112; estate, 112, 112 fn. 6 7 ; heirs, 112 Provost, Marie Rose Salle, wife of Etienne Provost, 106 Pyper, Alexander C , participated in Salt Lake City government, 248 R Raft River, n a m e d , 17 Railroad, branch line constructed from Brigh a m City to M a l a d , I d a h o , 2 3 8 ; " O p e n i n g the Gates of Z i o n : U t a h a n d the C o m i n g of the U n i o n Pacific R a i l r o a d , " 2 9 1 - 3 1 4 ; U . P. construction crews start, 2 9 1 ; a n t i cipated, 2 9 2 ; Brigham Young's a t t i t u d e toward, 292, 294, 295, 3 0 6 - 7 ; Gentile opinion of M o r m o n attitude toward, 292, 2 9 9 ; mass demonstration asking for, 2 9 3 ; memorial to Congress from B. Y o u n g asking for, 2 9 3 ; influenced M o r m o n migration, 293, 2 9 4 - 9 5 , 3 0 7 ; U . P. subsidy increased, 2 9 3 ; U t a h ' s acting-governor's opinion, 2 9 3 ; B. Young subscribed to stock for, 2 9 4 ; officials thank B. Young, 2 9 4 ; description of early travel, 2 9 6 - 9 7 , 2 9 8 ; rate of construction, 2 9 8 ; effect on price of imported goods, 2 9 9 ; M o r m o n a t t i t u d e toward, 299, 3 0 1 , 303, 306, 3 1 4 ; effect on mining, 3 0 0 ; route a r o u n d Great Salt L a k e unknown, 3 0 0 ; cost to transport M o r m o n emigrants, 3 0 1 , 3 0 8 ; transported freight for B. Young, 3 0 1 ; wages for M o r m o n construction workers, 3 0 1 ; economic boom to U t a h anticipated with construction of, 3 0 2 ; Salt Lake City anticipated as r a d i a t i n g center for, 3 0 3 ; threatened home m a n u f a c ture, 3 0 3 - 4 ; advantages to U t a h of, 3 0 9 ; completion anticipated, 3 0 9 ; description of towns established because of, 310—12 R a n s o m , Dolly, married to J o h n Bernhisel, 152 Rasmussen, Joseph S., M o r g a n C a n n i n g Comp a n y employee, 174 fn. 5 Raverdy, J e a n Batiste, Catholic priest arrived in U t a h , 5 5 ; activities at C a m p Douglas, 55 Rawlins, Joseph L., U . S . senator guest at Saltair statehood celebration, 2 0 2 ; spearheaded movement to open U i n t a h Basin to homesteaders, 317 Reed, Amos, acting-governor of U t a h , 293 R e e d , Samuel, U n i o n Pacific divisional chief engineer, 2 9 3 ; requested supplies from Brigham Young, 301 Reeder, R a y M., Valley of Salt, Memories of Wine: A Journal of Death Valley, 1849, review by, 275—76

384 Reilly, P. T., The Story of Man at Grand Canyon, review by, 360—61 Reinhardt, Richard, Out West on the Overland Train: Across-the-Continent Excursion with Leslie's Magazine in 1877 and the Overland Trip in 1967, reviewed, 363— 64 Rendezvous, first ( 1 8 2 4 ) , 104 Rich, Jack, Morgan Canning Company employee, 1 7 1 ; moved to Smithfield, 172; remained in Cache Valley, 174 Richards, Joel, appointed secretary-treasurer of Saltair and railroad to Saltair, 210 Richards, Franklin D., missionary to Scotland, 335 ; letter concerning manufacturing sugar from beets, 344 Richards, Willard, member of Council of Fifty, 149; at Winter Quarters, 154; " T h o m p sonian" botanical physician, 164 Riter, Franklin, additions to papers presented to U t a h State Historical Society, 357 The Rockies, by Lavender, reviewed, 370—71 The Rocky Mountain Journals of William Marshall Anderson: The West in 1834, by Morgan and Harris, reviewed, 178—79 Rocky Mountain Mining Camps: The Urban Frontier, by Smith, reviewed, 279—81 Romney, Miles P., Odyssey of a Desert Prospector, review by, 281 Roosevelt, Franklin D., inauguration of New Deal, 13 Roosevelt, U t a h , Episcopal church organized in, 92, 96 Rosenbaum, Edward, stockholder U t a h Colonization Fund, 124 Rosenblatt, Nathan, stockholder U t a h Colonization Fund, 124 Rosenwald, Julius, contacted for funds for Clarion, 125, 126 Roucek, Joseph S., ed., The Teaching of History, reviewed, 184—85 Rowan, Matthew, directed missionary work in Scotland. 329 Rowland Hall, established, 7 9 ; size ( 1 8 9 1 1901), 84; abandonment contemplated, 9 3 ; growing indebtedness, 9 3 ; combined with St. Marks Boys School, 96 Roylance, Ward J., Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness, review by, 365—66 Rusho, W. L., The Photographer and the River, 1889—1890: The Colorado canon diary of Franklin A. Nims with the BrownStanton railroad survey expedition, review by, 282

Salisbury, Albert and Jane, Here Rolled the Covered Wagons, reviewed, 283—85 Salt Lake City, photograph, 157; health problems and diseases in nineteenth century, 164 Salt Lake Scots Bagpipe Band, photograph, 347 Salt Lake Yacht Club, joined forces with restoration of Saltair group, 219—20; proposed restoring Saltair, 219 Salt Palace, architect, 206 fn. 2 3 ; location, 206 fn. 23

Utah Historical Quarterly Saltair, pictures, 198, 208, 213, 2 1 9 ; "Saltair, Great Salt Lake's Most Famous Resort," 1 9 8 - 2 2 1 ; constructed, 1 9 9 - 2 0 0 ; description, 199—200; spelling of name, 199 fn. 1; opened, 200; original cost, 2 0 0 ; dedicatory ceremonies, 2 0 1 ; earnings, 202; first fatality, 202; functions held at, 2 0 2 ; liquor controversy, 202—4, 2 0 9 ; M o r m o n church largest stockholder, 204; sold, 204, 214; water receded, 2 0 4 ; cafe constructed, described, and named, 2 0 5 ; architect, 206 fn.

2 3 ; entertainments at, 206, 207, 208-9, 210, 211, 217; Hippodrome, 2 0 6 ; visitors in 1909, 206; William H o w a r d Taft visited, 2 0 6 - 7 ; accident, 207; damaged, 2 0 7 - 8 , 209, 210, 213-14, 216, 217, 2 2 1 ; roller coaster, 207; bands played at, 2 0 8 - 9 , 211, 2 1 7 ; Negro ejected from, 2 0 9 ; suicide attempted, 209; Joel Richards appointed secretary-treasurer, 210; second mortgage on original sale, 210; resort season, 211, 214; Rudolph Valentino appeared at, 212; automobile brought decline of, 2 1 2 ; fresh water problem, 214; Lagoon contributed to decline of, 214; opened in 1929, 2 1 4 ; rebuilt, 214; upkeep costs, 214; closed, 215, 218; giant racer destroyed, 215, 2 1 7 ; offered to Salt Lake City, 2 1 5 ; opened Crystal Beach, 2 1 5 ; opened in 1950's, 215, 217; artificial lake built, 216; Giant R a c e r Company organized, 2 1 6 ; renovation in 1950's, 216; problems of, 2 1 6 ; financial problems, 217; Board of Examiners refused title to, 218; given to U t a h State Park a n d Recreation Commission, 2 1 8 ; opinion of Walt Disney concerning, 2 1 8 ; recommendations of U t a h State Park and Recreation Commission regarding, 2 1 8 ; U t a h State Fair Board considered using, 218; groups interested in restoration of, 219—20; title given to Board of Examiners, 219; present conditions, 220; problem referred to U t a h Legislature, 220 Saltair Giant Racer Company, see Saltair Saltair, Incorporated, organized, 2 2 0 ; see also Saltair Saltair railroad, separate from resort, 202; track firmed u p , 2 0 7 ; converted to electricity, 210, 2 1 1 ; loaned to Hill Air Force Base, 216 Santa Clara, U t a h , settled by Swiss, 335 Scamehorn, Lee, Grenville M. Dodge: Soldier, Politician, Railroad Pioneer, review by, 274-75 Scanlan, Lawrence, bishop of Diocese of Salt Lake, 6 2 ; Catholic priest arrived in U t a h , 6 2 ; Vicar-Apostolic of U t a h , 62 Schmucker, Samuel Mosheim, plagiarism by, 37, 37 fn. 2 9 ; publication of, 37 School of the Prophets, purpose, 165 Science Fair, 280; see also U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters Scots, "Scots Among the M o r m o n s , " 328—52; M o r m o n missionary work among, 3 2 9 ; reasons for conversion to Mormonism and migration to U t a h , 331—33; emigrants to Utah (1850-1870), 332-33. (1850-1900), 334-35 ; Mormon handbill advertising meeting in Edinburgh, 3 3 3 ; p a t t e r n of settlem e n t in U t a h , 335—36; n u m b e r in U t a h ( 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 0 0 ) , 335, 3 3 6 - 3 7 ; photograph of

Index missionaries to, 3 3 8 ; celebrations, 340—41 3 4 3 ; p h o t o g r a p h of Bagpipe Band, 347 offices held in M o r m o n church, 348—49 aliens in U t a h a n d entire country (1900) 350—51; reasons for becoming citizens, 351 similarities with British migration, 351 Sevier County Courthouse, photograph, 141 Sevy, T h o m a s , c h a i r m a n of Panguitch Citizens' Committee, 2 6 9 ; elected to U t a h House of Representatives, 271 S h a r p , A d a m , liberal M o r m o n , 349 S h a r p , J o h n , worked on Salt Lake T e m p l e , 345 S h a r p , J o h n , developed railroads in U t a h , 3 4 6 ; bishop of Twentieth W a r d in Salt L a k e City, 349 Shields, J o h n , Scottish Mormon, 343 Showell, Mrs. H a r o l d H., volunteer for U t a h State Historical Society, 358 Silver Sands Beach, existing facilities, 2 2 0 ; only operating beach on Great Salt L a k e , m 221 Simon, Adolph, stockholder U t a h Colonization F u n d , 124 Skanchy, Elizabeth, member U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 353 Smith, Benner X., sponsored ratification of income tax amendment, 228 Smith, D u a n e A., Rocky Mountain Mining Camps: The Urban Frontier, reviewed, 279-81 # Smith, Dwight L., ed., The Photographer and the River, 1889—1890: The Colorado canon diary of Franklin A. Nims with the BrownStanton railroad survey expedition, reviewed, 282 Smith, E m m a , loaned Joseph Smith's Bible to J o h n M . Bernhisel, 154 Smith, H y r u m , crossed Mississippi River, 150 Smith, Jedediah, leader of fur t r a p p i n g party, 19; journeys t h r o u g h southern California, 21 Smith, J o h n , 340 Smith, Joseph, thought of fleeing west, 4—5; killed, 5, 1 5 1 ; picture reviewing N a u v o o Legion, 2 9 ; artist sketch, 3 7 ; fictionalized description as drunken bumkin, 6 7 ; presid e n t of special council, 148; relationship with J o h n M . Bernhisel, 1 4 8 - 4 9 ; charged Council of Fifty with responsibility of supervising western migration, 149; crossed Mississippi River, 150; candidate for U . S .

President, 1 5 1 ; J. Bernhisel's personal opinion of, 1 5 1 ; predicted his own end, 1 5 1 ; b u r n e d in effigy, 331 Smith, Joshua, poisoned, 150 Smith, Melissa Lott, m a r r i e d J o h n Bernhisel, 1 5 2 ; married I r a Willes, 160 Smith, Page, As A City^ Upon A Hill: The Town in American History, reviewed, 181— 82 Smithfield, U t a h , interested in having M o r gan C a n n i n g Company settle in, 170; purchased property for factory in, 171 Smoot, R e e d , contacted to raise funds for Clarion Colony, 126 Snake River, tributaries received names, 17 Snow, Ashby, bought Saltair, 214 Snow, Erastus, first to enter Great Salt Lake Valley, 26

385 Snow, Zerubbabel, U n i t e d States j u d g e , 134 Social Service Commission, formed in U t a h , 8 8 ; publication of, 89 Songs of the American West, by Lingenfelter, Dwyer, and Cohen, reviewed, 369—70 Spafford, Fanny, married to J o h n Bernhisel, 152 Spain, power collapsed, 45 Spalding, Franklin Spencer, social reformer, 8 6 ; Bishop of U t a h , 86—90; financial p r o b lems of Episcopal church, 86—87; attacked M o r m o n church, 8 7 ; recommendations of, 8 7 ; photograph, 8 8 ; published p a m p h l e t on M o r m o n Book of A b r a h a m , 8 8 ; philosophy of, 8 9 ; killed, 90 Spanish Fork, U t a h , settled by Icelanders, 335 Spitz, David, stockholder U t a h Colonization F u n d , 124 Springville, U t a h , Episcopal c h u r c h organized, 82 Sprowl, Andrew, complained of poverty in Scotland, 332 Spry, William, contacted regarding Jewish colony in U t a h , 118; letter urging Jews to establish colony in U t a h , 119; pictures, 123, 2 2 2 ; opinion of lands of Clarion Colony, 125 fn. 2 2 ; helped to raise funds for Clarion, 126; urged U t a h Legislature to reject income tax a m e n d m e n t , 2 2 4 ; reaction to failure of H a t c h t o w n D a m , 266—67 St. Christopher's Mission to the Navajo, established, 94 St. M a r k ' s Cathedral, completed, 7 9 ; construction began, 7 9 ; rector, 8 0 ; p h o t o graphs, 94 St. M a r k ' s Hospital, locations, 8 0 ; opened, 8 0 ; move contemplated, 92—93; n e w wings completed, 9 6 ; property purchased for, 96 St. M a r k ' s School, curriculum, 7 9 ; expanded, 7 9 ; opened, 7 9 ; photograph, 8 1 ; combined with R o w l a n d Hall, 9 6 ; established, 96 St. M a r y M a g d a l e n e , dedicated, 6 0 ; designer a n d contractor, 6 0 ; p h o t o g r a p h of interior, 61 St. Paul's C h u r c h , organized, 8 3 ; location, 9 1 ; new church completed, 92 Stagecoach, artist sketch, 51 Stagecoach West, by Moody, reviewed, 276— 77 Standing, Arnold R., " A Friendly House by a Historic R o a d : T h e Hampton-Bigler Home," 233-38 Standing, H y r u m , schoolteacher, 237 Standing, James, brief biography, 235 fn. 4 ; purchased Hampton-Bigler home, 235—36; died, 238 Standing, Joseph S., killed, 237 Standing, Leonard, storekeeper a n d blacksmith, 237 Standing, Mary, brief biography, 235 fn. 4 Stansbury, H o w a r d , crossed Bear River, 234 Stayner, Charles W., tribute to Scottish M o r mons, 352 Stenhouse, T h o m a s B. H., apostatized, 330 fn.

6 ; helped open M o r m o n Italian mission, 3 3 0 ; editor of Deseret News, 3 4 6 ; founded Salt Lake Telegraph, 3 4 6 ; excommunicated, 349

386 Stewart, William D., expedition of, 109 Stoddard, John, businessman, 346 S toff el, Jerome, " T h e Hesitant Beginnings of the Catholic C h u r c h in U t a h , " 41—62; member U t a h State Historical Society Editorial Advisory Board, 354 The Story of Man at Grand Canyon, by Hughes, reviewed, 360—61 Stuart, Robert, leader of R e t u r n i n g Astorians, 15 Sturges, Philip C , " I n M e m o r i a m : Leland H .

Creer," 195-97 Sugar, Mormons attempted to manufacture, 3 4 3 - 4 4 ; manufactured in U t a h , 344 Sullivan, Pete, boxer, 207 Sundwall, John, councillor of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 243 Sunset Beach, opened on Great Salt Lake, 2 1 5 ; deserted, 220 Sutherland, D. H., actor, 341 Sweeten, R. Owen, photograph of band of, 208; band played at Saltair, 211

Taft, William Howard, visited Saltair, 207; favored constitutional a m e n d m e n t regarding income tax, 223 T a n n e r , Vasco M., secretary-treasurer of U t a h Academy of Sciences, 255 fn. 18 Taylor, John, conference with Thomas Ford, 150; spoke at John M. Bernhisel's funeral, 166; spoke at William Clayton's funeral, 166; directed movement of machinery for woolen factory and sugar making to Salt Lake, 344 The Teaching of History, by Roucek, reviewed, 184-85 Temple Block, land allocated to members of Council of Fifty, 155; plat of, 156 Thomas, Elmer G., papers presented to U t a h State Historical Society, 357 Thompson, Cyclone Johnny, boxer, 207 " T h o m p s o n i a n " physician, explanation, 164 Timmins, William M., " T h e Failure of the Hatchtown D a m , 1914," 263-73 Todd, Arthur Cecil, The Cornish Miner in America: The contribution to the mining history of the United States by emigrant Cornish miners — the men called Cousin Jacks, reviewed, 366—67 Tooele, U t a h , Episcopal mission established, 96 Touret, Frank H , in charge of U t a h Episcopalians, 92 Traders, venture in U t a h , 1813, 13—14 Tullidge, Edward, affiliated with William Godbe, 163 Tuttle, Daniel Sylvester, biography, 78—82; Episcopal Bishop of M o n t a n a , 78—80; Episcopal contributions during episcopate of, 79; became Bishop of Missouri, 8 1 ; directed Episcopal church in U t a h , 8 6 ; photograph, 8 8 ; acting Bishop of U t a h , 92 Twain, Mark, comic account of Mormons, 69-70 Tyler, S. Lyman, Digging For Gold Without a Shovel: The Letters of Daniel Wadsworth Coit, from Mexico City to San Francisco, 1849-1851, review by, 186-87

Utah Historical Quarterly u Ubbelohde, Carl, ed., Clio's Servant: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 18461954, reviewed, 189-90 _ U i n t a h Basin, Episcopal missions abandoned, 9 5 ; U t e Indians forced into, 3 1 7 ; opened to white settlers, 318 Uintah, U t a h , photograph, 3 0 5 ; description during railroad construction, 311—12; location, 311 Union Pacific Railroad, see Railroads Ure, James, missionary to Scotland, 329—30 U t a h , achieved statehood, 6; description of country in 1813, 1 3 ; state comprises Great Basin and portion of Colorado River drainage, 4 3 ; Spanish-Mexican period of sovereignty, 43—47; description of territory, 140— 4 1 ; " T h e U t a h Legislature a n d the Income T a x A m e n d m e n t , " 222—32; income tax amendment rejected by, 2 2 3 ; agricultural products in 1867, 3 0 0 ; pattern of settlem e n t by Scots, 335—36; Scottish population ( 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 0 0 ) , 335, 3 3 6 - 3 7 ; foreign-born residents in ( 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 0 0 ) , 3 3 6 - 3 7 U t a h Academy, objectives, 240; see also U t a h Academy of Sciences U t a h Academy of Sciences, organized, 240— 4 1 ; organizers, 240—41; committee to draft constitution, 2 4 1 ; officers, 2 4 1 , 2 4 3 ; constitution and bylaws adopted, 2 4 2 ; meetings, 242-43, 2 4 4 - 4 5 , 246, 248-49, 250, 251, 253, 257; requirements for membership in, 242; publications, 243, 244; attempted to obtain state funds for, 244; requirements for fellows, 2 4 4 - 4 5 ; resolutions, 2 4 6 - 4 7 ; championed conservation cause, 247—49; radio programs produced by, 247; state museum of natural history, 247, 247 fn. 10; subjects covered by meetings of, 250—51; excursions, 2 5 2 ; suggested scope be broadened, 252, 2 5 3 ; name changed, 254; see also U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters U t a h Academy of Sciences, Arts a n d Letters, history of, 239—62; n u m b e r of officers, 250; divided into sections, 254; meetings, 254—55, 257—58; membership, 2 5 4 ; n a m e changed to, 2 5 4 ; method of selecting officers, 254; awards given by, 255—56; incorporated, 2 5 5 ; officers, 255 fn. 18; received grants from National Science Foundation, 255, 259; affiliated with American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2 5 7 ; junior academy, 258—59; publications, 2 5 9 6 1 ; picture of publications, 2 6 0 ; independent societies meet with, 2 6 1 ; supporters, 2 6 1 - 6 2 ; uniqueness, 2 6 1 ; weakness, 2 6 1 ; see also Junior Academy of Sciences and Science Fair U t a h Bureau of Immigration, L a b o r and Statistics, reorganized, 115 U t a h Colonization Fund, Incorporated, incorporated, 124; objectives, 124; stockholders, 124; see also Jewish Agricultural and Colonial Association U t a h County, created, 100 U t a h Expedition, entered Salt Lake Valley, 4 8 ; announcement of existence of, 161 U t a h - I d a h o Sugar Company, profitable concern, 344

Index U t a h Natural Resources Association, organized, 248 U t a h Northern Railroad, ground broken for, 61-62 U t a h Packing Corporation, see California Packing Corporation U t a h Poultry Producers Cooperative Association, organized, 131 U t a h Poultry Producers, Incorporated, organized, 131 U t a h State Board of Examiners, refused title to Saltair, 2 1 8 ; accepted title to Saltair, 219 U t a h State Fair Board, considered using Saltair, 218 U t a h State Historical Society, photograph of Board of Trustees, 3 5 3 ; " T h e President's Report for the Fiscal Year 1967-1968," 3 5 3 - 5 9 ; growth, 354; Mansion, 3 5 4 - 5 5 ; finances, 3 5 5 ; membership, 355—56; award winners for 1968, 3 5 6 ; local chapters, 3 5 6 ; publications, 356—57; photograph of award winners, 3 5 6 ; gifts to, 3 5 7 ; Library, 3 5 7 ; members of Editorial Advisory Board, 3 5 7 ; miscellaneous activities of staff, 3 5 7 ; Archives, 358; records accessioned into Archives, 3 5 8 ; Records Management, 3 5 8 - 5 9 ; volunteers, 358 U t a h State Park and Recreation Commission, attempted to give title to Saltair to Board of Examiners, 218; given title to Saltair, 2 1 8 ; recommendations regarding Saltair, 218; gave title to Saltair to Board of Examiners, 219 U t a h State Planning Board on Conservation, appointed, 248 The Utah Survey, organ of the Social Service Commission, 89 U t a h W a r , c a u s e s , 1 3 7 ; see also U t a h Expedition Ute Indians, Episcopal church work among, 84—85; "An Anguished Odyssey: The Flight of the Utes, 1906-1908," 3 1 5 - 2 7 ; original domain of, 3 1 5 ; photographs, 315, 326; relations with Americans, 316; relations with Spanish, 316; removed to reservation, 316; resisted white men's encroachment on lands, 316; wars, 3 1 6 ; attempted hunting in Colorado, 317; attitude toward removal to U i n t a h Basin, 317; bands, 3 1 7 ; Congress passed law to allot land to, 3 1 7 ; protest opening U i n t a h Basin to homesteaders, 317; U i n t a h Basin lands allotted to, 3 1 8 ; leave U i n t a h Basin for South Dakota,, 3 1 8 ; white settlers fear, 3 1 8 - 1 9 ; denied they were hostile, 3 1 9 - 2 0 ; m a p of route to Fort Meade, 319; government officials attempted to stop, 320, 3 2 1 ; reason for flight to Fort Meade, 3 2 0 ; arrived at Fort Meade, 3 2 3 ; Sioux unwilling to ally with, 3 2 3 ; troops converge on, 3 2 3 ; flight to South Dakota not supported by reform groups, 3 2 3 - 2 5 ; children attended school, 3 2 5 ; worked for railroads, 3 2 5 ; worked in South Dakota, 3 2 5 ; description of return to Utah, 3 2 6 - 2 7 ; returned to U t a h , 326; results of trip to South Dakota, 327

387 Valentino, Rudolph, appeared at Saltair, 212 Valley of Salt, Memories of Wine: A Journal of Death Valley, 1849, by Nusbaumer, reviewed, 275—76 V a n Orden, Everett, founded Lewiston, 163 V a n Orden, Julia Ann Haight, children, 152; first husband, 152; married J o h n M. Bernhisel, 152; widowed, 152; left Nauvoo, 1 5 3 ; property in Nauvoo, 153; son born, 154; died, 160; later life, 160 V a n Orden, Peter, founded Lewiston, 163 Vernal, U t a h , Episcopal church organized, 82, 92 Vetterli, Richard, The Constitution

by A Thread, reviewed, 179-81

w Wadsworth, Norris, Morgan Canning Company employee, 174 fn. 5 Wahsatch, U t a h , photograph of dining hall in, 2 9 1 ; description during railroad construction, 310 Waite, Charles B., United States judge, 135; attempted to secure congressional a m e n d ment to act which created U t a h Territory, 137; left U t a h Territory, 138 Walker War, 316 W a l s h , P a t r i c k , a r r i v e d in C o r i n n e , 6 0 ; erected St. Mary Magdalene, 6 0 ; moved to Salt Lake, 6 0 ; left U t a h , 62 Ward, "Barney," mountain man, 100 Wasatch County Courthouse, picture, 136 Washington County Courthouse, photograph, 136 The Water Crisis, by Moss, reviewed, 2 8 2 - 8 3 Watson, Richard Simpson, photograph, 8 9 ; Bishop of U t a h , 9 5 ; consecration televised, 9 5 ; missions established by, 96 Weber, J o h n H , fur trapper, 18; leader of Ashley free trappers, 19; induced Peter Skene Ogden's British trappers to desert, 20-21 Wells, Daniel H , offered prayer a t J o h n M .

Bernhisel's funeral, 166 Wells, Merle, Here Rolled the Covered Wagons, review by, 283—85 Wellsville, U t a h , "Scotch town" of the north country, 340 Wernick, Abraham, stockholder U t a h Colonization Fund, 124 West, Caleb W., spoke at dedication of Saltair, 201 West, F. LeRoy, Morgan Canning Company employee, 172 West, Preston, Morgan Canning Company employee, 174 fn. 5 Western Ghost Towns, by Florin reviewed, 186 White Rocks, U t a h , photograph, 322 Whitney, Orson F., denounced Episcopal Bishop Spaulding, 87 Widtsoe, J o h n A., first vice-president U t a h Academy of Sciences, 243 Wight, Lyman, western migration proposal by, 149

388 Will James, the Gilt Edged Cowboy, by Amaral, reviewed, 187 Winn, Frank, secretary of F a r m Bureau, 170; helped secure contracts for peas for Morgan Canning Company, 171 Winn, William L., Smithfield resident, 171 Woodruff, Wilford, offered prayer at J o h n M .

Bernhisel's funeral, 166; directed missionary activity to Scotland, 328 Woodbury, Angus M., championed conservation cause, 2 4 8 - 4 9 Wool, first cooperative sheep herd, 344—45; first manufactured in U t a h , 3 4 4 ; Scottish shepherds imported, 344; factory constructed 345 Woolley, Naomi, member U t a h State Historical Society Board of Trustees, 3 5 3 ; p h o tograph, 353 World W a r I I , began, 15 Wright, Alexander, missionary to Scotland, 328-29

Young, Brigham, returned to Winter Q u a r ters ( 1 8 4 7 ) , 4 ; met J i m Bridger, 5—6; settled problem of land title for Catholic church, 5 6 ; broke ground for the U t a h Northern Railroad, 61—62; attitude toward Episcopal bishop, 7 8 ; criticized Perry E. Brocchus, 1 3 5 ; member of Council of Fifty, 149; at Winter Quarters, 154; apportioned land in Salt Lake Valley, 155; exhortion to Council of Fifty to entice t h e Mormons from fidling, dancing, a n d drinking, 156; assigned guard for J o h n Bernhisel, 1 5 8 ;

Utah Historical Quarterly governor of U t a h Territory, 158; announced existence of U t a h Expedition, 161; commission issued to Walter M u r r a y Gibson, 162, 162 fn. 6 3 ; president of Z C M I , 1 6 3 ; attitude toward railroad, 2 9 2 - 9 3 , 294, 295, 300, 302, 3 0 6 - 7 ; attitude toward mining, 292, 2 9 9 ; opposed commercial intercourse with Gentiles, 2 9 2 ; subscribed to railroad stock, 2 9 4 ; thanked for assistance in railroad construction, 2 9 4 ; photograph, 2 9 7 ; supplies for railroad requested from, 3 0 1 ; transported freight on railroad, 3 0 1 ; called Dixie Mission, 3 3 4 ; called Southern Exploring Expedition, 3 3 7 ; met with federal army officers in 1858, 3 4 2 ; informed machinery for woolen factory a n d sugar making on way to Salt Lake, 3 4 4 ; imported Scottish shepherds, 344 Young, Jr., Brigham, attitude toward railroad travel, 2 9 6 - 9 7 ; description of travel, 2 9 6 9 7 ; photograph, 2 9 7 ; estimated cost to transport M o r m o n emigrants to U t a h , 301 Young, Lorenzo, guard for J o h n Bernhisel, 158 Young, M a h o n r i Mackintosh, U t a h sculptor, 350 Young, Robert, president of Salt Lake Temple, 341 Young, William, treated for sickness, 150

Z C M I , first officers, 1 6 3 ; founded, 163, 302, 3 0 6 ; certificate of election of J o h n M. Bernhisel, 164

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SPECIAL MEMBERSHIPS AND HONOREES OF THE UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS Bernice Gibbs Anderson Kate B. Carter Harold P. Fabian Charles Kelly Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr. A. R. Mortensen Marguerite Sinclair Reusser Joel E. Ricks Horace A. Sorensen Russel B. Swensen

FELLOWS Leonard J. Arrington Fawn M. Brodie Juanita Brooks Olive W. Burt C. Gregory Crampton Austin E. Fife LeRoy R. Hafen A. Karl Larson Gustive O. Larson David E. Miller Dale L. Morgan Wallace Stegner

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Utah State Historical Society -