Utah Historical Quarterly Volume 43, Number 4, 1975

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY EDITORIAL STAFF M E L V I N T. S M I T H ,

Editor

STANFORD J. LAYTON, Managing MIRIAM B. M U R P H Y , Assistant

Editor Editor

ADVISORY BOARD OF EDITORS T H O M A S G. ALEXANDER, Provo,

1977

M R S . I N E Z S. COOPER, Cedar City, 1975 S. GEORGE E L L S W O R T H , Logan, G L E N M. LEONARD, Bountiful,

1975 1976

DAVID E. MILLER, Salt Lake City, 1976 L A M A R PETERSEN, Salt Lake City, 1977 RICHARD W. SADLER, Ogden,

1976

HAROLD SCHINDLER, Salt Lake City, 1975 JEROME S T O F F E L , Logan,

1977

Utah Historical Quarterly was established in 1928 to publish articles, documents, and reviews contributing to knowledge of Utah's history. T h e Quarterly is published by the Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah 84102. Phone (801) 328-5755.

Members of the Society receive the Quarterly and die bimonthly Newsletter upon payment of the annual dues; for details see inside back cover.

Single copies, $2.00.

Materials for publication should be submitted in duplicate accompanied by return postage and should be typed double-spaced with footnotes at the end.

Additional information on requirements is available from the managing editor. T h e Society assumes no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion by contributors.

The Quarterly is indexed in Book Review Index to Social Science Periodicals, America: History and Life, and on Biblio Cards.

Second class postage is paid at Salt Lake City, Utah.

ISSN 0042-143X

H I S T O R I C A L CXX7iLH.TE:RX,ir

Contents FALL 1975/VOLUME 43 / NUMBER 4

IN THIS ISSUE

343

THE GROWING YEARS: WESTMINSTER COLLEGE FROM BIRTH T O ADOLESCENCE . . . . JOSEPH A.

VINATIERI

344

CATHOLIC EDUCATION IN U T A H : 1875-1975

J.

DWYER

362

. D. MICHAEL QUINN

379

ROBERT

UTAH'S EDUCATIONAL INNOVATION: LDS RELIGION CLASSES, 1890-1929

.

.

.

BUDS ON THE TREE OF KNOWLEDGE: EARLY VIEWS OF BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY THE T W O MISS COOKS: PIONEER PROFESSIONALS FOR UTAH SCHOOLS

. . . .

390

JILL MULVAY

396

MAX J. EVANS

410

WILLIAM C. STAINES: "ENGLISH GENTLEMAN OF REFINEMENT AND CULTURE"

BOOK REVIEWS

421

BOOK NOTICES

432

RECENT ARTICLES

435

INDEX

439

THE COVER In a classic scene of American childhood, students at the Lafayette School, Salt Lake City, posed at their desks for this early twentieth-century photograph in the Utah State Historical Society collections.

(c) Copyright 1975 Utah State Historical Society

RICHARD H . CRACROFT a n d N E A L E.

LAMBERT, eds. A

Believing

People: Literature

of the

Latter-day

Saints

J. K E I T H M E L V I L L E .

Conflict

ROBERT A. R E E S

421

RAYMOND G. BRISCOE

423

EVERETT L. COOLEY

424

MELVIN T. SMITH

425

and

Compromise: The Mormons Mid-Nineteenth-Century American

Politics

.

O . N . M A L M Q U I S T . The Club,

1883-1974

.

.

in

.

Alta .

.

.

DAVID E. M I L L E R a n d D E L L A S.

MILLER. Nauvoo:

The City

of Joseph

Books reviewed J O H N N I C O L S O N , ed. The Arizona of

Joseph Pratt Allyn; Letters from a Pioneer Judge: Observations and Travels, 1863-1866 T H O M A S FRONCEK.

Wilderness: Own

. . SIDNEY G. B R I N C K E R H O F F

Voices from the

The

Frontiersman's

Story

L E V I S. P E T E R S O N

ARNOLD M A R Q U I S . A Guide to

Indians:

426

Ceremonials,

427

America's

Reservations,

and Museums

O M E R C. STEWART

429

E D M U N D J E F F E R S O N DANZIGER, J R .

Indians and Administering

Bureaucrats: the Reservation

during the Civil War

.

.

Policy ROBERT SVENNINGSEN

430

K I R K E KICKINGBIRD a n d K A R E N

DUCHENEAUX. Million

Acres

One

Hundred JOSEPH H. CASH

431

In this issue In no endeavor of nineteenth-century U t a h was the creative nature of Mormon-Gentile tension more vividly evident than in education. Pulpit anathemas and villification politics would do fine for the adult world, but schooling for the children required more sophisticated techniques and an uncompromising commitment to a quality way. When Brigham Young pointed toward newly established Wasatch Academy (soon to be graced by the stately building pictured above) and commanded the Saints to stay away from it, he understood well that the onus rested with the Mormon leadership to provide a meaningful alternative to the various sectarian schools then dotting Zion's horizons. It is no accident that Westminster College, Wasatch Academy, several Catholic academies in Salt Lake City, and Brigham Young University all had their beginnings the same year. With that year having been 1875 — an even century ago — the time and mood seem right for a glance at the broader outline of this chapter in Utah history.

A detailed look at the early days of Westminster College and a. centennial overview of Catholic education in Utah are fitting subjects for the first and second articles. Two facets of the Mormon response — a synopsis of the innovative Religion Class Movement and a pictorial portfolio of early BYU — follow. T h e final two selections, biographical sketches which focus on a pair of memorable school teachers and a well-to-do territorial libraiian, represent an appropriate capstone to this issue. T h e enormous influence of individual personalities in shaping Utah's unique educational tradition is the dominant theme. Its significance to our present and future generations, as heirs to that tradition, should never diminish.

Aerial view of Westminster College, 1965. Utah State Historical collections, courtesy Les Chipman.

Society

The Growing Years: Westminster College from Birth to Adolescence

BY JOSEPH A. VINATIERI

W H E N MEMBERS OF THE Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints came to the Salt Lake Valley in 1847 they naturally set up a society and culture that reflected the values and tenets of their religion. For fifteen years the Mormons developed their society relatively free from external influences. The head of the church was, in essence, the head of the Mr. Vinatieri is presently attending the University of San Diego School of Law.

Westminster College

345

territory. This domination filtered down through all aspects of the social structure, including education. But with the advent of mining finds at Bingham, Park City, and Alta and the driving of the Golden Spike in 1869, an influx of outsiders to Deseret began to penetrate this homogeneous culture. Dissatisfaction among the new settlers with the haphazard and Mormon-oriented educational system soon gave rise to the development of Protestant mission schools in Utah. The Episcopal church opened the first mission school in 1867. The Methodists began in 1870 and the Congregationalists in 1878. The Presbyterian church commenced its educational work in 1869, and to its establishment of the Salt Lake Collegiate Institute on April 12, 1875, Westminster College traces its early beginnings.1

One month after the driving of the Golden Spike in May 1869, the Presbyterian church entered Utah Territory at the railroad town of Corinne in northern Utah. Dr. Sheldon Jackson, superintendent of Home Missions for Nebraska, Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, organized the first church services on June 13, 1869, and within one year the first Presbyterian mission school, Utah Presbyterian College, had also been founded there.2 Rev. Edward Bayliss, pastor of the church at Corinne was made president; Dr. Jackson accepted a position on the board of directors. Recognizing the need for a girls school, church representatives organized the Rocky Mountain Female Seminary a month later on September 4, 1870. Unfortunately, the great growth expected of the town of Corinne never materialized, and the Presbyterian church as well as the twin mission schools had to be abandoned. However, the experience at Corinne had served to set the stage for more concentrated effort with the next religious and educational endeavor at Salt Lake City.

In a hayloft above a livery stable Rev. Josiah Welch held the first Presbyterian services in Salt Lake City. As the first Presbyterian church 1 For an interesting contrast in views on the early Mormon educational system in Utah, see William Edwin Berrett, The Restored Church, 10th ed. (Salt Lake City, 1961), 304-7, and Duncan J. McMillan, "Early Education Days in U t a h , " Addresses Celebrating the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Westminster College (Salt Lake City, 1922), 5-7. Berrett acknowledges that education generally suffers in a frontier environment, but he refers to the "heroic efforts" of the Mormons in safeguarding against a decline in learning and in paving the way for a splendid educational system. Duncan charges that the Mormor. community "was differentiated from all other civilized communities in its neglect to make provision of any kind for the education of its youth," and that not until it began reaching for statehood did this neglect end.

2

Samuel E. Wishard, The Mormons

(New York, 1904), 11.

346

Utah Historical Quarterly

grew, Welch realized the need for a school with a well conducted classical and English department that would serve as an important auxiliary to Christian church work. His school plan was readily accepted by the members of First Presbyterian Church, and a board of trustees was appointed with Welch serving as moderator of the board. Dr. John M. Coyner of Indianapolis, Indiana, was selected to be the first principal. 3 Professor Coyner, a devout Presbyterian, had been superintendent of schools in Rushville, Illinois, until retirement was forced upon him because of poor health. He had been financially secure, but when Black Friday starting the Panic of 1873 occurred, all his holdings were lost. At this time it was the practice of the federal government to commit the care of different Indian tribes to the prominent Christian denominations. Upon hearing of a teaching vacancy among the Nez Perce nation of northern Idaho, Dr. Coyner applied for and was accepted as principal of the Lapwai Indian School. Having been told by his doctor that the western climate was better for him physically, he set out for Idaho in early January 1874. Pausing in Salt Lake City for a four-day visit, he listened with interest as Reverend Welch described the need for a well-graded school of Christian character.

Although enjoying his missionary work at Lapwai and the rejuvenating effect of the western climate, Dr. Coyner found the separation from his family an emotional strain. John Monteith, Indian agent at Lapwai, then offered to pay Dr. Coyner's daughter Emma $1,000 as a teacher and Mrs. Coyner $600 as matron if they would come to Idaho. Coyner immediately wrote for his family to join him, but two weeks after their arrival an order from the War Department in Washington, D . C , abruptly halted the two new salaries. Remembering his stop in Salt Lake City, Dr. Coyner wrote to Reverend Welch and expressed interest in the proposed mission school. He received an invitation to bring his family to Salt Lake and open a school in the basement of the church building.

The Coyners left Lapwai on March 19 and arrived in Salt Lake on April 2, 1875. Finding the basement rooms bare, Dr. Coyner immediately hired a carpenter, and by Friday, April 9, forty-five newly painted desks were ready to use. The new school, officially named Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, formally opened its doors April 12, 1875.4 Due to the wide range of ages among the twenty-seven pupils initially enrolled, the Coyners organized the school into four divisions. Mary "John M. Coyner, History of the Salt Lake Collegiate Institute from its Organization April 12,1875 to May 5, 'l885 (Palms, Calif, 1897), 2.

4 Ibid., 4-9, 17.

Westminster College

347

Coyner taught the primary department, Emma Coyner took charge of the intermediate, and Professor Coyner instructed the academic and collegiate studies. The school calendar was divided into ten-week quarters.

With a normal progression of studies, a student could reach the collegiate department after seven years. Tuition was based upon a student's particular grade level. Primary students paid six dollars a quarter, intermediate students eight dollars a quarter, academic students ten dollars, and collegiate students paid twelve dollars a quarter.

The objectives of Salt Lake Collegiate Institute were clearly delineated at the outset. The school was to lay a foundation for a permanent college, to establish itself as a graded school modeled after those in the East, to provide aid to anyone unable to secure an education by themselves, and to train teachers for Utah and the surrounding region.5 This was recognized as an audacious platform not only by those immediately involved but by disinterested observers as well. Coyner recalled the following exchange after being stopped by a stranger during his first days in Salt Lake City: "Is this Professor Coyner?" I answered, " T h a t is my n a m e . " "I understand you propose to open a school in this Presbyterian C h u r c h . " I answered that such was my intention. "Well," said he, "one of three things is true. You have a fortune to sink, you have wealthy friends to back you, or you have come here to starve." My reply was, " I have no fortune to sink, no wealthy friends to back me, but I a m not one of the starving kind." 6

On the second day of school a problem arose regarding the enrollment of students unable to pay tuition. A Mormon woman brought her two small children to the school and inquired if the school would accept the two without tuition. They were enrolled and steps were taken to establish a permanent system of scholarships. Reverend Welch wrote to two eastern Sabbath schools for support of the children and announced that all worthy children regardless of religious preference would be accepted. Four additional students were enrolled the first year.7 Although many of the students attending Collegiate Institute lived in Salt Lake City, a small percentage were from out-of-town. Because there were no on-campus facilities for these students, individual boarding students were housed in private homes. The cost of this service was 0 Salt Lake Collegiate Institute Salt Lake City.

Annual

Circular,

1877, p. 5, Westminster College Archives,

* Coyner, History, 10.

7 By 1885 nearly two-thirds of the students were receiving financial assistance. See ibid, 12.

348

Utah Historical Quarterly

Collegiate Institute building at Second South and Second East housed classrooms and boys dormitory. Utah State Historical Society collections, courtesy Les Chipman.

five to seven dollars per week. Boarding students were expected to follow the same standards of personal conduct prescribed for the others. Alcohol, tobacco, gambling, and profane language were prohibited.8 The first full year of Collegiate Institute began August 30, 1875. A new teacher, Jennie Dcnnison, took the place of Emma Coyner who vyas expecting to marry Reverend Welch. The school year ended June 8, 1876, with a total enrollment of 142 pupils."

The year 1877 was a memorable one for Collegiate Institute. In the two years of its existence it already had the beginning of a fine repuH

Salt Lake Collegiate Institute

Annual Ciicular, 1875, p. 7, Westminster College Archives.

* Shortly before the end of the school year, the newly married Welches because of Reverend Welch's failing health. They had hoped to return to Salt coming fall, but shortly after their arrival in Ohio Mrs. Welch contracted an Welch lingered until the following March when he also died. Coyner, History,

left for the East Lake City in the illness and died.

14.

Westminster College

349

tation for scholarship, discipline, and morality. With its steadily increasing enrollment necessitating new accommodations, Dr. Coyner proposed to the board of trustees that a parcel of land at the rear of the church be mortgaged for $1,000. An additional $1,000 to be raised by subscription would suffice to construct a wooden classroom building on the lot.

With the approval of the trustees, Coyner developed a comprehensive fund-raising plan. Six young ladies in his advanced class were asked to write letters to three thousand Presbyterian Sabbath school principals asking for donations. Within three weeks, 10 percent of those petitioned replied with sums from one to twenty-five dollars. In addition, the Protestant population of Salt Lake was canvassed. By June 1, 1877, enough money had been accumulated to call for the bids. Finding all bids for construction too high, Dr. Coyner drew up the plans himself and hired a carpenter to complete the task. The finished product was a model schoolhouse consisting of four classrooms with a seating capacity of 175.

The total cost of the structure and its furnishing was $3,750. The letter campaign had raised $1,300 and $1,100 had been contributed in Salt Lake City, leaving a balance of $1,350. On the day of dedication the indefatigable Coyner rode about Salt Lake City asking local businessmen for donations. That night he made an appeal in the name of Rev. Josiah Welch, and within fifteen minutes he had pledges totaling the needed sum. Thus, before the dedicatory prayer, the new school building was completely free of debt.

Nevertheless, like many private educational institutions, Collegiate Institute was doomed to financial difficulty from the outset. During 1877 Professor Coyner met with the Utah Presbytery in Ogden and appealed for thirty scholarships worth $1,800 and a regular method of securing funds for the school. The Presbytery approved a memorial asking the church General Assembly "to empower the Board of Home Missions to commission teachers and Bible readers of [he peculiar population of Utah (Mormons), New Mexico (Spanish), and Alaska (Indians)." 10 This way the board would be acting in a manner similar to that of the Board of Foreign Missions in supplying teachers for Christian training. The Presbyterian General Assembly approved the memorial and organized the Women's Executive Committee to oversee this new field of endeavor.

The committee immediately commissioned Mrs. Coyner and two other Collegiate Institute teachers and assumed full responsibility for their salaries, thereby partially relieving the financial burden of the school.

10

Ibid., 15.

350

Utah Historical Quarterly

But as the school continued to grow, so did its financial burden.

Scholarship money from eastern Sabbath schools was still a major source of income. When a dispute arose over who should rightfully receive the money, the Home Mission Board or the school, Dr. Coyner was invited to Saratoga, New York, to meet with the executive board of the General Assembly. There it was resolved that Coyner would receive a yearly salary of $600 and an annual mission fund of $1,500, and that all scholarship money received would go to the Board of Home Missions.

Meanwhile, the rapid growth of Collegiate Institute dictated the need for another expansion of facilities. In the summer of 1880 a onestory brick structure, consisting in part of a badly needed boarding facility, was erected on church property. The following year a second story was added to increase the boarding capacity and to furnish rooms for the newly added art and music departments.

The year 1883 brought a new period in the life of Collegiate Institute. Dr. Jesse Fonda Millspaugh was appointed principal of the high school department and began preparations to succeed Dr. Coyner as superintendent.11 Coyner took delight in the ability of his new high school principal, for he realized that his own wife's health was failing and that his time in Salt Lake City was short. In the spring of 1885 he was pleased to relinquish his post to his successor and leave for Los Angeles with Mrs. Coyner.12 Perhaps Dr. Millspaugh's greatest contribution to Collegiate Institute was to inaugurate, in response to the requests for trained teachers, a "Normal Course." This new study program consisted of lectures and courses of reading on educational subjects, study of teaching methods and school management, and instructional experience.13 In 1890 Dr. Millspaugh resigned his position at Collegiate Institute to assume the superintendency of the new Salt Lake Schools. His selection as the new superintendent reflected admirably on the reputation of Collegiate Institute; not surprisingly he developed a graded system for the public schools patterned after that of the Institute.

11 Millspaugh graduated from the University of Michigan in 1879 and completed his master's studies at the University of Pennsylvania in 1883. He came to Salt Lake City highly recommended. See D. H. Christensen, "Jesse Fonda Millspaugh," Utah Educational Review, 25 (March 1932).

12 Coyner attributed his wife's deteriorating health to the high altitude, to the lingering shock of their daughter's premature death, and to Mrs. Coyner's fear â&#x20AC;&#x201D; real or imagined â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that the Mormons were plotting against her husband's life. See Coyner, History, 30.

For a tribute to Coyner's administrative ability in fashioning a school of growing reputation see Salt Lake Tribune, April 12, 1884, p. 4.

13 Salt Lake Archives.

Collegiate

Institute

Annual

Circular,

1886-87, p. 13, Westminster College

Westminster College

351

Prof. Charles S. Richardson was appointed to the vacancy created by the resignation of Dr. Millspaugh, serving in that capacity for only one year. He was followed by Robert J. Caskey who had been principal of the high school department since 1887. The most important event in Caskey's thirteen-year role of superintendent was the dropping of all grades below that of high school. His thirteen years also marked the gradual decline of enrollment, due to the advancement of public education in Salt Lake City. Nevertheless, a new four-story brick building was added to the Institute in 1895.

Mr. Caskey resigned his position at Collegiate Institute in April 1904. He had been frustrated by the lack of cooperation afforded him by the Board of Home Missions and was at odds with the board over administrative procedure. At this time all requests for money had to go to the Home Mission headquarters in New York, and all expenses had to be paid out of the fund established there. Caskey and others in Utah felt increasingly alienated from proceedings that directly affected them.14 Even though enrollment continued to decline after Caskey's resignation, the school did not relax its strict commitment to religious and educational propriety. Each day began with the "daily assembly," a religious service of approximately twenty minutes that included scripture lessons, hymns, and prayers. Classes then followed for the duration of the day. Once a month "oratoricals" â&#x20AC;&#x201D; an oration or debate â&#x20AC;&#x201D; were offered, but there were very few social activities. Dancing and cardplaying were strictly prohibited, as was smoking.15 Though such an environment would surely be a thing of dread for today's student, it was not without value as a medium for learning. The Deseret News of 1905 commended Institute students for "an intellectual force and clearness unusual with students in preparatory school stage."16 This quality of education continued until 1910 at which time Salt Lake Collegiate Institute relinquished its identity to merge with another institution, known since 1902 as Westminster College.

II

From the early days at Corinne a college to crown the Presbyterian educational system of academies had been sought by Bayliss, Jackson, " L e t t e r from Dr. George McAfee, May 2, 1904, Caskey Papers, Westminster College Archives.

11 Interview with Dr. Emil Nyman, March 1974, Salt Lake City. Dr. Nyman, archivist at Westminster College for many years, was a student at Collegiate Institute from 1905 to 1909.

16

Deseret News, June 9, 1905.

352

Utah Historical Quarterly

Duncan J. McMillan, and Robert McNiece. Dr. McNiece had come to Utah as the successor of Rev. Josiah Welch upon his departure in 1876.

Through the early years of Collegiate Institute's history, Dr. McNiece served as Professor Coyner's assistant in addition to his duties as pastor of First Presbyterian Church.17 For many years the idea of a college had merely been a dream in his mind as well as in the minds of the other early Presbyterian educators, but on March 20, 1892, at a meeting of the Utah Presbytery at Springville, he formally presented a resolution calling for the establishment of a college. The resolution was adopted and a committee of nine appointed to pursue the establishment of a Presbyterian college. This committee, the board of trustees, elected Dr. McNiece as president of the board. In August the first gift of $1,000 for the new college was given by Col. Elliot F. Shepard of New York City.18 Like Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, the new college suffered numerous financial hardships from the outset, particularly in the search for a suitable site of development. Two local speculators, Arthur J. Brown and a man named Middleton, proposed to donate land for the new college and sell lots adjoining it. The Board of Aid for Colleges was contacted and was impressed with the offer, but Dr. McNiece asked the board to personally investigate the offer before acceptance. The secretary of the board, Dr. Ray, was sent to Salt Lake and found the land to be near the Great Salt Lake, very close to what is today the old Saltair salt plant. It was obvious that Mr. Brown and Mr. Middleton were interested in the speculative and not in the educational interests of the college.

Another offer for a suitable college site came from the Ogden Chamber of Commerce which, although legitimate, had to be rejected because the resolution adopted by the Presbytery stipulated that the college must be located in Salt Lake City.19 Dr. Sheldon Jackson had been vitally interested in the educational efforts of Presbyterians in Utah. In a letter to the Utah Presbytery in 1895, he offered the sum of $50,000 to create an endowment for the proposed college. His only stipulations were that the "Bible must be a regular textbook in the curriculum of studies, . . . the College can never be alien17 Dr. Robert G. McNiece graduated from Princeton Seminary in 1875. Within a year he went to work for the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions which in turn sent him to Utah.

Upon arrival he became keenly interested in the work of Salt Lake Collegiate Institute. He was a strong supporter until 1897 when he was charged as the dean of the faculty at the new Sheldon Jackson College.

18 Minutes, Synod of Utah, March 26 and August 3, 1892, Westminster College Archives.

19 Minutes, Salt Lake College Board of Trustees, March 29, 1892, and May 2, 1893, Westminster College Archives.

From left: Robert G. McNiece, John M. Coyner, Sheldon Jackson, and William M. Ferry contributed to the development of Westminster College.

Utah State Historical Society collections.

ated from the work and doctrines of the Presbyterian Church, . . . and that the institution shall be named and always continue to be known as the 'Sheldon Jackson College.' " 20 He also promised to help pay the president of Sheldon Jackson $1,500 per year. At a board of trustees meeting January 20, 1896, the proposal was formally adopted.

When the Congregational church in Salt Lake City learned of the Presbyterian plan for a college, dispute ensued. The Congregationalists were planning a similar college and felt their plan should take precedence. A well-known Presbyterian benefactor, D. K. Pierson of Chicago, had offered the Congregationalists $50,000 for their college under the condition that they raise an additional $150,000. In a joint meeting at the New York City offices of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, Dr. Duncan J. McMillan persuaded the rival church leaders that the Salt Lake Collegiate Institute had begun its work earlier and promised several advantages over the Congregational school, Gordon Academy.

After a thorough review of the Presbyterian case, the Congregationalists yielded and withdrew their plan for a college.21 With this difficulty resolved, Dr. Jackson turned his attention toward selecting the right president for the school. Seeking a person of stature and an educator of high reputation, he chose Gen. John Eaton, former U.S. commissioner of education and president of Marietta College.

Eaton had previously visited Utah on three occasions and had been openly critical of the territorial school system.22 20

Letter, May 13, 1895, Westminster College Archives.

McMillan to Sheldon Jackson, August 26, 1895, Westminster College Archives. Today Westminster College is funded in part by both these denominations as well as the United Methodist church.

22 John Eaton, " T h e Mormons of Today," The Christian Herald (August 1897).

21

354

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Soon after General Eaton's acceptance, Dr. McNiece was appointed dean of the faculty in addition to his duties as instructor of Greek and Latin. Prof. George B. Sweazy, upon Eaton's recommendation, was hired to teach German, natural science, and mathematics. With this staff and an interchange of teachers from Collegiate Institute, Sheldon Jackson College officially commenced its work September 7, 1897, with a class of six in the Collegiate Institute buildings.

The first year course of study dealt extensively with the classics which later was altered to allow the study of a classical or Latin-scientific course. The Bible was a required course throughout the four-year program. Only two students, Theodore M. Keusself and E. J. Hanks, completed the program. Troubled by enrollment and financial problems, the college was temporarily discontinued.

The new president, along with Sheldon Jackson, worked primarily in the East soliciting funds from prominent people. Jackson was disappointed that his properties did not produce sufficient revenue to meet his obligation. The $50,000 he had pledged for the college as an endowment had to be withdrawn. The money had been pledged on the assumption that his Washington, D . C , estate was worth that amount at a minimum, but by final sale the estate had decreased in value. McNiece then requested of the board of trustees that Jackson be released from his obligation, and his request was approved by the Utah Presbytery. 23 Dr. McNiece realized that the young college had to have a site of its own. In 1896 the board of trustees had accepted a proposal by a mining trust to give Sheldon Jackson College fifty acres of the Crissman farm located four and one-half miles south of the city. Further offered by the mining trust's representatives Gill S. Peyton and C H , Airies were thirty acres known as Price place on which the college had to be located.

Like Middleton and Brown before them, Peyton and Airies stipulated that $50,000 worth of buildings had to be erected. In this manner the surrounding property value would rise. With the loss of Jackson's donation and the nationally depressed financial situation, the terms could not be met. In 1901 Airies reneged on the stipulations of the agreement and the board absolved itself of any further obligation. 24 This turn of events emphasized the need for establishment of a committee to seek a new college campus. A committee of three consisting of 28

McNiece to Board of Trustees, Sheldon Jackson College, October 29, 1900, Westminster College Archives.

2i Minutes, Sheldon Jackson College Board of Trustees, January 20, 1896. Price place was located near the present-day intersection of 3300 South, 1300 East.

Westminster College

355

Dr. McNiece, Dr. George Bailey, and Reverend McClain was appointed.

After scouting the city for several days the appointees walked over the present location of Westminster College which was then called the New Grand View Addition. It was suggested that Col. William Ferry, a wellto-do Park City mining investor, be asked to donate money to help purchase the tract of land. A meeting was arranged and Dr. McNiece pleaded the cause of the board of trustees.

T h e Colonel promptly answered, "Gentlemen, I cannot do anything for you. My own personal obligations must be met. . . ." Mrs. Ferry spoke up and said, "Well, Colonel, we know we have well in hand our personal obligations. . . ." Dr. McNiece took courage from these remarks and made a second plea saying in substance, "Colonel, we three men have given our lives to this work. T h a t is all we have to give. T h e Lord has given you money. . . ."

Ferry then asked for "a fewr days" to think about the matter. Three days later he assented to the purchase contingent upon the following conditions : the new land was to be the site of the college, no financial encumbrances were to bear upon the land, the Bible was to be regularly used as a textbook, the teachings were to be in harmony with Presbyterian doctrine, within five years a building costing $25,000 was to be erected, and a portion of the new land was to be set aside for a women's college building.25 On October 8, 1901, General Eaton was appointed president emeritus, and Dr. George Bailey, pastor of Westminster Presbyterian Church in Salt Lake City, was elected the new president. His salary was $2,500 a year plus expenses. Like General Eaton before him, he spent most of his three-year tenure in Washington, D.C, working for the financial interests of the college. During Dr. Bailey's term as president, the name Sheldon Jackson College was changed to Westminster College. This was done to more accurately display the interdenominational role of the college.26 The first building on the Westminster College campus was dedicated shortly after the resignation of Dr. Bailey. Mrs. Mary J. G. Temple of Washington, D.C, a devout Presbyterian, wdlled valuable properties to the Board of Home Missions with the stipulation that money derived thereof be used in the construction of a memorial chapel for her father, 25 Josiah McClain, "Early Days of the College," Addresses Celebrating the Tiventy-fifth Anniversary of Westminster College (Salt Lake City, 1922), 14-15, and Ferry to Sheldon Jackson College Board of Trustees, February 17, 1902, Westminster College Archives.

26 Minutes, Sheldon Jackson College Board of Trustees, October 21, 1901, and Jackson to McNiece, April 25, 1902, Westminster College Archives.

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William Gunton. Hearing of the estate, Eaton, Jackson, and Thomas Gordon, financial agent for the college, actively pursued Mrs. Temple's settlement. In a friendly suit between the Home Mission Board and the board of trustees of Sheldon Jackson College, guidelines were established that gave Sheldon Jackson College the remainder of the Temple estate. 27 One provision of the court suit was that the chapel had to be built on college property. To accommodate that requirement two additional acres of land at Eleventh East and Seventeenth South were bought. The trustees wrere not unanimous in their desire for a chapel. Dr. McNiece, especially, felt that of more importance than a chapel was the construction of the main college building, Eaton Hall. 28 However, a majority of trustees favored the proposal, and on March 19, 1905, the Gunton Memorial Chapel was dedicated. The new chapel housed Third Presbyterian Church until the church officially merged with Wasatch Presbyterian in 1946 and moved to sanctuary at the corner of Seventeenth South and Seventeenth East.

After dedication of the first college building, many problems remained. In May 1899 Rev. Thomas Gordon of Washington, D . C , had been appointed financial agent of the college and charged with the responsibility of management and control of all college property in Washington, D.C. Dr. Jackson and General Eaton opposed giving one person such complete authority and their fears proved to be well founded.

Without authorization of the board of trustees, Dr. Gordon proceeded to build eleven houses on the Jackson property. Dr. McNiece, journeying to Washington to aid General Eaton in the investigation of Dr. Gordon's activities, wrote Dr. George Martin, member of the board: ". . . many important things have been done without authority. It is not best for me to give opinions now. . . . The present method of management is altogether too expensive and unsafe and must be radically changed." 29 After thorough investigation, Dr. Gordon was found guilty of the misuse of valuable college funds, and his services with Sheldon Jackson College were terminated. General Eaton's son, Quincy Eaton, began acting as financial agent and did much to restore financial solvency.

Financial problems were not the only difficulties encountered by the college. The anticipated incorporation of Salt Lake Collegiate Institute 27

Eaton to McNiece, November 1, 1899, Westminster College Archives.

McNiece to trustees, October 24, 1902, Westminster College Archives.

29 Minutes, Board of Trustees, June 30, 1900, and McNiece to Martin, July 24, 1900, Westminster College Archives. ''"

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into Sheldon Jackson College also posed a dilemma. In response to the need for additional funds the General Assembly of the Presbyterian church had formed the Women's Board of Home Missions, and in September 1896 that group had assumed complete control of Collegiate Institute from its offices in New York City. Ill will soon grew between the board and Robert Caskey, principal of the Institute, over financial commitments. In a letter from Dr. George McAfee, superintendent of school work, Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, to Mr. Caskey, McAfee pointed out that the Women's Board had been instrumental in helping Collegiate Institute stay out of financial trouble.

There was one sentence in your former letter at which the Women's Board felt very seriously hurt. You said thai; the Board was not known in Salt Lake City, and that it was a personal matter with the businessmen and yourself . . . but I remember and so do the ladies of the Board that the businessmen of Salt Lake City at one time held certain notes against the Collegiate Institute for the payment of which earnest appeals were made to the Women's Board, and that body of ladies were obliged to meet these notes in order to save the reputation of the Institute. 3 0

Additional friction arose in that Caskey often tried to circumvent the New York office in collection of funds. In reaction, the Board of Home Missions pointed out that more money was given to the educational endeavors in Utah than any other state. 31 Caskey also came into dispute with the Sheldon Jackson College staff. H e complained that Institute classes were being duplicated by the college staff and that college students were setting a bad example for Institute pupils .by irregular attendance at chapel. In response, Dr. McNiece explained, " I t is not the policy of the College to duplicate the work of the Institute. T h e cases of duplication . . . have been purely exceptional. . . . In regard to Chapel exercises, if the liberty of the College students has in any way interfered with the good order of the Institute, I regret it." 32 Meanwhile, in March 1897 the college board of trustees had adopted a plan to secure Collegiate Institute as the preparatory department of Sheldon Jackson College. Two years later the Board of Home Missions modified the original plan and inserted three conditions for the transfer of Collegiate Institute: the Salt Lake Collegiate Institute "shall be made secure to the Presbyterian Church forever for the purposes of 30

McAfee to Caskey, May 2, 1904, Westminster College Archives.

McAfee to Caskey, September 5, 1902, Westminster College Archives.

32 Caskey to H. H. McCreery, financial agent for Sheldon Jackson College, May 30, 1901, and McNiece to Caskey, June 14, 1901, Westminster College Archives.

3t

Converse Hall was the first college building completed on the Thirteenth East site. Utah State Historical Society collections, courtesy Les Chipman.

Christian education, the Trustees of Sheldon Jackson College shall. . . agree that on or before September 1, 1901, they will accept title . . . and assume complete control, and . . . no appeals shall be made to the auxiliary societies of the Women's Board for funds in the name of Sheldon Jackson College."33 In an appeal for approval of the conditions as set down by the board, Jackson cited the fact that the college was losing donations by its inability to merge with the Institute. He also pointed out that the second condition, relating to the adoption of Collegiate Institute's financial status, could be achieved even though no available funds could be seen in the near future. "At the same time we cannot tell you where the support of the College itself is coming from," he explained to McNiece. "The Lord intends us to work by faith."34 Unfortunately, the second condition could not be met and the Collegiate Institute reverted to the control of the Home Missions Board.

Throughout this period in the history of Westminster College, the trustees tried to raise sufficient money to erect a $25,000 building in order to meet one of the conditions in the agreement with Colonel Ferry for his gift of property for the college site. Dr. Samuel Wishard, one of the original supporters of Collegiate Institute, was called upon to be chief fund-raiser in the East. Through a remarkable effort, he was able 33 C.L. Thompson, secretary of the Board of Home Missions, to Jackson, December 8, 1899, Westminster College Archives. See also Minutes, Board of Trustees, March 16, 1897. w

Jackson to McNiece, December 26, 1899, Westminster College Archives.

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College

to secure a total of $27,450. The largest contribution, $20,000, was given

by John Converse, president of the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia. The building of Converse Hall was begun in March 1906. 35 The second building on campus was begun in July 1908. Due to certain terms, the newly completed Converse Hall had to lie vacant until suitable space was provided for out-of-town students attending the college. Again the Ferry family came to the aid of Westminster. Mrs. Ferry led the drive for funds and contributed $15,000 herself.3" By March 1908 the money necessary for the project had been received, but Ferry Hall remained unfinished until 1911 when a heating plant was established to heat both Ferry and Converse halls.

Although twenty-five years had passed since the founding of Collegiate Institute, the dominance of the Mormon church that had troubled John Coyner and Josiah Welch still distressed Robert McNiece and his associates. McNiece's strong religious and social beliefs are visible in a fund-raising pamphlet sent to prospective eastern supporters of Westminster: 33 M

Minutes, Board of Trustees, March 2, 1906, Westminster College Archives.

Utah

Westminster,

1 (October 1907), 1.

Ferry Hall was ready for student use in 1911. Utah State Historical Society collections, gift of Emil Nyman.

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Presbyterians and Patriots, are you interested in the effort to establish pure and undefiled religion to U t a h and the intermountain country? . . . D o you realize that a form of heathenism has fastened itself upon this country, that it has sought to take that which was lowest in the lives of the patriarchs, that which all good people deplore, and incorporate it into the life of the twentieth century? 3 7

This claim would be an absurd notion today. Yet, in the early years of the college, to Dr. McNiece and others, it w^as a stark reality. T h e conviction that Westminster College was the only Christian alternative to the Mormon-dominated format of the two state universities kept those intimately involved with the college hard at w^ork.

In 1910 the issue of a merger again surfaced, and the board of trustees once more proposed to accept Collegiate Institute as the preparatory department of Westminster College. The Women's Board of Home Missions, which was charged with the responsibility of maintaining the Institute, accepted the offer providing that all money received from the sale of the Institute's property would go to the educational programs of both schools. T h e Collegiate Institute buildings at Second South and Second East were then sold for $40,000 in April 1912.

Of this sum, $30,000 was earmarked for the construction of a much needed boys' dormitory. While the dormitory was under construction, the girls stayed in Ferry Hall and the boys lived in Converse Hall. 38 During the fall of 1910, the new preparatory department officially fell under the auspices of Westminster College. However, a lack of both pupils and finances delayed the opening of the college itself until 1913 when Westminster College and its preparatory department together officially opened their doors. in

Throughout the founding years of Westminster College three themes emerge: the mutual alienation of Mormons and Protestants in Utah, the perpetual financial difficulties of the infant institution, and the determined faith in God of its founders. Because of the size of Salt Lake City and its dominant Mormon culture, little in the way of local financial contributions could be counted upon. Consequently, most of the college's financial support came from Presbyterian churches and generous donors in the eastern portion of the United States. At times 37 38

May 1906, Westminster College Archives.

Minutes, Board of Trustees, April 10, 1910, and September 13, 1910, Westminster College Archives.

Westminster College students outside Converse Hall, ca. 1927. Utah Historical Society collections, gift of Emit Nyman.

State

the situation became so desperate that the founders could only hope for the miraculous. Dr. John Coyner's reminiscence is symbolic of the faith shared by many during the college's first years: T h e bills were due Saturday. Thursday the cash account showed a deficiency of $50.00 to meet these bills. I saic. to my wife, " T h e mail will surely bring a couple of scholarships by Saturday to make u p this deficiency." But Saturday morning came, and no relief. Saturday morning as I was passing through an outside store room of our dwelling, I noticed a cast-off hat . . . that I had thrown on a low shelf a month before . . . and there was a small roll in it. This I unrolled., and found three new twenty dollar greenback bills. . . . How they got there I never knew. . . . I believe He who fed Elijah by means of the ravens had something to do with it.

So thankfully accepting the gift as from the Heavenly Father, the money was used to pay the debts due. 3 0

Of all the men involved in the college enterprise â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Coyner, McNiece, Jackson, McMillan, Wishard, McClain, and many others â&#x20AC;&#x201D; all had one trait in common: determined faith in God. This faith led them through financial hardships, physical maladies, and even threats upon their lives. Today's Westminster College, preparing to enter its second century of educational service, is a fitting tribute to that faith. '"'Coyner, History, 21.

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Saint Mary-of-the-Wasatch shortly after construction in 1926, Utah State Historical Society collections, Earl Lyman photograph, gift of L. V. McNeely.

Catholic Education in Utah: 1875 -1975

BY ROBERT J . D W Y E R

1 H E YEAR 1975 MARKS the centenary of Catholic education in Utah.

On June 6, 1875, two Sisters of the Holy Cross arrived by train in Salt Lake City, accompanied by the Reverend Denis Kiely, assistant pastor at the local parish, Saint Mary Magdalene's, who had traveled to Green River, Wyoming, to meet them and escort them to their new mission.

On the depot platform they were greeted by Father Lawrence Scanlan, the parish priest who had arranged for their coming, and by Mrs. Thomas Archbishop Dwyer, editor of the National Catholic Register, is retired archbishop of Portland, Oregon, now residing in Piedmont, California.

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Marshall, wife of the federal district judge, in whose home they were to be received for a brief time as guests. Mother Augusta Anderson, superior of the new foundation, was a remarkable woman, intellectually gifted as well as an apt administrator, who had distinguished herself as a Civil W a r nurse and who later would succeed Mother Angela Gillespie, cousin of James Gillespie Blaine, perennial presidential aspirant, as superior general of the Holy Cross Sisterhood.

Scanlan, who had come to Utah two years previously to take the place of the Reverend Patrick Walsh, builder of Saint Mary's Church on Second East Street and whose pastoral charge embraced the whole of Utah Territory, had soon recognized the paramount need for schools for the education of Catholic youth in his far-flung parish. For this purpose he had been encouraged by friends to write to Father Edward Sorin, the American superior of the Holy Cross Fathers, who exercised supervision also over the rapidly growing Sisterhood. (Sorin lives on in history as the founding father of Notre Dame University, in what was then a wooded wilderness of northern Indiana.) Sorin reacted favorably to the plea of the young missionary in the Far West. Mother Angela, however, when apprized of the invitation, replied that she did not have sufficient Sisters to staff a school so far removed from the mother house, and above all in Brigham Young's mysterious Mormon kingdom. Writing Sorin from New York, en route to France to visit the parent house of the Holy Cross community in Le Mans, May 9, 1875, she reflected what would seem to have been a previously agreed decision. "I am so glad the Sisters did not go to Salt Lake City. I agree with you as to the importance of the foundation â&#x20AC;&#x201D; had I the Sisters for it." But seemingly, with Mother Angela on the high seas, Sorin had his way and the Sisters were speedily on the road west. In the event, happily, Mother Angela, a great-hearted woman, was quickly reconciled to the idea of the new mission, as her letters to Mother Augusta during the latter's tenure in U t a h testify.

Archival material covering the history of Catholic education in Utah, unhappily, is sketchy and incomplete. Bishop Scanlan left few records other than official documents, though his periodic reports to the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, then centered in Lyons, France, are of interest, as are the few communications that have been preserved in the San Francisco archives- letters to the successive archbishops, Joseph Alemany and Patrick Riordan. From the accession of Bishop Glass in 1915 the records are fuller, though by no means wholly satisfactory.

The archives of the Sisters of the Holy Cross, Notre Dame, Indiana, contain much pertinent material, including the manuscript daybook of Saint Mary's Academy, Salt Lake City, from its opening'in 1875 to its closing. It was not possible for the writer to consult the archives of the Marist Fathers, some preserved in Washington, D . C , others in the mother house in Rome.

There are two studies of the Catholic church in Utah, one issued under that title, written in 1909 by Dean W. R. Harris, a Canadian priest who came to the Intermountain West early in the century in search of his health, and was something of a litterateur. To commemorate the dedication of the Salt Lake cathedral he wrote the book, including in it the first English version of the Dominguez-Escalante journey of exploration in 1776, with additional notes on the early

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A courtesy call on the great Mormon leader, Brigham Young, then in failing strength, was arranged and went off cordially enough, though the president refrained from any open encouragement of the project.

Later on in the summer, when the school was about to be opened, it seems that a few of the local ward bishops fulminated against this invasion of the Latter-day Saint sanctuary and threatened dire punishment for any Mormon parents who dared send their daughters to the Sisters. On the whole, however, the reception of the nuns by the community at large was warm and heartening.

A woman of decision, Mother Augusta lost no time. With funds supplied by the Holy Cross community and minor sums collected from the Catholic mining men in the camps surrounding the city, she bought a piece of land located on what was then First West Street between First and Second South streets, on which stood a small adobe dwelling that she at once occupied as the first religious convent in Utah. Ground was broken for a three-story brick building, designed by Henry Monheim, a local architect, and, incredibly, the structure, though incomplete, was ready for occupancy on September 8. It was a typically Victorian schoolhouse, with tall, narrow windows and high-ceiled rooms. In later years additions were made to enlarge the classroom space and dormitories for the boarders as well as quarters for Sisters of the faculty.

The academy, named Saint Mary's, enjoyed an immediate success.

Other Sisters arrived during the course of the summer to staff it, and it opened with some eighty-five pupils, day students as well as boarders.

In the absence of precise records, it would seem that the majority of these were of Catholic parentage, young girls drawn from families scattered over the general area but principally from the mining towns, Park City in particular, that were springing up throughout the territory. As the first year drew to its close the Daily Tribune of June 10, 1876, announced a field day: "A grand excursion of the pupils of St. Mary's Academy is history of Catholic settlement after 1865. The other, also a commemorative volume, is One Hundred and Fifty Years of Catholicity in Utah, by the Reverend Louis J. Fries, issued to coincide with the installation of Bishop Mitty as Utah's third ordinary in 1926. Aside from minor inaccuracies these are useful guides. The present writer published a study, Cathedral of the Madeleine, on the occasion of the solemn consecration of the building in 1936. He also sketched the life of Bishop Scanlan in an article published in Utah Historical Quarterly (vol. 20, April 1952). Both these monographs, as well as his study, The Gentile Comes to Utah, 1862-1890 (Washington, D.C. 1941, and Salt Lake City, 1971), contain incidental information bearing on the subject.

The four Centenary Chronicles of the Sisters of the Holy Cross (Patterson, N.J., 1941), contain valuable information concerning the lives of pioneer Utah Sisters, with excerpts from their correspondence.

As is evident from the pages of this account, the files of the Salt Lake Tribune furnish a rewarding gleaning of material. From 1899, the date of its first publication, to the present, the files of the Intermountain Catholic, for many years edited by Father Denis Kiely, are indispensible.

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. . . to take place on the 3rd of July" with "arrangements for recreation of every conceivable character not inconsistent with Christianity." Later, on June 29, the Gentile organ noted that Archbishop Joseph S. Alemany of San Francisco, within whose spiritual jurisdiction the Utah mission lay, would visit the city and preside over the commencement exercises. The single graduate, Louise Heffernan, daughter of the commanding officer at Fort Douglas, received her diploma and shortly thereafter left to enter the Holy Cross novitiate at Notre Dame as Sister Rita.

The Daily Tribune, embarking on its long anti-Mormon crusade, was liberal in its notices of special events at Saint Mary's. On September 30, 1876, for example, it'headlined the "Sisters Fair," held in the "great hall" of the Wasatch Hotel, at which some twenty-seven hundred ballots, sold at fifty cents each, were cast in a popularity contest won by Miss Helena Gorlinski. The program was further marked by the appearance of "The Tennesseans," a traveling Black minstrel group scheduled to sing in honor of Mother Augusta who, it was claimed, had headed off a Negro massacre after the fall of Fort Pillow. The annual commencements were social as well as scholastic events of portentous length featuring the staging of such plays as Isabella (1878) or readings from Hamlet (1879). A visit of Mother Angela was duly recorded in 1877. "St. Mary's, of this city, may be described as her educational ward, and her visit here has been in its interest. The lady expresses herself as much gratified . . . and carries with her a number of rare specimens of Utah ores for the already large and valuable cabinet in Notre Dame." Under Mother Augusta's wing Miss Rose DeVoto, a war orphan whom the nun had reared at the mother house, came to join the faculty at this time, teaching art and literature.

From its first year's count the schools enrollment jumped to 150 in 1879 and during the 1880s and 1890s maintained an average of two hundred twenty-five to two hundred fifty, with a gradual preponderance of day students, corresponding to the growth of the local Catholic community. Nevertheless, to retire the indebtedness on Saint Mary's, Mother Augusta and her successors in office made periodic trips to Nevada and California, not only to enlist pupils but also to solicit funds in aid of the Utah missionary venture. These visits undoubtedly paved the way for subsequent expansion of the Holy Cross Sisterhood on the Pacific Coast.

For approximately a decade, 1876 to 1885, when All Hallows College for young men was opened, the Sisters conducted a grade school for boys, using the adobe house which had served as the temporary convent.

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In 1878, again at the instance of Father Scanlan, then vicar general of the archbishop of San Francisco for Utah Territory, Mother Augusta supervised the opening of a second academy, this one located in Ogden, which was developing into the principal railroad center of the area. Mother Charles was appointed to succeed her in Salt Lake, and Mother Francis was given the Sacred Heart Academy in Ogden. Utah State Historical collections, gift of M. J. direction of the new venBur son. ture named Sacred Heart Academy and housed in a fairly commodious building on the corner of Washington Avenue and Twenty-sixth Street. Adjoining the academy in a smaller structure, a boys' school was opened, at first under the direction of Florian DeVoto, father of the brilliant historian and editor, Bernard DeVoto. Like most of Florian's undertakings, however, it failed to prosper under his tutelage, and was taken over by the Sisters. The academy flourished readily, jumping from an initial enrollment of 100, as reported in the Catholic Directory for 1879, to an average of two hundred twenty-five in the 1890s. Ground for a more ambitious structure on the then upper reaches of Twenty-fifth Street was broken on September 24, 1890.

The faithful Daily Tribune (November 7, 1880) had warm words to say of the Junction City venture: The Sisters of Sacred Heart Academy are doing a good work in Ogden. . . . A glance at the list of students show [sic] that the school is not only well-attended, but the children of representative families of Ogden and vicinity are in the majority. The Sacred Heart Academy is second to none on the Coast as it is under the management of an institute that can command the ablest teachers in the country.

Local pride aside, it is certainly true that a number of the Holy Cross Sisters who taught in Utah in those early decades were highly educated and well-poised women. Mother Augusta and Mother Annunciata were later to be named superiors general of their community, and Mother

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Pauline, who directed Sacred Heart for some years in the early 1890s, subsequently became president of the present Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana.

An episode of four years, 1879-83, recounts one of the heroic missions of the Holy Cross Sisters in the Far West, in maintaining a hospital, and school at Silver Reef, a mining camp situated about sixteen miles north of St. George, in the isolated and broken land bordering Nevada.

Here ore had been discovered a few years previously by a Kentuckian prospector with the appropriate name of Judge William Tecumseh Barbee. Father Scanlan, alerted to the fact that a fair number of Catholics, Irish miners for the most part, had been attracted to the bonanza, had visited the camp and gauged the needs of the argonauts. Once again he turned to the Sisters, who responded by sending four of their number to serve the mission. By all counts this was one of the most challenging of the assignments of the period. A primitive hospital was opened, a frame church built, and in the basement of the church structure a little school was opened. Sadlier's Directory for the years indicated reported that some fifty children were enrolled in the school. In the October 1930 issue of Utah Historical Quarterly, Mark A. Pendleton recalled his boyhood days in Silver Reef: "Fond memories rushed upon me as I paused at the foundation of the Catholic church where I had often heard Father Scanlan preach and where the Sisters' school was held. Sister Bonita, the kind, the cultured, has been a blessed memory all these years, and Father Scanlan was beloved by all." The sudden exhaustion of the drift in 1883 caused Silver Reef to become a ghost town almost overnight.

In 1882 two other Catholic schools were opened in Utah, again with the Holy Cross Sisters as teaching staff. One was in Holy Cross Hospital, Salt Lake City, which had been founded in 1876 and later built on a block facing First South Street between Tenth and Eleventh East where the present plant stands. The school was designed to serve the children of the neighborhood and, from various indications, accommodated a limited number of orphans, likely waifs from the nearby mining camps. The other was a parish school for Park City, where Saint Mary-of-theAssumption served the largest Catholic concentration in the territory, far outdistancing in parishioners the parent foundation in Salt Lake City.

Under two devoted pastors, Father Patrick Blake and Father Thomas Galligan, the school flourished, reaching in the 1890s a peak enrollment of close to two hundred, though later, reflecting the vicissitudes of the industry, declining to something like half that figure. Another parish

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school, serving Saint Patrick's, Eureka, and the Tintic district, was opened in 1886 with a layman, William J. Bogan, in charge. For a time he also conducted a night school for the benefit of the miners. In 1887 the Holy Cross Sisters assumed the staffing of the little school.

A major decision of Father Scanlan, taken in 1885, was the launching of a school for boys, named in honor of the priest's own alma mater in Dublin, All Hallows College. With such limited resources as he possessed and with so few priests at his disposal, the move might well have seemed foolhardy. His determination, nevertheless, brooked no obstacles. The Daily Tribune for April 29 of that year carried the notice, "The Catholic Church has purchased a fine lot on the corner of 2nd South and 4th East for the purpose of building a school for boys and young men." The site was later identified as "Mother Sayer's lot." Construction got under way that summer with Henry Monheim again as architect. On May 31 a visiting notable, Monsignor George Capel (formerly rector of Cardinal Edward Manning's abortive attempt to make a success of a Catholic university for England, at Kensington), lectured in the Opera House on the theme "Is Religion Opposed to Science?" for the benefit of the pro-

All Hallows baseball team with Father Kelledy and coach John Frederick Tobin, second and third from left in rear. John Frederick Tobin Collection, Utah State Historical Society.

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posed institute, with Territorial Governor Eli Murray in opulent attendance. Progress dallied through the year, however, and it was not until September 19, 1886, that the school's doors were opened, with some ninety students registered. T h e Reverend Patrick Blake, formerly pastor of the Park City parish, was named president of this "preparatory college," designed as the equivalent of the modern high school and junior college on the typical European six-year plan. Scanlan himself took up residence there, and in spite of his multiple pastoral duties undertook some classroom teaching himself.

T h e first commencement, June 20, 1887, was noted in the Tribune: " T h e four-act drama of Henry V I I I was a trifle heavy for school boys to handle, but they pulled through it in pretty fair shape." T h e following year saw an enrollment of sixty boarders and seventy day pupils with an Italian priest, the Reverend Edward M. Nattini, who had recently come to Salt Lake City from the Idaho vicariate, in charge. He was credited, according to the Tribune announcement, with "twenty-four years' experience teaching in America and five in Europe." During the summer of 1887 Scanlan had been consecrated bishop as vicar apostolic of Utah Territory, with Laranda in Asia Minor as his titular see [Tribune, June 29, 1887). Returning to Salt Lake from the consecration ceremonies in San Francisco, the pioneer prelate continued his residence at the college for a short time.

Until the commencement of 1889 Scanlan continued the struggle to maintain the school under his own auspices, but the chronic shortage of personnel, especially of priests fitted or able to manage an institution of its kind, dictated its transfer to a religious community of men. During the summer of 1889 arrangements were made with the Marist Fathers (Society of M a r y ) . This was a religious community of priests and brothers, missionary in inspiration â&#x20AC;&#x201D; founded in Lyons, France, in the 1830s by Pere Claude Colin â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that had spread to the United States following the Civil War and was established in Maine and Louisiana.

T h e Marists took possession of All Hallows that fall, with Father J. J. Fox, a graduate of the National University of Ireland, as president, and a competent staff of priests. Fox's health proved unequal to the task, however, and he was shortly succeeded by Father J. B. Chataignier. In the later 1890s Father Thomas Henry held office for a four year period, and at the close of the decade Father Thomas Larkin took the reins.

Under the last-named, ambitious plans were developed for a much more advanced school, actually a full college, on a site "east of Liberty Park."

All Hallows College, southwest corner of Second South and Fourth East.

Nicholas G. Morgan Collection, Utah State Historical Society.

More circumspect counsels prevailed, however, which called for the enlargement of the existing plant by the building of a companion structure and a connecting chapel (1902). About the turn of the century All Hallows attained its highest enrollment, counting some 120 boarders and 60 day pupils. The figures do not clearly differentiate the classes, though a note in the Catholic Directory for 1902 specifies "105 collegians." Intimate touches of a bygone and less sophisticated era are found in occasional Tribune notices, such as that the young gentlemen of All Hallows who had sisters boarding at nearby Saint Mary's Academy might visit them once a month, or an account of a hilarious afternoon when the boys took turns riding on the newly installed Second South streetcars before returning for the usual late afternoon collation of sweet rolls, from which the school derived its familiar name of "Bun House."

A final educational project undertaken by Bishop Scanlan was an orphanage. The high mortality rate among the miners ("miners' con") had created a rather serious problem in the diocese of children orphaned or semi-orphaned, dependent upon charity. There is evidence that the Holy Cross Sisters, in their academies and in the school maintained at Holy Cross Hospital, had quietly cared for a number of these abandoned or neglected waifs. The problem weighed on the bishop's conscience,

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however, and in 1891 when he and his clergy moved into the present rectory of the Cathedral of the Madeleine, he turned the house he had been occupying on First South and Third East into a makeshift orphanage, managed again by the ever-faithful Holy Cross Sisters. Within a few years the facility was badly outgrown. Through the gift of $50,000, tendered by Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Kearns, formerly of Park City, whose wealth derived from the Silver King mine, a more adequate structure was assured in 1898. It was completed and occupied in May 1899. The average roll of the children cared for and taught there, including a few day pupils from Catholic homes in the vicinity of what was then Thirteenth South (now Twenty-first South) and Fifth East, approximated one hundred.

In all, by the time Bishop Scanlan had reached the scriptural threescore and ten and could survey his life work as a missionary prelate, say in 1913, he could count a student enrollment nearing the thousand mark in the schools he had founded, though the figures varied from year to year reflecting the economic conditions of the times. This speaks remarkably well for a diocese as widespread and i:hinly populated as his, with a census report for that year of twelve thousand five hundred. With only one institution did he experience disappointment, All Hallows College.

The cordial relations that had existed when the Marist Fathers assumed its direction in 1889 deteriorated during the first decade of the new century and finally reached a point of almost total estrangement. Who must bear the blame for this unhappy development is impossible to determine at this remove. Father John Guinan, who headed the school from 1902 to 1911 and who supervised the construction of the addition and the chapel, was a strong and positive character, eager to advance the welfare of the school and his religious community. Like his predecessor, Father Larkin, he dreamed of a greater All Hallows and despite declining enrollment purchased acreage on Salt Lake's East Bench (Thirteenth South and Sixteenth East) for the purpose. However, he was soon at loggerheads with Scanlan's vicar general, Father Denis Kiely, who was popularly thought to have swayed the aging bishop's mind against the Marist Fathers. With no official support from the diocese, the Marists were forced to recruit boarding students from neighboring states, but with the growth of Catholic colleges in California, the Pacific Northwest, and Montana, the field was straitly narrowed. By 1914, wdien the last president was named, the Reverend George Rapier, a man of extraordinary culture but of little administrative ability, All Hallows was in

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rapid decline. Its closing was deferred until after Bishop Scanlan's death, May 10, 1915.

With the succession of the Most Reverend Joseph Sarsfield Glass, C M . , as second bishop of Salt Lake, June 1, 1915, Catholic Utah received a chief shepherd whose previous career had been largely educational. As a priest of the Congregation of the Mission (Vincentians) he had been appointed president of Saint Vincent's College, Los Angeles, California, at the startlingly young age of twenty-six and had successfully headed it for ten years when the decision was made by his ecclesiastical superiors to withdraw from Los Angeles in favor of the Society of Jesus and concentrate their educational apostolate in Dallas, Texas. (The present Loyola University, Los Angeles, is the result of this transfer.)

After four years of pastoral work in Los Angeles, Glass was appointed to the Utah diocese and immediately manifested his concern for Catholic education. However, the decision of the Marist Fathers to abandon All Hallows frustrated his efforts to reach an agreement, and reluctantly he accepted the fait accompli of their withdrawal at the close of the school year of 1917-18.

To supply the want, especially for the boys of the city itself, Glass purchased a property on South Temple between Tenth and Eleventh East streets, and plans were drawn by the noted architect John Comes of Pittsburgh, whose genius had been employed by the bishop in the remodeling and redecorating of the Cathedral of the Madeleine (191718). Judging from the blueprints, still extant, this would have been an exceedingly handsome structure. But financial stringency dictated otherwise, and it was not until 1920 that the empty pile of the Judge Memorial Hospital was commandeered for a school serving the parishes of Salt Lake City. This impressive building, occupying a half-block between Tenth and Eleventh East streets and bounded by Seventh South, had been designed as a hospital for disabled miners and was the gift of the John Judge family, who held title to the property. For some years a group of Sisters of Mercy, a branch from the Sacramento, California, foundation, attempted to maintain the facility, both for its original purpose and as a general hospital, but lack of sufficient patronage forced its closing in 1915.

Essential repairs were made during the summer of 1920, and in September the staff â&#x20AC;&#x201D; eight Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul from the Saint Louis province of the community â&#x20AC;&#x201D; greeted an enrollment of some one hundred seventy-five youngsters, among them the writer, a seventh grader with a shining morning face.

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In Ogden the gradual growth of the Catholic community, largely connected with rail transport, called for a more adequate parish school to replace the makeshift frame boys' school, Saint Joseph's, which, since the relocation of Sacred Heart Academy, had been maintained on the old site with the Sisters of the Holy Cross in charge and an enrollment of about a hundred youngsters. In 1920 the revered parish priest of Saint Joseph's, Monsignor Patrick M. Cushnahan, whose pastorate spanned over four decades, undertook the construction of a more The Most Reverend Joseph S. Glass. Utah State modern and spacious building for both Historical Society collections, sexes, situated on Lincoln Avenue and courtesy Les Chipman.

Twenty-seventh Street where it still serves the same purpose. In subsequent years a. junior high department was added and was continued until the opening of the present Saint Joseph's High School.

As though to compensate for the failure of All Hallows College, the Holy Cross Sisters during the early 1920s, with the cordial encouragement of Bishop Glass, determined on a new plant for Saint Mary's Academy and the launching of a full liberal arts college program. The Gilmer property at Eleventh East and Ninth South streets was originally contemplated but (perhaps regrettably) passed over in favor of a site at the base of the Wasatch range to the east of the city. At the projected termination of Thirteenth South Street, this barren land, covered in the fall with golden sunflowers, commanded a magnificent view of the valley, the distant lake itself, flaming in the sunset, and the purple mountain ranges to the west. The academy's design was the familiar Tudor schoolhouse Gothic of the period, centered in a tower of strong proportions.

The building was ready for occupancy in September 1926 as Saint Maryof-the-Wasatch College and Academy for Women. By then death had taken Bishop Glass (January 26, 1926), and it was Utah's third bishop, the Most Reverend John J. Mitty, who presided over the dedicatory ceremonies following his installation in the cathedral on October 7, 1926.

During the four decades of its existence the college, while making a useful if modest contribution to the cause of Catholic education in west-

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ern America, fell short of the high hopes entertained initially for its success. Not that the Holy Cross Sisters scanted any effort to make it a school worthy of the great tradition, but circumstances, geographic as well as economic, militated against it. The first president, Sister Madaleva Wolfe, was an accomplished scholar, a gifted poet, and a competent administrator, as her later career at the head of Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana, was to amply demonstrate. But in Utah the Catholic population was much too small (some sixteen thousand in 1925) to support an independent college, while the multiplication of Catholic colleges for women in larger communities east and west, together with the pull of secular education in the state colleges and universities, kept student rolls at a depressing low. Never did the college enrollment reach the one hundred mark. Another weakness, caused by sheer financial necessity, was the continued operation of the academy and grade school departments under the same roof, a situation that was at first deemed only temporary but became a fixture. The college won its accreditation nevertheless, and if good teaching imprints something of a permanent mark on culture, the effort of Saint Mary-of-the-Wasatch was not in vain.

Bishop Mitty, born and reared in New York and a former seminary professor, was equally concerned to advance Catholic education in his diocese, insofar as his restricted resources would allow. His attention was quickly drawn to the school operating in the former Judge Memorial Hospital, under the name of the Cathedral School. With the consent of the Judge family, who ultimately deeded the entire property to the diocese, he undertook a radical rehabilitation of the structure, obviously not originally designed for classroom use. Under the supervision of a talented priest-administrator, the Reverend Joseph Sydney Keefe, significant improvements were made and the decision taken to institute a formal coeducational high school program to replace the somewhat haphazard junior high school curriculum then in effect. This move involved the replacement of the Charity Sisters by the Sisters of the Holy Cross and was carried out in 1927.

A further effort to service the Catholic community of Salt Lake City with adequate Catholic schooling had led Bishop Glass in his last year as ordinary to open a facility in the spacious basement area of the Cathedral of the Madeleine with, once again, the Holy Cross Sisters in charge.

When the Sisters of Charity relinquished their role at the Judge Memorial School they briefly replaced their companions of the Holy Cross order at the Cathedral School, but the operation was closed in 1930 when it

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became evident that the growing economic depression of the day called for consolidation rather than duplication.

In Carbon County, eastern Utah, a fairly strong nucleus of Italian and Croatian Catholics had been attracted to the coal mines or were employed by the railroads. The building of Notre Dame School in Price was sparked by a dynamic pastor, Monsignor Alfredo Giovannoni, who prevailed on the Sisters of Charity, then in charge of the Cathedral School in Salt Lake City, to take over instruction in this new area in 1927. In later years a junior high program was added to the curriculum.

Construction of a standard gymnasium for the Judge Memorial plant, built with funds largely collected by Bishop Mitty himself from benefactors in eastern America and completed in 1930, rounded out his educational effort in the diocese. On January 29, 1932, he was promoted as coadjutor archbishop of San Francisco to assist the aging and ailing Archbishop Edward J. Hanna. His successor, named that summer, was the Most Reverend James E. Kearney, a New York priest of great charm and vigor. As it happened, however, the five years of Kearney's episcopate in Utah, 1932-37, coincided with the Great Depression in its most acute stage, and the best Catholic education could hope for during those lean times was survival. Two small schools, Saint Mary's in Park City and Saint Patrick's, Eureka, closed their doors in 1932, reflecting the straitened circumstances of Utah's mining industry. Unquestionably, but for the self-sacrifice of the Sisters, who subsisted on exceedingly meagre salaries, and the unflagging support of the bishop, his clergy, and a devoted laity, the remaining schools of the diocese might well have followed suit.

In the summer of 1937 Bishop Kearney was transferred to the vacant See of Rochester, New York, and Monsignor Duane G. Hunt, vicar general of the Salt Lake Diocese, was notified of his appointment as Utah's fifth Catholic bishop. By then signs of economic revival augured renewed hope and prospects for advancement, but the outbreak of the Second World War two years later and America's entry into the conflict after Pearl Harbor precluded further educational expansion even though financial pressures were gradually relieved and enrollment in the schools began a steady upward climb. Not until 1948 was it possible to plan new facilities, and the first, appropriately, was a parish school for the Cathedral of the Madeleine. The edifice, opened in September 1949 and staffed by the Sisters of the Holy Cross, remained in operation for over two decades until population shifts within the area, coupled with the decline of religious personnel for the faculty, forced its closing.

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During the decade of the 1950s several further educational advances were registered, as the Catholic population of the diocese edged up to the fifty thousand mark. Provo, where nearby industrial plants had concentrated numbers of Catholic workers, had its grade school, built in 1955 by the Franciscan Fathers in charge of the parish and staffed by a community of Franciscan Sisters. For a period of eleven years, 1961-72, a high school department was added. To service the west side of Salt Lake City a grade school named in honor of Bishop Glass was opened in 1954.

In Ogden overcrowded conditions at Saint Joseph's School made the building of a separate high school facility imperative, the more so since Sacred Heart Academy, going the way of many such institutions catering exclusively to girls of high school age, had closed its doors in 1938.

(The structure was then utilized as a western province headquarters for the Holy Cross Sisters who continued for some years thereafter to conduct a kindergarten in the former classrooms.) The new Saint Joseph's High School, with a faculty made up of diocesan priests, Jesuit Fathers, Holy Cross Sisters, and lay teachers, is handsomely located at the base of the mountains rising to the east of the city and is a monument to the zeal of the long-time pastor of the mother parish, Monsignor Patrick Kennedy.

T h e construction of the Cosgriff Memorial School serving the Salt Lake City parish of Saint Ambrose, a gift of the Cosgriff family in honor of the late J. E. Cosgriff, and a school for Saint Olaf's Parish, Bountiful, were a crowning grace of Bishop Hunt's educational effort during his episcopate of twenty-three years. Both of these schools are staffed by the Sisters of Charity.

At the death of Bishop Hunt, March 31, 1960, his coadjutor, the Most Reverend Joseph Lennox Federal, became the sixth ordinary of the Salt Lake Diocese. During his years in office parish schools have been built in Our Lady of Lourdes, Salt Lake City, and Saint Vincent's, Murray. On the debit side must be recorded the closing of the College of Saint Mary-of-the-Wasatch which conferred its last degrees in June 1965. The academy continued in operation for six more years, when the community administration decided to discontinue the operation altogether and to dispose of the extensive property for building purposes.

In large measure, the closing of the academy was a consequence of the reconstruction of the Judge Memorial as a separate high school facility, with the relocation of the grade school as serving Our Lady of Lourdes Parish contiguous to both. The new high school, built facing Eleventh East Street, utilizing the existing gymnasium, was a major

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undertaking sponsored by Bishop Federal. For its faculty he was able to enlist the services of the Oblates of Saint Francis de Sales, a Delawarebased community of priests and brothers primarily dedicated to Catholic education. Initially the plan envisaged the Judge Memorial as a boys school, with Saint Mary's Academy serving the girls of the area. However, the separation of the sexes did not prove to be a popular move, and in 1971 the Judge Memorial became coeducational with the Holy Cross Sisters assisting on the faculty together with a number of lay persons.

The current enrollment is over seven hundred students.

In all, the Catholic Directory for 1975 reports a total of 2,773 young people under formal instruction in the Catholic schools of the Salt Lake Diocese, 863 in high schools, 1,910 in primary and grammar schools. In comparison with more than eight thousand Catholic youth listed as enrolled in the public schools of the state but registered for catechetical instruction at the various centers maintained in connection with the parishes, it would seem evident that the Catholic schools are fulfilling a minor, albeit important, role in the educational work of the Catholic church in Utah.

The Newman apostolate, named in honor of the great English churchman of the nineteenth century, convert and theologian John Henry Cardinal Newman, a mission to Catholic young people studying in the state or non-Catholic colleges or universities, aimed at their spiritual care and their instruction in religion in a manner suited to their educational advancement and interests, owes much to the pioneer work of Bishop Duane G. Hunt. A graduate in speech and dramatics of the University of Chicago, and himself a convert to the Catholic faith, he joined the faculty of the University of Utah in 191.5 and taught there for a year before beginning his studies for the priesthood in Saint Patrick's seminary, Menlo Park, California. Ordained in 1920 and assigned to the cathedral as an assistant pastor, he devoted his spare time to the needs of the Catholic students at the University of Utah, few in number though they were. Later, as pastor of the cathedral and as bishop of the diocese, he continued his interest and advanced the work as he could. In 1948, through the generosity of the late Walter Cosgriff, the Emery House, a former Episcopal youth facility adjoining the University campus, was purchased and has served since as the university Catholic center. At Utah State University in Logan a similar center was built, serving both the parish and the university community under the direction of Monsignor Jerome Stoffel who for many years has devoted himself to the

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work. Weber State College in Ogden now has a full-time chaplaincy, while other colleges throughout the state are served by the local priests who maintain the basic program of counseling and formal instruction.

The office of diocesan superintendent of schools has been operative in Utah since the time of the Reverend Joseph Sydney Keefe, who served in that capacity from 1923 until his retirement in 1937. For many years it was held in conjunction with the superintendency of the Judge Memorial School in Salt Lake City. A succession of qualified priests held the title, but it must be confessed (since the confessor is one of them) that it was more honorary than real. Inasmuch as the great majority of the teachers in the diocesan schools were Sisters of the Holy Cross, and their community was scrupulous in adhering to strict rules of training and accreditation, and inasmuch as curriculum adjustments were generally made in consultation with the school office of the Archdiocese of San Francisco, within which ecclesiastical province the Salt Lake Diocese is included, the problems that arose were minimal and quickly solved.

Within the past decade, however, the advisability of a full-time superintendent of schools with charge over the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, the official catechetical program, has been recognized, and the Reverend Joseph Fitzgerald presently fills the office, assisted by an adequate staff.

A hundred years of educational effort on the part of a relatively small religious minority in Utah, if it does not exhibit uniform progress and unqualified success, but records disappointments and failures as well, stands nevertheless as a tribute to the faith of the Catholic people, their ready response to the urgings of their spiritual leaders, and the zeal and dedication of the educators, religious and lay alike. In 1875 the prospects, however dark, were nevertheless illumined by a surety of purpose and an unwavering determination to uphold the spiritual ideals which inspired the founders. In 1975, despite a dominating and devouring philosophy of secular humanism, it is heartening to record that much of that same idealism still lives.

Schools and the means of education ought to be provided in every settlement in the Territory. Without this is done, the mass of the people will soon become grossly ignorant, the abject slaves of wealth and power, and the miserable dupes of every charlatan in religion or in politics. T o your wisdom I commend this most important subject for legislation; and sincerely hope a system may be devised by which all the children of a proper age in the Territory may within the ensuing year be counted in private or public schools.

Gov.

JAMES DUANE DOTY

December 7. 1864

Utah's Educational Innovation: LDS Religion Classes, 1890-1929

BY D. M I C H A E L Q U I N N

LDS seminary and institute program, the LDS "Religion Class Movement" was the first effort of the Mormons to supplement (but not to replace) secular education. Started in Utah in 1890, this was America's first experiment in providing separate weekdayreligious training for public school children. As developed by the LDS church, this instruction was given to children from the first through the ninth grades. Ultimately, more than sixty thousand elementary school children annually attended these classes prior to the discontinuation of the LDS Religion Class Movement in 1929. Since that time the Mormons have concentrated on providing weekday instruction to secondary and college students.

O I M I L A R TO T H E S U B S E Q U E N T

Mr. Quinn is a doctoral candidate in history at Yale University.

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The Religion Class Movement was in part a response to Utah's political and religious situation in 1890. By 1889 parochial schooling in Utah was dominated by the Protestants, who had almost sixty-five hundred pupils in 183 schools, and by the Catholics, who had a thousand pupils in 7 separate schools.1 By contrast the Latter-day Saints were relatively new to the field of purposeful denominational education in Utah.

During the early territorial period of Utah, Mormon leaders had controlled the public schools through appointing church members to educational positions and through incorporating LDS theology in the school curriculum. This policy disintegrated under the pressures of the federal "raid" on Utah in the 1880s. Because of the enforcement of the Edmunds Act of 1882 and the Edmunds-Tucker Act of 1887,- both aimed at breaking the temporal power of the church, the control of public education in Utah moved into the hands of non-Mormons. At this time denominational education in Utah was already dominated by Catholics and Protestants. In response, the First Presidency of the LDS church, in April 1886, urged the creation of an LDS school system and two years later inaugurated such a system.3 The initial result of the establishment of the General Church Board of Education in 1888 was the expansion of the number of LDS academies.

The academies combined secular and religious education just as did parochial schools. By 1890, however, the LDS leaders concluded that the academy program alone was inadequate to meet the challenge of sectarian schools and the "godless" education of the public schools.

The focal point of concern was the Free Public School Act that was passed by the Utah Territorial Legislature on February 18, 1890. A month later, the legislature passed a compulsory attendance law^. Because LDS doctrine could not be included in the secular curriculum of the public schools and since there were only fifteen LDS academies in operation in Utah by 1890, the church sought another method of providing LDS religious instruction for school children. On June 2, 1890, Karl G. Maeser, general superintendent of the LDS school system, suggested that church schools of elementary grade be established throughout the terri1 James R. Clark, "Church and State Relationships in Education in U t a h " (Ed. D. diss., Utah State University, 1958), 259.

2 The Edmunds Act of 1882 provided severe penalties for polygamists, disfranchised polygamists, and established a five-man commission to supervise elections and government appointments in Utah. By liberal interpretation, federal officials denied the franchise and rights of public office and jury duty not only to polygamists but also to persons believing in polygamy without practicing it. The Edmunds-Tucker Act of 1887 disincorporated the LDS church and declared its properties in excess of $50,000 escheat.

3

Clark, "Church and State," 102-9, 175, 246.

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tory. This was impossible due to the condition of church finances under the EdmundsTucker Act.4 As an alternative, Apostle Anthon H. Lund proposed to the General Church Board of Education that arrangements be made to hold theological classes for elementary ages in a separate building at the end of the school day.5 The proposal of Apostle Lund was the foundation for the Religion Class Movement.

On October 8, 1890, the LDS General Board of Education apApostle Anthon H. Lund proposed religious classes. Utah State proved the establishment of Historical Society collections, gift of such classes to be held either on A. Will Lund. a weekday basis or on Saturdays. Official announcement of the establishment of the religion classes was made on October 25, 1890, in a letter of the First Presidency which specified that such classes were to be organized in every ward and stake of the church where a church school had not been organized.0 With this pronouncement the Religion Class Movement began its forty-year history.

Presumably, religion classes were organized in several wards during the 1890-91 school year. In later years Joseph B. Keeler claimed that under the direction of Karl G. Maeser he had organized the first religion class in the church in one of the wards of Utah Stake, located forty miles south of Salt Lake City.7 From the beginning, however, there was less than enthusiastic support of the classes on the part of local LDS leaders.

One phase of the hesitance toward the Religion Class Movement concerned the relation it maintained to the other auxiliary organizations 4 Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), 365-79. ' G e n e r a l Board of Education Minutes, 1888-1902, June 2, 1890, manuscript, Archives Division, Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, hereinafter cited as LDS Archives.

8 James R. Clark, ed., Messages of the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 5 vols. (Salt Lake City, 1 9 6 5 - ) , 3 :195-98. ' G e n e r a l Board of Religion Classes Minutes, 1906-18, June 14, 1911, LDS Archives.

This claim, however, may not be accurate, since Maeser reported to President Wilford Woodruff in 1893 that he was having difficulty starting the religion classes in U t a h Stake because "those that have the charge of it have not the spirit of it." Maeser to Woodruff, August 23, 1893, Karl G. Maeser Letter Book, microfilm, LDS Archives.

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of the church, especially the Sunday Schools and the Primary. 8 Two months after the religion classes were inaugurated, Superintendent Maeser alluded to such contention but affirmed that "any kind of conflict between them is impossible whenever the spirit of the gospel is directing our course," 9 Despite his admonition, rivalry between the religion classes, the Sunday Schools, and Primary continued to some extent throughout the movement's history. Leaders of the Religion Class Movement repeatedly denied that it was "injuring the other organizations," yet some local officials insisted upon referring to religion classes as "the fifth wheel." As late as 1926 it was necessary to remind the church members that the religion classes were not merely a repetition of the Sunday Schools. 10 When the religion classes were launched, children of the same ages were already involved in Sunday School and Primary. It wras perhaps inevitable that the instruction and activities administered by the three organizations would overlap, and initial resentment by workers in the two older organizations was probably unavoidable. This situation resulted in what may be the first conscious effort of the LDS leadership at correlation of its internal organizations and class instructions.

T h e system of correlation that resulted from the introduction of the Religion Class Movement involved diversification of both goals and instruction. In the early years of the Religion Class Movement its purpose was to emphasize ethics and practical religion, wdiile the Primary was to stress theology. This divergence of emphasis can be seen in the first outlines for the religion classes.11 Despite this effort to separate the roles of the religion classes and the other organizations, critics claimed the religion classes infringed on the other two organizations.

In 1913 the LDS church formed a Correlation Committee wdiose principal object was to correlate the lesson manuals of the various organizations with a view to overcoming frictions that had existed for a decade. With representatives of each of the auxiliary organizations, this committee established areas of emphasis for each auxiliary. The Primary and Mutual Improvement Associations were directed to concern themselves with practical religion, ethics, economics, sociology, and athletics.

T h e Sunday School and Aaronic Priesthood (male youth) were to devote 8

The Primary concerns itself with children of preschool age up to adolescence.

9

Juvenile Instructor

(Salt Lake City), 26 (January 1, 1891), 32.

10

Ibid., 27 (January 1, 1892), 3 3 - 3 4 ; 28 (December 15, 1893), 763-64; 39 (January 1, 1903), 26; 38 (February 15, 1903), 116; 42 (January 1, 1907), 13-14; 61 (September, 1926), 52.

11 Suggestive Outlines for the Religion Classes of the Oneida Stake of Zion (n.p., n.d.), 1; Outlines for Religion Class Work (Salt Lake City, 1896), 12-15.

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lessons to sacred scriptures and church history. T h e women's Relief Society and Melchizedek Priesthood (adult men) were to stress the principles of the gospel, and the religion classes were to deal with sacred scriptures and church history. 12 Programs of correlation in the church were revised many times during the next six decades, but the effort at systematic correlation had its beginnings in 1913.

Although the work of the 1913 Correlation Committee had been designed in part to eliminate conflicts between the religion classes and the other auxiliaries, in some respects the committee inadvertently had the contrary effect. First, the committee reversed the general emphases of the Primary and the religion classes, giving to each the teaching role formerly reserved for the other. After over a decade of exactly opposite emphasis, the new directions required the workers in both organizations to alter their instructions radically. T h e time-lag for this transition quite naturally involved overlapping. Moreover, the correlation committee also gave the Sunday School and the religion class organizations similar subject matter for lesson material, which resulted in a more direct overlap and potential conflict. Therefore, although systematic correlation in the LDS church derived from a desire to avoid conflicts between the Religion Class Movement and the other auxiliaries, these potential conflicts were not entirely removed.

This friction between the organizations may have intensified the indifference of some ward bishops and stake presidents. Some local leaders contended that the religion classes were superfluous and resulted in too many meetings for the officers and teachers. 13 In 1902 Apostle Matthias F. Cowley reported that "he had found a lack of interest on the part of Stake Presidents and Bishops" regarding the religion classes.14 Perhaps the greatest embarrassment to the movement was the central stake of the church, Salt Lake Stake. In August 1903 the president of the stake, Angus M. Cannon, and the Salt Lake Stake High Council informed the General Board of Religion Classes that they would not support religion classes in the stake but that they would allow bishops their discretion in the matter. 1 5 It was not until after Cannon's release in April 1904 that religion classes were officially supported by the Salt Lake Stake. 10 As late as 1928 the Juvenile Instructor reported that eight stakes 13

Correlation Committee Minutes, 1913-20, pp. 16-18, LDS Archives.

13

Juvenile Instructor,

u

General Board of Religion Classes Minutes, 1900-1905, p. 46, October 1, 1902.

30 (November 15, 1895), 695.

'â&#x20AC;˘'Ibid., p. 81, August 5, 1903.

"Ibid.,

p. 124, September 8, 1904.

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were having difficulty getting bishops to cooperate with the movement.17 The president of the church, Heber J. Grant, became so exasperated at the reluctant support of some bishops that in 1928 he threatened to release every bishop who did not actively support the religion classes.18 Nevertheless, the Religion Class Movement was discontinued a year after President Grant's statement.

Despite passive resistance from some local leaders and indications of friction with the other auxiliaries, there is evidence that the LDS Religion Class Movement was vigorous and successful. One indication of its success is found in the statistics of enrollment and attendance. Where local leadership supported the program, as was true in most wards and stakes, the program developed rapidly. For example, the bishop of the wrard in Cleveland, Utah, reported in 1906 that 100 percent of the children of the community, both LDS and Gentile, attended religion classes.

In the same year 83 percent of the school children in Wasatch Stake were enrolled in the program, with 60 percent average attendance. 19 In most instances non-Mormon children also attended the LDS religion classes.20 Nevertheless, the enrollment of the Religion Class Movement was consistently about 40 percent less than that of the Sunday School and Primary. This is accounted for largely by the fact that enrollment in religion classes was a more formal procedure than either the Sunday School or Primary, with special arrangements to be made by parents for their children's attendance. Therefore, it was to be expected that total enrollment for religion classes would be less than for the other auxiliaries.

With respect to participation of enrolled children, the religion classes often proportionately equaled or exceeded the other auxiliaries. In 1919, for example, Rudger Clawson reported that religion classes had "an average attendance of 59% which is a higher percentage of attendance than in any other organization, except the Sunday School organization which has an average attendance of 62%." 21 In a statistical sense, at least, the religion classes demonstrated vitality.

17

Juvenile

18

Ibid., 63 (May 1928), 275.

Instructor,

63 (November, 1928), 652.

19

General Board of Religion Classes Minutes, 1906-18, p. 6, January 17, 1906; p. 18, April 7, 1906.

20 I n 1908, for example, 1.5 percent of the total enrollment of the religion classes were non-LDS. Presiding Bishopric, Annual Reports, 1908, LDS Archives.

21

General Board of Religion Classes Minutes, 1906-8, p. 12, June 1, 1919.

LDS Religion

Classes

385 R E L I G I O N C L A S S STATISTICS

T h e statistics on the Religion Class Movement are incomplete, but the following table was collated from a variety of sources at the church archives: School Year

Participating Wards

Participating Stakes

19 112 1891-92 19 1897-98 233 1898-99 1899-1900 31 33 1901-02 1904* 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 59 1912-13 65 1913-14 1914-15 66 71 1915-16 71 1916-17 72 1917-18 1918-19 (influenza epid<2tnic) 75 1919-20 81 1920-21 1922-23 595 87 1923-24 89 641 1924-25 1925-26 685 89 1926-27

Officers & Teachers

706 851 1,038 1,457

2,358 3,236 3,451 3,329 3,098 3,589 3,417

3,468 4,125 4,581

Total Pupils

14,538 15,753 19,701 35,080 25,264 23,945 25,629 30,700 34,257 32,062 33,765 37,287 37,149 34,743** 34,130 46,740 42,596 40,968 26,712 41,713 48,954 39,336 44,347 52,328 60,702 61,131

Average Attendance

17,628

22,932 24,578

27,021 27,047 59% 29,190

* T h e statistics for the years 1904-12 are from the Presiding Bishopric's Annual Reports and reflect annual statistics rather than school year statistics. ** T h e discrepancy between the enrollment for 1912 and 1912-13 may result from the fact that the 1912 report reflects the last half of the enrollment for the 1911-12 year and the first half of the enrollment for the 1912-13 school year.

In part, the success of the Religion Class Movement at the local level was due to the direction provided by the educational departments of the church. There were two administrative positions of the church that were concerned with all LDS educational activities and therefore exercised supervisory control over the religion classes. These were the general

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superintendents of church schools (1888-1933) and church commissioners of education (1919-23). Moreover, from 1900 to 1922 a general superintendent had the exclusive responsibility to supervise the religion classes throughout the church.22 During their history, the religion classes were also under the general jurisdiction of the Church Board of Education and from 1900 to 1922 had their own general board.23 These men traveled throughout the wards and stakes of the church, visiting religion classes and encouraging local workers in the program. The religion classes were characterized in the early years by a lack of central coordination of instructional materials until they were gradually directed by the same general officers. In 1896 the General Church Board of Education published its own suggested outlines, but it was not until 1913 that separate lesson manuals were issued for the individual school grades one through eight.24 Without the persistent, though bureaucratic, devotion of the general officers, it is unlikely that the religion classes would have enjoyed the success they did.

In addition to its work with school children of the elementary grades (expanded to include the ninth grade in 1923), the Religion Class Movement initiated a similar program for high school and college students. As early as the 1890s the LDS church had created institutions at Randolph, Salt Lake City, Huntington, Manti, Gunnison, and Parowan, Utah, and at Franklin, Idaho, which were called seminaries. These were not seminaries in the present LDS sense, but that term was initially borrowed from the usage of the sectarian schools of Utah Territory. These LDS seminaries were embryonic church schools in which academic and religious education was administered under the same jurisdiction. In the 22 The tenure of the men serving in these overlapping jurisdictions was as follows: general superintendents of church schools: Karl G. Maeser (1888-1901), Joseph M. Tanner ( 1 9 0 1 - 6 ) , Horace H . Cummings ( 1 9 0 6 - 1 9 ) , Adam S. Bennion ( 1 9 1 9 - 2 7 ) , Joseph F. Merrill ( 1 9 2 7 - 3 3 ) ; commissioners of education: David O. McKay ( 1 9 1 9 - 2 1 ) , John A. Widtsoe ( 1 9 2 2 - 2 3 ) ; assistant commissioners of education: Stephen L. Richards ( 1 9 1 9 - 2 3 ) , Richard R. Lyman ( 1 9 1 9 2 3 ) ; general superintendents of religion classes: Anthon H. Lund (1900-1919), Rudger Clawson ( 1 9 1 9 - 2 2 ) .

23 Among the members of the General Board of the Religion Classes from 1900 to its discontinuation in 1922 were the following men: Adam S. Bennion, George H. Brimhall, Joseph J. Cannon, Rudger Clawson, Samuel G. Clawson, Matthias F. Cowley, Horace H. Cummings, John Henry Evans, Heber J. Grant, Anthony W. Ivins, N. Andrew Jensen, P. Joseph Jensen, Louis A. Kelsch, James E. King, Richard R. Lyman, Joseph W. McMurrin, William A. Morton, L. John Nuttall, Henry Peterson, Charles W. Penrose, George F. Richards, Joel Richards, Edwin S. Sheets, George Albert Smith, Hyrum G. Smith, Hyrum M. Smith, Joseph Fielding Smith, Joseph W. Summerhays, Joseph M. Tanner, John Wells, Rulon S. Wells, Orson F. Whitney, Guy C. Wilson, Levi Edgar Young, Newrel K. Young, and Willard Young.

24 Among the authors of the religion class manuals were Harrison R. Merrill, Ida Smoot Dusenberry, Thomas L. Martin, Amos N. Merrill, P. Joseph Jensen, William A. Morton, Franklin S. Davis, and Melvin C. Merrill and Amy Lyman Merrill. In addition, supplemental works were provided, such as John Henry Evans's Black Gipsy and Other Stories (Salt Lake City, 1907).

LDS Religion Classes

387

1912-13 school year, the religion classes were experimentally extended to the high schools in the Granite and Morgan stakes in Utah. T h e General Board of Religion Classes supervised these experiments and on January 7, 1914, unanimously voted to ask for a budget of $5,000 "to be used for the Religion Classes, including High School Religion Class work." 25 By 1919 the program of religion classes for secondary students had been extended to so many schools that it was named the seminary program, was removed from the jurisdiction of the Religion Class Movement, and was made a separate program under the direction of the Church Board of Education. 20 In addition, the General Board of Religion Classes in 1901 unsuccessfully attempted to initiate a similar program for students at the University of Utah. 2 7 The Religion Class Movement was both forerunner and founder of the present-day seminary and institute program of the LDS church.

Moreover, the inauguration of the Religion Class Movement in Utah in 1890 pioneered the national program of inviting public school children to attend separate weekday religious instruction. Not until 1906 did other religious groups experiment with such a program in New York City, and not until the 1914-15 school year were organized programs of weekday religious education initiated by other religious groups in the nation. 28 In this respect the Religion Class Movement of the LDS church was a truly innovative educational development. The Sunday School programs had been borrowed from the Protestant denominations, a fact that caused initial resistance to it from Mormons. 20 The LDS academy program was also patterned after its Protestant and Catholic counterparts in Utah, and the development of church-sponsored colleges and universities was hardly unique to Mormons. Separate weekday religious education for public school children was a distinct contribution in Utah and Mormon history.

The Religion Class Movement also extended its influence beyond the public schools. In 1920, for example, the religion classes officially sponsored a fund-raising drive for the relief of suffering Jewish chil25 General Board of Education Minutes, 1911-28. excerpts, April 30, 1913, September 24, 1913, January 16, 1914.

20

Ibid., 1919-45, August 27, 1919. " G e n e r a l Board of Religion Class Minutes, 1900-1905, September 10, 1901, September 18, 1901.

28 Donald R. Gorham, "A Study of the Status of Weekday Church Schools in the United States" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1934), 4 - 6 . Dr. Gorham not only gives the Protestants credit for the idea and the establishment of weekday religious education, but on p.

17, he indicates that weekday religious education was not established in U t a h until 1920.

29

Religion Class Circular, carbon copy, p. 35, LDS Archives.

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Utah Historical Quarterly

dren in Europe. Announced in March of 1920, the "Jewish Children's Relief Day" had received donations of more than a thousand dollars within two months.30 The General Board of Religion Classes also was responsible for the establishment in 1908 of the Lund Home for Boys, designed to provide an LDS environment for wards of the juvenile court.

In all its operations the LDS Religion Class Movement adhered to a concern for the spiritual welfare of youth.

As with its later Catholic and Protestant counterparts, the LDS Religion Class Movement came close to church-state conflict in its relationships with public schools. The meetings of the religion classes were held in the public school buildings either before or after school hours. Most of the teachers of the religion classes were public school teachers, and the ward and stake leaders were in fact encouraged to select religion class teachers from among the LDS teachers in the public schools. All of this tended to make the LDS religion classes an ex officio extension of public school education. Although these arrangements were practical, they caused such vociferous opposition that in February 1905 the LDS First Presidency officially urged the religion classes to withdraw from public school buildings.31 This required that the classes meet in private residences or in the nearest LDS meetinghouse; either of these alternatives made it more difficult for elementary school children to attend. Therefore, despite the announcement of the First Presidency, religion classes continued to meet in school buildings, and the leaders of the movement lobbied for legislation that would allow released time and the use of public schools for religion classes of all denominations.32 On September 7, 1927, however, the Church Board of Education considered a paper by Judge Harold M. Stephens, distinguished Mormon jurist, on "The State, the School, and the Church." This paper seemed to climax a series of judicial opinions against the use of public school buildings for LDS religion classes.33 Religion classes were discontinued less than two years after this document was discussed by the LDS Board of Education.

39 General Board of Religion Classes Minutes, 1918-21, p. 29, May 5, 1920. The Presiding Bishopric Annual Report, 1920 shows that a total of $2,621.27 had been collected for the "Swiss and German Relief Fund," which presumably referred to the Jewish Children's relief fund, since there was no entry for a fund by this name.

31

Clark, Messages,

3:101-3.

32

General Board of Religion Classes Minutes, 1918-21, November 17, 1920, December 1, 1920; Commission of Education Minutes, 1919-23, pp. 113-14, September 13, 1921, LDS Archives. " G e n e r a l Church Board of Education Minutes, 1919-45, pp. 178-79, September 7, 1927.

Previous opinions against use of public school facilities had been given in 1914 by A.C. Matheson, Utah state superintendent of schools, and by A.R. Barnes, Utah state attorney general. See ibid., 1906-18, pp. 297-99 (June 3, 1914).

LDS Religion Classes

389

It would be a mistake, however, to conclude that the Religion Class Movement ended only because of church-state conflicts or for any other single reason. In the financial decline of 1928-29 all educational programs were cut back by the church. Discontinuing the religion classes and merging that program with the Primary organization eliminated a budget of several thousand dollars. This eventual action had been recommended as early as 1906 by Charles W. Penrose, counselor in the First Presidency after 1911, because he considered the religion classes a "partial failure." 34 Moreover, local leaders had continued their opposition to the program despite its demonstrated successes, and rivalry between the religion classes and the other auxiliaries had persisted for nearly forty years. These internal factors undoubtedly contributed to the decision to end the program. When the religion classes were merged with the Primary organization in May 1929, it was a response to internal pressures, economic considerations, and the church-state question.

During its forty-year history the LDS Religion Class Movement achieved distinction. It was an innovaion in religious education, and similar programs were later adopted by other religious denominations throughout the United States. Within the LDS church, the Religion Class Movement not only instructed elementary school children but was also instrumental in the establishment of systematic correlation of instruction within the church. Although no longer a part of the LDS educational system, the goals and institutional concepts established by the Religion Class Movement have been perpetuated in the LDS seminary and institute system.

34

General Board of Religion Classes Minutes, 1906-18, p. 10, February 14, 1906.

S T A T E M E N T OF O W N E R S H I P , M A N A G E M E N T , AND CIRCULATION

The Utah Historical Quarterly is published quarterly by the U t a h State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, U t a h 84102. The editor is Melvin T. Smith and the managing editor is Stanford J. Layton with offices at the same address as the publisher. The magazine is owned by the U t a h State Historical Society, and no individual or company owns or holds any bonds, mortgages, or other securities of the Society or its magazine.

T h e purposes, function, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for federal income tax purposes have not changed during the preceding twelve months.

The following figures are the average number of copies of each issue during the preceding twelve months: 3,625 copies printed; no paid circulation; 2,635 mail subscriptions; 2,635 total paid circulation; 150 free distribution (including samples) by mail, carrier, or other means; 2,785 total distribution; 840 inventory for office use, leftover, unaccounted, spoiled after printing, total 3,625. The following figures are the actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date: 4,000 copies printed; no paid circulation; 2,903 mail subscriptions; 2,903 total paid circulation; 150 free distribution (including samples) by mail, carrier, or other means; 3,053 total distribution; 947 inventory for office use, leftover, unaccounted, spoiled after printing; total 4,000.

Buds on the Tree of Knowledge: Early Views of BrighamYoung University In its centennial year, Brigham Young University can look back at a history of educational progress, tradition, and dramatic change. Photographs courtesy BYU Archives, Lee Library.

Opposite: Joseph F. Smith, Karl G. Maeser, Susa Young Gates, and George H. Brimhall arrived at College Hall in a carriage drawn by white horses for Founder's Day activities in 1900. Left: theatrical arts have remained part of the university curriculum.

Below: natural science classes in 1906 enjoyed field trips to such places as the Hot Pots with Dr. Joseph Sudweeks, left.

Opposite: the school's jersey herd was paraded for public inspection, ca. 1912; the Maeser Memorial Building from the athletic field, site of present-day Joseph Smith Building; coeds were eager to master domestic science in the early 1900s. Above: then as now, physical fitness was emphasized, as the winning team in the posture parade of 1924 illustrates; now the largest private university in the United States, Brigham Young University could, in 1902, assemble all students and faculty in College Hall auditorium.

Below: the grandstand on Temple Hill; industry and integrity, cherished concepts at BYU, were honored by 1903 students who posed with science professor E. S. Hinckley, back row right wearing black bow tie. Opposite: the Founder's Day tug-of-war in 1913 pitted the college against the high school with the college winning; Brigham Young Academy fielded a championship football team in 1897; Y Day in 1907 saw eager young men climb the hillside to build the first Y.

Brigham Young schoolhouse was located on the corner just east of the Beehive House. Charles R. Savage photograph, Utah State Historical Society collections.

The Two Miss Cooks: Pioneer Professionals for Utah Schools

BY JILL MULVAY

1870 some three-hundred fifty teachers opened schools in Utah Territory. A few have been remembered in local histories and one or two have been preserved in bronze. Amid the forgotten hundreds are Misses Mary and Ida Cook, highly trained and professional teachers whose impact on students and teachers was felt in Utah for almost three decades.

I N THE FALL OF

Two Miss Cooks

397

Less than a block of walking brought Mary Cook and her students from the Social Hall to Brigham Young's schoolhouse in October 1870.

Two teachers, Miss Cook and Mrs. Mildred E. Randall, had decided to combine their classes for an "exhibition." a program of student recitations. The occasion caught the attention and commendation of Deseret News editor George Q. Cannon who returned to the Social Hall a month later to see the pupils of Mary Cook and her sister Ida, this time taking with him President Brigham Young, George A. Smith, and Albert Carrington.

"We remained while the classes were exercised in reading and in geography, and were much gratified at the manner in which the lessons were conducted," the editor reported. Apparently he sensed that Utahns needed some introduction to the Cooks since he explained that they had recently come from Saint Louis where Mary Cook had just "declined an advantageous offer of salary" to come to Salt Lake City. The sisters possessed what must have been impressive credentials to both Mormons and Gentiles in the community where district schools were sadly lacking in qualified teachers: both were graduates of New York state normal schools. Cannon rightly predicted that it would not be long before their classes would contain all the scholars they could conveniently hold, and in the next few years hundreds of children found their way to the Social Hall school.1 Imposing a graded system upon the irregularly schooled Utah children must have exasperated the cultured Cook sisters. "They found a sad mixture of [skills] among their pupils, some far advanced in one study and far behind in others, no order, no uniformity, no regular books, and they had quite a struggle to grade their school properly, the pupils rebelling against such an unheard of system." So recalled a Social Hall scholar years later.2 Confusion eventually gave way to order and uniformity, but not necessarily boredom. Students familiar with the basic reading, spelling, arithmetic, and grammar that formed the core of the Cooks' curriculum found regular respite in dramatic and gymnastic exercises conducted on the stage of the old Social Hall. 3 And there were excursions, probably equally enlightening to the teacher-sisters new to Miss Mulvay is a historical associate in the Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

1 "Academy," Deseret News Weekly, November 9, 1870.

2 Annie Wells Cannon, "Women in Education," Woman's Exponent, June 1, 1888.

3 In 1919 Heber J. Grant commented that the Cooks had "startled the community by introducing athletics" as part of primary school curriculum. "Leaves from Old Albums," Deseret Evening News, June 14, 1919. This is not accurate, since the model school at the University of Deseret was offering gymnastics to its primary classes in the spring of 1870. See Levi Edgar Young, Dr. John Rocky Park (n.p., 1919), 22.

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Quarterly

Salt Lake City and their young students. One spring the classes traveled up City Creek Canyon, and the following spring they made a train excursion to Draper. Ever ready to make these well-trained teachers a model to teachers throughout the territory, the press constantly publicized and praised the Cooks' efforts. In reference to the Draper excursion, "Miss Ida Cook," the News was informed, "learned after getting on the last up train, that some of the excursionists were left behind and fearing that they might be children, actually got out at Sandy station and walked back to Draper, a distance of four miles, that she might remain with them all night." 4 T h e Deseret News seems surprisingly supportive of Mary and Ida Cook considering the usual Mormon disdain for Gentile teachers. Mary was apparently studying the Book of Mormon when she came to Utah, or at least shortly after her arrival, and both sisters w^ere baptized members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints early in 1871. 5 By spring 1871 the expertise of the Cooks had been noted by University of Deseret chancellor Daniel H. Wells, who decided with the regents' permission to employ the Cooks for the university. At this time the University of Deseret offered two courses of study: collegiate and normal. An academic department served as a high school wdiere students were primed for their college course work, and a primary department provided a model school where normal students could practice-teach.

In connection with the academic and primary departments the Cooks were to be employed. University president John R. Park and Chancellor Wells made Mary Cook an offer. She clearly stated her terms and Park arranged classes to meet her requirements. 0 In less than a month Mary E. Cook was named principal of the university's model graded school, Mrs. Randall's classes at the Brigham Young schoolhouse were incorporated as a grade in the school, and the model school itself was moved from a building opposite the south gate of the temple block to the Social Hall.

Later that spring John Park ordered publication of the University of Deseret's third annual catalog for the school year 1871-72. Along with the instructors listed for the collegiate courses, Ida Cook was listed 4 5

" T h e School Excursion," Deseret News Weekly, May 22, 1872.

Edward W. Tullidge, The Women of Mormondom (1877; reprint ed., Salt Lake City, 1973), 5 2 4 ; Certificate of Baptism for Mary and Ida Cook, manuscript, Early U t a h Collection.

Archives Division, Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, hereinafter cited as LDS Archives. " J o h n R. Park Diary, April 17, 1871, as quoted in Ralph V. Chamberlain, The University of Utah: A History of Its First Hundred Years . . . (Salt Lake City, 1960), 96.

The multi-purpose Social Hall also served as a school building in the 1870s.

Utah State Historical Society collections.

as an instructor in the academic department and Mary Cook as principal of the primary department or model school. But before the summer was out the regents asked Park to abandon his plans for a collegiate course.

Karl G. Maeser, Dan Weggeland, and others who had been scheduled to teach college courses were excused, and Park himself was called on an "education mission" to visit schools in the eastern United States and Europe. M. H. Hardy was to take charge of the model school and academic department for the year Park was away; he resigned and the responsibility fell to Mary and Ida Cook. The primary grades continued under Mary at the Social Hall, and Ida moved her academic classes to the Council House.

Feramorz Young, son of President Brigham Young and anxious thirteen-year-old candidate for the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, studied under Ida Cook in the Council House during the winter of 187172. A small diary he kept during this period provides glimpses of his curriculum and his instructress. He used Colburn's arithmetic, Cornell's geography, Greene's grammar, Quachenbo's composition, Anderson's U.S. history, and Wilson's speller â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the same books recommended in 1868 by territorial superintendent Robert L. Campbell in an effort to get

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Utah Historical Quarterly

teachers to adopt uniform texts. At one point Fera lamented that he had "nearly lost spirit in school it being very dull," but a few days later he wrote proudly that he was "thoroughly established in the following lessons": history of the map and physical geography of North America, fractions, and extracts from the national fifth reader. Feramorz admired Ida Cook's thoroughness and dedication, and when she was ill and her sister Mary took the class, he simply commented that "Miss Cook is not well enough acquainted to teach us as Miss Ida does."7 The academic year closed in the spring of 1872, the Cooks having run up a $1,643.10 deficit, due mostly to delinquent tuition fees. Six hundred and sixty-two students had been enrolled during the year, an indication that the Cooks had significant administrative responsibilities in supervising teaching assistants.8 The next fall the university opened under the principalship of Mary Cook; but Dr. Park returned in November, and when spring term opened in February he was again in charge.

Park had been frustrated by the delay in setting up his collegiate course and was anxious to make the university an academic institution, less concerned for the time being with normal training and the model school.

Thus, even though during the 1872-73 school year the Cooks' school at the Social Hall was announced as part of the university, its students were never recorded in the official books and it was not considered an integral part of the university.9 But the sisters and their scholars at the Social Hall had by this time gained an unimpeachable reputation for excellence, and the Social Hall school was well supported for the next five or six years. The school was large and continued to require numerous assistants, providing opportunities for normal training which became almost as significant as the training of the younger pupils. Emmeline B. Wells, Woman's Exponent editor, praised Mary Cook's system that "prepared many young ladies well for practical work as teachers, giving several an opportunity to assist her, and thus having the benefit of her supervision and suggestions to fit them better for other spheres of labor."10 The Cooks concerned themselves with other aspects of normal training in Salt Lake City, conducting normal classes for the teachers' association and making presentations 7 Feramorz Young Diary, January 2, 1872, to February 25, 1872, under dates January 24 and February 1 and 2, holograph, LDS Archives.

8

Chamberlain, University

of Utah, 9 7 ; Deseret News Weekly, June 26, 1872.

9

Chamberlain, University

of Utah, 102.

10

" H o m e Affairs," Woman's Exponent,

July 1, 1878.

Two Miss Cooks

401

at one- and two-week normal institutes held for teachers in the territory during the summer and early fall.11 Mary and Ida Cook did not continue long as a team, and their later lives in Utah are best illustrated in terms of their individual achievements. Mary Elizabeth Cook, an "apostle of education" as Edward Tullidge would ordain her, was thirty-five years old, steady, quiet, and dependable when she arrived in Salt Lake City. Her poised temperament and able handling of the University of Deseret for the year of John Park's absence placed her in the public eye and won her the respect and confidence of citizen-parents and leaders. She was engaged by John Park to work with him and John Morgan in recommending a program for grading territorial schools, and for some years she served on the executive committee for the Salt Lake City Teachers' Association. A model teacher in the minds of many individuals, Mary not only taught a normal course for Sunday School teachers, but Relief Society sisters in Salt Lake City elected her vice-president and teacher of their physiological class held in the Social Hall.

In July 1874, just four years after the opening of her first school in Salt Lake City, Mary Cook was named to the People's party ticket as nominee for Salt Lake County superintendent of common schools. Two days following public announcement of the tickets a concerned "Citizen" wrote to the editor of the Salt Lake Daily Herald: "Is Miss Cooke or any other lady eligible, under the laws of this Territory, to this office?

The law creating the office of County Superintendent of Schools was approved Jan. 19th, 1886, and it is clearly manifested by that act that none other than male citizens were to be entitled to hold the office thus created." In fact the law referred to is stated in terms such as his office, his successor, he Shall qualify. Taking into account this law, the 1859 law regarding territorial officers and jurors, and the 1870 act granting the franchise to Utah women, the Herald concluded: "We think under the law, Miss Cooke â&#x20AC;&#x201D; who is a very estimable lady, and we understand fully qualified to perform the duties of the office â&#x20AC;&#x201D; is ineligible."12 Without publicized debate or objection, it was generally conceded that Mary Cook was ineligible, and a party caucus withdrew her name from the ticket. One wonders if Emmeline B. Wells's 1878 Exponent article praising Mary Cook for her "untiring perseverance under the most un11 Robert L. Campbell to Editor, Deseret News, November 20, 1871; Deseret News November 29, 1871.

12

"A Question," Salt Lake Daily Herald, June 15, 1874.

Weekly,

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propitious circumstances" reflects unforgotten disappointment with the People's party decision.13 The professional setback did not affect Mary Cook's work at the Social Hall. The graded school â&#x20AC;&#x201D; covering primary, intermediate, and grammar courses â&#x20AC;&#x201D; was advertised as a preparatory school, one that would ready students for class work at the university. Attesting that the school did just that, Salt Lake Daily Herald editor Edward Sloan commented in 1878 that from Mary Cook's school "the University of Deseret has probably secured as many scholars as from all others put together and satisfaction has been the result."14 Few if any ward schools could offer such a comprehensive course and almost none of them were graded.

In 1874 inclusion of a high school department expanded the school into the Thirteenth Ward schoolrooms nearby where classes were offered in botany, mineralogy, Latin, German, algebra, and civil government.

For almost a decade the Social Hall school year never opened or closed without the press observing the occasion with fitting encomiums.

These little blurbs are really all that exist to suggest the quality of the school or Mary Cook's particular competence in certain areas. She had an expertise in elocution. George Q. Cannon on his first visit to the school had remarked on the "particular pains being taken" to impress upon students "the necessity of entering into the spirit of what they read, and of expressing it naturally and in tones adapted to convey the full force of the sentiment to the listener." At the close of the 1875 fall term, the students held an exhibition for their parents. "Recitations, essays, select readings, Dialogues, songs and music composed the programme. All passed off successfully reflecting much credit upon the worthy principal and assistant teachers as well as the pupils."15 Appropriate to their location at the Social Hall, the students of Mary Cook frequently presented dialogues and dramas â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "graded school theatricals" they were sometimes termed in newspaper accounts. One well-reviewed program in 1876 consisted of songs, instrumental music, select readings, declamations, essays, and tableaux. Apparently the tableaux stole the show, especially the portrayal of "Girls of the Period," presenting a girl of 1776 spinning flax and looking happy and plump, and a girl of 1876 delicately reclining on a lounge with a novel in one hand and a poodle in the other.

13

"Home Affairs," Woman's Exponent, September 1, 1878.

"Closing Exercises," Salt Lake Daily Herald, June 21, 1878.

15 "Academy," Deseret News Weekly, November 9, 1870; "Home Affairs," Woman's ponent, November 15, 1875.

14

Ex-

Two Miss Cooks

403

Mary Cook's Social Hall school was of sufficient stature to secure as teachers some of the territory's most prominent women. In 1874 Eliza R. Snow, Zion's famed poetess and much-involved administrator of the women's organizations among Latter-day Saints, joined Mary Cook's staff as a special instructor in composition and elocution. Dr. Ellen B. Ferguson, accomplished linguist, able instructor in both vocal and instrumental music, and eventually first resident surgeon at the Deseret Hospital, teamed up with Mary Cook in 1877 as teacher of the senior scholars. T h a t women of this caliber were willing to become involved with the Social Hall school reflects something of the high regard held for Mary Cook and her "model seminary." 10 T h e school's popularity among church and community leaders is further manifested in an account of the closing exercises in June 1878.

John Taylor, president of the LDS Council of the Twelve, gave an address congratulating Miss Cook on her success. Apostles Wilford Woodruff, Daniel H. Wells, and Joseph F. Smith were also present, and though these men may or may not have had children in the school, their presence certainly indicates their support of Mary Cook's professional endeavors. 17 In the fall of 1877, St. George correspondents informed the Deseret News that their four school districts had been consolidated and that trustees Henry Eyring, Isaiah Cox, and A. R. Whitehead were preparing the basement of the tabernacle for the purpose of establishing a graded school there. "Miss Mary Cook, from your city, a lady thoroughly qualified and of no ordinary repute as a teacher, has been employed for the winter." 18 Mary Cook must have stayed but a few months in St. George and then returned to Salt Lake City to finish out the year at the Social Hall. But she went back to St. George again the next fall, and the St. George Union carried an advertisement for her high school to be held in the basement of the tabernacle. Though Mary Cook's specialty was in primary grade work, it was probably easier to find teachers qualified to teach the primary and intermediate grades than to find one qualified to teach high school.

Exactly what influence Mary Cook had on schools and students in St. George or what her own response was to the community is difficult to ascertain. She stayed only ten months. In one of few St. George 18 "Miss M. E. Cook's Graded School," Woman's Seminary," Deseret News Weekly, November 14, 1877.

17 18

"Home Affairs," Woman's Exponent,

Exponent,

February 1, 1874; "A Model

July 1, 1878.

Cactus to Editors, Deseret News, December 9, 1877; Deseret News Weekly, 19, 1877.

December

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reminiscences of Mary Cook a student recalled that she "was a good teacher for the times," b u t we little girls thought she favored the boys; especially one day when she kept her whole arithmetic class in d u r i n g the entire noon hour, with the exception of T h o m a s P. C o t t a m , w h o m she dismissed with the r e m a r k : " M r . C o t t a m , I think your head aches." 1 9

When Mary Cook returned to Salt Lake City she continued teaching, although the press provides no telling glimpses of either "M. E. Cook's Graded School" or classes at the Social Hall during this period.

Local directories for the 1880s list Mary E. Cook, schoolteacher, residing in Salt Lake City at 323 East Third South with her mother Sophia King Cook whom she had brought to Salt Lake City in 1875. A younger invalid sister, Cornelia, also lived with Mary until the younger sister's death in 1885.20 In 1876 Eliza R. Snow had invited Mary Cook to serve as first vicepresident of the committee for the ladies' centennial territorial fair.21 Yet, despite Edward Tullidge's assertion in his 1877 Women of Mormondom that Mary Cook was a "rising leader among the women of the church," Mary was never long in the foreground. In 1887 she was called as general secretary of the Young Ladies' Mutual Improvement Association under president Elmina S. Taylor but served only until the fall of 1891 when she left Utah to live in the east.22 If Mary Cook's star was setting during her last years in Utah, her sister's star was rising. Ida lone Cook, "the gifted original thinker" known for her "somewhat erratic temperament and her scorn of male dominance," was barely twenty when she arrived in Salt Lake City with her older sister. That she was soon esteemed capable is apparent from John Park's willingness to employ her at the University of Deseret. Ida subsequently worked as an assistant but never as copartner at the Social Hall which, it would seem, was really Mary Cook's enterprise, Mary being fifteen years her sister's senior. Young Ida, restless for independence, did not continue at "M. E. Cook's Graded School." In September 1875 the Woman's Exponent announced that Ida Cook would open a high school in Logan, Utah, commenting: "She is a young lady of pleasing manners, possessing intelligence, culture and refinement and one in19 Josephine J. Mills on schools in Washington County in "The University of Utah and Other Schools of Early Days," Kate B. Carter, comp., Heart Throbs of the West, 12 vols. (Salt Lake City, 1939-51), 12:40.

20 Robert W. Sloan, Utah Gazeteer and Directory (Salt Lake City, 1888), 110.

21 "Woman's Centennial Territorial Fair," Woman's Exponent, June 1, 1876.

22 Susa Young Gates, History of Y.L.M.I.A. (Salt Lake City, 1911), 89.

Mary Elizabeth Cook and Ida lone Cook brought professionalism to Utah schools. Photographs from LDS Archives and Utah State Historical Society.

finitely calculated to carry an influence for improvement among the circle where she associates." 23 Ida Cook's influence would be felt in Logan for the next twenty years. In the summer of 1876 she served as principal of a two-week Cache County normal institute, the object of which was to bring about some uniform method of teaching throughout the county. In August she returned briefly to Salt Lake City to work with the normal institute there, demonstrating the "word method" of teaching reading, probably a method similar to the current word recognition technique. 24 September saw Ida Cook's plans for a high school materialize. The Logan board of education employed her on the following terms: "Ninety dollars per month if the school makes it, if not Eighty dollars per month. In the event the school makes $100 per month or over, she is to receive one hundred dollars per month." 2 5 This salary indicates the board's high regard for the twenty-five-year-old professional, since starting salaries for teachers were as low as $25 per month. By 1877 Ida Cook's high school 23 Untitled typescript dealing with Karl G. Maeser, John R. Park, and Ida lone Cook, p. 7, Susa Young Gates Collection, Box 17, U t a h State Historical Society, Salt Lake City; "Home Affairs," Woman's Exponent, September 15, 1875.

24 Charles C. Shaw to Editor, Deseret News, July 22, 1876; Deseret News Weekly, August 9, 1876; "Normal Institute," Deseret News Weekly, August 16, 1876.

25 Joel E. Ricks and Everett L. Cooley, eds., The History of a Valley: Cache Valley, UtahIdaho (Logan, 1956), 339.

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(advanced third, fourth, and fifth readers) claimed 114 of the 456 students attending Logan schools.

Even greater successes for Ida Cook were in the offing. In August 1877 Feramorz Young's "Miss Ida" made the improbable leap from young female high school principal to superintendent of district schools for Cache County. With no hesitation she shouldered the responsibility and headed up a month-long normal school during the few weeks preceding the academic school year. Orson F. Whitney, in referring to Miss Cook's election as superintendent, declared that she was "the first woman in Utah, perhaps in the entire West, to hold a position of that prominence." 20 Still there is some question as to how long Ida Cook served in that capacity. The laws regarding county superintendents had not been changed in the three years since Mary Cook's name had been quietly withdrawn from her party's ticket because of her sex, and apparently there were problems for the younger sister as well. Annie Wells Cannon, paying tribute to Ida Cook some years later, said that Ida had been "elected to the office of school superintendent for Cache County, but owing to existing laws against women holding office was not allowed to act; the word male in the organic act prohibiting women as teachers from occupying positions of emolument and trust."27 In 1880 Charles W. Penrose, pleading unsuccessfully for a bill to remove the political disabilities of women, argued that "Cache County would have elected a lady to the office of County Superintendent of Schools, one who had proven to the people her ample qualifications for the post, but the law forbade it." 28 If the Utah legislature was insensitive to the abilities of women like the Cooks in education, Brigham Young was not. A month before his death he had deeded to a board of trustees a tract of land in Logan to be used for the support of a new academic institution â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Brigham Young College. Parties named in the deed of trust included Brigham Young, Jr., M. D. Hammond, and Ida lone Cook. President Young had been anxious for the school to open in September 1877, but due to some financial difficulties the first term did not begin until September 9, 1878, when rooms were rented in Logan City Hall and Miss Ida lone Cook took charge as the school's first principal. Her term as principal of the Brigham Young College would extend until she resigned the position in 1884.

26

Orson F. Whitney, Brigham Young College, a History, 8, pamphlet reprinted from University Magazine (June 1896).

27 Cannon, "Women in Education."

2S "Speech of Hon. C. W. Penrose," Woman's Exponent, February 1, 1880.

American

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Brigham Young had stipulated in deeding the land that in the college "all pupils shall be instructed in reading, penmanship, orthography, grammar, geography and mathematics . . . and the Old and New Testaments, Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants shall be standard textbooks in the College . . . and further, no book shall be used that. . . in any manner advances ideas antagonistic to the principles of the Gospel."29 In this regard Ida Cook seemed a promising choice as principal, her particular determination being that a student's knowledge of the gospel should be manifest in his conduct. She told students: All the doctrines of the faith which we have espoused tend to train our faculties and enable us to subject ourselves to the laws of God, but we sometimes act as if possession of the law was all that is required and do not measure our conduct by the law, hence we do not acquire the discipline and culture we so much desire. 3 0

She required courteous conduct from her pupils. "We were taught to raise our hats to Apostles, Bishops, and officers of the various organizations, and always to women. Those who adopted [Miss Cook's] instructions are among the leaders in the communities where they reside," reminisced a student years later.31 The first year 71 students enrolled.

The next year the number had increased to 198, of whom 49 were in primary grades, giving older students opportunity for normal training.

Ellen Nash Parkinson remembered her "adored principal" Ida Cook as a teacher-trainer: She scared me at first because she demanded hard work, but we got along famously, though my schooling had been so irregular I had to take a very heavy course to catch up. When I had been there a year, she suggested my name as a teacher for the Franklin school. I felt utterly incapable but with her insistence and that of the trustees I went home to teach. 3 -

Ida Cook's influence on young people extended beyond the circle of her students. At the same time she served as principal of the college she was active in local church organizations, being called to the Cache valley stake YLMIA presidency as first counselor. She encouraged the YLMIA girls to use the money they raised at parties and entertainments to purchase books for their libraries, and Ida herself took charge of coordinating orders and supplying the books.

29 Prospectus of the Brigham Young College ... jor 1884-85 (n.p., n.d.), 6, pamphlet in LDS Archives.

30 Ida lone Cook, "Discipline and Culture," Contributor, 8 (May 1887), 277.

31 "History of Nels August Nelson," p. 16, typescript, LDS Archives.

32 Ellen Elvira Nash Parkinson Journal, in Carter, Our Pioneer Heritage, 17 vols. (Salt Lake City, 1 9 5 8 - ) , 8:206.

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Her work even extended into adult education. In 1885 the Logan Temple Association organized a school to be conducted in the temple.

Appointed instructors delivered monthly hour-long lectures in theology, civil government, languages, history, domestic and political economy, and natural philosophy. For some time Ida Cook served as a regular instructor, the only woman to do so during the school's fifteen-year history.33 Ida was not only well respected as a fine teacher and administrator, but she was personally well liked. As a young man, George Thomas, later president of the University of Utah, became acquainted with Ida Cook at a dance in Benson to which she had been escorted by one of her students.

H e r piercing black eyes, prominent nose, and outstanding personality impressed themselves upon me to such an extent that I shall never forget her. She asked that I be introduced to her, although I was a mere boy, and following the introduction I m a d e bold to request a dance with her, which was graciously granted. 3 4

In 1890 the laws governing the election and responsibilities of county superintendents wore changed, making any registered voter eligible for the office. In 1892 Ida Cook became principal or general coordinator of the Logan schools. When she resigned after one year in the position, the school board refused to accept her resignation and elected her superintendent of the city schools at a salary of $1,500 per year-â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the highest salary ever offered a Logan teacher up to that time. She immediately set to work instigating the numerous reforms she considered necessary. Recognizing that month-long normal institutes could not adequately train teachers for the higher grade levels, Ida proposed to hire some competent woman teachers she knew in Chicago, and the school board agreed. Writh full support from the school board it seemed the government of Logan's schools was totally in the hands of Ida Cook.

She set the rules and regulations, examined teachers for certification, and hired, assigned, and dismissed them. She fired one male teacher when he hugged and kissed young girls and a female teacher who protested; she dismissed another for frequenting saloons.35 The zealous Miss Cook held the position of superintendent for one year. Maybe her high-powered changes disturbed the school board and 33

See Melvin A. Larkin, "The History of the L.D.S. Temple in Logan, Utah" (M.A. thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, 1954), 146-55; Cook, "Discipline and Culture," 277-80.

34 "Latter-day Saint Schools," in Carter, Heart Throbs, 11: 125-26.

35 Ricks and Cooley, Cache Valley, 339.

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parents and lessened their confidence in the woman whose eastern training and background must have seemed at times so alien to their own. Or perhaps Ida Cook herself, having reached the pinnacle position for a schoolteacher in a small western city, did not find it sufficiently stimulating and prepared to move on. In any case, the year following her short term as superintendent found her in Salt Lake City, not teaching school but marketing patent medicines. By 1896 she was on her way to Denver where she again became involved in education.30 The two Miss Cooks disappeared from Utah as quietly as they had arrived twenty-five years earlier. Whether either or both married or whether they spent the remainder of their lives together or apart is not easily determined. They had ties in Denver where their brother had served two terms as mayor, in Saint Louis where they had spent some eight or ten years prior to coming to Salt Lake, and in New York where they had been born, raised, and educated. Their destination is not so important as their mid-career departure and the comment that that might make on late nineteenth-century life in Utah. Was there insufficient culture and sophistication for educated easterners? In a society that placed such value and emphasis on marriage could the single career woman feel comfortable? Did the well-established arc! homogeneous Mormon culture ostracize newcomers?

Both Mary and Ida Cook made significant contributions during their stay in Utah. Their schools served as models and their training in curriculum and methodology gave many new teachers exposure to normal training that they could not have had otherwise. If the two Miss Cooks had remained in Utah, they may never have made more outstanding contributions than they did in their first twenty-five years here, but they may not have been so easily forgotten.

30 Heber J Grant recollections in "Leaves from Old Albums" ; R. L. Polk and Company, Salt Lake City Directory (Salt Lake City, 1896), 228.

T h e schools of tomorrow will deal far more with the "living present." Their chief effort will be directed towards the development of the intellectual resources of the community, with application to all kinds of every day problems. T h e courses, the texts, the teachers, will aim at meeting the child on his own ground, and directing his work toward effective self-expression, with a view to the highest service, whether that service find expression in potatoes or poetry.

H O W A R D R. DRIGGS

The Utah Educational Review April 1916

William C. Staines.

Curtis Y. Clawson Collection, Utah State Historical Society.

William C. Staines: "English Gentleman of Refinement and Culture JJ

BY M A X J . E V A N S

transplanted as they were in the Far West from the mature social structure of Illinois, wasted no time in making Salt Lake City a major urban center. They established governments, businesses, theatres, schools, libraries, and other institutions typically found in older and better established communities. While the pioneers â&#x20AC;&#x201D; farmers, miners, craftsmen, and tradesmen â&#x20AC;&#x201D; made the community prosper, JLHE MORMONS,

Mr. Evans is assitant church librarian-archivist for the Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

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another class contributed to its social, cultural, and educational life. William C Staines represents that class.

H e was not part of the official Mormon hierarchy; he belonged to no prominent family; he is not remembered for the number of men he killed; he won no prizes for the size of his posterity; he burned no army supply trains; he pioneered no Mormon settlements. William C Staines fits none of the stereotypes of the Mormon frontier m a n ; he has been forgotten.

Although obscure today, Staines occupied prominent positions during his lifetime, first as territorial librarian for twelve years, and later as emigration agent for the church. A look at Staines's life shatters the image of the bookish, introverted librarian. Cosmopolitan and sophisticated, Staines contributed much to territorial Utah and nineteenthcentury Mormonism. Obviously, not all can be Leonardos or Jeffersons, but Staines's interests and activities indicate that he at least approached the ideal of the Renaissance man.

In the Mormon time frame, Staines fits the Nauvoo-early Utah period. Born in England in 1818, he joined the church in 1841 and immigrated to Nauvoo in 1843 and to Utah in the fall of 1847. Staines made his home in Salt Lake City until his death in 1881, but he traveled frequently to New York City and other distant places after 1863 as emigration agent for the church. 1 H e was a religious man and a church man. Upon his conversion at the age of twenty-three, he claimed some spiritual manifestations, strengthening his faith. He left England for Nauvoo within two years of his conversion.

O n the way west in 1846, Staines spent six months preaching Mormonism to the Ponca Indians along the Missouri River. 2 This was the first of his proselytizing missions. Upon his return to England in 1860 as a missionary, he became president of the London Conference of the church, and later he served in Utah as a home missionary during 186364. In that capacity Staines traveled around the territory with the apostles and other home missionaries, delivering sermons in the various settlements and speaking regularly in the tabernacle at the weekly Sunday meetings. 3 Ordained a seventy in March 1851, he became one of "Orson F. Whitney, History of Utah, 4 vols. (Salt Lake City, 1904), 4 : 1 1 6 - 1 9 ; Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saints Biographical Encyclopedia, 4 vols. (Salt Lake City, 1914), 2 : 5 1 3 - 1 7 ; "Reminiscences of William C. Staines," The Contributor, 12 (February-October 1891), 121 passim.

2 William C. Staines, "Among the Poncas," A String of Pearls, Second Book of the FaithPromoting Series (Salt Lake City, 1880), 1-34.

3 Millennial Star, 26 (February 27, 1864), 140; "Journal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints," Archives Division, Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ

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the presidents of his quorum in November 1852 and remained in that office for the rest of his life.4 Today he would be called a temple worker.

Before the construction of the Endowment House in Salt Lake City, he participated regularly as an officiator of the endowments, given at that time in the Council House, where he was in charge of the quarters. During January 1852, for example, Staines was "engaged in the endowment," as he put it, on nine different days. His companions on those occasions were others close to the center of the church: Heber C Kimball, Thomas Bullock, Albert Carrington, William W. Phelps, Orson Spencer, Lorin Farr, and others. 5 More than a loyal and active church man, Staines was also a spiritual man who accepted and acknowledged, without awe, the influence of the spirit on his life. He could write matter-of-factly in his journal of spiritual manifestations and of speaking in tongues. 0 As a preacher he stressed "the necessity of having the spirit of the Lord to guide us in whatever we undertake to do." He was zealous in his defense of the faith; he rebuked the wrong ideas manifested by a Brother J. Lawson, and he could "constantly pray that both [Brigham Young and George A. Smith] may live to see [their] enemies fall." 7 Today it is common to think of the spiritual and rational as antithetical. Nevertheless, Staines found no conflict between his religious and his intellectual pursuits. Although he did not consider himself an educated man, he was interested enough in learning and the spread of ideas to accept an appointment as territorial librarian, which he held during 1851-60 and again in 1865-68. His role in the territorial library is particularly significant; he was the first librarian and served during the period of the early federal-Mormon conflicts.

Established by Congress as part of the Organic Act creating the new Utah Territory, the library was intended primarily as a law library.

But the Mormons seized the opportunity to build a collection of general works. With a $5,000 appropriation, John M. Bernhisel, Utah's delegate to Congress, purchased and otherwise acquired, by 1852, over three of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City (hereinafter cited as LDS Archives), November 8, 1863, December 13, 1863, December 15. 1863. January 10, 1864, November 20, 1864: "Manuscript History of the Church," LDS Archives. 1863: p. 1063, 1026; 1864: p. 87.

4

"Journal History," March 9. 1851.

"William G. Staines Journal, holograph, LDS Archives, 1852 and August 6-15, 1855: "Journal History" also reports at least thirty-eight different occasions during 1852 when Staines was "engaged in the endowment."

0 7

Staines Journal, August 22, 1852, November 8, 1852.

Staines to Brigham Young, August 27, 1875, Brigham Young Papers, LDS Archives; "Journal History," March 9, 1852, November 20, 1864.

William C. Staines

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thousand volumes consisting of literature, philosophy, religion, history, and scientific works.

An official agency of the territorial government and supported by both federal and territorial legislatures, the Utah library not only served the needs of government but was also available for public use. T h e library existed until 1891 when the Supreme Court library was created from nearly forty-four hundred volumes in the law collection. T h e remainder, about thirty-five hundred volumes, wont to the University of Deseret. Although the library was used and books circulated, it is difficult to know exactly how much, or whether Staines promoted it. Unfortunately, it was probably true, as Jules Remy wrote, that "the majority of the Saints do not properly estimate these advantages as they ought to do, hence they are of little use to anyone, save a few studious individuals and travellers." 8 In any event, Staines, less a humanist than a scientist, made the library an informal weather bureau when he asked that meteorological and other scientific data be reported to the territorial library. 9 Staines seems to have been a scientific associate of Orson Pratt, the Mormon scientist-theologian-apostle. In 1851, as Pratt received and unpacked his telescope and astronomical instruments, Staines assisted and unpacked his own microscope and chemical supplies. And in October 1851 Staines joined Pratt as one of those called to select, survey, and lay out the site for the new capital in Pauvan Valley (Fillmore). 1 0 William Staines was always interested in ideas. In 1858 a visitor to the city brought a sample piece of the Atlantic telegraph cable. Staines borrowed it for "the privilege of showing it to the workers in the president's Office." 11 These workers, his friends — Brigham Young, Thomas Bullock, Thomas W. Ellerbeck, Nathaniel Felt, Albert Carrington, and Daniel H. Wells — along with Staines, had joined earlier in their investigation of another new skill: phonography, or shorthand. George D. Watt began a school of phonography in the president's office in 1852. 12 Not typical frontiersmen, most of these men were clerks, and in those days 8 The U t a h Territorial Library is further discussed in Max J. Evans, "A History of the Public Library Movement in U t a h " (M.S. thesis, U t a h State University, 1971), 6—21.

9 Deseret News, March 6, 1852, January 25, 1860; "Manuscript History of the Church," 1852: p. 9, 1858: p. 397; "Journal History," October 6. 1851, October 14, 1851, January 7-22, 1852, February 15, 1869, February 19, 1869.

10

"Journal History," October 13, 1851, October 18, 1851, October 19, 1851, October 22,

1851.

11

Ibid., November 24, 1858.

12

Ibid., January 1-2, 1852.

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clerks wore usually men of some education and management skill. Even the clerks of the emigrant companies were often unusually literate. Staines had been chosen historian and clerk of the company organized June 15, 1847, under Parley P. Pratt and John Taylor. 13 Though his interests were wide and varied, Staines concentrated on the study and promotion of horticulture. He was a member of the Deseret Agriculture and Manufacturing Society from its founding and a director from 1856 to 1860, at which time he left for England on a mission. Once home from his mission, he resumed his position as a director. He also promoted the establishment of county chapters of the Deseret Agriculture and Manufacturing Society and helped organize the Deseret State Horticulture Society in 1855 of which he was elected vice-president. He was appointed to the state fruit committee in 1855, and in 1873 was a delegate to the Horticulture Society of Philadelphia. 14 In addition to being a promoter of the cause of horticulture, Staines was actively engaged in its practice. During the 1850s he won prizes at the state fair for his grapes, cabbage, lima beans, rhubarb, cauliflower, eggplant, plums, strawberries, and cherries. He raised currants (he claimed "that from one acre of currants one thousand gallons of good wine can be made, such as is medicinal and kept a year or two, would be pronounced a superior article") and even tobacco. He made presents to his friends of peaches, grapes, and apricots. He offered his skills and the cuttings from his trees to the citizens of Utah, at no cost, to promote the cause. 15 By 1862 Staines had added to his orchards mulberry trees that he sold to those interested in silk culture.

Staines made his living raising fruit and tending to gardens. As an indication of the size of his operations, Staines lost one hundred thousand fruit trees to the crickets in 1848 and five hundred thousand apple trees to grasshoppers in 1855. 10 He was employed as Brigham Young's personal gardener and maintained, as well, his own garden and orchards.

More than an economic enterprise, horticulture had been his love and 13

Ibid., June 15, 1847, June 17, 1847.

Deseret News, September 19, 1855, July 30, 1856, January 6, 1858, January 13, 1858, September 14, 1859, December 28, 1859, January 18, 1860, September 12, 1860, October 15, 1873.

14

â&#x201E;˘The Mormon, November 24, 1855; Deseret News, July 30, 1856, October 12, 1859, February 1, 1860, October 8, 1862, January 14, 1863; "Journal History,"'September 3, 1856.

18 "Journal History," August 2, 1862; the loss of the trees is reported in a letter of George A. Smith published in The Mormon, 1 (November 24, 1855), 3, "The first year of our residence here Bro. Staines lost 100,000 fruit trees through the ravages of the crickets, nor has he been much more fortunate this year, 500,000 apple trees having been destroyed by grasshoppers."

Heber C. Kimball, in a letter to his son William had the same report, "Brother Staines told me . . . that he had 500,000 young apple trees come up and they were all cut down . . . and every leaf and peach are gone [from the peach trees]." "Journal History," May 29, 1855.

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415

chief scientific interest from his boyhood when he had neglected his studies to work with the gardeners on his father's estate in England. His attitude is revealed in an address to the Deseret Agriculture and Manufacturing Society in 1855: "Some argue that it is too expensive to fence and raise fruit, but it is my business to decorate and beautify Zion, it is part of my religion as much as going to meeting, praying or singing." 17 William Staines was also a political man, aware and concerned with social and civic issues. He served in the territorial legislative assembly, was a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1856, and in 1860 was elected to the Salt Lake City Council. 18 As a young man in England he had stopped eating sugar as a protest against American slavery. When he arrived in America, however, he came to believe that the Negro slaves he met on the Mississippi River had a surprising degree of freedom, and he began to modify his feelings.

Staines reflected that typical nineteenth-century Mormon cynicism about the American political system. In 1858 a visitor to the city, Sen. David C Broderick, told Staines that he should be careful about making contracts with the government, "for it would be a long time before we would get our pay, if at all." Staines eagerly reported this loose talk to his friends in the president's office.19 He also found much to criticize in government when he traveled to Washington, New York, and London in 1860. Of course, predicting the dissolution of the Union in the fall of 1860 required no crystal ball, but Staines was aware of conditions and, in his letters to Brigham Young, discussed social and political issues, both in the United States and in Great Britain. 20 Staines is best remembered, if he is remembered at all, for his managerial skills as church emigration agent for nearly twenty years. But before that he had sharpened his skills as a promoter, entrepreneur, and businessman in a variety of enterprises. As a small businessman he raised a variety of fruits and vegetables that he sold to the community. In 1854 he was listed among the city's businessmen as a "Wine and Spirit merchant," probably an outlet for by-products of his orchards, vines, and bushes. 21 In 1856 Staines's and Candland's restaurant was under construction on Main Street, and by 1857 the Deseret News employees held 17

Deseret News, September 19, 1855.

Staines Journal, April 12, 1860; Deseret New:-, March 19, 1856, February 15, 1860.

19 "Manuscript History of the Church," 1858: p. 1041.

20 See especially letters of Staines to Young, December 3, 1860, and June 4, 1861, Brigham Young Papers.

21 Deseret News, November 16, 1854; Millennial Star, 16 (November 18, 1854), 733; "Journal History," September 30, 1854.

18

Staines residence before it was remodeled by William Jennings and renamed Devereaux House. Note greenhouse at left. C. W. Carter photograph, Utah State Historical Society collections, courtesy Helen Stanford Canfteld.

a party at the "Saloon of Messrs. Staines and Candland." Finally, in 1859, Staines, Needham, and Company opened. 22 Staines tells about this last business in his journal: "I purchased a stock of g o o d s . . . in company with [two other men] . . . but they sold out their interest to John & James Needham . . . we purchased goods to the amount of 55,000 dollars and sold more goods in two months than any other house. . . . this induced us to purchase some 20,000 thousand [sic] Dollars worth more." 2 3 Later that year Staines and one of the Needham brothers were called on missions to England. A commentary on their business success was President Brigham Young's statement about their call: Some have "heard that they [Staines and Needham] are sent on this mission because they are speculators." Brigham denied that that was the reason for the mission call, without denying that they were speculators â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in fact, he mentioned their business successes.24 In addition to his business enterprises, Staines was a promoter of other economic causes. The Deseret Agriculture and Manufacturing Society, of which Staines was a charter member, promoted business en~~ Deseret News, May 13, 1857; "Manuscript History of the Church." 1856, p. 657; "Journal History." June 14, 1860.

23 Staines Journal, March 1860.

-'Deseret News, October 3, I860.

William C. Staines

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terprise and initiated other companies. T h e Jordan Canal Company, of which Staines was also a director, was founded by D A M S members.

Some of these same members attempted to organize a chamber of commerce in 1860. They proposed an association to promote mercantilism, but Brigham Young discouraged it, believing people would not support it. 25 Besides his own businesses, Staines managed others. His greatest success was as emigration agent for the church, 1863-81. In a letter to Brigham Young in 1863, he referred to the obligation of the Saints to preach and gather Israel. "I do not profess to be a preacher, but what I have failed in the former, I have endeavored to make up in the latter." 20 For almost twenty years, Staines gathered Israel from the Utah Emigration Office in New York City. His assignment was to administer the Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company money sent from Utah as well as money sent ahead from England by t i e emigrants, keep the books, meet incoming emigrant ships, and arrange overland transportation to the railroad terminals.

His most important contribution was to arrange comfortable accommodations at the least expense. To accomplish this he traveled widely throughout the East, visiting railroad agencies and offices. H e bargained and dickered, and faced and fought price-fixing. Despite the unfair practices of the railroads, especially when dealing with emigrants, Staines was successful. In one season, 1871, he arranged for the emigrants to travel from New York City to Ogden for forty-three dollars, a reduction of eight dollars from the original price. 27 Before 1869 Staines spent summers and autumns at the Utah Emigration Office, in New York, returning in the late fall with the season's last emigrants. After the completion of the transcontinental railroad he still directed the emigration from his New York office but did not stay there all season. H e felt free to travel to Salt Lake City for three- or fourday visits or to Boston, Omaha, Washington, Saint Louis, and even Liverpool, to conduct emigration business.

Emigration was not his only business. After the coming of the transcontinental railroad line, the Mormons organized the Utah Central Railroad Company, which connected Salt Lake City to Ogden. Staines acted as an agent for the Utah Central in the East and purchased rails and 23

"Manuscript History of the Church," 1860: pp. 234-35.

20

Staines to Young, April 16, 1863, Brigham Young Papers.

27

Staines to Young, May 13, 1871 and September 8, 1871, Brigham Young Papers.

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rolling stock for the line.28 He was obviously a trusted and able manager for the church.

Staines was referred to in the Utah newspapers as William C Staines, esq., signifying that he held an uncommonly high position in the community. Sir Richard Burton, who visited Staines in Salt Lake City in 1860, made him appear as an early Horatio Alger hero: a poor immigrant who made good in America.29 Staines seems to verify that he was a poor immigrant, at least he discussed his poverty after arriving in Nauvoo. Howover, he must have been somewhat accustomed to wealth; his father's household in England employed gardeners (from whom young William had learned his trade), indicating an upper-middle class or a gentry background. His Utah wealth was probably partly inherited, Burton notwithstanding, for by that time he was a woalthy man. By 1860 he was a partner in a business with an inventory worth $75,000. In 1865 he sold his residence for $20,000. He also owned 300 acres in Davis County, and at his death, after providing for his widows, he left an inheritance to the church that was used for the building of a greenhouse on Temple Square.30 Staines enjoyed a good life in frontier Utah. He built, in 1857-58, what has been referred to as Utah's first mansion, the Devereaux House.

Staines did not build it as the Devereaux House; that was the name given

by William Jennings after he purchased and remodeled it in 1867.

Earlier, as the Staines mansion, the home was impressive. Built away from a street (a feature that probably helped save it from demolition until now), it was set among Staines's orchards and gardens. Mrs. Alfred Cumming, with her husband a guest in the house in 1858, described it as "very pretty" and continued as follows: It stands about 130 feet back from the street—flowers etc in front—peach & other small trees on each side of the home & extending to the street — a large garden behind and on each side. T h e house is built like an English cottage—a piazza in front, with flat open work pillers [sic], for vines— & a piazza above the first, with heavy carved work all around it. O r n a mented windows, etc., etc. I went into the large parlour. There was a really magnificent & monstrous piano — London make — & new eight octaves — sent for my use by Heber C. Kimball — some handsome chairs, sent for my use by Brigham Young — & other furniture, carpets etc. sent 28 Deseret News, November 24, 1869, December 15, 1869; "Journal History," December 21, 1869.

29 Richard F. Burton, The City of the Saints, and Across the Rocky Mountains fornia (New York, 1862), 269.

30 Staines Journal, March 1860; " T h e Beautiful Homes of Our City," Tullidge's Magazine, 1 (July 1881) : 6 5 5 - 6 7 ; Utah Farmer, July 7, 1955.

to CaliQuarterly

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419

by other C h u r c h dignitaries. T h e n in a china closet, n e a r a large dining room, were cups & saucers & other table furniture, table cloths, everything h a d been t h o u g h t of, for me to use, so that 1' need not be obliged to u n pack, till matters were further settled. 3 1

A southern lady, Mrs. Cumming must have felt very much at home in such a house with servants, elegant furnishings, and genteel companions.

The Staines household entertained other visiting dignitaries. In addition to Governor and Mrs. Cumming, Col. Thomas L. Kane, Sen. David C. Broderick of California, and Gen. Alexander Wilson, U.S. district attorney for Utah, and his wife, all were guests in 1858, and Sir Richard Burton in I860. 32 Staines provided not only the facilities to entertain important visitors but also the necessary style. On one occasion, at which several territorial officials made a state visit to Brigham Young, William C. Staines was the only other leading church official or prominent Mormon present. 33 He was sort of a protocol officer, or semi-official host for the church, and enjoyed a reputation for the style of his parties. Of a party for returned missionaries in 1855, the Deseret News commented: "As to the style in which the supper was served up, and the table set out, I need only say that Mr. Wm. C. Staines superintended the arrangements." Staines fulfilled similar functions at Fourth of July celebrations and at other parties. 34 Interested in improving the cultural and intellectual life of the community, Staines was a charter member of, and active in, the Deseret Dramatic Association. He achieved enough importance through his many endeavors that when he traveled outside Utah his arrival was noticed in the local papers. 35 He was recognized by his contemporaries as "an English gentleman of considerable natural refinement and love of culture." 30 31

Elizabeth Cumming to "Dear Sarah," June 17, 1858, typescript, Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City; "A Lady's View of Utah and the Mormons, 1858: A Letter from the Governor's Wife," ed. Ray R. Canning, Western Humanities Review, 10 (Winter 1955-56), 34.

At present Devereaux House is under consideration for restoration as part of the Bicentennial celebration.

32 Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, 1 :655-67; Burton, The City of the Saints, 269; "Manuscript History of the Church," 1858: pp. 350, 1041, 1068, 1076; "Journal History," October 22, 1858.

33 Deseret News, November 4, 1868.

34 Deseret News, May 11, 1854, July 18, 1855, December 19, 1855; "Manuscript History of the Church," 1863: p. 1014; "Journal History," May 30, 1852.

35 Deseret Evening News, May 17, 1870, reprinted a notice about Staines from the Omaha Herald.

30 Tullidge's Quarterly Magazine, 1:660.

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Utah Historical Quarterly

Finally, Staines was a friend and confidant of Brigham Young.

Apparently he was Young's adopted son, although he made no filial references to the church president.37 In his letters to "Pres. B. Young," or simply to "Brigham Young," it was "Dear Brother." These letters, of which over fifty are available, reflect a familiar, almost intimate style.38 Staines, whether as friend, gardener, or church worker, was well acquainted with the Young household. His journal, which covers the 1850s, reported regularly on the president's health (usually bad). He seems to have had ready access to Brigham, for when the Deseret Agriculture and Manufacturing Society needed a favor of the president, Staines was appointed to ask for it. He and his family were always on easy, familiar terms with the Mormon president. At the occasion of the completion of his house, the First Presidency, members of the Twelve, and other church leaders were invited in for dinner: "I think I never felt better in mv life. . . . They were much pleased with my new home and gardens. The Presidency blessed me and my family, my home, and all that pertained to me." 39 Later, after Staines was called to England on a mission, his wife invited President Young to visit her on a matter of business. Her letter to him shows none of the common fawning and pleading found in much of Brigham's correspondence. Mrs. Staines knew her place in the community; she didn't even offer to go to the president's office.40 It is easy to picture Staines paying a call on the president of the church with the same air of confidence as when he went to the general offices of the Union Pacific Railroad company in Boston to negotiate fares.

William Staines was a man of many parts. Churchman, politician, librarian, businessman, horticulturist, amateur scientist, emigration agent, and socialite, he is an example of the diversity of interests and talents found in nineteenth-century Utah.

37 Burton, City of the Saints, 269; J o h n Hyde, Mormonism: Its Leaders and Designs (New York, 1857), 45, 47, 110. T h e Mormon concept of adoption is discussed in Gordon Irving, " T h e Law of Adoption: O n e Phase of the Development of the Mormon Concept of Salvation, 1830-1900," BYU Studies, 14 (Spring 1974), 291-314.

38 Letters of Staines to Young are in the incoming correspondence, Brigham Young Papers.

39 Staines Journal, September 6, 1857.

40 Elizabeth Staines to Young, M a r c h 12, 1862, Brigham Young Papers.

A Believing People: Literature of the Latter-day Saints. Edited by RICHARD H. CRACROFT and NEAL E. LAMBERT. (Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1974. xvi + 495 pp. Cloth, $10.95; paper, $7.95.)

A Believing People is an anthology of literature (with a small "1") from the origins of the Mormon church to the present. There are sections on history; biography and autobiography; letters; journals and diaries; discourses; the essay; poetry; fiction; the novel; and drama. The collection was prepared specifically for a class in Mormon literature which the compilers teach at Brigham Young University^ although they express the hope that it will have a wider appeal.

There has been a vigorous dialogue in recent years about the existence or lack of a genuine Mormon literature.

William Mulder, Karl Keller, Eugene England, myself, Arthur Henry King, and the editors of this anthology, among others, have attempted to define Mormon literature and to find it. Until Cracroft and Lambert put this substantial collection of material between the covers of one book it was, perhaps, difficult to accurately see Mormon literature. One coidd simply cite all of the examples of bad literature or exaggerate the wrorth of the few good pieces of writing to defend a particular thesis.

With almost five hundred pages before us we can clearly see that on the whole the literature of the Mormons is neither as good as its defenders have said nor as bad as its detractors have contended.

All anthologies are subject to criticism on the basis of what they include or exclude since they cannot hope to be

all things to all people. Nevertheless, one wonders what logic prompted Cracroft and Lambert to: include Thomas L. Kane's remembrance of the Mormons and omit such other non-Mormons as Bernard DeVoto and Wallace Stegner; devote so little space to letters (only five authors are represented and only twelve pages devoted to what might have been one of the richest sections of the book) ; include so many hymn texts (which look naked stripped of rheir musical setting) and the two children's poems ("Give, Said the Little Stream" and "I Am A Child of God") and omit such poets as Sarah Elizabeth Carmichael, Bruce Jorgensen, Ronald Wilcox^ or Stephen Gould (to name only those who come readily to mind) ; include two selections from Nephi Anderson's fiction and none of Samuel Taylor, Paul Bailey, Richard Scowcroft, or Roclello Hunter (again, to name only those who are readily remembered) ; neglect non-American Mormon writers (are there no Mormons outside the United States who have written literature worthy of consideration in such an anthology?) ; and devote so little space to one of the best pieces of Mormon fiction, Maurine Whipple's The Giant Joshua, while devoting so much to a rather undistinguished drama, Martin Kelly's And They Shall Be Gathered.

Another criticism of the text is that it seems written too directly to the BYU community. For example, five of the

422 seven selections under essays are by BYU faculty, and too much of the poetry seems to have been selected because the authors were connected with BYU. But if A Believing People has weaknesses, it also has strengths: it gives one the historical perspective for the unfolding of Mormon letters; it makes a good deal of worthwhile (if not always notable) writing easily available; it has a wide variety of literary specimens; and, especially, it includes a few pieces of Literature (with a capital "L") that makes us rejoice that, as Dylan Thomas says? there are wild men (and women) who catch and sing the sun in flight.

Without naming them all, I would say that the anthology is worth the price of admission for at least these pieces: Clinton Larson's "A Letter from Israel Whiton, 1851"; Emma Lou Thayne's "Sunday School Picture"; David L. Wright's "A Gathering of Saints"; Linda Sillitoe's "Trip Toward Prayer"; and Thomas Asplund's "The Heart of My Father."

It is unlikely that A Believing People will have an appeal beyond the believers, simply because, as valuable a collection as it is, there is an obvious bias in it toward a literature that reinforces belief rather than one which explores being.

Cracroft and Lambert say in their introduction that a literary criticism which fails to take into account the fact that Mormons believe they constitute the only true church "is not only unfair, it is futile." One wonders what this has to do with literature. The anthology demonstrates that some authors whose writing is informed by this central Mormon ideal wrote sentimental, singularly uninspired literature, and true belief and special pleading do not make it otherwise. Others, writing from the same perspective, have produced literature that doesn't need special pleading, that endures because it speaks truly or sings beautifully.

Utah Historical Quarterly In evaluating the moralistic fiction written among the Mormons in the nineteenth century (and apparently to justify the inclusion of examples of it in their text) Cracroft and Lambert remark, "Modern Mormons, more sophisticated in their tastes^ reject the stories wrhile continuing to applaud the morality of tales wherein the love of young Mormons, strained by a temporary straying from the faith by one of the pair, is rewarded with happiness when the erring one realizes that he or she had been misled by a wicked world."

I contend that if modern Mormons really are sophisticated they will also reject the simplistic and sentimental morality that lies behind these stories.

The "She-Came-to-Realize" school of fiction, as Samuel W. Taylor has called it, produces neither good literature nor good morals.

Among the best literature in this volume is personal literature â&#x20AC;&#x201D; diaries, journals, letters, etc. Selections from Parley P. Pratt's autobiography, the last will and testament of Brigham Young, the journal of Hosea Stout the reminiscence of Mary Goble Pay â&#x20AC;&#x201D; all have an honesty, clarity., and poignance beyond much of the poetry and fiction, perhaps because they are based on real experience. And as a resource for belles lettres they represent a rich storehouse that contemporary Mormon writers have scarcely touched. (An example as to how such material can be successfully exploited is Eileen G. Kump's story, "The Willows.")

For almost a hundred years Mormons have spoken enthusiastically about the beginnings of a literature. I suspect that one of the reasons for the retarded flowering of Mormon literature has been our failure to realize that such a literature grows out of an honest as well as an imaginative examination of life.

There is little evidence in A Believing People of the conflicts within Mormonism or of the real life struggles of the

Book Reviews and Notices Saints — their failures and doubts and despair as well as their successes and faith and joy. With some notable exceptions, this literature, to borrow a phrase from Faulkner's Nobel acceptance speech, "grieves on no universal bones."

Nevertheless, as noted before, Cracroft and Lambert have performed a valuable service in bringing so much Mormon literature within easy grasp, and, hopefully, as young Latter-day Saints at BYU discover this literature, they will see both how poor and how rich it is and will participate in the

423 realization of Orson Whitney's vision of Mormon literature (as expressed in his 1888 essay on "Home Literature") : "In God's name and by his help we will build up a literature whose top shall touch heaven, though its foundations may now be on earth."

ROBERT A. R E E S

Director Department of Humanities and Communications UCLA Extension Los Angeles

Conflict and Compromise: The Mormons in Mid-Nineteenth-Century American Politics. By J. K E I T H MELVILLE. (Provo: Political Science Department, Brigham Young University, 1974. viii 4-121 pp. Paper, $3.95.)

Conflict and Compromise is a brief, well-organized, and readable account of Mormon political activity from, but not including, the exodus from Nauvoo to President Fillmore's "second set" of Utah territorial appointments in the spring of 1852. It is a general account, not intended to be a definitive work.

The book is organized into three parts. Part one concerns frontier politics in Iowa. This oft-forgotten era of Mormon political history has long been ignored; Dr. Melville's organization of key issues and personalities is a contribution filling a gap left too long in the political tradition and history of the Mormon people. Of particular interest is the relationship between Orson Hyde and Almon W. Babbitt. As good research always does, it raises other issues that beg for further study. The controversy between Hyde and Babbitt is the spice of interest in this chapter 5 and Babbitt's role in early Mormon politics needs further work.

The second part — nearly half of the book — concerns itself with Utah and tfhe attempt of the Mormon leadership to gain statehood during the Compro-

mise of 1850. The reviewer found this chapter to be the most interesting. It is well written and well enough organized to be read by the historian or layman with interest. The relationship of John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, and Henry Clay and their political ideas vis-a-vis Deseret's statehood were of great interest. But the key personality of the chapter is clearly John M. Bernhisel. Professor Melville is obviously impressed with Bemhisel's efforts in Washington as a lobbyist, and an excellent account of his work results.

Two unanswered questions emerge in this chapter. Perhaps there is no answer, but academia requires someone to make; the attempt. The relationship of the Council of Fifty to political and ecclesiastical decisions with regard to the kingdom of God on earth needs some explanation. The chapter also skirts the issue of whether Mormons were really loyal to the United States government. How central was Mormon loyalty to "Mormons and Gentiles" in political United States during midnineteenth century?

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Utah Historical Quarterly

The third part of the book relates the problems of the genesis of government in Utah. It is difficult to try to tell a controversial story with brevity, but for a short version, this author has done as well as anyone. The most exciting part of this chapter is the documentation of the famous verbal clash and further exchanges of communication between Brigham Young and Judge Brocchus at the conference in September of 1851.

Much more had to have gone on before this heated, vitriolic affair, but once again, this is a brief account of antagonism between these two men and the problems of "Mormons vs. the Teds.' "

The Alta Club, 1883-1974. By O. N. 1974. xi 4- 151 pp. $7.95.)

Some readers may notice a proMormon bias in the occasional use of Mormon phraseology and nonpolitical statements that are unrelated to the research, but Conflict and Compromise is nevertheless a scholarly and readable brief account of Mormon politics. Its strength and weakness is its brevity. The book is recommended to scholars and laymen who want a quick overview of some of the major issues and personalities concerned with the trying problems of a controversial era.

RAYMOND G. BRISCOE

Associate Professor of Behavioral Science Westminster College

MALMQUIST.

In his preface the author states it was not his intent to write a book that was a "recital of events relating to the operation of the club" but one that emphasized the nature of the society that produced the Alta Club. In achieving his objective, O. N. Malmquist drew upon his extensive background of political reporting and his writing of The First 100 Years: A History of the Salt Lake Tribune, wherein he wrote with great skill of the political and social division in Utah between the Mormons and nonMormons. And although the Alta Club membership initially reflected this same division, Malmquist claims that "the club served as one of the instruments of accommodation" that eventually brought a reconciliation between the contending factions in Utah society.

The author notes that at its founding, the club membership was drawn primarily from those men involved in some way with Utah's mining industry.

It was they who, in 1883, got together to organize a gentlemen's social club along the lines of those "transplanted from Britain to the older American

Salt Lake City: The Alta Club,

cities." Of the eighty-one charter members, none was a practicing Mormon.

Eventually, as in politics, an accommodation did take place, and in 1885 the first Mormon (millionaire merchant William Jennings) was admitted. By the turn of the century, about a dozen Mormons were members, including a son and grandson of Brigham Young.

Today of the approximately four hundred twenty-five resident members, 40 percent belong to the Mormon church.

Whether or not this is a fixed maximum ratio, as rumored, Malmquist does not say.

This is a small book but an interesting, wrell-written one. The author achieves his intent in presenting a picture of a Salt Lake City society that gave birth to the city's first, and now oldest, social club. Interesting vignettes are provided of some of the founders of the club, and the author makes a good case for his belief that the Alta Club became a "melting pot" for the many social, business, political, and religious factions that exist in Salt Lake. AntiSemitism was never practised in the

Book Reviews and Notices club —• several prominent Jews were among the early members.

Malmquist is careful, however, to point out that while the first members were primarily associated with the mining industry, and now the medical and legal professions, the club as such has never taken an official position on political or social issues. This does not deny that individual members carry considerable "political clout"—attested to by the fact that six Utah governors and seven Utah senators were members.

The common impression that the Alta Club originated in the mining town of Alta is dispelled by Malmquist as is the impression that the club was the epitome of wealth and prosperity. In the 1930s the club almost went under or merged with a rival social club. One of

425 the devices that helped pull it through the Great Depression was a slot machine (two. in fact), liberally contributed to by one of the stalwarts of the Mormon church.

These and many other fascinating insights into Salt Lake City society are provided by Malmquist in an interesting and entertaining manner. A photographic section provides a bit of nostalgia of the club as it once was and of the street where it and many of its founding members lived in luxury.

The Alta Club is worthy of gracing the shelves of any reader who enjoys Utah history.

EVERETT L. COOLEY

Curator of Special Collections University of Utah Library

Nauvoo: The City of Joseph. By DAVID E. MILLER and DELLA S. MILLER. (Santa Barbara and Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith, Inc., 1974. xiii + 264 pp. $10.00.)

Nauvoo: The City of Joseph is neither a biography of a city nor of its most illustrious citizen, Joseph Smith; however, the title fits well the Millers' theme for the book; namely, that Joseph the Mormon prophet impacted the new community, then home and headquarters of the Mormon church, more than any other figure. Their book, in fact, is an outline of the city's growth under the Mormon aegis. More than that it is an account of the institutional development of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the setting of the city on the Mississippi River where a dedicated religious minority sought expression as a part of the greater American frontier majority.

Carefully, the Millers narrate the early history of Mormonism, the Missouri phase being especially succinct.

This effort is followed by a precise review of the land acquisitions of the acreage that became Nauvoo. This effort reflects the quality research of Dr.

Miller, the interests of the National "Park Service, and the particular needs of Nauvoo Restoration Incorporated whic'a, in fact, generated the research for the book. In this effort the work provides a unique contribution.

The Millers follow with a description of the city's development, maintaining that the Nauvoo period was also one of unparalleled consequence as far as Mormon theology and practice was concerned. They cite as examples the principles and practices of baptism for the dead, plural and celestial marriage, publication of the "First Vision," Pearl of Great Price, the Articles of Faith, History of the Church, establishment of the Council of Fifty, Joseph Smith's running for the presidency of the United States, and others.

With deft understanding Dr. Miller reviews the Nauvoo Charter and its incompatibility with the American Constitution, especially the concept of separation of powers. Here we are given a

426 good look at an attempt for minority survival in a nation of majority rule.

The Millers are generous but not uncritical of Mormon maneuvers.

In tracing the martyrdom of Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum, Miller places particular blame on Mormon politics, on the Warsaw Signal, and on Governor Ford. In keeping with their theme of the City of Joseph, the Millers suggest that Mormon reaction to their leaders' deaths reflected the dominion of Joseph the prophet. The book concludes with Brigham Young's ascension to leadership and the final exodus to Utah in 1846-47.

The Millers write from a position of sympathy and familiarity with Mormon history and theology. It appears on occasion that they are tempted to extrapolate from the present "good Mormon" concept to a similar one for Mormons of the Nauvoo period. Yet, as their book clearly illustrates, the 1840-

Utah Historical Quarterly 45 years were some of Mormonism's most dynamic ones.

The book is not definitive nor particularly interpretive, but it is good narrative history especially useful to laymen and/or travelers to Nauvoo who wish to visit the sites restored by Nauvoo Restoration Incorporated, which histories are treated in detail in the book. One may also criticize the extensive quotes included in the book which provide rare nuances of understanding not better handled by Dr. Miller's capable pen.

Finally the book is attractive and well bound, with good chronology, an outline and an index. The word appraise (p. 32) should be apprise, and a typo (p. 172) should be corrected in future printings.

MELVIN T. SMITH

Director Utah State Historical Society

The Arizona of Joseph Pratt Allyn; Letters from a Pioneer Judge: Observations and Travels, 1863-1866. Edited by J O H N NICOLSON. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974. xviii + 284 pp. $8.50.)

Joseph Pratt Allyn was a careful and thoughtful observer of the Arizona scene of the mid-1860s. As an outsider from Connecticut, carrying an appointment as associate justice of the Supreme Court in the new territorial government, he came with fresh eyes and in an official capacity which allowed him to travel extensively. He met many of the early pioneers who were instrumental in forming Arizona, and he recorded them with insight understanding, and some humor. Best of all, Allyn wrote beautifully.

This volume is made up of a series of letters, divided into twenty-seven installments which were published in the Hartford Evening Press between March 7, 1864, and August 21, 1865. Obviously written for an eastern readership,

they are full of detail, vivid impressions, and an enthusiasm for the economic potential of what was still largely a wilderness. During his travels he visited nearly all of Arizona's then populated areas and mining centers, traveled the Colorado by steamboat, and faced the hardships of mountain and desert travel.

Though not a well man, young Allyn seemed to feel a boundless joy in all he did and saw.

Allyn's narrative is well supported by his editor, Dr. John Nicolson, an associate professor of history at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. His introduction traces Allyn's family background, his early life in Connecticut, his travels abroad, and his political efforts which led to his court appointment by President Lincoln. The introduction

Book Reviews and Notices also traces Allyn's trip west based on letters by the judge sent to Evening Press, followed by a brief but welldefined description of Arizona at the time of Allyn's arrival late in 1863. T h e editor's footnotes contain a wealth of information and reflect his thorough use of known as well as more obscure sources. Unfortunately, his research fails in a few cases where he has not consulted more recent periodical literature, but the mistakes do not seriously m a r the story he tells.

Allyn chose not to discuss his judicial or political activities in his letters to the paper, and this is unfortunate for Arizona historians. From Dr. Nicolson's sixteen pages in the introduction, we learn something about Allyn's work as as frontier judge, a duty he handled with a p p a r e n t competence, but there is less about his political life. W e know from the local press that he was outspoken, strong-minded a n d politically ambitious, but we can only be tantalized

427 by his early, bitter animosity toward Richard C. McCormick, first secretary, second governor, and delegate to Congress from Arizona. T h e Allyn-McCormic< rivalry forms the heart of the political scene in the first few years of territorial Arizona, but this volume adds little to our knowledge of the reasons for, or the details of, the controversy.

I n all, this publication is a valuable and highly readable account of life in Ari2ona during the formulative two years in the territory's early history. T h e volume ranks with the recollections of M a r t h a Summerhayes, the reporting of J. Ross Browne, and the Hesperian Letters of the 1850s. It should become a standard source for students. Even more, it is good reading and brings one close to the times about which it is written.

SIDNEY B. B R I N C K E R H O F F

Arizona

Historical

Director Society - Tucson

Voices from the Wilderness: The Frontiersman s Own Story. Edited by T H O M A S F R O N C E K . (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1974. xv + 360 p p . $9.95.)

This book is a collection of excerpts from accounts written or dictated by frontiersmen. I n a few instances the excerpts come from accounts written about frontiersmen by close contemporaries. T h e editor has prefaced each excerpt with a brief biographical statement, a n d he has provided, by way of introduction, an essay on the general significance of the frontier authors included here. These accounts allow the reader to see at firsthand how frontiersmen from 1750 to 1880 interpreted their own experience in the wilderness. T o gether they give a cross section of exploration, trail making, trapping, hunting, trading, I n d i a n warfare, and thinedged escapes from h u m a n and natural

perils. For example, James Smith, who observed Braddock's defeat and lived in I n d i a n captivity, writes about his acquisition of the techniques of I n d i a n warfare a n d about his p a r t in teaching these techniques to his fellow Americans. Daniel Boone, through the pen of J o h n Filson, recounts the first serious invasion of settlers beyond the Appalachian ridge. Jedediah Smith narrates his epic exploration of the trail between the Rocky M o u n t a i n s a n d California.

W i t h a touch of bravado, James Beckwourth tells of his regression to the savage ways of the Indian tribes into which he was adopted. James Clyman writes of the terrors a n d privations of his journey without companions or

428 weapons through hundreds of miles of wilderness.

This will be a useful book for the historian needing a sampling rather t h a n an exhaustive compilation of frontier narratives. It will be interesting, even exciting, for the lay reader as well.

These accounts have the ring of authenticity that comes from firsthand observation. T h e suspense of violent conflict, the pleasures of new lands and strange peoples, the heroic endurance and will to survive that fiction a n d p o p u l a r history have associated with the frontier all find reflection in the accounts selected for this book.

Beyond these values, however, this collection m a y not prove useful. I t is a limited kind of historiography. It is limited in p a r t by the boundaries which the editor imposes u p o n himself in his selections. According to the editor, the figures he has included in his collection have in common the fact t h a t they penetrated wilderness without changing it into something other than wilderness.

O t h e r frontier figures—rivermen, naturalists, cowboys, pioneer farmers — are excluded as "newcomers" whose " d r e a m depended not on living with the wild b u t on conquering it." This distinction seems scarcely accurate. T h e accounts included in the collection reveal a great deal of exploitation and alteration of the wilderness, while m a n y accounts of the excluded " n ew co mers " — P ark ma n's The Oregon Trail, J o h n Muir's The Mountains of California, T e d d y Blue's We Pointed Them North, for example —• show as m u c h about the adaptation of Americans to wilderness.

A m o r e significant limitation of this book is its dearth of interpretation. Firsth a n d accounts are t h e r a w material from which finished historiography is m a d e . I t is true that the editor's biographical prefaces and introductory essay furnish a degree of interpretation.

T h e editor's thesis is t h a t wilderness

Utah Historical Quarterly affected frontiersmen by forcing them to a d a p t to a primitive, Indian-like m o d e of life and by imposing upon them privations a n d dangers to which the frontiersman m a d e a vigorous and heroic response that transformed them into the first truly distinct American character. T h e i r image lingers on in the national mind, the editor says, as an object of reverence and fascination.

T h e accounts included in this book sustain this thesis. However, the reader is likely to lose sight of the thesis during long pages featuring the details of travel, the routines of c a m p life, and the record of commercial transactions.

Moreover, the thesis is superficially stated and generally leaves unexamined specific ways in which the frontier experience helped transform the European into a n American. Recent advances in the social sciences could do m u c h to tell us how this transformation took place.

W h a t we know about the unconscious mind, about people acting in groups, about the psychodynamics of people entering new environments can give new illumination to the history of the frontier.

T h e present collection of accounts is limited because it does not give us a balanced mixture of basic historical fact a n d perceptive interpretation. Historiography should do more than give us exciting episodes or confirmation of our historical preconceptions.

I t should give us progressively more sophisticated interpretation of why a n d how historical facts occurred. I t should do more than restate the old truth t h a t wilderness had an immense influence on American character. I t should delineate even more precisely how that influence was exerted.

L E V I S.

PETERSON

Professor of Weber State

English College

Book Reviews and Notices

429

A Guide to America's Indians: Ceremonials, Reservations, and Museums. By ARNOLD MARQUIS. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974. xii 4 267 pp. Cloth, $9.95; paper, $4.95.)

The author of this guide is "a playwright, producer, and director." His documentary on the plight of the American Indian, The Only Good Indian, won the UCLA award and is now in the National Archives, according to the book's dust jacket. Although he has worked many places in the world, he claims on the dust jacket "a lifelong interest in the American Indians" and thirty years firsthand acquaintance with places and tribes described in the guide.

Most of the hundred and forty-five photographs used to illustrate the guide are credited to public agenciesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Bureau of Indian Affairs, National Park Service, tourist bureaus of several states, etc., and they serve as a small sample of the sights which might be seen on the modern Indian reservations. In addition to the photographs the guide includes fourteen maps, also from official sources, showing aboriginal locations of tribes in a general way and present locations of reservations and towns with large Indian populations.

The text consists of sixty-one short essays, without references, presenting the opinions of Arnold Marquis on as many different subjects. Since he cites about a hundred and fifty volumes in his bibliography, it is clear his little reports are very generalized and summary.

Such brief statements may be more misleading than factual. For example, in his first essay "Who Are the Indians?" is found: "They were a composite of nomads from Asia and Europe, from the Near East, even from Africa. Basically they were Mongolian, with infusions of Caucasian. . . ." Except the information that the American Indians were basically Mongolian, evidence for the

rest of the statement above is so questionable as to not warrant inclusion in a summary statement of the origin of the American Indians.

The book emphasizes what might be observed of ancient culture in museums: pottery and stone work, as well as the continuing arts and crafts. Indian ceremonials and dances are touched upon, but Marquis fails to make clear which are religious and sacred at which polite, well-behaved visitors are allowed and which are contests and performances staged for the financial benefit of actors and producers designed to attract and accommodate as many tourists, Indian and white, as possible.

I suppose this guide may be valuable for tourists who wish to visit American Indians wherever they live for a superficial observation of modern American Indian life. This supports Indians who have built motels, campgrounds, restaurants, and arts and crafts shops. In the Southwest region, for example, fifty campgrounds are established on Indian land with pure water and toilets provided for a fee.

The calendar of Indian events should not be accepted as valid for any group any year. Anyone making plans to attend a particular ceremony should write the tribe involved for exact dates and conditions of attendance. Fortunately, Arnold Marquis presents the addresses, including the zip code numbers, of nearly all the Indian groups in the United States.

OMER C. STEWART

Department of Anthropology University of Colorado Boulder

430

Utah Historical Quarterly

Indians and Bureaucrats: Administering the Reservation Policy during the Civil War.

By EDMUND JEFFERSON DANZIGER, JR. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974. xiv + 240 pp. $8.95.)

This is a well-written, well-researched, fast-moving narrative description of problems faced by the Indians and field officials of the Indian Office (Bureau of Indian Affairs) during the Civil War period. The author describes the brief history of the reservation policy, begun during the 1850s, which required that Indians be gathered in colonies where they be "civilized," well out of the way of the oncoming whites. The Civil War diverted attention, resources, and personnel from the effective implementation of the policy. Against this background, the author describes the problems faced by representative tribes of Indians and Indian Office employees.

Mr. Danziger divides his study into two parts: nomad Indians and reservation Indians. In the former section he describes in detail the problems surrounding the struggle for eastern Colorado which led to the eventual removal of the Cheyenne and Arapahoe. During the 1860s there were great tensions between the territorial administration and the impotent Indian Office. Complicating the situation was the dual role of the territorial governor who also served as ex officio superintendent of Indian affairs. Danziger sees the Sand Creek Massacre (Battle) of 1864 as perhaps the most tragic evidence of the Indian Office's inability to provide and protect their charges.

Using the Indian Office's poor showing in Colorado as an example, the author goes on to complete the first section with an interwoven narrative describing the fate of other tribes in Montana, the Great Basin, and the Southwest. Included is a fine segment on the Apache and Navajo at Bosque Redondo (New Mexico) that describes the classic philosophical differences between civilian (New Mexico Indian

superintendent Michael Steck) and military (Gen. James Carelton) approaches to handling the Indians.

The second section of the book outlines the problems of relocating and providing for tribes on reservations. As the Cheyenne and Arapahoe are the focus of the first section, so the Santee Sioux are of the second. Also described are the problems involved with settling other tribes on reservations ranging from California (with its peculiar problems) to the border areas and the complications of providing for the Indians in time of war.

Danziger concludes that the Civil War period was probably the most frustrating period the Indian Office experienced in the Trans-Mississippi West.

The wrar and the Indian Office's endemic weakness together with its inability to attract good field personnel are some of the prime reasons given for a lack of progress during the Civil War period.

The author's conclusions are well documented in the body of the book.

Most of the documentation is based on the letters received by the Indian Office, the vital source in the National Archives for studying Indians and bureaucrats before 1881.

In this book one learns what happened to each tribe mentioned â&#x20AC;&#x201D; unfortunately the study is structured so that one finds out little about the bureaucrats themselves and the substantive reasons for their actions. The same is true of the Indians.

This book amounts to a chronology of events with primary emphasis on an analysis of the outcome. The author states (a) there are ample studies of Indian ethnology, western political machinations, military campaigns, and the varied activities of the Lincoln adminis-

Book Reviews and Notices tration, and (b) much remains to be done on the Indian agent, his background, political and business activities, and tenure in office. That Danziger did not include these facets of the story is not a criticism -â&#x20AC;&#x201D; merely a comment

431 to guide those who may hope to find them in his book.

ROBERT SVENNINGSEN

Chief, Archives Branch Federal Archives and Records Center Denver, Colorado

One Hundred Million Acres. By K I R K E KICKINGBIRD and KAREN DUCHENEAUX. Foreword by V I N E DELORIA, J R . (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc., 1973. xxx 4- 240 pp. $6.95.)

Few of the many books that have come out in recent years dealing with the American Indian have approached contemporary problems and even fewer have attempted to offer a solution other than that of good wishes. One Hundred Million Acres, authored by two former Bureau of Indian Affairs officials, one a Kiowa and the other a Sioux, does both in a manner entertaining, provocative, and practical.

The authors have chosen a format that takes them through selective areas where a strong argument can be made that the United States holds lands that should be, and could be, turned over to' the various Indian tribes, thus providing them with an economic base while lowering federal administrative costs.

The authors strongly imply that by these land transfers the federal government would not lose financially and might very well gain. They do especially well in illustrating a much-overlooked problem, that of fractionated heirship on the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation. The nearly five-page list of heirs on a 320acre tract illustrates a major problem in land ownership, management, and leasing that anyone associated with reservations is aware of but that few have shown so graphically. This one example is worth the price of the book. But there is much more.

Mr. Kickingbird and Miss Ducheneaux, writing in the style of sardonic wit popularized by Vine Deloria, Jr., offer a number of ways to solve tribal land

problems. The fundamental point is that the United States should establish and guarantee a Native American land base of not less than 110 million acres that would be managed by the Indians themselves under freedom from taxation and with complete tribal control. These lands, removed from national parks and the like, would include full water rights and be subject to stiff safeguards in regard to their potential sale.

In addition, the authors recommend that low-interest loan funds in the amount of $100 million be made available for the purchase of allotted lands and interest therein. Landless tribes need to be provided with land. The Indian Claims Commission should be made permanent for cases involving Indian lands. All of these are sensible suggestions, and the authors may well be correct in their assertion that the costs would not be as great as some might anticipate. They are realistic enough to realize that all of this will not come to pass immediately and that they are up against considerable forces that go beyond the federal bureaucracy and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Various ecologically minded groups, such as the: Sierra Club, would violently oppose transferring lands out of the National Park Service.

The authors are to be congratulated for recognizing that the basic problem of the American Indian is economic.

They have the courage and the imagination to tackle it and to offer a

432

Utah Historical Quarterly

potential solution. I t is to b e h o p e d that they will continue their investigations into other problem areas such as the plight of the u r b a n I n d i a n , education, a n d jurisdictional questions.

Mormon Democrat: Political Memoirs Moyle.

The Religious and of James Henry

Edited by G E N E A. S E S S I O N S .

(Salt L a k e City: T h e J a m e s Moyle Genealogical a n d Historical Association, 1975. xxviii + 503 p p . ) T h e p a p e r s of J a m e s H e n r y Moyle, now in t h e collections of t h e Historical D e p a r t m e n t of the C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have been t a p p e d to compile this rich m e m o i r of a n unabashedly partisan D e m o c r a t .

Moyle's m e m o r a n d a a r e replete with choice speculation a b o u t the motives of such stalwart Republicans as Apostles Francis M . L y m a n , J o h n H e n r y Smith, a n d Reed Smoot. T h e larger question of c h u r c h influence in U t a h politics is examined as well. Moyle also relates tales of t h e kind so often excised from family papers by well-meaning b u t misguided descendants. Moyle was a w a r m , open person whose free acknowledgem e n t of his political bias makes his observations on affairs of church a n d state a refreshing antidote to the m a n y " p u b lic relations" versions of historical events a n d persons. T h e J a m e s Moyle family a n d Gene Sessions h a v e rendered a service in presenting the whole m a n for t h e reader's view.

J O S E P H H.

Duke Research

Professor of

University

CASH

History

of South

Dakota

Vermillion

Fresh Meat/Warm Weather. By J O Y C E ELIASON. (New York: Harper and Row, 1974. 145 p p . $6.95.)

T h e dust jacket describes the book as a novel, b u t Fresh Meat/Warm Weather might just as well be described as the autobiographical confessions of a sensitive a n d artistic personality reexamining her U t a h background in t h e quest for self-identity. T h o u g h not strictly historical, the book will undoubtedly j a r the m e m o r y of anyone w h o grew u p in "those hills a n d little faraway M o r m o n towns with names like M o r o n i , Lehi, N e p h i . " Sure to be anathematized by m a n y home-towners for her unblushing frankness, the a u t h o r nevertheless writes with c h a r m a n d strength. T o t h e historical c o m m u n i t y her book will probably grow in interest a n d value with the passing of time. I t is a powerful a n d revealing statement.

California Tribute.

Catholicism: By

A Holy

FRANCIS

J.

Year

WEBER.

(Los Angeles: Chancery Archives, Archdiocese of Los Angeles, 1975. xv + 208 pp.)

I n t e n d e d for a general audience, this book consists of 120 vignettes of per-

Book Reviews and Notices sons, places, and events spanning four centuries. Of interest to Utahns are figures such as James Edward Kearney, fifth bishop of the Salt Lake Diocese; Joseph Sarsfield Glass, after whom the Bishop Glass School in Salt Lake City was named; and Joseph Sadoc Alemany and John Joseph Cantwell, two California bishops whose names come up in Utah Catholic history.

The Cox Library: County, State, and Local Histories. By GORDON L. Cox. (Glendale, Calif.: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1974. 159 pp. Paper, $20.00.)

The Cox Library contains some four thousand volumes of local history, including early city directories. These works have been microfilmed. In addition, fifteen thousand telephone directories are in the Cox collection, any of which will be microfilmed upon request.

Libraries and researchers will find this guide useful as a bibliography and as a catalog from which to order items of rare Americana.

Museum Age.

Cataloging in the By

ROBERT

G.

Computer CHENHALL.

(Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local History, 1975. viii + 261 pp. $9.50.)

Museum professionals will want to examine this new book carefully and assess the merits of computerized museum cataloging for their particular collections.

A Narrative Biography of the Unsworth Family: Pioneers of the West. By MARGARET RYAN SAMPSON. (Reno: Author, 803 Whitaker Dr., Reno, Nev. 89503, 1974. xxix + 86 pp.)

This family chronicle is principally concerned with the story of two Unsworth brothers, James and Samuel.

James was a pioneer of Hyrum, Utah.

Samuel became an Episcopal priest and served as the first rector of Saint Paul's

433 Church when it was located at Main and First South streets and at other Episcopal churches in Ogden and Reno.

Our Pioneer Heritage. Vol. 17. Compiled by KATE B. CARTER. (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1974. xi + 555 pp. $7.00.)

The latest volume in the Daughters of Utah Pioneers series contains much useful data, including full chapters on events of 1873, the Old Fort, place names, Parley P. Pratt and his twelve wives, Eliza R. Snow, and fourteen General Epistles of the Mormon church.

The volume also includes autobiographical material on Lucinda Haws Holdaway, Charles Ramsden Bailey, Caroline E.W.W. Larrabee, John T. Sutton, Louisa Mellor Clark, Job Pingree, Joseph Cooper, and Niels Johnson.

Pablo Cruz and the American Dream: The Experiences of an Undocumented Immigrant from Mexico. Compiled by EUGENE N E L S O N . (Salt Lake City and Santa Barbara: Peregrine Smith, Inc., 1975. xxiii 4- 171 pp. $8.95.)

Pablo Cruz tells a story that has long needed telling: the firsthand experiences of an illegal alien from Mexico and his dealings with "wetback" smugglers, corrupt officials, and farm labor camp superintendents. Literally hundreds of thousands of "undocumented immigrants" have shared similar experiences. Over a fifty-year period, 1924â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 73, more than 7.5 million illegal Mexican aliens were apprehended by the immigration authorities. This vast movement of persons across the MexicanU.S. border has enormous consequences not only for those directly involved but for all the people in both countries.

Air. Cruz, now an American citizen, told his story to Eugene Nelson during the summer of 1964.

434 A Pioneer

Utah Historical Quarterly History

Springdale

to

CRAWFORD

and

of Zion Canyon and 1947. By N A N C Y MERWIN

G.

C.

FAIR-

B A N K S . (Spanish F o r k : Gifford F a m ily Organization, 1974. vi + 70 p p . ) This little book contains useful d a t a on t h e pioneer period in t h e two small towns of Springdale a n d Zion in southern U t a h .

Ranch Schoolteacher.

By EULALIA BOURNE. ( T u c s o n : University of Arizona Press, 1974. vii + 312 p p .

Cloth, $8.50; paper, $4.95.)

Mrs. Bourne's account of teaching in one-room schools in rural Arizona possesses a rare c h a r m . As a teenager without even a high school diploma, she passed Arizona's comprehensive examination a n d began her long career, often instructing children w h o spoke only Spanish or a n I n d i a n language. S h e t r i u m p h e d in h e r " h a p p y fate" because of a n "inborn desire to get along with

The Transportation Mississippi West, OSCAR

OSBURN

Frontier: Trans1865-1890.

By WINTHER.

(Albu-

q u e r q u e : University of N e w Mexico Press, 1974. xiv + 223 p p . Paper, $4.95.)

Originally published by Holt, Rinehart, a n d Winston in 1964, this volume in t h e Histories of the American Frontier series, u n d e r t h e general editorship of R a y Allen Billington, has been reprinted in paperback.

The

Utah

Report.

UFO Display: By

FRANK

A

B.

Biologist's SALISBURY.

(Old Greenwich, C o n n . : T h e DevinAdair Co., 1974. xxiv + 286 p p . $7.95.)

Dr. Salisbury, a p l a n t scientist a t U t a h State University, applies t h e scientific m e t h o d to a n investigation of h u n d r e d s of U F O sightings in t h e U i n t a h Basin in the 1960s.

kids."

A War on the Saints.

Saga of the Sanpitch. Vol. 6. Edited by R U T H D. Scow (Ephraim: Manti Region, C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1974. 6 4 p p . )

This latest chronicle from M r . Stout details the struggle of "good" a n d "evil" (i.e., t h e M o r m o n s a n d everyone else) from pre-Biblical times to t h e coming of t h e railroad. T h e principal value of these apocalyptic writings lies in t h e statistical tables t h a t t h e a u t h o r sometimes includes. T h e current volume lists captains of immigrant companies for various years.

F r o m a n a n n u a l writing competition for Sanpete C o u n t y residents, this volume contains poetry, essays, short stories, a n d historic p h o t o g r a p h s of t h e Manti Temple.

Southwest

By W A Y N E S T O U T .

(Salt L a k e City: Author, 1974. iv + 243 p p . $7.00.)

Classics.

CLARK POWELL.

By

LAWRENCE

(LOS Angeles:

The

W a r d Ritchie Press, 1974, 370 p p . $12.95.)

A collection of twenty-six essays on outstanding works by interpreters of t h e Southwest, including Josiah Gregg, F a t h e r K i n o , Joseph W o o d K r u t c h , Z a n e Grey, D . H . Lawrence, a n d T h e o dore Roosevelt.

Ute Indians I; Aboriginal and Historical Groups of the Ute Indians of Utah: An Analysis with Supplement.

By J U L I A N and

edited

H. by

STEWARD. DAVID

Compiled

AGEE

HORR.

(New York a n d L o n d o n : G a r l a n d Publishing, I n c . , 1974. 159 p p . $26.95.)

This book contains t w o reports by the distinguished anthropologist J u l i a n

Articles

435

H . Steward that were used as evidence in court action by the Indian Claims Commission. T h e reportsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;"Aboriginal a n d Historic Groups of the U t e Indians of U t a h : An Analysis" a n d "Native Components of the White River U t e I n d i a n s " â&#x20AC;&#x201D; are reproduced from the typescript copy a n d comprise all but twenty-four pages of the book. T h e price of this slim volume is clearly a n outrage.

Ute

Indians

LEROY

II. R.

By GERALD T .

HAFEN,

and

HART,

ANNE

M.

S M I T H . ( N e w York a n d L o n d o n : G a r l a n d Publishing, Inc., 1974. 411 pp. $21.00.)

T h e relative scarcity of published material o n the U t e Indians has created a d e m a n d that some publishers a p p a r ently see as a n economic windfall. Ute Indians II is nothing more than a compilation of documents presented in evidence before the I n d i a n Claims Commission and the decisions rendered by that body. N o prefatory or interpretive section accompanies the documents to place them in a n analytical context where their relative importance to the entire question of Indian land claims may be seen. Cheaply reproduced from typewritten copy, the book fills a need

that might be filled better and less expensively by the microfilming of papers of the Indian Claims Commission.

The Westerners: A Mini-Bibliography and a Cataloging of Publications, 1944-1974.

Edited by PAUL G A L LEHER. (Glendale, Calif.: T h e A r t h u r H . Clark Company, 1974. 18 p p . $3.50.)

This small catalog is a first a t t e m p t to pre vide a bibliography of the publications issued by Westerners throughout the world. Of the sixty-two organized Corrals, some forty percent have a p u b lications program. A r t h u r H . Clark lists the publications of twenty-five groups, including those of Denver, Chicago, Kansas City, Los Angeles, a n d London.

Some of the listed items are available from Arthur H . Clark.

Westivater, National Guide.

Lake Powell, Canyonlands Park: Canyonlands River

By B I L L B E L K N A P a n d B u z z

BELKNAP. (Boulder City, N e v . : Westwater Books, 1974. 64 p p . Paper, $3.95.)

Includes the Colorado River from Westwater to Lee's Ferry a n d the Green from the town of Green River, U t a h , to its confluence with the Colorado.

ART, LITERATURE, AND FOLKLORE Athearn, Kerry. "The Big Rock Candy Mountain a n d Angle American Literature, 10 (Spring 1975), 11-27.

Childress, William.

33. 66.

" T w a i n ' s Tenderfoot Days," Westways,

of Repose,"

Western

67 ( M a y 1955), 2 9 -

436

Utah Historical Quarterly

Cracroft, Richard H. " 'Half Froze for Mountain Doins': T h e Influence and Significance of George F. Ruxton's Life in the Far West," Western American Literature, 10 (Spring 1975), 29-44.

Draper, Ruth.

8-9.

" T h e Arts and the WPA," Utah Magazine,

2 (July-August 1975),

Draper, Ruth. " U t a h Art Institute — Beginnings," Utah Magazine, 1975), 24-25.

1 (May-June

Etulain, Richard. "Mary Hallock Foote: A Checklist," Western American Literature, 10 (Spring 1975), 59-66. A bibliography of the novelist's books and shorter works.

Marovitz, Stanford E. "Romance or Realism? Western Periodical Literature: 1893— 1902," Western American Literature, 10 (Spring 1975), 45-58.

Pettit, Arthur. "Nightmare and Nostalgia: T h e Cinema West of Sam Peckinpah," Western Humanities Review, 29 (Spring 1975), 105-22.

Steiner, Stan. " T h e Waning of the West," Natural 32-64. T h e vanishing cowboy.

History,

84 (June-July 1975),

Vigil, Ralph H. "Willa Cather and Historical Reality," New Mexico Historical view, 50 (April 1975), 123-34.

Re-

BIOGRAPHY Almaraz, Felix D., Jr. " T h e Making of a Boltonian: Carlos E. Castenada of Texas —-The Early Years," Red River Valley Historical Review, 1 (Winter 1974), 329-50.

Betenson, Lula Parker, and Dora Flack. "Butch Cassidy Comes Home," The can West, 12 (May 1975), 4 - 1 1 .

Ameri-

"Butch Cassidy, My Brother," Salt Flat News, 3 (April 1975), 4 - 5 . Interview with Lula Parker Betenson.

Meyer, Roy W. "New Light on Lewis Garrard," The Western Historical 6 (July 1975). 261-78. Author of Wah-to-yah, and the Taos Trail.

Powell, Lawrence Clark. "Letter from the Southwest," Westways, 24-27. Sharlot Hall of Arizona.

Quarterly,

67 (July 1975),

Robbins, Peggy. "Calamity J a n e : 'Hell in Leather Britches,'" American Illustrated, 10 (June 1975), 12-21.

History

ETHNICS " T h e Ancient Rock Art of U t a h and Arizona," Sunset,

154 (May 1975), 68-73.

Carter, Gregg Lee. "Social Demography of the Chinese in Nevada: Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, 18 (Summer 1975), 73-90.

1870-1880,"

Chisholm, James D. " T h e Social Organization of Ceremonial Practitioners at Navajo Mountain, U t a h , " Plateau, 47 (Winter 1975), 82-104.

Articles

437

Grover. M a r k L. " T h e Mexican-American in U t a h : A Bibliography," Utah 18 (Spring 1975), 34-38.

Libraries,

Holford, David M. " T h e Subversion of the Indian L a n d Allotment System, 18871934," The Indian Historian, 1 (Spring 1975), 11-21.

H o w a r d , James H . " T h e Culture-Area Concept: Does It Diffract Anthropological L i g h t ? " The Indian Historian, 1 (Spring 1975), 22-26. Questions the use of the culture-area concept to define I n d i a n groups.

Jacobs, Wilbur R. "Native American History: f l o w I t Illuminates O u r Past," The American Historical Review, 80 ( J u n e 1975) , 595-609. Review essay on current books.

Ryan, Carmelita S. " T h e Written Record and the American I n d i a n : T h e Archives of the U n i t e d States," The Western Historical Quarterly, 6 (April 1975), 163-73.

H I S T O R I C A L SOURCES AND

METHOD

Birdsall, William F. " T h e T w o Sides of the Desk: T h e Archivist and the Historian, 1909-1935," The American Archivist, 38 (April 1975), 159-74. Examines the "often troubled relationship" of professional archivists and historians.

Fidler, Douglas K., George Coroneos, and Michael T a m b u r r o . "Frederick Jackson T u r n e r , the Revisionists, and Sports Historiography," The Journal of Sport History, 2 (Spring 1975), 41-50.

Fogel, Robert William. " T h e Limits of Quantitative M e t h o d in History," The can Historical Review, 80 (April 1975), 329-65.

Ameri-

Hays, Samuel P. "History and Genealogy: Patterns of C h a n g e and Prospects for Cooperation," Prologue, the Journal of the National Archives, 7 (Spring 1975), 39-43.

Rhoades, J a m e s B. " W h o Should O w n the Documents of Public Officials?" the Journal of the National Archives, 7 (Spring 1975), 3 2 - 3 5 .

Prologue,

Scholes, F r a n c e V. "Royal Treasury Recorder Relating to the Province of N e w Mexico, 1596-1683." New Mexico Historical Review, 50 (April 1975), 139-64.

Taylor, M u r r a y W., comp. "Sources and Literature for Western American History: A List of Dissertations," The Western Historical Quarterly, 6 (July 1975), 303-14.

LOCAL Bitton, Davis. "Blackfoot: T h e M a k i n g of a Community, 1878-1910," Idaho days, 19 (Spring 1975), 2-15.

E d m u n d s , Carol. " V e r n a l : F r o m Dinosaurs to Shale," Shale 1975), 10-12. Discusses effects of oil shale developments.

Hassett, Rick. " O g d e n in the '70's," Utah Holiday, Luke, Laurie. " S u g a r : A Short History," Snake 50. Sugar City, I d a h o .

Country,

Yester-

1 (March

4 ( M a r c h 3, 1975), 4 - 1 1 .

River Echoes, 3 (Spring 1974), 4 3 -

438

Utah Historical

McCarry, Charles. "Utah's Shining Oasis," National Geographic 440-73.

Quarterly

147 (April 1975),

Reynolds, Leona. "Memories of Currie, Nevada," The Northeastern torical Society Quarterly, 5 (Spring 1975), 2-16.

Nevada His-

"Roosevelt: Nice Place for a Family," Shale Country, 1 (May 1975), 10-11. Effects of oil-shale development on the town.

Swenson, Paul. "The Air War," Utah Holiday, 4 (May 5, 1975), 32, 38. Television news in Salt Lake City.

"Heating up the News War," Utah Holiday, 4 (July 7, 1975), 4-8, 35-38.

Television news in Salt Lake City

U T A H AND M O R M O N I S M Beecher, Dale F. "Rey L. Pratt and the Mexican Mission," Brigham Young sity Studies, 15 (Spring 1975), 293-307.

Univer-

Bunker, Gary L., and Davis Bitton. "Mesmerism and Mormonism," Brigham University Studies, 15 (Winter 1975), 146-70.

Young

Morningstar, Connie. "Brigham Young and Early Utah Furniture," The Journal, 30 (May 1975), 26-28, 44.

Antiques

. "Early Utah Furniture," The Antiques Journal, 30 (April 1975), 14-17, 46.

Young, Marlene M. "Westminster College Celebrates 100 Years," Utah 1 (May-June 1975), 4-8.

Magazine,

WESTWARD M O V E M E N T AND TRAVELOG Conrad, David E. "Whipple's Pacific Railroad Survey in the Indian Territory," Red River Valley Historical Review, 1 (Winter 1974), 391-415.

Jensen, Richard E., ed. "A Description of the Fur Trade in 1831 by John Dougherty," Nebraska History, 56 (Spring 1975), 109-20.

Klein, Maury. "Rise of the Iron Horse," American History Illustrated, 1975), 4-11.

10 (June

Meyer, Larry L. "Welsh Indians and Other Anglo Fables," The American West, 12 (May 1975), 42-47. First in a three-part series treating the forces and nations that shaped the American West of 1776, this piece examines England's tenuous hold in the wilderness.

Meyer, Richard E., ed. "The [James W.] Denver Diary Overland to California in 1850," Arizona and the West, 17 (Spring 1975), 35-62.

Moynihan, Ruth Barnes. "Children and Young People on the Overland Trail," The Western Historical Quarterly, 6 (July 1975), 279-94. Many adolescent travelers kept diaries or later wrote memoirs.

INDEX

Adams, W. Lloyd, National G u a r d s m a n , 136 Airies, C. H., offered land to Sheldon Jackson College, 354 Alemany, Joseph S., archbishop of San Francisco, 365 Alexander, Sara, actress, 43 Alexander, T h o m a s G., A Dependent Commonwealth: Utah's Economy from Statehood to the Great Depression, reviewed, 87 Alhambra T h e a t r e , in Ogden, 16 Allen, J o h n L., review of Bartlett, Nature's Yellowstone, 196—97 All Faces West, performances of, 2 1 - 2 3 , 82 All Hallows College: closed, 3 7 2 ; history of, 3 6 8 - 7 2 ; opened in 1885, 365, 3 6 8 ; photog r a p h of, 3 6 8 ; p h o t o g r a p h of baseball team of, 370 Allred, Freeman, Spring City home of, 276 Allred, Isaac Edgar, Spring City home and drugstore of, 272 Allred, James, early settler in Spring City, 261, 262 Allred, J a m e s A., mayor of Spring City, 272, 274 Allred, J o h n Frank, teacher, 267 Allred, Lorena Sorensen, wife of Orson, 272 Allred, Orson, home and hotel of, 272 Allred, R e u b e n W., early settler in Spring City, 262 The Alta Club, 1883-1974,

by Malmquist, reviewed, 4 2 4 - 2 5 American Mutoscope a n d Biograph Co., 7 American Photoplay Weekly, published in U t a h , 6-7 American Smelting a n d Refining, 157, 180 American T h e a t r e : opened on M a i n Street, 6; p h o t o g r a p h of, 17; premiered Big Heart, 13 Amussen Building, built by Folsom and Romney, 2 4 9 - 5 0 Amussen, Theodore, married L o r n a Russell, 47 Anderson, M o t h e r A u g u s t a : educational activities of, 364, 3 6 6 ; honored by Black minstrel group, 3 6 5 ; as superior and superior general of Holy Cross Sisters, 363, 367 Anderson, Paul L., "William Harrison Folsom: Pioneer Architect," 2 4 0 - 5 9 Angell, T r u m a n O . : buildings worked on by, 217, 219, 242, 2 4 8 ; as church architect, 244, 247, 249, 2 5 2 - 5 3 Angell, T r u m a n O., Jr., assistant church architect, 249, 252, 253, 255 Annunciata, Mother, superior general of Holy Cross Sisters, 367 Anselmo, F o r t u n a t o , Italian vice-consul for U t a h , 183 Antonia, Caesar, in 1903-4 strike, 147 Architecture: achievement of W. H . Folsom in, 2 4 0 - 5 9 ; of Beaver, 2 7 8 - 8 5 ; of Danes in U t a h , 263, 2 6 8 - 7 1 ; history of, in U t a h , 2 0 8 - 3 9 ; of L D S church, 3 0 1 - 2 7 ; of Spring

City, 2 6 0 - 7 7 ; stylistic developments in, 2 1 6 - 3 9 ; technology of, 2 3 8 - 3 9 ; vernacular forms of, 2 1 0 - 1 6 ; of Willard, 2 8 6 - 3 0 0 The Arizona of Joseph Pratt Allyn; Letters from a Pioneer Judge: Observations and Travels, 1863—1866, ed. Nicolson, reviewed, 4 2 6 - 2 7 Armstrong, James C , home of, 224 Arrington, Leonard J . : Charles C. Rich: Mormon General and Western Frontiersman, reviewed, 86—87; A Dependent Commonwealth: Utah's Economy from Statehood to the Great Depression, reviewed, 87 Arrowhead Motion Picture Co., 4, 12, 14-15 Assembly Hall, design and building of, 219, 255, 256, 318

B Bailey, George, Westminster College president, 355 Baird, Malcolm, 297, 289 Baird, Rachel, Willard telegrapher, 297 Baird, Robert Bell: p h o t o g r a p h of home of, 2 9 8 ; Willard home of, 2 9 7 - 9 8 Bamberger Simon, signed Columbus Day bill, 184 Barbee, William Tecumseh, discovered ore at Silver Reef, 367 Barboglio, Joseph, U M W official a n d bank president, 145, 176 Barlow, Mr., gave reading, 31 Bartetzki Arthur, bought Miller-Toombs home in Willard, 292 Bartlett, Richard A., Nature's Yellowstone, reviewed, 196-97 Baxter, J o h n R., Sr., Spring City home of, 268, 274 Bayliss, E d w a r d , pastor of Corinne Presbyterian church, 345, 3 5 1 - 5 2 Bean, Orestes, wrote Corianton, 23 Beaver City: colonization of, 2 7 8 ; folk architecture in, 2 7 8 - 8 5 ; photographs of stone buildings in, 278, 2 8 1 , 282, 283, 284, 285 Becker house ( O g d e n ) , p h o t o g r a p h of, 233 Beck, Simon T , p h o t o g r a p h of Spring City home of, 273 Beectier, H a r o l d K., architect, 238 Beehive H o u s e : architectural style of, 2 4 7 ; restoration of, 78 A Believing People: Literature of the Latterday Saints, ed. Cracroft and L a m b e r t , reviewed, 4 2 1 - 2 3 Bernhisel, J o h n M., purchased books for territorial library, 412 Berry, Michael S., review of Hedrick, Kelley, arid Riley, eds., The Classic Southwest: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnology, 194-95 Bertha Eccles C o m m u n i t y Art C e n t e r : architectural style of, 2 2 4 ; p h o t o g r a p h of, 225 Big Heart, U t a h - p r o d u c e d movie, 13 Bingham, p h o t o g r a p h of, 164

440 Bingham Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co., Midvale smelter of, 157 Bird, Violet, movie actress, 18 Bishop Glass School, 376 Bison Co., produced U t a h films, 11 Bitton, Davis, " T h e Ritualization of Mormon History," 6 7 - 8 5 Black Hawk War, 262 Black, William, early settler in Spring City, 262 Blaine, James Gillespie, presidential candidate, 363 Blain, Robert, Spring City merchant, 274 Blake, Patrick, Catholic priest and educator, 367, 369 Bliss, Marion, Carbon County sheriff, 123 Bogan, William J., Catholic educator, 368 Bohlin, John, stonemason, 263, 264 Bonacci, Frank, labor organizer, 122-23 Bond Makes Good, Utah-produced movie, 14 Bonneville Architects, designed new Salt Palace, 239 Bonvincini, Virginio, called a "scab" during 1903-4 strike, 138 Booth, Edwina, movie actress, 18 Borzage, Frank, movie director, 18 Boston Building: architectural style of, 230; photograph of, 230 Bosworth, Hobart, movie company of, 14 Bountiful T a b e r n a c l e : architectural style of, 2 1 7 - 1 8 , 309, 3 1 1 ; photograph of, 301 Bousfield, Harry, U M W official, 152 Box Elder County Courthouse, architectural style of, 217 Box Elder Stake Tabernacle, photograph of, 219 Bozichkovich, George, member of Serbian 'Benevolent Society, 161 Bradford, Mary L., review of Huffaker, One Time I Saw Morning Come Home, 331 Braffet, M a r k P., attorney for U t a h Fuel Co., 137, 149 The Bridge of Gold, Utah-produced movie, 14 Brigham Young College, trustees of, 406—7 Brigham Young Express Carrying Co., 291 Brigham Young Monument, photograph of,

V

Brigham Young Schoolhouse: classes at, 397; photograph of, 396 Brigham Young University: design of Marriott Activities Center at, 2 3 9 ; motion picture studio at, 8 0 ; photographs of, 390-95 Brinckerhoff, Sidney B., review of Nicolson, ed., The Arizona of Joseph Pratt Allyn; Letters from a Pioneer Judge: Observations and Travels, 1863-1866, 4 2 6 - 2 7 Brinley, J o h n E., Jr., review of Lingenfelter, The Hardrock Miners: A History of the Mining Labor Movement in the American West, 1863-1893, 92-93 Briscoe, Raymond G., review of Melville, Conflict and Compromise: The Mormons in Mid-Nineteenth-Century American Politics, 4 2 3 - 2 4 Broderick, David C , California senator, 419 Brough, Elizabeth A., wife of J. A. Allred, 274

Utah Historical Quarterly Brown, Albert, captain in California Volunteers, 64 Brown, Arthur J., land speculator, 352 Brown, James, 73 Brown, Willis, Salt Lake City judge, 18 Bryant, William Cullen, published poem of S. E. Carmichael, 59 Bullock, Thomas, L D S clerk, 412, 413 Burgess, John, called a "scab" during 1903— 4 strike, 136 Burnham and Root, architects, developed Commercial style, 228 Burrows, William, judge, released C Demolli, 134 Burton, Charles S., adjutant general, U t a h National Guard, 139 Burton, Harold W., architect, designed Park First Ward, 233, 324 Burton, Sir Richard, visited W. C Staines, 418, 419 Byrnes, Francis Barry, architect, 232

Caine, J o h n T , read poem by S. E. Carmichael, 58 California Volunteers, arrival of, 59-60 Call, Homer, Willard mill owner, 291 Call, O m e r : photograph of home of, 2 9 1 ; Willard mill owner, 291 Campbell, Robert L., school supervisor, 399 Cannon and Fetzer, architects, designed public a n d church buildings, 227, 233-34 Cannon, Angus M., L D S stake president, 144, 383 Cannon, Annie Wells, praised I d a Cook, 406 Cannon, George Q . : dedicated Millcreek Ward, 3 1 1 ; praised Social Hall school, 397, 4 0 2 ; published Faith Promoting Series, 81 Cannon, J o h n Q . : investigated 1903-4 strike, 129, 130, 135, 137, 147, 148; photograph

of, 129 Capel, George, gave benefit lecture for All Hallows College, 3 6 8 - 6 9 Carbon C o u n t y : coal discovered in, 108; immigrants in, 112-13, 114-18, 1 2 1 ; Italians in, organized lodges, 1 7 3 - 7 9 ; 1903-4 coal miners' strike in, 1 2 5 - 5 4 ; photographs taken in, 114, 139 Carlson, Jens P., stonemason, 274, 276 Carlson, J o h n Peter, stonemason, 263, 264 Carlton, Carrie, reviewed S. E. Carmichael's Poems, 63 Carmichael, Mary, sister of Sarah Elizabeth, 53, 65 Carmichael, M a r y Ann, mother of Sarah Elizabeth, 53, 64 Carmichael. Sarah Elizabeth: biography of, 5 2 - 6 6 ; childhood of, 5 3 - 5 4 ; death of, 6 6 ; denounced polygamy, 64—65; a n d E. R. Snow, 55, 5 6 ; met and married J. M. Williamson, 60, 62, 6 4 ; photograph of, 5 2 ; public recognition of, 5 8 - 5 9 ; published by Deseret News, 5 4 ; published Poems, 6 2 - 6 4 Carmichael, William, father of Sarah Elizabeth, 53, 54 Carone, Vito, orchestra leader, 182

Index Carrington, Albert, clerk in Brigham Young's office, 412, 413 Carter, Charles W., m a d e print of Joseph Smith, 78-79 Carter, Harvey L., review of Cline, Peter Skene Ogden and the Hudson's Bay Company, 90-91 Carter, W. A., Fort Bridger judge, 64 Cash, Joseph H., review of Kickingbird and Ducheneaux, One Hundred Million Acres, 431-32 Caskey, Robert J., and Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, 3 5 1 , 357 Casley, Thomas, Scofield union official, 145 Castle Gate, photos of, 112-13, 117, 119 Catholic church, educational institutions of, 362-78 Cathedral of the Madeleine: parish school for, 374, 3 7 5 ; rectory of, 371 Cedar City Co-op Store, photograph of, 315 Charles C. Rich: Mormon General and Western Frontiersman,

by Arrington, reviewed, 86-87 Charles, Mother, directed Saint Mary's Academy, 366 Chataignier, J B., president of All Hallows College, 369 The Cheechakos, U t a h - p r o d u c e d movie, 19 The Child and the Beast, U t a h - p r o d u c e d movie, 18 Christensen, C. C. A., artist, 79-80 C h u r c h of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: a n d architecture, 2 1 8 - 1 9 , 238, 3 0 1 - 2 8 ; a n d education, 345, 364, 3 7 9 - 8 9 ; history of, ritualized, 6 7 - 8 5 ; and labor unions, 144—45; and movies, 20, 2 3 ; and Scandinavian converts, 2 6 2 - 6 3 . See also Morm o n s ; Young, Brigham; Smith, Joseph, Jr. City a n d County Building ( P r o v o ) , photograph of, 228 Civil War, effects of, in U t a h , 5 9 - 6 2 Clark Zerviah' Eliza, wife of W. H . Folsom, 241 The Classic Southwest: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnology, ed.

Hedrick, Kelley, and Riley, reviewed, 1 9 4 95 Clawson, Chester, movie producer, 19 Clawson, Rudger, and L D S classes, 384 Clawson, Shirley, movie producer, 19 Clayton, James L., review of Arrington and Alexander, A Dependent Commonwealth: Utah's Economy from Statehood to the Great Depression, 87 Clayton, William: read address by S. E. Carmichael, 5 8 ; wrote "Come, Come Ye Saints," 5 2 - 5 3 Clear Creek, photograph of mine at, 108 Cline, Gloria Griffen, Peter Skene Ogden and the Hudson's Bay Company, reviewed, 9 0 91 Club D a n t e Alighieri, founded, 186 Coal m i n i n g : history of, 1 0 4 - 2 4 ; 1903-4 strike by workers in, 116, 122, 125-54 Coalville Tabernacle, p h o t o g r a p h of, 319 Colombo, , Carbon County physician, 123 Columbian Federation of Italian Societies, 173

441 Columbia Steel, Geneva plant of, 120 Comes, John, architect, remodeled Cathedral of the Madeleine, 372 Commercial C l u b : architectural style of, 226; p h o t o g r a p h of, 227 Compson, Betty, movie actress, 18 Conflict and Compromise: The Mormons in Mid-Nineteenth-Century American Politics,

by Melville, reviewed, 4 2 3 - 2 4 Congregational church, educational activities of, 345, 353 Connor, Patrick E.: commanded California Volunteers, 5 9 ; promoted mining, 209—10 Constitution Building, 42, 228 Converse H a l l : architectural style of, 2 2 8 ; p a o t o g r a p h of, 229 Converse, J o h n , Westminster College benefactor, 359 Cook, Cornelia, sister of M a r y and Ida, 404 Cook, I d a l o n e : Ada Dwyer studied with, 4 4 ; church activity of, 398, 4 0 7 - 8 ; as educator, 396, 3 9 7 - 9 8 , 399-400, 4 0 4 - 8 ; left U t a h , 4 0 9 ; photograph of, 405 Cook, M a r y Elizabeth: Ada Dwyer studied with, 4 4 ; church activity of, 398, 4 0 4 ; as educator, 396, 3 9 7 - 9 8 , 4 0 0 - 4 0 1 , 4 0 3 - 4 , 4 0 6 ; left U t a h , 404, 4 0 9 ; photograph of, 405 Cook, Sophia King, mother of M a r y and Ida, 404 Cooley, Everett L., review of Malmquist, The Alta Club, 1883-1974, 424-25 Coombs, F. Alan, review of Nadeau, The Water Seekers, 197-98 Corlanton, play by Orestes Bean, 22, 23, 24 C o n a n t o n Corp., movie company, 23—25 Corriere D'America (Salt Lake C i t y ) , Italian newspaper, 182-83 Cosgrave, Luke, movie actor, 18 Cosgriff, J. E., Catholic benefactor, 376 Cosgriff Memorial School, 376 Cosgriff, Walter, Catholic benefactor, 377 Council H a l l : architectural style of, 217, 247, 248; territorial library in, 5 4 ; University of Deseret classes at, 399 Cove Fort, 213 The Covered Wagon, movie directed by L tahn, 18 Cowley, Matthias F., and L D S classes, 383 Cox, Isaiah, St. George school trustee, 403 Cox, Jewell, organist, 22 Coyner, E m m a , teacher and daughter of J o h n M., 346, 347, 348 Coyner, J o h n M . : and Mormons, 359; photograph of 3 5 3 ; and Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, 3 4 6 - 4 7 , 3 4 9 - 5 0 ; taught at Lapwai I n d i a n School, 346; left U t a h , 350 Coyner, Mrs. J o h n M . ( M a r y ) , 346, 349, 350 Cracroft, Richard H., ed. A Believing People: Literature of the Latter-day Saints, reviewed, 4 2 1 - 2 3 Crest Pictures, movie distributor, 17 Crisp, James W., Spring City home of, 272 Crissman farm, given to Sheldon Jackson College, 354 Croatian Fraternal Union, lodge of, organized in Midvale, 159-60 Crow, David, mine superintendent, 142

442 Crowder, David L., review of Stout and Faulk, A Short History of the American West, 191-92 Cruze, James, movie director, 18 Culmer, William H., home of, 220 Cumming, Mrs. Alfred, described home of W. C. Staines, 4 1 8 - 1 9 Cuneo, Guiseppe, Italian consul, 134-35 Curtz, Arley G., review of Stenzel, James Madison Alden: Yankee Artist of the Pacific Coast, 1854-1860, 334-35

Daily Union Vedette, published poems by S. E. Carmichael, 63—64 Dallas, S. C , architect, 223 Dalpiaz, Joseph, described Italian lodges, 175 Dalton, Matthew, Willard carpenter, 289-90 Damon, S. Foster, biographer of Amy Lowell, 46 Danes, Spring City settled by, 2 6 2 - 6 3 , 2 6 7 71, 274-77 Danziger, E d m u n d Jefferson, Jr., Indians and Bureaucrats: Administering the Reservation Policy during the Civil War, reviewed, 430-31 Daughters of U t a h H a n d c a r t Pioneers, 75 Daughters of the M o r m o n Battalion, 75 Daughters of U t a h Pioneers, 75, 77 Davis, A. J., architect, 218 Davis, Richard Jenkins, Willard home of, 292 Dawn, Hazel, movie actress, 18 Delaney, Robert W., review of Tyler, A History of Indian Policy, 9 3 - 9 4 Demman, , Carbon County physician, 123 DeMolli, Charles: arrested, 134, 145; background of, 133; came to Sunnyside, 128; defended strikers, 130; met with H . M. 'Wells, 135; and National Guard, 141 Dennison, Jennie, teacher, 348 Denver and Rio G r a n d e Western Railroad: depot of, in Salt Lake City, 2 2 4 ; folklore of, 1 1 0 - 1 2 ; indicted for fraud, 110; line of, to Price, 109; U t a h Fuel Co., a subsidiary of, 110-11 A Dependent Commonwealth: Utah's Economy from Statehood to the Great Depression, by Arrington and Alexander, reviewed, 87 Devereaux H o u s e : architectural style of, 220; floor plan of, 2 2 1 ; named by W. Jennings, 4 1 8 ; wing added to, by W. Jennings, 251 DeVoto, Bernard, parents of, 366 DeVoto, Florian, directed Sacred Heart Academy, 366 DeVoto, Rose, teacher at Saint Mary's Academy, 365 Deseret Academy of Art, 249 Deseret Agriculture and Manufacturing Society, activities of, 414, 4 1 6 - 1 7 , 419 Deseret D r a m a t i c Association, 419 Deseret Film Co., 15 Deseret Hospital, 403 Deseret News: a n d architecture, 247, 258, 259, 2 9 2 ; a n d education, 351, 397, 398, 4 0 3 ; a n d movies, 19, 2 1 , 23, 24; and 1903-4 strike, 139, 146, 149; and poetry,

Utah Historical Quarterly 54, 60, 62, 6 6 ; published E. R. Snow's notice recanting her essay, 39 Deseret News Building, designed by R. K. A. Kletting, 228, 230 Deseret Theological Class, 32, 38 D'Hemecourt, G. A., architect, 228 Dibble, Philo, painter, 79 Dinwoodey Furniture Co., 251 Dolinski, Ann, labor organizer aided by, 123 Dolinsky, A., partner in M u t u a l Mercantile Co., 170 Dooly Building, rendering of, 231 Dowd, Andrew W., Carbon County physician, 119, 122 Downard, William, carpenter, 267 Downing, Andrew Jackson, landscape architect, 218 Dragos, Milka, sheriff protected by, 123 D r u m m o n d , William, architect, 232, 233 Dry, Victor C , cinematographer, 13 Ducheneaux, Karen, One Hundred Million Acres, reviewed, 4 3 1 - 3 2 Dudley, Moses, Willard settler, 294 Dunoskovich, J o h n : photograph of family of, 103; secretary of Croatian Lodge, 160 Dwyer, A d a : as actress, 44—45, 47, 5 0 ; and Amy Lowell, 4 6 - 5 1 ; biography of, 4 1 - 5 1 ; birth and youth of, 4 3 - 4 4 ; death of, 5 0 5 1 ; as lecturer, 4 9 ; marriage of, 4 5 ; photograph of, 41 Dwyer, George, son of James, 50 Dwyer, James, book dealer and intellectual, 4 2 - 4 3 , 47 Dwyer, Mrs. James, death of, 46 Dwyer, Robert J., "Catholic Education in U t a h , 1875-1975," 362-78 Dwyer's Book Store, advertisement of, 43

Eastern Utah Advocate, reported on Italians, 174, 176, 177, 179 Eastlake, Charles L., architect, 223 Eaton, John, president of Sheldon Jackson College, 353-54, 355, 356 Eaton, Quincy, financial agent for Sheldon Jackson College, 356 Edler, A. B., union attorney, 135, 137 Edison Co., movie of, on U t a h , 8-9 Edwards and Daniels, architects, 238 Edwards, J o n a t h a n L.: photograph of home of, 294; Willard cattleman, 294-95 Ellaye Motion Picture Co., 10 Ellerbeck House, amateur theatre at, 44 Ellerbeck, Thomas W., L D S clerk, 413 Elliot, —, Carbon County physician, 119 Ellis, Joseph T., Spring City settler, 262 Ellsworth, S. George, review of Jesse, ed., Letters of Brigham Young to His Sons, 190-91 Elocution Society, 30^31 Episcopal church mission school, 345 Episcopal C h u r c h of the Good Shepherd ( O g d e n ) : architectural style of, 2 2 1 ; photograph of, 222 Etulain, Richard W., review of Peterson, Prophet without Honor: Glen H. Taylor and the Fight for American Liberalism, 89-90

Index E u r e k a : Catholic school at, 3 6 8 ; photograph of Pioneer Day in, 70 Evans, Clifford, architect, 232 Evans, M a x J., "William C. Staines: 'English Gentleman of Refinement and Culture,' " 410-20 Ewing, J. L., National G u a r d sergeant, 132 The Exodus (All Faces West), 20-22 The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the CourtMartial, ed. Spence and Jackson, reviewed, 95-96 Eyring, Henry, St. George school trustee, 403

Facer, George: photograph of home of, 296; Willard home of, 295 Farnsworth, Kathleen S., of Beaver, 280 Farr, Lorin, LDS official, 412 Faulk, Odie B., A Short History of the American West, reviewed, 191—92 Fausett, Lynn, M o r m o n murals by, 80 Faust, Richard H., review of Marquis, Memoirs of a White Crow Indian (Thomas H. Leforge), 94-95 Federal, Joseph Lennox, sixth Catholic bishop of Salt Lake, 376-77 Federazione Columbiana, photograph of, 185 Felt, Nathaniel, L D S clerk, 413 Ferguson, Ellen B., pioneer physician, 403 Ferry, Mrs. William M., led Westminster College fund drive, 359 Ferry, William M . : photograph of, 3 5 3 ; as Westminster College donor, 355, 358 Ferry, W. Mont., Salt Lake City mayor, 184 Fife, Austin E., folklorist, 299 Figlia DTtalia, lobbied for Columbus Day, 183-84 Finns: in Carbon County, 115; in 1903-4 strike, 126, 132, 136, 1 4 0 - 4 1 , 142-43 First Presbyterian C h u r c h (Salt Lake C i t y ) , 228 Fisher a n d Kletting, architects, 231 Fiske, , Carbon County physician, 119 Fitch, Mrs. T o m , Helper resident, 121-22 Fitch, T o m , Helper justice of the peace, 1 2 1 22 Fitzgerald, Joseph, Catholic school superintendent, 378 Flanagan's Bull Pup, Utah-produced movie, 14 Flint, K a t e , Salt Lake City prostitute, 146 Folsom, Amelia, wife of Brigham Young, 247 Folsom, William H . : as architect, 217, 219 2 4 5 - 4 9 , 2 5 1 - 5 8 ; biography of, 240-59 business partners of, 249—50, 251—52 church activities of, 2 5 1 , 256, 259; death of, 2 4 0 ; family of, 241, 2 4 9 ; at Nauvoo, 240, 2 4 1 - 4 2 ; photograph of, 2 4 5 ; portrait of, 241 Fordham, Elijah, Nauvoo worker, 242 Fort C a m e r o n : building of, near Beaver, 2 8 0 - 8 1 ; photograph of, 282 Fowler, J. S., union attorney during 1903-4 strike, 135 Fowler, N o r m a n , movie actor, 14 Fox, J. J., president of All Hallows, 369 Franciscan Fathers, activities of, in Provo, 376

443 Franciscan Sisters, activities of in Provo, 376 Francis, Mother, directed Sacred H e a r t Academy, 366 Frazer, Annie, wife of T h o m a s , 281 Frazer, Thomas, stonemason, 281 Froncek, Thomas, ed., Voices from the Wilderness: The Frontiersman's Own Story, reviewed, 4 2 7 - 2 8 Frontier Violence: Another Look, by Hollon, reviewed, 9 1 - 9 2

Galligan, Thomas, pastor of Saint Mary-ofthe-Assumption, 367 The Gambler's Ghost, U t a h - p r o d u c e d movie, 14 G a r d o H o u s e : architectural style of, 220, 2 5 1 ; photograph of, 250 Garrity, Helen, writer, 6 Gates, Crawford, coauthor of Promised Valley, 82 Georgopoulos, George, coal miner, 117 Gerbich, Danye, member of Serbian Benevolent Society, 161 Gerich, Stanko, member of Serbian Benevolent Society, 161 Gianotti, , Carbon County physician, 123 Gilbert, J o h n , movie actor, 18 Giles, J o h n D., led historical marker program, 77 Gillespie, M o t h e r Angela, superior general of Holy Cross Sisters, 363, 365 Gilscn, Samuel H . : drawing of, 1 5 1 ; supported 1903-4 strikers, 1 5 1 - 5 2 ; vita of, 151 Giovannoni, Alfredo F., pastor of Notre D a m e in Price, 121, 178, 375 The Girl from Utah, musical, 47 Glassie, Henry, folklorist, 279, 280 Glass, Joseph Sarsfield: Catholic bishop of Salt Lake City, 3 7 2 ; educational activities of 3 7 2 - 7 3 ; photograph of, 3 7 3 ; school named for, 376 Godbe, William S., home of, 220 Golden State Picture Co., 10 Gompers, Samuel, president of AFL, 144 Gordon Academy, Congregational school, 353 Gordon, Thomas, financial agent for Sheldon Jackson College, 356 Gorishek, , Carbon County physician, 123 Gorlinski, Helena, won popularity contest, 365 Goss, Peter L., " T h e Architectural History of U t a h , " 2 0 8 - 3 9 Grace Brothers, Nephi contractors, 267 The Grain of Dust, Ogden-made film, 16-17 Grant, Heber J . : in Columbus Day parade, 184; and religion classes, 384 G r a n t , Jedediah M . : broke up Polysophical Scciety, 31—32; photograph of, 3 1 ; spoke at M o r m o n Battalion celebration, 73 Greene and Greene, architects, 235 Green River School, designed by J. Sugden and D. L. Gustavson, 236 Griffin, Walter Burley, architect, 232 Griffith, Teddy, "A Heritage of Stone in Willard," 286-300

Utah Historical Quarterly

444 Gropius, Walter, architect, 232 Grow, Henry, Salt Lake Tabernacle designer.

238, 248 A Guide to America's Indian Ceremonials, Reservations, and Museums,

by Marquis, reviewed, 429 Guinan, John, director of All Hallows, 371 Gunton, William, memorial chapel named for, at Westminster College, 355-56 Gustavson, Dean L., architect, 236

H Hale, Frederick Albert, architect, 226 Hall, Brother, L D S missionary, 31 Hamblin, Jacob, M o r m o n hero, 81 Hamill, Alice, actress, 45 Hamill, S. S., Ada Dwyer studied with, 44 H a m m e r , Sarah Ann, wife of James Dwyer, 43 H a m m o n d , M . D., college trustee, 406 The Handcart Pioneers, by K n a p h u s , 80 Hanks, E. J., student at Sheldon Jackson College, 354 H a n n a , E d w a r d J., Catholic archbishop, 375 Hansen, Ane Kirstene, wife of Hans Jorgen, 270 Hansen Hans Jorgen, Spring City settler, 269-70 Harding, Alma, Promontory rancher, 295 Harding, Charles: business interests of, 2 8 8 89, 2 9 5 ; Willard home of, 295 Harding, Dwight, Willard settler, 288 Harding, George, Willard freighter and rancher, 288, 289, 295 Harding, Mary Jones, sericulturist, 289 The Hardrock Miners: A History of the Mining Labor Movement in the American West, 1863-1893,

by Lingenfelter, reviewed, 9 2 - 9 3 Hardy, M. H., educator, 399 Harris, Frederick, movie director, 14 Harrison, James A., Carbon County commissioner, 138 Harrison, E. L. T., designer, 218, 220, 246, 249 Hartley, William G., historian, 83 Hayne, Julia Dean, actress, 61 Hedrick, Basil C , ed., The Classic Southwest: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnology, reviewed, 194-95 Heffernan, Louise, student, 365 Helper: photographs, 1 1 0 - 1 1 , 169; South Slav settlement in, 168-70 Henry, Elizabeth, maid to Amy Lowell, 49, 50 Henry, Thomas, president of All Hallows, 369 Heywood, Josepb L., 30 Heywood, M a r t h a Spence: cultural activities of, 29, 3 0 - 3 1 , 33, 4 0 ; diary of, 3 1 , 34; marriage of, 30; immigration of, 29-30 Heywood, Sarepta, wife of Joseph L., 30 Highland Boy, South Slav settlement in, 1 6 2 67 Hill, George, judge, 138 Historic Willard Society, 300 A History of Indian Policy, by Tyler, reviewed, 9 3 - 9 4 Hodgson and McClenahan, architects, 236

Hodkinson, William W., movie company manager, 18 Hoffman, Aaron, movie script writer, 16 Holabird and Roche, architects, 228 Hollon. W. Eugene, Frontier Violence: Another Look, reviewed, 91-92 Holy Cross Hospital, school in, 367, 370 Home Dramatic Club, 44 Horsley, Ernest S., Mormon bishop, 149 Hotel U t a h , architectural style of, 226 Howes, Reed, movie actor, 18 Huffaker, Clair, One Time I Saw Morning Come Home: A Remembrance, reviewed, 331 H u n t , D u a n e G.: death of, 376; educational activities of, 375-76, 377; named fifth Catholic bishop of Salt Lake, 375 Hunter, Jim, architect, 239 Huntington, Dimick B., 73 H u n t , Richard Morris, architect, 224 Hyde, Mary Ann Price, wife of Orson, 272 Hyde, Orson: photograph of home of, 2 7 3 ; in Spring City, 271-72, 276 Hyde, William, 73

IBM Building, 239 Imanaka, M , coal miner, 117 Independent Coal and Coke Co., 114 Indians and Bureaucrats: Administering the Reservation Policy during the Civil War,

by Danziger, reviewed, 430â&#x20AC;&#x201D;31 Italian-American Civic League, 186 Italian Americanization Club of Carbon County, 179-80 Italian Mother's Club of Salt Lake City, 184 Italians: in Carbon County, 115; in 1903-4 strike, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133-34, 136, 138, 143, 1 4 7 - 5 3 ; organized lodges, 1 7 2 - 8 7 ; prejudice against, 174, 176, 177, 180-81 Italian Society of M u t u a l Aid, 173

Jackson, Carlton, Zane Grey, reviewed, 192â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 93 Jackson, Donald, The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial, reviewed, 95-96 Jackson, Sheldon: educational activities of, 3 5 1 - 5 3 ; led first Presbyterian services in U t a h , 3 4 5 ; photograph of, 353 Jackson, William, Willard resident, 300 Jakeman, Ellen L., described S. E. Carmichael, 66 James, H a r r y C , Pages from Hopi History, reviewed, 195-96 James Madison Alden: Yankee Artist of the Pacific Coast, 1854-1860, by Stenzel, reviewed, 334-35 Jennings, DeWitt C , movie actor, 18 Jennings, William, owner of Devereaux House, 220, 251, 418 Jenny, William LeBaron, architect, 228 Jensen, Niels Peter "Baker," rock barn of, in Spring City, 270, 271 Jesse, D e a n C , ed., Letters of Brigham Young to His Sons, reviewed, 190-91

Index

44F)

Jesuit Fathers, teachers, 376 Johnson, Grace, wrote The Mormon Miracle, 82 Johnson, J a c o b : p h o t o g r a p h of home of, 275 ; Spring City judge, 274—76 Johnson, Jacob, judge, 134 Johnson, Phillip, architect, 238 Jones, Mary, wife of Shadrach, 290 Jones, M o t h e r M a r y : encouraged 1903-4 strikers, 122, 145, 146-47, 148; photog r a p h of, 146: vita of, 145-46 Jones, S h a d r a c h : death of, 2 9 8 ; photograph of home of, 2 8 6 ; stonemasonry of, 214, 2 9 0 - 9 2 . 2 9 4 - 9 5 , 297 J u d g e Building, architectural style of, 230 J u d g e Memorial Hospital, converted to school use, 372, 374 J u d g e Memorial School and High School, 375, 3 7 6 - 7 7 Juvenile Instructor, reported on L D S religion classes, 3 8 3 - 8 4

K K a h n , Louis, architect, 238 K a n e , Elizabeth Wood, Twelve Mormon Homes Visited in Succession on a Journey through Utah to Arizona, reviewed, 3 2 8 29 K a n e , T h o m a s L., entertained by W. C. Staines, 419 Kearney, J a m e s E., Catholic bishop, 375 Kearns Building, architectural style of, 226 Kearns, Mr. a n d Mrs. T h o m a s , 371 Kearns Mansion, architectural style of, 224 Keefe, Joseph Sydney, Catholic educator, 378 Keeler, Joseph B., L D S educator, 381 Kelley, E d g a r Stillman, composer, 2 3 - 2 4 Kelley, J. Charles, ed., The Classic Southwest: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnology, reviewed, 194—95 Kelliner, Con, U M W organizer, 144 Kelling, W. B., president of Arrowhead, 14 Kelly, H a r r y A., movie producer, 10-11 Kendall, , C a r b o n C o u n t y physician, 119 Kennedy, Patrick, pastor of Saint Joseph's Parish, 376 Keusself, T h e o d o r e M., student, 354 Kickingbird, Kirke, One Hundred Million Acres, reviewed, 431—32 Kiely, Denis, Catholic priest, 362, 371 Kimball, H e b e r C : as counselor to Brigham Y o u n g , 3 1 8 ; officiated at endowment ceremony, 4 1 2 ; a n d Polysophical Society, 3 1 3 2 ; portrait of, 7 8 ; spoke at M o r m o n Battalion celebration, 73 Kimball, Sarah, Polysophical Society member, 29 King, H a n n a h Tapfield: a n d E. R. Snow, 28, 3 8 ; immigration of, 2 7 ; journal of, 27, 28, 32, 33, 3 4 ; p h o t o g r a p h of, 3 2 ; poetry of, 2 8 ; a n d Polysophical Society, 2 8 - 2 9 , 3 1 32, 40 King, William H., attorney for 1903-4 strikers, 137, 143 Kirtland T e m p l e : architectural style of, 309, 3 1 4 ; as a shrine, 7 6 ; solemn assembly in, 69

Kletting, Richard K. A., architectural achievements of, 224, 226, 228, 230, 2 3 8 39 K n a p h u s , Torleif, sculptor, 80 Knell, Lee, architect, 239 Knights of Columbus, 183-84 K n u d s e n , J o h n , threatened during 1903-4 strike, 130 Kofford, Charles, p h o t o g r a p h of granary built by, 270 K r a m e r , G. W., vice-president of U t a h Fuel Co., 142, 143 K u Klux Klan, 1924-25 campaign of, against immigrants, 176

L Lambert, Neal E., ed., A Believing People: Literature of the Latter-day Saints reviewed, 4 2 1 - 2 3 Largley, H a r o l d D., To Utah with the Dragoons and Glimpses of Life in Arizona and California, 1858-1859, reviewed, 329 Larkin, T h o m a s , president of All Hallows College, 369, 371 Larson, Robert W., New Mexico Populism: A. Study of Radical Protest in a Western Territory, reviewed, 3 3 3 - 3 4 Lasky, Jess L., movie company of, 14 Latimer, T h o m a s , mill of, 250 Lawson, Brother J., rebuked by W. C Staines, 412 Lawson, Eleanor, movie actress, 18 Le Corbusier, architect, 232, 238 Lee, J o h n D., execution of, 151 Lemaich, George, Serbian leader, 161 Letters of Brigham Young to His Sons, ed.

Jesse, reviewed, 190—91 Lev/is, George, movie producer, 19-20 Lewis, William R., Scofield union official 136-37 Liberty T h e a t r e Co., 6-7 Lingenfelter, R i c h a r d E., The Hardrock Miners: A History of the Mining Labor Movement in the American West, 1863— 1893, reviewed, 9 2 - 9 3 Lion House, 78, 219 Litizzette, Lena, 1903-4 strike supporter, 122 Literary a n d Musical Assembly, 32, 34 Littlefield, L y m a n O , 271 Logan T e m p l e , architecture and building of, 2 5 2 - 5 3 , 316 L o g a n T e m p l e Association, 408 Long, , C a r b o n C o u n t y physician, 119 Long, J. V., 73 Lowell, A m y : association of, with Ada Dwyer, 4 6 - 5 1 ; d e a t h of, 4 9 - 5 0 Lowe, William, p h o t o g r a p h of home of, 296 L u n d , A n t h o n H . : dedicated Spring City chapel, 2 6 4 ; and L D S Religion Class Movement, 3 8 0 ; p h o t o g r a p h of, 381 L u n d H o m e for Boys, 388 The Lust of the Ages, O g d e n - m a d e movie, 16 Lynn, W a n d a , movie actress, 13 Lyon, Ben, movie actor, 20 Lythgoe, Dennis L., review of Arrington, Charles C. Rich: Mormon General and Western Frontiersman, 86—87

446

Utah Historical Quarterly M

McAfee, George, Presbyterian school superintendent, 357 McClain, Josiah, and Westminster College, 355, 361 McCornick Bank, 42 McCornick Building, architectural style of, 231 McCullough, , movie actor, 13 M c C u n e Mansion, architectural style of, 223 McDermott, , Carbon County physician, 119 M a c l n t y r e Building, architecture and building of, 231, 239 Mackay, Charles, historian, 79 McKim, Mead, and White, architects, 224, 226 Mack, Willard, movie actor, 18 McMillan, D u n c a n J., promoted Presbyterian college, 351-52, 353, 361 McNiece, Robert G.: anti-Mormonism of, 3 5 9 - 6 0 ; photograph of, 3 5 3 ; promoted Presbyterian education, 351-52, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359-60, 361 M & M, photograph of kilns at, 120 Maeser, Karl G., LDS educator, 380, 381, 382, 399 Major, W. W., artist, 78 Makoff's, design of, 236 Malmquist, O N , The Alta Club, 18831974, reviewed, 4 2 4 - 2 5 M a n t i Tabernacle, designed by W. H . Folsom, 255 Manti T e m p l e : architecture and building of, 252-55, 257-58, 263, 316; as a landmark, 259; photographs of, 240, 254, 258, 259 Marachich, Danye, member of Serbian Benevolent Society, 161 Marinelli, William, president of Scofield union, 137 Marquis, Arnold, A Guide to America's Indian Ceremonials, Reservations, and Museums, reviewed, 429 Marquis, Thomas B., Memoirs of a White Crow Indian (Thomas H. Leforge), reviewed, 94-95 Marshall, Mrs. Thomas, wife of judge, 3 6 2 63 Martin, George, Sheldon Jackson College trustee, 356 Martin, M. V., movie actor, 13 Masich, Nikola, member of Serbian Benevolent Society, 161 Mason, George, photograph of home of, dairyman, 293 Mason, Jimmie, movie actor, 20 Medicine, in coal mining towns, 118-19 Melich, Joe, business and civic activities of, 164, 165-66 Melville, J. Keith, Conflict and Compromise: The Mormons in Mid-Nineteenth-Century American Politics, reviewed, 423-24 Memoirs of a White Crow Indian (Thomas H. Leforge), by Marquis, reviewed, 94-95 Mendelsohn and Fisher, architects, 231 Merabelle, Joe, Italian leader, 186 Merech, Danye, member of Serbian Benevolent Society, 161

Merrill, Carbon County physician, 119 The Message of the Ages, pageant by B. A. Kleinman, 67, 82 Methodist church: mission school of, 345; in Spring City, 265-66 Metropolitan Hall of Justice, architectural style of, 238 Middleton, Mr., land speculator, 352 Midvale, South Slav settlement in, 156-62 Midvale smelter, photographs of, 155, 160 Miller, David E., Nauvoo: The City of Joseph, reviewed, 425-26 Miller, Delia S., Nauvoo: The City of Joseph, reviewed, 425-26 Miller, John, Willard home of, 292, 300 Miller, Max E., Chicago businessman, 23 Miller, Miles, architect, 232-33 Millennial Star, 33, 106-7 Millspaugh, Jesse Fonda, educator, 350 // Minatore (Salt Lake C i t y ) , 186 Mitchell, John, president of U M W , 143, 144 Mitty, John J., third Catholic bishop of U t a h , 373, 374-75 Mivec, Frank, coal miner, 117 Monheim, Henry, architect, 364, 368 Monsen, Peter, Spring City home of, 270-71 Monsen, Petrea, daughter of Peter, 271 Monteith, John, Indian agent at Lapwai, 346 Moore, A. E., movie actor, 13 Morgan, John, educator, 401 Mormon Battalion: built bowery in Salt Lake City, 304; history of, ritualized, 74; honored, 7 3 ; monument to, 74, 77 The Mormon Miracle, 82 The Mormon Peril, advertisement for, 8 Mormons: attitudes of, toward South Slavs, 169; forts built by, 2 1 3 ; left Nauvoo, 242; and movies, 5; town and home designs of, 209-10, 214-16. See also Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Mormon Tabernacle Choir, 23, 318 Moroni tithing office, photograph of, 308 Mortensen, A. Russell, " I n Memoriam: Joel Edward Ricks, 1889-1974," 188-89 Mortensen, Dorothy Z., review of Kane, Twelve Mormon Homes Visited in Succession on a Journey through Utah to Arizona, 328-29 Mortensen Marinus, Spring City carpenter, 267, 276-77 Motion Pictures, early history of, 5-23 Motography, trade journal, 16, 17 Mount Nebo Literary Society, 31 Mount Pisgah, monument at, 77 Mount Pleasant Public Library, architectural style of, 234 Mulvay, Jill, " T h e Two Miss Cooks: Pioneer Professionals for U t a h Schools," 396-409 Murdock Academy, 281 Murphy, Miriam B.: review of Phillips and Weinstein, The West: An American Experience and The Taming of the West: A Photographic Perspective, 330; "Sarah Elizabeth Carmichael: Poetic Genius of Pioneer U t a h , " 52-66 Murray, Eli, attended Catholic benefit, 369 Mutual Film Corp., 15 Mutual Mercantile Co., Helper business, 170

Index

447 N

Nadeau, Remi A., The Water Seekers, reviewed, 197-98 Nattini, Edward M., director of All Hallows College, 369 Nature's Yellowstone, by Bartlett, reviewed, 196-97 Nauvoo Restoration, Inc., 78 Nauvoo Temple, architecture and building of, 53, 76, 217, 240, 241-42, 309 Nauvoo: The City of Joseph, by Miller and Miller, reviewed, 4 2 5 - 2 6 Nebo Stake Tabernacle, photograph of, 322 Neher, , Carbon County physician, 119 Nelson, Richard, " U t a h Filmmakers of the Silent Screen," 4 - 2 5 Nemanich, Margaret, 1903-4 strike supporter, 123 Neuhausen, Carl M., architect, 224 Newhouse Building, architectural style of, 230 Newman Clubs, 377-78 New Mexico Populism: A Study of Radical Protest in a Western Territory, by Larson, reviewed, 333-34 Nicholas, Joseph, Willard home of, 292 Nicolson, John, ed., The Arizona of Joseph Pratt Allyn; Letters from a Pioneer Judge: Observations and Travels, 1863-1866, reviewed, 426-27 Nielsen, Hans, Spring City home of, 269 Notarianni, Philip F., "Italian Fraternal Organizations in U t a h , 1897-1934," 172-87 Notre Dame School, in Price, 375

Oblates of Saint Francis de Sales, 377 Odzich, Yakov J., Serbian Orthodox priest in Midvale, 161 Ogden Chamber of Commerce, offered land for Presbyterian college, 352 Ogden High School, architectural style of, 236 Ogden Pictures Corp., 15-18 Ogden-Weber Municipal Building, photograph of, 236 Old City Hall (Salt Lake C i t y ) , designed by W. H. Folsom, 217, 218 Old Tabernacle, construction of, 318 Olsen, Andrew, Spring City home of, 269 Olsen, Barton O , review of Hollon, Frontier Violence: Another Look, 91—92 Olson, E. M., bullpen of, used to house Italian strikers, 149 One Hundred Million Acres, by Kickingbird and Ducheneaux, reviewed, 431—32 One Hundred Years of Mormonism, early film epic, 9-11 One Time I Saw Morning Come Home: A Remembrance,

by Huffaker, reviewed, 331 Oswald, Delmont R., review of Victor, The River of the West, 193-94 Ottinger, George, M., artist, 78, 249 O u r Lady of Lourdes School, 376 Overland Feature Film Co., 14

Pages from Hopi History, by James, reviewed, 195-96 Pagiri, Mose, Italian newspaper manager, 186 Palmer, William Jackson, 109 Panuska and Peterson, architects, 238 Papanikolas, Helen Z., " U t a h ' s Coal L a n d s : A Vital Example of How America Became a Great Nation," 104-24 Park, Allen, movie producer, 23 Park, Boyd, executor of J. M. Williamson's estate, 65 ParLc, Byron, movie producer, 23-25 ParLcer, Robert Leroy (Butch Cassidy) : bailed out attorney in Carbon County, 122; stole Castle Gate payroll, 113 ParLt First W a r d : architectural style of, 233, 324; photographs of, 326 Parrinson, Ellen Nash, teacher, 407 ParLc, J o h n R., chancellor of University of Deseret, 398-99, 400, 4 0 1 , 404 Par<, Lester, movie producer, 15-16, 23 Pares, Elizabeth, wife of J. A. Allred, 274 Parowan Relief Society hall, photograph of, 312 Parowan Third W a r d : architectural style of, 233, 324; photograph of, 326 Parry, Roland, All Faces West, 82 Pauline, Mother, director of Sacred Heart Academy, 367 Paul, Virginia, This Was Cattle Ranching Yesterday and Today, reviewed, 332—33 Paul, William, designed W. C. Staines home, 220 Payson Second Ward, architectural style of, 317 Peck, Norman, movie actor, 18 Pederson, Jens "King," home of, 274 Pendleton, Mark A., youth of, in Silver Reef, 367 Penrose, Charles W., LDS leader, 389, 406 A Perilous Ride, early movie, 8 Perpetual Emigration Fund, 27, 321, 417-418 Perret, August, architect, 239 Peter Skene Ogden and the Hudson's Bay Company, by Cline, reviewed, 90—91 Peterson, Canute, home of, 216 Peterson, F. Ross, Prophet without Honor: Glen H. Taylor and the Fight for American Liberalism, reviewed, 89-90 Peterson, Levi S., review of Froncek, ed., Voices from the Wilderness: The Frontiersman's Own Story, 427—28 Peterson, Ole, Spring City mayor and mill cwner, 267, 276-77 Petrova, Olga, movie actress, 16 Peyton, Gill S., offered land to Sheldon Jackson College, 354 Phelps, William W., LDS official, 412 Phillips, David R., The West: An American Experience and The Taming of the West: A Photographic Perspective, reviewed, 330 Photoplay Exchange Co., 15 Pierson, D. K , offered money for college to Congregationalists, 355 Pine Valley Chapel, architectural style of, 218 Pioneer Film Corp., 19-23

448

Utah Historical Quarterly

Pitt, Mrs. William, director of amateur theatricals, 44 Pleasant Valley Coal Co., Carbon County mines of, 114, 115 Poems, by S. E. Carmichael, 6 2 - 6 3 , 64 Pollard, Maryann, wife of J. A. Allred, 274 Polve, James, called a "scab" by 1903-4 strikers, 130 Polysophical Society, organization and activities of, 28-29, 31-32, 34, 37-38, 40 The Pony Express, movie directed by Utahn, 48 Pope, Hyrum C , architect, 233, 324 Poulsen, Richard C , "Stone Buildings of Beaver City," 278-85 Powell, Allan Kent, " T h e 'Foreign Element' and the 1903-4 Carbon County Coal Miners' Strike," 125-54 Pratt, Orson: helped survey capital site at Fillmore, 4 1 3 ; lectured on "Light," 3 3 ; spoke at fiftieth anniversay of LDS church, 72 Pratt, Parley P., 1847 immigrant company of, 414 Pratt, Sister, teacher, 56 Pratt, Teancum, early Price settler, 110 Presbyterian church, role of, in founding Westminster College, 344-61 Prevost, Marie, movie actress, 20 Price, Arthur, leader of L D S building program, 327 Price, Virginia N , review of Paul, This Was Cattle Ranching Yesterday and Today, 332-33 Price, William, labor organizer, 129, 147 Princess Theatre, photograph of, 3 Principe Di Napoli Lodge, founding of, at Castle Gate, 177, 178 Pritza, Milan, member of Serbian Benevolent Society, 161 Promised Valley, Mormon musical, 82-83 Prophet without Honor: Glen H. Taylor and the Fight for American Liberalism, by Peterson, reviewed, 89-90 Provo Tabernacle: designed by W. H. Folsom, 2 5 5 - 5 6 ; photographs of, 256, 319

Q Quayle, T h o m a s : architectural style of home of, 220; photograph of home of, 221 Quinn, D. Michael, "Utah's Educational Innovation: LDS Religion Classes, 1890â&#x20AC;&#x201D; '1929," 379-89

Rains, L. T., industrialist, 120 Rambeau, Marjorie, movie actress, 18 Randall, Mildred E., teacher, 397, 398 Randolph, Andrus (Anders), movie actor, 20 Ransohoff Building, 249 Rapier, George, president of All Hallows College, 371-72 Ray, Dr., and Presbyterian college, 352 Rees, Robert A., review of Cracroft and Lambert, eds., A Believing People: Literature of the Latter-day Saints, 421-23 Regis Medicus Clinic: designed by J. Sugden, 236; photograph of, 237

Reilly, â&#x20AC;&#x201D; -, Carbon County physician, 119 Relief Society, halls and granaries built by, 311-13 Religion Class Movement, history of, 379-89 Remy, Jules, traveler, 413 Revier, Harry, early U t a h movie maker, 9, 16 Rice, Cindy, "Spring City: A Look at a Nineteenth-Century Mormon Village," 260-77 Richards, Franklin D., speaker at fiftieth anniversary of LDS church, 72 Richardson, Charles S., superintendent of 'Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, 351 Richardson, H. H., architect, 223-24 Richards, Willard: counselor to Brigham Young, 318; Willard named in honor of, 288 Ricks, Joel E., photograph of, 188 Ridges, Joseph, builder, 220, 251 Rigby, Chris, "Ada Dwyer: Bright Lights and Lilacs," 41-51 Riley, Carroll L., ed., The Classic Southwest: Readings in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnology, reviewed, 194-95 Ritchey, James D., U M W official, 153 The River of the West, by Victor, reviewed, 193-94 Rizzi, Emil, coal miner, 117 Rizzuto, Antonio R., Italian leader, 186 Roberts, Allen D., "Religious Architecture of the LDS C h u r c h : Influences and Changes since 1847," 301-27 Roberts, Brigham H., 61 Rocky Mountain Female Seminary, 345 Rogers, D., artist, 78 Rogers, Mr., teacher of Ada Dwyer, 44 Rolando, J. P., merchant, 170 The Romance of the Utah Pioneers, movie on handcart pioneers, 11 Romney, George, contractor, 249-50, 251 Romney, Miles, worked on LDS temples, 242, 251 Romney, Venus, movie actress, 14 Rose, David, photograph of home of, 237 Royal Blue Band, 267 Ruff, Joe, called a "scab" in 1903-4 strike, 139 Ruggeri, Charles, Carbon County physician, 123-24 Ruggeri, Henry, Italian leader, 180 Russell, Harold, husband of Ada Dwyer, 45, 50 Russell, Lorna, daughter of Ada Dwyer, 45, 46, 49, 50

Sacred Heart Academy: photograph of, 366; relocated, 373 Sadler, Richard W., review of Langley, ed., To Utah with the Dragoons and Glimpses of Life in Arizona and California, 18581859, 329 Saint Ambrose School, 376 Saint Ann's Orphanage (School), 371 St. George Tabernacle, design of, 249, 256 St. George T e m p l e : design and building of, 251, 316; drawing of, 320; photographs of, 315, 320

Index St. George Union, 403 Saint Joseph's Catholic C h u r c h : architectural style of, 2 2 7 - 2 8 ; photograph of, 229 Saint Joseph's High School, 373, 376 Saint Mark's Episcopal Cathedral, architectural style of, 218 Saint Mary's (Park C i t y ) , 375 Saint Mary's Academy, history of, 364-65, 370 Saint Mary-of-the-Assumption School, 3 6 7 68 Saint Mary-of-the-Wasatch: history of, 3 7 3 74, 376; photograph of, 362 Saint Olaf's School, 376 Saint Patrick's ( E u r e k a ) , 368, 375 Saint Vincent's School, 376 Salt Lake City and County Building: architects of, 2 2 3 ; photograph of, 255 Salt Lake City Fifteenth Ward, architectural style of, 311, 313, 315 Salt Lake City Hall, designed by W. H Folsom, 2 4 8 - 4 9 Salt Lake City Main Post Office, architectural style of, 227 Salt Lake City Nineteenth Ward, architectural style of, 321 Salt Lake City Public Library (Hansen Planetarium) : architectural style of, 224; photograph of, 225 Salt Lake City Public Library ( n e w ) , architectural style of, 238 Salt Lake City Seventh Ward, architectural style of, 218 Salt Lake City T e n t h W a r d : architectural style of, 218; photograph of, 315 Salt Lake City Twentieth Ward, photograph of, 305 Salt Lake City Third Ward, architectural style of, 314 Salt Lake City, Utah, and Its Surroundings, early documentary movie, 8-9 Salt Lake Collegiate Institute: financial difficulties of, 3 4 9 - 5 0 ; merged with Westminster, 351, 360; opened, 345, 3 4 6 - 4 7 ; photograph of, 348; problems of, with Sheldon Jackson College, 3 5 6 - 5 8 ; student conduct at, 348, 351 Salt Lake Herald: cartoons from, 125, 136, 150; covered 1903-4 strike, 133, 135-36, 137-38, 141, 1 5 0 - 5 2 ; praised S. E. Carmichael, 6 6 ; questioned female eligibility for elective office, 4 0 1 ; and school of Mary Cook, 402 Salt Palace ( n e w ) , structure of, 239 Salt Palace ( o l d ) , designed by R. K. A. Kletting, 224 Salt Lake Stock Exchange, architectural style of, 227 Salt Lake Tabernacle: engineering of, 2 3 8 ; photograph of, 319; W. H . Folsom worked on, 248 Salt Lake Technical High School, photograph of, 234 Salt Lake Telegram, 13 Salt Lake T e m p l e : architecture and building of, 218, 2 4 5 - 4 7 ; 306, 3 2 1 ; during U t a h War, 2 4 7 ; symbolism of towers of, 253

449 Salt Lake T h e a t r e : and Ada Dwyer, 4 3 - 4 5 , 50; architecture and building of, 218, 317; final program at, 51 ; presentations at, 5 Salt Lake Tribune: and ethnic groups, 180, 184; and 1903-4 strike, 129; praised S. E. Carmichael, 6 6 ; reported Catholic school activities, 3 6 4 - 6 5 , 366, 368, 369, 370; reviewed Big Heart, 13 Sandstrom, Erik, Spring City home of, 269 Sandstrom, J o h a n n a h , wife of Erik, 269 Sandstrom, Margaret, wife of Erik, 269 Sargent, J. G., movie executive, 20 Satchwa General Amusement Enterprises, activities of, in U t a h , 12-14 Savage, Charles R., organizer of Deseret Academy of Art, 249 Scanlan, Lawrence: death of, 372; and Catholic education, 362, 363, 366, 367, 368, 369; made a bishop, 369; planned for orphanage, 370-71 Schofield, Joe, Spring City home of, 269 Scofield, photograph of coal miners at, 104-5 Scowcroft, Albert, U t a h moviemaker, 15-17 Scully, Vincent, architectural historian, 223 Sea Gull Monument, dedication of, 77 Serbian Benevolent Society: organized in Midvale, 159; photograph of, 167; sued by priest, 161 Serbian National Federation, 160 Serb Mercantile Co., 164 Seventh Heaven, movie directed by U t a h n , 18 Seventies Hall, drawing of, 305 Seventies Hall of Science, designed by W. H .

Folsom, 245 Shaw, Richard Norman, architect, 221 Sheldon Jackson College: and Collegiate Institute, 357; founding of, 3 5 2 - 5 4 ; name of. changed to Westminster, 3 5 5 ; received Temple estate, 355-56 Shepard, Elliot F., Presbyterian benefactor, 352 Shepherd, Jean, Y M C A director, 121 Shilling, William, movie director, 14 Shipman, Nell, screen writer, 11 Shores, C. W., U t a h Fuel Co. detective, 127 A Short History of the American West, by St3ut a n d Faulk, reviewed, 191-92 Simpson, Russell, movie actor, 20 Sims, N o r m a n L., president of Pioneer Film Corp., 19 Sisters of Charity, teachers 3 7 4 - 7 5 , 376 Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, teachers, 372, 374 Sisters of Mercy, at Judge Memorial Hospital, 372 Sisters of the Holy Cross, educational activities of, 362-67, 3 7 0 - 7 1 , 3 7 3 - 7 8 Skerl, John, merchant, 170 Skliris, Leonidas G., labor agent, 115-16 Slopansky, , Carbon County physician, 119 Smith, David A., president of Tabernacle Choir, 23 Smith, George Albert, 77 Smith, Hyrum, 241 Smith, Jesse N., home of, 215 Smith, Joseph F., 9, 403

450 Smith, Joseph, J r . : birthday of, 6 9 ; City of Zion plan of, 209; death of, 6 9 - 7 0 ; ethnic attitudes of, 174; monument to, 77; Nauvoo store of, 312; portrait of, 7 8 ; presidential candidacy of, 242; published Times and Seasons, 8 1 ; and resurrection, 39; and Snow family, 36; and W. H. Folsom, 240, 241 Smith, Melvin T., review of Miller and Miller, Nauvoo: The City of Joseph, 425-26 Smith, R. M., U M W official, 153 Smithson, Alison, architect, 238 Smithson, Peter, architect, 238 Smoot, R e e d : controversy over seating of, 144—45; and Italian immigration restrictions, 185 Snow, Lorenzo: dedicated M a n t i Temple, 257; at Oberlin College, 34; and Polysophical Society, 2 7 - 2 8 , 38 Snow, Eliza R.: conversion of, 3 6 - 3 7 ; and education, 33-34, 4 0 3 ; and H . T. King, 2 8 ; hymns by, 3 7 ; intellectual activities of, 3 5 - 4 0 ; photograph of, 3 7 ; poetry of, 35, 38, 53, 5 5 - 5 6 ; and Polysophical Society, 28-29, 3 1 ; as Relief Society president, 3 1 2 ; sculpture of, 26; and territorial fair, 404 Social H a l l : architecture and building of, 217, 317; classes at, 397-98, 3 9 9 - 4 0 4 ; photograph of, 399 La Societa Cristoforo Colombo, 178, 181-85 Societa Giuseppe Mazzini, 183-84 La Societa Italiana De Beneficenza, 185 Societa Minatori Italiana, 178 Society of Mary (Marist F a t h e r s ) , teachers, 369, 371, 372 Songs of the Heart, by H . T. King, 28 Sons and Daughters of Indian War Veterans 75 Sons of U t a h Pioneers, 75 Sorensen, Jens "Rock," stonemason, 272 Sorensen, Jens J., stonemason, 263, 264 Sorin, Edward, superior of Holy Cross Fathers, 363 South Slavs: family and social life of, 1 5 7 6 2 ; at Helper, 1 6 8 - 7 0 ; at Highland Boy, 162-67; history of, in U t a h , 1 5 5 - 7 1 ; immigration of, 155—56; at Midvale, 156-62; in 1903-4 strike, 126; and old country politics, 163, 165—66; prejudice against, 4 6 9 ; religion of, 156, 161-62 Spence, Mary Lee, ed., The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial, reviewed, 9 5 96 Spencer, Orson, LDS official, 412 Spring City, early history of, 260-77 Spring City Brass Band, 267 Spring City C h a p e l : building of, 2 6 4 - 6 5 ; photograph of, 265 Spry, William, attempt of, to censor antiMormon movie, 7—8 Staines, Mrs. William C , 420 Staines, William C : biography of, 4 1 0 - 1 1 ; and Brigham Young, 413, 4 2 0 ; church activities of, 411-12, 413, 414, 415, 4 1 7 18, 4 2 0 ; entertained important U t a h visitors, 4 1 8 - 1 9 ; home of, 220, 4 1 8 - 1 9 ; as horticulturist, 4 1 4 - 1 5 ; photograph of,

Utah Historical Quarterly 4 1 0 ; photograph of home of, 4 1 6 ; as territorial librarian, 4 1 2 - 1 3 ; wealth of, 418 Standard, photograph of pool hall at, 124 Stein, Aaron. Wells Fargo cashier, 63 Stella D'America, 173-78 Stenzel, Franz, James Madison Alden: Yankee Artist of the Pacific Coast, 18541860, reviewed, 334-35 Stephens, Harold M., Mormon jurist, discussed church-state problems, 388 Stewart, Omer C , review of Marquis, A Guide to America's Indian Ceremonials, Reservations, and Museums, 429 Stipanovich, Joseph, "South Slav Settlements in U t a h , 1890-1935," 155-71 Stirling, William, home of, 214 Stoffel, Jerome, pastor of Saint Jerome's Catholic Church, 377-78 Stone, Edward D., architect, 238 Stout, Joseph A., Jr., A Short History of the American West, reviewed, 191-92 Sugden, John, architect, 236 Sullivan, Louis, architect, 231, 232 Sundgaard, Arnold, coauthor of Promised Valley, 82 Sunnyside, photograph of, 131 Svenningsen, Robert, review of Danziger, Indians and Bureaucrats: Administering the Reservation Policy during the Civil War, 430-31 Swain, Mack, movie actor, 18 Swanson, William H., movie company manager, 18 Sweazy, George B., teacher, 354 Sylvester, John D., review of Tyler, ed., Western American History in the Seventies. 88-89

The Taming of the West: A Photographic Perspective, by Phillips and Weinstein, reviewed, 330 Tanner, Mary Jane Mount, friend of S. E. Carmichael, 65 Taylor, George, mill owner, 250 Taylor, J o h n : 1847 immigrant company of, 414; met with church architects, 257; and Mary E. Cook, 4 0 3 ; and rail travel, 107 Taylor, Obed, architect, 251-52, 255 Tedesco, Sylvester, during 1903-4 strike, 147 Temple, Mary J. G., estate of, funded Westminster College chapel, 355-56 Temple Square, early photograph of, 304 Terry, Robert L., review of Larson, New Mexico Populism: A Study of Radical Protest in a Western Territory, 333-34 Thai, John, U t a h labor official, 135 Third Presbyterian Church, 356 "This Is the Place" monuments, 77-78 This Was Cattle Ranching Yesterday and Today, by Paul, reviewed, 332-33 Thomas, George, and Ida Cook, 408 Thompsen, Andrew "Fishman," Spring City home of, 268-69 T h u r m a n , Mary, movie actress, 18 Toombs, Joseph, Willard freighter, 292 To Utah with the Dragoons and Glimpses of Life in Arizona and California, 18581859, ed. Langley, reviewed, 329

Index

451

Trewarther, John, president of Scofield union, 145 A Trip to Salt Lake City, early film about Utah, 7 Tullidge, Edward W.: and Mary E. Cook, 401, 404; and S. E. Carmichael, 54, 58 Tutorow, Norman E., review of Spence and Jackson, eds., The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial, 95-96 Twelve Mormon Homes Visited in Succession on a Journey through Utah to Arizona, by Kane, reviewed, 328-29 Tyler, Daniel, ed., Western American History in the Seventies, reviewed, 88-89 Tyler, S. Lyman: A History of Indian Policy, reviewed, 93—94; review of James, Pages from Hopi History, 195-96

u Union Academy, 33 Union Pacific Railroad, 107-8, 109 United Mine Workers, in 1903-4 strike, 12629, 133-37, 144, 152-54 United States Smelting, Refining, and Mining Co., Midvale smelter of, 157 Unity Club, 45 Universal Scientific Society, 32 University of Deseret: activities of Cook sisters at, 398-402; and Dwyer's Book Store, 4 2 ; early program of, 33 University of U t a h : architecture of buildings at, 226, 227, 238; Newman Club at, 377; photograph of Art and Architecture Center at, 239 Upjohn, Richard, architect, 218 The Uprising of the Utes, Utah-produced movie, 8 Ursenbach, Maureen, "Three Women and the Life of the Mind," 26-40 U t a h Central Railroad, W. C. Staines agent for, 417-18 Utah Coal and Coke Co., 120 U t a h Commercial and Savings Bank, architectural style of, 224 U t a h Copper Co., mine and smelter of, 156, 157, 163 U t a h County Courthouse (old), architectural style of, 217 U t a h County Courthouse (new), architectural style of, 227 U t a h Federation of Labor, met with Gov. Wells during 1903-4 strike, 135 U t a h Fuel Co.: controlled coal towns of Carbon County, 110-11, 114, 119; 1903-4 strike against, 125-54 Utah Motion Picture Co., 11 U t a h Moving Picture Co., 10-11 U t a h National G u a r d : during 1903-4 coal miners' strike in Carbon County, 129, 130— 3 3 ; photograph of, 132 U t a h Pioneer Trails and Landmark Assn., 77 U t a h Presbyterian College at Corinne, 345 Utah Presbytery, role of, in education, 349, 352, 354 U t a h State Capitol, designed by R. K. A. Kletting, 226 U t a h Territorial Capitol, architectural style

of, 217

Utah Territorial Library, establishment of, 412-13

Van der Rohe, Mies, architect, 232 Van Dyke, Rebecca, review of Jackson, Zane Grey, 192-93 Vaux, Calvert, architect, 218 A Victim of the Mormons, Danish-made antiMormon movie, 7—8, 15 Victor, Frances Fuller, The River of the West, reviewed, 193-94 Victory Theatre, 22 Vietti, John, Italian lodge president, 185 Vinatieri, Joseph E., "The Growing Years: Westminster College from Birth to Adolescence," 344-61 Vitagraph, movie company, 16 Voices from the Wilderness: The Frontiersman's Own Story, ed. Froncek, reviewed, 427-28

w Walker Bank Building, architectural style of, 230 Walker, J. R., executor of J. M. Williamson's estate, 65 Walker, Lillian, movie actress, 16 Walker War, settlements in central U t a h disrupted by, 261-62 Wall, Enos, home of, 238-39 Walsh, Patrick, builder of Saint Mary's Church, 363 Ward, Alfred: Willard home of, 295-96; photograph of home of, 296 Ward, M. A., judge during trial of Italian strikers, 149 Ware and Treganza, architects, 226 Ware, Walter E., architect, 228 Wasatch Academy, photograph of, 343 Wasatch County Courthouse, architectural style of, 217 Wasatch Presbyterian Church, 356 Wasatch Tabernacle, photograph of, 319 Washington County Courthouse, architectural style of, 217 The Water Seekers, by Nadeau, reviewed, 197-98 Watkins, John, Midway home of, 219 Watkins, J. R., designer of Spring City chapel and school, 264, 267 Watt, George D., shorthand teacher, 413 Weeks, William, Nauvoo worker, 241—42 Weggeland, Danquart A., artist, 78, 249, 399 Weir.stein, Robert A., The West: An American Experience and The Taming of the West: A Photographic Perspective, reviewed, 330 Welch, Josiah: conducted first Presbyterian services in Salt Lake City, 345; death of, 352; founded Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, 346; marriage of, 348; troubled by Mormonism, 359 Well:;, Daniel H . : clerk to Brigham Young, 4 1 3 ; and education, 398, 4 0 3 ; supervised LDS public works, 306

452 Wells, Emmeline B., praised Mary E. Cook, 400, 401-2 Wells, Jonathan, Willard postmaster, 297 Wells, Heber M., actions of, as governor during 1903-4 strike, 129, 130-31, 135, 137, 147, 148 Wells, Lyman, Willard home of, 288 Wentworth, May, anthologizer, published poems by S. E. Carmichael, 59 The West: An American Experience, by Phillips and Weinstein, reviewed, 330 Western American History in the Seventies, ed. Tyler, reviewed, 88â&#x20AC;&#x201D;89 West Jordan rock meetinghouse, photograph of, 310 Westminster College: early history of, 3 4 4 6 1 ; photographs of, 344, 358, 359, 361 Westminster Presbyterian Church, 355 White, Charles D., photograph of Beaver home of, 285 Whitehead, A R., St. George school trustee, 403 Whitney, Helen Mar, attended Polysophical Society, 29 Whitney, Orson F., noted Ida Cook election, 406 Whoeler, , Carbon County physician, 119 Wilcox, Hyrum, Carbon County sheriff during 1903-4 strike, 129, 133, 134, 148-49, 152 Willard, early history of, 286-300 Williams, David Graham, novelist, 16 Williams, H. G., U t a h Fuel Co. official, 152 Williamson, Abigail, mother of Jonathan M., 65 Williamson, Jonathan M . : at Battle of Bear River, 60; in Civil War, 60; met and married S. E. Carmichael, 53, 60, 64; as surgeon with California Volunteers, 5 9 - 6 0 ; threatened over claim-jumping, 64 Williams, Thomas S., 73 Willingham, Miss, Methodist teacher, 266 Wilson, Alexander, U.S. district attorney, 419 Wilson, David, Sunnyside union official, 137 Wishard, Samuel, Westminster College fundraiser, 358-59, 361 Wolfe, Sister Madaleva, president of Saint Mary-of-the-Wasatch, 374 Woolley, Taylor, architect, 232-33, 324, Woodruff, Wilford: dedicated Millcreek Ward, 3 1 1 ; as a Mormon hero, 8 1 ; related "this-is-the-place" statement of Brigham Young, 72; at Social Hall school, 403 Woods, Francis C , architect, 227-28 Woman's Exponent: published H. T. King a n d E. R. Snow, 34, 39; reported on Cook sisters, 400, 401-2, 404; reviewed Ada Dwyer performances, 44-45

Utah Historical Quarterly Women: intellectual activities of, on frontier, 27-40; territorial laws discriminated against, 401, 406 World, Harry, deputy sheriff during 1903-4 strike, 147, 151, 152 Wright, Frank Lloyd, influence of, on architecture, 231, 232-34, 236, 238, 324 Wright, Lloyd, son of Frank Lloyd, 232

XY Co., express agency owned by Brigham Young, 291

Yamasaki, Minouri, architect, 238 Young, Briant S., movie company president, 13, 14 Young, Brigham: became LDS president, 318; and Brigham Young College, 4 0 6 - 7 ; as colonizer, 260, 261, 262, 286, 288, 2 9 1 ; and Deseret Theological Class, 32; directed building and public works, 220, 245, 248, 251, 252-53, 306, 311, 317; gardens of, 414; married Amelia Folsom 247; and Mormon Battalion, 7 3 ; and Nauvoo, 216, 242; official visits by and to, 271, 364, 419; and Polysophical Society, 3 1 ; portrait of, 78; and resurrection, 39; St. George office of, 2 1 1 ; and S. E. Carmichael, 56, 61, 62; staff of, 4 1 3 ; "this-is-the-place" statement by, 72; urged grain storage, 312-13 and W. C. Staines, 417 Young, Brigham, Jr., college trustee, 406 Young, Feramorz, student, 399-400 Young, Frank, actor in movie on Brigham Young, 9 Young, George Cannon, architect, 238 Young, John R., friend of S. E. Carmichael, 56 Young, Joseph A., death of, 252 Young, Joseph W., wagon company of, 244 Young, Levi Edgar, and movie on Mormons, 20 Young, Lorenzo S., architect, 238 Young, Loretta, movie actress, 18 Young, Mahonri M., sculptor, 77, 80 Young, Richard W., president of Utah Bar Association, 20 Young, Willard, church architect, 324 Young, Zina Diantha, attended Polysophical Society, 29

Zane Grey, by Jackson, reviewed, 192-93 Z C M I , photograph and drawing of, 252

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

FELLOWS LEONARD J. ARRINGTON FAWN M. BRODIE JUANITA BROOKS OLIVE Wr. BURT C. GREGORY CRAMPTON S. GEORGE ELLSWORTH AUSTIN E. F I F E L E R O Y R. H A F E N J E S S E D. JENNINGS A. KARL LARSON GUSTIVE O. LARSON DAVID E. M I L L E R H E L E N Z. PAPANIKOLAS WALLACE E. STEGNER

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS BERNICE GIBBS ANDERSON G L E N N J. BEELEY K A T E B. CARTER

EVERETT L. COOLEY

J. ELDON D O R M AN HAROLD P. FABIAN JACK GOODMAN

JOHN W. JAMES, JR. A. R U S S E L L

MORTENSEN

MARGUERITE SINCLAIR R E U S S E R HORACE A. SORENSEN R U S S E L B. S W E N S E N