Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 49, Number 4, 1981

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UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY ( I S S N 0042-143X)

EDITORIAL STAFF MELVIN T. SMITH,

Editor

STANFORD J. L A Y T O N , Managing M I R I A M B. M U R P H Y , Associate

Editor Editor

ADVISORY BOARD OF EDITORS M R S . I N E Z S. C O O P E R , Cedar City, 1981 S. G E O R G E E L L S W O R T H , Logan,

1981

P E T E R L. G o s s , Salt Lake City, 1982 G L E N M . L E O N A R D , Farmington,

1982

L A M A R P E T E R S E N , Salt Lake City, 1983 R I C H A R D W . SADLER, Ogden,

1982

H A R O L D SCHINDLER, Salt Lake City, 1981 G E N E A. S E S S I O N S , Bountiful,

1983

Utah Historical Quarterly was established in 1928 to publish articles, documents, a n d reviews contributing to knowledge of U t a h ' s history. T h e Quarterly is published by the U t a h State Historical Society, 300 Rio G r a n d e , Salt Lake City, U t a h 84101. Phone (801) 533-6024 for membership a n d publications information.

Members of the Society receive the Quarterly, Beehive History, a n d the bimonthly Newsletter u p o n payment of the annual d u e s ; for details see inside back cover.

Materials for publication should be submitted in duplicate accompanied by return postage a n d should be typed double-space with footnotes a t the end.

Additional information on requirements is available from the m a n a g i n g editor. T h e Society assumes no responsibility for statements of fact o r opinion by contributors.

T h e Quarterly is indexed in Book Review Index to Social Science Periodicals, America: History and Life, Combined Retrospective Index to the Book Reviews in Scholarly Journals, 1886-1974, a n d Abstracts of Popular Culture.

Second class postage is paid at Salt Lake City, U t a h .

H I S T O R I C A L

QUARTERLY

Contents FALL 1981/VOLUME 49 / NUMBER 4

CLAUDE T. BARNES, U T A H NATURALIST A WINTER ACQUAINTANCE W I T H TIMPANOGOS . . . . . . .

. . . .

., , .

T H E MODERN DISCOVERY, POPULARIZATION, AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT O F BRYCE CANYON, UTAH A FOOTNOTE T O HISTORY: THE U.S. ARMY A T PROMONTORY, UTAH, MAY 10, 1869 WILLIAM D. DAVIES VISITS THE WELSH I N U T A H IN 1891 . . . .

IN M E M O R I A M :

1917-1981

R.

316

BRIMHALL

340

NICK SCRATTISH

348

DEAN

HEDREN

363

edited and translated

by PHILLIPS G. DAVIES

374

HAROLD SCHINDLER

388

HELEN Z. PAPANIKOLAS

391

PAUL

L.

OLIVE WOOLLEY BURT,

1894-1981

IN M E M O R I A M :

DAVIS BITTON

J O H N W. JAMES, JR.,

BOOK REVIEWS

393

BOOK N O T I C E S

404

INDEX

405

THE COVER "So elusive has the cougar always been that . . . as the fearful 'panther1 it took upon itself a mystic and thrilling place in the literature of the times, a place which it still holds in many regions of the United States." — Claude T. Barnes, The Cougar or Mountain Lion (Salt Lake City, 1960). Photograph of cougars at Hogle Zoo, Salt Lake City, by L. V. McNeely.

© Copyright 1981 Utah State Historical Society

A. K A R L L A R S O N a n d K A T H A R I N E M I L E S

L A R S O N , eds. Diary of

Charles Lowell

Walker

.

.

L E L A N D R. N E L S O N , comp. The

of Brigham:

Brigham

BEVERLY B. C L O P T O N . Her

the Judge:

393

Journal

Young's

Story in His Own Words

MELVIN T. SMITH

.

Own .

.

J A M E S B. A L L E N

395

J. K E I T H MELVILLE

398

. . L o u ATTEBERY

400

F. R o s s PETERSON

400

L I S T O N E. L E Y E N D E C K E R

401

Honor,

The Story of Reva

Beck Bosone

Books reviewed H A L C A N N O N . The Grand

Beehive

K L A U S J. H A N S E N . Mormonism

the American

J A M E S E. F E L L , J R . Ores to

The Rocky Mountain Industry

C L A R K E. S P E N C E .

American World

The

"Pluviculture"

War II

and

Experience

.

.

Metals:

Smelting

Rainmakers:

to D O N R. M U R P H Y

402

In this issue That Utah's lands and people have received more scrutiny than most states and their inhabitants is well known. Mountain men and scandalmongers, government surveyors and sociologists, the Mark Twains and Elizabeth Cady Stantons •— these and more have described the people and the natural setting.

Yet, it is the daily familiarity with a place, its seasons and moods, that gives depth to one's perception. No casual visitor to the Wasatch could know, as Claude T. Barnes knew, the range and song of each bird or the rarity of a certain wild flower. His inquiring mind, capacity for careful and detailed observation, and sense of wonder place him at the forefront of Utah's amateur naturalists.

TKe next piece gives another ardent amateur's close-up view of Timpanogos.

Few landscapes present such a contrast to Barnes's beloved mountains and bird-filled marshes as Bryce Canyon, "a perfect wilderness of red pinnacles," as one early observer called it. Bryce's spectacular beauty lay hidden from most of the world until the late 1910s when Forest Service personnel, among others, began to publicize it. Less than a decade later, Union Pacific's subsidiary, Utah Parks Company, had built a lodge near the canyon rim, and by 1928 Bryce had achieved national park status.

The UP had much to do with making Utah accessible to a multitude of observers, among them a group of soldiers on their way to the Presidio in San Francisco who participated in the May 10, 1869, ceremonies at Promontory.

Their role in that celebration has escaped notice until now, despite many written accounts of the historic event.

Another railroad, the Denver & Rio Grande, brought a Welshman to Utah in 1891 to visit his fellow countrymen in towns along the route. His narrow focus provides first-hand information on an ethnic group that was assimilating so rapidly that the distinctive Welsh tongue was dying out, although the eisteddfod, a grand musical and literary competition, was still relished. William D. Davies's account reinforces the notion, as do the other articles in this issue, that Utah and Utahns remain eminentlv observable.

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Claude T. Barnes, Utah Naturalist

BY DAVIS BITTON

"More than any other landscape I love the grandeur and beauty of the mountains . . . . they have some melancholy phases . . . but these are rare, transient or but the reflection of mood."

(Wasatch Autumn, October 24.)

Lake Mary near Brighton, USHS collections.

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W H E N CLAUDE T. BARNES DIED IN 1968, he was identified as a lawyer, businessman, and naturalist. He might also have been counted as a banker, scientific farmer, and politician. And having written some fourteen books and 118 articles he was certainly one of Utah's most published authors. 1 Of all these labels the one he would have preferred is that of naturalist. For sixty years he observed the birds, mammals, trees and flowers, mountains and canyons, clouds and streams of his native Utah.

For Claude Barnes there was beauty all around. And not content to keep his appreciation to himself, he wrote about what he saw. In the tradition of Henry David Thoreau and John Muir and Aldo Leopold he used words not only to describe but also to praise the marvels of nature.

His collected writings, a paean to the beauties of Utah, frequently contain reflections about life and its meaning. The time is ripe for a fresh appreciation of this Utah naturalist.

On February 15, 1884, he was born at Kaysville, the eighth child of the third wife of John R. Barnes. An older brother, then a missionary in England, proposed that the infant be named Joseph Teancum Barnes after Joseph Smith and Teancum, a great warrior in the Book of Mormon. His mother, Emily Stewart Barnes, had a mind of her own, however. Having just read Bulwer-Lytton's play The Lady of Lyons, whose hero was Claude Melnotte, she decided on the name of Claude Teancum Barnes. Later, as an adult, Barnes wrote, "It being the purpose of a name to designate exclusively, it is thought that the name Claude Teancum Barnes is unique." 2 More than his name was unique about Claude Teancum Barnes.

The childhood of Claude was unexceptional. He went to school, won prizes, played games, and worked. Every day he milked three cows, pulled a wagon carrying the milk for three miles to the creamery, and then returned to breakfast before going to school. He made some spending money by carrying messages to people in the Kaysville area to come to the Barnes store to respond to telephone calls. Telephones were obviously scarce, automobiles yet unknown. It was a bucolic if strenuous

Dr. Bitton is professor of history at the University of U t a h . This paper was originally prepared for delivery at the annual meeting of the Association for Mormon Letters, October 1978.

1

K a t h y Johnson assisted me in compiling a bibliography of Claude T . Barnes's published

work.

2 "Biography of Claude T . Barnes," typescript, borrowed from Ezra Clark Knowlton.

Written in the third person, this seven-page typescript is almost certainly an autobiography.

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atmosphere. In one of his later writings he even recalls the outdoor shanty of his childhood as a place of "spider, bee and ineffable contemplation."3 By any standards his parents were impressive people. John R. Barnes was a figure of the second rank, the kind who made up the bone and sinew of territorial Utah. An immigrant who had been converted to Mormonism in England, the elder Barnes settled in Kaysville and there demonstrated his business acumen. Over fifty when Claude was born, John R. Barnes appeared distant and aloof to the boy. But Claude could not help but respect the integrity of his father, whom he described as "stern but true; broad in cares, but strict, frank, staunch, clean, fair, plain, bright, safe, and well tried."4 His mother was perhaps even more formidable. Wife number three in a polygamous union at the time of Claude's birth, Emily had eight children. When the first wife died, the second, who had only one child, unselfishly stepped aside and allowed Claude's mother, Emily Stewart Barnes, to assume the position of honor as legal wife. Renowned as a cook and hostess at whose table many of the leaders of the church sat as guests, Emily was a woman of many parts who could sew and make home remedies as well as appreciate the things of the mind. "What a woman!" Claude later exclaimed in the tribute he wrote to her.5 As a teenager Claude first took an interest in politics and law. He attended a rally at which Congressman William H. King was the speaker.

The next day Claude went home and "on a chair before his mother's wash tub imitated King; and then and there decided to be a lawyer."6 Between 1899 and 1902, from ages fifteen to eighteen, Claude Barnes was a student at the University of Utah. One clue that it was still essentially a high school by later standards is the fact that just a year before his admission Claude had graduated from the eighth grade in Kaysville.

His interest in politics and public affairs was clearly apparent. He had heard William Jennings Bryan speak at the Salt Palace during the 1898 campaign. As a new university student of fifteen Claude gave a political speech before 150 students. He participated in the student legislative assembly and in debate, once debating against Elbert D. Thomas, later U.S. senator from Utah. Although still in his teens, Claude Barnes was â&#x20AC;˘''Claude T. Barnes, The Grim Years; or, The Life of Emily Stewart Barnes (Salt Lake City: Ralton Co., 1949), p. 31. * Claude T. Barnes, Toward the Eternal; or, The Life of John R. Barnes (Salt Lake City: Ralton Co., 1954), p. 93.

5 Barnes, The Grim Years, p. 88. * "Biography," p. 2.

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Claude Teancum Barnes.

From Men of Affairs in the State of Utah.

considered an eloquent speaker who could talk intelligently on public issues.7 In 1902 at the age of eighteen Claude was called to serve as a missionary in England. Assigned to the west side of London he found time for what he later called "considerable reading and study at the British Museum and South Kensington Museum." The latter institution had displays of plants and animals, perhaps an early stimulus to his interest in such things. Yet, he did not slacken in his preaching of Mormonism.

As he later immodestly put it, "In the two years that he was there he held more street meetings than any other Mormon missionary before or since in any part of the world; as high as 80 per month." One would have to admit that eighty street meetings in a month represented genuine exertion and commitment. And those familiar with the heckling custom in London's Hyde Park will appreciate Barnes's statement that it was his experience holding missionary street meetings that aided him in public speaking "ever afterward; for he could always get and hold a crowd." 8 ' Ibid.

Ibid.

8

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One other thing he found time to do while a missionary in England was write articles for the Millennial Star, the official mission periodical.

The titles indicate a theological and promotional interest: "The Power of Example," "Why Mormonism Grows," "The Personality of the Holy Ghost," and "Repentance." In a 1903 article on "Knowledge from God or Knowledge from Reason," the nineteen-year-old missionary gave a safe enough answer: only revelation can give the highest kind of knowledge. But it is perhaps significant that at this young age he was wrestling with such a ponderous question.9 After traveling in France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, and Belgium, Claude returned to Utah in 1905.

Back home he attended the University of Utah in the spring, again participating in debate. It would have been during these spring months, one assumes, that he rekindled an old acquaintance. Annie Elizabeth Knowlton was twenty-two years old and according to her husband's later fond recollections "was so beautiful she was probably unexcelled in that respect."10 He was probably right, for she had won first prize for beauty at the Utah State Fair, and one can still admire her photograph for verification.11 In the fall of 1905, leaving his bride behind, Claude Barnes struck out for the University of Chicago Law School. His earlier decision to become a lawyer was still in force. What drew him to Chicago during that school year is not known. He must have been lonely in his new environment, longing for his wife and loved ones back in Utah. He found time for much reading and browsing in the library. One day in the medical library he happened upon North American Land Birds by Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway. "It was," he later wrote, "my initiation into the delightful field of ornithology, and Mr. Ridgway became my friend and correspondent."12 Given the direction that his life took later on, this event almost appears to have the same significance for Claude Barnes as the famous occasion when Edward Gibbon sat on the steps of the capitol in Rome and began the chain of thoughts that led him to write The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

But Barnes was not ready to plunge into the life of a naturalist.

In the summer of 1906 he returned to Utah and, this time taking Annie 8

"Knowledge from God or Knowledge from Reason," Millennial Star 65 (1903) : 6 2 0 - 2 3 .

"Biography," p. 2 - 3 .

"See Ezra Clark Knowlton, The Utah Knowltons (Salt Lake City, 1971), p. 210. " C l a u d e T . Barnes, The Natural History of a Wasatch Autumn (Salt Lake City: Ralton Co., 1 9 5 8 ) ) , p. 6. Hereafter the works on the four seasons will be cited by short title, as e.g., Wasatch Autumn.

10

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with him, then went to the University of Michigan to complete work on his law degree. It is tempting to see that year at Ann Arbor as crucial in weaning him from his Mormon faith, for he did become affiliated with the Masonic Lodge there and with a brotherhood called the Woodmen of the World.13 It is clear from the four articles he published in the Improvement Era in 1907, two of them written at Ann Arbor,14 that he was acquainted with the writings of Ernst Haeckel, the German Darwinist whose The Riddle of the Universe was a mechanistic form of monism that seemed at the time to represent a major challenge to the Christian faith. But Barnes referred to it only to refute it. Ethical societies are not sufficient in promoting moral behavior, he argued, citing as evidence the favorable crime and divorce statistics from Utah at that time. "If a Latter-day Saint, trust not him who has forsaken your ranks," he wrote.15 In "The Unconscious Illapse," Barnes took up an old line of reasoning to point out how several Christian spokesmen were coming closer to the Mormon position. He was in his way a defender of the Mormon faith.

Back in Utah with his wife by the summer of 1907, Barnes did not immediately begin the practice of law. Instead, he went to work for the Deseret News for a half-dozen years. In December 1907 his wife gave birth to a son, Stuart Knowlton Barnes, and three years later came a daughter, Kathleen Louise. These were the only two children born to this marriage. Among the articles he wrote as a newspaper reporter, of most interest, in view of his later development as a naturalist, are two that appeared in the Deseret News in 1908. In July, expressing his new interest in ornithology, he published "A Plea for Our Birds." In November came an essay entitled "Typical Early November Day." Here is a sample: One by one the leaves flutter to the ground, leaving bare limbs to shiver in the oncoming cold. How variegated, how significant, how beautiful it has been, this autumn, this sunset of the year! The twilight, truly has come; but the retrospect is inspiring.

13 "Biography," p. 7. An interesting incident regarding the Woodmen of the World, in which it is related t h a t Claude's brother R i c h a r d W. was also a Woodman, that a Woodman lodge opened in Kaysville about 1900, a n d that the father, John R. Barnes, "thought it was sinful to join secret lodges," is recounted in Toward the Eternal, p. 71.

14 " T h e Dependence of Morality u p o n Religion," Improvement Era 10 (1907) :510â&#x20AC;&#x201D;17, 5 9 8 - 6 0 7 ; " T h e Unconscious Illapse," Improvement Era 10 (1907) : 7 8 3 - 8 9 ; " T h e New M a n i a " [on roller skating], Improvement Era 10 (1907) : 8 6 5 - 6 7 .

15 Barnes, " T h e Dependence of Morality upon Religion," p . 607.

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Enthused by the gorgeousness of environs, sensing the fact that nature was undergoing a change that on every hand had a purport of divinity, an immutable symbol, I strolled into the garden and upon the hillside, bent on drinking in the full sublimity of autumnal beauty. . . .

Pondering over the charm of it all, I rambled into the orchard, where delicate tints appeared with astonishing variety and profusion. The crimped raspberry leaves were changing from the summer color of oriental green to almost every desicribable hue. One had become pure Venetian red, bordered with raw sienna, the under surface being pale shell pink. Another, from the same bush, was deep orange; and one more Venetian red mottled with brown, green and gold. . . .

Already, at twenty-four, Claude Barnes was flexing his verbal wings as a writer about nature. The personal touch, the willingness to talk about his own observations, the undisguised relish for the beauty, the passion for specific colors â&#x20AC;&#x201D; all continue in his later writings.

Life must have seemed good to Barnes during those years. A handsome young man with an attractive wife and two promising children,

"There may not be anything extraordinary about a hundred white gulls settling in turn on the fresh, dark{worm-inhabited furrow immediately behind a plowman; but we watch with pleasure every time we come upon the scene."

(Wasatch Spring, June 20.) Farm in Utah Valley, USHS collections.

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scion of a respected family on the Utah scene, recognized as an effective public speaker, and becoming known as a writer about the natural beauties of Utah, he would not have found life dull or uninteresting. If the postponement of practicing law was frustrating to him, that ended in 1913.16 That same year he was elected to the state legislature, where he served for two years. His writings about nature did not stop with the two articles already mentioned. He began a series on Utah birds for the Improvement Era and a series on mammals, fish, and even insects that appeared regularly in the Juvenile Instructor. By 1913 and 1914, the years he was serving in the legislature, he was ready for the big time, so to speak. Collaborating with J. H. Paul, an English professor at the University of Utah, Barnes published four books in two years: Farm Friends and Spring Flowers; Forest Groves and Canyon Streams; Farm Foes and Bird Helpers; and Western Natural Resources. Not surprisingly he was included in the 1914 publication Men of Affairs in the State of Utah, where he is described as "endowed with a keen mentality and with broad and liberal views." "Few members of the Utah bar are more widely known throughout Utah," said the article, "than Claude Teancum Barnes."17 In 1913 Barnes published in the Improvement Era an article entitled "Dryden on Salvation for the Dead." Mainly the reprinting of a long passage from Dryden's Religio Laid, the' article included an introduction by Barnes in which it is clear that he loved to read not only Dryden but also Isaac Walton, Thomas Browne, Joseph Addison, and Henry Fielding. Although a seventeenth-century writer like Dryden could not be expected to understand things fully "without the illuminating influence of revelation," Barnes argued, he came close to expressing the Mormon approach to salvation. Barnes was still a defender of the faith.18 For the two decades stretching from about 1913 to the early 1930s Barnes continued to write about nature. The Juvenile Instructor and Improvement Era were his main outlets but he branched out to publish in Outer's Book, St. Nicholas, Nature Magazine, and the Rocky Mountain Sportsman. In 1922 he published Mammals of Utah, which appeared in a revised and expanded edition in 1927 under the title Utah Mammals.

16 " H e was admitted to the U t a h Bar October 14, 1907; later to a United States District Court. H e practiced his profession, first from 1913 to 1923 with George B. Hancock, a U t a h man w h o m he met at Michigan; a n d thenceforth alone." "Biography," p. 6. " Men of Affairs in the State of Utah (Salt Lake City: Press Club of Salt Lake, 1914), p . 360.

1S Claude T. Barnes, "Dryden on Salvation for the D e a d , " Improvement Era 16 ( 1 9 1 3 ) : 299.

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Evincing an interest that was more than casual, he joined such organizations as the American Society of Mammalogists, the Society for the Study of Evolution, the American Ornithologists Union, the London Zoological Society, the Philosophical Society of England, the Eugene Field Society, the Society of Psychical Research of London, the Cooper Ornithological Club, the Ecological Society of America, the Biology Society of Washington, the Western Society of Naturalists, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. On the local level he was the first president of the Utah Audubon Society.

But there was also taking place in his life during these years a kind of shrinkage or narrowing down. In 1919 his father died, with an address written by himself read at his own funeral.19 Claude never forgot this experience. In 1921, after just sixteen years of marriage, his wife Annie died, leaving him with a fourteen-year-old son and eleven-year-old daughter to raise by himself. In 1929 Stuart married and not long afterward Kathleen followed suit; both children lived in the East and apparently had nothing further to do with their Latter-day Saint heritage.

Claude seems to have maintained a close relationship with his mother.

She was a widow and Claude, after 1921, was a widower, and by 1930 lived alone.20 In long talks with his mother, he gathered information for his own use and also encouraged her to write down as much as she could remember about her pioneer experiences. In 1932 when she died, his life suffered a severe contraction.

There was a narrowing also in the alienation of Barnes from his church. His children drifted from the faith and, not to imply any causal connection, he at least stopped attending meetings. This may not be surprising, for his earlier reading had led him to question and to probe.

It takes little imagination to believe that he may have encountered Mormons who were unreceptive to the kind of comments he would make.

On the other hand, he continued to publish in church magazines and to make some financial contributions.21 He did not launch any kind of crusade against Mormonism; there is not a single article or book that is intended as a frontal attack on the religion. He was still his parents' child and in the 1950s when he wrote separate small biographies of his father and his mother, it is obvious that he still admired their faith and com19

Barnes, Tozvard the Eternal, pp. 95-97.

A brief second marriage, to Effie Alice Lee, lasted from 1929 to 1931, produced one child, and ended in divorce. Knowlton, The Utah Knowltons, p. 213.

81 Interview with former bishop George Cannon Young, October 2, 1978.

20

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"Nature seldom grieves for its dead. . . . even the hard antlers of a deer are soon gnawed away by porcupines and mice seeking their salty flavor. There is no memorial day among the creatures of the wild lands." (Wasatch Spring, May 30.)

Bucks die in fight in Weber Canyon, USHS collections.

mitment. Finally, he continued to think about immortality, about a continuation of life after death.

It must be remembered, of course, that the vocational center of Claude Barnes's life was law, which he continued to practice through the years. He must have been considered a successful lawyer, for in 1946 he was chosen to represent a group of polygamists before the U.S. Supreme Court. Ever the scholar, he did research on and published The White Slave Act: History and Analysis of Its Words "Other Immoral Purposes" which is still considered a standard work of reference on this topic. Along with law, at least since the death of his father in 1919, Claude spent some of his time in management of the John R. Barnes Company farms. This was no small operation. Consisting of 600 acres, the Barnes farm was said to produce "crops so great that if they were loaded on wagons, a ton to the wagon, the wagon train would reach from Salt Lake to Ogden." 22 Claude was proud to report that only one or maybe two years ended without the farm showing a profit. Finally, to Barnes, Toward the Eternal, pp. 65â&#x20AC;&#x201D;66.

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keep his mind alive and his interest whetted, there was politics. When he was a very young man, he was able to get Utah's congressman to send him the Congressional Record, which must have kept him informed on public issues for many years.23 After his service in the state legislature in 1913 and 1914 he may well have participated in party conventions as a delegate and, as an effective speaker, may have played some role in the campaigns. In any event, by 1938 he was ready for the larger stage.

He filed as a primary candidate for U.S. Senate on the Republican ticket.

It was the first year that Utahns voted directly in a primary rather than choosing candidates in conventions. Barnes was defeated by Brigham Young University President Franklin S. Harris, who went on to be defeated by Democrat Elbert D. Thomas. For the next six years Barnes was a member of the Republican National Committee.

So it would be misleading to think of Claude Barnes as going into a shell. Yet, when the floodlights were turned out, when the campaigns were over, when he went home after work each day, what did he do?

It is on this front, occupied formerly by family and church, that his love of nature moved in to provide activity and aesthetic stimulation. The return to Utah way back in 1907 may have seen the start of his nature hikes, for Barnes was then an enthusiastic new ornithologist. He often found time to get into the out-of-doors all during the 1910s and 1920s.

Then, after the death of his parents and his wife and the departure from home of his children, after about 1930 or so, the nature walks must have provided solace and enjoyment. In 1934 a newspaper reporter wrote: T h e hours of his deepest joy come to M r . Barnes when he dons khaki, seizes his field glasses, altitude barometer a n d pocket microscope, a n d steals away into the hills. T h e r e he studies p l a n t a n d animal specimens or, alone by some gurgling brook or peering u p into the star-studded heavens, intrigues himself with the creative cogitations of his own mind. 2 4

It was these individual excursions, day after day, month after month, that led to the publications that raised him from a journalist, someone who wrote articles about nature, to a naturalist in the tradition of Thoreau.

The writings of Claude Barnes fall into several different categories.25 They include the legal treatise written in 1946 and his brief for the Su23

"Biography," p. 2.

Eugene Middleton, "Personality Portraits of Prominent Utahns: Claude T. Barnes," Deseret News, November 26, 1934.

25 In addition to books and articles published in Improvement Era and Juvenile Instructor, Barnes wrote articles for the Salt Lake Herald (1902), the Deseret News (1907-13), and such national magazines as Country Gentleman.

24

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preme Court, not to mention the many similar documents prepared for his private law practice. Then there are the theological and apologetic articles that appeared in church magazines. Two biographies deal with his mother and father. At least one historical novel, apparently never published, was written. And there is a volume of moral essays. In all of these, especially the biographies, are found passages of interest to the student of Barnes as a naturalist. But it is his writings specifically on nature that made up the bulk of his literary output. It is convenient to divide them into three groups, the first of which includes articles and books primarily factual and descriptive — the long series in the magazines dealing with specific birds and animals and sites, the textbooks, and his study of the mountain lion. If he had stopped with those, if his life had ended about the time of its great contraction in the early 1930s, he would have still accumulated a considerable bibliography, enough to establish him as an important figure among those promoting knowledge and appreciation of Utah's natural surroundings. But he did not stop there. Continuing to do some articles in the pattern of the past, he moved out into a new domain in 1940 with The Wending Year, his book of poetry. Not a major poetic achievement, The Wending Year contains at least one stanza and sometimes several stanzas for each of the 365 days of the year. It is too monotonous, too sing-song, too predictable in its flat-footed scheme and the steady march of its iambic pentameter rhythm. Triteness and sentimentality are found on every page.

Yet, it is an ambitious effort — 116 pages of poetic statement — and it has its moments. Here is his stanza for October 7: Beneath the leafy showers on yon trail, Where fledgling birds in summer flocks did tread, There scatter now the winsome broods of quail, For yet a time by tender mother led.

Above all The Wending Year is a catalogue of specific observations.

The natural setting — flower, bird, tree, and cloud — is often accompanied by a moral reflection. This work of poetry represents the second category of his nature writings.

Then, after the war, during the closing decade of his life, he reached the high point of his achievement as a literary naturalist with his four little volumes on the seasons: The Natural History of a Wasatch Summer, Fall, Winter, and Spring. Perhaps recognizing his limitations, he abandoned poetry and returned to prose. Drawing from the accumulated files of years and years of nature hikes, he had specific notes for each

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"Streams are roily, wild and full, for even upper snows are fast melting. . . .

Some sweet-throated house finch trills gleefully from a Carolina poplar near at hand, as if conscious that his canzonet is essential to the ensemble of vernal delights and sounds." (Wasatch Spring, April 10.)

Mill Creek Canyon, Harry Shipier photograph, USHS collections.

day of the year. In prose form, allowing himself no more than one page of print for each day, he produced descriptions and moralistic reflections. They are personal and charming. In them (and to a certain extent in all of Barnes's nature writings) we find precision, concern for ecology, empathy, and wonder.

As an observer of the natural world Barnes early recognized the importance of precision. An appreciation for the shades of meanings of different words may have developed independently, for he had a wellthumbed and personally annotated copy of Roget's Thesaurus?* But especially when writing of the plant and animal kingdoms he wanted to be clearly understood. For this reason he scrupulously used the Latin terms within parentheses. That, of course, can be a stumbling block to ease of reading. In his biographies the usage sometimes seems stilted: "The desert jack rabbit (Lepus californicus deserticola) was — and still is — common in that vicinity; and in the foothills the mule deer {Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) was fairly plentiful. . . . The cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri), which lived in the labyrinthine shrubbery of every creekside, "Biography," p. 7.

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was an especially delicious tid bit."27 But at the very least such a passage shows that the writer was careful in his distinctions and knew what he was writing about.

Barnes had a strong desire to report on the sounds made by the animals, especially birds. For this he developed onomatopes, words that came as close as he could make them to the actual calls. "The other jays approach, and there is a medley of sound," he wrote. "The loudest is a raspy 'chaa, chaa, chaa, chaa, chaa,' the 'chaa' being repeated usually five times but sometimes as much as ten. . . . Then several of the birds give vent to a long chutter, somewhat like that of squirrels but resembling the clicking of a large fishing reel."28 Barnes is trying valiantly to give an exact idea of the sound. On another occasion he explained: I t is always somewhat difficult to make an onomatope, t h a t is a lettered or syllabic imitation of a bird's song. It is obvious t h a t our alphabet was constructed for h u m a n beings who have hard teeth, soft lips, enabling them to distinguish between labials and dentals; but a bird has only a h a r d beak, without teeth or soft lips, its palate is different a n d it is not constructed to emit nasals. W e h u m a n s , by the position of lips and teeth, are able to master m o r e consonants t h a n the bird c a n ; b u t usually we are able, in m a k i n g an onomatope to approximate the voice of the bird. I often give it u p , then keep trying. 29

Those who use Barnes's descriptions as a guide to their own bird watching would probably agree that an approximation is better than nothing.

At least, such eminent ornithologists as Roger Tory Peterson made the same effort in their classic descriptions.

Another area in which Barnes was not at all satisfied with the rough language of everyday usage was color. In a 1948 article published in the Journal of Mammalogy (later reprinted in The Natural History of a Wasatch Autumn) he explains that as a student he came across North American Land Birds. This introduced him to ornithology, and he became a friend and correspondent of one of the authors, Robert Ridgway.

Ridgway's book Color Standards and Color Nomenclature became Barnes's companion. "I have for many years given the book scrupulous attention," he wrote, "even inclosing it in a cotton bag when I took it afield and begrudging its exposure to sunshine lest its historic color cards fade."30 Later he obtained A Dictionary of Color by Maerz and Paul -'' Barnes, The Grim Years, p. 33.

Wasatch Spring, p. 70.

28 Wasatch Spring, p. 76.

30 Wasatch Autumn, p. 6.

28

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but was frustrated to find that its color designations were by letter and number rather than by words. The summit was reached, as far as Barnes was concerned, when he became a member of the Royal Horticultural Society and discovered the great color chart produced under the direction of Robert F. Wilson.31 With this background one can appreciate more fully the care that went into Barnes's references to a maple tree of TaMing yellow with darker tints of mirabelle and saffron, the acajou red of a small weed growing in the Farmington Bay, skies of light Alice blue, and mountains of mikado brown with lower hills of light cinnamon drab.32 Perhaps unaware of the color charts just mentioned, a local writer in 1934 wrote that Barnes had obtained charts from paint stores and "assembled facilities for the identification of some 1,530 colors, which is getting down to fine shades."33 Barnes saw some threat to his beloved Wasatch Front. He noticed that all the larger streams were muddy, which he attributed to overgrazing and fires that had allowed every rain to carry off soil from the hillsides.34 He advocated forest and wildlife management. He was not a great hunter, saying on one occasion: "Since the naturalist never desires to kill, except to supply food for his larder or specimens for his scientific collection, it is understandable that any act in violation of that rule causes repentant regret. It is little wonder that he should not forgive in himself or others- any act that is thoughtless enough to be wanton."35 He was also aware of the interconnections between the various life forms â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Darwin's "tangled bank." He was not a modern ecologist, but his concerns, like those of Gifford Pinchot, John Muir, and Aldo Leopold, adumbrated the ecology movement of the 1960s.36 Barnes felt empathy for the various creatures he observed. He tried in imagination to "enter into minds, experiences and understandings of birds and mammals."37 This is not the attitude of academic zoologists, but it is not unusual among naturalists. Barnes wrote: If it were our lot to be a water bird, we should choose to be a Canadian goose; this on account of its intelligence, resourcefulness, fidelity,

81

Wasatch Autumn, pp. 6-7.

Wasatch Autumn, pp. 18-20.

33 Middleton, "Personality Portraits."

34 Claude T. Barnes (with J. R. Paul), Forest Groves and Canyon Streams (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1913), p. 10.

35 Wasatch Winter, p. 8. ^Wasatch Autumn, p. 28; Wasatch Summer, p. 76; Wasatch Spring, p. 79; Wasatch Winter, pp. 8-12.

37 Wasatch Summer, p. 47.

M

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Utah Historical Quarterly beauty and happy gregarious life; but if we had to be a shore bird we should be a black-necked stilt. Compared with avocets, the stilts wade in fresher water and their feeding habits are daintier; furthermore, being ordinarily unsought by the gunner, they live on placid lagoons in sunny tranquility. Black bellied plovers and killdeers appeal to us very m u c h , but the die is cast — we shall be black-necked stilts if the myths of Plato result in the great transmigration. 3 8

On one occasion he wrote that all nature, like man, lived that it might have joy. Insects could be happy, Barnes thought, as could birds.

Observing a bird feeding on a cone, he wrote, "What a happy life in a land of plenty — insects in summer, nuts in winter."39 On other occasions he realized that there might be problems with such projection of human values. Speaking of the water ouzel, he wrote: And what a carefree bird it is! WTinter or summer, snow or sunshine, it never leaves its beloved stream; for always, even when ice mantles the canyon trail and brookwTay, some pool remains open beneath a snow-frozen fall. Living in the purest and sweetest surroundings, it is perhaps the happiest bird in all the world. But there comes the query — w h a t is happiness?

Should we say: happiness is the enjoyment of a present without worry over an unknown future? W h a t an ineffable word "happiness" is, for to no two people do the identical things constitute joy!" 4 0

Claude Barnes had an admirable capacity for wonder. As long as he lived, he never became blase about the mountains, canyons, and streams he visited. Conceding that he had identified the species and subspecies of animal and botanical life "with meticulous care," he said that his attitude had nevertheless been "constantly one of interest and wonderment, interest in the distribution and ecological factors affecting species and wonderment in the overwhelming development and congruity of it all."41 He once noted that a naturalist "must be ecstatic at times, especially when prompted by something almost spiritual in woodland purity like the Audubon hermit thrush."42 There is no reason to overestimate the originality of all this. Delight in making careful and precise observations, a concern for what man is doing to his natural surroundings, an imagined empathy for other living things, a reverent awe before the beauty and majesty of it all — these r,s

Wasatch Wasatch 40 Wasatch 41 Wasatch 42 Wasatch 38

Spring, p. 63.

Summer, p. 99.

Summer, p. 19.

Winter, p. 6.

Summer, p. 32.

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are notes already sounded by many others in the long tradition of modern poetic and prose descriptions of nature. 43 The same is true of the relative nothingness of man before the great relentless cosmic forces and his vanity in assuming that he is the measure of all things. To celebrate the loveliness of scenery ranging from mountain to valley, stream and marsh, is by no means original with Claude Barnes. Sometimes, of course, the content can be traditional while the style adds a strong individual voice of literary genius. It would be going too far to claim such in this case.

In an interesting passage Barnes praises the poet John Keats: "Every naturalist must read Keats with admiration," he said, "for the great poet often describes a scene with a word." Then Barnes goes on to notice what he saw as a limitation in the poet, who was not "accustomed to view things with the trained eye of the naturalist." "What could Keats have done," Barnes asks, if he had become a naturalist?44 It would be idle to deny a valid point here; the trained naturalist of the nineteenth or twentieth century did have the benefit of accumulated scientific knowledge, at the very least the established taxonomy and generic names.

But it is probably fair also to notice that in his literary skills, at least in poetry, Barnes himself was lacking. What could he have done, one may ask, had he been a Keats?

Yet, something of worth remains here. In prose Barnes is fairly effective for his purposes. He speaks from his own life experience, his own reflections; using established tropes does not, of course, prove insincerity in the user. Above all, he was writing about a specific area â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the Wasatch Range in the Rocky Mountains. For the natural history of City Creek Canyon, Big Cottonwood Canyon, Lambs Canyon, and the like, it is futile to turn to Thoreau or Joseph Wood Krutch or Aldo Leopold. For this area one turns to Claude Barnes, who brought to an intrinsically fascinating subject matter a lively intelligence, thorough selftraining, and considerable verbal facility.

At times Barnes appears as a modern Lucretius, a materialist who saw everything in terms of matter in motion. He was undoubtedly a Darwinist45 but with qualifications and reservations as the following passage illustrates:

43

O n the larger significance of conceptions of nature see George Boas, " N a t u r e , " in Dictionary of the History of Ideas.

44 Wasatch Summer, p . 45.

"Wasatch Winter, p. 12; Claude T. Barnes, The Duration of Mind (Salt Lake City: Ralston Co., 1955), pp. 4 1 - 5 8 .

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&

'a

â&#x20AC;˘

M,

: -:_ ; "In those extraordinary bird-havens and reed-covered sloughs where the Bear, Weber, and Jordan rivers flow into the Great Salt Lake . . . a ramble . . . discloses a variety of bird life unexcelled anywhere in the world."

(Wasatch Spring, May 22.) Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, USHS collections.

". .. A few rods lower on the dry hillside . . .is the four petaled, evening primrose (Oenothera paddila) with white corollas turning to rose." Wasatch Spring, May 19.) USHS collections. ". . . The most beautiful columbine we have yet seen . . . has enormous, white flowers .. . and to our surprise and joy, it dots not only the verdured but also the dry hillsides everywhere." (Wasatch Summer, July 6.) USHS collections.

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So multiform is the evidence of it that evolution is now seldom denied by intellectual honesty. The theory, that all organisms sprang from an original, simple type of life, and that it in turn arose somehow from inanimate nature, goes back to the ancient Greeks. Nowadays we have much to prove its truth — comparative anatomy, geological succession, geographic distribution, classification, embryology, serotology and genetics. Darwin's thesis that changes in species have come about through natural selection is to my thinking no longer regarded as the major cause; nevertheless, although much has been done in cytogenetics to prove that the genes and chromosomes are very important in the transmission of hereditary characteristics and in the creation of mutations, and, although there has been much study on the influence of climate, isolation and environmental factors, no one can yet s'ay with certainty what causes species to change their form. In 1867, eight years after the appearance of Darwin's Origin of Species, one F. Jenkins gave such an overwhelming criticism of the Darwin theory, and let us say, of the modern claim of the importance of mutations caused by genes and chromosomes as well, that I at least have never seen it successfully answered. Jenkins' simple contention was this: no matter how favorable a variation chosen by natural selection might be, and, we might add, no matter how desirable a mutation produced by genes and chromosomes, it would be swarmed and vanished in no time by the sheer numbers of regular breeding.40

That change and evolution have occurred was for Barnes demonstrable; why they have occurred was not at all certain.

One of his favorite phrases is "the mystery of it all." Barnes objected to theological bigots and to scientists who thought they had it all explained in neat formulas. He was less interested in consistency than in constant probing. In his world beauty existed. There was congruity also.

Over and over again he expressed the idea of design — the old idea that behind the watch there must be a watchmaker. But he was not an eighteenth-century naturalist who might well have seen such observations as leading inexorably to the conclusion that behind it all there was a Creator.

Barnes was not confident about what design really meant, asking on one occasion, "Is design but the average of the chance direction of individual particles?"47 Again, he said, "There is an eventual mystery that he [the writer] cannot solve, and, as a naturalist, he can only in humility await the development of greater knowledge."48 Although he by no means spoke as a firm believer, Barnes could not abandon an interest in — even an obsession with — the concept of eter-

48

Wasatch Winter, p. 12. For another recognition of Darwin's limitation, see Barnes's Can Science Have a Religion? (Salt Lake City, 1966), p. 7.

47 Wasatch Winter, p. 28.

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nity. On December 26 he wrote, "The end of the year precedes a glorious reawakening in spring; the end of life forebodes the eternal darkness of the tomb. Would that in the despair of his heart man could see some spark of light in the unfathomable reality ahead!" 49 Here are some more glimpses of that concern: It is pleasant to chink of immortality, but only if it be in a place where the joyful vigors of life will be continued without disease or pain, where flowers bloom and birds sing, where love and romance prevail, and where ever changing progressive development is the goal. Any heaven t h a t offers m a n a mere state of ecstatic abstraction seems incongruous as we look upon the reality of n a t u r e in spring. 50 T h e naturalist, if he be true to his own heart, must hope t h a t a power so marvelously capable in design as that which h e sees a b o u t himself cannot have failed to provide an ultimate of individual existence. 3 1 T h e r e is in nature, however, m u c h more t h a n the power to awaken aesthetic joy â&#x20AC;&#x201D; it is the final h o p e of the intellectual that they m i g h t discover in it that most i m p o r t a n t of all things, a solution to the mystery of life. Biochemistry and physics, cytology and genetics, are leading us into strange fields, fields that might encourage the thought of individual sempernity." 5 3

Developments in those fields during the past ten years would have been watched by Claude Barnes with utter fascination.

It is interesting to discover that Barnes early became anxious about the possibility of continued existence of the human soul. He joined the London Society for Psychical Research, which was seeking some kind of scientific confirmation of the unseen world. He even exacted a promise from his parents that they would reappear to him after their death "if possible." Unfortunately for his desire, they did not do so "even in a dream." 33 During his retirement years Barnes wrote two works specifically on the subject of immortality. The first of these, The Duration of Mind, 48

Wasatch Winter, p. 6.

Wasatch Winter, p. 11.

80 Wasatch Spring, p. 80.

51 Wasatch Spring, p. 92.

52 Wasatch Spring, p. 66.

53 Barnes, The Grim Years, p. 83. Cf: "In later years I became a member of Mr. Myers' 'Society for Psychical Research' in London, a famous organization for the scientific investigation of psychic phenomena, such as telepathy, telekinesis, ghosts. I was already familiar with hynotism, having used it to assist religious organizations trying to help drunks, drug addicts and the like; but after ten years, I gave the society up for the reason, that I despaired of ever getting proof of any psychic phenomena except hypnotism, telepathy and premonitions, all of which I could explain on natural, materialistic grounds." Can Science Have a Religion?, p. 14.

49

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was submitted to and copyrighted by the Philosophical Society of England before its private publication in Utah in 1955. His conclusion, in a nutshell, is that there is no proof of continued personal existence after death, but it is not impossible. "To me it is just as absurd to deny the possibility of immortality as to adopt a religious view and claim to know something about it."54 Contrasting his own conclusion to that of Bertrand Russell, Barnes wrote: . . . he makes ultimate annihilation a mathematical certainty, whereas I merely maintain t h a t there is no proof of immortality, not t h a t it is beyond the pale of possibility by some means we do not understand. H e contends t h a t immortality is disproved; I, that we do not know of any proof of it, a far different conclusion. H e is dogmatic and positive, as certain as t h e mathematics in which he excels, whereas I leave the door open a n d constantly yearn for evidence. 5 5

Barnes goes on to mention the kind of immortality in which one's influence extends after death in the lives of children and friends.

One would think this would be the last word on the subject, but a year or two before his death Barnes published Can Science Have a Religion? In this little pamphlet he showed an intense awareness of the limitations of modern physical science. To judge from the bibliography Barnes kept up his reading rather well. Transplantation of vital organs, recent publications in enzymology, the exciting work with DNA, molecular biology, genetics and metabolism â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in all these areas he was not relying on the science of the pre-World War II period. He seems quite aware of what Einstein had done to modify the Newtonian synthesis.

"Our knowledge is so limited," he wrote, "that it seems arrogance to deny the possibility of anything."30 He did not wish people to draw the wrong conclusions. He did not see himself as lapsing into a priori modes of thought, which he considered all religion to be. "I am of humble knowledge," he said. "Who am I to deny that at the proper time laws of which there is no present evidence will arise, supersede all other laws and accomplish that which we deemed impossible?"37 He did not believe that man was any more important than anything else. Calling up a Mormon phrase, he saw "nothing to indicate anthropomorphism, the doctrine that as man is God once was and as God is man may become."aS 54

Barnes, The Duration of Mind, p. 91.

Ibid., p. 93.

50 Barnes, Can Science Have a Religion? p. 7.

57 Ibid., p. 7.

58 Ibid., p. 20.

55

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He had hopes to discover that the "great outside directing force had some interest in man," but in this he had failed.59 Still accepting the existence of a creator as the "deepest conviction of my life," he concluded: Now, if I recognize such a pattern maker it is foolish in me to think that it is helpless in the matter of the cessation of the human mind, which is constructed. What is man's mind â&#x20AC;&#x201D;â&#x20AC;˘ I do not know; but whatever it is, it is a masterly mechanism. . . . In the very solemnity of my reasoning I, therefore, finally believe that nature has an outside influence, and that influence is capable somehow of continuing the human mind. 00

He was a believer in spite of himself. His habitual study of the natural world had made his mind a great storehouse of facts, but he had not lost his sense of wonder, of the mystery of it all. He still yearned for meaning. This was what he meant in describing himself as a naturalist. 61 After many years of nature walks he had accumulated so many specific memories that all he had to do was mention such words as sagebrush, foothills, pine forest, quaking aspens, or waterfalls to conjure up definite things he had seen. "It is the way of the naturalist," he said, "ever alert for beauty of color, shape or song; ever hopeful that in wide understanding will come greater comprehension of the meaning of it all." That this hope did not lead him to gloom or despair is evidenced by another statement about the naturalist's pursuits: "They who divert themselves to an investigation of all forms of nature to the end that they may find the meaning of life and the evidence of its eventual perpetuation are of men most happy, for they are on the very path of eternity."62 59

Ibid., p. 21.

Ibid., p. 22.

01 Wasatch Winter, pp. 14, 16, 34-35.

82 Wasatch Summer, pp. 66-67.

60

Opposite: "Ever delightful are these darksome woods, though it takes many a patient and arduous hour for one to glimpse all the feathered inhabitants; nevertheless, some of them are precious rewards of any search."

(Wasatch Spring, June5.) Upper Lambs Canyon, U.S. Forest Service photograph, USHS collections.

A Winter Acquaintance with Timpanogos

BY DEAN R. BRIMHALL

Ascending Timpanogos on February 19, 1916. Dean R. Brimhall Collection, Special Collections, Photographs, University of Utah Library.

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D E A N R O B E R T S O N B R I M H A L L (1886-1972) WAS T H E SON OF Flora Robertson and George H . Brimhall, president of Brigham Young University during 1903-21. H e received a bachelor's degree in psychology from BYU in 1913 and master's and doctoral degrees from Columbia University. At the time of his adventure on Timpanogos, February 1916, he appears to have been teaching psychology at BYU. I n August 1917 Brimhall married actress Lila Eccles (1891-1980) who was later a professor of speech and theatre at the University of U t a h .

During his early career he was involved in several business enterprises, but after 1933 he was employed by the federal government in various posts. After his retirement in 1951, Brimhall developed a keen interest in pictographs and petroglyphs, becoming an expert on U t a h Indian rock art. H e served as a member of the Board of State History from 1965 until his death. I n 1971 he was m a d e an Honorary Life M e m b e r of the Society in recognition of his contributions to the study and preservation of U t a h antiquities.

This account of Timpanogos in winter is from BrimhaH's papers in Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah, which granted the Society permission to publish it. A few typographical errors have been corrected.

It is hard to be conservative when one is by nature a radical, but conservatism has little chance with a man who has a passionate interest. Hardy 1 and I make no claims for conservatism in matters dealing with mountains. If our doings and sayings concerning Timpanogos seem lacking in temperance we have no apology. No man can be a lover of the high places of the world and keep that calm tranquility so fitting to the vegetable kingdom.

The winter of 1915-16 will be long remembered as one of the old style.

Snow was knee deep for weeks in the valleys, and the mountains were hardly ever free from storm clouds. Every time the sky cleared the great king of the Wasatch Range stood out in marvelously white majesty. He seemed to say, "Come up and conquer me if you dare." The sharp white point some twelve thousand feet out in the cold clear ozone never looked so mockingly exciting as it did after some long snowstorm when clouds had hid it for threefold the time they had hid the valley.

One day was all we could give to the climb, and that day was Saturday.

We shall not tell of our first trial and our defeat. It is a long story, a glorious one to us, but no one cares to hear how someone nearly reached the top.

So far as we know or have been able to find out, no one had ever climbed the peak in winter months, and we now have reason to believe that no one is 3

Brimhall's friend LeGrand Hardy, a BYU student and later a physician.

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likely to have greater natural difficulties, in the way of ice, deep snow, and low temperatures.

It was three fifteen A.M. when we filled the radiator of the car with hot water. A few turns of the engine, a fitful sputtering which settled into' a steady h u m and we were ready. A shout half of joy and half of mischief for the benefit of some sleepy neighbors, and in went the clutch. A short spinning of wheels, a biting of chains and we were off. O u r lights sent out their friendly shine over the immaculate mantie of snow but lost their lustre in the brightness of the light of a full February moon.

T h e ten mile ride to the Jex ranch at the mouth of Dry Canyon 2 was not without its thrills. T w o feet of snow with only wagon tracks for a broken trail is not conducive to fast driving, but it does not lack in fantastic skidding and unexpected plowing into the unbroken banks at the side of the road, and that too, in the most inopportune places. Life was sweet and wholesome.

At three forty-five or thereabouts, we had our snowshoes on, our lunch, light but nourishing tied to our belts, our kodaks in place and our bamboo skis [ski poles?] in our hands. Not even the strange silent beauty of the mountain in the moonlight halted us, for past experience had taught us that "keep going" is as necessary in climbing mountains as it is in climbing towards a university degree.

For the first half mile Dry Canyon was wet to the extent of three to five feet of snow in level spots and as much as twenty-five feet in drifts. 3 How we gloried in the carrying power of our snowshoes without which it would have been impossible to have gone more than a few hundred yards.

T h e n we came to the first part of the snowslide. W e had both seen bigger ones in the Alps; we had seen marks of mightier ones elsewhere in the Rockies, but for sheer ruthless savagery due to speed, we had never seen its equal. Clearly visible from the valley, we saw how it had started near the top, nearly seven thousand feet away, gathering speed, mass and momentum until here and there great gouges into the banks of earth on either side of its path told the story of its mad flight only too plainly. How we wished for brighter light than that the moon gave, so that we might have recorded a part of the sight in the little black boxes strapped to our sides.

At six fifteen, we were looking over Little Mountain 4 and were within two thousand feet of the top. Then came the first hint of approaching day, seen in the faint eastern glow that apparendy was struggling to take a place where brilliant moonlight now held supreme sway.

T h e apparent nearness of our goal seemed to give us permission to stop.

Yes, I am glad we decided to rest here, though had we known what lay ahead we should perhaps have missed the glories of the wonderful dawn contrasted with the setting of a moon now a ball of gold sinking softly and silently into the 2

Dry Canyon lies north of Provo Canyon, east of Orem.

T h e Dry Canyon trail up the west face of Timpanogos rates 3 on a 1-5 scale for steepness.

Beginning at an elevation of 5,200 feet, the trail reaches 8,400 feet in three miles. See Shirley Paxman et al., Utah Valley Trails: A Hiking Guide to the Many Scenic Trails around Provo, Utah (Salt Lake City: Wasatch Publishers, 1978), p. 11.

4 Probably Little Baldy, a peak at 7,696 feet.

3

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dark purple of a western sky over the distant Oquirrhs. The world was the fulcrum of the balancing planets. The twinkling lights of cities and villages lining the shore of icebound, snow-covered, Utah Lake, showed clearly that night still reigned below and that thousands of our fellow kind were sleeping, blissfully ignorant of what was to us a vision of matchless beauty. Words died on our lips and only incoherent jumbles of subdued exclamations reached our ears as one of us saw some new color or silhouette, or found some new object grown fantastic in the unusual light and perspective. " T w o thousand feet more, and not yet sunup," said Hardy. How easy it seemed, yet both of us knew something we did not care to admit. We were whisding to keep up courage. We knew that those two thousand feet meant some thrills that might stick to our memories when many of our friends were forgotten.

There were two paths: We might follow the ridge and have a dozen icy cliffs to scale as well as treacherous icy snowbanks for pathways, or we might go up one of the great furrows that line the face at the point we now had reached. These were filled with snow, how deep we could only guess. We chose the ridge, but we are not sure whether we did the best thing or not. One of the most astonishing difficulties of our route was the scaling of the great drifts which for some queer reason or other had formed on the ridges. W e had expected that the snow would be blown from these places but found that to be the case only here and there; elsewhere the wind had built many big shelf-like drifts, where an unsuspecting climber might easily find himself suddenly precipitated into the depths so far below that I almost lean backwards as I express the possibility of a fall.

From this level on, we encountered the most peculiar phenomenon. The ledges were literally plastered with snow. A mighty storm from the northwest had unloaded some millions of tons of wet snow to the tune of what must have been a terrific wind. Only by working our way to the southwest side of the ledges were we able to ascend at all. One great shelf so excited our admiration that we decided to get a picture of it. I borrowed Hardy's camera because it was larger and had a much better lens than mine, and began to climb out to a point that would give me a good view. A slip meant a long slide, then a tumble over a low ledge, then another long slide and then â&#x20AC;&#x201D; I don't know what. But all the comfort I received from the chuckling companion sitting serenely above me was, "Don't you dare go off down that canyon with my kodak. WThat would there be left of it?" A joke is usually a good nerve tonic however, so I got the picture.

My memory is altogether too full of items concerning the rest of the ascent.

T h e story, as I have already said, is a long one, too long to be given in details to any but those whose passion is mountains.

Five hours to make two thousand feet. It does not sound so bad. W e had climbed the first five thousand in three hours. Yes, the going was of the right sort for real enjoyment. Life seemed very full when we began the "sprint" of the last fifty feet for our first sight of "the other side." I think that it must have been exulting impatience more than fatigue or rarity of atmosphere that half choked me during that last mad hurry. But whatever it was, the climb and "sprint" made me no less breathless than the sight that seemed almost to shout back at m e :

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the great jumbles of towering peaks and furrowing canyons stretching away to* the east, north and south, as far as light travelled to us in straight lines. The immaculate covering of white was little less astonishing, not even a bit of underbrush showed through the great depth of snowfall; not even a coyote track, and best of all not the slightest sign of the biped, genus homo.

We were on the ridge, we were on top, but happily not on the highest point. 5 T o the north a half mile or so away was the flagpole. It was not much higher than the point we had reached, but we wanted to stand beside that pole.

The only possible path from here on was perhaps the one that involved the most spectacular part of our entire journey: the way led along places where the slightest misstep to the right meant an almost perpendicular fall of from three to seven hundred feet. T o the left it meant a slide and a plunge over ledges equally as dangerous. But we got our pictures. We fairly shouted for joy as we touched the steel pole that meant we had succeeded. There is no use trying to describe what we saw from that peak. Hundreds of people climbed it this summer to see in summer clothes what we saw in the heaviest winter garb. I climbed Storm King yesterday, 6 a peak overlooking the lordly Hudson. Its precipitous sides do not rise quite two thousand feet from the tidal river below, but the rich green verdure, forests, miniature lakes, villages, the distant cities of Newburg, and West Point with its Military Academy nearer by were in their most beautiful summer dress. I sat for an hour studying the landscape, yet both myself and companion declared our intentions to return some months later when we would need snowshoes. Winter scenery of mountains has a beauty that few people know.

Despite the almost constant wind ever the peak, the snow completely hid any sight of the monument except that made by the flagpole itself. Though not as deep as in some places the great drift that streamed out as though it were a mighty pointed cornice was the largest of any that we had seen. Hardy thought it was strong enough to hold him, but I refused to take his picture standing on it until he had tied a rope around his waist and to the flagpole. H a d the shelf broken off there was some chance of being saved when bound in this fashion, otherwise we might have dug him out some months later in the valley a thousand feet below.

I believe most people call that part of the ridge at which the glacier begins the saddle. It was here we obtained two of our best pictures. O n e of the eastern or back part of Timpanogos and the other of a large ice crevice. In true glacier fashion the mass of snow that had collected in the magnificent amphitheatre below, had moved several feet and left a number of deep beautiful crevices. Down into one of these went my companion, always bent on seeing the bottom of everything. Again the rope was tied to his waist for safety. H e found footing at one point and turned the kodak my way. I don't know how many hours of exhausting climbing labor is required to climb from Emerald Lake to the saddle, but we must have made the descent in less than a minute. I might not have made the trip as I did but while standing debating whether I should slide or take the 5

T h e highest point on Timpanogos is 11,750 feet. " D u r i n g 1917-18 Brimhall was a n instructor at Columbia. Possibly he climbed Storm King above the H u d s o n River and wrote this account at that time. However, later dates to 1925 are also possible.

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Acquaintance

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Two views of the top of Timpanogos from the Dean R. Brimhall Collection, Special Collections, Photographs, University of Utah Library.

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•::;:•

Measuring the snow depth at Aspen Grove after descending the east side of Timpanogos. Dean R. Brimhall Collection, Special Collections, Photographs, University of Utah Library. slower but evidently safer method of digging my toes into the snow and going down a step at a time, I suddenly felt my feet fly out from under me and I was on my way. Using a pointed end of his snowshoe for a break, Hardy too said goodbye to the top and with almost motorcycle speed we soon reached the place where Emerald Lake should have been. 7 W e had decided to go down the east side and through North Fork 8 to Provo Canyon rather than return the way we had come. I am glad we did.

There was no underbrush in which to become lost, no rocks to avoid, there was no trail to follow, only here and there a ledge to work our way around. The "Falls" which I believe are more than forty feet high were hardly distinguishable. 9 There were several incidents during the descent any of which would make an interesting and exciting story. There were times when our feet went out from under us so unexpectedly that only good fortune saved us from slides which I do not like to think about. Lower down in the Canyon we found the remains of a porcupine which told us that some coyote had been mighty hungry. T h e n there were two bunches of feathers, a few bones and some red stains in the snow, mute

7 They seem to have slid some 1,300 feet down the glacier above Emerald Lake on the east side of Timpanogos.

8 The N o r t h Fork of the Provo River.

8 Possibly Stewart Falls above present Sundance.

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evidence of the way of the Wild and the law of talon and hooked beak. There were slides crossing the faint North Fork road too numerous to mention. There was the old Stewart cabin with only the roof showing. 10 It was a much longer trail than I had remembered it to be, perhaps because it happened to be the end instead of the beginning of the journey, as is often the case with those who try for the top. It was after ten in the evening, ox rather in the night when we finally felt that friendly glow warm us as we saw the summer c a m p houses loom up thru the bare and scraggly trees along the roaring North Fork stream. 11 Let the reader imagine, if he can, if he has ever felt that intense satisfaction which comes with the sight of rest after a long period of strenuous effort and success. Let him imagine what sitting down by a roaring stove, eating, dreaming, talking, bragging, recounting the incidents of the trip, with the fervor that must have been experienced to be felt. Let him imagine the anticipation which the sight of food brought to our appetites that had been sharpened to an edge which only the out-of-doors will bring. T h e n he may understand in part, what we felt as we sat and gossiped, and told each other that our friends who knew this life that we were living would be proud and glad of our doings. Barrie never created a Peter P a n who felt more heroic than we two "boys" felt that night.

N o troubled dreams disturbed our sleep. W h a t did we care about the fact that a ten mile hike awaited us in the morning? T e n miles back to the car we had left those many hours before. We wondered what the farmers about the place would be saying of our doings or rather what they would think of the fools who could find pleasure in what to them must have seemed ridiculous, But the ten miles disappeared so easily that we did not realize that we were there until we found ourselves filling the radiator with water from the stove of a nearby farmhouse.

Not even a frosted ear to show as a result of a most intimate acquaintance with the hoary old king of the Wasatches. Hardy says he hopes he is the first to fly over with an aeroplane but he will have to hurry if he beats me. 12

10

T h e cabin of J o h n R. Stewart was located at present Sundance.

Probably Wildwood, a summer camp area established in 1906, where the N o r t h Fork of the Provo joins the main river down Provo Canyon.

12 BrimhalPs interest in aviation dated from at least 1908 when as an L D S missionary he watched Orville Wright's first power-plane flight in Germany. D u r i n g 1926-35 Brimhall was president of U t a h Pacific Airways. H e capped his federal career by serving as director of research for the Civil Aeronautics Administration.

11

Tourists' Rest built by Ruby and Minnie Syrett at Bryce Canyon in 1920.

Photograph courtesy of the Colorado Heritage Center.

The Modern Discovery, Popularization, and Early Development of Bryce Canyon, Utah

BY NICK SCRATTISH

20-21, 1776, A SPANISH ENTRADA under the direction of the Franciscan friars Silvestre Velez de Escalante and Francisco Atanasio Dominguez crossed the northwestern Arizona plateau â&#x20AC;&#x201D; somewhat southU N

OCTOBER

Dr. Scrattish is a historian with the National Park Service in Denver.

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west of Bryce Canyon. The "Santa Gertrudis" camp on the night of October 20 was on one of the western branches of Kanab Creek, about ten miles southwest of Pipe Spring. A night later the "Santa Barbara" camp was made in Kimball Valley near Johnson Creek, some eight miles southeast of Fredonia. At the time, the friars' immediate aim was to search for a westward river crossing. Their long-range goal was to establish a connecting route between the missions of New Mexico and California.1 Given the entrada's path, it is probable the Pink Cliffs of the Paunsaugunt Plateau were visible on the skyline to the northeast.

Fifty years later, in 1826, Jedediah Smith rediscovered the Sevier and Virgin, the westernmost rivers in Utah's high plateau country. Smith was the first American to travel through Utah to Spanish California.

Four years later another American frontiersman named George Yount passed northwest of Bryce Canyon through the present sites of Circleville, Panguitch, and Cedar City. He, too, was en route to California.

In 1844, after a reconnaissance of the Great Basin, Capt. John C. Fremont followed the Old Spanish Trail northward, past the present sites of Cedar City, Parowan, and Circleville. Fremont retraced his steps nine years later en route to California. Mormon scouts, sent by the church to find favorable agricultural and grazing lands in southern Utah, first visited the Sevier River near Panguitch in 1852.2 This party probably had a good view of the Sunset Cliffs on the west edge of the Paunsaugunt Plateau.

A party of Indian fighters, under the command of Capt. James Andrus, was sent out from St. George in 1866 to pursue marauding Navajos. These men crossed the upper Paria Valley and were likely the first Caucasians to view the eastern escarpment of the Paunsaugunt. The plateau's southern end was first visited in 1872 by Maj. John Wesley Powell, a geographer working for the U.S. Geological Survey. On this trip Powell's efforts appear to have been confined to the area above Alton and the Kanab Creek drainage. Scarcely a year later, Alvin Thompson and Frederick S. Dellenbaugh, subordinates under Powell, traversed the bases of the Paunsaugunt and Aquarius plateaus. They probably followed a route previously established by the noted Mormon missionary Jacob 1 Regional Archaeologist (memorandum) to Superintendent, Bryce Canyon National P a r k / Zion National Park, November 29, 1951, History Files, Zion National Park. This memorandum includes a trenchant discussion of H. E. Bolton's definitive book on the Escalante expedition, Pageant in the Wilderness: The Story of the Escalante Expedition to the Interior Basin, 1776, (Utah Historical Quarterly 18 [1950]).

2 Bryce Canyon National Park Master Plan, chap. 1 ("Basic Information, The L a n d " ) , p p . 19-20, History FileSj Bryce Canyon National Park.

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Hamblin. Later, Thompson and Dellenbaugh climbed into Bryce Canyon from the south, near Rainbow Point.3 This tentative probe into the future national park set the stage for a quick succession of visits by Edwin E. Howell, Grove Karl Gilbert, and Lt. William L. Marshall â&#x20AC;&#x201D; all members of the mid-1870s WTheeler Survey. Howell intensively studied the exposure of the Wasatch formation at Table Cliffs. Gilbert's surveys centered on the Paunsaugunt Plateau and Paria Valley; his 1872 notebook records a splendid sight: U p the Sevier (East Fork) a few miles and then to the left a few miles m o r e until we came suddenly on the grandest of views. We stand on a cliff 1,000 feet high, the " S u m m i t of the R i m . " Just before starting down the slope, we caught a glimpse of a perfect wilderness of red pinnacles, the stunningest thing out of a picture. 4

The Wheeler Survey was accompanied by an artist, John E. Weyss, whose pencil drawing of erosional remnants is the first known illustration of what is now Bryce Canyon National Park. 3 During the clement months of 1875-77, Capt. Clarence E. Dutton and his colleagues gathered material for two definitive studies of the high plateau region, published in 1880 and 1882.6 The later study was titled Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District with Atlas and included a plate captioned, "The Pink Cliffs (Eocene) upon the southern end of the Paunsaugunt Plateau." This heliotype plate was drawn from a photograph by William H. Holmes and appears to show a section of the rim above Willis Creek.

On November 18, 1876, one of the most poetic descriptions of Bryce Canyon was written by T. C. Bailey, U.S. deputy surveyor, during a few moments of feverish inspiration. At the time, Bailey was surveying a guide meridian and found his way onto what is now known as Sunset Point.

Immediately east and south of the last corner set, the surface breaks off almost perpendicularly to a depth of several h u n d r e d feet â&#x20AC;&#x201D; seems indeed as though the bottom had dropped out a n d left rocks standing in all shapes a n d forms as lone sentinels over the grotesque a n d picturesque scenes. T h e r e are thousands of red, white, purple, and vermilion colored

3

Ibid.

Cited by Herbert E. Gregory, "A Geologic and Geographical Sketch of Bryce Canyon National Park," Zion-Bryce Museum Bulletin 4 (1940) : 11.

3 George M. Wheeler, Report on United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian (Washington, D.C, 1875-89).

6 The earlier study is titled Geology of the High Plateaus of Utah with Atlas. Both of Dutton's studies were published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 4

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rocks, of all sizes, resembling sentinels on the walls of castles, monks and priests i n their robes, attendants, cathedrals and congregations. T h e r e are deep caverns and rooms resembling ruins of prisons, castles, churches with their guarded walls, battlements, spires, and steeples, niches and recesses, presenting the wildest and most wonderful scene that the eye of m a n ever beheld, in fact, it is one of the wonders of the world. 7

Actually, neither Mormon reconnaissance during the 1850s nor the federal surveys of the mid-1870s served to direct much public attention to the Bryce region. In 1874 the Mormons did begin a settlement near the eastern edge of the future national park, but this did nothing to popularize Bryce Canyon's uniqueness. To a great extent Bryce's obscurity until the second decade of the twentieth century can be attributed to its distance from railways and sizeable towns. Rough wagon roads existed to the general vicinity of the Paunsaugunt rim but required a trek through rocky Sevier or Red Canyon and then a continuation onto the spongy table of the Paunsaugunt itself. For several months of the year heavy snowdrifts precluded any approach by wagon.

On December 24, 1874, the David O. Littlefield and Orley D. Bliss8 families laid out farms in the upper Paria Valley, near the junction of the Paria River and Henrieville Creek. These hardy souls were joined by eight additional families the following year. The settlement's proximity to the Pink Cliffs prompted the name Clifton (Cliff town). Ebenezer Bryce and his family, who came to Clifton in 1875 or 1876, became disenchanted with the settlement and moved upstream to Henderson Valley (New Clifton). Between 1878 and 1880, with the aid of Daniel Goulding and others, Bryce began and completed an irrigation ditch seven miles long from Paria Creek to make possible the raising of crops and stock.

Bryce was also instrumental in building a road to make nearby timber and firewood more accessible. Local people began to use the road and customarily called the amphitheater in which the road terminated

' Bailey's description is often erroneously cited as the earliest known of Bryce Canyon.

Actually, this distinction rightfully belongs to Grove Karl Gilbert, based on the excerpt used above from his 1872 notebook. The source for Bailey's description can be traced to the files of the Public Survey Office in Salt Lake City. In the mid-1930s the district cadastral engineer in Salt Lake, G. D. D. Rirkpatrick, found the description and sent it to the Zion/Bryce superintendent, P. P. Patraw. Zion/Bryce Memorandum for the Press, October 1935, Accession 52-A-100, Container 746149-50, File 500, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, Denver Federal Records Center.

8 Bliss reputedly has the distinction of being the first person to cross the Paunsaugunt Plateau in a wagon. He traversed the rough area, near the present highway that enters Tropic from the north, in 1875. Bliss needed the help of "a good cow mule" to lower his wagon into the valley. Writer's Program, Works Progress Administration, Utah: A Guide to the State (New York: Hastings House, 1941), p. 459.

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"Bryce's Canyon." Ebenezer Bryce had originally moved into the upper Paria Valley on account of his wife's fragile health. Apparently, the climate was not benign enough. In 1880 the Bryce family left New Clifton for Arizona.9 Clifton was abandoned in 1877; the majority of its settlers relocated to a site about a mile upstream, which they named Cannonville. Three families from Clifton established themselves on the present site of Henrieville, approximately five miles east of Cannonville. Three miles southwest of Cannonville a few families began a settlement on Yellow Creek which they called Georgetown â&#x20AC;&#x201D; later transformed into a single ranch.

Of all these settlements Cannonville became the most successful and remained so until the late 1880s.

In 1889 a shortage of water for irrigation and the consequent limitation of arable land in the upper Paria Valley gave rise to a scheme for diverting water from the East Fork of the Sevier River over the east rim of the plateau and 1,500 feet down into the valley. The proposed ditch may have originally been envisioned by Ebenezer Bryce shortly before his departure for Arizona. Locally financed by the Cannonville and East Fork Irrigation Company, work was begun on May 15, 1890. Confidence in the project was shown by James Ahlstrom and C. W. Snyder who started to build houses on land to which the ditch would supply water.

During the summer of 1891 local enthusiasm grew, and a townsite was laid out, named Tropic to reflect the summer climate. Residents completed the Tropic Canal on May 23, 1891.10 The canal not only ensured the village of Tropic's future but made it the most important settlement east of the future park. Nevertheless, settlers sometimes remained indifferent to the nearby scenic grandeur: " N o , sir; I never had paid m u c h attention to i t " ; he frankly confessed. " I t is pretty c o m m o n to us folks. " I was b o r n right over behind t h a t cliff in the fields of t h e town of T r o p i c â&#x20AC;&#x201D; you c a n see t h e m from here, only three or four miles away. I h a v e trailed stock t h r o u g h here every summer since I could ride a horse, b u t I h a v e never been off the trail this far in my life until I saw you fellows just nowr.

"Yes, it is kind of interesting; rough country for critters off the trail, though, down in t h e r e ; they used to call it Bryce's Canyon when 'Bill' Bryce

9

Elnora A. Bryce, "Biography of Ebenezer Bryce," Bryce History Files.

Two unpublished essays detail the construction of Tropic ditch and the early days of Tropic and environs: A. J. Hanson, "The Village of Tropic," and Ole Ahlstrom, "The Early Days of Tropic." Both essays were collected and edited by park service ranger Maurice Cope in September 1935. Bryce History Files.

10

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Viewing Bryce Canyon's red pinnacles from horseback.

USHS collections.

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r a n stock up here, before the government took the pasture over. M o t h e r was born a little further down on the Paria, but she never was here until last summer." 1 1

Twentieth-century observers of Bryce Canyon have often expressed mild disapprobation that Mormon settlers in the vicinity were so little impressed with the natural wonder only a stone's throw from their back yards. In fairness to these settlers, it is, perhaps, more just to empathize with the spirit of different times â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to perceive the situation as they perceived it. Pioneers in the Bryce region were an industrious group whose struggles against the harsh realities of everyday life left little energy for an appreciation of magnificent scenery. Their descendants best express what was probably the real relationship between the people and their environment: O u r grandparents were thrilled with its [Bryce Canyon's] beauty a n d often referred to it as beautiful "Potato Valley Mountains." M a n y of us remember them telling us about this canyon as well as of C e d a r Breaks.

But they could do little about it. T h e y were too busy trying to make a livelihood for their families. T h e r e were no roads, just poor trails, their wagons a n d w a g o n wheels were worn out, their horses or ox teams were poor a n d unable to m a k e any trips, save for the bare necessities. 12

After lying virtually unnoticed for forty years, Bryce Canyon began to attract a great deal of attention beginning in the late 1910s. The nearness of other scenic areas, particularly Zion and the Grand Canyon's North Rim, probably spurred this interest. The potential for economic development in southern Utah, by tying into a tourist loop all the scenic attractions, had much to do with Bryce Canyon's subsequent fame.

Secondarily, a sprinkling of settlements east and northwest of Bryce Canyon brought with them an uneven but tangible improvement in the area's roads. Inadvertent explorers of these lesser-known byways, such as salesmen, were destined to drive some of the first automobiles into Tropic and Cannonville. Their accounts of the area encouraged visits by others.

Nevertheless, it is not to these anonymous businessmen that the origins of the popularization of Bryce Canyon can be traced but rather to a U.S. Forest Service supervisor named J. W. Humphrey who later viewed his role "in introducing Bryce Canyon to the world [as] the "Cited from J. Cecil Alter's "The Temple of the Gods," Improvement 395.

Era 22 (1919):

12 Ida Ohidester and Eleanor Bruhn, Golden Nuggets of Pioneer Days: A History of Garfield County (Panguitch, Ut.: Garfield County Chapter of the Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1949), p. 291.

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greatest accomplishment of [his] life."13 On July 1, 1915, Humphrey was transferred from Moab, Utah, to Panguitch â&#x20AC;&#x201D; then headquarters for the old Sevier Forest. He could not take over the management of the forest until early August, so he used the interim to familiarize himself with the area. During one of his forays into the East Fork Range, Humphrey was prompted by the Forest Service ranger of the East Fork Division, Elias Smith, to visit the eastern escarpment of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Humphrey showed little interest in the suggestion, but Smith insisted. When Humphrey came onto the rim, just south of where Bryce Lodge stands, he was stunned: You c a n perhaps imagine my surprise at the indescribable beauty that greeted us, a n d it was sundown before I could be dragged from the canyon view. You m a y be sure t h a t I went back t h e next m o r n i n g to see the canyon once more, a n d to plan in my mind how this attraction could be m a d e accessible to the public. 1 4

A firsthand account implies that Mark Anderson, foreman of the Forest Service grazing crew, was selected by Humphrey to publicize the "find." Anderson avers that immediately after viewing Bryce Canyon for the first time, in the spring of 1916, he rode into Panguitch and sent a telegram by way of Marysvale to the district forester in Ogden. In it Anderson requested that regional Forest Service photographer George Goshen be sent down to Bryce Canyon with movie and still cameras to take pictures of the grazing crew at work near the plateau rim. Goshen, escorted by ranger Wallace Riddle, arrived in Panguitch the following evening with his equipment and all the next day took pictures which Anderson captioned. The movie and a number of still pictures were sent to Washington, D . C , and shown to Forest Service officials. According to Anderson, these pictures, or copies of them, were also made available to Union Pacific Railroad officials in Omaha. 15 Another member of the Forest Service crew, Arthur W. Stevens, wrote a short, illustrated article late in 1916 for Outdoor Life, an early Union Pacific publication.16 At about the same time Humphrey dictated an article, published under the name J. J. Drew,17 for the Red Book, a 13

Ibid., p. 293.

J. W. Humphrey, "Notes, Comments, and Letters," taped at Bryce, September 1959.

The transcription was revised by Humphrey and was entered into the Bryce History Files in January 1960.

35 Mark Anderson, "Autobiography," Uinta National Forest Correspondence, September 2, 1946, Microfilm A-622, Utah State Historical Society Library, Salt Lake City.

16 Humphrey, "Notes, Comments, and Letters."

17 "As J. J. Drew was clerk (of the railroad) his name appeared as its (the article's) writer." Ibid.

34

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periodical issued by the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad. These were the first descriptive articles of Bryce Canyon to be published.

Late in the spring or early summer of 1916, Humphrey, with the support of Anderson and James T. Jardine â&#x20AC;&#x201D; then in charge of National Forest Service studies â&#x20AC;&#x201D; secured an appropriation of $50. The money was used to build rough bridges across the East Fork of the Sevier River and the Tropic Canal. Dead timber was also cleared out of Dave's Hollow. Homesteaders did most of the road work; the Forest Service furnished the necessary materials for the bridges. The finished product provided a dry-weather road that made the plateau rim near the present lodge accessible to automobile traffic. W'hen the road between Panguitch and Tropic was later altered, Humphrey was granted an additional appropriation of $150 to connect the rim road to it."

The year 1917 saw Bryce Canyon really opened to the world. While on a business trip to Cedar City, Humphrey met a photographer named Adams who had heard of the canyon. Humphrey agreed to take him up to the rim if Adams could get over to Panguitch. The trip was made, and in Humphrey's words, Adams "secured some of the best pictures taken up to that time . . . and these he placed on sale [as postcards], and they added to the advertisement of Bryce Canyon." Later in the year Humphrey also showed Marcus Jones, a botanist-photographer, and J. Cecil Alter the wonders of Bryce. Alter, the U.S. Department of Agriculture meteorologist in Salt Lake City, wrote an article on Bryce published in the March 1919 issue of the Improvement Era. Another 1917 visitor to the area was C. B. Hawley, a director of the Utah State Automobile Association, who made the trip to Bryce Canyon and reported his "find" to officers of the association in Salt Lake City. F. C. Schramm, another director of the association, was sent out shortly afterward to confirm Hawley's description. Schramm's report was even more flattering than Hawley's had been. Hawley, Schramm, and State Sen. William Seegmiller of Kanab then encouraged Oliver J. Grimes, photographer for the Salt hake Tribune, to visit Bryce Canyon.19 Grimes's visit to the canyon is notable for several reasons. His fullpage article on Bryce, titled "Utah's New W'onderland," appeared in the Sunday magazine section of the Salt Lake Tribune on August 25, 1918.

Profusely illustrated, it was probably read by more people than anything * Ibid.

C u r t B. Howley, " 'Discoverer' of Bryce C a n y o n , " Utah Magazine, May 1936, p p . 11, 38.

Howley's contention that Hawley "discovered" Bryce Canyon in 1917 is untenable.

19

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A view from Bryce Point reveals multicolored formations that vary in hue with variations in light. Union Pacific photograph, USHS collections.

on Bryce to that time. Grimes convincingly put forward the case that Bryce Canyon was open to automobile traffic, and he furnished explicit directions from Panguitch to the plateau rim: 0.0 miles — Leave Panguitch on the K a n a b road 7.3 — R o a d forks, t u r n left a n d cross [the Sevier] river; go t h r o u g h R e d Canyon and some sand a n d washes and, at 18.2 — R o a d forks at corral o n right; turn right a n d , at 20.0 — G a t e — G o through it; (I didn't a n d got lost). 24.8 — Bryce's canyon.

Grimes later became secretary to Gov. Simon Bamberger (1917-21).

The governor himself was no supporter of scenic attractions.20 Grimes, however, found it within his power to help influence the legislature. His unceasing efforts, abetted by an article on Bryce in the October 5, 1918, issue of the Scientific American, seemingly persuaded the Utah State Legislature to act. On March 13, 1919, a joint memorial on Bryce was passed: 20

Bamberger is reputed to have once said, "I will build no roads to rocks!"

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O n the public domain with the boundaries of the Sevier National Forest, in the Pink M o u n t a i n region, near Tropic, Garfield County, U t a h , there is a canyon popularly referred to as "Bryce's Canyon" which has become famed for its wonderful natural beauty. Inasmuch as the State and Federal Governments have indicated a desire that the natural attractions of our State and our Country be protected and preserved for the enjoyment of posterity, therefore, your memorialists respectfully urge that v the--Congress of the United States set aside for the use and enjoyment of the people a suitable area embracing "Bryce's C a n y o n " as a national m o n u m e n t u n d e r t h e n a m e of the " T e m p l e of the Gods National M o n u m e n t . "

General recognition of Bryce Canyon as an area of national park caliber dates from this time.

When the Forest Service made the first attempt to publicize Bryce Canyon in the spring of 1916, Reuben ("Ruby") Carlson Syrett and his wife Clara Armeda ("Minnie") were living in Panguitch. The Syretts had been scouting the area to start a ranch. Six weeks after the birth of their first daughter on March 15, 1916, the Syretts decided to' homestead a quarter-section near Bryce Canyon. Their choice of land, approximately three and one-half miles north of Sunset Point, proved fortunate.

Apparently, the Syretts lived at the "Bryce ranch for six weeks before a Tropic rancher, Claude Sudweeks, introduced them to the rim: "They were speechless, just stood and looked. When they could talk, they could only whisper."21 Late in the summer of 1916 the Syretts began inviting their friends in Panguitch to see the canyon, a simple but effective way for them to advertise the locale's scenic qualities. Most people in Panguitch thought the Syretts were foolish to homestead in such a lonely place, but Ruby and Minnie tenaciously held onto their homestead claim and even began to purchase additional land near the homestead. Because of the severe winters, the Syretts spent some time during 1916-19 in Escalante, about thirty miles east of Cannonville, where Ruby helped his brother run a flour mill. Agricultural pursuits in Tropic also occupied the family.

By 1919 word had spread to Salt Lake City that Bryce Canyon was eminently worth visiting. One Sunday in the spring or summer of 1919 a sizeable group from the capital made the trip. To accommodate these people the Syretts erected a tent near Sunset Point and served a noon meal. Later in the day Ruby returned to the Bryce ranch for five 21

1 have taken information regarding the Syrett family from the anonymous "Biography of Reuben (Ruby) Carlson Syrett and Clara Armeda (Minnie) Excell Syrett." The typed original of this biography was loaned to the Bryce History Files by LeGrande Farnsworth in February 1962.

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or six beds, which he set up under the pine trees near the plateau rim.

The Syretts cooked an evening meal and breakfast the following morning.

Before noon on that Monday more people arrived. Whether by design or chance the Syretts began accommodating tourists. They remained near Sunset Point until the fall of that year.

During the spring of 1920 the Syretts decided to build a permanent lodge on the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 36 of Township 36 South, Range 4 West, Salt Lake Base and Meridian. This section had been set aside by the state as a school section, so before Ruby started construction he obtained verbal permission from the State Land Board.22 The lodge, soon named Tourists' Rest, was made of sawed logs and measured thirty feet by seventy-one feet. It contained a large dining room with a fireplace, a kitchen, a storeroom, and several bedrooms. In keeping with the Syretts' informal nature, the lodge's double front doors served as a guest register. Visitors thoroughly enjoyed carving their names onto the doors. Later that spring Ruby built eight or ten cabins near the lodge as well as an open-air dance platform measuring thirty-five feet by seventy-six feet. This modest complex accommodated tourists from all over the world, and the Syretts profited from it until they sold it to a subsidiary of the Union Pacific in September 1923.23 The Union Pacific became interested in the Syretts' Tourists' Rest mainly because it was located on Section 36. This section appeared to Union Pacific executives â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and rightly so â&#x20AC;&#x201D; as the key to the canyon's future development. Clearly, Ruby Syrett had no legal claim to the land on which his complex was built. Only the state of Utah could relinquish title to all or part of Section 36. This situation resulted in six months of intensive negotiation between the Union Pacific and state of Utah. On September 10, 1923, the two parties reached a compromise solution.

The state granted the Union Pacific, in the name of its subsidiary, the Utah Parks Company, a lease on 618.39 acres of the section, beginning on January 1, 1923, and running for twenty-five years, at $2.00 per acre per year. An option for an extension of twenty-five years was written into the lease. An 18.39-acre parcel in the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter was deeded back to the state "for the support of 22 T h e State L a n d Board normally did not work this way. Written permission was granted or a negative reply was sent to the applicant. Numerous documents in "Land Board, State Administration Correspondence," File SE-24 00.4 S U - T A I 1896-1923, U t a h State Archives, Salt Lake City, prove that Syrett never had any kind of legal claim to the land on whicb the Tourists' Rest complex was built.

23 "Bill of Sale," dated September 25, 1923, Box 1324, Union Pacific Corporate Archives, Omaha.

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Utah Historical Quarterly

the common schools of the grantee."24 The 21.61-acre parcel within the section sold to the railroad cost $540.25,23 that is, $25.00 per acre.

Both parties could be justifiably satisfied with the settlement. For its part, the Union Pacific now commanded the situation at Bryce Canyon. An outlay of several hundred dollars was indeed a modest price to pay for this first-rate opportunity. The annual lease fee was negligible.

On the other hand, the state could claim that its negotiations served the long-term welfare of Utah's citizens. The numerous conditions attached to the settlement make it clear that the railroad did plenty of compromising. The Union Pacific was required to furnish ample space (as much as forty acres) for public camping and to relinquish a right-of-way for a public road to the campground. No timber could be cut on leased land without the state's permission. The state retained all mineral rights on the 21.61-acre parcel it sold to the railroad.26 A more informal condition imposed by the state obligated the Union Pacific to reach "an amicable settlement with R. Syrett."27 The UP viewed this as a necessity anyway, since Syrett had filed on the closest water supply to the southeast corner of Section 36. It was also apparent to the railroad's executives that Syrett was well regarded in the towns near Bryce Canyon. It would make no sense to incur Syrett's enmity and risk poisoning relations with the local populace. Accordingly, the railroad opened negotiations with Syrett during the first week of June 1923.

However, it was not until late September that a series of offers and counteroffers resulted in the Union Pacific's willingness to pay Syrett $10,000 for his property and water rights. By then the company was under pressure. State Land Commissioner John T. Oldroyd, backed by state law, was withholding patent to land the railroad had purchased until the company either settled with Syrett or deposited an amount with the commission equal to the value of Syrett's improvements as assessed by the state. The railroad could have resorted to the latter method of settlement, but it would have taken time and, more important, would not have solved the water rights question.28 The Union Pacific's presi24

"Deed from the State of U t a h covering lands at Bryce Canyon," Box 3649, U P Archives.

"Patent from the State of U t a h covering lands at Bryce Canyon," No. 13696, Box 3649, U P Archives.

28 "Lease from the State of U t a h covering lands at Bryce Canyon," Articles I I I and IV, p p . 3-4, Box 3649, U P Archives.

27 President Gray (telegram) to Lovett, September 27, 1923, Box 1324, U P Archives.

28 Smith (telegram) to Gray and Adams, September 16, 1923, and Gray (telegram) to Lovett, September 17, 1923, Box 1324, U P Archives. Syrett, too, may have pressed to conclude an agreement. H e was in debt for improvements to Tourists' Rest, and it may be that the Panguitch bank wanted the debt liquidated.

25

Bryce Canyon Lodge, completed ca. May 1925 by the Union Pacific, accommodated visitors transported by Intelligence Tours, among others.

USHS collections.

dent also had information from an unnamed source that the National Park Service had attempted to discourage Utah Gov. Charles R. Mabey from facilitating the sale to the UP of any state-owned property at Bryce Canyon. The railroad's president inferred from this that the National Park Service assumed Section 36 at Bryce might someday be incorporated into a national park.29 Command of Section 36 did permit the Union Pacific to begin construction on its Bryce Canyon Lodge complex during 1924. The lodge was probably completed in May 1925. Wings and a rock facade in 1926, and the addition of a recreation hall in 1927, gave the lodge its final configuration. By September 1927 five deluxe cabins and no fewer than sixty-seven standard and economy cabins were clustered about the lodge.

Tracing the rapid evolution of Bryce Canyon into national monument and then national park status is beyond the scope of this article.

Suffice it to say that in July 1927 discussions took place at the Canyon Hotel in Yellowstone National Park between President Carl R. Gray 29

Gray to Lovett, September 27, 1923.

Utah Historical Quarterly

362

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From a Union Pacific pamphlet advertising the accommodations at Bryce, Zion, and Grand Canyon.

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In 1928 Union Pacific advertised a five-day all-expense tour out of Cedar City to Zion, Grand Canyon, Bryce, and Cedar Breaks for $89.50.

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of the Union Pacific and field director Horace Albright of the National Park Service on the means by which Bryce Canyon could achieve national park status.30 Basically, what came out of these discussions was a quid pro quo proposal by Gray. The Union Pacific wanted construction of the Zion-Mount Carmel road and tunnel to link more effectively Zion National Park with the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Bryce Canyon, and Cedar Breaks. The railroad particularly wanted the National Park Service to guarantee that that section of the road within Zion National Park would be completed within two years of an agreement. In return, the UP was willing to deed the 21.61 acre parcel it owned at Bryce Canyon to the federal government. Both parties agreed to these conditions, paving the way for the birth of Bryce Canyon National Park in September 1928.

30 H . M. Albright, "Memorandum for the Files," July 9, 1927, Bryce Canyon Public Utility Operators, U t a h Parks Company, Contracts, Box 209, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

A Footnote to History: The U.S. Army at Promontory, Utah, May 10, 1869

BY PAUL L. HEDREN

trans-Mississippi western history, few matched the color, pageantry, and significance of the completion of the Pacific railway at Promontory, Utah Territory, on May 10, 1869. There, some 500 spectators cheered as the symbolic Last Spike was driven. Officials of the Central and Union Pacific railroads had anticipated a crowd of 30,000 or more, but Promontory then was well off the beaten trails of northern Utah. And it still is.

The largest single group of spectators that May 10 consisted of soldiers en route from Virginia to the Presidio of San Francisco. Although these boys in blue were well photographed during the ceremonies, few reporters and civilian spectators thought to record for posterity the role U F THE MULTITUDE OF EVENTS IMPORTANT IN

Mr. Hedren is an interpretive specialist at the Golden Spike National Historic Site.

At left, troops stand at parade rest and a captain has stepped forward onto the tracks. Identifiable in the crowd are UP vice-president Thomas C. Durant (wearing gauntlets), Maj. Milton G. Cogswell (behind women and children), Sidney Dillon, a UP director (mutton chop whiskers), and UP chief engineer Grenville M. Dodge (leg outstretched).

Golden Spike National Historic Site photograph.

,fn

364

Utah Historical Quarterly

these troops played in the Last Spike program. Time has dulled further the story; for 112 years later, not one single written source on the transcontinental railroad and the Golden Spike had the facts correct. But the soldier's role was an interesting one; and using regimental records, surviving photographs, and an officer's diary, it can now be told.

Contrary to some accounts, the army troops and band at Promontory on May 10 were not from a local military garrison, although Fort Douglas, Utah, Fort Bridger, Wyoming, and Fort Halleck, Nevada, were fairly close at hand. Rather, these men were involved in a mass transfer of an infantry regiment from one duty station to another.

Before the railroad's completion a cross-country change of station was a sizeable undertaking for soldiers of the United States Army. There existed then two common, though hardly speedy, methods of reaching the West. The first was to sail or steam down the eastern seaboard and through the Caribbean to the Isthmus of Panama. After an overland crossing of the Isthmus, troops would again take ship for the journey up the Pacific Coast. The second way west was on any of the numerous overland wagon roads that existed by the 1860s. Either way, travel was slow and costly. By 1868 the Union Pacific end-of-track had advanced into Wyoming, and already the army could service many of its northern plains posts by train. A year later, in April 1869, the Union Pacific and Central Pacific tracks had reached northern Utah, and completion was only one month away.

At the end of April the first nearly all-rail troop transfer was made when the Twelfth Regiment U.S. Infantry, commanded by Col. Orlando B. Willcox, traveled from Washington, D . C , to San Francisco.1 Of the 2,800 miles between the cities, these soldiers had only to march overland some 150 miles from Bear River, Wyoming, and Wahsatch, Utah, to the Central Pacific's end-of-track, then west of the Great Salt Lake. Columns of soldiers marching along newly constructed railroad grade must have caused unusual excitement in the camps and hell-on-wheels towns associated with the railroad laborers.

Troops of the Twenty-first Regiment U.S. Infantry, the "Promontory Regiment," began their cross-country trip at Richmond, Virginia. The regiment had been ordered to concentrate at Omaha, Nebraska, and then travel via the newly constructed railroad to San Francisco, there to await further transportation to Arizona.

1 Salt Lake Daily Telegraph, April 28, 1869. Copies of this and all documents cited below are in the Golden Spike National Historic Site Research Collections.

365

U.S. Army at Promontory

The diary of 2d Lt. J. Charles Currier of Company I provides illuminating insight on the regiment's progress. Currier was recently married, and his wife, Nataline, accompanied him on the trip. At Omaha TWENTY-FIRST REGIMENT U.S. INFANTRY May 10, 1869 Field, Staff, and Band

Company F

Company G

Company H

Company I

Company K

Maj. Milton Cogswell 1st Lt. and Adj. George H. Burton 1st Lt. and Regimental Q.M. John L. Johnston Asst. Surg. Calvin DeWitt Sgt. Maj. Charles V. Fisher Commissary Sgt. Franz Hentschel Principal Musician William H. Menhemeit Chief Musician George A. Brenner Band â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 13 privates Total Field, Staff, and Band

21

Capt. Henry R. Putnam 1st Lt. Edward B. Hubbard (Attached from 32d Infantry per S.O..)

Total Company F

48

Capt. Robert L. Burnett 1st Lt. George G. Greenough 2d Lt. Guilford D. Jennings Total Company G

38

Total Company H

43

Capt. Richard F. O'Bierne (Attached from 32d Infantry per S.O.) 2d Lt. J. Charles Currier Total Company I

58

1st Lt. Thomas F. Riley 2d Lt. James Riley (Attached from 32d Infantry per S.O.) Total Company K

56

Capt. Walter S. Franklin 1st Lt. John F. Cluley 2d Lt. John M. Ross

Total at Promontory

264

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Although soldiers of the Twenty-first Infantry are not in this photograph, many ex-soldiers are. At least eight men are wearing army caped overcoats or other parts of old uniforms. Many UP laborers had served with the Union or Confederate Army. Union Pacific Railroad Museum Collection.

the newlyweds purchased last-minute household articles they would not find in Arizona. Of the prospering city, Currier observed that every business relation revolved around the " U . P . " road, as the U n i o n Pacific is termed for short. You see " U P " goods, " U . P . " saloons, " U . P . " hotels, etc. A friend remarked as h e priced some stores today t h a t everything was " U P " here, a very appropriate remark I think. 2

By May 2 all ten companies of the regiment were in camp at Omaha Barracks north of town, and that evening they paraded together for the first time in two years. Prior to this assembly they had been scattered by companies and detachments throughout Virginia on Reconstruction duty 2 Harriet Currier Hale, ed., "First Train West," Sacramento County Historical Society Golden Notes 15 (April 1969) : 9.

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U.S. Army at Promontory

367

and, earlier yet, had seen Civil War combat at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and Petersburg, among other famous engagements.3 For the trip west the Twenty-first was divided into two five-company detachments. The battalion consisting of Companies F, G, H, I, and K, plus the field, staff, and band, commanded by Maj. Milton Cogswell, was the first to depart Omaha. Currier recalled on May 4, "Left station at 5:20 mid the cheers of a great crowd. Fearfully warm day and dusty."4 The battalion was 265 men strong, including fifteen officers, an assistant surgeon, and the fifteen-member regimental band.D Many other officers' wives, in addition to Mrs. Currier, accompanied their husbands.

The troop train progressed nearly 300 miles a day and at speeds Currier recalled of up to 40 miles per hour. The Curriers were amazed at how quickly they could pass through the West. They marveled at prairie dog towns, Indian villages, herds of antelope, and soldiers of frontier units out on the scout. Of the latter the young officer wrote, "they exchange friendly greetings with our men as we whirl by. They all look as though they had seen hard service."6 Lieutenant Currier was keenly perceptive of the revolutionary changes the railroad would bring to his profession. As the Twenty-first passed through Cheyenne, Wyoming, for instance, they were greeted by officers of the Twenty-seventh Foot stationed at nearby Fort D. A. Russell.

"They are nice looking fellows," recorded Currier, "and seem very glad to meet us fresh from civilization. This road had been a Godsend to them."7 Further down the line, at Fort Fred Steele, Charles wrote: T h e road runs right through the Fort; part of its buildings on one side and part on the other of the track. W h a t a great change to the beleaguered officers and men who have been stationed here the past five years to hear t h e cheerful whistle of the locomotive and see civilization pass on the cars.

It seemed funny to look out and see an officer of the day in full dress way u p here among the clouds. Formerly the only means of reaching this place was by slowly moving mule team. 8

On May 6, as the soldiers traveled in western Wyoming, they were nearly called to the rescue of Thomas C. Durant, vice-president of the 3 Ibid., p. 11; Theodore F. Rodenbough. and William L. Haskin, eds.; The Army of the United States (New York: Argonaut Press, 1966), pp. 673-79.

4 Hale, "First Train West," p. 11.

5 Office of the Adjutant General, Regimental Returns, Twenty-first Infantry Regiment, May 1869, RG 94, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Hereafter cited as Regimental Returns.

8 "First Train West," p. 13.

7 Ibid., p. 14. Foot is a historic term for infantry.

8 Ibid., p. 15. The larger story of the U.S. Army and the western railroads is ably told

by Robert G. Athearn in "The Firewagon Road," Montana, the Magazine of Western History 20 (Spring 1970): 2-19.

368

Utah Historical

_wi.

Quarterly

I

Three companies of the Twenty-first Infantry parade'on the west side of the transcontinental mainline at Promontory, May 10, 1869. In the lower photograph, taken from the roof on the Central Pacific's "Jupiter," one can see soldiers from the other two companies mingling with the crowd on the right.

Union Pacific photograph, Golden Spike National Historical Site; Central Pacific photograph, Union Pacific Railroad Museum Collection.

U.S. Army at Promontory

369

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After the formal program and the driving of the Last Spike, many spectators and dignitaries posed for the camera. In this famous May 10 "champagne photograph" two soldiers are barely visible in the back row, center.

Courtesy of the Oakland Museum.

Union Pacific Railroad Company. Durant and other UP officials were en route to Promontory for the completion ceremonies; but his special train was stopped at Piedmont, Wyoming, and his car sidetracked by angry, unpaid construction workers demanding their wages. The railroad rashly considered sending in the infantry, but discretion prevailed.

Durant kept the soldiers at a safe distance, sawr to it that the workers were paid, and then resumed his own trip west.9 On Friday, May 7, at about noon, the infantrymen reached Wahsatch Utah, then the end-of-track for Union Pacific passengers. The soldiers learned that they would be taken on, however, as the rails were so near a junction. Progress on Friday and Saturday was slow owing to scattered incomplete sections of track, and the men spent much time enjoying the scenery and exploring the shanty towns that dotted the line. One enlisted man, John Stone of Company K, took advantage of a leisurely day on 9 Ibid., p. 24; Robert M. Utley and Francis A. Ketterson, Jr., Golden Spike (Washington, D . C , Government Publishing Office, 1969), p. 46.

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Utah Historical

The Twenty-first Infantry Regimental Band stood alongside the Union locomotive "119" and the Central Pacific's "Jupiter."

Other soldiers share the limelight.

Quarterly

Pacific's

May 7 and deserted his comrades. Army life, or maybe the thought of service in Arizona, had proved to be too much for him.10 On May 9 the trip westward resumed in earnest. A number of the officers and their wives traveled in Durant's private car to Promontory Summit, arriving there at 7:00 A.M. on May 10. The enlisted men of the regiment arrived later that morning and prepared to participate in the Golden Spike ceremony.

The tent community at Promontory was blossoming on May 10.

It was the last of the rough-and-tumble towns that followed the progress of the Union Pacific Railroad. By noon, sixteen tents, most of which were saloons, had been set up. Ironically, it was water, not liquor, that proved 10 Office of the Adjutant General, Muster Rolls, Twenty-first Infantry Regiment, Company K, May-June 1869, RG 94, National Archives. Hereafter cited as Muster Rolls. Stone must have been a hardened man. When later recaptured and tried by court-martial, his sentence read, "To be indelibly marked on the left hip with the letter 'D': to forfeit to the U.S. all pay & allowances that are or may become due; to be confined at hard labor for the period of two (2) years, wearing a twelve (12) pound ball attached to his leg, forfeiting all pay & allowances, except $2. per month for the same period, and then to be Dishonorably discharged [from] the service."

U.S. Army at Promontory

'

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371

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...

The soldier with folded arms near the pilot wheel of engine "119," opposite, is Sgt. Maj. Charles V. Fisher. Both photographs courtesy of the Oakland Museum.

to be the most valuable refreshment at the little town, at least according to one reporter.

Water is the great want in all this Region. . . . It is a pitiful sight to see five hundred [sic] soldiers of t h e Twenty-First, while at Promontory, going t o the tank cars of the Central Pacific with canteens, cups, flasks, teakettles, pails, kegs, and every imaginable contrivance that would hold water, to get a supply of the precious liquid. 11

The program on May 10 was hastily formulated; up to the last minute officers of both roads had been unable to agree on any details. As it turned out, ample recognition was afforded many individuals, followed by the formal presentation and placement of four precious metal railroad spikes. Judging from the photographs, the battalion from the Twentyfirst was primarily used to hold back the pressing crowd. Three companies formed a line on the west side of the tracks while the other two held a similar position on the east side. The men were a splendid-looking lot, 11

San Francisco Daily Morning Call, May 19, 1869.

372

Utah Historical Quarterly

each attired in undress blue uniforms with white gloves and shouldering Springfield breechloading .50-caliber rifles with fixed bayonets.

It is commonly believed that the Last Spike was heartily driven with a spikemaul. Instead, the soft gold spike was carefully placed into a predrilled hole in a ceremonial tie, and then only gently tapped with a silver-plated spikemaul. The presiding officials allowed several officers of the Twenty-first Infantry to participate in this feature of the program, and it may be the officers' taps with the hilts of their swords that are the only visible blemishes on the head of the famous Golden Spike.12 After the formal remarks, the Twenty-first Regimental Band and the LDS Tenth Ward Band from Salt Lake City entertained the crowd.

The spectators did not disperse immediately but posed for an almost endless number of photographs. Surviving today, they are a superb eyewitness record of the celebration.

The men of the Twenty-first Regiment were not the only soldiers at Promontory for such an auspicious occasion. From Salt Lake City came retired Brig. Gen. Patrick E. Connor, a respected Indian campaigner who had established Fort Douglas. One newspaper report mentions that Maj. George P. Ihrie of the Paymaster Department was present.

Further, several photographs reveal cavalry officers in the crowd. And, of course, there were numerous Civil War veterans among the spectators, including the Union Pacific's chief engineer, Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, along with dozens of laborers, of whom many still wore remnants of their army uniforms.13 The regimental band played, as Currier noted, "until they had taken too much ardent spirit." By 6 P.M., however, the railroad officials had retired to their personal cars, and the crowd was fully dispersed.

The infantrymen were scheduled to depart Promontory at 6 P.M., but it was after midnight when the command finally rolled on. In the interim, the men enjoyed a leisurely army meal and frequented the numerous hell-on-wheels saloons that made Promontory famous. The freedom was too much for one soldier, John Connel of G Company, who deserted before the regiment left town.14 - H a l e , 'First Train West," p. 2 7 ; J. N. Bowman, "Driving the Last Spike at Promontory, 1869," Utah Historical Quarterly 37 (Winter 1 9 6 9 ) : 9 9 ; Utley and Ketterson, Golden Spike, p. 51. " H u g h F. O'Neil, "List of Persons Present, Promontory, Utah, May 10 1869," Utah Historical Quarterly 27 (April 1 9 5 9 ) : 161.

14 Muster Rolls, Company G, M a y - J u n e , 1869.

U.S. Army at Promontory

373

With the excitement of the May 10 celebration behind them, the infantrymen continued their journey. After a day in the harsh deserts of Nevada, the springtime beauty and color of California's mountains stunned them. Later, when the soldiers entered Sacramento near the end of their trip, they climbed to the tops of their cars. "We [sang] Hail Columbia and other national airs and there is general rejoicing . . . , " wrote Currier.15 On May 14 the battalion arrived in San Francisco.

They were followed by Companies A, B, C, D, and E of the Twenty-first Regiment, which had left Omaha on May 8. With the final links in the line completed, they arrived in San Francisco only a day after the first battalion.16 Although this second battalion passed through Promontory only a day or so after the May 10 ceremonies, it was the men of Companies F, G, H, I, and K who Stood in the limelight. They were the first United States troops to cross the West completely by train. They were at Promontory to hear the words and forecasts of important railroad officials.

Those 264 men witnessed history — they made it. And many of them knew it.

15 18

Hale, "First Train West," p. 34.

Regimental Returns.

Soldiers lingered at Promontory until nightfall. Here several share the stage with UP superintendent of construction Samuel B. Reed (with beard and open coat behind his young daughter, Anna). Mrs. Reed stands at her husband's right.

Golden Spike National Historic Site photograph.

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Pleasant Valley Junction (now Colton) on the D&RGW route traveled by William D. Davies. USHS collections, courtesy F. W. Voll.

William D. Davies Visits the Welsh in Utah in 1891 EDITED AND TRANSLATED BY PHILLIPS G. DAVIES

M . ATERIAL ABOUT T H E EARLY W E L S H SETTLERS, DOth M o r m o n a n d n o t ,

in Utah is fairly limited. Frederick S. Buchanan's chapter on the British in The Peoples of Utah1 provides some interesting information about the Welsh, but there is not very much of it. Further material about the Utah Welsh in the early days can be found in chapters 26 and 27 of William D. Davies's America, a Gwledigaethau Bywyd [America, and the politics of life], published in Welsh in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, in 1897. Davies spent several days in Spanish Fork, Provo, Salt Lake City, and Ogden in early March of 1891. His account first appeared in the Welsh-language newspaper for which he worked, Y Drych [The mirror], which was published in Utica, New York. This material seems not to have been translated heretofore.

Dr. Davies is professor of English at Iowa State University, Ames.

"Helen Z. Papanikolas, ed., (Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1976] p p .

61-114.

The Welsh in Utah in 1891

375

T h e highlights of Davies's brief travel journal appear to be quite detailed accounts about the well-known Welsh musician Evan Stephens, director of the Tabernacle Choir, and the Welsh poet John Jones Davies.

Of more general interest is the surprisingly favorable impression Davies gained of the Latter-day Saints. Although many Welsh had been converted to the Mormon religion by this time, other Welshmen seldom viewed them with the tolerance and even praise bestowed by Davies.

Davies was born in Carmarthenshire, South W'ales, on June 15, 1838, and received little formal education. Although he seriously considered entering the ministry of one of the Welsh denominations, he instead came to the United States in 1868 and lived in Pennsylvania until his death in 1900.

I n October 1881 he embarked on a trip of nearly a year and a half through the Welsh settlements collecting funds for the Welsh chapel at Hyde Park, Pennsylvania. Later, he became employed by Y Drych as a traveling supervisor. As such, he visited the various settlements again in the late 1880s and early 1890s to call upon local correspondents and to gain new subscribers for the newspaper. Accounts of his travels along with poems, essays, and autobiographical material are found in America and the earlier Llwybrau Bywyd [The paths of life], published in 1889.

T h e translation of Davies's travel account is quite literal and follows his practices in the use of abbreviations and numbers. Apart from Drych, words in italics were in English in the original text.

FROM DENVER TO UTAH

Denver is continuing to grow, and it has in it many excellent buildings which have been constructed since I was here four years ago. They are as majestic as the chief buildings of the large cities of the East such as New York and Chicago.

Its population is 110,000. It is located on or between two rivers, 5,195 feet above sea level, and it is considered to be one of the healthiest and most beautiful cities in the world. It is likely that only a few would be able to compare to it in growth, riches, and beauty. There are many Welsh in it, and some have built a beautiful chapel since I was here the time before, and the number of church members has doubled in four years. Their old minister, the Rev. William Charles, has gone to his rest, and a young man from Wales by the name of the Rev. David Edwards has taken his place. The singing is good under the leadership of Charles Davies, the representative of the Welsh coal company of Erie in Denver. The Baptists have also started a Sunday School recentiy, and that has made a gap in the church of the Calvinistic Methodists. But I did not feel like canvassing Denver this time because it was a dead time for business, and many of the Welsh are idle as a consequence. The town contains many young people from various parts of the

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States, including several from Utica, the home of the Drych. Among them is Miss Ellen Watkins, the sister of Mrs. R. E. Roberts. Denver is agreeing with her well.

O n the morning of February 25, I departed from Denver at nine o'clock on the Denver & Rio Grande R. R. on the border of the Rocky Mountains for 120 miles and reached Pueblo at about one o'clock after passing many romantic sights including Colarado [sic] Springs, a resort for many seekers of health and pleasure. T h e population of the town is 10,000 and it is located 72 miles from Denver.

Its height is 5,982 feet, and from it one can see white headed Pike's Peak kissing the clouds at a height of 14,147 feet; that is, the crest of the top of mountainous Colorado, some eight miles to the west of the town.

Pueblo is a manufacturing town which is called "The Pittsburg [sic] of the West." But it is still only a baby in comparison to the Pittsburg of the East, at least. Its population is 25,000 and its elevation is 4,667 feet. There are scores of Welsh in the town and most of them are working in the steel works. I do not know of any Welshman in business except the Hughes Brothers who sell wood and some who buy hen coops in Denver, Trinidad, and Pueblo. I received lodging from their sister, Mrs. M. A. Roberts, 114, East 9th Street, the widow of Robert M . Roberts, formerly of Milwaukee, Wis. An old lodging house for traveling Congregational ministers was their former place when I visited Milwaukee, for Mr. Roberts had been a respected deacon until the end of his life. Mrs. Roberts wished me to remember her to Dr. Gwesyn Jones and others of her old acquaintances.

Next I went on the carriages of the Denver and Rio Grande R. R. for 32 miles in a westerly direction to Florence, a town which had been built because of the oil wells in the district and which has a population of 1,000. Its elevation is 5,199.

Next I visited at Coal Creek, Rockvale, and Williamsburg, villages near each other some five miles from Florence [on the] Atchison & Santa, Fee [sic] R. R. There are coal workings in the latter two, but there are not as many Welsh in them as there were four years ago because the administration of the workshops has changed. John M . Davies, the agent for the Drych in Rockvale, has gone to Canon City to work. Things have run down at Coal Creek so that many of the houses and the businesses are idle, and the large Welsh chapel and the church is without a single minister. But they have given a call to the Rev. D. E. Evans (Trelech) of Red Oak, Iowa, to come and serve them. H e has not answered the call as of yet. I believe that Coal Creek would be a suitable field for a good minister to work in and to do good at. The large chapel was full the Sunday night when I was there listening to a sermon in English. It is said that the population of Coal Creek is about 1,500 and the god Bacchus has eight of his temples there.

Thus it can be seen that the god of drunkenness is much more popular in Coal Creek than the God of the chapels!

Canon City is a small and beautiful town, famous as a place to stay to seek a little recreation of body and spirit. It contains the penitentiary of the State of Colorado. I saw my old friend John M. Davies, formerly of Bellevue, Pa. there, and it was a pleasure for him and me to get to shake hands as free men

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outside of the disciplinary authority of the prison. With cheerfulness in his brow, he wished me to remember him to all his friends, even those in the Penitentiary.

I saw him watching the malefactors with a gun in his hand.

FROM COLORADO TO UTAH

The Grand Canon [of the Arkansas, i.e., Royal Gorge] is one of the wonders of the world. I went into the cleft at quarter after three in the afternoon. The cliffs on every side are 2,627 feet high and six miles long. I will give up trying to describe this romantic sight.

At 5:35 I was at Salida, the population of which is 3,000. It is located 217 miles from Denver at an elevation of 7,049. There the Denver and Rio Grande R. R. divides â&#x20AC;&#x201D; one branch going to the north to Leadville and the other branch going to the south to Gunnison, Crested Butte, Black Canon, and Montrose, and meets with the new branch at Grand Junction, 425 miles from Denver.

1 chose to go on the broad gauge, and the first place I arrived at after leaving Salida was Leadville in the region of the clouds. They are all covered with white snow. When I reached it I did not see much sign of growth since I had been there four years ago. [Material on Leadville is all but identical with material in chapter 29 of the earlier Llywbrau and has been deleted here.]

Behold me now being carried in the carriages of the Denver and Rio Grande R. R. for about 400 miles further to the West, between, across, and through the rocks and the mountains of Colorado and Utah. And it is proper for me to say that the land is an empty deserted one, horrible, without many human inhabitants in it, nor, truly, many tame creatures and birds. I saw one bird ascending to the heavens from the valley of the Grand River, as if to say that the earth was too cold and unsociable for it, and that it was taking its wings away from the civilized earth to attempt to be comfortable. In noticing all the romantic and vast variety of the views, the greatness of the panorama which I was going so swiftly through, the saying of Evan Ty Clai, in his history of Siencyn Penhydd, came to my mind forcefully. When he came to the top of one of the Welsh hills and saw more of the land than he had ever seen before, and looking at the extensiveness of the land, he raised his hands in amazement and said, "Well!

Well! this extensiveness is the world." And so it was that I felt. Behold me having set forth on this trip over a year ago from Scranton, Pa., to the direction of the far West, and despite the fact that I went hundreds of miles on some days, and to my amazement, in the center of the ledge of the rocky bone of the continent where I am yet; that is, the unmatched hiding place of the Mormons, without knowing that I would be able to reach the side of the western bed of the never ceasing American civilization, because there was nearly a thousand miles yet between me and the wet and salty wall; that is, the Pacific.

Some eighteen miles to the south of Pleasant Valley there is a coal mine and some Welsh working in it.2 But although I meant to visit some of those at 2 Pleasant Valley Junction, later renamed Colton, is in southeastern U t a h County near the Carbon County line. The coal mining activity Davies saw from the train was probably in the vicinity of Castle Gate.

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The Spanish Fork Co-op store, ca. 1890, must have looked very much like this to Dames when he noted it in March 1891. George Edward Anderson photograph, courtesy Rell G. Francis, Heritage Prints. the Junction, I was compelled to go away on the road because the work is slowing down and I decided that it was unwise to go there.

Spanish Fork, on the extensive plain of good land, is 662 miles from Denver and 54 from Salt Lake City, and was the next place that I went to. The valley is watered by snow water which comes and which runs in the summer through artificial ditches. But it is four miles to the station of the town which is in a fork in the shadow of the rock (in appearance) according to its name, and the houses are fairly scattered out and they are fairly poor on the whole. The population of the place is between three and four thousand. The Welsh are the main element in the town and are fairly numerous, but many of them are unable to read Welsh. Of course, it is a Mormon town, but they are so similar to other people that I was not able to tell or to be angered by the Welsh that belong to that sect, and I found them to be loving and cheerful. Misters Thomas Charles Martell and D. T. Davies went with me willingly to see the readers of Welsh in the town.3 One particular thing that I noted there was that the farmers live in 3 Martell and David T . Davis (there is no D . T . Davies listed) were farmers in Spanish Fork. R. L. Polk & Co., Directory of Provo City and Utah County, 1891 (Salt Lake City, 1891).

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the town in earth houses, nearly all of them, with an acre or two of garden belonging to each house. It was established in this manner for advantages of defense in the times of the Indians. Also the people have their cooperative stores (cooperatives) to buy their goods in, and in this way they can participate in the profits. I understand that our compatriots are generally in good circumstances.

One religious service in Welsh is held every week.

Provo City is the county seat of Utah county. The distance from Denver is 689 miles; the population is about 7,000; its height is 4,517 feet. Provo is considered to be one of the most beautiful towns which belong to the Mormon population in the territory. The streets are wide, and water is running on all sides, and there are also some trees to shade it. To the south of the town is a lake of fresh water which is 30 miles across and eight broad. To the north-east are the Wasatck [sic] Mountains which are covered by snow which melts in the summer and provides the town with an abundance of pure water through the bed of the Timpanogas [sic] river. Provo is seen as the Garden of Utah, and doubtless it will be fulfilling its name in the summer. The majority of the population in the town are Mormons, but the gentiles are quickly growing in numbers there. The Mormons have five chapels and one large and beautiful Tabernacle to hold their meetings in. The other religious groups have four chapels, and there are about eleven temples to the god Bacchus. The Mormons say that the customs of the gentiles have come with their several contaminated temples to the town, although the discipline of their church prohibits its members from dealing in intoxicating drinks. There are not many who speak Welsh in Provo. The first of those I went to see was John Jones Davies (Ieuan Ddu) who has been familiar to the readers of the Drych for years as a correspondent, poet, and literary man of a good sort.4 He is recognized as such in Wales by the literary world because of his literary efforts in various areas. He was born at Alltwen, Pontardawe, Glamorganshire, South Wales â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in the same house in which Ednyfed was born. One of the last literary feats of Ieuan Ddu was his fictional tale about "Llewelyn, Our Last Ruler," and he intends to publish it in a book quickly. I had not made a personal acquaintance with Ieuan Ddu before; but to my pleasure, I found him a welcoming and social gentleman, patriotic and interested in literature. And although Provo is an English-speaking town, Mr. Davies uses Welsh with his family and thus his children are readers of Welsh, and one of them has said that the Drych is the best newspaper in the world! If it would be convenient for some of the preachers or literary persons of Wales to call at Provo, Utah, they would be able to be certain to be welcomed by the family of Ieuan Ddu. Although they have been living in the land of the Mormons for years, Mrs. Davies and her oldest son remain Methodists nevertheless. The calling of Mr. Davies is the selling of books,5 and he has filled some honorable offices in the Mormon society. He went with me to see several of his brothers: John G. Jones, Evan 4 I e u a n D d u (literally "Dark-haired J o h n " ) and Ednyfed a few lines farther on are bardic namesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;pseudonyms used by Welsh writers when engaging in literary competitions and for general identification otherwise.

"Polk's Directory of Provo . . . 1891 lists Davies as an agent for the Juvenile Instructor Publishing Co.

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Davies remarked on Provo's wide streets with running water on each side and shade trees. George Edward Anderson photograph, ca. 1890, courtesy Rell G. Francis, Heritage Prints.

Wride, and the Rev. David John, who is an Archbishop in the Mormon church although he had been a minister with the Baptists in Castellnewydd Emlyn. 6 H e is a cheerful and zealous Welshman and a literary person and scholar to a high degree. In defense of the moral reputation of his compatriots, he and Ieuan D d u assured me that there was not a single Welsh woman in Provo who has conformed with plural marriage in the population of 7,000. And he said that only a few of the Mormons are practicing plural marriage these days despite the fact that the teaching is scriptural. But because I intended to get to Salt Lake City and to remain there a few days, it is likely that I will have a chance to speak the next time about Mormonism some more.

* Jones was a stonemason a n d Wride a farmer and bishop of the Provo Second Ward.

J o h n , vice-president of t h e Enquirer Co., publishers of t h e Provo Daily Enquirer, was first counselor in the U t a h Stake presidency and not, of course, an archbishop. Davies's confusion over hierarchical roles is understandable, however, ibid.

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FROM SALT L A K E C I T Y TO SAN FRANCISCO SPENDING SUNDAY IN SALT L A K E C I T Y , T H E SEION OF T H E M O R M O N S

O n March 8th, I was in Salt Lake City. According to the old saying, "Be a Roman when you are in Rome," and, in part from inquisitive curiosity, I went this morning to the Sunday School in one of the Mormon chapels. It happened to go forward in a way which showed me much culture in the various educational and religious branches. But as for the Sacramental division, there were three or four hundred members, from the white-haired old people down to the babies of two or three years old partaking of the bread and water in order to remember that the life and death of the Prince of Life is suitable to the moral needs of people of all ages, uniting the education of the Jewish church and the fact that the Bible proves that the Christian Church is more generous in its blessings than the Church of the Jews is.

At two o'clock I went to the great Tabernacle which is long and round in its form, with its top outside and inside in the form of a boat with its ceiling descending. It is said that it is the largest building in the world without columns to hold its ceiling and that 12,000 [an exaggeration] people are able to sit inside it and hear the speaker as clearly in the distance as one would be able to in many chapels that are 40 feet long. O n the one side of the pulpit is one of the largest organs in the world. And also the singing choir numbers about 350, and it is being led by a Welshman from Pencader, Carmarthenshire, South Wales, by the name of E. Stephens. 7 And I can assure you that the singing is good, and that it is intended that they should go to compete in the Eisteddfod in Chicago in 1893. 8 (This choir has gained the second prize of 1,000 dol. in the Eisteddfod just mentioned.) At seven in the evening again, I went to a Mormon meeting.

There was nothing different in this meeting in comparison to preaching meetings in general except that the preacher made the circuit of the unbelieving gentiles more extensively than ordinary preachers. T h e Mormons have 22 places of worship in Salt Lake City where they hold their general services on Sunday and during the week, much like other denominations; but only on Sunday afternoons do they worship in the Tabernacle.

T h e gentiles also have several chapels in the town, but the Welsh do not have one of these. But our compatriots have started a Sunday School and have formed a Welsh Saint David's Society. Also they have begun to speak of a church and chapel. I hope that this comes to be a blessed happening, because there are thousands of Welsh in the city, and I believe that Salt Lake City is only in its infancy yet. Besides the fact that it has succeeded so strangely as the earthly Seion of the Mormons, it has advantageous connections for it to become a recreational and health-giving resort on account of its geographical variety and its ex-

7 Evan Stephens's work with the Tabernacle Choir and that of his apparently Welsh predecessor, Charles J. Thomas, are discussed in some detail by Buchanan in The Peoples of Utah, pp. 76-77.

8 An eisteddfod is a literary and musical competition that originated very early in Wales.

T h e one held in Chicago in 1893 was in conjunction with the World's Fair. Eisteddfods were also held in U t a h (see Buchanan in The Peoples of Utah, p. 8 2 ) .

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ceflent climate. These are all likely to secure a famous future for it. Also, its central position in regard to the mineral riches of U t a h and the Rocky Mountains promises it a bright future. O n July 24th, 1847, the city was founded by Brigham Young and 142 of the Mormon followers; but now its population is 50,000. It covers 10,000 acres of land which is nearly all desert; and, as a consequence, its streets are straight ?nd regular and are 132 feet broad with an abundance of crystal clear water from the mountains to supply the city and the land surrounding it. Between the trees which are on the sides of the streets and the running water on every side, I believe that it would be beautiful and charming in the summer. But, of course, there are not many signs of great wealth in it including the buildings on the streets, for one must have time to bring such things about.

Nevertheless, by looking at the grandness of the buildings which belong to the Mormon Church, one is not but able with a considerable and unprejudiced look to admire their success in the face of great difficulties. I look at all this as a suggestion to the Christian world how it has succeeded and what ought to be done in order to get system into the world; and I believe that the time will not be long before the good example of the Mormons will cause the Christian world to look on the followers of Joseph Smith as one of the orthodox denominations when they have been completely cleansed from the disgrace of multiple marriages. Doubtless their excellent temple will be a memorial to ages to come of the godliness and faithfulness of this special church in the first half century of its existence in their new Jerusalem, on the top of the mountains, like the old Temple, having been surrounded .by the mountains of Palestine.

This temple has been built of large pieces of marble. Its height is 186 feet and 6 inches, its width is 99 feet; and it has seven towers, the largest one of which is 200 feet high. T h e inscription on its principal side is the following: "Holiness to the Lord. The House of the Lord, built by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Commenced April 6th, 1853; Completed ." It is said that "Uncle Sam" wishes to take this temple from the Mormons, but this would be more of a disgrace to the Government tiian general despoiling of a sacred place.

Among the thousands of Welsh who are in the neighborhood of Salt Lake City, there are many men of genius; but I did not get to find but one of them this time despite considerable carefulness; that is, Proff. Evan Stephens, the leader of the congregational singing choir of 350 in the Tabernacle. H e opened his eyes on the world in Alltfechan, Pencader, Carmarthenshire on J u n e 28th, 1854. H e was the tenth child of David and Jane Stephens who made an effort to keep him in the village school until he had learned to read and write and do a little mathematics. His mother was careful to teach him to read Welsh. He came to America when he was 12 years old in the company of his parents who set off from the banks of the Missouri river and crossed the mountains in a wagon with two oxen until they reached Utah, the promised land. T h a t year he gained a chair at Willard, a small town in Box Elder County. While shepherding sheep on the slopes of the hills, he learned to read music, first of all through working on the pieces of the "Welsh H a r p " and the "Musician's Com-

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Evan Stephens in his home on State Street. The Welsh-born musician was deemed "one of the most successful and talented musicians on the American continent" by his admiring fellow Welshman, William D. Davies.

USHS collections. pardon" when his musical heart was flowing out to entertain the sheep and the birds on the inaccessible and deserted slopes of that far land. It was true genius, like the life-giving and running water, cutting its way through the rocks of the desert until it comes to the cultivated plains to provide water to, and to revive the creation of God. And according to the old saying, "Practice makes master" when our hero was 17 years of age, he was chosen as the leader of a choir, and three of his own compositions were rendered by several choirs in a concert; that is, those of his own hand; two choruses and a duet. At the same time he continued to work on the farm. When he was 25 years old, he went to Logan to consecrate all his time to music, to instruct others, and to cultivate himself and to work ten hours a day to teach others. I n this period he composed three dramas which were rendered by himself and his students in order to entertain the public; and in the meantime he educated 200 children. After two years of hard work in Logan City, he made his way to Salt Lake City and succeeded to such a degree that by the end of the year he had over 900 people receiving musical instruction in various classes. T h e following year he was hired to be Professor of Music at the University of Deseret, Salt Lake City, where the chief talents of the city received musical instruction at his hands. As the fruit of his labor several fine concerts were held in the large Tabernacle of the Mormons in the presence of 12,000 people. H e had taught some of his students to sing pieces of music from those various countries which made u p the Mormon Church, and as a conclusion

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Among the "rich and successful Welsh businessmen" Davies met in Salt Lake City was Elias Morris whose company had a prime location on the corner of South Temple and Main. USHS collections. he himself sang "Hen Wlad fy N h a d a u " [The old land of my fathers], 9 with a thousand children singing the chorus in Welsh and pronouncing the words as clearly as if they had been Welsh themselves.

In the year 1885, Mr. Stephens, with the assistance of G. W. Chadwick and Geo. E. Whitney, decided to go to Boston to perfect himself. Upon his return he and 500 of his students gave a concert in the Tabernacle before 12,000 people, and all the pieces which were sung had been composed by Mr. Stephens himself.

Thus you see that I have not taken u p columns of the Drych to show forth a common character, but that of one of the most successful and talented musicians on the American continent. It took him only ten months to go through the courses in Boston, after which time he returned to the field of his labor in Salt Lake City.

And when P. S. Gilmore was in the city, Stephens's choir of 500 adult voices and of 1,000 children took part in a concert. Also he incorporated the Choral Society, which numbers 350 voices, to teach sacred and other kinds of music. And it is likely that the choir of the Tabernacle is the best church choir in the world. If I

This is the major Welsh patriotic song. See illustration of words and music in ibid., p. 83.

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was correct in saying the above, one will see that the Eisteddfods are not making all people great and useful on the whole, because Proff. Stephens has not been hardly at any Eisteddfods at any time, nor has he gained a prize at one, although he was second to Gwilym Gwent. He has not competed for six years. Smith and Brainard have published several of his compositions, all of which number five or six hundred, and which include songs, duetts, trios, quartettes, glees, anthems, choruses, dramas, cantatas, etc. In the face of this it is likely tiiat some musicians will smile in doubt and ask with ridicule, "Who is speaking? And perhaps are there no true roots being evolved in the Seion of the Mormons between the rocky wilderness of far Utah?" T o those I would say, come and see without the glasses of prejudice on your eyes.

I am not able to tell of the variety of scenery in Salt Lake City such as Fort Douglass, the graves of Brigham Young and his wife, etc. T h e city contains some rich and successful Welsh businessmen such as Elias Morris, John S. Lewis, Wm. N. Williams, John W. Jones, D. L. Davies, and H. F. Evans. 10 Also there are Morris and Eynon, cleaners of carpets from Fish Creek, Wis., and they are successful. Mr. Morris begs me to send his wishes to D. Morris and the Jameses and the Rev. Pugh and all his old friends in Fish Creek. Other successful Welshmen include John and Wm. Griffiths, of Arvonia, Kansas, and before that of Cwm Tawe, Glamorganshire, South Wrales, who keep some teams to carry goods in the town. Of course I got their names for the Drych. There are many other Welsh in positions and honorable circumstances both in and outside of the Mormon Church, but I must stop for this time and forsake the city and the summery weather and its various charms in order to set my face to the West again.

FROM U T A H TO T H E BANKS OF T H E PACIFIC

I departed from Salt Lake City and went past the banks of the great Salt Lake which covers 2,500 square miles. Its average depth is 20 feet, and it is 120 miles in one direction and 45 in the other. The Denver & Rio Grande R. R. and I went through the narrow plain, between the great lake and the carved mountains, in a northerly direction until we reached Ogden, the westerly terminus of the Denver & Rio Grande R. R., and where some seven railroads meet.

Ogden is a beautiful and growing town in a low valley although it is 4,286 feet above sea level. It is surrounded by white capped mountains. Its population is about 15,000 and it is 771 miles from Denver. The great majority of the population of Ogden is also Mormon, and I tried to make all of the readers of Welsh receive the Drych; that is, Griffith Williams, late of Cydweli, Carmarthenshire, South Wales; John Thomas, formerly of Mountain Ash, Glamorganshire, South

10 Morris, an entrepreneur involved in a variety of enterprises, was also bishop of the Fifteenth W a r d in Salt Lake City; Lewis owned a general merchandise store; Williams, a merchant, served in the territorial legislature; Jones was probably a store owner (meat market or general merchandise), although two other Joneses of the same first name and initial were carpenters; a D . L. Davis was a grocer; Evans was a grocer. See R. L. Polk & Co., Salt Lake City Directory, 1893 (Salt Lake City, 1893), and Frank Esshom, Pioneers and Prominent Men of Utah (Salt Lake City, 1913).

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Davies found Ogden "a beautiful and growing town" with few readers of Welsh.

The Broom and Reed hotels, opera house, and city hall from city hall square, 1898. USHS collections.

Wales; H. H . Thomas, a successful artist in the town who has been on a missionary trip lately under the auspices of the Mormon Church; and John Mathews, formerly of Cwm Tawe, Glamorganshire, South Wales. 11 I went away from there then through the variegated immensity for 300 miles to Palisade Junction [Nevada] where I intended to take the train to go to Eureka [Nevada] where there are some Welsh. But, watch out! it would have been necessary for me to pay 16 dol. for traveling 90 miles! After understanding this, I decided to get the next train in the direction of the West.

T h e thing that came most strongly to my attention during the nine hours when I was in Palisade was noticing a slave of alcoholic drink who was truly serving his oppressive lord by going to the bar in the hotel ever}- ten minutes during the day to get fuel for his fire. Many times I would hear him saying to the bartender, " T h e ten minutes are u p ! " and claiming his swallow. This is terrible slavery, is it not? H e spoke reasonably and gentlemanly about things in general, but it was evident that he was nearly out of money; and still, truly (from the standpoint of every appearance), he was giving the value of five cents or more to the burning element in his bowels every ten minutes!

I set out for the West in the middle of a snow storm, and as I went along, the variety of the scenery interested me. But one of the most interesting things to me was the darkness which was revealed in the extensivenss of the sights about me. For example, when I was about five or six miles to the west of Palisade, we were going through a piece of wilderness which was flat as a table. It seemed to my eyes like a very large farm which was being encircled by stony embankments 11 R. L. Polk & Co., Ogden City Directory for 1890-91 (Ogden, 1890), lists Williams as living near the river east of Washington Avenue but gives no occupation; J o b n T h o m a s was a transfer m a n for Pacific Express C o . ; Heber H . Thomas was a p h o t o g r a p h e r ; and Mathews was a Union Pacific representative.

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with the top of the wall having been whitewashed. But, O heavens! although we were on a fast train we were between two and three hours crossing the area which was about 60 miles in extent.

There was a deceitful field at the station at Battle Mountain and several Indian cabins around it. And I noticed that when the carriages were coming into this station that the Indians and their wives were sitting on the steps of one of the carriages and that they had been there for hours. How they came to be there I do not know. That was the place where they had been musing until night came â&#x20AC;&#x201D; at least until the time when they went to sleep on the wheels.

I awoke in Colfax, 689 miles from Ogden, and from there I went once again through the deserted parts of California and quickly sloped down the Sacramento Valley, and by daybreak came to the verdure of the spring and the various flowers of the summer which cheered me. Strange are the changes of the world, are they not! O n the afternoon of Wednesday I was in a storm of winterlike snow in the mountains and two days later I was enjoying the summery scenery at the banks of the Pacific.

Instead of going on the shortest route from Sacramento, which is 90 miles, I went through Stockton, Lathrop, and Tracy; that is, 140 miles through beautiful, fruitful, and flowery land. About the first half of the trip was over excellent plains and about 50 miles through hilly land which was cultivated from the top to the bottom. And if there is not a name for this hilly land, I feel that it ought to be called T h e Land of the Summer Hills or the Hills of Paradise. T h e carriages went with me across much of the ocean as if I had decided to go across the whole Pacific Ocean to far China. But there was a stop near the deep waters, after being about 14 months in crossing the broad and varied continent. T o the great Governor of the elements be the thanks for the fact that no harm occurred to me in all my tortuous movements in crossing the great continent. And I am asserting that I did not do any harm to anyone on the long trip. When we had placed our feet on the platform of the station, and looked at the railroad lines and myself along with a host of steamboats, I was tempted to go along some thousands of miles across the waters of the Pacific. But instead of going on to Asia, I went to the beautiful town of Oakland and to the shores of the great city of the Pacific, San Francisco. And it is likely that the readers of the Drych will expect me to say something about it.

In Memoriam: Olive Woolley Burt, 1894-1981

1970 Olive WT. Burt was working on the first draft of her latest book. (It would be number forty-eight in the Burt bibliography, which, if piled one atop the other, would reach almost to the author's shoulder.) She had on this particular morning forsaken her typewriter for the moment to submit to an interview about her life as a writer and on that occasion had reflected on her height. The newspaper article described the response in this way: U N A SPRING DAY IN

Next month Mrs. Burt will be 76. She seems as delicate as Dresden china and, with effort, stands four feet, 10 inches. ("I used to tell people I was five feet tall, then someone got out a tape measure.") Her diminutive size is bothersome, for she says with regret, "I'm not tall enough to see what I want to see."1

Olive WToolley Burt, eighty-seven, died September 10, 1981, in Salt Lake City after a brief illness, and those who knew her also knew she was tall enough to see everything, if not at eye-level, surely directly from the heart. Olive was a marvelous lady who looked like everyone's favorite grandmother. She was, however, an original. And if it can be said that ever an eye did twinkle, the description befit her beyond all others. She also had spunk, and that befit her, too.

Born May 26, 1894, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to Jed F. and Agnes Forsyth Woolley, Olive was a girl in a family of eight boys, which, of course, accounts for the spunk. She had said that growing up in Ann Arbor while her father finished college was a matter of catch-as-catchcan when it came to spending money; that her brothers could earn theirs by "gathering junk and mowing lawns," but they wouldn't let her go along.

She was a girl. So Olive turned elsewhere. The Woolleys had moved to Salt Lake City in 1897, and when she was eight she wrote a poem entitled "When Papa Sells a Gold Mine" and sent it to the San Francisco Exami1

Salt Lake Tribune, April 19, 1970.

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ner. The poem fetched two dollars on publication and her career was launched.

At the age of ten she was attracted by a Salt Lake Tribune project to employ school children in reporting neighborhood news. (It was an idea made to order for a published writer with spunk.) Fortunately for the Tribune, Olive chose to include the Hotel Utah as part of her neighborhood beat; she sought out for interviews the celebrities who visited the city. Her fervor soon was bringing the newspaper feature articles with dancer Irene Castle, actor Joseph Jefferson, and showman George M. Cohan. Olive's journalistic efforts carried her through early years as an elementary school teacher. (She continued to contribute weekly columns to local newspapers in Garfield and Washington counties and Star Valley, Wyoming.) She graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor of arts degree in 1918 and pursued graduate work there and at Columbia University, all the while selling feature stories to newspapers.

By 1927 she was a full-time staff member of the Tribune as children's features editor, a job she held to 1945. It was during this period that her enthusiasm kindled the spark in so many youngsters with real writing potential. Olive created a daily "School News and Views" column for the Tribune. It was her idea that each elementary and junior high school in the city name an editor and an associate editor; every classroom would have its reporter to write the activities of the school. From 1927 to 1942 Olive personally visited every school to gather the articles. In this way she was able to keep in touch with the students, teachers, and principals of the eighty participating schools.

From this continual crop of seedling writers came a rich harvest of talent that numbered among many others such luminaries as Jack Anderson (successor to Washington columnist Drew Pearson); David S. Boyer (senior writer for National Geographic); Charlotte Knight (foreign correspondent), and Dale L. Morgan (distinguished western America historian).

Her influence with aspiring writers and artists was profound as was her capacity to recognize and encourage ability in others. As the years passed, she free-lanced, devoting some time to "commercial writing."

Between 1947 and 1957 Olive served on the staff of the Deseret News, both as a magazine supplement editor and eventually as the newspaper's librarian, a post she held until retirement in 1957. Her inquisitive mind and zest for challenge took her briefly into radio and television, but ulti-

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mately her contributions came in the form of her books—over fifty in all—although she penned a score of plays, hundreds of poems, and dozens of short stories and serials. The books covered a range of subjects from journalism to historical biography. Always her heart and mind were concerned with youngsters—and so her books, written as they were for young audiences, found a ready market and a steady readership.

She has written of Luther Burbank, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, John Alden, Jedediah Smith, Brigham Young, Jim Beckwourth, about America's railroads, of Utah, of copper, of salt, of bread, of mountain men, and even of murder. It was her American Murder Ballads and Their Stories (Oxford University Press, 1958) that won for Olive an Edgar, the award from the Mystery Writers of America for outstanding achievement. It was but one of many honors accorded her during a lifetime of service and teaching through writing. Her last book, Rescued: America's Endangered Wildlife on the Comeback Trail, was published in 1980.

Her work has been published in English, German, Dutch, Burmese, Japanese, Thai, Marathi, and Braille. Olive organized the Utah Chapter, National Federation of Press Women, and served for two years as its president. She was named a Fellow of the Utah State Historical Society in 1964 and the following year received the service to journaism award from Sigma Delta Chi, society of professional journalists. In 1978, the same year she traveled to China, she was named a recipient of the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Utah.

Olive was married to Clinton Ray Burt June 7, 1922. He died in 1967. They were parents of two daughters and a son, Mrs. Winton R. (Forsyth) Boyd, Mrs. Burt E. (Beverly) Nichols, and Clinton R. Burt.

Olive Woolley Burt, who once had sighed, "I'm not tall enough to see what I want to see," left a legacy of love, knowledge, and inspiration to echo her vibrant spirit.

HAROLD SCHINDLER

In Memoriam: John W. James, Jr., 19171981

I FIRST MET J O H N JAMES IN 1933 at East High Schol, he was handsome, sought after, in one word "popular." In those years to be popular was a prized attribute. It meant being well-liked â&#x20AC;&#x201D; mainly for one's good nature. In my innocence I did not see deeper into John's character to be aware of the incipient charisma, scholarly dedication, and stoic view of life that came to be associated with him later.

His charisma was quickly felt from the beginning of his twenty-year career as librarian for the Utah State Historical Society. His scholarship developed from an early interest in western, particularly Mormon, history and through voluminous reading became proficiency. He worked on Dale Morgan's unfinished Mormon bibliography for ten years; its 1978 publication under several editors has been called "a landmark in the field of Mormon historiography." His knowledge of Mormon history was far greater than that of many published authors, and he shared it with hopeful writers who brought their manuscripts for his criticism. He read with care, made corrections, and gave advice kindly and objectively.

His stoicism became evident as arthritis began to dominate his life.

For years he would leave early morning treatments in a clinic and painfully climb the stairs of the Society, then housed in the Kearns Mansion.

When he was at last forced to retire, he continued to volunteer his services to the library and to read manuscripts for authors. During the long years of pain, incapacitation, and numerous operations, he wrote and privately printed several volumes of family history.

Born on August 1, 1917, John was the son of John W. and Georgia Williams James. He was a graduate of the University of Utah. In 1971 the Utah State Historical Society made him an Honorary Life Member and in 1978 and 1981 gave him its Service Award. For over twenty-five years he served on the Salt Lake Art Center Board and was made an honorary lifetime trustee in 1978. He was a member of the Mormon History Association and a charter member of Utah Westerners. On September 10, 1981, he died at his home in Salt Lake City.

WHEN

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Throughout the past two decades of increasing disability, he saw his family and friends almost as often as he had formerly. As he became confined to home, groups brought lunch and shared an hour or two with him. How little sense of duty, how much pleasure were felt by these diverse clusters of friends. Uncomplaining, listening, smiling, telling anecdotes with no touch of malicious gossip, knowing what friends and relatives near and far were doing because he made it a point to keep in touch, enlightening because he read widely, John made time pass swiftly.

Hyperbole was missing at John's funeral. The facts of his life with his devoted brother and stepmother, his extended family, and his friends were true and needed no embellishment. He enriched our lives. We miss the man, our friend, scholar, and worthy example.

H E L E N Z. PAPINIKOLAS

S T A T E M E N T OF O W N E R S H I P , M A N A G E M E N T , AND C I R C U L A T I O N

T h e Utah Historical Quarterly is published quarterly by the U t a h State Historical Society, 300 Rio Grande, Salt Lake City, U t a h 84101. T h e editor is Melvin T . Smith and the managing editor is Stanford J. Layton with offices at the same address as the publisher. T h e magazine is owned by the U t a h State Historical Society, and no individual or company owns or holds any bonds, mortgages, or other securities of the Society or its magazine.

T h e purposes, function, and nonprofit status of this organization a n d the exempt status for federal income tax purposes have not changed during the preceding twelve months.

T h e following figures are the average n u m b e r of copies of each issue during the preceding twelve m o n t h s : 3,971 copies p r i n t e d ; no paid circulation; 3,035 mail subscriptions; total paid circulation, 3,035; 300 free distribution (including samples) by mail, carrier, or other means; 3,335 total distribution; 646 inventory for office use leftover, unaccounted, spoiled after printing; total 3,971. T h e following figures are the actual n u m b e r of copies of single issue published nearest to filing d a t e : 4,020 copies p r i n t e d ; no paid circulation; 3,040 mail subscriptions; 3,040 total paid circulation; 274 free distribution (including samples) by mail, carrier, or other m e a n s ; 3,314 total distribution; 706 inventory for office use, leftover, unaccounted after printing; total 4,020.

Diary of Charles Lowell

Walker.

Edited by A. K A R L L A R S O N a n d K A T H A R I N E M I L E S

LARSON. 2 volumes ( L o g a n : U t a h State University Press, 1980. X x 4- 953 p p . $30.00.)

T h e nine diaries of Charles Lowell Walker finally have been printed in a handsome two-volume set. T h e editors, the publishers, a n d others whose contributions have brought Walker's remarkable recollections to the reading public are all to be commended.

Fortunately, this work is edited by a m a n w h o is a n admirer a n d knows his progenitors, a n d by a w o m a n who is a direct descendant. Every good diarist deserves sympathetic editors, a n d Andrew K a r l Larson a n d K a t h a r i n e Miles Larson are that. Additionally, they have done a n excellent job of footnoting these wide-ranging diaries which begin in 1854 and end in 1899. Walker's works cover events from Saint Louis to St. George and tell of people from Brigham Young a n d George Brooks to J o h n M c D o n a l d who baptized h i m " M a r c h Sat 14, 1857" a n d "Bro A. Y. M i l n e " who reported in St. George stake quarterly conference Sunday, September 12, 1898. T h e editors also provide readers with an extensive a n d convenient biographical index that covers most personalities mentioned in the diaries, which by itself is a significant contribution.

Charles L. Walker was born in England in 1832; then migrated to Saint Louis in 1849. Six years later h e went to Illinois a n d from there to Salt Lake City (1855), where he lived until his call to settle St. George in 1862. H e married Abigail Middlemass in 1861 while still

in Salt Lake City. Later, h e records his second marriage with an entry dated "St. George Frid 12th J a n . 1 8 7 7 . . . . " "Myself, Abigail, a n d Sarah [Smith] spent most of the day in the temple receeving [sic] blessings a t t h e h a n d s of Gods [sic] Servants."

For this act of faithfully following counsel, Walker was later h o u n d e d by federal officials a n d eventually arrested and tried at Beaver, U t a h , where he was fined six cents. However, h e notes with a touch of satisfied humor, h e gave the court clerk a dime, generously suggesting t h a t the court keep the change.

Walker's accounts of his harassment by federal officers is interesting a n d insightful. But in spite of these problems, Walker a n d his two wives raised large a n d visible families in that community.

These diaries tell so m u c h , both specific a n d implied. Walker was n o t only a careful, if somewhat biased, recorder of his own a n d church officials' acts b u t also of the world at large as h e saw it from his reading sources. This style gives readers of his diaries a n interesting historical context for his comments. F o r instance, h e notes the d e a t h of Parley P. Pratt ( 1 8 5 7 ) , Brigham Young's comments about government persecution (1858), Johnston's Army, a n d Governor Cumming's promise to t h e Saints, which Walker calls " d a m n e d lies." H e reports September snowstorms in Sanpete, men freezing to death in Salt L a k e Valley in

394 December 1858, David Smith's (the prophet Joseph's son) coming to Utah in the 1860s, the apostasy of Joseph Morris, life at Camp Floyd, the shooting of Lot Huntington, rumors about John Baptiste (grave robber)), Jacob Hamblin's trip across the Colorado River (1864), a steamer reaching Calls Landing (1866), the soldiers misbehaving at Provo (1870), and Brigham's divorce lawsuit.

Walker appears to have been fascinated with the troubles of the world as kinds of millennial precursorsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;floods in China, earthquakes in Turkey, the Johnstown flood, and the assassination of the Russian emperor. All of these events seemed to fit into his concept of the world's history as the fulfilling of God's plan in the last days.

He provides details on the building of the St. George Tabernacle and Temple, of the temple's dedication by President Young, and of the construction of the Manti Temple where he labored as a stonemason for several months during the summer and fall of 1881. He notes the deaths of Heber C. Kimball, Brigham Young, Orson Hyde, and Wilford Woodruff, among others.

He reports regularly and faithfully on the preachments and lectures he attended, even admitting that at times he slept through someone's sermon, hence could not summarize its contents; or that while serving as usher he was distracted by outside noises or interruptions and did not get the substance of what was said.

His accounts, taken in toto, provide a remarkable insight into his and other church leaders' treatment of records and recollections which were becoming the "historical witnesses" for faithful Mormons. There are commentaries on Emma Smith's rejection of polygamy (Brigham Young's version), also Young's comments on "Blacks," on women's fashions, and the preachings of the Josephites.

Other reports deal with the Book of

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Mormon witnesses, with Young's calling to lead the church, and the special mission of the Latter-day Church of Jesus Christ. Still others supposedly heard Joiseph Smith say that a man could be baptized in behalf of his mother (p. 555), or that D. Huntington said that Joseph said that Noah built his ark in the area of South Carolina where the "wicked people mobbed and drove him 4 times" (p. 730).

Walker reports on the politics of polygamy, of statehood, and of church leaders including Moses Thatcher. He notes also the change of fast meetings from Thursday to Sunday (November 1896), and the calling of the first lady missionaries April 5, 1898.

Walker wrote poems and songs to console and entertain his people. He became Dixie's "poet laureate." This reviewer will concede that his later verses were generally better than his beginning ones.

These diaries tell us much about Charles Lowell Walker. The church and kingdom were the center of his life.

Accounts of his children and wives are incidental to that focus. Daily family fife and community life are treated only peripherally. Yet, for the student of Mormon history, these diaries provide a focus on sources of concepts and practices that have become a part of Mormon religious life. They are a truly remarkable historical resource.

Charles Lowell Walker's diaries are outstanding. They will be read not just because they contain such a wealth of information from a most unusual, ordinary Saint in pioneer Utah, but because they are genuinely interesting.

MELVIN T. SMITH

Utah State Historical Society

Book Reviews and Notices

395

The Journal of Brigham: Brigham Young's Own Story in His Own Words. Compiled by LELAND R. NELSON. (Provo, Ut.: Council Press, 1980. X4-223 pp. $8.95.)

"The more I read, the more grateful I became that I had undertaken the project," wrote Leland Nelson of his work in compiling The Journal of Brigham. He had discovered in Brigham Young such varied personalities as the simple, hard-working man, the deeply spiritual man, the missionary with a sense of humor, the expert debater, the compassionate man, the man of loyalty, and the man of intelligence. All diis, and more, is certainly found in this volume that deals with the life of Brigham Young from 1801 to July 31, 1847. The Mormon leader's conversion to the church, his early missionary experiences, his call to leadership as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, his interesting and often exciting experiences in both Ohio and Missouri during times of trial, his closeness to Joseph Smith in Nauvoo, his assumption of leadership after the death of the first Mormon prophet, his efforts to make sure as many Mormons as possible had received their sacred temple endowments before leaving Nauvoo, and, finally, the trek across the plains in 1847: all these experiences are told in first-person style in daily journal-type entries.

As Nelson recognizes in his introduction, all this material has been published previously. Much of it appeared in the Millennial Star and the Deseret News in the nineteenth century. In 1968 Eldon Wa'tson reprinted the Millennial Star material in his Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1801-1844, and in 1970 he published the Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1846-47. The years from 1844 to 1846 appear in B. H. Roberts's History of the Church, vol. 7 (1932). Thei basic sources for these items are the "History of Brigham Young, 1801-1844," and "Manuscript History of Brigham Young," both located in the LDS church archives; but Nelson's book

is essentially 'an abridgment of the previously published materials.

Every Mormon scholar knows that very little of this material was actually written by Brigham Young. His three holograph journals are at best very sketchy and cover only a portion of the dates and events that appeared in the original "Manuscript History." Scribes, church historians, and other assistants worked for years to compile the material from a variety of sources, including Brigham's journals, then put it all in the first person and published it as the church leader's "History." It was the same procedure that had been used for Joseph Smith'sj "History." In the process, the journals Brigham actually wrote were carefully edited. What comes from the pages of his "History" is not the original Brigham but an edited Brigham who retains much of what he recorded himself, Combined with whatever the compilers deemed appropriate to include from elsewhere. This is not to imply that the material is inaccurate â&#x20AC;&#x201D; on the contrary, the original compilers probably did everything they could to assure its factual accuracy. It is still a delight to read, and one cannot help but come away from it with renewed admiration for the Mormon pioneer leader.

At the same time, Brigham Young's history, or "journal," as Nelson calls it, lacks a few things that give the best published diaries a special historical significance. There is very little reflection or introspection about what is going on â&#x20AC;&#x201D; no personal interpretation of the significance and meaning of all that is happening. Such things often appear in Brigham's sermons and letters, but they are lacking here. Further, it is obvious that the history is highly incomplete, not only so far as church history is concerned but also with respect to many of the most important affairs of Young's

396 life. No mention is made, for example, of plural marriage, the Council of Fifty and the political kingdom of God, or of many important doctrinal and institutional developments that he was associated with. What is there may be accurate as far as it goes, but it is only a partial view.

Such problems are not Nelson's fault, however, and they are understandable when one knows the nature of the original sources. A major problem with the book is that the introductory comments are highly misleading about the sources as well as about the publication itself.

The advertising is even more misleading, with the obvious intent of selling books by making Mormon readers believe they are actually purchasing the personal journal of one of their beloved prophets. Such advertising appears especially reprehensible when one realizes that both the publisher and Nelson must have been aware of the criticism of their previous and equally misleading work, The Journal of Joseph. One could give them the benefit of the doubt and assume they did not know what they were doing when they published the first of the series, but it is impossible to believe that they were not aware of the deceptiveness of their claims by the time they published The Journal of Brigham. Nelson certainly knew of the work of Dean Jessee, for he cited Jessee's fine article on "The Writings of Brigham Young" on the flyleaf. It seems odd that he was not also aware of Howard C. Searle's work on the writing of early church history, that included detailed analyses of the writings of both Joseph Smith's and Brigham Young's histories. If Nelson had not read Searle's Ph.D. dissertation, he certainly had ample opportunity to communicate with both Jessee and Searle, as well as other experts on the manuscripts in the church archives. There are several such people available, not only at the church archives, but also at Brigham Young University where, Nelson says, he found in the library everything he needed. He

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should have consulted with the experts, but, he concedes in the introduction, "I don't profess to be a scholar." Neither, it is assumed, does Council Press claim to be a responsible scholarly press. Both these disclaimers are admirably proven in the first few pages of the book.

"Here at last is his own story in his own words," declares the introduction., "a compilation of his first-person writings from his manuscript history." Apparently written by the publishers (and sounding very much like their media advertising) , this deception is only the beginning of a series of misleading claims. True, the writing style is in the first person, but, for die most part, it was certainly not Brigham Young who did it. A check of the sources behind the 1844-46 portion of the "Manuscript History," for example, shows that it relies heavily on the diary of Willard Richards.

Nelson's foreword continues in the same vein. Curiously, he devotes several paragraphs to a biting criticism of Stanley Hirshson's The Lion of the Lord.

Hirshson deserves all the criticism he has received, for Nelson is right in charging him with not looking at the relevant sources. But Nelson is wrong in his assumption that Hirshson could not get access to any Brigham Young papers at the church archives. "The Church isn't in the habit of allowing writers and historians to snoop around in its sacred historical records," says Nelson in a seemingly gratuitous effort to excuse Hirshson. "It made no exception for Hirshson, and left him in somewhat of an awkward position." The truth is that Hirshson did not make much of an effort to use the materials, and that even while he was writing his book many historians, Mormon and non-Mormon alike, were obtaining access not only to the "Manuscript History" but also to many (not all) of the unpublished Brigham Young papers. Even on a subject that was not necessary to sell his "first person" image of his book, Nelson thus misleads his audience.

Book Reviews and Notices More serious is the problem of editing â&#x20AC;&#x201D; both by the original compilers of the "Manuscript History" and then by Nelson himself. As far as the original editing is concerned, Nelson and his publisher say at least three times that Brigham Young's personal journals were edited to "correct spelling and grammar." This leaves the clear impression that such was the full extent of the editing. Nelson provides one example of an entry in Brigham's own handwriting that was corrected in the; original publication, and when one compares the two Nelson's statement seems correct. There are numerous other places, however, where the editors went far beyond correcting spelling and gammar â&#x20AC;&#x201D; they added new material, deleted other material, and often revised what was left of the original.

On Monday, November 30, 1840, for example (during the eventful mission of the Twelve to England), Brigham recorded the following in his own handwriting: "took the Cars at 12 came to London arived here a bout 6 P.M. found Br Woodruff at his lodgens came to see Father Corner." The published version reads: "We took cars for London, where we arrived at 6 p.m., and found brother Woodruff well and in good spirits." This is certainly much heavier editing than merely correcting spelling and grammar. The entry for the next day, December 1, is an example of even more heavy-handedness, and the researcher cannot help but wonder why the original editors of Brigham Young's history left so much out. The holograph reads: "Br Woodruff Kimball and myself went across London bridge in to the Borrow took dinner at Allgood sister Turley sister came across another Bridge through southfield Market I Preached in the evening." The published version both expands and reduces the entry: "I preached in Barrett's Academy, London; Elder Kimball followed me." The original entry for the following day says "went to see Br. Rodgers daughter miss

397 Sangior annie had a good visit came home in the vening went to see . . . ."

(The sentence was not finished.) The published version simply says: "Elders Kimball, Woodruff and myself called on a few friends." Clearly, the published version is easier to read, and as long as one knows what he is reading it is worthwhile. Nelson should not lead his readers to believe that the original editing amounted merely to matters of punctuation and grammar.

But Nelson goes even further. He needed, he states, to reduce the "huge pile" of Brigham Young's "first-person writings into a single, manageable volume. I did not edit or re^-write a single sentence. I merely eliminated repetitive or uneventful passages with my red felt marker as I carefully read each page."

This sounds like fairly mild editing, but when one compares the earlier publications with the Journal of Brigham one has visions of some very red-looking pages in Nelson's working manuscript.

One wonders how Nelson decided just what was "uneventful," or unimportant enough to leave out. In the original, for example, one long section deals with the period between July 25 and August 18, 1837. Here Brigham was on one of his missionary journeys, but Nelson left out a whole paragraph. The items he thus apparently considered "uneventful" included Brigham's taking a train to Albany, New York, going by stage to West Stockbridge where he visited an uncle, and returning to Albany where he took a steamboat for New York City.

On the boat he met his cousin A. P. Rockwood, and in New York City the two went to 'the home of Elijah Fordham only to find that he and Elder Parley P. Pratt had gone to a meeting.

They finally found Elder Pratt on a schooner docked at the foot of Canal Street, preaching. Brigham remained in New York City for a "short time," where he held three public meetings, ordained Rockwood an elder, and prophesied con-

398 cerning the establishment of a branch of the church in Rockwood's home town of Holliston, Massachusetts. He even set apart Rockwood to preside over that branch when it was established; then, "Having closed up my business I started for home." It is difficult to see how such a passage could be considered either "repetitive" or "uneventful," but then Nelson and his publishers are obviously capable of giant leaps of the imagination. The excuse for cutting so much material was to get Brigham Young's own story "in his own words" into a single volume. What this really means, apparently, is that they wanted to put excerpts from the previously published materials into a volume small enough that it would sell. A more creditable venture would be to put all the holograph journals of Brigham Young into a single, well-edited volume, with all the punctuation, grammar, and other "errors" intact. It would take much less space than this one and be much more significant to serious students of Mormon history.

As might be expected, the deceptiveness of the book begins with the front cover (even though the cover itself and the matching dust jacket are somewhat handsome). There we see Brigfiam sitting (on a log, or a stone?) in the middle of a field, dressed in fine clothes, writing in a journal. This, combined with the

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book's subtitle, Brigham Young's Own Story in His Own Words, cannot help but leave the impression that Brigham was a regular journal keeper and that between the covers of the book one will find the very words he wrote. What Mormon would not be interested ? Next, Nelson is identified as the compiler â&#x20AC;&#x201D; certainly a misnomer, for this term implies bringing various materials together.

Nelson's main function, it seems, was simply to edit the work of others, and the term editor would be more appropriate. Finally, the prospective buyer is hit in the face With a highlighted announcement that this is "Another in the Journals of the Prophets Series," leading us to believe that more such "journals" will be forthcoming. The fact is that there is no compilation for any later president of the church like Joseph Smith's History or Brigham Young's "Manuscript History," from which Nelson drew the first two books. Several presidents left fine personal diaries, but it is most unlikely that anyone in the foreseeable future will obtain permission to publish them â&#x20AC;&#x201D; or even major portions of them. AH of which gives us hope that, for the sake of scholarly integrity, we will see no more publications quite like this.

JAMES B. ALLEN

Brigham Young

Her Honor, the Judge: The Story of Reva Beck Bosone. By BEVERLY B. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1980. Xii + 262 pp. $15.95.)

This work is a biography of Judge Reva Beck Bosone (she likes the title of judge attached to her name) focusing on her careers as a teacher, lawyer, state legislator, city judge, United States congresswoman, and civil servant. She competed successfully with men for responsible positions in these professions in what was then a man's world, which was "ego-warming" for the "invincible"

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CLOPTON.

Bosone, according to her biographer, and in doing so she was in the vanguard of the contemporary women's movement.

Bosone bristles when innuendos of female weakness or inferiority are chauvinistically expressed. She feels no inferiority!

The judge keenly believes that all people should have the opportunity to compete in the marketplace of economic, professional, and political pursuits.

399

Book Reviews and Notices As a high school teacher, Bosone gained distinction in dramatic and forensic arts, and she won the respect of associates and students. When a raise was not commensurate with her own estimate of her accomplishments, she quit and read law â&#x20AC;&#x201D; her professional goal. She could not take a case knowing her client was guilty; but if she believed he was innocent, her efforts were uKflagging in his behalf. This she demonstrated in her first jury trial in Price.

Law, her concern for mankind, and her mother prompted her to become a candidate for the state House of Representatives. "If you want to do good," her mother had told her, "go where the laws are made." Reva did. She became a friend of labor with the legislation she introduced and worked to pass. She considers her minimum wage and hour law for women and children one of the best things she did while in the legislature.

Bosone's finest years came as a city judge in Salt Lake City. She was not popular with many who came before her, as she believed stiff fines for traffic violations would reduce the carnage on the highways. She was humane, however, when the accused needed special consideration. Her notable work on the problems of alcoholism is a case in point.

When Judge Bosone reached one goal, it became a steppingstone toward another. Ambition pushed her on. She was elected to Congress in 1948 and reelected in 1950 to a second term. Serving on the Interior Committee, where she believed she could best serve her state, she concentrated her attention on the development of life-supporting water resources for Utah. Although the Weber Basin bill carried Sen. Arthur V. Watkins's name, the junior congresswoman relates an interesting exchange she had with President Truman and concludes: "That is why I consider the Weber Basin Project my bill!"

She ended her public career as a judicial officer for the Post Office Department. This was the highest position held by a woman in that department, and Mrs. Bosone chalked up another first in a long series.

Among the ego-feeding Bosone firsts, victories, successes, accolades, and accomplishments were defeats and disappointments as well. She experienced unsuccessful campaigns, unsavory and underhanded campaign tricks of opponents, and even unfaithful Democratic supporters within her own party. But the most devastating blow Judge Bosone received during her career-oriented life was an unfaithful husband, which ended their marriage.

Judge Bosone's biographer (and her niece) delightfully fleshes out these career! accomplishments in a novelistic style that lends to interest and readability.

But the author's work does not include footnotes; much of the material is drawn from sources which tend to be one-sided; and it is punctuated with feminist, partisan, and Bosone biases. Readers may wonder what is fact and what is fiction. The author does include the sources she considers essential in the narrative, but the reader is left with the gnawing feeling that if other views were included, especially on controversial positions, the picture might be quite different from that presented.

Readers who hold views similar to those of the author and Judge Bosone will be inclined to applaud, while those opposed will slowly burn as the pages are read; but both types will find it hard to lay the book aside. And the credibility of the biography is measurably enhanced by the author's knowledgeable grasp of political and historical events.

J. K E I T H MELVILLE

Brigham Young

University

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The Grand Beehive. Compiled and with an introduction by HAL Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1980. 88 pp. Paper, $9.50.)

It is tempting to speak of this book as if it were a catalog of folk art, but that is not strictly true. It is a catalog of some of the art displayed in the Grand Beehive Exhibition of 1980-81, and surely the motif is folk. But equally surely a neon sign employing that motif is better described as popular art with a heavy admixture of modern technology than as folk art (plate 65). And an acrylic, oil, mixed media painting on canvas (plate 46) by an identifiable artist of a beehive is neither folk nor "pop," but elite or "high" art. The fact that the beehive can thrive in all three modes bespeaks the vitality of this old and distinguished folk motif.

Two minor lapses—one editorial and one mechanical—must be disposed of early before the many and major virtues of this engaging work can be discussed.

The annoying mechanical lapse occurred somewhere at the bindery when the cover was inadequately cemented to the book and came off as the book was opened. The second lapse appears on unnumbered page eight: "The bee appeared prominently in Greek literature, most importantly in the work of Virgil, who described bee attributes in poetry. . . . " As a pronounced Graecophile, Virgil would perhaps be pleased to be identified as a Greek, but he was a Roman.

It comes as no surprise to any westerner that the bee and beehive are positively identified with Utah and the Mormon church. What is surprising is the extent and variety of the appearance of these symbols, and the book under consideration is an attractive study of this phenomenon. This richness must

CANNON.

(Salt

have presented a serious problem to Cannon: how to select representative manifestations of the use of the bee-beehive icons and then how to give that selection some kind of coherence.

Concluding nearly eight pages of introduction by Cannon on bees and beekeeping are two paragraphs that take the motif or topic or theme—bees, beehives—and elevate it into a thesis. The strategy could be an object lesson to an class in English composition.

Seventy plates of photographs of the motif follow, far too many to be identified here. The range of media employing the motif, however, is impressive—• from nearly abstract art to attic vents, from gravestones to quilts. Equally impressive is the range of materials from which the bee-beehive motif is constructed—from acrylics to zinc coffin plates, sand painting to glass.

The photography in this catalog is superb and superbly reproduced. In its totality, the catalog should be useful to historians, folklorists, students of popular culture, and art historians, among others.

As a final note, the four who put this catalog together—•Cannon, Brian Jones, Brent Herridge, and Skip Branch—are to be commended for not alluding to Mandeville's "The Grumbling Hive" or Arnold's "Sweetness and Light," in spite of what must have been strong temptations to wax eloquent by dragging in a host of literary allusions.

Lou

ATTEBERY

College of Idaho

Caldwell

Mormonism and the American Experience. By KLAUS J. versity of Chicago Press, 1981. Xx + 257 pp. $ 15.00.)

Klaus Hansen has attempted a task for which he will be both praised and damned. In writing a volume on the

Quarterly

HANSEN.

(Chicago: Uni-

Mormons for the prestigious History of American Religion Series, the author has accepted a challenge of gigantic propor-

Book Reviews and Notices tions. This book is the only one in the series that discusses just one faith or organized group. The series editor, Martin Marty, justifies the choice of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in a brilliant foreword to this particular volume. Marty summarizes that Mormonism embodies the mission of this critically successful series because it encompasses exciting history, it is American, and it is a serious religion.

The book is divided into seven chapters dealing with a variety of topics that are not often included in such a work.

Although Hansen discusses the birth and early history of Mormonism and how Mormonism fits into and is part of the American culture, his main focus is on current issues and their historical evolution. In writing chapters on death, politics, sexuality and marriage, and race, Hansen utilizes a remarkable bibliography to document an evolutionary process that has enabled Mormons to adjust, accept, and survive.

There are a number of concepts and ideas presented that deserve specific mention. His chapter on "Rationalization of Death" comes early in the book and may be misplaced; however, it is a perceptive piece of prose. The theology and practice of this religion is, in part, designed to make the transition from earthly life easier. Mormons actually attempt to put more meaning into an afterlife than most religions, and this explains some of their doctrines and practices. The very fact that the Latter-day Saints have come to terms with death qualifies them as a bona fide religion, not a cult or a sect.

In attempting to make objective sense of Mormon history, Hansen has plowed

401 through those books loved by believing Mormons and despised by outsiders. He has also digested those numerous volumes written and adored by nonbelievers but suspected by the Saints. Hansen has built upon some of the ideas of Leonard Arrington and Thomas O'Dea and created an enticing interpretation of Mormon history. Mormons can revisit their past and will be bruised somewhat by questions raised, while critics can visit someone else's history with objectivity and clear focus. There is little doubt that neither the true believers nor the vociferous detractors will like this book.

At times, Hansen is engulfed by his sources, especially when he wanders too far afield into psychology or sociology.

Although this illustrates his range of thought, too much Jaynes, Jung, Freud, and Adler detracts from the otherwise well-articulated themes.

Hansen documents some of Mormonism's greatest ironies. Although viewed as anti- or un-American throughout the nineteenth century, Mormons are now almost superpatriots in their zeal to be loyal. However, he points out that within another generation more Mormons will be living in other nations, especially Latin America than in the United States.

Can Mormons continue to export their religion, with its strong American overtones, to people of different economic, political, and cultural philosophies? This question is only one of many that Hansen poses to the reader in this exceptional book. It will become a standard in the field of Mormon historiography. \ F. Ross PETERSON Utah State University

Ores to Metals: The Rocky Mountain Smelting Industry. By JAMES E. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979. Xvi + 341 pp. $21.50.)

This book traces the development of the American gold and silver smelting industry from its beginnings in the early

FELL,, JR.

1860s, though its development and eventual consolidation at the turn of the century, to its demise at the outset of

402 the 1960s. Until now, mining historians have given this important phase of the industry short shrift for several reasons.

First, its complicated processes are difficult to understand and to explain. Second, materials dealing with it lie in depositories scattered between the two seacoasts. Finally, many of the entrepreneurs and scientists who engaged in smelting either destroyed their records or lacked the appeal of the miners from whom they bought the stubborn rock they would convert to bullion.

James E. Fell, Jr., does a fine job of describing the early processes, while his lengthy bibliography attests to his thorough research. He is very much at ease with his subject, whether discussing the trials of Nathaniel P. Hill's Boston and Colorado Smelting Company or the intricate financial details of the Guggenheim takeover of the American Smelting and Refining Company.

Fell emphasizes the Colorado aspect of the industry, since most of the great firms had headquarters; in Black Hawk, Leadville, Denver, or Pueblo. Operators ran their empires from offices located in these communities, each of which at some time served as a leading Colorado reduction center. Nevertheless, the author has not neglected the other Rocky Mountain states; readers interested in Utah smelting will find familiar names scattered throughout this book's pages.

Fell believes that Rocky Mountain smelting did not succeed until operators

Utah Historical

Quarterly

backed by eastern money began employing European-trained metallurgists.

Their predecessors, men such as James E. Lyon of Black Hawk and Joseph W. Watson of Georgetown, set the stage for 'the smeltermen, but their lack of expertise in metallurgy and the costs of refining precious ores in areas not served by railroads led to their eventual withdrawal from the field. Obviously, space prevented Fell from discussing why each early smelterman failed, although he covered the major causes and traced the difficulties reduction moguls encountered with their smelters. H e also described how national panics, the Coinage Act of 1872, and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act brought devastation to such ventures.

He is weakest towards the end of the book as he discusses the industry's collapse. This is understandable since the last smelter closed less than twenty-five years ago, and many records remain unavailable to researchers. Hopefully, Fell or some later scholars will deal with the industry's final days in a subsequent volume.

This book is not large, but it is thorough and gives its readers much information about a hitherto neglected field.

It should find its way into every good collection of American mining history.

LISTON E. LEYENDECKER

Colorado State

University

The Rainmakers: American "Pluviculture" to World War 11. By CLARK C. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980. X + 1 8 1 p p . $15.95.)

Here we have an accounting of an extremely varied group of men who introduced somewhat different methods to accomplish the same apparent purpose â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to make rain. Clark Spence recounts the history of attempts to produce rain by artificial means in America, with most of the locale being the semiarid

SPENCE.

American West. In addition, the author sets the western climatic and agricultural stage for the one-hundred-year period beginning in the middle 1800s. This setting often proved to be not too fruitful for the hopeful agriculturalist but quite fruitful for the rainmaker selling a sky full of hope.

Book Reviews and Notices

403

Spence explains w h o the rainmakers were, the characters and personalities for making rain, t h e differing methods they utilized, their often remarkable results, their acceptance by t h e drought-plagued farmer a n d sensation-seeking press, and attempts by the scientific community to discount the rainmakers during the early years of t h e movement. I t seems that never h a v e m a n ' s attempts to wring rainfall from t h e atmosphere h a d more ardent advocates or m o r e hopeful audiences t h a n i n the American West of the last q u a r t e r of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth.

This area was often settled during times of plenty, only t o be followed by times of d r o u g h t â&#x20AC;&#x201D; when anyone selling a promise would find a listening ear.

T h e accounts describe m e n with a variety of approaches to the problem of drought. Some thought they could actually m a n i p u l a t e t h e atmosphere, but in this they were more often self-deceived.

Some were charlatans, spiritualists, mystics, crackpots, or frauds whose major interest was not so m u c h in alleviating the drought-caused suffering as in lining their o w n pockets with gold. And, from t h e very beginning t h e r e were also t h e thoughtful a n d respected scientists who after a h u n d r e d years of theorizing a n d experimentation finally mantled rainmaking with its present-day respectability.

portation, industry, and scientific advancement, including the development of radio a n d the electric light, apparently anything was possible, even rain by c o m m a n d ! A n d thus rainmaking spread across t h e semiarid American frontier like wildfire or a religious fever, which in some cases it closely resembled. F o r t h e rainmaker the field was ready for harvest, just as it was for his frontier contemporary â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the p a t e n t medicine m a n a n d snake oil specialist.

Spence has not written a meteorology text, nor does h e even fully explain why it rains. T h e book is actually a light historical a n d somewhat psychological study. I t is a history not just for historians b u t for all who may be interested in the development of the American West a n d for those seeking diversion in the exploits of both t h e honest and the fraudulent rainmaker. Some gaps should be noted. For instance, Spence does not mention sincere attempts to create r a i n by the I n d i a n rain dancers or the prayers a n d fasts of the M o r m o n settiers. I n addition, Spence takes t h e rainmakers through an evolution from self-deceivers a n d charlatans to modern, respected cloud seeders. T h e change is so gradual that the reader may not recognize w h e n deception has been replaced by science.

However, the book does fulfill its purpose, notwithstanding these slight exclusions.

Ninety years ago it was sometimes difficult to distinguish t h e scientist from the dreamer or t h e c h a r l a t a n ; and therefore the dreamer! a n d the charlatan, often found ready acceptance for their wares from the desperate, drought-plagued farmer or rancher. T h e mood of the times spurred his acceptance: when m a n was making great strides in trans-

Most will enjoy The Rainmakers.

It is one of those volumes that entertains a n d informs as the reader passes a rainswept evening within the confines of his fire-lighted sanctum.

D O N R.

Weber State

MURPHY

College

Navajo Architecture: Eorms, History, Distribution. By STEPHEN C. JETT and VIRGINIA E. SPENCER. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1981. Xx 4289 pp. Cloth, $37.50; paper, $14.95.)

This systematic and comprehensive survey of the folk architecture of the largest Indian tribe in the United States required twelve years to research. Thousands of structures wrere studied, photographed, and sketched. Nearly 200 illustrations accompany the text.

T h e authors trace the origins, evolution, and geographic distribution of hogans, houses, and temporary dwellings as well as structures for food preparation, hunting, crafts, and funerary observations. As traditional architectural forms rapidly give way to modern designs and building methods, this study will stand as a timely record for anthropologists, archaeologists, cultural geographers, and those interested in folk architecture.

Shanley, Pennies Wise—Dollars Foolish.

By GRANT B. HARRIS. (New York: Vantage Press, 1980. Viii + 334 pp. $8.95.)

Much of the story of cattle thief Big Bill Shanley takes place in Utah and on the Arizona Strip and includes characters such as rancher Preston Nutter (from whom Shanley claimed to have rustled more than his share of steers) and Dick Hammer (owner of the wellknown Dick's Cafe in St. George for

whom Shanley butchered beef). Then, there are the booze-running tales and the Butch Cassidy stories and mtich more.

Vanguard of Expansion: Army Engineers in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1819-1879. By FRANK N. SCHUBERT. (Washington, D . C : Historical Division, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1980. Xii + 160 pp. $4.50.)

This small volume is an excellent summary of the role of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the westering of America. It is not a definitive study but provides a convenient and concise assessment of the major surveys and of the people involved in mapping and opening the American West.

As the author notes, there are few monuments to these soldier-explorers, but their names remain on the land they helped open. "For example, at least six mountains, Whipple, Sitgreaves, and Graham in Arizona; Long's Peak in Colorado; Emory Peak in the Big Bend country of Texas; and Barlow Peak near the Yellowstone, bear the names of Engineers and topogs. Other names—among them Fremont, Gunnison, Nicollet, Raynolds, Stansbury, and Warner—on the valleys, streams, towns, and counties of the trans-Mississippi West are constant reminders of the important contributions Engineers made to western expansion and development."

INDEX Italic numbers refer to illustrations.

Acord, Art, cowboy and performer, 55 Adams, , North Dakotan, 246 Adams, , photographer, 356 Adams, O. B., Ogden physician, 166-67 Adamson, Isabelle, Socialist, 228 Agriculture, attempts at, under Homestead Act on Escalante Desert, 26-41 Ahlstrom, James, settler near Bryce Canyon, 352 Ah Sing, lynching of, 159, 160 Albright, Horace, NPS field director, 362 Alger, Frank, Nine Mile ranch of, 53 All Hallows College, 112 Alter, J. Cecil, meteorologist and author, 37, 296, 356 American Protective Association, anti-Catholicism of, 111 Anderson, Josephine Monsen, men's work avoided by, 289 n. 34 Anderson, Mark, Forest Service foreman, 355-56 Anderson, Mary (May) : immigration of, 2 6 3 ; occupations of, 266, 2 7 0 - 7 1 ; personality of, 263, 2 7 1 - 7 2 ; as Primary leader, 263, 266-75, 269 Anderson, Mary Bruce, immigrant Scot, 263 Anderson, Nels, sociologist, 94, 96 Anderson, Scott, immigrant Scot, 263 Andrus, James, route of, near Bryce Canyon, 349 Annies Tommy, Gosiute leader, draft resistance of, 173, 175-80, 182-85, 187-88 Antelope Jake, aged Gosiute, 179, 188 Anthony, Susan Brownell, suffrage leader, 250 Anti-Polygamy Standard, 301, 303 Arce-Larreta, Jorge, Chicano leader, 141 Architecture, traditions of, in Sanpete County, 68-77, 68, 74-75, 77 Aretz, Francis, Pittsburgh sculptor, works of, 117, 117-18 Army Air Corps, ailmail flights of, 38 Aspen Grove, 346 Asper, Frank, organist, 126 Atkins family, livestock of, 95 Atkins, J. D . C , commissioner of Indian Affairs, 194-95

B Bailey, T . C , U.S. deputy surveyor, 350 Baker, J a n e Rio, journal of, 279 Baker, Tweedy, Gosiute, arrest of, 173 Ballantyne, Thomas H., Ogden policeman, 163, 165, 172 Bamberger, Simon, governor, and Bryce Canyon, 357 Bangle, Clyde, rabbit-catching of, 38-39 Bank of Southern U t a h , 15 Barbee, Silver Reef mine, 93 Barbero, Richard, Chicano leader, 141 Barnes, Claude T . : birth and education of, 3 1 8 - 2 2 ; death of, 318; and farming, 3 2 5 ; as a lawyer, 318, 320, 324, 326, 3 2 8 ; as a naturalist, 318, 321-25, 327-33, 3 3 5 ; and politics, 318, 324, 327; a n d religion, 3 2 0 22, 324, 325, 335-37, 339; as a speaker,

319-20, 324, 3 2 7 ; writings of, 318, 3 2 1 - 3 3 , 335-37, 339 Barnes, Emily Stewart (mother), 318, 319, 325 Barnes, John R. (father), 318, 319, 325 Barnes, Kathleen Louise (daughter), 322, 325 Barnes, Stuart Knowlton (son), 322, 325 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, 334 Beatty, , fund-raising tea of, 245 Beck, John, Bullion-Beck vice-president, and strike, 151 n. 25, 156 Benedict X V , appointment of Bishop Glass by, 114 Benson, Charles A., lynching of, 159, 160, 171 Benton, Irving H., U.S. marshal, and Eureka strike, 151 Bingham, U t a h , 219; Socialists elected in, 223 Blake, Wesley A., first husband of K. J. Boan, 294 Blakeslee, Roland, husband of C. A. De Witt, 294 Bleak, James, southern Utah settler, 21 Bliss, Orley D., settler near Bryce Canyon, 351 Blue Dugway, Wayne County, lore concerning, 66, 66-67 Boan, Amos Quincy (husband), 294 Boan, K a t e Jean, editor, Uintah Pappoose, 29'4-96, 301 Bostwick, F. E., Eureka physician, 153, 154 Bowen, T. M., Colorado senator, and Southe r n Utes, 194-95 Box Elder County Herald, editors of, 297, 301 Brenner, George A., army musician, at Promontory, 365 Brick, popularity of, 70 Bridger, Jim, U t a h described by, 10-11 Brigham Young University, Darwinism at, 96 Brimhall, Dean Robertson: biographical data on, 341, 344 n. 6, 347 n. 12; winter climb of Timpanogos by, 341-44, 346-47 Brimhall, Flora Robertson (mother), 341 Brimhall, George H. (father), BYU president, 341 Brimhall, Lila Eccles (wife), actress and professor, 341 Brock, William, Nine Mile ranch of, 51-52 Brooks, Dode, peddler, 94 Brooks, Juanita, historian and folklorist, 87, 96 Brooks, Will, and St. George jail, 85, 91 Brown, James M., Ogden policeman, 163 Brown, Moroni F., Ogden assistant jailer, 163, 166, 172 Brown, Mrs. I. Cameron, Press Club entertained by, 250 Browning, Jacob, interpreter at Fort Hall, 175, 185 Brunell, J. F., editor, Piute Pioneer, 292, 293 Bryan, William Jennings, as speaker, 319 Bryce Canyon, 315, 348, 353, 357, 361, 362; economic potential of, 354, 3 6 0 - 6 2 ; exploration near, 3 4 8 - 5 0 ; legislative memorial on, 3 5 7 - 5 8 ; Mormon settlements near, 351 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 52, 354; role of Forest Service in publicizing, 354-56, 358; tourist facilities at, 315,

406 358-62, 361, 362; and U P railroad, 355, 359-62, 361, 362 Bryce, Ebenezer, settler near Bryce Canyon, 351-52 Buchanan, Frederick S., history of British in U t a h by, 374 Buckskin Charley, Capote leader, 194, 195 Bugler (Brigham C i t y ) , rivalry of, with Herald, 297 Bullion-Beck, Eureka mine, strike at, 107, 150-54, 156 Bulloch, David, livestock of, 95 Burnett, Capt. Robert L., at Promontory, 365 Burt, George, Gosiute, arrest of, ordered, 183 Burt, Olive, folklorist, 92 Burton, I s t L t . George H., at Promontory, 365 Butte Miners' Union, and Western Federation of Miners, 155

Caine, Margaret, 244 Call, Anson, Fillmore settler, 15-16 Campbell, Aggie, church party of, 253 Campbell, Annie, church party of, 253 Canaan Cooperative Stock Co., 95 Cannon, George Q . : controversial sermon of, 2 5 3 ; U t a h lands described by, 9-10 Cannon, M a r t h a Hughes, state senator, 277, 288 Cannonville and East Fork Irrigation Co., 352 Can Science Have a Religion?

by C. T .

Barnes, 337 Cantwell, J o h n Joseph, Catholic bishop of L.A., 129 Capote, Southern Ute band, 191, 196-97 Carlisle Cattle Co., 199 Carlson, Jens Peter, Spring City home of, 75, 76 Cathedral of Saint Mary Magdalene. See Cathedral of die Madeleine Cathedral of the Madeleine: acoustics of, 116; architecture a n d interior appointments of, 113, 1 1 3 - 3 0 , 7 / 7 , 122, 124, 127, 129; consecration of, 130; construction of, 108-9, 110; dedication of, 114; deterioration and restoration of, 131-32, 132; name of, changed, 130; organ in, 125-26, 127; relics in, 120, 129; symbolism of, 111 Catholic c h u r c h : and Mexican-Americans, 133, 1 3 4 - 3 6 ; missions of, in West, 1 1 1 ; and Mormons, 111, 112, 126, 128-29, 1 3 1 ; prejudice against, 111, schools of, 112 Catholics in Eureka, 149, 153-54, 156 Carnahan, J o h n D., Ogden surgeon, 167 Cedar City, U t a h , settlement of, 14-15, 23 Cedar City Co-op Store, 15 Central Pacific Railroad, completion ceremonies of, at Promontory, 364—64, 363,366, 368, 369, 371, 373 Centro Civico Mexicano, 135 Chase, Robert S., Boston artist, 123 Children's Service Society, 256 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: character of, in Dixie, 8 0 - 8 2 ; and Darwinism, 9 6 ; harsh lands settlements of, 9-25, 10-11 \ a n d Mexican-Americans, 136; M I A of, 2 6 9 ; opposition of, to free public schools, 2 6 7 ; Primary of, 2 5 2 - 7 5 ; sexism of, 225,

Utah Historical

Quarterly

2 3 5 ; and speaking in tongues, 2 4 6 ; and wine, 88. See also Mormons and names of church leaders Chadwick, G. W., 384 Chandler, Russell, blacksmith, 94 Chapin, , class of, 245, 246 Charles, William, Welsh minister in Denver, 375 Chase, Josephine Streeper, diary of, 277 Chicano movement, goals of, 140—44 Children's Friend, LDS Primary magazine, 266-67, 270-71, 2 7 3 - 7 4 Christiansen, Donald G., Presbyterian pastor, 431 Clawson, Emily, and L D S Primary, 245 Clayton, William, U t a h lands described by, 6 Clifton, U t a h , settlement of, 351-52 Glover, Jim, interpreter at Deep Creek, 175, 178, 182 Cluley, 1st Lt. J o h n F., at Promontory, 365 Cogswell, M a j . Milton, at Promontory, 365, 367 Collegiate Institute, 255-56 Collins, James Earl, Catholic priest, 136 Colorado, Welsh in, 375-77 Comer, G. W., Methodist Episcopal minister, 153, 154 Comes, J o h n Theodore, architect for Cathedral of the Madeleine interior, 114-17, 120-21, 124-25, 128 Comision Honorifica Mexicana, 135 Comite Patriotico Mexicana, 135 Comstock, Sarah, journalist, 90 Connel, John, army deserter, 372 Connor, Patrick E.: a n d mining, 93, 147; at Promontory ceremonies, 372 Cooper, Ann, polygamous family of, 90 Coray, M a r t h a Jane, Mona, U t a h , ranch wife, 276-77 Cotton Mission, founding of, 17-22 Coughlin, Patrick, execution of, 160 Couzins, Phoebe Wilson, lecturer and lobbyist, 244-45 Covington, Robert, LDS bishop at Washington, U t a h , 87 Cox, M a r t h a Cragun, Washington County schoolteacher, 288 Cram, Ralph Adams, A I A president, 114, 123, 124 Crouch-Hazlett, Ida, Socialist party organizer, 223-24 Culmsee, Carlton (son), 27, 3 3 - 3 5 , 37, 3 9 40, 41 Culmsee, Clara Hansen (wife), homesteader on Escalante desert, 27—41 Culmsee, El Vera ( d a u g h t e r ) , 27, 33 Culmsee, Ludwig Alfred, homesteader and retired physician, experiences of, on Escalante Desert, 26, 26-41 Currier, Nataline, army wife, 3 6 5 - 6 6 , 367 Currier, 2d Lt. J. Charles, at Promontory ceremonies, diary of, 365-67, 372 Cutler, J o h n C , governor, and good roads movement, 60, 62

Daily Chronicle (University of U t a h ) , opinions of, on women educators, 257

Index Damon, Charles, Jr., Western Shoshone, and draft resistance, 179, 180, 186 Dancis, Bruce, study of socialism by, 222 Davies, Charles, Welsh choir director in Denver, 375 Davies, D. L., Welsh businessman, 385 Davies, D . T., Welsh farmer in Spanish Fork, 378 Davies, John Jones, Welsh-born poet in Provo, 375, 379 Davies, J o h n M., Welsh-language newspaper agent, 376-77 Davies, Mrs. John Jones, Welsh Methodist in Provo, 379 Davies, William D., Welsh-language newspaper representative, travels of, 374-87 Davis County farmlands, 16 Debs, Eugene V., Socialist presidential candidate, 221 Dellenbaugh, Frederick S.: route of, near Bryce Canyon, 3 4 9 - 5 0 ; and Zion Canyon, 95 Democratic party and women, 221, 294 Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, route of, in Colorado and Utah, 376-77, 385 Deseret Agricultural and Manufacturing Society, 240 Dgseret Hospital, 301 Deseret News: account of murder-lynching in, 168, 169; C. T . Barnes wrote for, 3 2 2 2 3 ; and education, 268; and Eureka strike, 1 5 1 ; and home industry, 283, 284, 285 Deseret Woolen Mill, 241 D e Witt, Calvin, army surgeon, at Promontory ceremonies, 365 D e Witt, Candace Alice, editor, Piute Pioneer, 291-92, 293-94, 301 Dillman, Mildred, writer, 46, 50-51 Dinwiddie, "Old Johnnie," well digger, 3 9 40

. ...

Dinwiddie, ' Y o u n g Johnnie," rabbit-catching of, 3 8 - 3 9 Dixie (southwestern U t a h ) : cultural development of, 7 8 - 9 6 ; settlement of, 17-22, 23 Dodge, Gen. Grenville M., U P chief engineer, 372 Dominguez Atanasio, route of, near Bryce Canyon, 3 4 8 - 4 9 Donohue, , Catholic priest at Eureka, 154 Dorrington, L. A., special agent for Indian Affairs, and Gosiute draft resistance, 1 7 7 78, 180, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188 Douglas, White River Ute, and Meeker Massacre, 191 Drew, J. J., D & R G W clerk, and Bryce Canyon, 355-56 Driscoll, James, Eureka postmaster, 154 Dugan, Pon, Gosiute Indian, 176 Duggan, J o h n : strike activities of, secretary of Eureka Miners' Union, 150, 151, 152, 1 5 4 - 5 5 ; tombstone of, 155 Durant, Thomas C , U P vice-president, 367, 369, 370 The Duration of Mind by C. T. Barnes, 336-37 Dutton, Clarence E., survey of, near Bryce Canyon, 350

407 Dwyer, Mr. and Mrs. J. C , cathedral organ refurbished in memory of, 126 Dwyer, Robert J., monsignor, and Cathedral of the Madeleine, 126 Dye, Mrs. C. E., funeral of, 248

Eagle (Kaysville), editor of, 297-98, 301 Edgar, Fannie A., Socialist, 228 Edler, A. B., Social Democrat and editor, 234 Edmunds, Leonor Gonzalez, Mexican-American customs remembered by, 134 Education: role of E. J. McVicker in, 2 5 4 6 1 ; turn-of-the-century view of, 258-61 Edwards, David, Welsh minister in Denver, 375 Either, Bert, Tintic constable, and Fisher lynching, 171 Eldredge, Fred E., editor, Panguitch Progress, 296 Eleventh Ward, educational innovations at, 268-69 Elmer, Warren W., Ogden policeman, 165 Emerson, P. H., Ogden district court judge, 168 Empey, Emma, Republican worker, 251 Enginering and Mining Journal, report of, on Mormon miners in Tintic, 155-56 Enquirer (Provo), rival newspaper attacked by, 299 Enterprise, Utah, d a m built at, 8 2 - 8 3 Ephraim Ward, 262 Escalante, Silvestre Velez de, route of, near . Bryce Canyon, 348-49 Eureka Miners' U n i o n : Coeur d'Alene strikers supported by, 150; demise of, 155; federal marshals used against, 152; middleclass support for, 153-54, 156; strike of, at Bullion-Beck, 150-56 Eureka Reporter, Socialist activities reported by, 227 Eureka, Utah, 145; middle and working classes in, 153; mining in, 149; strike at, 150â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 5 6 ; Socialists in, 223, 227, 228, 234 Evans, D. E., Welsh minister, 376 Evans, H . F., Welsh businessman, 385 Evans, Mrs. , 252

Farm Foes and Bird Helpers by C. T. Barnes, 324 Farm Friends and Spring Flowers by C. T. Barnes, 324 Federal, Joseph Lennox, Catholic bishop of Salt Lake, 131, 132 Federation of Women's Clubs, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250 Felt, Joseph H., husband of Louie, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268 Felt, Louie Bouton: husband of, 263, 264; personality of, 263, 271-72, 2 7 3 ; as Primary leader, 263, 264-75, 269 Felt, Mr. a n d Mrs. George D., Ibapah residents, 177 Ferguson, Ellen B., civic leader, 242, 244, 249 Ferris, F. W., and Gosiute draft resistance, 177

408 Fiack, Henry, soldier at Fort Duchesne, 47 Fifteenth W a r d Relief Society Store, 290 Filigno, Constantine, I W W organizer a n d husband of V. S. Stephen, 234 Fillmore, U t a h , settlement of, 15-17, 2 2 - 2 3 Finnegan, John, musician, 128 First Congregational Church, Ogden, 235 Fish, Joseph, Dixie farmer, 84 Fisher, A. W., Shoshone advisor, 175 Fisher, Joseph, lynching of, 160, 167, 168, 171 Fisher, Sgt. M a j . Charles V., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Flake, Lucy H a n n a h White, spinning and weaving business of in Beaver, 287 Fletcher, John, lynching of, 160 Foote, , killing of, 52 Forest Groves and Canyon Streams by C. T .

Barnes, 324 Forrest, Thomas, lynching of, 160 Fort D . A. Russell, 367 Fort Douglas, road-building by troops from, 47, 48 Fort Duchesne, importance of freighting to, 46, 47, 48, 50 Fort Fred Steele, 367 Fort Hall, draft resistance at, by Shoshones during World War I, 174-75, 179 Fort T h o r n b u r g h , freighting to, 46 Fox, Elisabeth, 253 Fox, Emmeline Blanche ( d a u g h t e r ) , birth of, 242 Fox, Feramorz Y. (son), R u t h May lived with, 242 Fox, Jesse M a y (Jette) ( s o n ) , 245, 2 5 1 ; birth of, 2 4 1 ; marriage of, 242 Fox, Jesse Williams, Jr. ( J e t ) (husband) : activities of, with R u t h May, 244, 245, 247, 2 5 1 - 5 2 ; marriage of, to R u t h May, 2 4 1 ; polygamous marriage of, 242 Fox, Jesse Williams, Sr. (father-in-law), 241 249 Fox, R u t h Clare (Daisy) ( d a u g h t e r ) , 245 Fox, R u t h M a y : biographical d a t a on, 239, 2 4 0 - 4 3 ; church a n d social activities of, 242, 243, 245, 248, 249, 251, 252, 2 5 3 ; civic activities of, 239-40, 2 4 2 - 4 3 , 244, 246, 247, 248, 2 5 1 , 252; husband and children of, 241-42, 244, 245, 249, 251, 2 5 2 ; as a suffragist, 243-53 Fraeful and Co., Swiss makers of liturgical vestments, 130 Francis, Pete, saloon and inn of, in Nine Mile, 52 Frank, Amos R., Indian superintendent at Deep Creek, and Gosiute draft resistance, 175-88 Frank, Mrs. Amos R., 176-77 Franklin, Capt. Walter S., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Freeman, A d a Virginia Miller, editor, Ogden Freeman, 298-99, 301 Freeman, Frederick, publisher, 298 Freeman, Legh, publisher, 2 9 8 - 9 9 Free Public School Act of 1890, 267 Freeze, Mary A. Burnham, civic leader, 250 Freeze, Mary Ann, LDS c h u r c h worker, 265, 266, 273 Fremont, J o h n C , route of, near Bryce Canyon, 349

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Froiseth, Bernard Arnold Martin, surveyor and mapmaker, 303 Froiseth, Jennie E. Anderson: civic activities of, 3 0 3 - 4 ; editor, Anti-Polygamy Standard, 301, 303 Funk, Marcus, L D S bishop of Washington, U t a h , 81 Fyfe, William W., Ogden city marshal, 172

Gale, Frank A., O g d e n city cemetery sexton, 166 Gallivan, John W., and cathedral restoration, ^ 132 Gates, Susa Young, editor, Relief Society Magazine, 301, 302, 304 Geary, Edward G , freighting activities of, 49, 51 General Allotment Act, 200, 203 Geoghegan, Mrs. Joseph, cathedral bells given by, 125 Gibbons, James, cardinal, and cathedral dedication, 114 Gibson, Arthur E., writings of, 49 Gilbert, Grove Karl, member, Wheeler Survey, 350 Gilmore, P. S., 384 Gilson Asphaltum Co., 49 Glass, Joseph Sarsfield: Catholic bishop of Salt Lake, 114, 115, 116, 116, 129; and C a t h e d r a l of the Madeleine, 114-17, 1 2 0 21, 123-25, 1 2 8 - 3 0 ; death of, 130; relations of, with community, 128â&#x20AC;&#x201D;29 Godey's Lady's Book, influence of, on frontier fashions, 286 Gold Hill, U t a h , 181 Goshen, George, Forest Service photographer, 355 Gosiute Indians: description of, by Twain, 174; draft resistance of, during World War I, 1 7 3 - 8 8 ; treaty with, 186-88 Goulding, Daniel, settler near Bryce Canyon, 351 Grant, Eva, 253 G r a n t Peace Policy, 190 Gray, Carl R., U P president, 3 6 1 - 6 2 Greenbaum, Leon, Socialist, 224 Greenough, 1st Lt. George G., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Griffiths, William, Welsh Kansan, 385 Griffiths, John, Welsh Kansan, 385 Grimes, Oliver J., photographer and lobbyist, 356-57 Gudgell, Elizabeth, restaurant manager, murder of, 160-63, 166-67 Gudgell, Frank B. ( s o n ) , 161 Gudgell, May ( d a u g h t e r ) , 161, 162-63 Gwent, Gwilym, 385

H Haeekel, Ernst, German Darwinist, 322 Hafen, Le Roy R., historian, 96 Hall, Mark, Jr., O g d e n coroner's juror, 166 Hall, Mark, Sr., Ogden coroner, 166 Hamblin, Jacob, and southern U t a h , 18, 3 4 9 50 H a m m o n d , Samuel, O g d e n coroner's juror, 166

Index H a n n a , Edward J., archbishop of San Francisco, 128, 129 Hansen, Hans A., Ephraim home of, 76, 77 Hanson, Bernard W., organist, 126 Hanson, George, Eureka blacksmith, 153 Harding, Mary Ann, mother of R u t h May Fox, 240 Hardy, Annie Kay, speaker at women's meeting, 250 n. 57 Hardy, Le Grand, winter climb of T i m p a n o gos by, 341-44, 346-47 Hardy, Pansy, folklorist, 87 H a r m o n , E. L., house of, in Nine Mile used as stage stop, 5 3 , 5 5 Harris, Franklin S., G O P candidate for U.S. Senate, 327 Harvey, William H . ("Sam J o e " ) , lynching of, 160 Hastings, Lansford, 11 Hawley, C. B., director, U t a h State Automobile Assn., 356 Hebron, U t a h , earthquakes destroyed, 83 Hemenway, Charles, editor, 299 Hemenway, Ireta Dixton, editor, Utah Valley Gazette, 299, 301 Henderson, William J., husband of E. S. Worthen, 297 Hill, J o e : efforts to defend, 2 3 2 - 3 3 ; and M u r r a y Socialists, 231 Hill, Samuel H., delegate, constitutional convention, 247 Hilliard, K a t e S.: as editor, Ogden Times, 228, 2 3 4 - 3 5 , 3 0 1 , 302; as Populist, 2 3 4 ; a n d religion, 235-36, 237; as Socialist Labor candidate, 2 3 7 ; as Socialist party organizer, 2 2 3 ; and World W a r I, 236 Hilliard, Reuben, railroad worker, 234, 237 Holmes, William H., photographer with Dutiton Survey, 350 Home Sentinel ( M a n t i ) ; parade float of, 291 Homesteading on Escalante Desert, 26â&#x20AC;&#x201D;41 Home, , party of, 248 H o m e , Weiler, funeral of, 246 Horton, Roy J., I W W member, shooting of, 233 Houtz, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of, and socialism, 231 Hoving, Lucy: death of, 226, 226; and L D S church, 224-25, 235, 237; as Socialist, 224 Howell, Edwin E., member, Wheeler Survey, 350 H u b b a r d , 1st Lt. Edward B., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Hudson, Spud, southern U t a h rancher, 200 Hughes Brothers, Colorado businessmen, 376 Humphrey, J. W., Forest Service supervisor, 354-56 H u n t , Duane G , Catholic bishop of Salt Lake, 131 H u n t e r , Andrew J., Illinois congressman, 202 H u n t e r , Frank, miners' union supporter, 152 Hurricane, U t a h , d a m and canal built at, 82, 84 Hyde, A. E., Bullion-Beck manager and director, 150, 151 Hyde, Ebba, suffrage worker, 247

409 I Ignacio, Weeminuche leader, 194, 195, 203 ibrie, M a j . George P., at Promontory ceremonies, 372 Improvement Era: Bryce Canyon article in, 3 5 6 ; C. T. Barnes writings in, 324 Indian Rights Assn., 179, 200-202 Indian Tom, 183-84, 185 I n d i a n s : citizenship of, 174, 179, 186, 187, 188; role of women among, 89. See also names of tribes and leaders Industrial Workers of the World, 156, 232-33 Intermountain Worker, Socialist newspaper, 227-28 Iron Manufacturing Co. of U t a h , 14-15 Iron Mission, 12-15 Irontown, U t a h , 4-5 Irish, Charles B., Ogden restaurant owner, 161, 162 Irrigation, problems of in Dixie, 8 2 - 8 4 Ivins, Anthony W., livestock of, 95

Jack, White River Ute, 191 Jackson, Fred, m u r d e r witness, 162â&#x20AC;&#x201D;63 Jardine, James T., Forest Service official, 356 Jennings, 2d Lt. Guilford D., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Jensen, Severine, Spring City home of, 73, 75 J o e Hill Defense Committee, 233 J o h n , David, Welsh publisher in Provo, 380 J o h n Morgan's College, 241 J o h n Paul I I , 131 Johnson, White River Ute, 191 Johnson, Jacob, Spring City home of, 76 Johnson, Joel HiM, M o r m o n hymnist, 81 Johnson, Joseph Ellis, pioneer horticulturist, 88 Johnson, Peter, Socialist party organizer, 224 Johnson, Rosemary, polygamous wife of J. W. Fox, Jr., 242 Johnston, 1st Lt. John L., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Jones, Gwesyn, doctor, 376 Jones, John G., Welsh stonemason in Provo, 380 Jones, J o h n W., Welsh businessman, 385 Jones, Lehi, express rider, and livestock owner, 9 1 , 95 Jones, Marcus, botanist-photographer, 356 Jones, Mother, speech of, at Eureka, U t a h , 227 Jones, Thomas Jefferson, Parowan Stake leader, 81 Juvenile Instructor, C. T . Barnes writings in, 324

K K a n a b , U t a h : female town administration of, 9 0 ; m u r d e r at, 92 K a n e , Francis Fisher, Indian Rights Assn. inspector, 201 Kanosh Indians, 184 Kansas and New Mexico L a n d and Title Comapny, 199 Kearney, James E., Catholic bishop of Salt Lake, 130

Utah Historical

410 Keith, Richard, Nada, U t a h , war casualty, 39 Kelly, Edward, Catholic priest, 110 Kelly, E m m a , educator, 2 5 5 - 5 6 . See McVicker, E m m a J. K e n n e d y O. A., Socialist party secretary, 226, 228 Kerr, William J., U S A C president, 3 0 - 3 1 Ketch, Jack, hangman, 158 Kimball, Heber C , a n d home industry, 285 Kimball, Precindia, a n d L D S Primary, 265 Kimball, Sarah M., civic leader, 248 King, William H., congressman, 319 Kirchmayer, Isaac, wood carver, 123â&#x20AC;&#x201D;24 K n a p p , G. J., federal liquor officer, 175-77, 185, 186 Knights of Labor, 149, 221 Knowlton, Annie Elizabeth, wife of C. T .

Barnes, 321-22, 325 K r u t e h , Joseph Wood, 333 L a b o r : high wages of, in SLC, 120; and socialism, 223 L a Branche, John, Catholic priest, 126 Ladies' Literary Club, 303 Lake Mary, 316-17 L a m b e r t , Richard G., delegate, constitutional convention, 247 Lambs Canyon, 338 Lambson, Mary J a n e , and fashion, 286 Lambson, Melissa J a n e , a n d fashion, 286 Lane, Guy, Provo employer of Mexicans, 139 Larson, Andrew Karl, historian and folklorist, 8 1 , 84, 87, 96 Lash, Don, brickmaking of, 38 L D S Children's Convalescent H o m e and Day Nursery, 2 7 4 - 7 5 Leavitt, M a r i a h H u n t s m a n , midwife, 90 Leavitt, Simon, knife assault by, 87 Lee, , mail contractor, 5 4 Lee, Ed, ranch of, in Nine Mile, 53 Lee, John D . : execution of, 78â&#x20AC;&#x201D;79; folklore concerning, 8 6 ; and settlement of Parowan, 13-14 Lee, Robert A., lynching of, averted, 172 Lefever, Minard, architectural critic, 77 Leopold, Aldo, 318, 3 3 1 , 333 Lerner, Gerda, study of housewives by, 290 Lewis, Andrew, homesteader, 3 5 - 3 6 Lewis, George, homesteader, 35, 37 Lewis, J o h n S., Welsh businessman, 385 Lewis, William S., Ogden accountant, 162 Lieftuchter, Felix B., New York artist, 121-23 Little, Decker, and cathedral, 120 Littlefield, David O., settler near Bryce C a n yon, 351 L o n d o n Society for Psychical Research, 336 Luce, Ben D., Eureka store owner, 153 Lucero W a r d , and Mexican Mormons, 136 Lyman, Caroline, and work, 277, 278, 289 Lyman, Eliza Partridge, a n d work, 277, 278, 289 Lynch, Charles, Virginia judge, 158 Lynchings in U t a h , 159-72

M McCormack, John, Irish tenor, 128 Macfarlane, J o h n M., Christmas hymn by, 81

Quarterly

M c H u g h , Frank, physician and Socialist, 230, 231 M c H u g h , Olivia H . : and Joe Hill case, 2 3 1 ; as Socialist candidate a n d civic worker, 2 3 0 - 3 1 , 234; as Woman's Peace party organizer, 231 McLaughlin, Walter W., irrigation expert, 37 McShane Bell Co., 125 McVicker, E m m a : biographical d a t a on, 2 5 5 5 6 ; obscurity of, 2 5 4 - 5 5 , 258, 2 6 1 ; and R. M . Fox, 242, 2 4 7 ; as state superintendent of schools, 254, 2 5 4 - 5 5 , 2 5 7 - 6 1 ; as U of U regent, 257 McVicker, John, assayer, 255 Mammals of Utah by C. T . Barnes, 324 M a m m o t h , U t a h , Socialists elected in, 223 Manypenny, George, I n d i a n commissioner, 192 Marshall, Robert, lynching of, 159, 160, 167, 168 Marshall, William L., member, Wheeler Survey, 350 Martell, T h o m a s Charles, Welsh farmer in Spanish Fork, 378 Maryland Brass Foundry, cathedral bells cast by, 125 Mathews, John, Welsh U P representative in Ogden, 386 Maxwell, , southern U t a h rancher, 200 Maxwell and G r a n d Canyon Cattle Co., 95 May, James, father of R u t h M a y Fox, 2 4 0 41, 242, 245 Mecklenburg, Bernard O., architect who completed Cathedral of the Madeleine, 114 Meeker, N a t h a n C , Indian agent at White River, 190-91 Meeks, Priddy, exorcism by, 80 Menhemeit, William H., army musician at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Mentschel, Sgt. Franz, at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Merrill, Jerald, Catholic priest, 141 Mexican-Americans: acculturation resisted by, 140; assimilation of, 1 4 3 ; a n d Catholic church, 133, 134, 135, 136; celebrations of, 136; cultural renaissance among, 141, 144; community organizations of, 1 3 5 ; demographics of, 133-34, 137, 1 4 2 - 4 3 ; evolution of culture of, in U t a h , 1 3 3 - 4 4 ; family ties of, 134-35, 1 4 3 ; and language, 1 3 4 35, 137-38, 140, 1 4 3 - 4 4 ; a n d L D S church, 136; prejudice against, 1 3 8 - 4 0 ; stereotypes of, 139 Mickelson, Christian, Spring City home of, 75 Midwives in southern U t a h , 90 Miles family, Nine Mile residents, 45 Miles-Pace ranch, 55 Millard County, 17 Mill Creek Canyon, 329 Millennial Star, C. T . Barnes wrote for, 321 Mills, Walter T h o m a s , Socialist orator a n d educator, 2 2 4 - 2 5 M i n i n g : labor conflicts in, 145-46, 1 4 9 - 5 0 ; M o r m o n attitudes toward, 1 4 7 - 4 8 ; precious metal production in, in U t a h , 146-47, 149; in southern U t a h , 9 3 - 9 5 Mission of O u r Lady of G u a d a l u p e , 136 Mission Indians, draft resistance of, 174

411

Index Mitty, J o h n Joseph, Catholic bishop of Salt Lake, 130 Moody, , Skull Valley resident, 175 Morgan, T . J., commissioner of Indian Affairs, 202 Mormon, home industry in, 283 M o r m o n s : a n d Catholics, 111, 112, 126, 1 2 8 2 9 ; cultural development of, in U t a h ' s Dixie, 7 8 - 9 6 ; domestic architecture of, 6 8 7 7 ; and farming and ranching, 3 4 - 3 5 , 9 5 ; folklore of, 5 - 6 ; prejudice against, 1 1 1 ; role of, in Socialist party, 225-26, 227, 2 2 9 ; settlements of, near Bryce Canyon, 351â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 52, 3 5 4 ; and Southern Utes, 198-99, 2 0 1 ; and strike at Bullion-Beck, 151, 1 5 2 - 5 3 , 1154, 1 5 5 - 5 6 ; and unions, 148; Welsh converts among, 3 7 4 - 7 5 , 3 7 8 - 8 1 ; a n d women's fashions, 2 8 4 - 8 8 ; and women's work, 2 7 6 90 Morris, D., 385 Morris, Elias, Welsh businessman, 384, 385 Morris, Mrs. W. C , 245 Morrison, Arling, murder of, 231 Morrison, H u g h , architectural historian, 72, 76-77 Morrison, J o h n G., grocer, murder of, 231 M o u n t a i n Meadow Massacre: effect of, on southern U t a h , 79, 9 1 ; folklore of, 8 6 ; site of, 86 M u a c h e , Southern U t e band, 191 Muir, J o h n , 318, 331 M u l e deer, death fight of, 325 M u r p h y , John, lynching of, 160 M u r p h y , Lou, Gosiute, arrest of, 173 Murray, U t a h , Socialists in, 223, 230, 231 M u t u a l Improvement Assn. ( M I A ) , 287 Myton, H . P., I W W member shot by, 233 Myton, U t a h , stage stop and campground at, 53, 5 3 - 5 4

N N a d a Comercial Club, 35, 37 N a d a , U t a h , homesteading at, 2 6 - 4 1 , 40 Naegle, John, vintner, 88 The Natural History of a Wasatch Summer (Autumn, Winter, Spring) by C. T. Barnes, 3 2 8 - 2 9 , 330 Navajo Indians, resistance of, to draft during ,World W a r I, 174 Nebeker, Aquila, U.S. marshal, 173, 180, 182 Nelson, A. C , state superintendent of schools, 255, 256, 2 5 7 - 5 8 , 261 Nephi Ensign, editor of, 297 Neuhausen, Carl M., architect of Cathedral of the Madeleine, 113, 114 Newspapers, women editors of, 291-304 Nine Mile C a n y o n : freighting route through, 4 3 , 4 6 - 5 4 ; geography of, 42, 4 3 - 4 5 ; inns and campgrounds in, 5 1 - 5 4 ; origins of name of, 4 4 - 4 5 ; and outlaws, 5 1 ; prehistory of, 4 4 ; ranches in, 5 1 - 5 3 , 52, 5 5 ; settlement of, 4 6 ; stage line in, 48, 50, 5 3 ; and telegraph, 47, 51 Nisonger, Sarah S., Santaquin resident, 276 Nutter, Preston, rancher, 52, 52, 55, 95

Oakley, Ann, study of women's work by, 279 O'Bierne, Capt. Richard F., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 O'Donnel, , southern U t a h rancher, 200 Ogden, Charles H., cattleman, 200 Ogden Daily Herald, account of murderlynching in, 161, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172 Ogden Examiner, Socialist department in, 228 Ogden Freeman, editors of, 298-99, 301 Ogden Standard-Examiner, Socialist column in, 235 Ogden Times: editor of, 234; woman suffrage and, 301, 302 Ogden, U t a h : murder and lynching in, 160â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 72; photographs of, 156, 164-65, 386; Welsh in, 385-86 O g d e n Woolen Mills, 241 Oldroyd, John T., state land commissioner, 360 O r d e r of Perpetual Adoration, Mexican nuns from, in U t a h , 136 Orderville, U t a h : factory at, 92; folksongs of tragedy at, 9 2 ; livestock at, 95 O r p h a n ' s Home and Day Nursery, 304 Ottogary, Willie, Box Elder Indian, draft resistance activities of, 175-76, 177, 178, 180, 182, 185, 186, 187

Painter, C. C , Indian Rights Assn. lobbyist, 200-201 Panguitch Progress, editors of, 2 9 6 - 9 7 , 301 Panguitch, U t a h , and Dixie wine, 89 Pardee, Lillie, nomination of, as senate candidate, 251, 256 Park, J o h n R., state superintendent of schools, 256, 257, 258 Parowan, U t a h , settlement of, 12-14, 23 Parry, John, second husband of Patty Sessions, 281 Paul, J. H., U of U English professor, 324 Paulist Choir of Chicago, 128 Pay, Mary Goble, journal of, 279 Peck, Joseph H., physician at I b a p a h , 179, 182-83 Peery, David H., Ogden mayor, and Gudgell murder, 163-64, 166, 171-72 Peters, , southern U t a h rancher, 200 Peters, Will J., editor, Panguitch Progress, 296 Petersen, L a M a r , musician a n d teacher, 126 Petersen, Roger Tory, ornithologist, 330 Pierce, Eli, speaker at meeting, 246 Pinchot, Gifford, 331 Pitman, Leon S., and Mormon adobe-making, 72 Pittsburgh Cattle Company, 200 Piute Pioneer, editor of, 291-92, 293-94, 301 Phelps, Sarah, speaking in tongues by, 246 Pleasant Valley ( C o l t o n ) , U t a h ; rail station at, 374; Welsh miners working near, 377 Pocatello, Garfield, Shoshone leader, 174-75, 179, 180, 185 Poetry Society, 303 Pollock, , children's party at home of, 245

412 Polygamy: effects of, on families, 8 9 - 9 0 ; effects of, on women's work roles, 3 8 8 - 8 9 Population, changes in, in U t a h , 25 Powell, John A., Price settler, 47 Powell, J o h n Wesley, activities on in southern a n d eastern U t a h , 4 4 - 4 5 , 95, 349 Pratt, Orson, and southern U t a h settlement, 18 Pratt, Parley P., report of, on southern U t a h , 11-12, 16, 17-18 Pratt, Romania B., physician, 277 Presbyterians: harassment of, in southern U t a h , 8 6 ; history of, in U t a h , 256 Preston, William B., Bullion-Beck treasurer, 151, 151 n. 25 Price, Howard, a n d Nine Mile Canyon, 45 Price, U t a h , importance of, to freighting, 4 7 50 Primary Association (for L D S c h i l d r e n ) , 245, 249, 2 6 3 ; educational changes in, 2 6 8 - 7 0 , 2 7 4 ; expanding roles of, 274—75; founding a n d early years of, 264—68 Primary Children's Hospital, beginnings of, 274-75 Progressive party, woman suffrage and, 221 Progressive Woman, 223 Prohibition party, woman suffrage and, 221 Provo, U t a h , 380; Welsh settlers in, 379, 380 Pugh, , minister, 385 P u t n a m , Capt. Henry R., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 P u t n a m , N. F., Episcopal priest, 167

la R a m a Mexicana, L D S church branch, 136 Rambusch Decorating Co. of New York, 118, 120 Rambusch, H a r o l d William, New York decorator, 120 Randall, Alfred, and Ogden Woolen Mills, 241 Ray, , southern U t a h rancher, 200 Ray, William W., U . S . attorney, 180 Reaper's Club, women's group, 239, 242, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250, 252 Reed, Samuel B., house p a t t e r n book of, 77 Relief Society, R u t h M a y Fox's activities in, 246, 248, 250, 2 5 1 ; work projects of, 288, 289-90 Relief Society Magazine, editor of, 3 0 1 , 302 Republican p a r t y : committees and clubs of, 240, 243, 2 5 1 , 252, 2 5 3 ; and good roads movement, 5 7 ; and women, 2 2 1 , 256 Retrenchment, L D S reform movement, 2 8 6 87 Reynolds, Alice Louise, professor, 277 Rich, , I d a h o a n , 252 Richards, Emily S., Republican women's leader, 256 Richards, Louisa Lula Greene, editor, Woman's Exponent, 3 0 1 , 302 Richards, Mrs. Franklin S., civic leader, 244, 245 Richardson, Evelyn, writings of, 47, 48 Riddle, Wallace, Forest Service ranger, 355 Ridgway, Robert, ornithologist and colorist, 330

Utah Historical

Quarterly

Riley, 1st Lt. Thomas F., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Riley, 2d Lt. James, at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Riter, Frank M., Indian Rights Assn. inspector, 201 Roberts, Brigham H . : second husband of Maggie Shipp, 3 0 1 ; w o m a n suffrage opposed by, 2 4 8 - 4 9 , 250, 253 Roberts, David R., state legislator and lobbyist for good roads, 56, 57—65 Roberts, Mrs. M . A., Colorado lodging house keeper, 376 Roberts, Mrs. R. E., 376 Roberts, R. M., Colorado church deacon, 376 Rockwell, S., a n d Y L M I A , 245 Rogers, Aurelia Spencer, L D S Primary organizer, 264 Ross, 2d Lt. J o h n M., at Promontory ceremonies, 365 Ross, William F., and Co., designs for cathedral by, 124, 125 Rowan, Ed, I W W member, 2 3 2 - 3 3 Ruby Valley I n d i a n Treaty, provisions of, and Gosiutes, 187-88 Russell, Bertrand, 337

Sabine, Wallace C , acoustical consultant, 116 Saint David's Society, 381 St. George Temple, dedication of, 79 St. George, U t a h , 78, 83; cost of homes in, 8 4 ; folklore in, 8 6 - 8 7 ; jail at, 8 5 ; settlem e n t of, 2 1 - 2 2 , 23 Saint Mary's Academy, 112 Saint Mary's Catholic C h u r c h , 112 Saint O m e r Boarding House, 242 Salt Lake Chronicle, account of murderlynching in, 168 Salt Lake City: Socialists elected in, 2 2 3 ; Welsh in, 3 8 1 - 8 5 Salt Lake County Suffrage Assn., 246 Salt Lake Herald, account of murder-lynching in, 167, 169, 171 Salt Lake Ministerial Assn., 131 Salt Lake Sanitarian, editors of, 300—301 Salt Lake Tribune: and Bryce Canyon, 3 5 6 5 7 ; and Eureka strike, 151, 152; murderlynching reported in, 168, 169-70, 172 Salt Lake Valley, early impressions of, 6 - 8 San J u a n County, proposed reservation in, 189, 194-203, 187, 199 San Pedro, Los Angeles, a n d Salt Lake Railr o a d ; homesteading near, 2 8 - 2 9 ; route of, 33 Sanpete Valley: decorative plastering techniques in, 6 8 - 7 7 ; m a p of, 71 Sarah Daft home for aged, 304 Saunders, F. B., stockman, 95 Savage, Levi, Dixie farmer, 84, 90 Savage, Levi, Jr., adoption of, by Joseph Smith, Jr., in posthumous sealing, 81 Savage, Levi M., Dixie settler, 81 Saxton, , stepmother of R u t h M a y Fox, 240 Saxton, Clara, stepsister of R u t h May Fox, 2 4 0 - 4 1 , 245, 249

Index Scanlan, Lawrence J., and Cathedral of the Madeleine, 110-14, 125; relations of, with Mormons, 111, 112 Scappatura, Frank, Eureka grocer, 154 Schmitt, Henry, Buffalo, N.Y., artist, 123, 125 Schramm, F. C , director, U t a h State Automobile Assn., 356 Schreiner, Alexander, organist, 126 Seegmiller, William, state senator from K a n a b , 356 Segal, George: arrest of, 1 6 3 - 6 4 ; character and motivation of, 161-62; lynching of, 160, 166, 167-72; murder by, 163 Selective Service Act, 174 Sessions, [David], husband of Patty, 179-81 Sessions, Patty, horticulturist and midwife, 277, 279-81 Sessions, Perrigrine, son of Patty, 279-80 Sessions, Samantha, editor, Woods Cross Watchman, 294-301 Shafer, John, southern Utah rancher, 200 Shaw, Anna Howard, minister and suffragist, 250, 250 n. 55 Sheridan, , I b a p a h store owner, 181 Shipp, Ellis Reynolds: as civic leader, 242, 244, 246, 246 n. 3 1 - 3 3 , 248, 250; as physician and medical editor, 288, 300-301 Shipp, Maggie Curtis, editor, Salt Lake Sanitarian, 300-301 Shipp, Milford Bard, editor, Salt Lake Sanitarian, 300-301 Shoshone Indians, resistance of, to draft during World W a r I, 174â&#x20AC;&#x201D;75, 179, 185-86 Silver Reef, U t a h , 94; Dixie wine in, 8 8 ; mining at, 9 3 - 9 4 ; a n d Mormons, 9 3 - 9 4 ; women in, 90 Simmonds, A. J., accounts by, of U t a h lynchings, 159 Sims, Joe, mediator during Gosiute draft resistance, 177 Sioux treaty of 1868, 192 Slack, Adelaide Jackson, and Cotton Mission, 287 Smith, , traveling dentist, 85 Smith, Bathsheba, 246; journal of, 279 Smith, Edna, wife of Joseph F., 252 Smith, Elias, Forest Service ranger, 355 Smith, Eva B., editor and publisher, 297-98, 301 Smith, George A.: and southern U t a h settlement, 1 8 - 2 0 ; U t a h lands described by, 6, 13-14, 19 Smith, Jedediah, route of, near Bryce Canyon, 349 Smith, Joseph F . : disguise of, 2 5 2 - 5 3 ; and woman suffrage, 250, 250 n. 60 Smith, Joseph, Jr.: murder of, 1 1 1 ; popularity of adoption to, 8 1 ; war prophecy of, 246, 246 n. 34 Smith, J. W. S., Salt Lake produce merchant, 161 Smith, Mary Fielding, wagon driven by, 277â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 78 Smith, Owen, stage stop of, in Nine Mile, 53 Smith, William E., editor and publisher, 297 Smoot, Reed, and homestead acts, 26-27 Snow, , LDS conference speaker, 249 Snow, Eliza R.: author and storekeeper, 277, 279; and "Deseret costume," 286; and

413 L D S Primary, 264-65, 266, 271, 2 7 3 ; and silk industry, 288 Snow, Erastus, southern U t a h leader, 18, 8 1 , 112 Snow, Lorenzo, daughter of, and socialism, 231 Snyder, C. W., settler near Bryce Canyon, 352 Social Democratic party, 221 Socialist Labor party, 221 Socialist Ladies Club of Eureka, 227, 228 Socialist party: beginnings of, in America, 2 2 0 - 2 1 ; symbol of, 220; in U t a h , 223-24, 2 3 5 ; women active in, 2 2 3 - 3 8 ; and women's rights, 221-23, 226, 237-38 Socialist Woman, 223, 228 Sorensen, Frederick Christian, home of, in E p h r a i m , 68 Sotter, George W., Pittsburgh artisan, 118 South Cottonwood Ward, 252 Southern U t e s : opposition of, to relocation in U t a h , 1 9 8 - 2 0 3 ; proposed U t a h reservations for, 194-98, 197, 199; removal of, from Colorado urged, 190-91, 1 9 2 - 9 5 ; reservation of, in Colorado, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194 Spanish Fork Co-op, 378, 379 Spanish Fork, Utah, Welsh settlers in, 378-79 Spanish Speaking Organization for Community, Integrity, and Opportunity ( S O C I O ) , 141 Sprague, Ithmar, hoaxter, 87 Sprague, William Forrest, study of frontier women by, 304 Spry, William, and homesteading, 37 Staines, William T., Salt Lake home of, 77 Steelfe], Alex, Indian judge, and draft resistance, 173, 176, 178, 180, 182, 185 Steele, M. M., Jr., and Panguitch Progress, 296 Steffens, Peter, Eureka cigar manufacturer, 153 Stephen, Jessie, 253 Stephen, Virginia Snow, 236; art instructor at U of U , 232, 2 3 3 ; and I W W , 2 3 2 - 3 4 ; and Joe Hill case, 231, 2 3 2 - 3 3 ; and socialism, 232-34, 237 Stephens, David, father of Evan, 382 Stephens, Evan, Welsh-born musician, 375, 381, 382-85, 383 Stephens, Jane, mother of Evan, 382 Stevens, Arthur W., Forest Service worker, 355 Stevens, Thomas, Weber County sheriff, 172 Stevenson, , speaker at meeting, 244 Stevenson, E., birthday party of, 246 Stewart, W. M., a n d woman suffrage, 246 Stone, John, army deserter, 369-70 Stormont, Silver Reef mine, 93 Stout, Allen J., southern U t a h settler, 20-21 Straight, Jim, Gosiute, arrest of, 173, 182, 183, 185, 186 Strongwil, John, Socialist author, 26 Sudweeks, Claude, Tropic rancher, 358 Sullivan, Marguerite D., cathedral choir director, 126 Syme, John, Gosiute council member, 180, 182, 185

Utah Historical

414 Syrett, Clara Armeda ( " M i n n i e " ) , tourist facilities of, at Bryce Canyon, 315, 358—59 Syrett, Reuben ( " R u b y " ) Carlson: negotiations of, with U P , 3 5 9 - 6 0 ; tourist facilities of, at Bryce Canyon, 315, 358-59

-—, L D S conference speaker, Talmage, 249 —, L D S bishop at Payson, 152 Tanner, Tapoche, Southern Ute leader, 194, 195 Taylor, , southern U t a h rancher, 200 Taylor, Elmina Shepherd, Y L M I A president, 246, 246 n. 26 Taylor, John, and L D S Primary, 264 Taylor, N. C , a n d speaking in tongues, 246 Taylor, P. G., O g d e n coroner's juror, 166 El Teatro Campesino, 141 Teller, Henry, Colorado senator, and Southern Utes, 193, 194 T e n t h W a r d Band, 372 Thatcher, Moses, president, Bullion-Beck, 151, 151 n. 25.

Thomas, Arthur L., governor, meeting of with Bullion-Beck owners, 151 Thomas, David, deputy U . S . marshal, 182 T h o m a s , Elbert D . : as college debater, 3 1 9 ; election of, to U . S . Senate, 327 Thomas, H . H., Welsh photographer in Ogden, 386 Thomas, John, Welsh transfer m a n in Ogden, 385, 386 n. 11 Thomas, R. K., & Co., dry goods store, 266 Thompson, A. H., Nine Mile Canyon described by, 4 4 - 4 5 Thompson, Alvin, route of, near Bryce Canyon, 349-50 Thoreau, Henry David, 3, 318, 333 T h o r n b u r g , T h o m a s T., and Meeker Massacre, 191 Thurber, L a u r a Ann Keeler, farm wife, 2 8 8 89 Timpanogos, winter climb of, 340, 341-44, 346-47 Tintic Mining District, development of, 1 4 8 49 Tomoke, Jack, Gosiute, arrest of, 173 Toquerville, U t a h , winery at, 88 Transportation: a n d Blue Dugway, 6 6 - 6 7 ; a n d freighting, 4 3 , 4 6 - 5 4 ; a n d good roads movement, 5 6 - 6 5 , 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 66-67 Traveler's Aid Society, 240 Tropic, U t a h , settlement and canal at, 352 Twining, Luella, suffragist a n d Socialist, 227

u U t a h Association for the Advancement of Women, 304 U t a h Audubon Society, 325 U t a h Ballet Folklorico, 141 U t a h Constitutional Convention and woman suffrage, 243, 247, 248, 249, 250, 257 U t a h Federation of Women's Clubs, 235, 237 Utah Mammals by C. T . Barnes, 324 U t a h Migrant Council, 141 U t a h Southern Railway, 241 U t a h Valley, 323

Quarterly

Utah Valley Gazette, editors of, 299, 30 U t a h Woman's Press Club, 239, 242, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250 U t a h W o m a n Suffrage Assn., 239, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249 U t e Indians, resistance of, to draft during World W a r I, 174. See also Southern Ute Indians Ute M o u n t a i n U t e reservation, Colorado, 203 Uinta Basin, importance of freighting to, 43, 4 6 - 5 0 , 54 Uintah Pappoose, first Vernal newspaper, 294-96, 301 U i n t a h Railway, gilsonite shipped on, 54 Uncompahgre Utes, relocation of, in Utah after Meeker Massacre, 191 Union Pacific Railroad: a n d Bryce Canyon, 355, 359-62, 361, 362; completion ceremonies of, at Promontory, 363-64, 363, 366, 369, 370, 373 Unions in mining, 145-46, 149-56 U.S. Army, Twenty-first Infantry Regiment of, at Promontory ceremonies, 3 6 3 - 7 3 , 363, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371 University of U t a h ; first woman regent of, 257; radical faculty member discharged by, 233

Vanhorne, William G., delegate, constitutional convention, 347 Vernal Express, successor to Uintah Pappoose, 295-96 Vernal, U t a h , rivalry of, with Price, 50 Virgin River flood plain, 22

w Walker, Silver Reef mine, 93 Walker, Charles, M o r m o n hymnist, 81 Wall, Enos, mine owner, 93 Wasatch Presbyterian C h u r c h , pastor of, 131 Wasatch Wave, 291-92 Washington County, growth and development of, 82. See also Dixie Washington, U t a h , folklore in, 8 6 - 8 7 ; irrigation problems at, 82, 8 3 ; jail at, 8 5 ; priesthood control of, 80 Watkins, Elizabeth, Ogden rooming house of, 166 Watkins, Ellen, Denverite, 376 Weeminuche, Southern U t e band, 191, 203 Weigand, William Keith, Catholic bishop of Salt Lake, 132 Weinstein, James, study of socialism by, 221, 230 Wells, Emmeline B.: as civic leader, 2 4 2 - 4 3 , 244, 245, 246, 248, 250, 2 5 1 , 2 5 2 ; as editor and publisher, 277, 302, 304 Wells, Heber M . : a n d good roads movement, 5 9 ; woman school superintendent appointed by, 2 5 7 - 5 8 Welsh: in Colorado, 3 7 5 - 7 7 ; in, Nevada, 386; in U t a h , 3 7 4 - 7 5 , 377-87 The Wending Year, poems by C. T. Barnes, 328 Western Federation of Miners, 155, 156 Western Natural Resources by C. T. Barnes, 324

415

Index Weyss, J o h n E., artist with Wheeler Survey, 350 Wheeler Survey, activity of, at Bryce Canyon, 350 Whipple, Maurine, novelist, 96 White River Utes, relocation of, in U t a h , 191 Whitney, George E., 384 Whitney, Helen M., 246 Widtsoe, J o h n A., scientist, 31, 36 Wilcox, Lizzie S., speaker at meeting, 250 n.

57 Willcox, Col. O r l a n d o B., commander, Twelfth Regiment, U . S . Infantry, 364 Williams, Griffith, Welshman in Ogden, 385, 386 n. 11 Williams, William N., Welsh businessman, 385 Wilson, Jack ( W o v o k a ) , Paiute prophet, 179, 180 Wilson, Robert F., color chart of, 331 Wilson, Woodrow, criticism of, 175 Wine, history and folklore of, in southern Utah, 88-89 Winston, , freight contractor, 46 Woman's Co-operative Mercantile and M a n ufacturing Institution, 248, 248 n. 43 Woman's Exponent: editors of, 3 0 1 , 3 0 2 ; educational innovations reported in, 270 W o m a n ' s Peace party, 231 W o m a n suffrage, diary of worker for, 2 4 4 - 5 3 W o m e n : day care for children of working, 2 5 6 ; equal rights of, in state constitution, 2 3 8 ; journalistic careers of, 2 9 1 - 3 0 4 ; p u b lic office-holding denied to, 2 5 6 - 5 7 ; roles of, in L D S church auxiliaries, 2 6 2 - 7 5 ; roles of, in southern U t a h setlements, 8 9 - 9 1 ; a n d Socialist party, 2 2 0 - 3 8 ; work of, on M o r m o n frontier, 276-90 The Women of Mormonism, 303 Women's Industrial H o m e , 247, 247 p. 41 Women's National Anti-Polygamy Society, 303 Woodruff, Wilford: response of, to Eureka strike, 1 5 3 ; U t a h lands described by, 6, 9 Woods Cross Watchman, 294, 301

World (American F o r k ) , publishers of, 297â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 98, 301 World W a r I : opposition to U . S . involvement in, 231, 2 3 6 ; resistance to draft during, 173-88 Worthen, Elizabeth S., editor, Panguitch Progress, 2 9 6 - 9 7 , 301 Wride, Evan, Welsh farmer in Provo, 380

The X-Rays

Turned

on Mormonism,

225

Yanez, Frances, and Mexican-American stereotypes, 139 Young, Brigham: advice of, to missionaries, 2 8 9 ; aversion of, to log construction, 7 0 ; a n d Catholic church, 110; death of, 7 9 ; and fashion, 2 8 3 - 8 4 , 2 8 6 - 8 7 ; and home industry, 283, 284, 2 8 8 ; opinions of, on women's work, 2 8 2 - 8 3 ; a n d retrenchment, 2 8 6 - 8 7 ; and southern U t a h , 11, 12-22, 7 9 ; U t a h lands described by, 5, 9, 1 5 - 1 6 ; and wine industry, 8 8 ; winter home of, 83 Young, Brigham, Jr., speech of, 248, 248 n. 45 Young Ladies' M u t u a l I m p r o v e m e n t Assn. ( Y L M I A ) , 240, 242, 243, 245, 246, 252, 253 Young, Lorenzo, and women's fashions, 286 Young, Mary, political meeting at home of, 252 Young, S. B., and woman suffrage, 246 Young Woman's Journal, editor of, 301, 302-3 Young, Zina H., 273 Yount, George, route of, near Bryce Canyon, 349 Your Sister's Keeper, Socialist tract, 226

Zettler, F. X., stained-glass windows of, 118, 119 Zion National Park, establishment of, 95

U T A H STATE HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

FELLOWS T H O M A S G. ALEXANDER LEONARD J. A R R I N G T O N J U A N I T A BROOKS E U G E N E E.

CAMPBELL

C. GREGORY C R A M P T O N S. GEORGE E L L S W O R T H A U S T I N E. F I F E L E R O Y R. J E S S E D.

HAFEN

JENNINGS

A. K A R L L A R S O N BRIGHAM D.

MADSEN

H E L E N Z. PAPANIKOLAS C H A R L E S S. P E T E R S O N W A L L A C E E. S T E G N E R

HONORARY LIFE

MEMBERS

EVERETT L. COOLEY J. E L D O N D O R M A N J A C K GOODMAN MARGARET D. L E S T E R L. V.

MCNEELY

A. R U S S E L L M O R T E N S E N H O W A R D C. P R I C E , J R .

M A R T H A R.

STEWART

JEROME STOFFEL

UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m u n i t y a n d Economic D e v e l o p m e n t Division of State History BOARD O F STATE

HISTORY

MILTON C. ABRAMS, Smithfield, 1985

President MELVIN T. SMITH, Salt Lake City Secretary THOMAS G. ALEXANDER, Provo, 1983 J. ELDON DORM AN, Price, 1985 M R S . ELIZABETH GRIFFITH, Ogden, 1985

WAYNE K. HINTON, Cedar City, 1985 THERON L U K E , Provo, 1983

DAVID S. MONSON, Lieutenant Governor/

Secretary of State, Ex officio M R S . ELIZABETH MONTAGUE, Salt Lake City, 1983 WILLIAM D. O W E N S , Salt Lake City, 1983 M R S . HELEN Z. PAPANIKOLAS, Salt Lake City, 1985 ANAND A. YANG, Salt Lake City, 1985

ADMINISTRATION MELVIN T. SMITH, Director

STANFORD J. LAYTON, Managing Editor JAY M. HAYMOND, Librarian DAVID B. MADSEN, State Archaeologist

A. K E N T POWELL, Historic Preservation Research WILSON G. MARTIN, Historic Preservation Development J O H N M. BOURNE, Museum Services

The Utah State Historical Society was organized in 1897 by public-spirited Utahns to collect, preserve, and publish Utah and related history. Today, under state sponsorship, the Society fulfills its obligations by publishing the Utah Historical Quarterly and other historical materials; collecting historic Utah artifacts; locating, documenting, and preserving historic and prehistoric buildings and sites; and maintaining a specialized research library. Donations and gifts to the Society's programs, museum, or its library are encouraged, for only through such means can it live up to its responsibility of preserving the record of Utah's past.

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