Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 69, Number 4, 2001

UTA H HISTORICA L QUARTERL Y (ISSN 0042-143X)

EDITORIA L STAF F

MAXJ.EVANS, Editor

STANFORDJ.LAYTON, Managing Editor

KRISTEN SMART ROGERS, Associate Editor

ALLANKENT POWELL, Book Review Editor

ADVISOR Y BOAR D O F EDITOR S

NOELA CARMACK, Hyrum, 2003

LEEANN KREUTZER,Torrey, 2003

ROBERT S.MCPHERSON, Blanding,2001

MIRIAM B MURPHY, Murray, 2003

ANTONETTE CHAMBERS NOBLE, Cora,WY, 2002

RICHARD C.ROBERTS, Ogden, 2001

JANET BURTON SEEGMILLER, Cedar City, 2002

GARYTOPPING, Salt Lake City, 2002

RICHARD S.VANWAGONER, Lehi,2001

Utah Historical Quarterly was established in 1928 to publish articles, documents, and reviews contributing to knowledge of Utah history. The Quarterly is published four times ayear by theUtah State Historical Society, 300Rio Grande, Salt Lake City, Utah 84101.Phone (801)533-3500 for membership andpublications information. Members of the Society receive the Quarterly, Beehive History, Utah Preservation, and the bimonthly newsletter upon payment of the annual dues: individual, $20; institution, $20;student andsenior citizen (agesixty-five or older),$15;sustaining,$35;patron,: business, $100.

Manuscripts submitted for publication should be double-spaced with endnotes. Authors are encouraged to include a PC diskette with the submission. For additional information on requirements, contact the managing editor. Articles and book reviews represent the views of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Utah State Historical Society

Periodicals postage is paid at Salt Lake City, Utah

POSTMASTER: Send address change to Utah Historical Quarterly, 300Rio Grande, Salt Lake City, Utah 84101

286 IN THIS ISSUE

288 It's All Downhill from Here: The Rise and Fall o f Becker Hill, 1929-1933 By Lee Sather

305 Alf Engen: A Son's Reminiscences ByAlan K Engen

310 "We Didn't Think H e Was Gonna Build It": Skiing Hits a Mining Town By Kristen Smart Rogers

326 Winter Fun in Northern Utah Valley By Beth R. Olsen

338 Cabins in the Sky By Alexis Kelner

358 BOO K REVIEWS

RickJ Clyne Coal People: Life in SouthernColorado's Company Towns, 1890—1930.

Reviewed by Zeese Papanikolas

Martha Sonntag Bradley and Mary Brown FirmageWoodward

4 Zinas:A Story ofMothers and Daughters on the Mormon Frontier

Reviewed by Linda Thatcher

David Peterson. Taleof the Lucin:A Boat, a Railroad and the Great Salt Lake.

Reviewed by Don Strack

DavisBitton. HistoricalDictionary ofMormonism. Second Edition.

Reviewed by Ronald G Watt

Sherry L.Smith. Reimagining Indians: Native Americans through Anglo Eyes, 1880-1940.

Reviewed by Todd Kerstetter

Ferenc Morton Szasz Religion in the Modern American West.

Reviewed by Jerry Johnston

James M Aton and Robert S McPherson River Flowingfrom the Sunrise:An Environmental History of the Lower San Juan.

Reviewed by Charles S. Peterson

DonaldWorster A River Running West: The Life ofJohn Wesley Powell.

Reviewed by Hank Hassell

Alan Barnett. Seeing Salt Lake City: The Legacy of the Shipler Photographers.

Reviewed by John S McCormic k

KevinJ.Ferlund. William Henry Holmes and the Rediscoveryof theAmerican West.

Reviewed by James M. Aton

As with Utahns generally, the editorial staff of the Utah State Historical Society has watched the approach of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games with great interest The preparatory work and the games themselves are certainly historic occurrences whose impact will be felt for decades to come To be sure, within ashort generation, histories of the Olympic events in their many facets will begin to animate the pages of this journal.

Knowing that "winter sports and other "winter recreational activities reach far back into our past and realizing that little attention has been paid to them, we seek to set the historical stage for 2002 with this issue The five articles that follow have come from the fertile idea bank of a dozen experts and enthusiasts who have served as an ad hoc advisory committee during the past two years Our special thanks go to Joseph Arave,Alan Engen, Craig Fuller, Sidney Jensen, Alexis Kelner, Mike Korologos, Miriam Murphy, Drew Ross, Lee Sather, Gregory Thompson, and Robert Woody for their invaluable assistance.

Our first offering is an analysis of the early beginnings of ski jumping in Utah with afocus on Becker Hill in Ogden and the flashy promoter-athlete Halvor Bjorngaard Gatsby-like in his style, looks, impact, and spectacular demise, Bjorngaard foresaw the enormous recreational potential of Utah's mountains, served as poster boy for the nascent sport of ski jumping here, and captured the fancy of thousands of spectators. Alf Engen, Bjorngaard's contemporary, took the sport to new heights in more ways than one and earned the well-deserved reputa-

tion as Utah's premier ski jumper No treatment of Utah "winter sports would be complete without a close look at him Many of Engen's achievements are mentioned in the first article, but it is only fitting that the second one be dedicated entirely to him.

A look at the early development of skiing in the old mining town of Park City follows. Focusing on town dynamics, this analysis highlights the debates, worries, environmental and social concerns, and economic impact of the coming ski industry in that unique community In contrast, the fourth article details a simpler form of winter activity—fun on sleds and skates in Utah Valley during an earlier time. Nostalgic and charming, it provides images and color that will touch readers of all ages and backgrounds

The final selection, written by the foremost authority on Utah winter sports, addresses the little-known story of ski huts along cross-country routes. It details their conception, construction, locations, and composite history Some of them now gone, others deteriorating under the weight of time and the elements, these cabins probably signify the end of an era.They certainly stand in marked contrast to the spectacular staging of the Olympic Winter Games.Whether these new, largescale approaches work for the better or worse, we happily leave to the next generation of historians to decide

OPPOSITE: Two unidentified girls dressed for sledding, n.d. ABOVE: A car full of skiers heading toward Alta, n.d.

ON THE COVER: Two girls dressed for "spring skiing" at Alta,

n.d.

It's All Downhill from Here: The Rise and Fall of Becker Hill, 1929-1933

By LEE SATHER

Ogden inthe late 1920s was acity of more than 40,000 people

The second largest city inthe state, itwas prospering asthe home ofseveral ofUtah's canning, construction, and banking interests and as amajor hub for both passenger and freight railroad service Local government officials and the chamber ofcommerce aggressively pursued projects that would promote the city and enhance the region's future, such as anew post office, lights for the city airport, anew athletic stadium in Lorin Farr Park,and amunicipal golf course. 1

But city leaders also sought atourist niche for the city In an open letter to the community inlate January 1929, P.J. Mulcahy, president ofthe Ogden chamber ofcommerce, proclaimed:

There has been no time in the history of the city of Ogden when the future prospects were brighter and the opportunities for development were greater than they now are The city has enjoyed for the past few years an unusual period of growth and development... We must give greater attention to that large tourist population of America which numbers into the millions.... A much greater effort must be forthcoming to properly advertise Ogden's conveniences and facilities to the outside public.2

A n unexpecte d opportunit y develope d almos t immediately I n Februar y 192 9 several Ski jumpers Sverre Engen, Halvor dog teams stopped briefly in Ogden on their Hvalstad, and Halvor Bjorngaard way from races in Truckee, California, to with Becker Hillbillboard, c. 1931.

Lee Sather is professor of history and chair of the history department at Weber State University

1 Richard D Poll, ed Utah's History (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1989), 687; see also Richard C Roberts and Richard W Sadler, Ogden:Junction City (Northridge, CA: Windsor Publications, 1985), and Richard W Sadler and Richard C. Roberts, Weber County's History (Ogden: Weber County Commission, 2000)

2 Ogden Standard Examiner,January 27, 1929

Ashton, Idaho.Their owners intrigued local Alf Engen jumping on Becker Hill, officials with the prospect of Ogden'sjoining c i930_ a race circuit that might bring 50,000 spectators to the city. In June, convinced by the idea, the chamber decided to establish awinter sports program featuring dog team races and ski jumping contests.Wilbur Maynard was an influential figure in shaping this decision. Maynard, who had lived in Ogden but was then living inTruckee and was aprominent figure in theTruckee—Ashton dogsled races,had visited Ogden in June to promote the winter program and to explain the benefits that Truckee enjoyed from hosting these events.3

In early September the Ogden chamber officially joined with Truckee/Lake Tahoe andAshton to sponsor dogsled races and ski jumping competitions during the winter months.The group then formed a "winter sports program committee, which included sixty influential Ogdenites and several state leaders, to plan Ogden's participation. G. L. (Gus) Becker agreed to chair this group.A prominent local businessman, he was head of the Becker Products Company, which before Prohibition had been a leading local brewery; thereafter it had been forced to rely on its soft drink products. He was also an accomplished sportsman and nationally recognized trap-shooter. Becker expressed the group's optimism when he observed:

Ogden should take her place in the elite of the world in winter sports I'm glad to assist in this fine undertaking and will do my utmost to make this event one of national importance We have the snow at our backdoor in Ogden valley and should attract visitors from all parts of the land The tie up already perfected with Lake Tahoe and Ashton certainly is a ten strike. A circuit of this character will not only afford some splendid sports in the snow season, but will unite Ogden with Idaho and California in many respects.4

The committee first turned its attention to the construction of the ski jumping hill.Wilbur Maynard was very likely instrumental in the selection of Lars Haugen as the chief consultant for this project. A native of the

3 Ibid., February 15, June 16 and 24, 1929.

4 Ibid., September 5, 9, 10, 1929.

Alf Engen. Norwegian county of Telemark, Haugen had immigrated to the United States in 1909 with his brother Anders and had won the U.S national amateur skijumping championship seven times; his brother had been a member of both the 1924 and 1928

E U.S. Olympic ski jumping teams.5 Haugen and Maynard visited both Ashton and Ogden in late summer to select sites for ski jumping hills.Originally, Ogden officials had assumed that their hill would be located in Huntsville, but Henry Beckett, Jr., manager of the Hotel Bigelow,suggested the area then called Shanghai Flat Haugen and the local committee members visited the site,located approximately three-tenths of a mile above the present PineView Reservoir spillway on Highway 162, and agreed.6

During the fall both local and regional plans moved into high gear. Representatives from the three cities selected Becker to lead the planning board, and AlWarden, sports editor of the Ogden Standard Examiner, was chosen as secretary.The group agreed that Lake Tahoe would hold its events on February 8 and 9, 1930; Ogden's events would take place the following week on February 15 and 16,andAshton's dog derby would be run one week later.7 Like Ogden,Tahoe built its first skijump in preparation for the events.Ashton originally intended to build a ski jump but never did

Becker and his committee rallied community support through a dinner for forty local leaders in mid-November.8 A.V. Smith, owner of the El Monte Springs Resort, supervised construction of the skijump during the autumn months Built at an estimated cost of $2,000,it had a total length of 305 feet from the top to the takeoff; including the apron, or landing

5 Ibid.,June 16,August 17, 1929

6 Salt Lake Tribune, October 19, 1929; interviews by author with Keith Rounkle, June 19, 2001, Ralph Johnston, June 23, 2001, Arthur Nylander, June 22, 2001, and Robert Chambers, July 31, 2001 (tapes of interviews are in author's possession); Standard Examiner, September 5, 1929.The Hotel Bigelow is the present Ben Lomond Hotel Becker Hill is now largely under the waters of Pine View Reservoir

7 Standard Examiner, October 2, December 18, 1929

8 Ibid., November 24, 1929

area,it was nearly 500 feet long.Upon completion, thejump -was immediately proclaimed the "longest ski jump in the world." Haugen, Maynard, and other program leaders optimistically predictedjumps of over 400 feet, far in excess ofthe then-current record of229.To encourage such feats, the local committee offered a $2,000 bonus to anyone who broke the world record on Ogden's hill.9 It is ironic that this venture, conceived when Ogden's "future prospects"seemed so bright,was actually carved out of the side of Ogden Canyonjust asthe "Great Crash"of 1929 initiated the Great Depression and one ofthe most serious economic and social crises ofalltime.

The organizing committee needed ski jumpers to make the competitions at Ogden and Lake Tahoe successful Their timing, at least in this regard, could not have been better Skijumping, as"wastrue of most sports, had begun as a participatory activity and, at best, as amateur competition. Along with many others, this sport was affected by economic, social, and cultural changes in the late nineteenth century that allowed more people to enjoy far greater amounts of free time and leisure than ever before. The increased leisure led to the development of athletic clubs both in the United States and in Europe to promote sports and to organize and regulate competitive activity.

But these developments also tended to encourage professional competitions in which the ordinary individual became the spectator It also led to the emergence of national athletic heroes on a much wider scale than before.Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in baseball,Red Grange in football, and Jack Dempsey in boxing are but afew examples of these heroes during the 1920s.Both the newspapers and the relatively new radio stations helped to generate interest in sports competitions and attempted to meet the public's increasing demand for coverage of organized sports. Ogden—along with Salt Lake City—became amicrocosm ofthis phenomenon with the advent of"big-time"skijumping.

Skiing itself had been practiced in Northern Europe for millennia and was carried by Scandinavian immigrants to North America in the nineteenth century Norway's major ski jumping event at Holmenkollen in Oslo "was first held in 1892 and immediately assumed international importance In the United States, ski jumping spread from the East to the Midwest, the chief center of Scandinavian immigration in the 1880s The first-known American jumping competition was held in Red Wing, Minnesota, in February 1887 Competitions soon developed in larger cities such asMinneapolis and Chicago,home of the Norge [Norway] Ski Club, and in lesser-known places such asWanamingo, Minnesota; Canton, South Dakota;and Omaha, Nebraska.10

9 Ibid., October 31, November 14 and 15, 1929; Roberta Cartwright, "Guys like Gus: Ogden's Basin Goes Big-time," Western Skiing, Dec 1945, 16 (copy in G L Becker scrapbook #2, 150, Ogden Union Station Archives)

10 Alan K Engen, For the Love of Skiing: A Visual History (Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith Publishers, 1998),

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

In Utah, skiing asapopular and practical sport was common, particularly among miners and Scandinavian immigrants and their children. But it also attracted any child who could attach barrel staves to his feet for a brief downhill flight down one ofUtah's many hills and mountains.Members of Salt Lake City's Wasatch Mountain Club, founded in 1912, regularly enjoyed ski outings. Likewise, in Ogden, members of the Bonneville Hiking Club enjoyed outings during the summer months and presumably during the winter as well. In 1915 the Norwegian Young Folks' Society began to organize frequent skijumping contests for its members. In 1929 this society changed its name to the Utah Ski Club to attract abroader base of support, and it helped construct a skijump on Ecker Hill, at Rasmussen Ranch in Parley's Canyon east of Salt Lake City.Thus, Ogden's experiment possessed aready audience among Salt Lakers aswell.11

In the Midwest several local ski clubs created the National Ski Association in 1905 to organize amateur championships. The association demanded that participants in its competitions be amateurs; this rule later preserved the competitors' eligibility for participation in the Winter Olympic Games first established in 1924.As Becker Hill was being constructed, however, fourteen jumpers, including twelve Norwegians, bolted the group to form the professional American SkiAssociation.12 Ogden had found jumpers for its new hill.Wilbur Maynard and Lars Haugen were clearly most responsible for recruiting these skiers for the trip west Maynard, although not a competitive skier himself, attended the American Ski Association's first meeting in Minneapolis in November 1929, and veteranjumper Haugen was one ofitsmost respected members.13

The two men very likely recommended that Ogden hire one member of this group, Halvor Bjorngaard (as he spelled it in Norway), as Ogden's "own" professional Bjorngaard agreed in November to become the director of the Ogden Ski Club's winter sports activities and to represent the club and Ogden in the Lake Tahoe and Ogden competitions Originally from Hegra, Norway, Bjorngaard had immigrated in 1924 to Wanamingo, Minnesota Although technically an amateur, he had probably derived most of his living from skijumping, at least during the winter, since 1926 As a representative of the Aurora Ski Club of Red Wing, Minnesota, he had established a reputation as a first-class skier noted particularly for his graceful style.14

When Bjorngaard arrived in Ogden in earlyJanuary 1930, he immediately embarked on his Ski Club duties.The club had been organized in late November 1929 to foster popular participation in winter sports and, very likely, to stimulate interest and support for the winter sports program. Al

11 Ibid., 21-30;Alexis Kelner, Skiing in Utah:A History (Salt Lake City: A. Kelner, 1980), 43-51.

12 Engen, For the Love of Skiing, 19; Standard Examiner, November 27, 1929

13 Standard Examiner, November 11, 1929 .;

14 StjordalsNytt (Norway), December 28, 2000 I am indebted to Mr Howie Arnstad for calling my attention to this article

Halvor Bjorngaard.

Warden, selected as the group's first president, served as an important link to the sports program committee The club hoped to secure 1,000 members and provide ski lessons for members and all interested youth in the region As a start, it had planned an amateur winter sports festival for local citizens for February 8and 9,one week before the Wasatch Dog Derby and the professional skijumping competition.15

Bjorngaard responded enthusiastically to the club's charge. He conducted skiing and skating classes on -weekday afternoons and all day Saturdays and Sundays at the club's El Monte Springs headquarters at the mouth of Ogden Canyon. A large skating rink, a toboggan run, and an amateurjumping hill were located there. Bjorngaard also toured schools in the Ogden area to promote youth participation in the club's sports programs.AsWill Bowman from the Standard Examiner staff reported:

It was something like a thousand years ago that some thoughtful Norseman found that long, thin strips of wood, fastened to his war boots enabled him to get over the snowclad mountains and plains of his native land easily and with great speed. It was only yesterday that a large group of young Ogdenites, under tutelage of Halvor Bjorngaard, Ogden Ski Club professional, made the same discovery.. "I vas suurely suuprised," said Halvor. "Vy dey youmped ten to tventy feet The kids are crazy about skiing and I'm crazy about the kids. They're good, too, and with a little more practice will be able to spring a surprise. I'm tickled to death about the way Ogden is responding to winter sports The only thing that puzzles me is the lack of women participants Those I've seen have gotten along fine, but there aren't enough Women should avail themselves of the opportunity to partake of outdoor sports." ...He urges Ogdenites to try skiing

Skiers on Becker Hill, probably prepping the hill for competition.

whe n they feel depressed It is on e of the world's great health producers , h e avers, and does more to develop a cheerful disposition than any other.16

The Norwegian skier also prepared the jumping hill for its first winter season.Alack ofsnow early in January 1930 caused some ; concern, but Bjorngaard optimistically predicted that someone would exceed the ! unofficial world's record of 240 feet ortherecognized mark of229 feet.17 On Sunday,January 19,some 3,000 spectators braved a swirling snowstorm to attend inaugural ceremonies in which thejumping hill waschristened Becker Hill to honor G L. Becker for his leadership of the winter sports program. Despite the weather, Bjorngaard thrilled the crowd with a single leap of 176 feet, although he fell while landing and suffered head cuts. Four amateur jumpers from the Utah Ski Club in Salt Lake City then closed the day's activities withjumps aswell.18

The presence ofjumpers and officials from the Salt Lake City ski club provided the Ogden committee with the opportunity to solicit support from the capital city.The preceding week, the Ogden chamber of commerce board ofdirectors hadhosted their Salt Lake City peers,andBecker presided at a dinner on the 19thfor Martinius Strand andP.S.Ecker,the main leaders oftheUtah SkiClub, as"well asfor Salt Lake City journalists "whohadcovered thejumping exhibition that day.19

These efforts soon hadthe desired response, for within a"week the Salt Lake City chamber ofcommerce agreed tosponsor anentry intheseason's dog races. Moreover, the Tribune's coverage of winter sports, particularly Ogden's upcoming winter festival, increased dramatically after midJanuary.20 Officials of the Utah Ski Club also redoubled their efforts to improve thenewly constructed skijump in Parley's Canyon. /Althoughnot aslong asBecker Hill,thejump wassaid tobesteeper,andskiclub officials

16 Ibid., January 26,1930.The El Monte Springs site is presently called Rainbow Gardens

17 Ibid., January 7, 1930; Salt Lake Tribune, January 5, 1930

'8 Standard Examiner, January 20, 1930; Salt Lake Tribune, January 20, 1930.

19 Salt Lake Tribune, January 15, 19, 20, 1930

20 Ibid., January 26, February 2 and 9,1930

made minor alterations inJanuary so thatjumps there would equal those at the Ogden site.The club had planned to host the state amateur ski jumping championship at the Parley's site in late February but changed the date to March 2 so that the professional jumpers could also compete after the end of their regular season.The hill was officially named Ecker Hill on that occasion.21

In Ogden, Al Warden, sports editor of the Standard Examiner, provided local readers with a steady stream of stories on Lake Tahoe's festivities in early February and on the organizing committee's plans for Ogden's Wasatch Dog Derby and the skijumping competition Earlier,he had quotedWilbur Maynard's praise of Ogden's hill and skijumping in general:

This is one of the best hills in the ski world and I see its great mission to furnish the urge for general participation in the ski sport among the juvenile and adult devotees Whe n the great audiences witness the Vikings on ski wings, soar over the phantom bridge from the takeoff to the landing point; a contender will arise from your midst and bring Ogden's name before the great sport centers of national and international fame.22

The jumpers had completed their first weekends as professionals with events in Detroit and then Omaha before setting out for Ogden The troupe arrived on Tuesday, February 11, and practiced on Becker Hill for the remainder ofthe week while final touches,such asthejudges'stand and space for the press,were added The two-day program was arranged so that the dog teams would race a 25-mile course on the mornings of both Saturday and Sunday Skijumping competitions would take place on both days at 2:30 p.m Daily admission was set at a dollar for adults and fifty and twenty-five cents for children The canyon would be closed to automobiles for the weekend; special buses and electric car service were mobilized instead.23 This was amajor event for theJunction City

The first-place prize money for both the dog derby and the ski jumping was a princely (particularly with the onset of the depression) $1,250; second place was worth $750; and $500 was reserved for third.As advertised, the $2,000 offered for a world record gave skijumpers an added incentive to do well As Sverre Engen noted later:

Whe n we arrived in Ogde n for the first Utah tournament, we noticed a check for $2,000 in the hotel window It was to go to the skier wh o could break the world's ski jumping record for distance We didn't think there was that much money in the world, but during the tournament we all tried to break the record Somehow we couldn't quite make it.24

Thirteen jumpers participated in the first professional event at Becker Hill: Sigurd Ulland, Alf Engen, Sverre Engen, Lars Haugen, Oliver Kaldahl,

21 Ibid., January 27, February 9 and 10, 1930

22 Standard Examiner, November 11, 1929.

23 Ibid., February 11, 12, 14, 1930

24 Sverre Engen, Skiing, a Way of Life: Saga of the Engen Brothers:

Enterprises, 1976), 40

Alf Sverre, Corey (Sandy, UT; Scotlo

Steffan

Bjorngaard. Mathisen also represented the Ogden Ski Club in the events of that weekend and the remainder of the season, and both he and Bjorngaard sported distinctive red sweaters with the club's name emblazoned in white letters across the front.

Warm afternoon temperatures on Saturday, February 15,made the snow extremely soft, however, and the distances recorded by the jumpers were much shorter than expected. Ulland won the first day's competition with a best single leap of 118 and best total of two with 220.AlfEngen,who had immigrated to the U.S.about six months before, was second withjumps of 100 and 113feet. His brother Sverre was third and Bjorngaard fourth.25

Again on Sunday,no new records "were established.Program officials and jumpers had worked far into the night between the jumping sessions to improve conditions,but the snow remained soft and -wet and again slowed thejumpers down Sig Ulland "won the event again Alf Engen held on to second place,while Lars andAnders Haugen moved into third and fourth, respectively Bjorngaard finished sixth after having broken abinding but not falling.

Although no crowd estimates were given for the competition, Becker and chamber officials judged the entire event to be a great success. Earl Kimball swept both legs of theWasatch Dog Derby in record time Thula Geelen, one of the two women entered in the thirteen-sled competition, was second On Sunday evening Becker hosted a sumptuous banquet, apparently at his own expense,for more than ninety people involved in the weekend activities: participants, officials, and other guests.26 In the weeks that followed, Bjorngaard and Mathisen competed in the Lake Tahoe

25 Standard Examiner, February 16,1930.

26 Ibid., February 15, 16, 17, 25, 1930. See also a draft of Becker's report to the Ogden chamber of commerce, February 24,1930, Becker scrapbook #1 , 99, Ogden Union Station archives

Trogstad, Bert Wilcheck, Halvor Sverre Engen, Steffan Trogstad, Hvalstad, Einar Fredbo, Alf Mathisen, Carl Einar Fredbo, Alf Engen, and Hall, Ted Rex, and Ogden's Halvor Halvor Hvalstad.

tournament and then at the opening of Ecker Hill.The distances recorded atEcker were similar to those of February's event atBecker Hill.27

The public's increased interest in winter sports—professional, amateur, and participatory—paid off, and Becker Hill's first season was by any standard a tremendous success On the one hand, the skijumping competition provided Ogden with much greater publicity than before; it also encouraged Ogden's tourist trade for at least a few days in the winter. Merchants apparently sold more skis and other winter sports equipment than ever before, which was particularly remarkable since the depression had already impacted bothjobs and pocketbooks.28

But an unexpected bonus was the permanent appeal this region acquired for many of the Norwegian skijumpers Though they had settled at first in the Midwest, they now began to be attracted to the West According to a Salt Lake City reporter,

O n the return trip from Rasmussen's ranch, site of the state meet in Parley's canyon, Norwegian "ohs" and "ahs" were continuous as these international ski daredevils gazed with rapturous delight upo n Utah's picturesque mountains. Alf Engen, the Norwegian ski champ, was enthusiastic enough about Salt Lake and Ogde n ski hills to express the desire to live in the west President Torguson [of the American Ski Association] declared that Alf wasn't the only ski rider wh o wished to settle in the Rock y Mountain region.29

Bjorngaard andAlfMathisen had decided very early to remain in Ogden for the summer. 30 Both played during the summer on the Ogden soccer team that won the state championship, and Bjorngaard received all-state honorable mention that season for his play.31 Their presence gave added significance to the local team's matches against theVikings, a Salt Lake City team comprised mainly of Norwegians and featuring many of the same ski jumpers, such as Fredbo, Hvalstad, and the Engen brothers, against whom Bjorngaard and Mathisen had competed during the winter and who had indeed stayed in the area during the off-season.32

Bjorngaard was employed locally as amason but also spent several weeks working on Becker Hill In either the summer of 1930 or 1931 he had the assistance ofLars Haugen, Halvar Hvalstad, and Sverre Engen According to Sverre:

There were days whe n not too much work was accomplished Halvar was the brew meister and there were two crocks which were kept in ice-cold water that flowed from one of the old mine shafts nearby. On e was used in the brewing stage, and the other was for sipping and had a cup attached to it. Whenever we got a little thirsty, you can guess where we went As the day progressed and became warmer, the trips to the crock

27 Standard Examiner, March 3, 1930

28 Draft of G L Becker's report to the Ogden chamber of commerce, February 28, 1931, Becker scrapbook #2 , 105

29 Salt Lake Tribune, March 4, 1930

30 Standard Examiner, February 6, 1930

31 Ibid., March 6, 1931

32 Ibid., March 30, October 1, 1930.

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

becam e mor e frequent By afternoon our priorities had shifted from actually working on the hill to just discussing the next day's plan.33

Because of, or perhaps despite, these trips to thestill waters,considerable improvements were made onthehill during thesummer of 1930,including wooden steps installed alongside thejump.However, itwas not until mid-December 1930 that work onthetakeoff area was undertaken. 34 Once the winter snow arrived in mid-December 1930, Bjorngaard enthusiastically resumed hisduties with theOgden SkiClub He provided ski instruction to schoolchildren during the week, worked with children and adults atthereservoir onSaturdays,anddidthesame inHuntsville on Sundays.35

Sverre Engen jumping on Becker Hill, January 1930.

In themeantime,plans forOgden's winter sports program for 1931 were being made.E.R.Alton, immediate past president ofthe Ogden chamber ofcommerce,assumed anincreasingly important role bybecoming tournament manager.The cooperation among Ogden,Tahoe, andAshton took a more organized approach when theconsortium wasrenamed theWestern America Winter Sports Association. LosAngeles, with itsBigPine resort some ninety miles from the city, wasaccepted as a new member ofthe group.Becker remained president ofthe association,andWarden continued as secretary Ogden,Tahoe, andLosAngeles would offer both adogderby and skijumping, andAshton, as before, would continue to sponsor its American DogDerby.36 Dates for the activities were also changed so that Ogden began events atitswinter carnival onJanuary 23and24,with the others following afterwards Thelocal committee decided to reduce daily admission prices for Ogden's events to fifty cents for adults andten cents for children, aprice drop very likely influenced asmuch bythe depression asbythedesire todraw more spectators.37

Prior tothemain winter festival,severaljumping competitions were held to test the"perfected" hill and to stimulate spectator interest Bjorngaard and Mathisen both participated in aNewYear's Dayjumping competition at Ecker Hill Bjorngaard placed second in that event, which Alf Engen won with anunofficial world record leap of247 feet. OnJanuary 4Alfand Sverre Engen, other Salt Lakejumpers, and an estimated 8,000 spectators attended anexhibition performance byBjorngaard andMathisen atBecker

33 Alan Engen, For the Love of Skiing, 31 For a somewhat different version of the same situation, see Sverre Engen, Skiing: A Way of Life, 45. Sverre dates this as the summer of 1931. Alan Engen places it within the context of the construction of Becker Hill in 1929

34 Standard Examiner, December 17 and 24,1930

35 Ibid., December 9, 19, 21, 1930

36 Ibid., October 13, November 3, December 18, 1930

37Ibid.,January21,1931

Hill.Bjorngaard reportedly recorded onejump of 201 feet aswell as others of 155 and 185—all considerably beyond those of 1930.38

One week later an estimated 2,000 spectators braved a "winter snowfall to observe both professional and young skiers perform. For youngsters, cross-country ski races and ski jumping contests were held on a practice hill erected east of the main hill Bjorngaard, Mathisen, the Engen brothers, and Einar Fredbo all assisted in these activities Because of the poor visibility, only Bjorngaard and Alf Engen actually jumped that day from Becker Hill. Engen jumped 195 feet on his first jump but fell on his second. Bjorngaard, however, recorded a leap of 190 feet and then followed with one estimated at 201 feet

Despite the optimism thesejumps created, the distances recorded during the two-day skiing competition held on Saturday and Sunday,January 24 and 25,were disappointing.Approximately 5,000 spectators did attend the skijumping events each day.Alf Engen won both days,with Einar Fredbo placing second and Bjorngaard third Engen recorded jumps of 200 and 199 on Saturday but onlyjumped 181 and 190 feet on Sunday.The consistently longerjumps on the first day reflected the dramatic change in snow conditions from Saturday to Sunday.On Saturday the snow was reported to be somewhat soft, with windy conditions causing some concern On Sunday, however, the course -was extremely icy.The ice not only led to shorterjumps but also caused injuries to Mathisen and Fredbo.39

The spotlight given to both the dog derby and skijumping meant that local newspaper readers were likely to follow performers in these sports through the remainder of the "winter season Ski jumping, however, garnered greater attention and newspaper space This "wascertainly due in part to the success and legendary status that Alf Engen began to establish in the sport. But in 1931 Bjorngaard, Ogden's "own" professional, was also extremely successful The Standard Examiner, therefore, promoted upcoming competitions as two-man duels of heroic proportions. On February 1 the newspaper headlined a story "TWO JUMPERS COMPETE FOR SKI GONFALON: Engen and Bjorngaard To Settle Argument Today At Los Angeles."Engen won that two-day event and set an official world's record of 243 feet.The following week, the skiers moved to Lake Tahoe, and the Standard proclaimed on February 7, "ALF ENGEN

IS FAVORED TO

WIN NATIONAL SKITITLE: LakeTahoe Classic DrawsThrong; Ogden Performer IsThreat." In fact, over the three competitions that comprised the "national"professional circuit,Bjorngaard finished third at Becker Hill, fifth at Big Pines (LosAngeles),and fourth at LakeTahoe, 300 points in all behind7\lfEngen for second place but 27 points ahead of Sverre Engen.40

Conditions on Becker Hill during both days of the 1931 meet, wet and

38 Ibid.,January 2 and 5, 1931

39 Ibid., January 7, 12, 25, 26, 1931

40 Ibid., February 10, 1931

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

soft on Saturday and dangerously icy on Sunday, indicated that fundamental problems existed with the hill. The course had a south-facing exposure, and it lay in the afternoon sun of the canyon.This essentially guaranteed that conditions on the hill could never be the best possible for jumping.41 The jump's orientation was certain to raise safety concerns and consequently affect the competitors' "willingness to compete on the hill. On the other hand, Salt Lake ski officials had made significant alterations to Ecker Hill prior to its second season,making much longer leaps,including Engen's in earlyJanuary,possible.

Ogden winter sports officials were aware of Becker Hill's shortcomings, though traffic in Ogden Canyon may have been their primary concern at first. After the first winter sports program of February 1930, suggestions were made to relocate the hill much closer to Ogden and thus eliminate the traffic problems In late January 1931, not long after the major ski jumping events of the season had ended, reports developed that a new hill at the top ofTaylor's Canyon was being considered to replace Becker Hill Bjorngaard and other jumpers examined this site as well as others near Huntsville At some point, a decision was made to proceed on the Taylor's Canyon site,for Bjorngaard was scheduled to begin work on this project in mid-June.42

He never did so,however, for he was killed on June 6 in a traffic accident After having spent much of the day with Sverre Engen, Bjorngaard left Ogden for Brigham City.At approximately 10:30 p.m. his motorcycle collided head-on with an automobile in PleasantView, about one mile east of the intersection of Highway 89 and PleasantView Drive.Both vehicles were traveling at excessive rates of speed, but later investigation revealed that the driver of the automobile was in the wrong lane of traffic at the time of the collision Ironically, the driver of the other vehicle was the brother of the young woman in Brigham City whom Bjorngaard was traveling to visit.43

Bjorngaard's death stunned the city. One week later, his funeral in Ogden was held at the large Ogden Tabernacle, very likely because of the expected number of mourners—but the choice of location was nevertheless remarkable since he had lived in Ogden less than eighteen months E.R.Alton and G.L.Becker both spoke,as did his skiing and soccer comrades The coffin was covered with flowers and a crossed pair of jumping

Halvor Bjorngaard's motorcycle after his June 1931 crash.

Rounkles, Johnston, Nylander, and Chambers interviews; Kelner, Skiing in Utah, 59 Salt Lake Tribune, February 25,1930; Standard Examiner, January 30, February 8, June 7, 1931 Standard Examiner, June 7, 8, 9, 10, 1931; Nylander interview.

skis.44 Afterward, his remains were shipped to relatives in Wanamingo, Minnesota, for services and burial there

Al Warden, whose son had participated in ski jumping contests, wrote two days after Bjorngaard's death:

Until Bjorngaard came to Ogden to serve as professional for the Ogden Ski Club, the ski sport was avery minor event In fact, afew dozen skis were sold annually by dealers Once established here, Bjorngaard's capers and personality elevated skiing to a place with the leading sports events in Utah... Thousands of youngsters of Ogden idolized Bjorngaard He worked with them, and instructed them in the art of a famous winter sport It was not unusual for Bjorngaard to carry youngsters of five or six years of age for miles on his shoulders after a program in one of Ogden's foothills.There you find the soul of the man. 45

It is fair to say that the skijumping program at Becker Hill never recovered from his death. Ski club and ski jump tournament officials attempted to find areplacement during the summer, but by late autumn the position was still not filled. Both Einar Fredbo and Sverre Engen had applied for thejob, and when Fredbo "withdrew from consideration, local officials were confident in early December that Engen would accept their offer of employment.46 Negotiations floundered, however, and the post was not filled. Ted Rex and Steffan Trogstad, both regulars on the professional circuit, represented Ogden on the ski jumping circuit during the winter 1932 season but did not perform the local duties previously carried out by Bjorngaard. Moreover, plans to replace Becker Hill were also apparently shelved after his death. Thus, only minor changes to the hill's takeoff were made in preparation for Ogden's tournament inJanuary 1932.

Other changes to thejumping circuit and Ogden's own winter program were made before the season began.The dates for theWasatch Dog Derby and the skijumping events were separated so that the dog derby was scheduled for February and the skijumping competition slated forJanuary 9 and 10.These dates coincided with Ogden's annual Livestock Exhibition, one ofthe most important regular tourist events of the city.47

Bad luck continued to plague the ski jumping competition on Becker Hill asaheavy snowstorm on Saturday,January 9,forced cancellation of the first day's jumping by the professionals, although a jumping contest for more than one hundred young Weber County contestants was completed on the nearby practice hill.On Sunday 3,500 spectators watched six professionals complete their jumps, but "soft and sticky" snow caused the jumps to be relatively short. Alf Engen won the competition for the second straight year with fourjumps that varied from 136 to 150 feet.Ted Rex and Trogstad,representing Ogden, finished fifth and last.48

Standard Examiner, June 10, 1931

Ibid.,June 8, 1931

Ibid Jun e 25, November 17, December 4 and 10, 1931

Ibid., December 13 and 31, 1931

Ibid.,January 8,10, 11,1932

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Unlike in earlier years, the skijumping competition in January seemed to bring an abrupt end to activity on Becker Hill.The Ogden area enjoyed noticeably more snow than it had in previous years, thus permitting the Wasatch Dog Derby to be run near Ogden's old airport.Junior ski activity continued, with relatively large numbers competing in cross-country and junior ski competition held in conjunction with the dog races But those activities were held close to Ogden.Although Rex andTrogstad represented the city on the professional circuit,local interest in skijumping was fading rapidly,ifcoverage in the Standard Examiner isany measure.

One year later, arrangements for the 1933 ski jumping season seemed much more hurried and certainly much lower-key than before There was renewed hope that Sverre Engen might accept the Ogden Ski Club's offer to direct its winter sports program, but again recruitment efforts failed. There may well have been some uncertainty whether Becker Hill would even be ready for the annual professional skijump competition The chamber of commerce and the Ogden Ski Club had acquired land along Ogden's east bench for cross-country skiing,tobogganing, and skijumping, and they spearheaded construction oftwo skihills at the top of29th Street, near the mouth ofTaylor's Canyon They built anotherjump much further south and a fourth near the northern boundary of the city.The Ogden City-Weber County Relief Committee provided labor for the projects.49

Preparations for the professional show may also have been hampered by indecision regarding the date of the event Organizers were only certain in the last days of December that the competition would take place on Sunday,January 8, 1933.This obviously gave organizers little time to make adequate preparations for the event The competition was also cut back to a single day,there was much less fanfare in the press,and only eight jumpers participated.After the group ofjumpers participated in the traditional New Year's Day event at Ecker Hill, they traveled to Ogden to prepare the hill for competition There is no record that any work had been done on the hill since the year before, but Lars Haugen, the venerable captain of the jumpers, pronounced the eighteen inches of snow on the course to be sufficient and said that the hillwas in"perfect shape."50

Alf Engen again won the ski jumping competition as 1,500 spectators watched his official leaps of 168 and 167 feet TAlthough conditions were said to be "ideal," soft, sticky snow again plagued the event and led to shorterjumps—not the type ofleaps that were becoming commonplace at other venues For example, Halvor "Dynamite" Hvalstad had bested Engen on Ecker Hill the week before with aleap of236 feet.51

This competition proved to be the last hurrah for Becker Hill. No written evidence on the hill thereafter has been found It has generally

49 Ibid., December 11 and 18, 1932.

50 Ibid., December 27 and 30, 1932January 4, 5, 6, 7, 1933

51 Ibid., January 1 and 9, 1933

Alf and Sverre do a double jump at the dedication of another hill named Bjorngaard, this one at a higher elevation, in Snow Basin. The dedication was February 16, 1941.

been assumed that the construction of Pineview Dam was the basic cause of Becker Hill's demise.This project entered its initial stages in autumn 1933, and construction began in 1934. However, it is much more likely that the hill disappeared in 1933 because of the liabilities associated with its location and that it would not have remained in use under any circumstances. It is also very likely that the magnitude of the depression made it increasingly difficult, despite the best efforts of Becker,Alton, and Warden, to mobilize the financial support necessary to maintain the hill or support amajor professional event.Finally, Bjorngaard's death was extremely important,particularly when the group could not find a replacement. The man had been a genuine hometown hero. He combined acolorful personality with agenuine commitment to the promotion ofhis sport and the requisite talent to compete on even terms with his professional peers.

Although Becker Hill thus slipped silently away,the Ogden Ski Club, or Sports Club asit waslater called,continued to promote winter sports activities in the Ogden area.The group sponsored a very successful junior ski jumping tournament inJanuary 1933 at a new skijump at the mouth of Taylor's Canyon.32 Later that year, the club also prepared the second ski jump atTaylor's Canyon for professional competition A two-day tournament, along with the official dedication ofthejump asBjorngaard Hill,was scheduled for the weekend ofJanuary 6—7, 1934,but lack of snow forced cancellation of the meet Similar conditions derailed a meet scheduled for one yearlater inJanuary 1935.53

On January 11, 1936, the competition and dedication of the hill were finally held. Once again, however, weather conditions played havoc with

52 Ibid January 22 and 23, 1933

53 Ibid.,January 4, 1934,January 2, 1935

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

the event Although Ogden had been blessed that winter with relatively large amounts of snow, rain prior to and during the jumping contest reduced the number of competitors to four professionals and seven amateurs. It also forced the jumpers to use a lower takeoff point, which limitedJohn Elverum's winning leaps to 108, 109,and 112 feet Alf Engen made jumps of 116 and 120 feet but declined to make a third attempt because of the poor weather conditions. In contrast, Engen won an Ecker Hill competition one week later withjumps of227 and 224 feet.54

Ogden's first efforts to promote professional winter sports thus ended with this futile and frustrating effort to maintain the legacy established at Becker Hill.The opportunities that seemed so promising in early 1929 -were certainly affected greatly by the onset of the depression.Also Becker Hill's location created problems that itsbuilders "wereunable to correct, and a suitable replacement could not be found—especially not right on Ogden's doorstep. But the venture had its positive sides as well.A clear connection exists between Becker Hill and the much more successful ski resorts that developed on the higher eastern slopes of the Wasatch Mountains later on.With the more reliable snow conditions there, Snow Basin,Powder Mountain, and NordicValley would prosper as they became more accessible to the public.

Finally, many of the small corps of ski jumpers who first arrived at Becker Hill in 1930—Bjorngaard, the Engen brothers, Einar Fredbo, and Steffan Trogstad—remained in the state and left their mark upon it. The Engens, in particular, played a major role in the development of downhill skiing as a popular sport for many Utahns and in the development of the ski resort industry But this group also represents the tendency found after this date for an increasing number of Scandinavians and Scandinavian Americans to settle in Utah,both for thejob opportunities and out of love for the mountains and outdoor opportunities that the state offers to its citizens

Ibid.,January 12 and 19,1936

Alf Engen: A Son's Reminiscences

By ALAN K ENGEN

It was Christmas Day, 1934.When most people were home enjoying the holiday festivities with their families, a lone figure could be seen making his way to the top of the Ecker Hill in-run to prepare for a jump that was destined to go down in Ecker Hill ski folklore. This was no ordinary skijumper. His ski prowess over the past several years had already catapulted him to recognition asone ofthe best flyers in the world Thejumper was a25-year-old Norwegian immigrant namedAlf Engen.

The hill,located near the present-day Pinebrook subdivision in Summit County, had undergone remodeling the previous summer by three professional skijumpers, Lars Haugen, Halvor Hvalstad, and Alf's brother Sverre Engen The purpose for the remodeling was to increase the size of the jump to make possible a new world record Alf had already set two world records on Ecker Hill in 1931.

The longest jump on record in 1934 had been made by Norway's Sigmund Ruud, who had the year before flown 303.5 feet in an international tournament in Rapece, Czechoslovakia.Although Alf himself had set several Mf Engen, at his prime as a ski world records between 1931 and 1933,the jumper in 1932.

Alan K Engen is the author of For the Love of Skiing: A Visual History and is chair and president of both the Alf Engen Ski Museum Foundation and the Alta Historical Society

farthest he had gone was 266 feet He was Ecker Hill, February22, 1937, just anxious to see if the elusive 300-foot mark before the startof the U.S. ski could be obtained on Ecker Hill, which was Jumping championships. at the time one of the largest jumps in America.

Alf later said that when he got to the top of the jump and looked down the in-run he knew he was about to go farther than he had ever gone. "I really did not know what to expect because no one had yet tried the hill with the takeoff moved so far back," he told me. "My biggest fear was not being able to judge the speed and possibly out-jump the hill and land on the flat."To land on the flat would cause severe injury.

Sverre Engen said that when Alf raised his hand to signal the start of his descent, all the jumpers at the scene and the hill markers just held their breath Alf started down the in-run with a running start, gaining momentum that would allow him to approach the take-off at a speed well in excess of sixty miles per hour His entire body coiled in preparation for the fraction of a second when it would spring up and out, carrying him into space The jump had to be timed just perfectly to be successful If he jumped too soon, his flight would be cut short If too late, the air pressure could tip him over backwards

The day was clear with no wind. Alf took off, following a trajectory that took him higher and farther than anyone had imagined, causing him to

Alf Engen.

land close to the bottom, or transition, of the hill. The impact, according to Sverre, made a loud cracking sound When he came to a stop,the markers on the hill yelled to Alf that he had jumped 296 feet, setting a new hill record That record still stands today as the longest official jump ever made on Ecker Hill

While this is only one story in alifetime of experiences ofmy legendary father, it isthe one that answers the question,"How far didTAlfgo on Ecker Hill?"The following year he flew 311 feet on the hill, but it was only in practice, not in sanctioned competition, so it could not be counted as an officially recognized jump.

Alf was born in 1909 to Trond and Martha Engen in Mjondalen, Norway, a small town approximately thirty miles southwest of Oslo. Being the oldest ofthree brothers,he had to drop out of school at age nine when their father died of Spanish flu during the Norwegian epidemic of 1919. During Alf's early life, economic conditions were challenging in Norway, and it was hard for him to find work. However, during winter months he always found time to enjoy his favorite pastime, skijumping, and he was good at it. By the late 1920s he had gained a strong reputation in his hometown as an excellent skijumper and soccer player He came close to making Norway's Olympic skijumping team in 1928.Although he did not make the team, right after the 1928 Olympics he did defeat all the Norwegianjumpers at Konnerud Kollen,alarge hill near Mjondalen. Prior to coming to the United States,Alf also finished in the top ten in international competition on the world-famous Holmenkollen Hill in Oslo.

On July 4, 1929, a group of Norwegian immigrants, including Alf, arrived atEllis Island in time to get aglimpse ofthe fireworks display going on in the NewYork harbor My father told me that he had never in his life seen anything like it and thought to himself,"This must be like what happens in America every day!" Unfortunately, it did not take long to learn that life in the U.S was not just one big celebration Shortly after clearing Ellis Island, itself no easy task,Alf made his "wayto the Chicago area, as he had been told that a large contingent of Norwegians lived there. He "was able to get ajob atWestern Electric making holes in metal plates and, later on, ajob as abricklayer's apprentice As a nineteen-year-old, he found that not knowing the language was a major challenge.He did learn how to say "coffee" and "doughnuts" from some of his associates at work, and those

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

items became his main staple for abrief time

What eventually led Alf to Utah in early January 1930 was his recruitment into anewly formed group of Norwegian andAmerican skijunipers Their idea was to make money by performing extraordinary feats in the air—making longjumps on apair oftwelve-foot-long skis fastened to flimsy boots only by leather straps It worked; the spectators loved it There were thirteen members in the original professional ski-jumping group, which included, in addition to Alf and Sverre Engen, Halvor Bjorngaard, Carl Hall, Alf Mathisen, Einar Fredbo, Ted Rex, Steffan Trogstad, Lars Haugen, Halvor Hvalstad, Bert Wilcheck, Sigurd Ulland, and Oliver Kaldahl.

The group came to Utah on a tour. My father often told me that when he first saw the beautiful Wasatch Mountains towering over the Salt Lake Valley he fell in love with this area and never wanted to leave For the most part, that is what happened; however, during the '30s he did return to the Northeast for a short time to jump in tournaments. He also lived in Sun Valley, Idaho, during the late '30s and early '40s following his 1937 marriage to my mother, Evelyn.

Alf never did compete in the Olympics. He could not compete in the 1932 Games at Lake Placid, New York, because he was a professional, not amateur, athlete (the criteria of the time differed from today's).In 1935 he -wasselected for the 1936 U.S SkiJumpingTeam but was disqualified at the last minute because his picture appeared on boxes of Wheaties, the "Breakfast of Champions" and in related advertisements. As he said on numerous occasions,"I never did get any money for it,but I got plenty of Wheaties Everyone in my family had plenty ofWheaties."

Then in 1940 and 1944, the Olympic games were cancelled due to WorldWar II In 1947 Alf was again selected for the U.S team but instead chose to honor a special request by the U.S. Olympic Committee that he coach. It ishard to tell what would have actually happened had he competed in the Olympics during his prime, but he was universally regarded as one of the finest skijumpers in the world during the 1930s and '40s It is my personal belief that, barring injury, he would have been an Olympic champion.

Besides being an outstanding competitive skier in all disciplines (jumping,cross-country, downhill,and slalom),Alfmanaged to be featured in several movies, including a Fox Movietone featurette titled Snow Trails in 1941, the Warner Brothers movie Northern Pursuit in 1943, a movie short called Ski Gulls in 1944, and the Twentieth Century Fox movie shorts Ski Aces and Playtime fourney in 1945. In addition, as a representative of the Forest Service, he was instrumental in laying out a number of ski areas throughout the country, particularly in the Intermountain and Pacific Northwest regions. Alta, Snow Basin, and Bogus Basin are but three of thirty-one areas he personally laid out during the late 1930s and early '40s.

Following his coaching experience in the 1948 winter Olympic Games,

which were held at St. Moritz, Switzerland, my father moved his family from SunValley back to Salt Lake City and took over the ski school atAlta. For the next forty years he ran theAlfEngen Ski School,which still carries his name. During those years he played a key role in developing many of the ski teaching techniques still being used and was mentor to many nowfamous ski professionals such asJunior Bounous, Max Lundberg, Bill Lash, Lou Lorentz, Keith Lange,and others.He was also one of the principals in establishing and running the Deseret News Ski School from 1948 through 1989. Over the years this particular ski outreach program has played a dramatic role in the development of skiers in the Intermountain region. Thousands of people from all walks of life and all age groups have been given the opportunity to learn to ski at very low cost through this program, which was started by my father, Wilby Durham (assistant general manager ofthe Deseret News), and Sverre Engen.

Alf's awards throughout his lifetime are too numerous to mention. However, some ofthe more important honors include sixteen U.S national championship titles (representing jumping, cross-country, downhill, and slalom); the North American ski-jumping title in 1937; world records (he once broke the world record twice in the same day); the coveted AilAmerican Ski Trophy in 1940; the Utah Skier of the Century Award in 1953;and election to the Helm's Hall of Fame in 1954,the U.S.Ski Hall of Fame in 1956,the Utah Sports Hall of Fame in 1970, and the Professional Ski Instructors ofAmerica—Intermountain Division Hall of Fame in 1989. In addition, he was selected and honored as one of the Founders of American Skiing in 1994, given the Utah Centennial "Once in a Hundred" award in 1996,and was named Utah'sAthlete of the Century in December 1999 by the Salt LakeTribune.

In the late summer of 2002,after the Olympics are over, another significant event is planned for Utah. A new facility called the Joe Quinney Winter Sports Center/Alf Engen Ski Museum will open to the public at the Utah Olympic Park near Park City.There, for the entire world to see, will be mementos from Alf's life plus an in-depth look at Utah's many contributions to ski history It isthe hope of all those who have dedicated time and effort to this museum that it will indeed be a legacy not only of the 2002 Olympics but also of all the ski legends and pioneers who contributed so much to skihistory in the Intermountain region

Am I proud of my father? You bet I am! But my pride stems not so much from his accomplishments asfrom the kind of man he was His passing in the summer of 1997 was indeed a loss for all who knew him. He seemed to love everyone,and people responded to him in kind Perhaps the most fitting tribute that can be said about my father is what is written on his grave marker:

Born of Viking heritage; educated by the school of life experiences; molded to world-class greatness through competitive achievement and tempered by a heart filled with love and compassion for all people.

"We Didn't Think H e Was Gonna Build It": Skiing Hits a Mining Town

By KRISTEN SMART ROGERS

When in 1961 United Park City Mines announced its plans to build a ski resort in Park City, Utah, the town had been through several years of a "long, hard decline."

Three Park City residents pose for a publicity photo. Its caption reads: "'Prospects look good to me,' says old-time prospector Tom St. Jeor, left, one of Park City's oldest residents, as he and Mayor William Sullivan, center, and Mark Jolley, foreman United Park City Mines Co., look over plans for Treasure Mountains Resort going up at Park City." All photos are courtesy of Mike Korologos.

1 Mining was Park City's only economic engine, and plummeting silver, lead, and zinc prices and labor disputes had reportedly decimated the mines' workforce from 8,000 during the late 1920s to less than 200 Still, hard-rock mining defined the town. Most of the people living in the coal-heated, drafty houses that clung to the mountain slopes were Democrat, pro-union, and proud of their independent lives.They negotiated dirt side roads,strung blasting wire from their homes to Rossie Hill when a television antenna went in, and used Poison

1

County

Record,

28,

Kristen Smart Roger s is associate editor of Utah Historical Quarterly. Th e author woul d like to thank the people wh o shared their stories for this article, and the staff and volunteers of the Park City Historical Society for their willing assistance

Summit

Bee & Park

Novembe r

1963; hereafter Park Record. In the early 1960s the dismal econom y in Park City induced the publisher to combin e the Park Record with the Bee as on e paper

Creek" (Silver Creek is the official name) as an open sewer. 2 Ethnically and religiously diverse,the town was nevertheless close-knit, and no economic downturn could quench the community spirit In the late 1950s the Park City Progressive Association painted houses and created a city park and ball fields. Townspeople lent fierce support to the schools, the award-winning high school band, cultural and civic organizations, and holiday celebrations.3

Robert J. Birkbeck (at right, working lathe), Paddy Langford (middle), and others at work in the Judge machine shop, where the men reworked wheels, machinery, and gear boxes from the mine to make the resort's J-bar lifts (see Salt Lake Tribune, June 30, 1963, and Larremore interview.

By 1960 a few outsiders had begun to discover Park City;in particular, college students loved it asagreat place to do some serious, hassle-free partying Even so, the once-thriving community had made its way into some ghost town guidebooks. ("We've got some damn lively ghosts up here," longtime resident Rhea Hurley said.4) When UPCM announced afuture resort, the"ghosts"could only hope that skiing would mean better times They could not guess what the ski industry would ultimately mean to the place they called home.

2 Edward Fraughton, telephone interview by author, June 5, 2001, notes in possession of author; Wilma and Ted Larremore, interview by author, May 30, 2001, notes in possession of author

3 Larremore and Fraughton interviews

4 George A.Thompson and Fraser Buck, Treasure Mountain Home: A Centennial History of Park City, Utah (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book), 239

Miss Bonanza, Joan Durrant, and attendants Bonnie Reed and Karen Halvorsen in Bonanza Day parade.

The ski resort idea had been simmering for some time. In 1954 UPCM president John Wallace began investigating the recreational potential ofthe land,5 but some of the residents had already envisioned Park City as a ski town."Pop"Jenks was one who had the vision "He would have promoted it [the town] full time if he'd had the chance He was really happy when things happened here," his daughter said.6 Fire ChiefBillBerry,who died before the resort materialized, told his children that someday the town would expand allthe way to the summit of the mountains—not abad guess,given the developments ofrecent years. 7

"Most of us who skied realized the possibilities," said longtime skiing enthusiast Mel Fletcher. "We had the mountains, the elevation, they [UPCM] owned the ground, and there were no environmentalists to tell them they couldn't cut atree down."8 Bob Burns and Otto Carpenter, both avid skiers,actually opened the door to Park City skiing In 1944,tired of driving to Alta and Brighton, they decided to lease some ground from UPCM and build their own lift in FrogValley (now renamed, for marketing purposes,DeerValley).Otto was a carpenter and Bob was a machinist; between the two they built a lift out of aspens, mining hoist cable, and a used truck motor. Their mom-and-pop resort, Snow Park, mirrored the

5 Park Record, April 13, 1961

'' Thelma Uriarte, interview by Anjie Buckner, September 13, 1999, transcript at Park City Museum

7 Larremore interview

8 Mel Fletcher, interview by author May 24, 2001, notes in possession of author Fletcher became ski patrol director for Treasure Mountains Resort In the early days, he put bindings on "all the kids' skis" and pushed skiing enthusiastically. "I was always trying to get these old skis out of the attic and get them on some kids' feet that wanted to ski This was a labor of love because I wanted to get everybody into skiing"; see Mel Fletcher, interview by Joseph Arave, October 18, 1989, and January 11 and February 27, 1990, 23, transcript at Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah.

Governor George Clyde swings a silver pick at the groundbreaking ceremonies while happy Parkites look on.

town itself. Locals worked there or volunteered on the ski patrol in return for free passes and lunch The city subsidized free lessons for town children.9 Snow Park had only one short lift, but virgin powder was easy to find, and cooperation and community flourished there "It was agreat group of people Ifsomebody was cold we saw to it that they got in to get warm," said Fletcher, who organized the ski school "If somebody needed aride back to town it was always provided It wasjust one big happy family."10

Meanwhile, Red Droubay,vice president ofUPCM, was skiing regularly at Snow Park."He used to come over...and ski at my place all the time," Otto Carpenter said "I noticed he got so he was coming over every week.... He'd ski three or four runs.... Finally it dawned on me what was going on; he was after information... So finally he got the idea of skiing and it was about five or six years later when they built the ski lift up here."11 Droubay also talked to such locals as Fletcher and to Bud Gasparac, and he took a group by snow cat to the top ofThaynes Canyon to discuss the terrain,ski down,and evaluate possible runs. 12

By the spring of 1961,the mine's plans were out in the open."We are fighting desperately to stay in business as a mining company in order to protect thejobs and the tax base for both counties [Summit andWasatch]," Droubay wrote in a letter reprinted in the paper Mentioning also the needs of the stockholders, he went on, "Our recreational program was designed as a means to help the mining company stay in business."13 On June 22 UPCM formed a subsidiary, the Park City Land and Recreational

9 Park Record, December 26, 1963 Some 170 of the area's children had participated in the ski school by this date

10 Fletcher, interview by Arave, 25.

" Otto Carpenter, interview by Joseph Arave, August 7, 1989, 25, Special Collections, Marriott Library

12 Fletcher, interview by author

13 Park Record", April 13,1961.

Development Company, to develop the resort. A year later, planning was almost complete, and Droubay went to Washington to fish for a loan from the Area Redevelopment Administration. The ARA approved a loan of $1,232,000 on August 30.14 In essence, the city, which had a total bonding capacity of only $52,000, cosigned on the loan, promising to pay back 10 percent of it if UPCM defaulted. ("And the whole town wasn't worth 10 percent of the loan!" exclaims former Parkite Ed Fraughton.) In September bulldozers and chainsaws began to clear ski runs. 15

Parkites had varying level of enthusiasm for and faith in the project Most, like Wilma Larremore and her fellow workers in the telephone office, were "very happy about it." Suddenly there was a reason for optimism: the resort offered hope that the town would not completely die. And there would be jobs. "Everyone was very enthusiastic [because] it meant work and a lot of jobs for people," said Fletcher. The local paper predicted "quaint restaurants [serving] fine foods in an atmosphere from all over the world," "bars and lounges [offering] music for dancing or relaxation," and "a gay mixture of challenging sports, leisure, entertainment and social affairs among the charming simplicity of a rustic mountain village." It envisioned "tracks of happy skiers [leading] right into the valley streets," people basking in the "glorious sunshine," skiers sending up plumes of powder, and faces wearing healthy tans—in general, "a play paradise of winter fun."

Not everyone was entirely pleased, however. Before launching into its enthusiastic description of the future, the Park Record briefly mentioned that some "expressed a wish that the betterment might come through mining rather than recreation." Others were cautious, adopting a wait-and-see attitude "When they talked about the resort, we just thought, 'Geez, that's neat.' But I didn't ever think it would happen," said Jim Santy a longtime bandleader in Park City schools Whatever the initial reaction, nobody dreamed the change would go as far as it has.16

Many were unclear even on what the first phase of the resort would entail. When UPC M began to survey the mountain, Harry Topler, the mine's engineer, called Santy to ask him to join the survey crew "'We're going to put in a gondola,' he said. And I said, 'Where are you going to get all the water?'" Topler paused, nonplussed, then he hastened to correct the misconception: '"No, no, gosh, Jim, it's gonna be on the hill.' I said, 'You're going to put a gondola on the hill?9 I pictured these rivers of water. None of us knew what a gondola was; we had no idea of what they were really

14 Th e loan got a boost when Park Record publisher H C McGonaughy attended a luncheon meeting with President John Kennedy and mentioned the ski resort plan "Look into it, Mr Salinger," the president said to press secretary Pierre Salinger; see Park Record, May 9, 1963

15 Park Record, April 13, June 22, November 30, 1961, and March 1, September 6, 1962; Park Bulletin, March 22, 1963 The resort held a local contest to name the runs, judging the entries on "sparkle and image." Mor e than 980 entries were submitted, the bulk of them by high school students Winners received ski lessons and lift passes See Park Record, February 21, April 18, June 6, 1963

16 Larremore interview; Fletcher, interview by author; Park Record, April 19, 1962; Jim Santy, interview by author, May 30,2001, notes in possession of author

talking about." Santy explains, "When you grow up without much, you really don't know what people are talking about when they talk about grandiose things. It has been that way with each change... We were hicks."17

Senator Frank E. (Ted) Moss speaks at the groundbreaking ceremonies for Treasure Mountains Resort. Seated on the front row are Senator Wallace F. Bennett and Governor George Clyde. Standing at right is David Loertscher, chair of the Overall Development Committee and master of ceremonies for the groundbreaking.

In late 1962 the mine company held meetings in the high school auditorium to explain the plans and urge residents to take advantage of investment opportunities UPCM official Droubay told people, "If you can hang on, hang on,because your property willbe worth a lot of money someday." However, although the opportunities were real,they were sometimes out of reach.A friend ofJim Santy's offered to sell him his store and all its fixtures for $1,000 Santy replied, "Are you kidding?.. You may as well have asked for a million."But as speculators moved in, there was this opportunity: "For the first time, somebody could sell their home or their business or whatever, and have money to leave on.... If they wanted to hang on longer, they made more money," said Thelma Uriarte.18 People

17 Santy interview

was replaced by a quad in 1996-97

18 Thelma Uriarte interview

The gondola lift, at 2.5 miles in length, was the longest in North America for a time Its purpose was to move skiers to the high terrain where the skiing was better The gondola could not move large numbers of skiers as fast as the resort's owners desired, especially after the advent of high-speed quads; it

S

K. (Red) Droubay, UPCM vice president and general manager, lifts sandbags into a gondola cabin to test the gondola operation. sold like "a bunch of Okies getting out of the dust bowl," Jim Santy said. A year after the first meetings, the Record reported, "Park City residents haven't had the money to speculate in this program andhave been unable, in many cases to obtain funds to finance newenterprises...and have hadtowork with what means they had."The paper mentioned disappointments, setbacks, misunderstandings, andthepossibility that people might be"pushed out of their holdings."Itpredicted a"long,hard pull"back to prosperity19

Although community members had little money to invest, outsiders began to take advantage of the opportunities Artist and skier David Chaplin visited the town with a friend in 1962 "Westarted to cast about to seehowwe could getin on theground floor," he says The two decided to buy the Imperial Hotel, a boardinghouse Within two years, Chaplin found hedidnotenjoy being abusinessman, sohesold out Heliked living in Park City,though, andhe stayed.20

Chaplin and others who began to buy property in town were only a vanguard of an expected flood. On March 22, 1963, the Park Bulletin, a community newsletter, reported its expectation that in tenyears Park City would have a population of 10,000, with almost a million annual visitors. Other predictions "were less extravagant but still rosy. University of Utah economics professor Claron Nelson told residents that the resort opening would create 106company jobs and 150indirect jobs in Park City, andhe discussed three types of future development: recreational, residential, and light manufacturing and research.The Utah Employment Security Office predicted that the resort would create more than 1,700 newjobs in the state.21

19 Park Record, November 22, 1962; Thelma Uriarte interview, 33; Santy interview; Park Record, November 28, 1963

2" David Chaplin, interview by author, May 24, 2001, notes in author's possession 21 Park Record, May 2 and 9, 1963. Nelson's development forecast was indeed accurate.The Park Bulletin issues mentioned in this article are in the possession of Mel Fletcher; copies in author's possession

The mine company and the citykept the momentum ofoptimism going by staging Bonanza Day on May 11, 1963 Although the day was cold and snowy, the town turned out in force for what was "surely the very finest" parade in Park City history Besides floats, the high school band, and cars carrying the governor, senators, mining officials, businessmen, and other notables,the parade featured asnow cat,tractor shovel,cement mixers, and aJapanese hiking team fromTokyo.MissBonanza and her attendants waved to the crowd First place went to the ninth grade for their float depicting the old and new Park City.

A groundbreaking ceremony followed at the base of the resort The owner of the town's Conoco gas station,Tom St.Jeor,dressed asaprospector complete with fake beard and two burros, dumped silver ore onto the future site of the gondola station as miners set off dynamite blasts on Crescent Ridge Governor George Clyde swung a silver-colored pick, and several speakers waxed eloquent on the future of skiing in Park City as the onlookers shivered miserably The cold weather did not stop acrowd of 300 from gathering at the park for abrunch ofhot coffee, bacon and eggs,hotcakes, and hash browns, served up for a quarter—1890 prices—by men dressed in Gay Nineties style. Square dancing, dinner served by the Park City Lady Elks, and a presentation on the resort and future plans (a golf course, arts center, clubhouse and activities center, picnic sites, swimming pool,and riding stableswere projected within two years) finished the day22

The next winter, with scanty snow on the ground, the town celebrated the grand opening of the 10,000-acre Treasure Mountains ski area. The 5,700-foot-long Prospector double chairlift, two J-bar tows, and the gondola had been completed; crews had tested the cabins ofthe 2.5-mile-long gondola,loading them with 800-pound sandbags and sending them on several roundtrips.At the resort opening,apremiere reception,"beautiful dedicatory prayer" by LDS bishop David Loertscher, and music by the high school band were highlights.Bandleader Santy remembers that the students were particularly excited that people from outside Park City were actually taking an interest in the band.The resort offered free gondola rides to the Summit House The Park Record, no doubt speaking for many awed riders, reported:

The gondola ride is an experience "out of this world" and must be taken to be fully appreciated.

One realizes they are not on a plane, nor a "flying machine" of any sort, and are tempted to feel their shoulder blades to see if wings have sprouted while they are still here on Mother Earth

The views as one travels ever upward to 9300 feet grow larger and more breath taking,

22 Park Record, May 9 and 16, 1963;"Ground Breaking Fact Sheet," May 11, 1963, copy in possession of Mike Korologos The groundbreaking celebration was such a memorable event that when the Larremores moved temporarily to Omaha and their fourth-grade son was asked to name the major holidays of the year, he named Bonanza Day; see Larremore interview. Not all of the planned amenities were built, probably because the ski resort did not live up to UPCM's profit projections

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

and the scene that spreads out before you from the summit, on Pioneer Ridg e is simply marvelous beyond description.23

The next summer, Lady Bird Johnson visited Park City to see theski area.The city paved aroad to theresort for herentourage."Itwasthe first paving in this neighborhood," said Wilma Larremore. "They put one-half inch ofoil on 8th Street andNorfolk We were a little envious because we didn't getit,[but] itdidn't last."Inaddition, thetelephone company had to give up one of its three long-distance lines so there could be a direct hotline toWashington. "It made us mad,"said Wilma. But a visit by the president's wife wasalso exciting, confirming forresidents that they were at least approaching the big time.The combined alumni—high school band eagerly went to the airport to play for her."Wewere honored shewasin town. People were excited about her presence," said Mel Fletcher.The Secret Service asked Fletcher, whowasthelieutenant ofthe Park City unit of the Summit County Jeep Posse, to organize hisposse to form a cordon around Lady Bird towatch foranything suspicious.24

Amid allthe hoopla, many realized the importance ofplanning forthe future—but fewagreed onhowbest to doit Early intheprocess, architecture professors at the University of Utah had given their students the assignment of making a town plan that "would transform an "old picturesque mining town that has little tourist appeal into an old picturesque mining town that would become a magnet for visitors."The students recommended a good coat of paint on the houses worth saving and demolition of the rest They also recommended making Main Street into apedestrian mall (anidea that hascontinued to resurface from time to time) and building an amphitheater "The university people...wanted to uncover the 'brook' going through town," remembers Wilma Larremore "Well,that wasoursewer We hadouthouses over it;weweren't allowed to play init."Shesays that although theuniversity hadsome nice plans, "none ofit amounted to much."25

InJanuary 1963thecity,perhaps with prodding from themine company, formed the Park City Community Development Committee (more often called the Overall Development Committee) to oversee planning, water, sanitation, history andvisitor relations,businesses andservices,and finances. Chairman David Loertscher, a well-respected community leader, then organized subcommittees, sometimes inviting people from out of town to help.The planning subcommittee included engineerWayne Pratt, architect Bill Rixey, and Hoke Carney, all newcomers in town. Ed Fraughton, a native sonwhohadmoved to Salt Lake City andwasestablishing himself as

asculptor,alsojoined the committee.26

Jim Santy leads the Park City High School Band at the grand opening of the resort

One of the first tasks the committee undertook was a public-opinion survey The questions,some ofwhich were slanted toward the committee's biases, elicted progressive responses.Some samples,taken from the Park Bulletin, a newsletter put out by the planning committee,include:

Do you think that the old Western mining town flavor should be preserved in Park City? Yes 287 No 39 Undecided 21

It is quite possible that ..outside interests will...build a new community on the flat below Park City... Would you like this?Yes 67 N o 224 Undecided 51

Are you able to invest money into some business venture at the present time? Yes 55 N o 244 Undecided 28

Would you like to see the old style lamp poles which now exist on Main Street remain? Yes 177 N o 109 Undecided 64

Since a street full of neon signs could detract from the old mining town atmosphere, would you like to see neon signs replaced by interesting old style hand lettered signs? Yes 236 N o 116 Undecided 82

Would you like to see the Park Record revitalized and brought back into Park City? Yes 317. N o 11. Undecided 21.

Many construction crews will be coming into this area within three months and ski meets are being booked beginning next year. Could you be prepared to rent housing space for visitors soon?Yes 20 N o 284 Undecided 29

Do you think our town should be more of a cultural attraction rather than a carnivallike attraction?Yes 269 N o 21 Undecided 48

26 Park Record, January 17, 1963; Fraughton interview Loertscher had been a county commissioner and was in office when the state staged a raid on Park City's gambling and prostitution businesses in 1954 That event put him in a "tough" position, he told Fraughton But he was still well-liked He had served as an LDS bishop for years, and his son was a "great scout leader"—which scored big points in town since scouting -was the only organized activity besides band available to Park City kids

Will you as an individual be willing to support and trust the various committees as being adequate representatives, working in your behalf? Yes 256 N o 10 Undecided 58.27

Although the survey results seemed to indicate that the town was behind preservation-oriented planning, right away the committee ran into opposition. Their first major battle was over the old streetlamps on Main Street. In the survey, the question about the streetlamps "was the most specific and the most divisive; apparently, some who supported a mining-town flavor disagreed when it came to the details. Mayor William Sullivan had been working with the state to widen and resurface Main Street, narrow the sidewalks, and put in "ultramodern" light poles, making Main Street the main route when the Guardsman Pass road was completed The planning committee, convinced that the city would need wide sidewalks for the tourists and that modern poles would damage the street's ambience, -worked with the state to determine if it was feasible to put the traffic on Marsac Avenue instead and to save the old lampposts They proposed making Main Street a one-way street and installing boardwalk sidewalks. "That was put down quickly," said Ed Fraughton, committee secretary "The mayor and city [council] felt threatened by our group.They wouldn't accept our recommendations." According to Fraughton, the labor union mentality of the government officials made them distrust whatever the mining company did Although they had supported the ski area idea, they were not anxious to bend over backward to please UPCM, and they perceived the committee's ideas as the company's "It was against the fabric of their belief system to do anything to help the company," Fraughton says. The committee lost that battle, and the modern poles went up in 1963 However, Fraughton and his co-preservationists succeeded in saving the old poles from being sent to a salvage yard, storing them behind the fire station. Some years later,in 1977,the city took out the modern lights and put the originals back in.28

The planning committee held public hearings and set up an office where volunteer engineers and architects drew up plans and designed roads. Its "wide-ranging agenda included design issues, soil and percolation tests, improvements to the sewer and water systems, the collection of historical artifacts for a museum, protection of the cemeteries, and the removal of

Park Bulletin, February 15, 1963

Ibid.; Fraughton interview.

Lady Bird Johnson tries on a western hat at the Salt Lake City airport.

A gondola cabin rises above the mid-station located near the Silver King Mine in a publicity photo. Press releases for the resort claimed that the runs were skiable with as little as six inches of snow.

junk autos. 2 9 Some residents outside the process grew resentful. Fraughton says that when he was growing up in Park City, delivering papers and working at other odd jobs, people told him that he should leave town and get an education. After high school, he did just that "But when I came back, they said,'This Fraughton guy,he went to the university and got a degree, and now he's back trying to tell us what to do.'" He felt that his former neighbors now saw him asan outsider.30

"We weren't part of [the committee],"saysTed Larremore,who worked in the mine "long enough to get damn near killed." "We were too oldfashioned to be on it. It was made up of what I call carpet-baggers, ones that come in for the spoils."Larremore thought the committee had come in to "tell me how I should live my life, when I kept the damn thing [the town] going."Jim and Carol Santy, on the other hand, "didn't pay too much attention to [the planning].We were more worried about paying rent."Besides,the committee was talking about preserving the "old flavor" of Park City, and "I didn't worry about keeping the old flavor. I only remember the house I grew up in being cold There were so many ugly shacks around. I grew up with antiques, and I don't want any antiques in my house now!" "How we suffered in these 'quaint' houses!" echoes Ted Larremore. His wife agrees."The desire to preserve history—that was the newer people Those -who were here, we cared about it but we didn't feel we had to keep it."31 29 Park Bulletin, February 15,1963 30 Fraughton interview

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

One of the committee's projects was successful and non-divisive. Believing that Park City could be "perhaps the cultural and recreational center of theWest," committee members helped put on an art show with fifty-five paintings of Park City done by nineteen ofUtah's "foremost professional artists,"asthe program put it. Chuck andJoanWoodbury donated use ofthe old LDS FirstWard building,which they owned.Volunteers from town cleaned the church basement and staffed the event."It wasn't a huge event," says Fraughton, "but we tried to start something." Notable was the fact that Park City Union, Local 4262,"gave support and cooperation to make the exhibit possible."32

There were other signs ofsupport. Once,when Fraughton had written a letter critical of the city to the newspaper, Earl Roseigh, a storekeeper on Main Street,put his arm around Fraughton and said,"That's agreat letter.I appreciate what you're trying to do." "That was encouraging to me," Fraughton says."[Roseigh] was astaunch Democrat with aminer's point of view,but he was seeing the big picture I thought ifwe can get afew people like that on our side,we can get some progressive people in office.We started asking questions, making people mad, getting them to talk together,"and launched into an effort to win a couple of seats on the city council "The election divided the town into a two-party community, not Republican/Democrat, but old-timer versus newcomer renegades—We lost."But the election was extremely close.33

After a year of trying to influence community planning, the frustrated planning committee members called it quits and closed their office. That left the city officials to deal with the proposed developments. Besides the resort, the first big development was the Treasure Mountain Inn, a threestory box-like condominium project proposed for the top of Main Street. Leon Uriarte, -who was on the city council, remembered that when the California-based developer came in with the plans,"We couldn't imagine [it].This guy must be nuts—to come up here and want to build...on Main Street He said, boy there's gonna be some big things happen in Park City and...he said,you need this 'Oh, sure,go ahead.' Ifyou want to build that—go ahead.And it was kind of funny We gave him his okay,but by god,we didn't think he was gonna build it But by god,he did."34

Many residents thought the new Treasure Mountain Inn "wasan eyesore, disrespectful of the town's architecture Others thought it was exciting "It was fun and interesting to have a new building,"Wilma Larremore says. "We liked new buildings." Carol Santy particularly remembers the excitement of having an elevator in town."Half of the town "went over and rode the elevator."35

32 "Park City First Annual Art Exhibit, September 2-8, 1963," program, PAM 6965, Utah State Historical Society archives

33 Fraughton interview

34 Leon Uriarte, interview by Anjie Buckner, October 28, 1999, transcript at Park City Museum

35 Larremore and Santy interviews

Not everyone wasquick to welcome all ofthe changes.David Chaplin remembers being anewcomer andstopping atPopJenks'cafe (atthesite of the present Mt.Aire Cafe) on his way to teach high school in the valley. Three or four local woman ranthe cafe "Theladies at therestaurant "were cautious about newpeople.They looked you over very carefully."Although they became friendly over time, these women were "always suspicious of the motivations ofpeople buying andspeculating onpoor miners' properties and planning to sell them for vast amounts of money Maybe they resented theresorts alittle.Itwasnot thegood honest work you dointhe mines."

Chaplin bought a house from a University of Utah professor "whose father wasacarpenter livinginDelta.The twotalked alotabout thehouse, and when Chaplin decided to put in a covered stairway to his door, it seemed only natural to hire the father to come andhelp himbuild it.He later recalled:

O n the second day of work, I went into the local bar, and the miners who were there knew I had hired a non-local It was not the thing to do if I wanted to get along in this community....The miners began to talk to the bartender loudly about how difficult it was to get a job as a carpenter, when people from the outside were coming in to sell their services Realizing my mistake, I expressed my regret to them, and they expressed their disgust They felt the town was being taken over by outsiders, and they were being left out of the benefits.36

Also troublesome to residents "wasthe fact that the newcomers had different attitudes and lifestyles. Chaplin was refused service in a local bar because he wore a beard Some of the newcomers got labeled as hippies "We wondered where they came from. Anyone with the least bit of long hair wasa'dirty oldhippie,'"saysJimSanty "That's -whatmymomused to call them."Ted Larremore felt that "they wanted to turn the town into a commune They didn't want to work,just wanted to sit around naked." Tensions between the hard-rock miners andthelong-haired young people grew volatile At the 1971Independence Dayparade, one ofthe "hippies" watching the parade threw a water balloon that hit the wife of a local, igniting a riot of sorts The brawl between the woman's husband and the balloon-thrower quickly grew into amelee.According to onememory,the policeman who drove up to quench the fighting "went ballistic" when water balloons sailed into hispatrol car.Miners who hadbeen in the bars stepped into thestreet,and"pretty soon there wasa fight andahalf"asthe miners joined forces to throw the hippies out of town. Later in the day, when Chaplin walked down toMain Street foradrink,asympathetic local pulled him aside and told him,"It would probably be better ifyou went home."37

36 Chaplin interview

37 Chaplin, Larremore, and Santy interviews For an account of the event, see Jay Meehan, "Riot on Independence Day," Park City Lodestar, Summer 1996,17—21.

Skiers wait to be loaded in the gondola cabins at resort opening.

Interestingly, Parkites were proud of their ethnic and religious diversity, but they were also fiercely loyal to the kind of community they had created, and certain types of people threatened that "If people didn't treat people decent, the miners "would take them to Main Street and say, 'Start walking and don't turn around,'" says Ted Larremore. He adds that although before the resort came he never heard profanity in the bars, people use profanity routinely now. "I'm no prude, but by golly it embarrasses me."His wifeWilma adds,"It "wasaclose town The people were tough, but they had high morals."38

After forty years, most of the few pre-1961 residents still in Park City recognize that the resort brought both positive and negative changes. For many, one of the happiest consequences was the extension of natural gas lines into town in 1964 And of course everyone appreciated the economic boost that skiing provided Miners did have to make a drastic change of careers, from working underground to being part of the service industry, but at least they hadjobs.Higher taxes,which forced some families out of town,were particularly hard on the older people

And the investment potential of the recreation business forced the original ski area,Snow Park,out ofbusiness.In 1969 Otto Carpenter decided to expand. He surveyed for two new lifts, which a friend had promised to finance. Then, since his lease with the mining company was due to expire, he went to Red Droubay and explained his plans.Droubay told him to go ahead and put in the lifts but that the mining company would not sign another lease agreement Otto replied, '"How dumb do you think I am? Do you think I'm going to spend all of that money and then have you say we'll buy you out at five to ten cents on the dollar?To hell with you.'I tore every god damned thing out; that was the end of it."39 The upscale Deer

Valley resort now sprawls across the slopes where locals used to ski for $1.50 aday

Over the years, the social and physical landscape of the town has changed dramatically One resident spoke of the divisions that arose after the resort was built and how the unity of the town declined.40 The Larremores speak disparagingly of the huge houses on the tops of the hills: "I call them the Houses of Usher, staring down at us They're spooky,"says Ted But he and his wife are content spending their summers in the miner's house they bought in 1948 and their winters in Arizona.Just below their house, the Park City Mountain Resort, as the ski area is now called, is building aski run that will bridge Main Street,fulfilling the prediction that tracks of "happy skiers" would lead "right into the valley streets." The Larremores do not mind, because the run -will be a park in the summertime. For them, if not for everyone, the resort fulfilled the expectations it promised when a beleaguered mine company announced its vision of the future in 1961.

Marie Horan, interviewed by Anjie Buckner, December 2, 1999, transcript at Park City Museum.

Winter Fun in Northern Utah Valley

By BETH R OLSEN

Practically the only similarity between historic winter activities in Pleasant Grove and the games of the 2002 Olympics in Salt Lake City is the need for an abundance of ice and snow.Today, in the age of chemically and mechanically frozen ice and snow, there is less need to rely on nature's whims.But in nineteenth-century UtahValley, residents used the real thing.Besides sports activities,the thick ice of Utah Lake was used for commercial and personal cooling purposes and for convenient travel.

A resort calledWoodbury Park stood below Pleasant Grove on the eastern shore of Utah Lake, and beside it stood two large railroad-owned ice houses where ice cut from the lake was packed and stored in sawdust. In January 1884,for instance, alarge force of men was working the lake daily, cutting ice for immediate shipment and to fill the two icehouses for summer shipment. At that time the Denver and Rio Grande railroad was reportedly strongly considering building ahotel at that place because of the popularity ofthe resort and the ice cutting.1

Icehouses were important backyard buildings for some families. The windowless icehouse built of self-insulating tufa stone that still stands behind what "wasthe OscarWinters house istypical ofothers built in town. Utah Lake "was not the only source of ice for storing The Mill Pond,Jens Monson's pond, and Nick Iverson's pond also yielded thick geometric shapes of ice for home storage WesleyWalker remembers his father taking him in a bobsled to theWill Ellis pond at the brickyard on the east side of town During the summer months, the water from this pond was used in the brick-making old Folks sleighing party in process But in the winterWesley watched his Pleasant Grove.

Beth R Olsen, who holds a master's degree in history from BYU, won UHQ's Nick Yengich Award for her 1994 article on the CCC She is presently writing a history of Pleasant Grove

father and others saw ice from it -with handsaws, cutting large blocks Grabbing them with huge ice tongs, they pulled the heavy, awkward blocks up a chute onto the bobsled and took numerous loads to the family icehouse There they bedded the harvested blocks between blankets of insulating sawdust to preserve a summer ice supply for the kitchen icebox. 2 During a cold winter, enough ice could be stored to last all summer

Ice was very much a valued commercial commodity, and each "winter the newspapers monitored its thickness on the lake closely until the ice bins became stocked The February 7, 1914, American Fork Citizen noted, "The local stores are beginning to -worry about the ice situation this winter The ice has never been more than five inches thick." However, because temperatures had dropped to zero degrees, the cold weather promised to "make the crop more abundant." The 1916 "crop" must have been adequate, for although the stores were by law to be closed on Sundays, the paper reported in June that "the ice bin at A K Thornton LumberYard will be open from 9 until 11A.M. on Sunday and holidays so anyone wishing ice on those days must be at the bin at those hours."The promising 1918 winter froze the ice on Utah Lake from sixteen to eighteen inches thick by January 27.The 1925 winter report was that "the ice has been unusually thick and plentiful this year." The Thornton Drug Company, the largest commercial ice distributor in town, filled its icehouse by the third week inJanuary that year, and the Headquist Drug Company had stored about fifty-five tons.Also, the Union Pacific Railroad had stored an insulated carload of ice at the depot for its employees'use.3

Harvesting ice was neither apleasure nor asport but cold, tiresome work for men.The reward came in the summer when the family had ice to cool homemade root beer, to make cold lemonade to quench the burning thirst of hay-hauling men, or to freeze quarts of refreshing ice cream in a handturned freezer on Sundays,birthdays, or holidays.Kitchen iceboxes required a plentiful supply of ice as well.Another necessary use for ice:E. D. Olpin, the town's first mortician, did not perform embalming services until the very early 1920s,when his sons learned the technique.Before that time, ice

Oscar Winters's icehouse.

2 Wesley Walker, interviewed by Mildred Sutch, September 10, 1993; copies of all interview transcripts are in possession of author

3 American Fork Citizen, February 7, 1914, June 6, 1916, January 27, 1918; Pleasant Grove Review, "Ten Years Ago," January 25, 1935

was packed around a corpse to keep it look- Ice-cutting on Utah Lake. ing nice for the memorial service

In the winter the frozen Utah Lake provided ashortcut from the mountains west of the lake to Pleasant Grove on the east side Since early days, the practice had been that before snow fell men would cut cedar posts or firewood from the west mountains and pile the wood on the lake shore untilJanuary,when the ice froze thick "It was much faster to cross the lake with bobsleds on the ice rather than go [around the lake] by way of Lehi" in the summer Usually, teams could make winter crossings on any section of the lake However, in mid-January 1918 aspan of mules with a good set of harnesses and a practically new wagon loaded with two tons of alfalfa disappeared under the ice The driver was rescued by a party crossing the lake ice in an automobile At the time, the ice on the lake was sixteen to eighteen inches thick; earlier that same week on the north end of Utah Lake,nine horses,four wagons,and about a dozen men had safely gathered in one place on the ice by Saratoga to watch the Holmstead brothers draw their fishing nets And on the day of the accident twenty-five teams with similar loads had traversed without mishap the same fourteen-mile stretch between Mosida and Provo Bay But the twenty-sixth trip was nearly fatal.4

The accident may have ended the practice of heavy load-hauling across the lake;however, automobiles had discovered the shorter winter route, and by 1920 "automobile coasting" on Utah Lake had become the latest sport. At the wheel of a "flivver with chained wheels and hand sleds trailing behind,"the driver opened the machine to itsfull speed and then turned to one side "while the trailing coasters sped on,"slipping and swirling around

4 G. E. Sandgren, "Early Crossing of Utah Lake," Manila Daughters of Utah Pioneers biographies (typescript) 3:193; Citizen, January 20, 1918 The DUP biographies are located in the Pleasant Grove city library.

the automobile Each evening,dozens of cars"were on the lake participating in the sport inJanuary 1920—and the newspaper reported the ice safe for both automobiles and teams.5

Ice-skating on Utah Lake had been apopular sport since the early years, but skating nearly proved fatal to three young Pleasant Grove boys who ventured onto thin ice on December 1, 1938. Guy Hillman and Gene Christensen underwent a frigid dousing, as did Blain Richards, who attempted to rescue the two after they went through the ice.Two other skating companions ran to the Chris Barbarkus farm and found William Nerdin, a hired farmhand, and Provo jeweler Frank Mullet, who rescued the boys with the aid of a rope The near-frozen skaters received medical treatment at the farm before being moved to their homes.6

In Pleasant Grove proper, ice-skating was available most of the winter, since the water used for drinking was run in the canals and irrigation ditches all winter. In the Manila area, drinking streams were run well into the 1930s because this farming area lacked a piped culinary system. The water froze with the first cold weather and remained frozen allwinter, creating ice highways on which skaters could travel long distances. Children and teenagers clamped on single- or double-runner skates to glide across the silver ribbons, perhaps ending up at the millpond for a day of skating. The frozen canals worked out well for the skaters, but for about two months in the winter those who depended on drinking streams for domestic water had to haul itfrom flowing wells located lower in the valley.

What of the winter snow, and how did people react to it?The January 10, 1920,newspaper cheerfully reported the heaviest snowstorm ofthe season: ten inches in the valley and plenty more expected "A storm of this

Citizen, January 10,1920

Review, December 2, 1938

kind is "worth thousands of dollars to the Fishermen on Utah Lake pulling farmers hereabouts. Sleighs are to be seen on in their nets. the streets now and the whole town has taken on a winter look," reported the paper Five years later, in December 1924, a million-dollar storm fell as a Christmas present. "The prospect of plenty of water for their crops the coming season brought smiles to the faces of men who stood in groups on the streets,just enjoying the fall of the snow on their clothing."At the time, a railroad carload of coal shipped in for widows and the poor was being hauled into town by teams and wagons.Wagon after wagon laden with coal went along the streets, the horses and men covered "with snow People said that this storm was similar to one that had come eight years previously, almost on the exact date As the week progressed, the thermometers plunged to below zero, and as water lines broke the city water master kept busy turning water away from homes.The few commercial garages overflowed with cars that had broken radiators or frozen engines.Longtime residents stated that they had not seen such cold weather in twenty-six years. 7

Winter's snows provided an opportunity for partying in Pleasant Grove, and the townspeople devised innovative ways to get together and enjoy the snow and cold weather. Groups ofyoung men often set a hayrack on bobsled runners, filled it with loose hay,and nestled down with their girlfriends for amoonlit winter's night hayride

The town's Old Folks held winter parties and often recorded that they traveled to and from the parties on horse-drawn sleighs Groups of Scandinavians held sleigh-riding parties,each couple with their own horsedrawn sleigh.Large Swedish bells attached to horses'harnessesjingled mer7 Citizen, January 10, 1920, December 27, 1924

rily as they rode through the fields and over fences drifted "with snow. Families, too,went for sleigh rides:"Wewould pile into the two-seated sleigh,with hotflat irons atourfeet tokeep uswarm,andwewould gofor long rides—sometimes asfar asAunt May's wholived inAmerican Fork. The horses would have strings of Swedish bells on them, which Dad claimed sounded somuch more musical thanAmerican bells,"wrote Zelda Nelson Freeman.8 Leah

FugalDingle

wrote,

The Fugal brothers had one of the big wagon beds put on runners for winter hauling on the farm We were able to tie on behind with our little sleighs and ride while our parents were in the wagon bed on soft hay or straw and hot bricks. They would ride around town on good afternoons and evenings We had some beautiful sounding sleigh bells Uncle Jens Fugal had brought from Norway when he returned from his mission in 1899 They jingled so beautifully as the horses trotted along Ho w dear to my heart are those scenes of my childhood.9

Another Scandinavian family, the Oscarsons, felt that winter was never dull,with the oldclay hill,aperfect sledding place,nearby.They also held "bobsled parties with thebells merrily jingling asthehorsesjogged along -with everyone tucked under warm blankets."The party usually ended with an oyster stew at someone's house The children also remember coasting down theclayhill onsledswith their cousins.10

The Pleasant Grove terrain slopes downward from the foothills below Mt.Timpanogos ontheeast andfrom theNorth Field bench onthenorth. From anyhouse intown,ayouth could reach hisfavorite sledding hill ina few minutes' walk. Besides the clay hill, there were also Oscar's Hill, Harvey's Hill, the Canal Hill, andmany others, each a popular gathering spot forwinter fun.Flexible Flyers were high onchildren's Christmas want lists,andmost families owned atleastone.

Sometimes,teenagers converted horse-drawn wagons into sledsbytransferring a wagon to runners, creating a bobsled similar to those used by farmers andiceharvesters forwinter "work They then pulled thetongue of the wagon up toward the wagon box to usefor a guiding device.These sleds worked much like children's coaster wagons and,since they were so heavy and hadno brakes, were reported to be very treacherous to both rider andspectator Perhaps this iswhyin 1919Nils Hanson requested of the city council that"some action betaken inthewayofpreventing a continuance ofthe coasting with wagons andsleighs onthehill infront ofhis residence."The council instructed themarshal tocontrol thecoasting.11

8 Zelda Nelson Freeman, "History of Swen John Nelson" (typescript), CLG files, Pleasant Grove city offices.

9 Leah Fugal Dingle to author, April 2000, in author's possession

lfl Roy W Oscarson and W Dean Belnap, comp., The Oscarson Families (Pleasant Grove: Oscarson Family Organization, 1991), 26 There were several roads to the east that were called "clay hill," because a vein of clay soil runs along the mountain east of Pleasant Grove, and almost all of the east-west streets crossed it The Oscarsons'"clay hill" would have been 200 South, now called Battlecreek Drive.

"Jean Fugal interview by author,July 3, 2001; Pleasant Grove city council meeting minutes, February 1,1919

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Rhodin Christiansen wrote of winter activities in Monkey Town, a cohesive neighborhood in the eastern section of Pleasant Grove: "They whooped and hollered as they rode their sleighs bellgut down Oscar's hill They laughed and chattered as they pulled them up for another go. Sometimes they hitched a tow behind a bobsled going up the road for another load of ice, and thought what a fine thing it was to ride both ways

Mary Rasmussen Nielsen's writings depict what many children from early in the century through the 1960s experienced on the various hills in town

After dinner and the dishes [and chores] were done, we spent many hours walking to the top of the hill with our sleighs to get a good start for the run down the hill If there were two or three needing a ride, one would sit up front, knees pulled in tight with feet tucked in front, the second rider would sit with his feet on the steering bar and guide us down the road The last person would give a hefty push, barely having time to kneel on back and grab on, and hang on he must for if the road were good and frozen glassy, he couldn't stay on At times we were lucky enough for everyone to get on in a sitting position and there would be someone kind enough to give us a good push and we were off] Other timefs] we would stack two or three people in a laying position, and on a good sleigh we could really get going pretty fast, the person on the bottom of the stack usually steered the sleigh. There were times we ended up in the snow banks at the side of the road with snow in our nostrils, mouth and eyes and most of us having a good laugh.13

The dress style of the age, Mary said, was "double everything, flannel pajamas asaliner under two pairs ofpants,shirts under sweaters plus winter coats, two to four pairs of sox and rubber boots over shoes, gloves inside mittens, scarves around necks, and ear muffs. No wonder we were worn out traipsing back up the hill It "was good for us We slept good and the memories arepriceless."She also remembered arriving home after being in near-zero weather and coming in to the warmth of the coal stove, which she said compared with no other heat. The only miserable times she remembered had to do 'with nearly frozen feet and hands—and how she had to place them in cold "water,painfully waitingfor them to warm up. 14

The winters of the 1920s and early 1930s were particularly good years for sledding During these years almost every night for a month or more the crowd was on the hill until almost midnight.The group varied a little, depending on who could come, but sledding always took precedence over homework. Sometimes the sledders would break in the middle ofthe night to reinforce themselves with chili or hot chocolate at one house or another then go right back out to the fun.15

By 1949 coasting had become so popular and accepted that the PTA of

Mary

14 Ibid

15 Ibid.; Bill Todd, interview by author, February 7, 2000

12 Rhodin Christiansen, "The Little Town That Was" (typescript), 4, CLG files. Residents today are not certain why this part of town was called Monkey Town.

13

Rasmussen Nielsen, "Memories of Sleigh Riding" (typescript), CLG files.

the city's two schools (elementary and high school), along with the Lion's Club and city police, established legal coasting lanes on the old mill hill and on 400 North, and they installed lighted sawhorses across the streets to keep the car traffic off during winter sledding conditions. These protectors of the youth called for the public to request that other popular hills be set aside for winter coasting.16

While the age ofsmall Flexible Flyers lasted into the 1960s and was characteristic of the fun on all the hills in town, the memorable "schooner" era began sometime after the turn ofthe nineteenth century and lasted into the early 1930s Leah Dingle described the schooners as giant sleds eighteen inches high and holding nine passengers (if none were overweight) When "the road "wasfrozen and very icy,"these sleds would travel at"alarming rates of speed."17 The schooner run stretched "west from Fred Smith's ranch at the mouth of Grove Creek Canyon to the city cemetery—the same run that many aFlexible Flyer took

Rhodin Christiansen described the first homemade schooner as a "supersleigh" put together by Pete and Alma Christiansen "It would hold from fifteen to twenty passengers, depending on the mix of grownup kids and small ones It required a man to handle it and was usually piloted by Pete Christiansen." Rhodin described it as"the fastest thing on the road, once clocked at one minute and ahalf on the little more than amile run." On cold winter nights the cry would go up and down the road, "The schooner's out, and nearly everybody who wasn't sick in bed would turn out for a ride or to watch it hurtle down the road.... Sometimes in the

The Christiansen schooner: Ned, Pete, and Lloyd Christiansen; Vern Sorenson (standing); Rhodin, Bob, Armo, and By Christiansen; Alvin Peck; Frances Christiansen; Martel Ellis; Mildred Christiansen; Florence and Margaret Stagg; Susie Christiansen (half-hidden); Ruby Radmall holding Malcolm Christiansen; Calvin Walker; Parley Christiansen; and Tom Walker. Matilda Christiansen is sitting on a small sled. 16 Jean Fugal, interview by Mildred Sutch, January 28, 2000; Pleasant Grove Review, January 28,1949 17 Fugal interview

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

evenings some of the grownups would come out and share rides "with the kids,taking afew spills in the snow and having asmuch fun as the youngsters."There were few cars on the winter roads at the time,and since snow removal was unheard-of on the graveled rural roads in Pleasant Grove during the twenties and thirties, sledders ruled the snow-packed roads on the eastern hills."It was thejob of two or three men to pull the schooner back up the hill Will Stagg at times donated the services of his big gray horse.At the top of the road the horse was let loose, it would follow the schooner down the hill,only for the privilege ofpulling it up again."18 This schooner may have been two Flexible Flyers,altered andjoined into one.It wasreportedly very hard to steer.19

Jean Fugal described aschooner built out ofsmaller sleds:

Delbert Fugal had a 1900-1910 vintage six-passenger Flexible Flyer sleigh. Joe Walker's family also had one. Uncle Chris Fugal made some alterations on the [two] sleighs. He made a metal steering mechanism with metal extensions on both sides of the sleighs There were wooden side rails and he made a device with a round piece of metal which he fastened to the runners of the sleighs to prevent the runners from buckling under the weight of six passengers O n the front of the sleighs were wooden bars and four foot rests along each side The person in front rested his/her feet on this front bar Persons guiding the sleigh put his/her feet on the steering mechanism, and the other passengers used the foot rests on the sides The Fugals and Walkers would race their sleighs, which were often referred to as schooners.20

Whether the schooners were racing or not on afateful January night in 1919 is undetermined, but the last trip ofthat night haslong been remembered by the participants,teenagers at the time,some ofwhom are still living to tell the tale Several accounts exist Leah Dingle related the happenings of that night:"We were all having a great time on the hill.It was perhaps our third trip down the hill,with Mr Davis following us"to give the sledders and the schooner a car ride back up. "Luckily he was close behind"asthe group sped down the slope

Somehow we must have slid sideways a little on the icy road, enough to make us miss the bridge, causing us to smash into the high bank on the far side of the Mill Ditch, catapulting us down into the hollow off the roadside, where some locust trees had been chopped down, leaving very sharp, jagged stumps and branch ends. These caught us in our fall as we sailed through the air Caps, boots, and gloves, were left lying around Mr Davis got us into his car as best he could to haul us down to good Dr Linebaugh's [living room] Cyril [Walker] had a stick the size of a pencil stuck in his upper lip, like a horn, and some of the others were bleeding and pretty banged up I suffered broken ribs, ruptured spleen, and other internal injuries lower down I couldn't stand straight for six weeks. But in time we all recovered, undaunted, ready to go again.

Three years later, as Leah and a friend were riding a smaller sled, it hit mud and stopped short, throwing Leah off. This time she suffered only a broken collar bone.Another time, her friend Reva Christiansen suffered a

18 Christiansen, "Little Town," 4

19 Fugal interview

20 Ibid

broken legwhen aswiftly moving sled hit her while she walked up the hill; it was not the only broken leg received by ayoung person on those nights. Sledding was for the fearless.21

Townspeople envisioned a place to practice a safer sport in 1939, when they proposed converting the lower part of the Central School Elementary playground into an ice-skating rink Until that time, recreation had been created largely by family, church, and neighborhood groups.The year preceding the establishment ofthe rink,prominent men in town had formed a Lions Club,and one ofthe club's first town improvement goals was to support youth recreation—the idea of organized recreation having recently been introduced to this small town. Club members set their sights on creating an ice skating rink and a ski run, among other recreational facilities. With the help of a newly purchased road grader (the town's first), the chamber of commerce, the faculty of Central Elementary, and hired labor, the rink was ready to be filled by November 1940.

CalvinWalker, ateacher and skating enthusiast, took on the responsibility of keeping the rink filled with irrigation water and spraying the frozen surface with ahose to keep the ice smooth. He often skated along with the children Ned Johnson fondly relates his experiences at this ice pond: "As soon as the bell rang we started taking off shoes and putting on skates.We would play tag, hockey, whip the cord, pom-pom-pull-away, race, or just skate The skates used were anything from single or double runners that clamped or strapped on your shoes to shoe skates,but very few of those." He also remembered bundling up in appropriate clothing and afterward draping the wet attire over the school's radiators to dry while he was in class The pond was not limited to school hours or to schoolchildren, though Children spent long hours after school skating, and frequently entire families gathered there on Saturdays or evenings. Sometimes a bonfire was kept going to warm cold hands and feet.22

During the winter of 1949,frequent snowstorms hit the town,making it difficult to keep the ice in good shape. Central School principal Ray Merrill expressed thanks to city officials and workers for the cooperation in clearing snow from the rink Because of their help, he said, the school pupils had enjoyed agood winter of skating.23

By 1962,the skating pond, affectionately referred to as"the frog pond," was still a favorite recreational spot for the whole town That year,the city fathers installed lights for night skating;before that,moonlight or occasional car headlights had had to suffice.The city also assumed the responsibility of keeping the ice in good condition and furnishing wood for bonfires

Most of the elementary students spent their daily recreational periods there.At night it was the Boy Scouts,junior and senior high students, and

21 Dingle to author

22 Ned Johnson, "School Memories of Central Elementary," Review, August 5, 1982

23 Review, January 28, 1949

parents who skimmed over the silver surface. Ice skating pond west of Pleasant The pond had become the town's first recre- Grove's Central Elementary. ational facility; the newspaper noted that "some folks may be growling at the long winter, but it isn't the 600 boys and girls at Central School nor the hundreds of teenagers and adults who frolic day and night at the school's skating rink.24

During the 1950s and 1960s, ice-skating stood high on lists of recreational choices for children in Pleasant Grove In the author's family, it became an early December ritual to take the children to a shoe shop in Provo to trade in their previous year's shoe skates, which had grown too small,for larger skates in preparation for the winter skating season. Besides skating on the Frog Pond, the Olsens often skated on Utah Lake or at Vivian Park,where "55,000 square feet ofsafe and well maintained ice"was waiting in Provo Canyon.25

In 1939,the same year that the Lions Club envisioned the skating rink, other Pleasant Grove men established a ski facility at Deer Creek in the North Fork ofAmerican Fork Canyon, about a thirty-minute drive from Pleasant Grove on roads that were kept open allwinter.J I.Johnson and his son built a 1,200-foot "sleigh-type" ski lift that paralleled and received power from theYankee Mine tramway, which they operated A skier who climbed up the mountain from the top of the lift could ski down a run of more than 1,500 feet cleared ofbrush and foliage HyJohnson,the Pleasant Grove High School shop teacher, had been instructing the older boys in the art ofmaking skis,creating interest in what was referred to then as"the

24 Review, February 1, 1962.

25 Ibid.,January 12,1961

sport of slick maples."26

Some ten years later, the American Fork Recreation Department had taken over the lift, made improvements, and named it "North Fork Ski Way."A tow cable took skiers up 1,000 feet. A snack bar and shelter had been added, and the city employed instructors, including Dick Eastmond, Leo Cleghorn, and forest rangerWallace Saling.Utah County commissioner Burton Adams promised to keep the roads open for the special early bus run that began in Lehi and ran through American Fork, Pleasant Grove, and on up to North Fork every Saturday. The tow also operated on Sundays.27

One more winter item: the children who enjoyed all these activities would have had to wade through knee-deep snow had it not been for Ira Deveraux. The city hired Deveraux to clear the snow from the sidewalks with his "snow lizard," a wooden triangular snowplow pulled by a trusted horse. From the 1930s into the 1960s Ira became a winter fixture in town, getting up at 3:00 or 4:00 a.m. on snowy mornings to scrape the sidewalks or to create a trail beside the roads -where no sidewalk existed.All this was done in time for the children to walk to school. On snowy days he "would have the paths all scraped by the time school "wasout. It is doubtful that the city paid him even enough to buy hay for the horse,but Ira enjoyed faithfully serving the people for years.

There "were no gold or silver medals given for the winter activities in Pleasant Grove.Nonetheless,allwho participated usually enjoyed agood time.

Cabins in the Sky

By ALEXIS KELNER

The beauty of the upper world of snow is indescribable, and so is the thrill of pushing into virgin country on your skis. Every man his own explorer...that's our motto BUT don't forget a guide, a map, a compass...a hut where you can sleep and cook...and that old reliable stem-turn that will work in crust or potato snow, on ice or in a thicket. You've got to have that!

JAMES LAUGHLIN, Alta Lodge American Ski Annual 1948

A small cabin near Cutler Ridge serves as a rest stop before the final push to the summit of Ben Lomond Peak above Ogden, r c. 1937. The summit in the background is Willard Peak. The man in dark glasses is Chick Morton; the man on the right is O'dell Peterson.

It was not long after humans created skis that they discovered one of the invention's major limitations: while they helped extend human activities throughout winter, skis also added a new dimension of danger Long-distance winter travel without protection from the elements had always been extremely hazardous Besides weatherproof clothing, some form of shelter was essential Easily erected igloos provided excellent cover for some northern tribesmen. Where the snow was sufficiently deep, quickly dug snow caves shielded travelers from wind and storm; in forested terrain, simple lean-tos served the same purpose

As winter travel routes became established, erection of more enduring structures followed Permanent winter cabins evolved in two distinct varieties: wayside (adjacent to a path or route) and destination. The transforma-

Alexis Kelner is the author of Skiing in Utah -A History (1980) and Utah's Olympics Circus (1989) and coauthor of several Wasatch ski touring guidebooks He is currently completing a comprehensive history of skiing.

tion of skiing from a means of travel necessary for survival to a form of winter recreation did not diminish the need for shelters.

In Utah, the sport of skiing began its growth in about 1915,with some early activities taking place in the foothills along the Wasatch.1 Until the late 1930s—when the first tows and lifts began operating—all skiing was cross-country; skiers had to climb up to the slopes they wished to ski down.As ski equipment and transportation into the mountains improved, skiers ventured deeper into the nearby canyons. Pinecrest Inn, in upper Emigration Canyon, was a destination used annually by the Wasatch Mountain Club and the University of Utah's hiking club.More than one hundred ski enthusiasts would often board horse-drawn sleighs for the trip to the stately sandstone facility2

Early in the 1920s members ofthe mountain club discovered skiing possibilities in the headwater basin of Big Cottonwood Canyon.Three- and four-day Washington's Birthday weekend outings into Brighton became the club's"big skitrip ofthe year."The adventures commenced in Salt Lake City with a two-hour train or bus ride to Park City.At the outskirts of town gently tapered "wooden blocks were attached to the bottoms of skis for ascent to Scotts Pass or to the ridge known today as Guardsman Pass. The short wedges prevented the skis from slipping backwards on steep slopes;this technique was known as"blocking."3 The group spent the night at the Comstock Mine and reached the Salt Lake CityWaterworks cabin, the destination for their activities at Brighton, the following afternoon. "The surrounding hills became the hunting grounds for scene-thirsty 'Kodakers,'" Lew Stearns described a 1923 outing. "The skiing was ideal, about seven feet of snow and those long hills,certainly furnished us thrills of no little variety or number."Twenty to forty skiers—about a third of them women—participated in thesepopular events.4

Impressed with Brighton's alpine setting and its excellent ski terrain, members of the Wasatch Mountain Club began construction of a clubhouse at the community's outskirts. In the mid-1930s the spacious twostory logbuilding became the"ski center ofUtah."Today,the lodge islisted in the National Register of Historic Places as "one of the few surviving structures from the period when the canyons of the Wasatch range were first developed for recreation."5

1 Salt Lake Tribune,January 17 and 30,1916; Herald Republican, January 2,1917.

2 Salt Lake Tribune, December, 30, 1921, January 15, 1922 Wasatch Rambler 1 (1923):7; Salt Lake Tribune, Jan 6, 1924 The Wasatch Mountain Club was organized informally in about 1912 and was incorporated in 1920 The club is still active in hiking, river-running, mountaineering, sailing, biking, and backcountry touring

3 Some 1920s-1950s skiers used a canvas "ski sock" to prevent slipping; "climbing skins" made of seal skin were also popular for cross-country skiing Modern tourers use climbers made of long strips of synthetic mohair or special ski waxes that help keep the ski from sliding backwards.

4 Wasatch Rambler 1 (1923): 8; Wasatch Rambler 1 (1923); Salt Lake Tribune, February 20, 1923; Park Record, February 23,1923

5 Wasatch Rambler 1929 Yearbook, 5; National Register files, N366, State Historic Preservation Office,

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"We slept overnight at the Comstock Mine." In the 1920s the Comstock Mine boardinghouse served as a wayside shelter for Wasatch Mountain Club ski trips from Park City to Brighton.

Until its destruction by the air blast of a mammoth Mt. Timpanogos avalanche in 1935, the Stewart family cabin at Aspen Grove (about 2.5 miles up the canyon from present Sundance Ski Resort) served as a gathering place for skiers. Ray and Hank Stewart spent the winter of 1932—33 at the dwelling, living off the land and off provisions brought by friends. "Fellows from Provo visited nearly every weekend," Ray Stewart wrote in hisjournal.Arriving late on Friday, the guests brought eggs, milk, and fruit to supplement the potatoes, flour, and meats stored in and about the building. "On moonlight nights we would go skiing,"Stewart continued, "and on darker nights,we would hang gasoline lanterns in the trees and ski until exhausted Then after agood night's sleep,we would be atit again."6

Late in March 1933,Hank and Ray made a ski ascent to the top of the Timpanogos glacier "In order to get traction for climbing with our skis," Ray related,"we used about a quarter inch cotton rope,tied in the middle in an over-hand knot that slipped over the front end of the ski Then we crossed it over and under the ski and tied it down to our boot."The technique is known as "rowlocking." Stewart described their equipment as "'modern' skis without any steel edges, with old 'bear trap' bindings. Our skiboots were not much better than regular working shoes,except they did have astiffsole."7

A variety ofcabinswasused by skiers throughout Utah The shack at the top ofPayson Canyon owned by Dr.L.D.Pfouts was afrequent destination for the Mountain Club In the Ogden area,cabins on Cutler Ridge (along the route to Ben Lomond Peak) provided emergency shelter during long cross-country ski tours and ski mountaineering ventures Ephraim and Manti skiers often utilized hunting cabins along the west slope of the Wasatch Plateau for their recreations

In 1935 Kenneth Whitlock, Wes Thompson, and Milton and Lloyd Christiansen built a hunting cabin near Ephraim.Three years later, using "long old skis with the nubbin on the front and single ski poles,"three of the builders and CliveRedmond walked into the camp during winter.8

Lifelong Manti resident R. Lynn Nielson,who learned to ski the "tradi-

6

7 Stewart,Journal

8 Kent C.Thompson, interview by author, October 1, 2000; tape in author's possession. :

WASATCH MOUNTAIN CLUB

Utah Division of State History, Salt Lake City

Raymond R Stewart,Journal, courtesy of Barbara (Stewart) Anderson, Stewart Family Archives After World War II Ray Stewart and his wife Ava developed and operated theTimp Haven ski area

tional, old fashioned 'way"on barrel staves, remembers participating, during his teens in the mid-1930s, on week-long outings to the snowfields along the Wasatch Plateau's Highline Trail Thetreks took place between the Christmas andNewYear holidays Itwas "an exhilarating experience that we planned for at least ayear in advance," Nielson reminisced "Abase camp atacabin helped getus to our ski site more easily. Climbers on the bottom of our skis made the uphill climb more efficient. These innovations and others that we developed over the years helped make this experience more enjoyable "9

At about thetime Nielson andhis teenage companions were skiing on the Wasatch Plateau, U.S.Forest Service officials in Washington, DC, were formulating the winter recreation strategy forAmerica's national forests. While the "ski boom" of the mid1930s caught them by surprise, they recovered swiftly and by the beginning of the 1936—37 winter season were transmitting general policies to area supervisors. "Recreation is considered as an important function of national forests," Regional Associate Forester F.C.Koziol stated early in 1937. "Heretofore considered as limited to the summer seasons,it isnowapparent that itsplace asawinter activity is also important."10 Tenmonths later he detailed the Forest Service's role in winter recreation:

Frank Hulbert and W. H. Hopkins celebrate Arbor Day 1923 at the Salt Lake City Waterworks cabin in Brighton. Salt Lake mayor C. Clarence Nelsen often asked members of the Wasatch Mountain Club to check on the welfare of Harry Hammond, the city's watermaster at Brighton.

Th e solution, meeting present needs on the national forests for skiing, rapidly crystallised itself into providing large central shelters at concentration areas, simple trailside shelters on cross-country routes, sanitation, slalom courses from which brush, rocks and other obstructions were removed, marked cross-country trails, downhill runs and amateur jumpin g hills.11

"We have discussed opportunities for building shelters along several of the more popular ski trails,"Wasatch National Forest Supervisor James E Gurr stated in 1937."Such buildings would serve togood advantage onthe trail from Brighton to Alta and on the run down American Fork

9 R Lynn Nielson, interview by author, September 6, 2000, tape in author's possession; R Lynn Nielson, Who Moved My Mountain? (Manti, UT: Sun-Up Publishing, 1998), 197-98

10 Felix C Koziol, "Forest Service Takes Lead in Regional Winter Sports," Salt Lake Tribune, February 7, 1937.

11 Felix C Koziol, "Skiers Answer Alpine Call from Mountains," Salt LakeTribune, December 12, 1937

QUARTERLY

Canyon."12 But over the next few years construction of the large central shelters such as Alta's Snow Pine Lodge and the clearing of ski runs and slalom courses took precedence over the simple huts on touring routes.

The concept of small trailside cabins for overnight use was not new. Switzerland, Austria, Italy,France,and Germany had nearly 200 huts located throughout their alpine regions Many were situated a day's travel apart, making weeklong hut-to-hut ski tours possible Most were provisioned with food and blankets, and some had a resident caretaker and/or cook Several similar huts were also located in the Canadian Rockies.At that time only afew huts existed in the United States:a couple near SunValley, several in the Pacific Northwest, one inYosemite National Park, and some in eastern mountains and the woodlands of Minnesota

Having skied in Europe,James Laughlin,who would soon purchase the Alta Lodge and later become amajor owner ofAlta's ski lift operation, was familiar with its system of alpine shelters."We must have huts in America for high mountain touring,"he pleaded in a national ski publication "Not just occasional isolated huts here and there, but groups of two and three (and later more) related huts in our principal mountain areas."He suggested that the program ofhut development should become aserious objective of the National Ski Association (NSA) and that the Forest Service, U.S Army, or large ski clubs should sponsor construction. "So here's to our chain of American huts!" Laughlin ended his article "Soon may they come!

WorldWar II came instead, and with it came afreeze on non-war-related construction. Strict wartime rationing of gasoline and tires, along with governmental admonitions against unnecessary travel,kept some American skiers from participating in their favorite pastime—but not those who frequented Alta, Brighton, or Snow Basin. Proximity to military depots and bases permitted the threeWasatch Front ski areas to remain busy throughout the war.

During the winter of 1941—42, managers of the Alta Lodge promoted "real Alpine touring in high-mountain huts."An advertisement for the 1943—44 season stated that over the summer "much work has been done

STEWART FAMILY ARCHIVES/BARBARA STEWART ANDERSON

Hank and Ray Stewart lived at the Stewart family cabin in Aspen Grove during the winter of 1932-33.

12 James E Gurr, "Wasatch Front Pushes Winter Sports Area Development," Salt Lake Tribune, December 12,1937

"James Laughlin,"A Plea for Huts in America." American Ski Annual, 1941—42, 60—65.

on the Lodge,the lifts and on touring cabins Milton Christiansen, Wes in the high country." 1 4

In autumn 1944 Thompson, Clive Redmond, and Wasatch Mountain Club president William Ken Whitlockatthe whitlock Kamp praised the Forest Service for provid- .. _ . . _nnn x L . cabin near Ephraim, 1938. ing backcountry enthusiasts with accurate maps showing the locations of cabins and shelters along popular Wasatch touring routes. Most of these structures had been associated with mining. Dismayed by the post-war overcrowding anticipated at established ski areas, Kamp renewed the plea for huts dedicated specifically for skiing:

There is one thing which has greatly handicapped our program of ski touring and that is the lack of adequate shelters or ski huts Although many of the trips are made in one day there is no assurance that the weather will always stay fair and with no shelters to wait out a blizzard some of the trips can become very uncomfortable even hazardous. These huts will make it possible for those not too expert on skis to take two days for the trip, staying at the hut overnight and returning next day15

The mountain club's president had attracted several influential allies Alta's James Laughlin had become chairman of the NSA's Hut and Trails Committee, and one of his objectives was establishment of a "chain of mountain huts in this country comparable to those in the EuropeanAlps."16 As president of the Intermountain Amateur Ski Association (known as "Intermountain"), Ogden ski proponent F.L. Montmorency organized a committee to help raise funds forWasatch ski huts.17 Kamp noted that F C

14 American Ski Annual 1941—42, 34; American Ski Annual 1944, 8

15 American Ski Annual 1945, 94, 214

16 American Ski Annual 1946, 82 The 1949 ski annual's committee issue details immediate and longterm objectives of the eight-member hut committee chaired by James Laughlin

17 Intermountain's hut committee was organized mostly from among members of the Wasatch Mountain Club: Jack and Mary Major, Jim Shane, Cutler Miller, Lucy Brossard, Doug Elkins, Hap Kimball, Tom Matthews, Steve MacDonald, Dick Saville, Leo Fox, Jack Sugden, Stu Gardner, Wally

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

"Let 'er snow we like it." Ski

1 tourers of the Wasatch Mountain Club ascend Payson Canyon en route to the cabin owned by Dr. L. D. PfoutS, 1923. BELOW: the Pfouts cabin.

Koziol, who had become supervisor of the Wasatch ,,, National Forest, had expressed personal interest in the venture,"and "with a booster like that the prospects are encouraging I in the post-war period."

I Kamp also mentioned that

1 long-time Wasatch Mountain Club skier/mountaineer Harold Goodro "has been studying desirable locations."18

Long-range site planning and short-term labor commenced during early summer 1947 The efforts were supervised by Intermountain's hut committee leaders Steve MacDonald (who would soon become president of the association) and Ogden ski proponent Jack Major A large map titled "Master Plan ofTouring & Shelter Huts" was prepared showing proposed locations for fourteen structures in the canyons east ofSalt Lake City Some shelters were to be erected from scratch; others would consist of buildings standing at nearby mines Siteswere prioritized on the basis ofproximity to ski-touring and hiking trails, the average skier's endurance, and the hut's potential usefulness in emergencies The first three huts were to be located on Scott's Pass,on Albion Pass near Sunset Peak, and high up in Red Pine Gulch

Difficulties arose almost immediately. Since each hut included a pit toilet, Salt Lake City's water department objected to several locations on the basis ofpossible watershed contamination.The Red Pine site was ruled out;the ridge between Brighton and Snake Creek was ruled in Steve MacDonald, an architect, "worked with Jim Shane to design two types of cabins One type would be a prefabricated Quonset structure made of eighteen-inch steel tunnel liner sections bolted together. It would

Wyman, O'dell Peterson, Bill Kamp, LeRoy Peterson, Gene Moench, Leonard Skold, Norma Sugden, Lee Irvine, James Laughlin, and Orson Spencer; see The Rambler 1948, 9. 18 American Ski Annual 1945, 214

be twenty-four feet long, heavily insulated, and able to accommodate eighteen persons The other type of cabin would be built of logs Each of the shelters would have a high entrance for deep snows and one at ground level.19

During the autumn of 1947 hut proponents acquired a very important ally In an article titled"Winter Sports Administration," Assistant Regional Forester A G Nord discussed"principal developments needed on a well developed winter sports area." His wish list included "overnight cabins for ski touring."Touring,he noted,"has great possibilities here and can grow astrails and cabins are built."20

On December 10, 1947, Kamp, Koziol, and MacDonald (representing Intermountain's Ski Hut and Shelter Committee) appeared before the Salt Lake County Commission to ask for inclusion of $3,900 in the next year's budget for the erection of three shelters The commissioners listened politely then unanimously voted "aye" on Chairman Robert Cranmer's motion "that the sum of $5,000 be considered for this purpose." A few days later Commissioner Cranmer revealed his reason for support to

Lynn Nielson, on left, and unidentified companion at the Nielson cabin in Manti Canyon. Note the length of skis and the size of bedrolls carried by the teenagers. The youths used the cabin as a base for skiing on the Wasatch Plateau's Highline Trail.

reporterTom Mathews:the huts would provide safe shelter for a growing population of skiers who liked to "see what they could seeon the other side ofthe mountain."21

Steve MacDonald reported on progress in the mountain club's 1948 annual.The biggest hurdles,approvals from the Forest Service,state and city boards of health, and the city water department, had been overcome. Contractors Royal and Hershel Metcalf, who were "willing to erect the huts at avery nominal fee,"had been selected, temporary roads to the sites had been bulldozed by the county, and materials had been purchased and delivered to the sites.The yet-to-be-accomplished list included "Erect the

19 Bonnie Johnson, "Alpine Touring Huts," The Utah, November 1948, 18 ff; Salt Lake Telegram, December 19, 1947. James Shane and his wife Elfriede were active members of the Wasatch Mountain Club. They built and for many years operated Alta's Goldminer's Daughter Lodge.

20 The Utah, November 1947

21 Salt Lake County Commission Minutes, Series 3790, December 10, 1947, 599, Salt Lake County Commission Records Management and Archives; Salt Lake Tribune, December 11, 1947; Salt Lake Telegram, December 19, 1947

COURTESY OF LYNN NIELSON

Ski touring routes and ski shelters as proposed by the Intermountain Ski Association's hut committee in 1947. Huts are numbered approximately in the planned order of dedication. Due to changes in plans, hut 3 (Albion Hut) was erected first. Hut A (Germania Hut) was built to make two-day tours into American Fork Canyon possible. With the use of today's modern equipment all tours marked on the map can be easily completed in a single day.

Summary of touring and shelter huts for the Brighton, Alta, and Park City areas as depicted on 1947 map titled: "Master Plan of Touring & Shelter Huts"(Map was prepared by the Hut Committee of the Intermountain Amateur Ski Association)

Between Brighton and Park City

Between Brighton and Midway

Between Brighton and Alta above Catherine Pass (near top terminal of Alta's Supreme Lift)

Near base of Mt. Wolverine (above Brighton)

5.

7

8

9

14

15

Between Alta and Brighton (today called Twin Lakes Pass)

At old Cardiff Mine boardinghouse about midway up Cardiff Fork

Between Alta and American Fork Canyon (on American Fork Canyon side of Mt Baldy and Sugarloaf Peak)

Old miner's cabin beneath Sugarloaf Peak on American Fork Canyon side

In upper American Fork Canyon.

In upper Mary Ellen Gulch, in the vicinity ofYankee Mine

Old miner's cabin about midway up the gulch.

In upper GadValley Gulch

Near lower end of Red Pine Gulch

On gently-sloped ridge above Red Pine Lake.

Upper basin of Dry Creek drainage leading into Alpine

Near Bonanza Flats

TABLE 1

1 SCOTTSPASS

2. SNAKE CREEK PASS

3. ALBION PASS

4. MT.WOLVERINE

ALTA PASS

Stephen L. and Norma

1979. Steve chaired the Intermountain Amateur Ski Association's Ski Hut Committee and was the architect of the Snake Creek, Albion, and Germania ski huts.

huts" and "Set up managing organization "within the WMC." The moral in MacDonald's report? "Never attempt to erect 3 huts on $5,000."22

Construction commenced early in the summer of 1948 "Their optimistic building schedule was shattered by one delay after another," Bonnie Johnson "wrote, "until it became apparent that they "would have to push to get even one hut built They selected the one at Albion for a maiden venture." Many volunteers participated in the assembly. "They put in mighty licks,in wind, rain, mud and cold aswell as sunshine."23

This first hut, a Quonset located on Naked Ridge (aka Nudist Flat) above Albion Pass (today known as Catherine Pass) was completed in autumn 1948.Working ceaselessly through the next summer, Harold Goodro andJim Shane finished the log hut on Snake Creek Pass a year later The third hut, originally to have been sited on Scott's Pass,was instead erected on Germania Pass (between Sugarloaf Peak and Mt. Baldy) in November 1949.24 The huts were to be named after their geographical locations, Steve MacDonald's wife Norma recalled But Naked Ridge Hut or Nudist Flat Hut did not seem appropriate for a public facility, so the shelters became known asthe Albion Hut, Snake Creek Hut, and Germania Hut.25

"Operation Mattress" possessed the trappings of a military mission. On Sunday, November 13, 1949,Air National Guard pilot Lt. Col. Alma G. Winn banked his C-47 cargo plane over the snow-covered Albion Basin His targets: Germania and Snake Creek ski huts. His bomb load: twentytwo large mattresses and two large garbage cans.Turbulence deterred the pilot from making a low pass over the Germania Hut, so he dropped the eight mattresses destined for the shelter's bunks from a less-than-ideal altitude. The mattresses sailed over the hut and descended into the valley below. By nighttime all but one had been located; some were wrestled to the hut,and others "were cached for later pickup Of the fourteen mattresses

22 Steve MacDonald, "Touring Huts in the Wasatch Range," The Rambler 1948, 9

23 Johnson, "Alpine Touring Huts ."Volunteers listed in her article included Mr. and Mrs. Pony Vorse, Jack and Mary Major, Cutler Miller, Leo Fox, Orson Spencer, Bob Goodwin, Dick Saville, Aline Jones, Jim and Elfriede Shane, Suzy Harris, Bill Rytting, Don Watkins, Colleen Cox, Hap Kimball, and Jack, Norma, and Betsy Sugden

24 Salt Lake Telegram, November 17, 1949

25 Norma MacDonald, interview by author, May 9, 2001; tape in author's possession

MacDonald,

designated for Snake Creek, one "bundle" had not been located by nightfall.26

Cabin furnishings were spartan—and politically correct.Just beyond the entrance of the Quonset's tower were two doors at right angles to each other. One door opened into the main chamber; the other led to a small, unisex pit toilet with a wooden seat A Forest Service-approved woodburning stove,used for cooking and heating,stood in an alcove ofthe main room There was a table with benches Small windows at each end of the Quonset provided minimum daylight.Each Quonset contained eight double-decker bunks equipped with mattresses "We had abig red/orange canvas drape that would separate the men and the women," Norma MacDonald reminisced "And mostly it never got used."27

The huts were the property of the Intermountain SkiAssociation; their use was managed by its affiliate, theWasatch Mountain Club. County officials insisted that use of the tax-funded facilities would be free The only condition was pre-registration (on a first-come, first-served basis) with the club Skiers using the cabins were required to bring their own sleeping bags and cooking utensils.Firewood was to be stocked by summer work parties.

BonnieJohnson described aWasatch tourer's expectations:

A two and a half hour walk from either Brighton or Alta will bring him to the hut where he and his friends can enjoy one of the most delightful experiences in mountaineering, being warm in an intense cold. There will be many a jolly song sung in that hut and many a steaming mug passed around from one flushed face to the other. There will be many a swinging track down through uncut powder, too Such nights and days are at last returning to the Wasatch."28

But the romanticized expectations were rarely fulfilled "We used the huts," Norma MacDonald recalled, "but not as much as we thought we would." Building them had been more fun than using them Ski touring "was also losing popularity in the post-war era. Robert Woody witnessed the decline:"America "was more into self-indulgence than into sweating," he reminisced in 1991."Skiing,having become an'industry'had degenerated The fix was on the downhill Groomed downhill Disneyland The soul was gone.Camaraderie wasgone."29

Several volunteer builders complained that some skiers "who used the huts were far from tidy A shelter littered -with stale containers, spent tissues—-and worse—was hardly conducive to an evening ofpassing a steaming mug among companions During the summer of 1954 the Germania

26 Salt Lake Telegram, November 14, 1949

27 MacDonald interview

28 Johnson, "Alpine Touring Huts."

29 Robert H. Woody, "The Way It Was," TUNA News, March 1991. Bob Woody learned to ski before the war then fought in Italy with the renowned Tenth Mountain Division He participated in many Wasatch Mountain Club ski tours during the late '50s and throughout the '60s and '70s At this writing, Bob, who is retired as the Salt Lake Tribune's business editor, continues to participate in TUNA-sponsored cross-country races, and he teaches skiing for several institutions

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Mimi and Tom Stevenson visit the Germania Hut as snowshoer

William Conrod packs gear after an overnight stay, 1965. BELOW: Bob Shane and his son Mike were hired to disassemble and remove the Germania Hut. Today it serves as a garage roof at Bob's Bountiful residence.

hut was severely vandalized A rare occurrence in the early '50's, vandalism became common as new ski lifts approached then reached the ski hut ridges Sometime during the early 1960s—no one has been able to provide a date—a pile of ashes was discovered at the site where the wooden Snake Creek ski hut had once stood. Use of the Germania Hut for apres-ski drug activities helped seal its fate At the urging of the Forest Service and ski lift owners,Jim Shane's brother Bob and Bob's son Mike disassembled the shelter,hauled it to Bountiful, and reassembled it asthe roof oftheir garage The highly deterioratedAlbion Hut stillstands at this writing.

The concept oflocating groups of related huts in Utah's mountain areas "was resurrected during the early 1980s by Steve Erickson, one of the founders ofPark City'sWhite PineTouring Center. Principals ofthe center had been offering guided ski tours into the Uinta Mountains since the early to mid-1970s and were looking for a cabin-like facility that could be used as a shelter for day tours and overnight outings The Forest Service's response to Erickson's first (May 1984) informal suggestion of erecting a shelter in the Uintas was not encouraging "Based on the present District workload and the Proposed Forest Plan in its draft status," Kamas district rangerWayneAnderson responded,"we will not be able to pursue development ofthe concept until the 1984—85winter season,at the earliest."30

In mid-summer Erickson submitted a formal proposal. The touring center's plans for aski shelter abandoned the concept ofa conventional hut and instead proposed ayurt, astyle ofmovable shelter that for centuries has been used by nomadic mountain people of Mongolia, Afghanistan, and

1 Wayne Anderson toWhite Pine Touring, June 18, 1984;letter in Kamas Ranger District office

CABINS IN THE SKY

The Snake Creek Hut, 1960.

MIDDLE: Harold Goodro and James Shane spent the summer of 1949 constructing the facility.

BOTTOM: Harold Goodro, Caine Alder, Janet Roberts, and William C. Kamp inside the Snake Creek Hut in 1953.

northern Tibet. Portability addressed contemporary concerns over resource damage and sanitation; after a few years'use at asite,the shelter could be disassembled and moved to a new location, allowing the former site to recover. 31

The Wasatch-Cache National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, published in 1985, included possible authorizations for winter recreational hut systems in the Wasatch and in the Lakes Region of the Uintas According to the plan, the hut systems would be located "to minimize conflicts between permittees and other users"and would be operated so that "non-commercial use will have priority over commercial hut use."32

Three years after adoption of the forest plan, the Forest Service authorized a yurt—ski operation in the Uintas. Erickson, representing the nonprofit Nordic Ski Club ofPark City (later to be renamedThe Utah Nordic Alliance—TUNA), and its director, Ken McCarthy, celebrated when their application resulted in apermit.33

The initial cost of establishing the Nordic club's yurt program was esti-

33

31 Steve Erickson to U.S Forest Service (Kamas), July 21, 1984; copy of letter in author's possession

32 Wasatch—Cache National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, Wasatch-Cache National Forest, (1985), IV-170 and IV-234

News for Nords, September 1988

QUARTERLY

mated at $5,000 plus one hundred manhours for erection. The project would be funded by fees charged for private use of the facility, guided tours offered by the club, and tax-deductible contributions. The remainder, if any, would be borrowed, preferably from members; lenders would receive 8 percent interest. According to Christopher Erickson, the club's yurt was to be the first of three huts making up a "new ski Trans-UintaRoute."34

The structure was assembled in autumn, 1988, along the North Fork of the Provo River about three miles from the Mirror Lake highway. The facility was totally selfcontained Water, light, heat, cooking stove and gear, toilet paper, and first aid equipment were provided. Visitors had only to bring sleeping bags and food. Padded bunks accommodated six individuals; several others could sleep on the floor. Use fees were based on the renter's level of participation in the yurt program.The facility was available to anyone,but one person of each visiting group had to be aTUNA member who was certified in the hut's proper use. 33

Midway into its second season, TUNA's yurt committee reported growth in use "by leaps and bounds."The end-of-season tally sent to the Forest Service indicated 121 days of use, with guests paying an average of $8.46 per user day The successful second season prompted Steve Erickson to propose siting another yurt higher in the area."Much to our surprise," TUNA's Jon Manwaring reported, the Forest Service concurred, "thus establishing the start ofamuch-asked-for yurt system."36

According to the terms of their special use permit, the yurt had to be disassembled at the end of each season, stored nearby, and reassembled at the beginning of the following season.The storage location along a frequently used forest road left the yurt vulnerable to vandalism. On arrival at the site in autumn 1991, the assembly crew was shocked to discover the facility had been looted Everything of value—including the kitchen sink—had been stolen."The sight brought the men to anger,"Bob Woody and Jon Manwaring reported. "The TUNA women grieved and keened mightily"37

u Ibid., September 1988, October 1988

35 Ibid., February 1992, September 1997 Rent was $60-80 per day in 1992 and $60-105 in 1997

36 News for Nords, January 1990; Steve Erickson to Calvin Baker, U.S. Forest Service, September 5, 1990; Special Use Permit file, USFS-Kamas; TUNA News, September 1990

37 TUNA News, November 1991

Larry Swanson and Sharyl Smith visit the Albion Hut near Alta, summer 2001.

TOP: Ski tourers Bob Woody and Lyn and Russell Taylor socialize in a yurt, a type of movable shelter, located in the North Fork of the Provo River above Kamas, 1992.

With the lost furnishings replaced, TUNA's yurt entered its fourth season of operation A small, boxed advertisement in the club's monthly newsletter urged members and their friends to patronize the facility:

PICTUR E THIS.. .The sky is deep azure blue with just a few hig h brilliant whit e clouds slowly drifting through; the trees are heavily laden with six inches of new pure white snow, that without provocation falls gently to the ground with a soft thud. Birds fly by, the bugle of an elk can be heard in the distance and if this were not enough you smell the aroma of hot spiced cider or mulled wine mixed with the fragrance of a crackling pine fed fire. Sound inviting? Ho w about if we throw in a scenic, exhilarating four-mile cross country ski on a gently rolling trail Still not enough? How about a view from an outhouse that Courier and Ives would kill for.38

In December of 1998 BillWhite announcedTUNA's possible entry into a partnership with the Forest Service, the Norwegian School of Nature Life, and Exum Utah Mountain Adventures "to determine the feasibility of asystem [ofhuts] in an area that could possibly have four to five huts in the future."The partnership was finalized under the umbrella name ofYurts of the UintasAssociation (YOUA) Three yurts became part ofthe alliance All were to remain standing year-round. Summer use would consist primarily of day classes for schools and for "at risk" youth programs To be effective for hut-to-hut ski tours,TUNA's original North Fork structure had to relocate to amore fitting site.39

In the spring of 1999 members ofTUNA gathered for the final disassembly of their facility "It has been a labor of love for many," long-time 38 Ibid., February 1992

CABINS IN THE SKY

yurt proponents Bob Myers and Charlie Coltrain stated, "and through the years has provided a great deal of joy and work for many of us."40

"Lady of the Canyon" was the name affectionately bestowed on an old cabin located near the Little—Big Cottonwood canyons divide above Alta The Lady was unique among Utah's few remaining mountain shelters Also known as the Silver Fork Cabin or Davenport Cabin, this facility came closest to fulfilling ski tourers' expectations romanticized by Bonnie Johnson in 1948

No one has researched the origin of the flat-roofed, dirt-floored, 180-square-foot log structure perched precariously on Davenport Ridge It wasprobably built in the late 1800s and abandoned near the end of the mining era. "Unsalvageable" described best its late1960s condition.The roof had a terminal sag;one of the intricately dovetailed walls had come apart, with only four layers of logs still standing The Dutch door was off its hinges, and both windows were nowhere to be found.41

Then sometime during the late 1970s and early 1980s someone undertook its restoration The wall of interlocking logs was reassembled A half-century's accumulation of dust and debris disappeared from the walls and ceiling.A floor of two-by-six planks covered the earthen floor, and a wood-burning stove topped asmall pyramid ofrocks.A compact makeshift table waspressed tight against the wallbeneath the cabin's west window

On the table lay the "Silver Fork (Davenport) Cabin Journal," a notebook containing entries made by hikers, tourers, and snowboarders from throughout the U.S. and several foreign countries. Included were poetry,

411 Ibid., September 1999

Over the last decade the popularity of yurt skiing has grown throughout the West Today most of the national forests in Utah have one or two yurts in their backcountry

41 The cabin was sufficiently detached from popular travel routes to make it virtually invisible. Only a few hikers, tourers, and mining history enthusiasts knew of its existence, and they guarded the location jealously Most people stumbled onto it while off-route The author was "invited" for a visit by the sun's reflection shimmering; from the cabin's window

The "Lady of the Canyon" cabin and its interior (facing page).

sketches, drug-induced ramblings, testaments to Jesus, epiphanies, quotations ranging from Hemingway to Proverbs, lamentations over the recently deceased, and dialogues between visitors separated by time.42

"Seen this cabin many years ago, one of the few remaining in the canyons," an unsigned June 20, 1992, entry stated, then continued, "finally made it You have done a nice job of restoring it Found it to be clean and ready Do you use it in the -winter?"

"Yes, we do," an unsigned insert followed. "This cabin probably has more overnight guests during the Winter than any other time We all keep it stocked with food and fuel and keep it shoveled out."

On August 11,1993,Ellie Ienatsch penned the following impressions:

It's a pleasure to come here after 10 years & find the cabin in better shape than it was when I saw it last The roof is repaired, the windows covered, the stove in good shape Iwant to thank someone, &,looking back through this book & the last,there are numerous people who have contributed.We generally come into the mountains to get away from people It's nice to come into the mountains & find something to make one proud to be amember ofthis species Thanks to all of you

Eleven years ago,Jim & I named the little critter who shares this space with us "Waldo"—after the Waldo of the Shallow Shaft who originally found & began the restoration of this place.

TheWaldo of the Shallow Shaft was in reality LyleWaldron,who owned and operated Alta's Shallow Shaft Saloon (later turned restaurant) between 1969 and 1985.Around the early '70s,Lyle had purchased a five-acre mining claim in the upper region of Silver Fork Two years later,while locating his claim on the ground, he stumbled onto the cabin Most of its restoration was undertaken byA.Murphy,Jerry Larson,John Bernard, and several

42 Silver Fork (Davenport) Cabin Journal (May 25, 1992 to September 25, 1993), Martin McGregor transcription The "fear of the cabin being destroyed" prompted McGregor to borrow the journal to copy it; then he returned it to the cabin Journal quotations are from this transcription; copy in author's possession

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Shallow Shaft andAlta employees known as"the brothers"and"the roofers."

"I never locked it. Ever!" Lyle Waldron stated recently. "It was always open for whoever and whenever they felt the need to go up and tour there.It was always open for that reason."Over the years of his association with the cabin, Lyle developed profound respect for the cabin's unknown builder:"The miner was avery,very clever man.He had several story poles at different places around the cabin so he could measure snow depths."The miner had also dug aseven-foot-deep well to intercept and store snowmelt for his culinary uses;the well stillfunctions today.43

"We cut our way through the thunder and clouds to find this haven," Wes Keller fed thejournal onAugust 7, 1993."Sitting on the ridge watching the sun melt into darkness, I can't help but imagine the old, hunched over prospector that was lucky enough to have this life of peaceful existence.Our one day ofthisincredible cabin was his life.The incredible condition this cabin isinjust reflects the respect ofallwho have been here."

On June 24,2000,with a lump in his throat and resisting tears, Martin McGregor, a frequent cabin visitor who had meticulously transcribed its 1992—93journal, worked his way down the incline to confirm the rumor that the Lady ofthe Canyon had burned:

There was nothing left of the cabin and its previous contents except charcoal and some metal scraps, chair and table legs, metal implements, melted aluminum cookery, older and newer spikes and nails. The metal roof and stove pipe and a few charred logs were scattered down over the hill I tossed the remaining metal scraps into a pile where the stove used to be

Gradually I realized that the best things about the area are unchanged and still available, the view, the mountains, the trees and flowers; it's all still there except the cabin.44

Some eight to ten years earlier, in a previous volume of the journal, McGregor recalls composing the following:

Little cabin

Happiness you bring. Your lofty view Isso inspiring.

Foryour survival

We'd do anything, Asto the cliff

You dangerously cling.

43 Lyle Waldron, interview with author, June 25, 2001; tape in author's possession.

44 McGregor transcription (Jan 31, 2000—reactions after hearing that the cabin had burned) Several journals, representing various periods of the cabin's recent history, were stored in the shelter, available for anyone who cared to peruse or 'write in them The pages of one journal had been carefully disassembled and laminated to protect the entries All of the journals perished in the fire. At first, the circumstances of the fire were unknown About a year after the fire, Lyle Waldron relates, an employee at Alta "finally got brave enough to tell me that what caused the place to burn down was a couple of fellows had left a fire in the stove";Waldron interview

During summer 2000, in the preface of his transcription, he added an epitaph:

Listen, comrades, What more canwe say? For no one knows When we shallpassaway My life,like yours Isonly for aday. We must move on Although we'd rather stay.

Statement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation

The Utah Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0042- 143X) is published quarterly by the Utah State Historical Society, 300 Ri o Grande, Salt Lake City, Utah 84101-1182 The editor is MaxJ Evans and the managing editor is Stanford J Layton with offices at the same address as the publisher The magazine is owned by the Utah State Historical Society, and no individual or company owns or holds any bonds, mortgages, or other securities of the Society or its magazine.

The following figures are the average number of copies of each issue during the preceding twelve months: 3,388 copies printed; 92 dealer and counter sales; 2,855 in-county and outside-county mail subscriptions; 18 other classes mailed; 2,965 total paid circulation; 43 free distribution (including samples) by mail or other means; 3,008 total distribution, 380 not distributed; total, 3,388

The following figures are the actual number of copies of the single issue published nearest to filing date: 3,486 copies printed; 45 dealer and counter sales; 2,840 in-county and outsidecounty mail subscriptions; 17 other classes mailed; 2,902 total paid circulation; 36 free distribution (including samples) by mail or other means; 2,938 total distribution; 548 not distributed; total 3,486

BOOK REVIEWS

Coal People: Life in Southern Colorado's Company Towns, 1890—1930

By RickJ Clyne (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1999 xii 4- 121 pp Paper,$12.95.)

RICK J. CLYNE'S Coal People is ashort book but, in its modest way, an important one Clyne gives abrief history of the rise and decline of the company town in the southern Colorado coalfields, but his emphasis is on the inhabitants of the towns themselves. It is here that the book's importance lies. Relying primarily ontwo oral history collections, the University of Colorado's Coal Project and the Huerfano County Ethno-History Project, Clyne gives us a richly textured reconstruction of what life was like in the southern Colorado company towns inthe words of the people who lived and worked there What the reader gleans from this book is, above all, asense of the complexity of life inthese towns: immigrants both uprooted from the Old Country and its values and carrying on their traditions in the new land; ethnic groups at once suspicious ofeach other and working and celebrating together; bitter strikes and violence and frequent movement from campto camp and atthe same time apowerful sense of community that the men and women in the oral histories remember with profound nostalgia

Clyne sees this sense ofcommunity as something created by the coal people themselves. Wedged as they were between the misguided and often ruthless paternalism of the coal companies and the ten-year cycles of organization drives and strikes of their unions, the people of the camps were left pretty much to fend for themselves.Their plain words tell how they fared. It will be along time before this reviewer forgets August Andreatta, who wanted to be a lawyer, forced by family need into work instead ofhigh school and who, in his words, "ended upbeing a nobody. Nobody." Or Josephine Bazanelle remembering what itwas like to have aminer husband come home from work: "They [the children] better be quiet in the night because he got to have his sleep Yes sir.When he came just have his supper ready, yes sir.... Ifhe want togohonkey-tonkey someplace just let him go." Or Ed Tomsic remembering Slovenian weddings: "Any time a Slovene get married, the mine don't work on the Monday." Out of common dangers, privations, and needs, and against the ethnic animosities that pulled them apart, the coal people formed a remarkable society

Students of Colorado mining may find themselves taking issue with some ofClyne's judgments inhis necessarily brief evaluations of the roles played by the coal companies and the unions in

the lives of his coal people, but it will be a rare reader who will not be moved by the voices in his book and by the excellent selection of photographs of the towns and the people who lived in them.

ZEESE PAPANIKOLAS San Francisco Art Institute San Francisco, California

4 Zinas: A Story of Mothers and Daughters on the Mormon Frontier By Martha Sonntag Bradley and Mary Brown FirmageWoodward (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2000.xxv + 497 pp.Cloth, $34.95.)

THIS BOOK WAS WRITTEN BECAUSE of both authors' personal interest in the four "Zinas," but for different reasons: Mary Woodward is a direct descendant of the Zinas, while Martha Bradley has been interested in researching and writing Utah and Mormon women's history for a number of years Both were lucky to find a wonderful subject—a four-generational family

Zina Baker was born May 2, 1786, in Plainfield, New Hampshire, to Oliver and Dorcas (Dimick) Baker. She married William Huntington, Jr., and died on July 8, 1839 Zina Diantha Huntington was born on January 31, 1821, in Watertown, New York, to William and Zina (Baker) Huntington. She married Henry Jacobs, Joseph Smith, and Brigham Young and died on August 28, 1901 Zina Presendia Young was born on April 3, 1850, in Salt Lake City to Brigham and Zina Diantha Young She married Thomas Williams and Charles Ora Card and died on January 31, 1931. Zina Card was born on June 12, 1888, in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, to Charles and Zina Presendia Card. She married Hugh B Brown and died on December 19, 1974

Much of the information for this book was obtained from letters, diaries, newspaper clippings, and other family documents that had been passed down through Mary Woodward's family. The book is impressively footnoted. Rather than presenting four separate biographies, the book is written in narrative form relating the history of the women, starting in New York and following their lives and experiences as they moved west, finally settling in Utah. It begins with the story of Zina Baker Huntington and her conversion to the Mormon church While all of the women are interesting, the most historical attention through the years has been on Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs Smith Young She was

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married to Joseph Smith and later to Brigham Young "while she was still married to Jacobs There has been much speculation on these marriages, and this publication does not shed any particularly new light on the topic,but her marriages are covered Mary Woodward has a personal memory of the women, as she is a direct descendant of the Zinas "She knew as a girl that she and her sisters were Mormons because of what the Zinas had sacrificed." Martha Bradley is attempting to understand these women "in the socio-historical context in which their lives played out." Both are reaching for a "connecting thread" that weaves our lives and experiences with the Zinas (vii). For example, the book discusses the family dynamics, from Zina Huntington's appeals to her mother for assistance before her first baby's birth to Zina Presendia traveling from Salt Lake City to Cardston to help care for Zina Brown "when she delivered her fourth child in 1916.

This work is an important contribution to the study of women's history and to Mormon history It is rare when four generations of men or women have contributed so much and have left such a rich historical record behind Contemporary settings add to our understanding not only of the women but also to the time period in Mormon history

LINDA THATCHER Utah State Historical Society

Tale of the Lucin: A Boat, a Railroad and the Great Salt Lake

By David Peterson

(Trinidad, CA: OldWaterfront Publishing,2001 158pp Paper,$16.95.)

THIS WONDERFUL 158-PAGE BOOK tells the story of small boat built in 1893 as a passenger launch on San Francisco Bay. In 1902 the boat was moved by Southern Pacific to the Great Salt Lake to help build the earth-fill and wooden trestle across the lake, becoming the first of a fleet of both large and small boats operated by the railroad on the lake.

For anyone interested in the Great Salt Lake or railroads in Utah, this book is a must-read. It begins with a review of the boats and shipping on the lake, including the early explorers and early attempts by Patrick Connor to use his steamer Corinne to ship mineral ores from Stockton on the south shore to Corinne on the newly completed railroad line on the north shore. Included is a review of the resorts and their excursion boats Chapter Two relates the story of the construction of the rail-

road's Lucin Cutoff, beginning "with the early engineering studies and the 1900 decision to begin construction. The Lucin Cutoff was completed in 1904. The author relates many aspects of the cutoff's difficult construction features, a narrative intertwined with an account of the Southern Pacific's fleet of boats, specifically the Lucin, and how they did their part in the cutoff's construction. Especially "well done are examples of the challenges of using earth fill to cross what was,and still is,a lake that has at its bottom a thin salt crust layer atop "10,000 feet of mud." The delicate balance between the weight of the fill material and the ability of the lake bottom to support the load is still an issue today

Additional subchapters tell the stories of how the same construction crews and their boats built Southern Pacific's Dumbarton Cutoff across the southern part of San Francisco Bay, which was completed in 1910 Under the heading of "What's Next," the author presents material about the maintenance of the Lucin Cutoff and its complete replacement in 1959 with an allearthen causeway Construction of this new causeway also used a fleet of boats, and these later subchapters relate the modern methods of moving massive amounts of fill dirt through the use of large tugs and barges. Later subchapters bring the reader up to date "with the subsequent removal from service of the original wooden trestle and the reclamation of its virgin-growth redwood lumber

An interlude chapter does an excellent job at what the author calls biographies of all the San Francisco Bay launches that served on the Great Salt Lake In it are histories of the individual boats that Southern Pacific moved to and from the BayArea to Utah.

A final chapter returns to the later history of the boat Lucin, the survivor.This little boat was returned to San Francisco Bay with the completion of its namesake cutoff in 1904 There it was converted from its original passenger launch configuration to a more utilitarian tug configuration. Its use on the bay ended with its sale in 1917 and its movement to Portland, Oregon, for service at the mouth of the Columbia River In 1937 the tug was sold for its powerful gasoline engine, and in 1939 the hull was sold and converted from a medium-draft tug to a deep-draft fishing boat. The book ends seeking additional information and with a full bibliography that relates the author's journey for research for anyone who might want to follow in his path A full index is also included.

In his prologue the author states, "History does not neatly divide into separate topics and periods; it is a complex weave of all

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that has ever passed." Nothing confirms that statement better than this book While it is the story, or rather a tale, of a boat, it is also the story of a railroad and the Great Salt Lake and of man's crossing of the lake. The book makes excellent use of maps and photographs as visual aids There is no better history than history placed in context, which this book does very well

DON STRACK Centerville, Utah

Historical Dictionary of Mormonism 2nd ed. By Davis Bitton (Lanhan,MD:

Scarecrow Press,Inc.,2000 xxxii + 310 pp $69.50.)

THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS BOOK was published by Scarecrow Press in 1994 It is interesting that the press saw a need to publish a second edition.The volume is labeled a dictionary but is an encyclopedia with a short description of names and various terms Davis Bitton has expanded this volume with more than seventy new entries Most of the new terms are the biographies of recently called General Authorities. He has also added names such as Donny Osmond, Orson Scott Card, Gladys Knight, and Levi Peterson He has deleted names of released women's auxiliary leaders and added the names of the women now serving in those positions. He has also added the name ofW. Grant McMurray, the current president of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, although he did not have the last Reorganized president in the first volume. He has also added a few new terms: for example, Hill Cumorah, Internet, International Magazines, Book of Commandments, Anthon Manuscript, and Temple Square Concert Series Some of the older terms were probably an oversight from the original edition.

The second edition has also dropped the few pictures that the first volume had, which is no great loss.The pictures were so poor in quality that they distracted rather than added The press has also changed the paper from a stark white to a more pleasing soft yellow. The book gives more importance to recent items rather than historical events or people. For example it includes all members of the first two quorums of the Seventy but does not include people like Heber C Kimball andWillard Richards

The book is written for the general public Anyone, whether a believer or a non-believer in Mormonism, can read the entries and understand a little more about that person or subject than he

or she did before If not satisfied, the reader can seek out the excellent bibliography at the back of the book for more information. With a small volume such as this the question is what to select and what to exclude. Bitton has done a good job of selecting important items.

The book is well written.The cost, however, will probably prevent the average reader from buying it.

D G WATT West Valley City, Utah

Reimagining Indians: Native Americans through Anglo Eyes, 1880—1940

By Sherry L.Smith (NewYork: Oxford University

Press,2000.xii + 273 pp.$35.00.)

THIS FINE BOOK OFFERS A REVEALING challenge: choosing where to shelve it. Does it belong in American Indian history? Should it rest with works on the American West? Or should it accompany volumes on the Progressive Era's struggles to cope "with industrialization and modernity? The thoughtful contributions it makes to each category testify to the sophistication of Sherry L Smith's analysis of how and why the United States' dominant culture began to think differently about Native Americans during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century During the 1880s, Americans imagined Indians as uncivilized beings who would, presumably, benefit from assimilationist policies designed to erase their unique cultural attributes and replace them with "American" ones The Dawes Act of 1887 embodied that notion By the 1930s, however, Americans imagined Indians and their unique cultural attributes as worthy of preservation, even emulation The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 reflected this change In examining why this shift happened, Smith found a group of authors who wrote about Indians in newways Instead of finding faults in Indian cultures, they found virtues These writers began celebrating Indian lives and lifestyles as admirable in their own right and superior in some ways to the increasingly urban and industrial ways of mainstream America Smith argues that the collective output of these authors spurred mainstream America to "reimagine" Indians and to become more accepting of their practices, ultimately paving the way for dramatic changes in federal Indian policy under the leadership of Indian Commissioner John Collier.

Smith places these authors in three categories. "Eastern

RONAL

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

Adventurers" include Charles Erskine Scott Wood, George Bird Grinnell, and Walter McClintock and Mary Roberts Rinehart. She places Frank Bird Linderman, Charles Fletcher Lummis, and George Wharton James among "Western Enthusiasts.""Mothers of Reinvention" are Mary Austin, Anna Ickes, and Mabel Dodge Luhan. Some names may not be familiar, but students of the West will recognize Grinnell and Linderman as authors who made ethnographic contributions in works still being read Ickes's name may be familiar; she was the wife of Harold Ickes, Secretary of Interior to Franklin D. Roosevelt, who also appointed Collier. Anna Ickes also wrote Mesa Land, equal parts travelogue, amateur anthropology, and popular history, in which she encouraged readers to regard Indians not as curiosities but as human beings whose strong connections to nature, family, tribe, and tradition presented valuable examples for the modern world to follow That theme runs through the work of virtually every author in the study Also, the theme of the West as a regenerative force for these authors and for the nation occurs throughout.

Smith presents her well-documented case in clear, engaging prose A map showing where the authors traveled and which tribes they wrote about "would have improved the book Readers should know that this book speaks much more to the writers listed above than to the Indians about whom they "wrote.That does not diminish its significance These authors moved the nation's conscience and understanding of Indians in new directions, and this work provides a vital link in understanding why attitudes and policies towards Indians changed in the twentieth century

TODD KERSTETTER

Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas

Religion in the Modern American West By Ferenc Morton Szasz (Tucson: University ofArizona Press,2000 xvii + 249 pp $35.00.)

WHEN ONE IS TRYING TO SIZE UP the West, there is no substitute for a good map And that holds true for western places, western history and—the focus of this review—western religion as well

Given that, scholar Ferenc Morton Szasz, professor of history at the University of New Mexico, has performed a great service for the explorers of spirituality in the West. At one point, he quotes

the nineteenth-century French slight: "The U.S has fifty-two religions and only two sauces."But his volume quickly proves that the French underestimated Americans. Szasz makes it clear that we have several hundred religions and only two sauces And at one time or another most of those religions found their wayWest "Religious plurality, rather than uniformity, has long been deemed a civic virtue," Szasz writes He then sets out to make his point

The West has proven to be such a hotbed of spiritual diversity, in fact, that Szasz can only give us a quick taste of the varieties and move along. One wishes, at times, that he had expanded his volume and given us more to digest—followed the train of William James, so to speak Still, even brief mentions of the legendary Bloys camp meetings inWestTexas,the Oahspe scripture, the novels of Harold BellWright, and other surprises are enough to pique the interest and allow readers a chance to mount deeper inquiries if they wish

As for format, the book ping-pongs between panoramic overviews and a focus on particular personalities (Albert Cecil Williams and Robert H Schuller, for instance), using specific people to signal universal trends Szasz handles the scheme well, never getting in the way of the information or the subject matter. His insightful asides blend in well "with other quoted references, and his clean, "encyclopedia" writing style easily accommodates a high-minded scholarly tone as well as flashes of the common touch.

The book is divided into three sections of thirty or forty years each, beginning with 1890 and concluding with the present day Topics discussed include "Varieties of Religious Leadership," "Western Religious Personalities" and "Western Religion as Public Controversy." Wisely, since the Latter-day Saints are an anomaly and tend to skew the dynamics, Szasz severs the Mormons from the potpourri of religions and gives them a slot of their own.

A wealth of footnotes and an exhaustive bibliography are included A fine introduction, epilogue, and full index are provided Not to quibble, but given the fervent nature of faith in the West, a flashy photograph or painting "would have done wonders to enhance what is a rather pedestrian jacket.

In the end, Szasz may not be a visionary likeWallace Stegner or a pioneer along the lines of Leonard Arrington, but he does show himself to be an excellent cartographer. And thanks to his book, students and practitioners of religion in the West will have an

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

easier time getting the full lay of the land

JERRY JOHNSTON Salt Lake City

River Flowing from the Sunrise: An Environmental History of the Lower Sanfuan

ByJames M.Aton and Robert S.McPherson (Logan: Utah State University Press,2000. xvi + 216 pp.Paper,$21.95.)

UTAH SCHOLARS JAMES ATON AND Robert McPherson place the SanJuan River "at the center" of this fine book and then describe the experience and impact of "civilizations" as they "come and go" (ix) While the authors are specifically concerned with the "lower" or Utah portion of the river, they are fully aware of the entire river and its environs, as they are of their own environmental consciousness.

In many respects River Flowingfrom the Sunrise is an admirable book It is admirable in the team that offers it: Aton—introspective, evocative, widely read and fine-tuned to the river's spirit; McPherson—student of the inner Native American, regionalist, author of a growing list of books, and resident of southeastern Utah for half a lifetime The book is impressive, too, in the authority and force of Donald Worster's foreword and in the growing reputation of Utah State University Press. It is also tightly disciplined, rarely deviating from the focus of its environmental analysis Beginning with an introduction that gathers the geology of time's eons and the cultural march of twelve millennia, it moves perceptively through chapters on prehistory, Native Americans (then and now), exploration and science, livestock, and irrigated agriculture Then follow chapters on the failings of Mormon settlement and of gold and oil booms and reclamation projects and then, in contrast, chapters on the progress of environmental legislation and the flowering of the "SanJuan of the imagination."

It is a skillful marshalling of fact and illustration. The authors know and manage their vocabulary, scoring beautifully with language appropriate to the river of imagination as well as to the river of policy, utility, settlement, and cultural interaction The authors' command of the resources and literature is also impressive.They may have given short shrift to sources in Washington, D O, but they make up for it in careful attention to materials in Denver and in regional repositories elsewhere Among the book's

merits as a guide to sources is its use of the hearings and testimony involved in two U.S. v. Utah cases in 1931 and 1960, to which the authors had microfilm access at the Utah State Historical Society (130-31 and 191).

Although Aton and McPherson succeed in the scientific standard they apply, there is never any doubt where they stand. Throughout the entire study, some people -wear black hats and some "wear white.The authors eschew polemics, but their division tends to resolve tensions between "expeditionaries and settlers" in favor of those who do not have to survive in the region. Their confidence in the formulas of presentism gets pretty tough on some of the older orders. This shows particularly in their using poor Albert Lyman as whipping boy in the chapter on imagination without recognizing that they too advance a particular interest by a narrow and pointed use of the frontier's "language of conquest."

After this bit of tilting, where does this review stand? My reading was not without discomfort After all, I myself failed in San Juan during the drought of 1955—56 But even as a "would-be conqueror" I happily conclude this is a thought-provoking and reader-friendly environmental antidote Many other Utah Historical Quarterly readers, including some who stand even nearer than I to the old orders, will find River Flowing to be interesting and useful reading

CHARLES S PETERSON Professor Emeritus, Utah State University

A River Running West: The Life offohn Wesley Powell By

(NewYork: Oxford University Press,2001 xii + 673 pp $35.00.)

DonaldWorster

THE STORIES SURROUNDING the discovery, conquest, and settlement of the American West, particularly that land of deserts, canyons, and mesas situated between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, have produced a litany of names evoking images of courage, vision, and fortitude None, however, can match that ofJohn Wesley Powell in color, romance, or the sheer breadth of one man's impact on history. His epic voyage down the Green and Colorado rivers still excites the imagination, and his name is invoked "whenever the debate over the future of the Colorado Plateau rages anew. Now, at last, we have a biography that gives a complete picture of a very complex man with a soaring ego and faults to match Donald Worster, Hall Distinguished Professor at the University of Kansas, has produced a monumental

volume which is at once a tribute to its subject and a fetching portrait of the United States struggling to find its soul in the years following the Civil War

The man Worster reveals to us is a mass of contradictions Worster shows us a Powell deeply distrustful of government power who nevertheless spent his life as an integral part of the federal bureaucracy, a Powell who seemingly thrived on adventure but seemed quite content to live most of his days in a tame urban environment, and a Powell who loved science and the interchange of ideas but who lacked even the rudiments of formal education. However, we also are shown a man who refused to be discouraged or deterred by any obstacles, physical, financial, or political. Whether exploring the Grand Canyon country, founding the Bureau of American Ethnology, or serving as director of the United States Geological Survey, John Wesley Powell made his way by dogged determination and prodigious strength of character. Worster's portrait reveals a man who propelled himself to greatness without ever compromising the ethical principles inherited from his devout Methodist forbears.

None of the groups who have tried to make the major into an icon for their causes will be pleased with the man revealed in these pages Environmentalists will be distressed to learn that Powell saw nature as cruel and disordered, needing to be reshaped to the needs of human society Capitalist entrepreneurs will be surprised to learn that his vision of development in the West was very socialistic, concentrating on basin-wide farming cooperatives with communal ownership of water and timber Advocates for the American Indian will most certainly be angry with Powell's view that the only hope for the Native peoples of the region was to tear them away from all emotional and religious connection to their ancestral lands

This book is not without its faults While generally tightly written in an engaging style, the "work slips from time to time into a thicket of minutiae in which the author's grand purpose is seemingly lost There are also times "when the work moves from a chronological narrative to a topical one and back again, leaving the reader somewhat perplexed However, the thoroughness of the research and the consistently high quality of the writing make these faults inconsequential This book is required reading for anyone with the slightest interest in the history of the American West

HANK HASSELL Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona

Seeing Salt Lake City: The Legacy of the Shipler Photographers ByAlan

(Salt Lake City: Signature Books,2000 xiv + 174pp $49.95.)

Barnett

THE UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S Shipler

Photograph Collection is a rich resource for historians, and Alan Barnett, former information services manager for the society, has done a real service in bringing together a sampling of photographs from the collection in his book Seeing Salt Lake City: The Legacyof the Shipler Photographers. The collection consists of more than 100,000 images from Idaho,Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah, the bulk of which are of Salt Lake City, taken between 1903 and 1979 by three generations of commercial photographers: James William Shipler, who established a studio in Salt Lake City in 1890, his son Harry, and Harry's son Bill The Historical Society purchased the collection in 1988 and has since worked to preserve and make it available to the public

Barnett has brought together what he says is "a representative sampling" from the collection of photographs of Salt Lake City, 174 in all.The photographs are arranged chronologically, beginning with a view of the Fremont School taken on February 19, 1903, and ending with a shot of the Crystal Palace Market on August 20, 1940 They include mainly buildings and street scenes but also such subjects as parades, ethnic neighborhoods, striking streetcar workers, newsboys, and the city's red light district The purpose of the book, he says, is two-fold: "to highlight the relatively unknown work of the Shiplers using selected examples to illustrate the breadth, depth, and quality of their work"; and to provide insight into the history of Salt Lake City Barnett does not say much about the criteria he used in selecting the photographs or in what ways they are representative I often found myself wondering why he chose particular photographs. With only a few exceptions, the photographs he has included are tremendously absorbing and provide a-wealth of information.

The collection as a whole, and the photographs assembled in the book, do have their limitations. Because for the most part they were commissioned by a variety of clients for their own purposes, there is much they do not reveal, in particular the stories of those who were positioned and constructed as the powerless, those on the margins, the strangers, the others, the alien. There are no images, for example, of the marches and rallies of the unemployed in Salt Lake during the Great Depression of the 1930s, and most of the faces in the photographs are white Still, there is much they

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do tell us The early twentieth century was a particularly crucial time in Salt Lake City's history, and the photographs, both in the Shipler collection as a whole and those in Seeing Salt Lake City, help us understand it.When interrogated, analyzed, and interpreted with care, they help render Salt Lake's history visible, allowing us to articulate some of the "ways the city organized itself over time, what its interests and aspirations were, the "ways it thought, what it valued, the manner in which particular groups sought to represent themselves and establish their authority and their place, and the relations of power that existed among various groups. For a number of historians of Utah practicing in the last two decades or so, the idea that Utah is a story of many peoples with many voices—voices that must be heard—has been a guidepost and has led to a much-expanded telling of Utah's past that is more varied, plural, multivocal, and multicultural than -were previous accounts. Even with their limitations, the photographs in Seeing Salt Lake City help us understand this Photographs, however, like other pieces of evidence, do not speak for themselves They have to be "read," and I would like Barnett to have undertaken a more thorough reading than he does of the photographs he has brought together. I would have liked him to do more interpretative work, both in his introductory essay and in the captions for each photograph, offering his own insights about what the photographs allow us to conclude about the history of Salt Lake City, and what they do not, against which readers could react and compare their own readings

JOHN S. MCCORMICK Salt Lake Community College

William Henry Holmes and the Rediscovery of the American West By KevinJ

Ferlund (Albuquerque: University ofNew Mexico Press,2000.xvii + 300 pp.$39.95)

ARTIST, ARCHAEOLOGIST, GEOLOGIST, museum curator: W. H. Holmes excelled at them all in his brilliant career between the end of the Civil War and the Great Depression During that period he rose to the very heights of each profession that he wove into his life Like his boss John Wesley Powell, Holmes was one of those great nineteenth-century polymaths; he trained himself in science and art and became a major name in these fields during his lifetime.

Holmes was born on the southern Ohio frontier and grew up

not far from Powell He had some formal education, and like many bright young men of the time he spent a few years teaching school But his ambition to be an artist took him to the big city, first to Cleveland and then to the nation's capital His talent was noticed one day, and through various connections he met Ferdinand Meek, the famous paleontologist, and then geologist Ferdinand B Hayden Hayden hired him for his survey as an illustrator, and Holmes never looked back He ended up holding many important field and then bureaucratic positions for the Hayden Survey, the United States Geological Survey, the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Field Museum in Chicago

As an artist, Holmes excelled as a master of scientific illustration As Kevin Ferlund points out, "Holmes' landscapes reveal...an artist possessed by the confidence that his work, informed by science, could achieve nothing less than an exact picture of the physical world." Moreover, as one well-known contemporary artist once told me, "His work stands up aesthetically "with anything done in America in the nineteenth century."

While working for Hayden in Colorado in the mid-1870s, Holmes quickly picked up geology and archaeology. His insights into "what became known as laccolithic structures in his study of the Carrizo Mountains in Arizona helped pave the way for the work of the great geologist Grove Karl Gilbert in his classic studies of the Henry Mountains. Holmes also became an expert of prehistoric rock art and ceramics, and he was one of the first to suggest that the modern pueblo tribes descended from the ancient cliff dwellers, or Anasazi In fact, his superb fieldwork in those seasons with Hayden later led School of American Research director Edgar L Hewitt to call Holmes "the founder of the science of southwestern archaeology," a title usually given to Adolph Bandelier

When the USGS was formed in 1878, Clarence King hired Holmes to continue his work as geologist and illustrator. His subsequent collaboration "with Clarence E Dutton on the classic Tertiary History of the Grand Canyon District was unsurpassed as geologic science, art, and scientific prose Holmes's contribution as both an artist and a scientist was extraordinary His illustrations are usually the first choice by editors seeking a Grand Canyon depiction today

As the 1880s rolled on, Holmes became more and more enmeshed in his work at the Bureau of American Ethnology, and by 1889 he was working there fulltime He "was eventually named director after Powell died in 1902 Besides administration, Holmes

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was the national expert on prehistoric ceramics and mining; he was also the leading authority on human antiquity in America (although his demand for high standards of evidence ended up hurting his reputation after the Folsom and Clovis discoveries in New Mexico) Holmes also wrote the bill that became the very significant Antiquities Act, which Theodore Roosevelt signed into law in 1906.

When Holmes died in 1933 at the age of 86, however, the world had passed him by; modernism and cultural relativism had superseded the worlds of art and archaeology that he had lived in It has taken a reawakening of interest in the Colorado Plateau and its environmental and aesthetic issues to get people talking about him again. This began with Wallace Stegner and his landmark book on Powell, Beyond the Hundredth Meridian. For many years, however, only Holmes's art was discussed Now Ferlund has done an outstanding job of filling in the whole picture of his many significant professional accomplishments as both an artist and a scientist This book joins a growing list of books that have come out recently on Powell and his survey men, including Donald Worster's new biography, A River Running West: The Life of'John Wesley Powell. One hopes now that someone will do for Clarence E Dutton what Worster and Ferlund have done for Powell and Holmes, respectively. This is a well-researched, smoothly written biography of W. H. Holmes's professional life. I recommend it highly for anyone interested in Utah, the West, or the history of the earth and social sciences in America

JAMES M ATON Southern Utah University

BOOK NOTICES

Henry Sugimoto: Painting an American Experience

Edited by Kristine Kim

(Berkeley;Heyday Books,2000.xiv + 141pp.Cloth,$50.00;paper,$24.95.)

Born in 1900 in Japan, Henry Sugimoto came tothe United States in 1919. He was determined to follow his dream of being an artist, and he studied inSan Francisco and France, where he painted landscapes influenced by the impressionists and post-impressionists. With Roosevelt's signing of Executive Order 9066 and the incarceration of the Sugimoto family at the relocation camp inJerome,Arkansas, the painter's subjects and style changed. Painting with a limited palette on cloth that his wife somehow obtained for him, he began to document the pain of the Japanese American internment experience. After the "war, although he had to work for income inatextile factory, Sugimoto continuedto create art, working with internment themes and also with theJapanese immigrant experience

This book puts Sugimoto's art in context with his life and times and beautifully reprints much of his work.

Pioneer Photographers of the Far West: A Biographical Dictionary, 1840—1865

By

Peter E.Palmquist andThomas R. Kailbourn (Stanford: Stanford University Press,2001.

704 pp.$125.00.)

After fifty years (between them) of photo-historical research, the authors have produced a volume that profiles some 1,500 photographers, retouchers, printers, makers and dealers ofequipment, publishers, lithographers, and engravers The scope of the book covers the professional and, when possible, private lives of individuals who worked inthe North American West (west of the Continental Divide) and all of Central America Italso includes careful, complete documentation, agreat boon for those who engage infuture studies. Martha A. Sandweiss minces no "words of praise in her foreword: "Photographic history, long a stepchild of art history, has been slow to acquire abasic set of reference tools," she writes "This volume immediately rises to the very top of the pack" (xi)

Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion

Edited byEricA Eliason (Urbana and Chicago: University ofIllinois Press,2001

296 pp Cloth, >.95;paper,$17.95.)

The essays inthis volume reflect an "explosion of interest"in Mormon studies The editor writes that, since the establishment ofIslam, only three movements—Mormonism, Sikhism, and Baha'i—"can lay reasonable claim to the status of a new "world religion based on their longevity, population, world-

wide distribution, and doctrinal uniqueness" (15) This book reprints scholarly studies of the religion's evolution and culture. Both Mormon and non-Mormon scholars have contributed insightful essays, "writing on such topics as how early Mormons viewed themselves, -whether Mormons are Christians, the Book of Mormon as a key to understanding the religion's social history, music within the international church, and the dynamics behind the church's growth.

Only What We Could Carry: The Japanese American Internment Experience

Edited by Lawson Fusao Inada (Berkeley: Heyday Books,2000 480 pp Paper,$18.95.)

Letters, government documents, poems, memoirs, diary excerpts, newspaper clippings, photos, sketches, and more create a fascinating anthology on the internment experience The book highlights the inner and outer lives of interned Japanese Americans but also documents Caucasian attitudes, the experiences of non-interned camp -workers, and even such related experiences as those of a Japanese Peruvian and an interned Italian opera singer—all demonstrating Americans' escalating hysteria and prejudice duringWorldWar II

General William S. Harney, Prince of Dragoons By George RollieAdams (Lincoln and London: University ofNebraska Press,2001 xix + 389 pp $50.00.)

Spanning forty-five years, Harney's army career included garrison duty, fighting in the Indian Avars and the Mexican War, keeping the peace in volatile Kansas, heading a campaign against the Sioux, and commanding and organizing the Utah Expedition of 1857—58.His military career ended when President Lincoln, believing untrue accusations that Harney sympathized with the South, removed him from his command in Missouri.This first scholarly full-length biography of the general, "who "was ambitious, violent, bold, arrogant, innovative, and courageous, competently examines the man and his times.

All hut the Waltz: A Memoir of Five Generations in the Life of a Montana

Family By Mary Clearman Blew (1991;reprint, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,2001.223pp.Paper,$12.95.)

Family and land are inseparable in these essays.Blew shows us the sharp uniqueness and universality of her kin as they "work their lives on the difficult land of central Montana Love, discord, understanding, misunderstanding, and unlived expectations are the inevitable traits of family explored here Always, the landscape is part of the narrative, shaping the stories as relationships evolve, fade, and intertwine within theJudith Basin.

Balsamroot: A Memoir By Mary Clearman Blew (1994;reprint, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,2001.211 pp.Paper, $12.95.)

"Auntie"—the author's greatly loved, never-married Aunt Imogene—is slipping into dementia. In caring for a relative whose mind is becoming murky, the author herself finds greater clarity in other aspects of life Just as she clears out Imogene s house overlooking the Strait ofJuan de Fuca, Blew begins a sorting process that brings into focus family relationships, childhood and young womanhood (ofboth herself and her aunt),place,history, and life choices.

Idaho's Malad Valley: A History By ThomasJ McDevitt (Pocatello,ID:Little Red Hen, 2001 x + 230 pp Paper,$25.95.)

Filled with an assortment of loosely organized, sometimes-quirky anecdotes—including stories of deaths, earthquakes, Three Nephites, Ben Waldron's twisted amputated leg, and Jesse James's courtship of a Malad widow— this book is dedicated to the "wonderful, funny people of Malad Valley." It may not be academic, but it is fun reading

Tell Them We Are Going Home: The Odyssey of the Northern Cheyennes By John H Monnett (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,2001 288 pp $27.95.)

After army troops destroyed Dull Knife's winter village in 1876, the survivors suffered cold and hunger and finally were sent to Indian Territory But there the northern Cheyennes grew ill from warm-climate diseases and longed for their home in the high country of Montana When army officials refused to let them return, chiefs Little Wolf and Dull Knife escaped with 300 of their people This book tells the story of their conflict with the U.S Army and their journey.

Lucy's Book: A Critical Edition of Lucy Mack Smith's Family Memoir Edited by Lavina FieldingAnderson (Salt Lake City: Signature Books,2001 ix + 947 pp $44.95.)

Various versions of the memoirs of Lucy Mack Smith, mother of Mormon prophet Joseph Smith, have been published at various times This hefty volume makes a major contribution by comparing Lucy's rough draft of 1844—45 with the version edited by Martha Jane Coray and Orson Pratt and published by Pratt in 1853.The rough draft, created largely from notes Coray took as Lucy reminisced, reveals Lucy's colloquial voice and her individual memory of early LDS church events; the Coray/Pratt edited version "corrects" her memory and

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

makes the language more formal.The book also contains a biographical sketch of Lucy by Irene Bates, an essay on her "domestic spirituality," an explanation of the history of the manuscript, a chronology of the church and the book (including an examination of BrighamYoung's furious response when Pratt published the memoir without Young's permission), an epilogue on Lucy's last years, and thumbnail sketches of individuals mentioned in the memoir

Chinese on the American Frontier Edited byArifDirlik (Lanham,MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.xxxvi + 506 pp.$79.95.)

Compiling articles from a variety of sources, this anthology seeks to fill a gap in scholarship.According to the editor, most studies on the Chinese in America have focused on the Pacific Coast, but this volume includes explorations of the Chinese presence in the Southwest, Rocky Mountains, and Northwest. Many of the articles come from state historical journals and other regional sources, and some were originally printed in less-scholarly sources and, as the editor warns, are at times uncritical in their approach The book covers a great deal of territory; still, there is really no valid excuse for this faux pas: A map of "Chinese Mining Activity" shows only one site in Utah, "Brigham Canyon," located east of the Great Salt Lake.That is unfortunate, because even though readers of the Utah Historical Quarterly may know better, the students for whom this volume is mainly intended may not.

The Plains Indian Photographs of Edward S. Curtis (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press,2001. 186 pp.$50.00.)

In 1900 Edward S Curtis attended a Sun Dance gathering in Montana. From a mountain top, he could see a "circle of tipis nearly a mile wide" and thousands of participating Indians It would be the last great gathering of Indians in North America, and later Curtis "would say that this stunning sight "was the "start of my effort to learn about the Plains Indians and to photograph their lives" (69). The result of that effort would be the twenty-volume The North American Indian (1907—1930), which, though it reflects the biases and methods of its time, also has inherent power. Besides, the project's "flaws" are in themselves culturally revealing and -worthy of study Three strong essays in this volume explore the photographic traditions within which Curtis worked, the complexity of a project that sets out to describe reality in text and pictures, and the aesthetics behind the photographs.

America's National Scenic Trails Kathleen Ann Cordes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,2001. 320 pp.Paper, $19.95.)

Congress has designated eight continuous routes along significant natural corridors as National Scenic Trails. The trails include the Appalachian (2,160 miles long), the Continental Divide (3,260 miles from Mexico to Canada), Florida (1,300 miles through varied ecosystems), Ice Age (1,000 miles through Wisconsin's glacially formed topography), Natchez Trace (planned to be 110 miles on an ancient footpath in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee), North Country (4,195 miles through seven midwestern and northeastern states), Pacific Crest (2,650 miles from border to border), and Potomac Heritage (700 miles) national trails.The book gives an overview, history, and guide to points of interest for each trail.

My Several Lives: An Autobiography By PaulW

Hodson

(Midvale,UT: Keeban Publications, 2000 iii + 268 pp.)

The author's several lives include childhood and youth, an LDS mission in Nazi Germany, courtship and marriage, graduate studies at Harvard and Stanford, intelligence work during World War II, a vice presidency for business at the University of Utah, educational assignments in Latin America, and the development of the Dimple Dell community. In his foreword, William Mulder writes, "Each 'life,' all those dramatic turns in a long career, reveal the narrator's courage and initiative, enriched throughout by his philosophical reflections."

Sifters: Native American Women's Lives Edited byTheda Perdue (NewYork: Oxford University Press,2001 xii + 260 pp Cloth, $49.95;paper, $19.95.)

Cherokee women were "sifters," so called after their most important tool With these loosely -woven baskets, they processed foods in a variety of ways, nourishing their families Although the roles of women in various Native tribes—as sifters and far more—were vital to the continuation of their people, the lives of Native "women have largely gone unrecognized and unrecorded, both in documentary sources and in modern historiography This unique collection of essays gathers scholarship on diverse individual lives

These women, ranging from Pocahontas to Ada Deer, whose career in working for tribal sovereignty and self-determination led to an appointment as head of the BIA, are not anonymous, as so many of their sisters are, only because they did something that someone considered worth noting. But most of the essays do not simply recount these exceptional lives; they also examine processes, meanings, and implications. The account of the murdered activist Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash

explores sexism and schism within the American Indian Movement as one manifestation of the obstacles encountered by Native -women trying to reclaim their traditional powerful roles within their tribes.The essay on Pocahontas explains the development of the often-told myth as an attempt by those powerful Virginians whose blood was "tainted" by Indian ancestry to legitimize themselves while justifying their domination over other Native people With such essays, the reader of this volume will understand Native women's lives on a deeper level

LETTERS

Editor:

It is unfortunate that Ronald W Walker's recent article on the origins of Utah statehood ("Thomas L Kane and Utah's Quest for Self-Government, 1846-51," Summer 2001) charged James K Polk with religious bigotry, an accusation based on a purported "secret and never-disclosed Polk administration plan."

Professor Walker asserts that President Polk was an "anti-Mormon" without pointing to a single act, save this "secret" plan The lack of any clear explanation of this tale is unfortunate, since B H Roberts pointed out decades ago that the historical record lacks any credible documentation that President Polk had such a plan

James K Polk stoutly defended Mormon religious rights and even contributed cash to "begging missionaries" for the relief of the refugees at Winter Quarters

On January 31, 1846, Polk told Illinois senator James Semple that he "could not interfere with them on the grounds of their religious faith, however absurd it might be considered to be; that if I could interfere with the Mormons, I could with the Baptists, or any other religious sect; & that by the constitution any citizen had a right to adopt his own religious faith."While ignoring this evidence, Walker points to a purported Thomas L Kane memo "detailing the Polk administration's anti-Mormon activity." No such memo exists

The claim that the Kane family won permission from the federal government for the Mormons to winter on Indian lands is also inaccurate Brigham Young reported in July 1846 that Capt James Allen guaranteed "the privilege of staying anywhere we please on Indian lands" in exchange for the services of the Mormon Battalion

As his primary source Walker points to a typescript of Kane's correspondence with Mormon authorities at LDS Church Archives.After years of work on Kanerelated subjects, I was surprised I'd never found this typescript. Since church archivists can't find it either, could Professor Walker provide a more complete citation?

Finally, since Thomas L. Kane spent most of his six decades believing he was at death's door, I would suggest an alternative diagnosis to tuberculosis for his chronic bad health: hypochondria.

Will Bagley

Ronald Walker's reply to Will Bagley:

Readers interested in the issues raised by my friend Will Bagley should read carefully my article and consult the information contained in my citations as well as those existing in the broad literature

Mr. Bagley may be one of the few historians to suggest that a statement made by a U S president (Polk to James Semple) must be taken at face value Or that such a statement necessarily explains a president's long-term, complex, and perhaps changing policy. Moreover, I hope readers will understand my purpose. My point when writing my article was not necessarily to examine Polk's policy, but Kane's characterization of it

Bagley misreads my treatment of Kane's suggestion that there may have been a hidden Polk administration strategy regarding the Mormons during their exodus west. My hope was to bring Kane's allusion to light and thereby suggest the possibility of a wider variety of interpretations of the issue Are we supposed to dismiss Kane's comment out of hand? I think a better approach is to introduce the evidence, qualify it by noting that Kane's promised memo does not seem to be extant (he may have destroyed his memo or never written it), and give Kane's suggestion the credence of Polk's reputation for conspiracy, "weaving intrigue within intrigue" (pp 101—102) This has been my approach My words were careful and reflect the evidence that currently exists.

We have another Bagley misstep on the issue of Mormon use of Native American land during the LDS exodus west. While Capt. James Allen gave the Mormons his permission to settle on Native American land during the LDS exodus, his "permission" had limited value He -was a military man -with no authority over Indian lands The historical record attests that the Mormons understood that Allen's promise was tenuous, that local U.S.Native American agents and subagents challenged Allen's action, and that Washington officials eventually reviewed and temporarily ratified Allen's promise—after Judge John Kintzing Kane, Thomas Kane's father, had intervened in their behalf (see W Medill [?] to John K Kane, September 3, 1846, Kane typescripts; and Thomas Kane's report of the event, Thomas L Kane to Brigham Young, September 22, 1846, ibid.) Without this intervention, it is problematic that the Mormons would have been able to remain at the Winter Quarters camp, a matter of crucial importance That Mr Bagley is unaware of the complexity of this issue, or chooses to ignore it, is puzzling. Perhaps he has spent "years of work on Kane-related subjects," as he says,but the issue should not have escaped him; nor is its documentation difficult to find. In addition to Mormon-held documents, the readily available papers of the Bureau

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

of Indian Affairs tell the same story.

While not a doctor skilled in the diagnosis of hypochondria, I do know that the historical record contains a great deal of evidence that Kane's illnesses went beyond the psychological. Normally, hypochondriacs do not run dangerously high fevers, hemorrhage heavily, or bear the result of battle wounds, which in Kane's case came from his CivilWar service. Surely, here, Mr. Bagley isjesting.

Mr. Bagley's comments may be well meaning, and they may be colorfully phrased, but they have little substance.

Ronald W.Walker

Editor:

In the article on orchards in the Summer 2001 issue of the Quarterly, on page 227 is a photo titled "Harvesting apples in GrandValley,Uintah County."

Having lived in Uintah County from 1930 through 1960, I never heard of a GrandValley in the county; is this perhaps a typo, and should be Utah County?

Uintah County was not very well represented as a commercial orchard area; there were only primarily small family orchards that sold mainly to nearby residents. Nearly all the commercial fruit came into the Uintah Basin from the Provo area and from Grand Junction, Colorado.

If I am incorrect, please let me know Thank you

Th e editor replies:

R. Neil Thorne Silver City, New Mexico

You are right. There is no Grand Valley, Uintah County, according to the United States Geographical Survey.We relied on the label on a photo in, our collection to write the caption, and we regret the error.

However, there may be some "truth" to the error The valley running west of Grand Junction into Utah, north of 1-70 and south of the Book Cliffs, is called Grand Valley, and fruit is grown there At one time, the southern edge of Uintah County dipped into what is now Grand County, which was created in 1890 Though it is hard to determine the exact boundary on the maps available to us, it is possible that the pre-1890 Uintah County included part of GrandValley If not, the border would have run very close to the valley The photo in question may well have been taken before 1890

2001 INDEX

Italic numbers refer to illustrations.

AAgriculture: cattle ranchers, and Ute/Paiute band, 8—15; migrant workers, 228; orchards, 215, 221, 222, 225, 221, 229, 215-31; irrigation, 144, 226; sugar beets, 249,254-55,259-60

Alder, Caine, skier, 351

Alderson,J H., horse dealer, 10

Alexander, Robert J., Salt Lake Co health officer, 48, 55

Allen, I.W., Moab physician, 40-41

Alton, E. R., ski jump tournament manager, 298,301,303

Anderson, Earl, North Logan developer, 145

Anderson, Roice, North Logan land buyer, 141

Anderson, Wayne, district ranger, 350

Angell, Truman O., and design of sugar factory, 259-60

Anglo Americans, and settlement on Indian lands, 8—9, and friction with Indians, 9—28

Aoki, Keiko, teacher at Topaz, 131

Arches National Monument, 42, 44

Armstrong, Red, prisoner, Washington Co., 163

Arrington, Leonard, and analysis of sugar enterprise, 259, 261-62

Arrowhead Trails Highway, 20In

Atomic Energy Commission, 30-31, 37, 43-44

Automobile clubs: Southern California, 192; California Auto Assn., 210; Utah Auto Assn., 211.

Avalanche, in Bingham Canyon, 57, 66—67

B

Babbitt, Almon, State of Deseret representative, 113, 113-14,117

Babble, Gordon, and widening of Shafer Trail, 43

Bacon, Frank, LDS elder, 238

Balsley, Howard, Moab citizen, 31

Bamberger, Simon, Utah gov., and Lincoln Hwy route, 203, 207

Bane, Laverne C , teacher at Topaz, 128, 133n

Barnes, Claude, attorney for polygamists, 169

Barrus,Thayer C , teacher at Topaz, 128, 133n

Batt, Lawrence, North Logan resident, 141, 144,149

Bean, Jordan, member of Ute-fighting posse, 18, 21, 20-22,25

Beatty, J.T., Washington Co resident, 152 Beatty,Theodore, health commissioner, 48 Becker, Gus, and Becker Hill ski jump, 289, 294,296,298,301,303

Beckett, Henry, Jr., and location of ski jump, 290

Bell, Lome, project administrator,Topaz schools, 125n

Benton,Thomas Hart, U.S. senator, and attitudes toward Mormons, 105, 108,113

Berger, Dewain, No Logan zoning commissioner, 143—44

Bernhisel, John, Utah territorial delegate, 107, 110, ___?, 113-16,118,253

Berry, Bill, Park City fire chief, 312

Berry, W H., Southern Ute agent, 27

Bertrand, Louis, and translation of Book of Mormon, 249

Bills, Dorothy, No Logan zoning commissioner, 144

Bingham Canyon, 46—59, 63, 63—67

Bingham, Thomas and Sanford, 47

Birkbeck, Robert J., UPC M employee, 311

Bjorngaard, Halvor, ski jumper and director of Ogden Ski Club, 288, 293, 292-94, 296,297-301,303-304

Blair, Seth M., U.S. attorney, 118, and sugar enterprise, 249

Boggs, Lilburn W., Missouri gov., 108

Bolton, Curtis, and LDS mission with J Taylor, 248, 249n, 250

Bosshardt, Charles, killer of S. Malen, 155-58

Bowman, Will, reporter, 293—94

Boyce,Violet, Bingham Canyon resident, 59

Bradford, Richard, No Logan zoning commissioner, 144

Brandebury Lemuel G , chief justice, Utah Territory, 118

Brocchus, Perry C , associate justice, Utah Territory, 118

Brooks, Will, Washington Co. sheriff, 153

Browning, Ira, state road engineer, 207

Buchanan, James, U.S secretary of state and pres., andT. Kane, 101

Buffington, Joseph, chief justice, Utah Territory, 118

Burkholder, Joseph, and Pinhook Draw fight, 22

Burns, Bob, owner of Snow Park, 312

Burtenshaw, Ray, co extension agent and No Logan zoning commissioner, 143

Byrd, Pete, Moab business owner, 32, 36—37, 42 381

"Ca-cah-par-a-mata," Paiute, and information on Anglo killings, 27

Cache County, development in, 139—51

Caldwell, Carl, deputy sheriff, and fugitive J Lewis, 166—67

Canyonlands National Park, 44

Carlisle, John C , superintendent ofTopaz schools, 124, 129n

Carlisle, John W , student at Topaz, 129n

Carney, Hoke, Park City planning committee member, 318

Carpenter, Otto, owner of Snow Park, 312, 324

Carroll, Henry (Capt.), commander, 9 Cavalry, 25

Chaplin, David, Park City resident, 316, 323

Chastain, Martha, teacher at Topaz, 128, 133n

Christiansen, Alma and Pete, and "schooner" sled, 333

Christiansen, Lloyd and Milton, skiers, 342, 345

Christiansen, Reva, and sledding, 335

Christiansen, Rhodin, and sledding, 332—33

Church ofJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS): and teachings on orchards, 219—21; and support of economic development, 230. See also Mormons.

Clawson, Rudger, LDS mission pres., 61, 243

Clay, Henry, U.S senator, and Compromise of 1850,115

Clyde, George, Utah gov., and groundbreaking of ski resort, 313, 315, 317

Colorado, and Indian-Anglo relations, 8—10, 12-14,23

Conrod, William, snowshoer, 350

Cooke, Honore, cattle rustler, 161—62

Corbin, Ida, wife of John, 38

Corbin,JohnW, Moab telephone company manager, 37

Cordner family, and berry growing, 223

Cottam, John, Washington Co sheriff, 152—53

Coward, John W , and sugar enterprise, 251, 255, 257

Cowboys, 11, and Pinhook Draw fight, 4—28

Cox, Everard, Dixie College student, 164

Crawley, Peter, historian, 112

Curtis, Dick, Rico resident, 25

DDalmus, Fred, Moab water commissioner, 35

Dawson, Bill, leader of Ute-fighting posse, 14-19,21-23,25

De La Mare, Alice (Gowan), daughter of Philip, 253

De La Mare, Isabel, granddaughter of Philip, 257

De La Mare, Philip, and sugar enterprise, 249-53, 252, 255, 257, 260-61

De La Mare, Thomas, son of Philip, 253

Deseret Manufacturing Co (DMC), 250-58

Despain, Dale, Moab city planner, 35

Deveraux, Ira, and clearing snow in Pleasant Grove, 337

Dewey, Lorna and Wade, North Logan residents, 142, 144, 147

Dillree, R E., Lincoln Hwy engineer, 205

Dingle, Leah Fugal, and sleighing, 331, 333-35

Dixon, Henry A., Utah congressman, 35

Douglas, Stephen A., U. S. senator, and Mormons, 114,253

Downing, Andrew Jackson, writings on fruitgrowing, 216—17

Draper, Carroll I., North Logan resident, 141, 144,149

Droubay, S K., vice-president of UPCM, and ski resort, 313-14, 315, 316, 324

Dunn, Marion, author, 48, 56, 59

Durham, Wilby, organizer of Deseret News Ski School, 309

Durrant, Joan, "Miss Bonanza," 312

Eccles, George, First Security Bank pres., 35 Education: Bingham High School, 5; growth pressures on Moab schools, 38—40; health education, 48-59; at Topaz, 120, 124-38, 128, 136

Ekron, Winston, Moab physician, 40

Embry, Anna E., wife of Bertis, 141

Embry, Bertis L., professor and zoning committee member in No. Logan, 141, 143, 144

Engen, Alf, ski jumper, 296, 296-302, 303, 305, 307, 304-309

Engen, Sverre, ski jumper, 288, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299-302, 303, 304-306, 309

Episcopal church: St Mark's Cathedral, Summercover; and Bishop F S Spalding, 232-46

Erickson, Steve, ski tour business owner, and yurt system, 350—51

Ernst, Charles E,Topaz project director, 124, 137

FenleyVae M., killer of R Hunt, 160-61

Fillmore, Millard, U.S. pres., and Mormons, 115,117-18

Fisher, Carl G., founder Lincoln Hwy Assn, 75>4, 193-95,197,200,203

Fishing, 330

Fletcher, Mel, ski booster, patrolman, instructor, 312-13, 314, 318

Foote, Ellis, Moab city mgr, 36

France, LeRoy, No Logan planning commissioner, 149

Fraughton, Ed., sculptor, and Park City planning, 314, 320-21, 322

Fredbo, Einar, ski jumper, 296, 297, 299, 301, 304

Freeman, Zelda Nelson, and sleighing, 331 "Frenchie," hot dog vendor in Moab, 32

Fugal, Jean, and sledding, 334

Fujii, Grace, 133n, teacher at Topaz

Fujimoto, Grace, (Oshita) teacher at Topaz and sec to W Robertson, 128, 130n, 137n

G

German POWs, and orchard labor, 227

Glaser, Oscar A., industrial hygiene expert, and Bingham, 66

Gold Hill, 207

Goodro, Harold, skier and ski hut builder, 346,348,35?

Goodwin, DuWayne, No. Logan zoning committee member, 143

Gordon, Jack H., robber, and A Prince, 158

Goshen, , Congregational minister, and LDS church, 233

Gramlich,Walt, and complaints about AEC, 31 Grand County, and Indian-cowboy fight, 4—28; and uranium boom, 29—45

Grant, Heber J., and comment on sugar enterprise, 263

Greeley, Horace, NY Tribune editor, and Mormons, 106,118

GrigsbyWorden, leader of rescue party for Pinhook Draw fight, 23—25

Gurr,James E.,Wasatch Ntl Forest supervisor, 343

HHafen, Orval, Washington Co attorney 153, 157,169

Hagiwara, Horuko, teacher at Topaz, 128 Hall, James, member of Ute-fighting posse, 22 Halvorsen, Karen, "Miss Bonanza" attendant,

312

Hammer, Dick, owner of Dick's cafe, 155 Hanson, Nils, and protest of sledding, 331 Harris, Broughton D , Utah Territory secretary, 118

Harrison, Geraldine, legislative candidate, and economic development, 230

Harroun, Jessie, teacher at Topaz, 133

Haslem, Dean, No. Logan resident, 141-42

Haugen, Anders, ski jumper, 296

Haugen, Lars, ski jumper, 289-90, 291-92, 296-97, 302, 305

Heywood, Joseph L., marshal, Utah Territory, 118

Hinckley, E E., Moab physician, 40

Hoag, Gael S., and Lincoln Hwy route, 198, 206,212

Hodges, E. A., state mining engineer, 156

Hoffman, Keith, No Logan resident, 149

Hoffman, Luther T., superintendent of Topaz schools, 137n

Hoggan, Brent, No Logan town, attorney, 146

Hokanson, Drake, Lincoln Hwy historian, 201

Hoover, J. Edgar, and letter to A. Prince, 166

Hopkins,W H., skier, 343

Hori, Lillian Yamauchi, teacher at Topaz, 129n, 133n

Home, Joseph, and aid to DMC , 254

Hoyt, Will, judge, 169, 170

Hudson, Joshua B., SE Utah cattleman, 12-15

Hulbert, Frank, skier, 343

Hunt, George, Enterprise city marshal, 154

Hunt, Royal, murdered rancher, 160

Hunter, Howard W , LDS apostle, and economic development, 230

Hurley Rhea, Park City resident, 311

Hvalstad, Halvor, ski jumper, 288, 296, 297', 302,305

Hyde, Orson, and sugar enterprise, 256, 258

IIce-cutting, 326-27, 327, 328, 329

Ice-skating, 329, 336, 335-36

Ienatsch, Ellie, and Silver Fork cabin, 355

Immigrants, in Bingham Canyon, 47, 49—52, 65, 123

Indians, prehistoric, 4 See also individual tribes

Influenza epidemic, 62

Infrastructure, pressures on, in Moab, 32—45

Israelson, Lyle, No Logan town board pres., 151

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY J

Jacobsen, Joe, No. Logan contractor, 141

Jager, Arjen W , husband of L.Van Ee, 58

Jager, Louise Van Ee See Van Ee, Louise

Jamison, G , doctor in Bingham Canyon, 57

Japanese Americans, and Topaz internment camp, 125—38; and orchard labor, 227—28

Jenkins, Tim, member of Ute-fighting posse, 19

Jenks, "Pop," Park City resident, 312

Jenson, Andrew, LDS historian, 140

Jessop, Fred, polygamist, 168—69

Jessop, Richard, polygamist, 168—69

"Johnny Appleseed," 216

Johnson, Bonnie, skier, 348, 349

Johnson, E. G , State Road Commission engineer, 41—42

Johnson, H y Pleasant Grove H.S shop teacher, 336—37

Johnson, J I., and ski lift in American Fork Canyon, 336

Johnson, Julius, early No. Logan settler, 140

Johnson, Lady Bird, visit to Park City, 318, 320

Johnson, Ned, and Park City ice rink, 335

Jolley, Mark, UPC M foreman, 310

Joy, Henry Lincoln Hwy Assn pres., 194, 194-97,212-13

KKader, Omar, fruit grower, 228

Kamp, William, Wasatch Mtn Club pres 345, 347, 351

Kane, Elisha, explorer, brother of Thomas, 104,118

Kane, Elizabeth, wife of Thomas, 105

Kane, John Kintzing, father of Thomas, 101

Kane,Thomas L., 253, and self-government for Utah, 100, 100-119

Kato, Sumi, teacher at Topaz, 128

Keller, Wes, and Silver Fork cabin, 356

Kendall, Amos, U.S secretary of state, andT Kane, 101

Kimball, Heber C , counselor to B.Young: and sermon on orchards, 219—20; and sugar industry, 256

King, Merlin and Elna, No Logan residents, 151

Knight, Helen M., Moab school superintendent, 35, 38, 39

Knight, Nate Jr., uranium miner, 40, 43, and Shafer Trail, 43

Knight, Nate III, 43

Knight, Peggy, wife of Nate Jr., 40

Koziol, F C,Wasatch Ntl Forest supervisor, 343,346-47

Krebs, Floyd, No Logan developer, 145—46

Krebs,Vern, No. Logan town board member, 146-47,149

Kunz, Merrill, Dixie College football player, 164

Land-use planning: in No. Logan, 139—51; in Park City, 318-22

Langford, Paddy, UPC M employee, 311

Langton, Wilfred, 238

Larremore, Ted, Park City resident, 321, 323-25

Larremore, Wilma, Park City resident, 314, 321,318,322,324

La Sal Mountains, 4, 7, 4-7, 16-24

Laughlin, James, owner of Alta Lodge, 338, 344,345

Law enforcement, in Washington Co., 153—71

LDS See Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Leech, Elsie, and uranium boom, 44

Leonard, Fabian, Episcopal bishop, 241

Lewis, Joe, fugitive, 165—66

Lincoln Highway, 192, 196, 203, 204

Lincoln Hwy Association, and route through Utah, 192-214

Lindstrom, Gael, No. Logan planning commissioner, 151

"Little Captain," Navajo, 12

Little,Jesse C.,LDS eastern representative, 101

Loertscher, David, chair of Park City development committee, 315, 317—18, 319n

Loosle, Don, No Logan builder/developer, 142,146-48

Lowman, Dorothy, public health nurse, 65

Lundstedt,Jean Sanford, and reverse discrimination at Topaz, 130n

Lyman, Albert R., San Juan Co. historian, 26, 28

Lyman, Francis, and comment on sugar enterprise, 263

Lyman, Platte D , Bluff settler, 12, 17

Lytle, George H.,Washington Co commissioner, 153

Mabey Charles R., Utah gov., and Lincoln Hwy, 212

MacDonald, Norma, skier, 348, 348-49

MacDonald, Steve, skier and ski hut architect, 346-47, 348

McDougall, Bill, geologist and Moab civic leader, 33-34, 36, 38

McGregor, Martin, and Silver Fork cabin, 356-57

Madsen, Louis L., Utah State University pres., 142

Major, Jack, and ski huts, 346

Malan, Eva, wife of S Malan and C Bosshardt, 155n

Malan, Spencer, murdered rancher, 154—57

"Mancos Jim," Ute, 26, and Pinhook Draw fight, 19,26

Manwaring, Jon, skier, 352

Marcy, William L., US secretary of war, and T.Kane, 101

Marshall, Cleo Cullimore, and observations on young people, 231

Mason, C E., anti-Mormon crusader, 238, 239-40

Mathisen, Alf, ski jumper, 296-99

Maughan, George, No Logan farmer, 141-42

Maughan, Hyrum, No Logan settler, 140

Maughan, Reese, head-of elementary education at Topaz, 125n

May, Billy, Colorado cattleman, 10, 12, and posse, 14—16

May, Dean, historian, 140

May, Dick, Colorado cattleman, killing of, 10-12, 27

May, George, Colorado cattleman, 10, 12

Mayberry, Mary, wife of Paul, 40

Mayberry Paul, Moab physician, 40

Maynard, Wilbur, and development of Ogden winter sports program, 289, 291—92, 295

Medicine: in Bingham Canyon, 62—68; health measures, 47—59, 66; innovations in, 62; in Moab, 40—41; nursing, 49; school nurses, 48-59; St Mark's Hospital, 47

Meeker, Nathan, Indian agent, 8

Mendenhall, William, fruit grower, 222—23

Messenger, Harold, escaped prisoner, 163

Metcalf, Hershel and Royal, ski hut contractors, 347

Miller, Ralph, owner of Moab store, 36—37, 39

Mining: copper, 47—59, 66—67; in Park City, 310; safety programs in, 66; uranium,

Winter cover, 29, 30, 33, 35, 29-45

Moab: and Pinhook Draw fight, 22—23; and uranium boom, 29—45, 37, 39

Mollenhauer, , sugar expert from England, 261 Montmorency, E L., ski proponent, 345—46 Moore, Ephraim, cowboy, 11

Morgan, E R., state road commissioner, 201-202

Mormon Battalion, formation of, 101 Mormons, and establishment in Utah, 101-119; andT Kane, 102-119 See also Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Morrill, Shardon and Iris, No Logan residents, 145

Morris, Elias, and sugar enteprise, 252, 254

Morton, Chick, skier, 338

Moss, Frank E., U S senator, 315

Mulcahy P J., Ogden chamber of commerce pres., 388

Munsey, Jay, Moab physician, 40 Murphy, Felix, cowboy, 11

Murphy, Felix, and widening of Shafer Trail, 43

Murphy, Nick, and widening of Shafer Trail, 43

Narahara, Edwin, Topaz student, 135 Narraguinep, and Ute/Paiute threats, 26—27 Nauvoo, Illinois, 107

Navajos, 5, 9

Nelson, Claron, economics professor, 316 Nelson, Joseph, and 1915 drive through Johnson Pass, 199

Newman, Jay, FBI western district agent, 165-66

Nibley, Charles, LDS presiding bishop, 238 Nielsen, Mary Rasmussen, and sledding, 332 Nielson, Joseph, Bluff settler, 12

Nielson, R Lynn, skier, 342—43 Newspapers, and attitudes toward Indians, 9-10

Noble, LeGrand, Topaz superintendent of schools, 125n

Nord, A G , assistant regional forester, 347 North Logan, development and zoning in, 139-51,139,148,150

Nuttal, Drayton B.,Topaz elementary schools supervisor, 125,137n

Nuttall, John, Joseph, and William, and sugar enterprise, 252

Nyman, Farres, No Logan town board pres.,

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

141,143,146,149

Nyman, Orvin, No Logan town board pres., 150

Nyman, Sarah H., No Logan resident, 141

Ogden, and tourism/winter sports development, 288-304

Omura, Keiko, teacher at Topaz, 128

Orem, Walter C , railroad executive, 224

Oshita, Grace See Fujimoto, Grace

Ostermann, Henry, Lincoln Hwy Assn field secretary, 200, 202, 206

Otsuki, Eome, teacher at Topaz, 128

Pack, Curtis, LDS missionary to England, 248 Paden, William, Presbyterian pastor, and LDS church, 233, 240-41

Page, Henry (Col.), Southern Utes agent, 14 "Pah-gie," Paiute, and information on Anglo killings, 27

Paiutes, San Juan band, lifeways and relations with Anglo settlers, 5—27

Pardington, Arthur, Lincoln Hwy Assn secretary, 194-96

Park City, and opening of ski resort, 310-25

Perkins, David, cowboy, 11

Peterson, Mary Lynn, No Logan zoning committee secretary, 144

Peterson, O'dell, skier, 338

Peterson, Preston, road commission chair, 212

Phillips, Robert, and J Lewis, 165—66

Pickett, Charlie, St George resident, 167

Pickett, Ellis, Washington Co. district attorney, 153,156-57

Pinhook Draw fight, 4-28, 13, 18, 28

Pleasant Grove, winter sports in, 326—37 Poco Narraguinep ("Poke"), participant in Pinhook Draw fight, 26

Polk, James K , U. S. pres., and Mormon selfgovernment, 101-103, 105, 108, 111-12

Porter, Gordon E., student ofWanda Robertson, 122n

Posey, Paiute, 27

Pratt, Orson, LDS apostle, 221-22

Pratt, Wayne, Park City planning committee member, 318

Prince, Antone B., Washington Co sheriff, 152-71, 152, 157, 161

Prince, Clayton and Alpine, sons of Antone, 158,167

Prince, Robert, orthodontist, 170—71

Prince,Vilate, wife of Antone, 153,163

Prince,Vivian, nephew of Antone, 168—69

Pyle, Howard, Arizona gov., 169—70

Racism, 25—26

RRailroads, line into Orem, 224, 224

Rasmussen, Peter and Mrs., and care of Pinhook Draw wounded, 23

Redmond, Clive, skier, 342, 345

Reed, Bonnie, "Miss Bonanza" attendant, 312

Rex,Ted, ski jumper, 296, 302

Reynolds, , member of Ute-fighting posse, 22

Richards, Ethel Bennion, wife of Paul, 62, 68

Richards, Lenore, physician, daughter of Paul and Ethel, 62, 64, 68

Richards, Louise Snelgrove, mother of Paul, 60-61

Richards, Paul, physician in Bingham Canyon, 54, 56-57, 60, 60-68

Richards,Willard, counselor to B.Young, 60, 110,113

Richards, William Brigham, father of Paul, 60

Rickenbacker, Eddie, and encounter with J Thomas, 199-200

Rishel, William D , mgr of Utah State Auto Assn, 190, 198, 201, 201n, 206, 210-11, 213

Rixey Bill, Park City planning committee member, 318

Roads: Lincoln Hwy, 192—214; uranium access, 43—44

Roberts, Brigham H.,LDS general authority, 243: and analysis of sugar enterprise, 260, 262; and relationship with F. Spalding, 241-44, 246

Roberts, Janet, skier, 351

Robertson, Jasper and Alice Almyra, parents ofWanda, 121

Robertson, Leroy, composer, 122

Robertson, Ruth Allen, sister-in-law to W Robertson, 134n

Robertson, Wanda, educator and director of elementary education at Topaz, 120—38, 122, 128

Rogers, Albert M., member of Ute-fighting posse, 16, 17

Rogers, Benjamin H. (Capt.), commander, Company C, 13 tJ l Infantry, 15

Rolapp, Henry H., and criticism of sugar enterprise, 260

Roseigh, Earl, Park City storekeeper, 322

Rowley, Rick, fruit grower, 228, 231

Russell, Joseph H., and sugar enterprise, 251-53,255-57

St. Jeor,Tom, Park City resident, and ski resort, 310

Salt Lake Tribune, "Pathfinder" auto, 190

San Juan County, 12—15

Sanford, Ray, asst. project director of Topaz, 130n

Santy, Carol, Park City resident, 321—22

Santy, Jim, Park City H. S. bandleader, 314, 315-17,323

Schaefer, George, accessory to murder of S. Malan, 155-57

Schramm, F C , pres of S.L Commercial Club, 211

Seegmiller, Paul, St George city marshal, 56, 163,166

Seiberling, Frank, and donation to build Lincoln Hwy section, 200, 201, 203, 207, 212

Sekerak, Eleanor G , educator at Topaz, 130, 137

Shane, Bob and Mike, 350, 350

Shane, Jim, skier, and ski huts, 346, 348, 351

Shanley, Bill, cattle rustler, 161—63

Shields, Dan, attorney general, 212

Shupe,James L., No Logan resident, 141

Simmons, GW , robbery victim, 158

Simpson, James H., and crossing of Johnson's Pass, 199

Skiing: jumping, 288-309, 288, 289, 294, 296, 298, 303, 305, 306; touring and shelters, 338-57, 338, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355

Sleigh-riding, 286, 326, 333, 320-35

Smith, A V, and building of ski jump, 290

Smith, Byron, supposed killing of, 10—12

Smith, D Lowrey, Moab physician, 40

Smith, George A., LDS apostle, 219-20

Smith, John, LDS patriarch, 103

Smith, Ralph and Thomas, No Logan settlers, 140

Smith, Sharyl, 352

Smoot, Abraham O., and aid to DMC, 254

Snow, Zerubbabel, associate justice of Utah Territory, 118

Southern Utes, lifeways and relations with Anglo settlers, 5—27

Spalding, Franklin S., Episcopal bishop, 232, 242, and relationship with LDS church,

232-46

Spalding, John Franklin, father of Franklin S., 232-33

Spalding, Lavinia D., mother of Franklin S., 232-33

Sports, winter, 288—357

Spry, William, Utah gov., and Lincoln Hwy route, 195-98, 201, 202, 212

Stagg, Will, and "schooner" sled, 334

Stearns, Lew, skier, 339

Steen, Charles, uranium mining mogul, 31, 34, 34, 38, 42

Stegner, Wallace, and Lombardy poplar quote, 218

Stevenson, Mimi and Tom, skiers, 350

Stewart, Ray and Hank, skiers, 342, 344

Stilson, June, Moab resident, 34

Stocking, John, No Logan resident, 141, 148

Stocks, John, Moab sheriff, 36

Straup, Fred E., physician in Bingham Canyon, 54, 57, 63, 65

Sugar industry, 247, 259, attempt to establish in 1850s, 247-63

Sullivan, William, Park City mayor, 310, 320 Swanson, Larry, 352 Swenson, Archie, Moab chief of police, 32

Talmage, James E., LDS apostle, 242

Tanner, N. Eldon, LDS first counselor, and economic development, 230

Tarter, Harden, member of Ute-fighting posse, 20

Taylor, Adrien, Moab resident, 36, 41

Taylor, D. G , member of Ute-fighting posse, 23

Taylor, Fred G , and comments on sugar enterprise, 249, 262

Taylor, John, LDS apostle, 249, 110, and attempt to establish sugar industry, 247—63

Taylor, Lyn and Russell, skiers, 353

Taylor, T. C , member of Ute-fighting posse, 24

Taylor, Zachary, U.S. pres., 112,114, 116

Templeton, Win, Moab city engineer, 36

The Utah Nordic Alliance (TUNA), 351-54

Thomas, John, and pulling travelers from mudhole 199-200, 200

Thompson, Wes, skier, 342, 345

Tingey, Willis, developer in No Logan, 145

Token, Justin, Dixie College football player, 164

Topaz, Japanese American relocation center, 387

UTAH HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

cover, 124-38, 120, 124, 126, 128, 136

Topler, Harry, UPCM engineer, 314

Tourism: in Moab, 44; development in Ogden, 288—304; development in Park City, 312-35

Transportation: highway development 192-214; highway travel, 190, 200, 206, 207; Wendover and Salt Lake City road, 202, 208-14, 209

Trogstad, Steffan, ski jumper, 296, 296, 302, 304

Turner, Mack, Moab Times-Independent editor, 44

Tuttle, Daniel, Episcopal bishop, and LDS church, 234, 241

Uchida,Yoshika, teacher at Topaz and writer, 137n

Uchido, Keiko, teacher at Topaz, 133n

Ulland, Sigurd, ski jumper, 296

United Park City Mines (UPCM), and development of ski resort, 310—17

Uriarte, Leon, Park City council member, 322

Uriarte, Thelma, Park City resident, 315

U.S. Army: 1919 convey through Utah, 205, 206, 205-206; "buffalo soldiers," 25-26; and Southern Utes/Paiutes, 15, 25—26

U.S Forest Service, and development of ski shelters, 343-47, 350-53

Utah County: commercialization in, 229—30; orchards in, 222-31, 215, 221, 222, 225; winter sports in, 326—37

Utah Territory, formation of, 108—18.

Utes See Southern Utes

Van Ee, Louise, school nurse in Bingham Canyon, 46, 49, 58, 48-59, 67

Vasquez, Louis, SLC store owner, 248

Victory Highway, 209, 211

Vikko, Louis E., physician, 67

Wade, Israel, deputy sheriff,Washington Co., 163,170

Wahlquist, John, dean of education, U of U, 121n

Waite,Vance, No Logan town clerk, 151

Wakasa, James, elderly man killed at Topaz, 136

Waldron, Lyle, and Silver Fork cabin, 355—56

Walker, Calvin, and Pleasant Grove ice rink, 335

Walker, Cyril, and sledding accident, 334

Walker, Martin, Orem fruit grower, 225

Walker, Wesley, and ice-cutting, 326—27

Wallace, Henry, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, 212-13

Wallace, John, UPCM pres., 312

Warden, Al, Ogden Ski Club pres., 290, 293, 295,298,301,303

Wasatch Mountain Club, 339, 342, 343, 345, 346,345-46,348-49

Washington County, law enforcement in, 153-71

Washington, George, and cherry tree story, 216

Waters, J H., and Lincoln Hwy, 208

Watkins, ,Vernal lawyer, 238

Watt, George D., and sugar enterprise, 256—57

Weber County, ski jumping in, 288—304

Wells, Daniel H., and sugar enterprise, 256

Whitney, Newel K , LDS presiding bishop, 110

Whitehead, George, judge, 160, 163

Whitlock, Kenneth, skier, 342, 345

Whitney, Orson E, and reaction to Spalding speech, 241

Wilcox, Steve, cousin of P. Richards, 61

Wilkinson, Ernest L., pres of BYU, 230

Willis, America J., wife of Dave, 27

Willis, Dave, member of Ute-fighting posse, 19-20,22,24,27

Wilson, Alfred and Isadore, cattlemen, Moab area, 22, 24

Winn, Alma G (Lt Col.), pilot, and ski hut drop, 348

Woodruff,Wilford, LDS apostle, 111

Woody, Robert H., skier, 349n, 352, 353

Woolf, Golden L., Topaz high school principal, 125n

Wycoff, Josephine, teacher at Topaz, 128, 133n

"Yellow Jacket," bus driver, 158

Young, Brigham, LDS pres., 29, 47: friendship withT. Kane, 104; and orchards, 220; and sugar industry, 247, 249-50, 254-58, 260, 263; and territorial government, 108—10, 113,115-18

Young, Joseph, and sugar enterprise, 249

UTA H STAT E HISTORICA L SOCIET Y

Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History

BOAR D O F STAT E HISTOR Y

RICHARD W. SADLER, Ogden, 2003, Chair

PAMMILLER, Price, 2003, Vice Chair

GARY N ANDERSON, Logan, 2005

PAULANDERSON, Salt Lake City, 2003

KENDALLW BROWN, Provo, 2005

MAXJ.EVANS,Salt Lake City, Secretary

MICHAELW.HOMER, Salt Lake City, 2005

KIMA.HYATT,Bountiful, 2005

JOEL C JANETSKI,Provo, 2005

ROSSPETERSON, Logan, 2003

PAULD.WILLIAMS, Salt Lake City, 2003

WALLYWRIGHT, Salt Lake City, 2005

ADMINISTRATIO N

MAXJ EVANS, Director

WILSON G.MARTIN, Associate Director

PATRICIA SMITH-MANSFIELD, Assistant Director

STANFORDJ LAYTON, Managing Editor

KEVINT.JONES, State Archaeologist

The Utah State Historical Society wasorganized in 1897by public-spirited Utahns to collect, preserve, and publish Utah and related history.Today, under state sponsorship, the Society fulfills its obligations by publishing the Utah Historical Quarterly and other historical materials; collecting historic Utah artifacts; locating, documenting, and preserving historic and prehistoric buildings and sites; and maintaining a specialized research library. Donations and gifts to the Society's programs, museum, or its library are encouraged, for only through such means canit live up to its responsibility of preserving the record ofUtah's past

This publication has been funded with the assistance of a matching grant-in-aid from the National Park Service, under provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended

This program receives financial assistance for identification and preservation of historic properties under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Th e U S Department of the Interior prohibits unlawful discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap in its federally assisted programs If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, DC , 20240