r UTA L)
TI'"'C H'.1 ..... '·...··q,.... ·• I .~ '~'. ' ...... .... 1->..... ",.· .. \ ·., .,
~ ~H""\
t:'T
337 ST ..\T: C.~.:';: : . SALT LAKE ClTY, UI,\H
/
UTAH ARCHE0L(GY
A Newslett.erVolo I, ~:o. 2.
June
EDITOR'S
1~5~
!:OTE~
Response to the Inquiry c o n;el'nln~ , Ute or'canization of a Utah Archeolo~:lcdl Sccie:y has beer. encouraf,JinG. ;.:ore than sixty appllcallon form!S hare been ret.urned, nost o f trlese with the names of o.ther fiosiible members, and many wlU: Lseful a~ ! d constr uctive CC1men;,s -and sug~;l8stlons. Alt h ough new applications continue t l arrive in almost every mall, it seems advisable to release a second' numher () f t ~ e new s 1e t t era t t ~d s tl 1" e .. T': i ~ Iss u e i sin ten de d as an ac !: nowlE:.d£,c~eJ\t to mer.lbers t!1 a~ U'elr 8I-, pl1cations have bee !", receIved and their nc;mes rlaced on the l"1al11n c: ~
l ist for the newslettera AdditIonal names of pcrsnns in Jolninc will he welcome at any ti in the lAst newsletter that articles Arp need "'d and will he much appreci8 The
c G n sid ere d ~l 0 ~ Z.
~.'i3rch
Va 1
2 S
0
1955 Issue of l.'ta
1,
~! 0..
1 # me.:-<1 n 9
who
mlr~t
.e
Inter~sted
fie. It W8S eMphasized wrItten by memhcrs .edc ~ Arche-olc gy will ~ h i s iss u e VoL 1,
be
!:h ls seems a good oppurtutl!.y to lnfo r· members of arc ~! p' f) lo(; ical activitIes which ar : !) eins carried out r
1n
t ta ~
t~is
sumrer.
The Department of Anthro~ol )gy of the ~nlversity of Utah is conductinG an archeolo~icil flela school~ based at Salina, wt;ic~ will investir It~~ several sites between Ferron ar,d :.;.alina .. Excaw,ti n is Und€l' tile (llrection of Dr .. Jes:.=e D. Jemdn~.s a Id runs frorJ June 12 t
·
'
0
Au '. us t
1
0
The
or
De partment of fnthro,':(;l 'e,Y :'f tne Univ(:l'slty
Cal1foI'nl<~ school [01' t;'~e _ __ _ _ ._
is
4_..
.:~~<:'L:. .Ar~.!': ~_?~.f'.!+
Stlm::l~'!r ~rcl"~~olCJ~.ical ne8! F2t'a c.',")ah, ~;tal'; ..
its
:/e{~r
field
This
__
15 na! led tc f"!~mh.~n, ,,;" the' ta\.l St':iU:wlde c, r'C!.~tv" All r::rr'r<:;",fC 'd,:'rc-c's l -C,t:lG b;: directed itor -- Jc~(:~5 I ., CI~T:rl~ rs,'r,~ I>"p2rV:i€rt ~!' Ant "'t'(I~ 0 t',Y. J! n ! 'J C r sit'.;' 0 ~ • t (] ;, 7 c 8 t :,~, t ' : I t Y II : , ~ <t \.i .,
Ar.'c:)-e~o(' t ; t~\(.;· ed ; r"\ :
hold!n~
second
- z. ., year g as last, i t is under th~ dlt".:.ction of l.)fo Cle;l~ent \~ei;~han~ T' 1s party will te in th~ field fro:n about
june 20 to July
30~
Arc h eolt~ Cl ical field S C:I:,fJ ls ~ \(: ve two p rl!rl,~ry fun c tionsc T~e first is t o tri-d n sh:c.ents in a'i"che01 o c i e al techniq \:es Rrtd V i C se:.;cr.' (~ is L ' o !:':,t?in GH si :.; ' ~ (:! t a w~1 i C ~ '.'Ji 1 1 r u r t. ~ C [' 0 tl r ~m ow 1e G:~ e () f P I" e ,- {s tor Yo" ~ '; '1(' r s of U :e l'SA~~ 1"1?yr ~'Ie interested in vi~itinq theSe? c ~cC'.vn tions to get an l~ea of field meth~ds and techniqueso
The
State-JJide'\rc~eolor,lcal
Survey is continuing
its activities this sum--r.er In the sCl1the?.stern quarter of ~t8l'!t but r:.ostly north of the San Junn drainagea No intensIve arc~leological exc8vetion will he 'Jndert2~;en hy the survey, ·.... hich wIll concentr:-!te cn cov~rin~, CiS muc h c\ f the 8. I' e a and 1 0 C a ti n ~~ a s rra ny s 1 t e s 3. 5 po S S 1 hIe The survey wi i 1 a 150 conduct some sa 1'/2 ; 8 a.rche::>lo~) y where 0
sites are to
~e
dB~e0ed
hy road
c~nstructiono
UTAH ANTHHO.OLOOY
An Out line of 1 ts History* Elmer Ro Smi th Associate Professor of Anthropology University of Utah
An interest in Utah Indians, both In an archeo -
logical and ethnological sense, was brousht to the Grea t Salt La~{e va1ley by the early :,~ormon ploneerso Brl gh a ~ Young stated the attItude the pioneers should have t owa rd the Indians of Utah in a number of utteranceso The ha si c policy was first, to hrlnr the Indians to terms wit h th e ~loneers; second, to teRc'" thel"1 theethlcs10f the ~"r:l t e Man; third, to convert theM to ::orl"1onism.. The : :ormon pioneers were Interested in the archeolo0ica1 we ? lt h o f the area hecause of their hellef that the American Indian was d~~scended from the !!e b r€'1Js. who a 1" i ved here b e tween 220C 9C and 568 Reo WIt h the keen interest based on this rel1 g i~us background, it is understandable t ha t much has be er writte n by Me:n~l ers of the " ,orm en Churc h r el ative to archeo l oG Y and et~noloGY of the Ut ah ar ea. ~~ny diarles~ ke pt by the e arly plon~ers~ are ric h s cu r ce rnat~ ~ lals for descri::: t ions o f Ut ah Ind iun w'G. ys of l ife, belief and lcrf~1I as well as full acccunt s cf ar'chp.olQ~iC:.ll sites a n d flrelicsl'f freM mo;;n (~s aI'Cl cliff dwe~lIn c, s In w . ri uus ~, art'i ", f' . ta ho :I~~ ..!mErover·,eI~t E.ra. an official :-;,b licat L 'n o t U: e Latter f)a '; ~~ aint C r, urc~s !Ias r';a n y arti c l('$ o f i n tEre s t t '-, t h p. 1
ant nrq!f) j q : is t.
--*This---
- i::;
..... ;;al~€r
bdsed
~i!
a l' .. ·-;,.ort
v,'e~tE.~rl\
~.t'( <:€'r,ted
tc th(; if'lt :;:.1
St..: tcs "rr.DClr l Ar:kri;.::d!t Ar~t!.r(): i')" lUQlcul i\.:::.soclation . . IHdd il. Salt :",: ~ r ity_ .2r,-I, l"';~:'" Ir·I',hl", ~ ('h"'''l'·I·' l(.Ll. ~ ,;c-" !, . 'to' a U"17' ' J. ~
r".eetinc.' of
th~'
0
r
!
..,.) ....
_
• '''' _
::,
'.
,.
,
-p
The scientific development of anthrop o lc gy in he : f o llowed the ~:eneT'C:d pa t te r- rl found In other parts of t he United Stateso The ear l y sta Ge was one of collection and :lis l )lay 'Nitti little interest in the U , eor~tical and rractical aspects of the materials cnll~cted. The next period was one of for~ulation of theories and the practical application to the various Rspect5 of the anthropolo~lcal r!lateriaL This first period d;;ltes ab c ut 1876 with E. A. l3al'heI"s article on pottery rn ' hllshed in the ,t..merican Naturalist. r,;aJor J. W. Powell and Go W. Ingalls did, however, report on the condItIons of the Utah Indians in le74. Henry ::ontr:onery, Professor of Natural filstory ?t the l.'niversity of t:tah, 'Jl~S t.he flT'~t Utahn to p'..1hl1sh a report In a scientific Jr'urnal. He published I!Pre~istoric ~::an In Utah,t' in The Arc .1aeoloc:ist in 1894. This was follcwed In legS by""""an arUcle wr itten by Dcn :.',agulre entitled "Antlq~lties of the ~outhwest," and published hy the Historical Scciety of Utah. Two other early archeolosical reports of slgnlficence to Utah anthropolo~y during this period were George 1/. Pepper's paper on the Utah Basketmakers, Dn~ T. ~. Prudden's studies of prehistoric ruins of the San Juan watershed. In 1910 Dean Byron Cum~lngs, then with the lniverslty of Utah, published his now famous, "The t,ncient Inhabitants of the San Juan Valley," and followed it in 1915 with "The Klvas of the San Juan [;ralna\1eo" Between 190e and 1913, Dro Ralph V. Chamberlin, when he was associated with I3rlUha . ~ Youn~ Cnlversity and the Univers : ty of PennsylvanIa, published the first specific classic studies of Utah Indians, and these are stIll classic studies in their field. Archeologists such as A. V. lUdc!er, Neil Judd, and JG L_ Nusbaum worked the southeastern part of Utah frem 1908 to 19Z6, when the first step was made to establish some theoretical pro~'lems for l!ta~l archeology. U ta ~:
The second period in Utah anthropology can ~e said to have hegun with the publication of i'lell i~ ... Judd's "Archeological 8bservations ~~orth of the Rio Colorado" in 19Z6. Dr. Julian I!. Steward In 1938 continued the scientific elaboration of anthropological research in Utah, and this type of study has continued to the present .. Tf:ere have heen a numhel' of r'~sca:-ci' "'!.nthro,ologists ~'nrklng on Utah problems hoth from within th~ state and elsewhere since 1926, hut four seem to ~ave puhlIshed more than others to the present tlme These four, arranged in order of their number of ~ub1icRtions, are Alhert B. Reagan, Julian H. Steward, Carling t.;alouf, and Elmer R" Smith. Each of these anth~opologists has shown an inte~est In both archeolcry and q
et~nolD~y.
The ~nlversity of Utah has tended to take the lead in the development ' of anthropclcgy in Utahu The Utah State Ar ricultural Colle ~ e lecated at LO~2n does not have a department, ~ museu~, or classes in anthro~ologyo The 8rig-
ham YounS 0niversity at Provo has a cC!llcction of ant h ro ~ polobLcal material. Dr. Geor~c ': anson, of the ...ie p artment of Geology of the BYU has published short papers on some of this material excavated from the vicinity of Provo and Utah L2ke .. Ten years a~o a UepC'trtrr ?nt of Archeolcgy was organized at Brigham Young U·liver~!ty, and some work has been done on sites in the Utah Lake area; more extensive work has been carr led out In ~.~ex ico. Dr. A lher t ~ f' e30a n was, for a few YCRrs before his death, Special Professor 'Jf Anthro Folcgy at nrigham Yourg University .. The tr nlv(~r sity Archeolc£lcel SOCiety has been organized under the au s pic e s 0 f the BYU and a s e I' 1 C S 0 fa. 11 e tin s 0 far C' h eo·· logical material has been made available. >
The Latter Day Saint t~;useum located on the Te r:l~, l~ Square Grounds, Salt Lake City, has primarily archeolc ~ l cal displays with some ethnological material from vari uus pa rts of the wor 1 d.. No r p.search and no pub lica ti ons ha vc as yet been made concerning the archeolosical and ethnolo ~ l cal material available there.
The development of anthropology at the UnIversity of Utah can 'be said to be basically the history of this science in Utah. The principal highlights will be presented in the following account in chronolo~lcal order of anthropolo~y at the University. 1891 • • • The first mention of nan archaeolou1ca1 collection, and much that may be classed under the head of curiosities" as being part of the University of Deseret (Utah) Is found In the University catalogue for this y€~r. The collection was under the care of H~nry ~ontgomerYJ Professor of Natural History. Montgomery collected a few archeological items through expeditions, but most of the collection was obtained by donations from collectors in the various communities throu{'hout l~tah. 1893 • • • Ryron Cummings came to the Un IVers i ty of Utah, and held the pOSition of Assistant Professor of Latin and Greek, and later that of Deano He immediately became interested In the archeoloQical material of the area, and assisted ~ontgomery In Increasing the collectfon~ for the ;,1useum. In 1895 the :.1useum listed one hundred complete anthropological spccl~ens and two hundred curI os. Fro':' 1895 through 1914 Cummings headed the archeoloqical expeditions Into the "four corners" area and into sQuthern Utah, and made collections of Basketmaker '-'.nn Pue~.J l(,J ;H~. l facts. In 1914 Cummings gave the first specific course~ in archeology at the University of UtahG The~, e c onsisU:d of two courses in f.mcrican archeolo~y and onc in Gr ~> €k urcheologyg At this time the Depal'tment of Arc h e o L ,\,y \lr ,:!;. o rganizedQ Cummings, before leavin~ the University in 1915" publIshed two bulletins describin~ some cf thl a l'("h;;o~ lo ~; ical and g eolc~J lcal studiesca['rl~d out durin s.: t tl P. li e ,
(, ed ll10 yea r s
?
'- 5 -
1916 • • • Professor Le vi Edga r Youn~ o f the Hlstory Department of the Univ~r s lt y Wa S put in ch a r~e of the :Jepartment of '·.rcheolo :,-· y and arc he .' loglca l expeditions w~en Cu~mings left Utah. This arran~ement existed until 1922. It was dllrinr' this perio d that Andrew fl. Kert' and ~ ' eil :::. Jud~ (two nc.tive Ctarln3) condu o" ted archeological ex·pedltions to var!0us pnrts of southern t:tn~. Judd collected basic materials for his initial ; u~lic2tions on Utah archeolcry during these expeditions. During this period of 1916··ZZ, a division was specifically made 1)etween anthropology and archeology. In 1917 the Department of Soc!ol~GY was reorGanized and named the Department of Anthropolo~y and Sociology under the direction of Professor Young, who taught a few classes on American archeolo~y. Dr. Andrew R. Anderson of the Latin and Greek Department tau~ht Old ~orld archeology. 19ZZ • • • Dr. Andrew A. Kerr returned to the University of Utah frOM Harvard, where he had Just received his Ph.D ~ndcr ~. B. Dixcn, and started a new series of classes in archeolo~y. It was not untIl 192G, howev~r, that anthropology was separated from the Department of Anthro~olcSY and Sociology, and a new Department of Anthropol~LY was or~anlzed, including both archeology and anthro~ology. During the time Dr. Kerr was In char~e of the anthrovolo£y department, ~any artifacts were added to the arc~eology collection. This collection was housed In the !i..useum of A.rctleolc~y located on t he top floor of the ad!nir11str~tion buildinS on the University campus. Dr. ~err published very little dealin~ with his archeolo~ical inve~tl£Rtions in Utah, and many of the specimens were collector's Ite~s with few scientIfic or descriptive note~ recorded. The :' ~uset1m!s ethnologIcal material also increased durinp this period, most of it belnr i n the form of rifts frOM prominent rtahns and returned U:S rT'isslonaries. The bulk of t~e ethnolor.lcal m~te~lal 'vns hrouc-ht from the "South Seas" where mnn~ mis~ionaries had speni fr OM two to four ye~rs on missions for the LOS church.
1930 • • • Af~er the deBth of Dr. Kerr in 1~Z9, Dr. Julian H. Steward was appointed chairman of the Department of Anthropology in the fall of 1930. Utah anthropoloSY t~en defl~ltely entered on Its second period of development. F r ~M 1930 to the fall of 1935 Steward carried on Intensive archec -· logical and ethnological research in the Intermontane area, collectln[ material for his later publications on arc h eol ogy and ethnology_ Steward truly established anthropolo£ y on a scientifIc bes1s at the UniversIty, and Introcluced many of the theoretic El problems developed ~ y his and later researc h. A number of future anthropologists and anthro p o r. eo r~ rap h e ; · s obtained muc; . of U.eir initial fiel d a nd class trai n in g tn.k r Steward during this periodo All direct work and teachin~ in anthro~ology was sus~,ended for t.hree years ff)llo"Ar1n~l Steward's departure from Utah in H:33. however, because of t;,(~ int-ere . . t of PresioeIlt Ceor~e Thor!las, and wit~1 the cooperation and Inte:-est of Lr. Arthur L. Beeley of the ~epart~ent of ~oclclo~y, survey worl: In archeolq;! was carrle(~ on dt:rln~; the sufTl ...·ers ()f lS."-.'i-
6
35 - 36 by El mer R. Smith, who at that ti~e w&s associated wit h t he Social Science Depart ~ e~t at Snow Junior Colle s e, Ephraim, Lta h . The archeolo[ica! surveys consisted in ~ ap ~ing and maldn(- surface coll,;: d. ;~'l~ and test dies of all the then avail~ble and known siteE in the state: It was during this period that a ~useum 0; Central Utah was estab1i5hed at Snow Colle~e for the purpose of salvagin{; much archeolo,lcal material in the im~ediate area of Central Utah. This !,.luseum, after Makinr, C\ small collection of artifac ts and pu b 11 s h lng one s r.1~ 11 bu 11 e tIn on "u tah Type :1eta tes, It was disbanded In 1937. 1935 • • • The Anthropolc0Y
Depart~ent wns once with the Sociology CepRrt~ent un ~er the c~alrManshlp of Dr. Arthur L. ~eeley. Dr. John P. n l l!in was ap~ointed assistant profe~sor of Sociology and An th r opolcgy and held this position until 1937 when he resi gned to accept a position at Ohio State tniverslty. Durin g Gillin's stay archeolo£lcal excavations were corried out at Nlr.e t.. lle Canyon, OIfltche's Knoll in Centr~, l Ltah near Ephrai i:. , :•.c.rysville in southern Ctafl, and at Tooele, 4 0 miles southwest of Salt Lake I!lty. Gillin advanced the scien tific study of archeolo£lcal materials in Utah, and ,',ublls hed discussions of some of the theoretical aspects of his wor k I n rp.)~tlon to U,e previous work of Steward.
again
incor~orated
1937 • • • Elmer R. Smith was a~pointed to t he of Sociology and Anthropolo~y as instructor in ' Sociology and Anthro~olo~y and Curator of the !\,juseum o f Archeology. In 1940 ChaI'les E. DllJble Joined the Niuseum 8S assistant curator. Researc~ interest through thls peri od (1937-48) was primarily centered on the cave cultures o f the Great Salt Lake area, but some work in ethnoiosy was done with the uoslute and ~ashakie Indians as ~ell as in race relations in various areas of Ltah and Idaho. Dib !l le continued his work on Aztec codices begun in ~exlco before he JoIned the staff at the University of t:tah. Marie Worm ln~; ton of the Colorado r..r.ur.ct;m of r~r>tural History and the University of Denver. conducted archeological Invest lr,atlons at Cisco, Utah, and cooperated with the tTnlversity of Utah in a number of surveys. Depart~ent
1948 • • • Anthropolor.Y 'J,as ree s tahl1s hed as a s e parate department undpr t~e chalr~ans h lp of Dr . E. AdaMson Ho e bel. Dr. Jesse D. Jennings Joine d t ~ e staff as Assccla te Pro fessor of Ant h ro pol ogy a nd Cu~ator of the r.i,u seum of Anth r opo l ogy. Dlh ' le 2nd ~mlth rema fned in anthropolofY. Unde r t ~e dlrection of Cr. Hoebel Rn ~ x len sive and well-d.aflned prorram for research and tr2lnifl c: In all aspects of anthro~oloQY was instituted at the l nfversit y of ~tah. InItial steps haVe been made to lnvesli~at€ th e life of early man in Uta~ along ~lth ethnolo91ca1 and r6 ~ ;r,unity studies to be conducted in various ;:arts of t ile ~tc.te a!!lcn$:~ bct 1 1 2bori r; lnal t' ne non-aborl£.inal ~roups. The Museum of Anthro~ol ')£..Y was r'1cveo from its old quarters I n the administration bulldin~ to a bul1din~ formerly occ upied by the Armed Services at fort Dou ~ las.
... 6 .•
1950-55 • • • The Anthropology Department expanded its research program to include studies on Ute and Paiute Indians; an extensive survey of the demographic situation and acculturation on. the Ute reservation, begun In 1950, has been revived and accelerated this year. The Statewide Archeological Survey, inaugurated In July 1951, continues this year on the last leg of an Intensive, long needed survey of the rich archeological sources of the stRte . Nineteen numbers of the Un I vers I of Utah Anthropolo~ical pa~ers , begun in 1939 as The Ar c eo i ogy an d rtfinology apers, ave been puhlished to dat e. Seven more are in press. From four In 1950, the staff of the Department of Anthropology has Increased to six in 1955.
t*