Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter, Volume 6, Number 1, March 1960

A Newsletter Vol

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UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by tho UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Subscription is included in membership. Membership in .. the '-soCiety is available from the secretary-treasurer at $2.00 per year. Correspondence concerning Uhe .lJ..ctivities of the society should be directed to the, president. All manuscripts and news items should be sent to th~·- editor: Lloyd Pierson, Arches National Monument, Moab, Utah,

UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY President, Merrill Peterson, 651 Canyon Road, Logan, utah Vice President: open SecretM"Y'-Treasurer: Mrs. Marian Pierson, Box 98, Moab, Utah AdVisor: Dr. Jesse De Jennings, University of utah, Salt Lake City, Utah!.

EDITORS NOTES

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Your new editor would like to start off by expressing his thanks to the editor emeritus and founder of this society - James H. Gunnerson. Jim has done a fine job with the society and done it practically alone for five years. I hope we can keep it going in the same fine spirit in which he started it. Jim has made a great number of friends allover the state and we will miss him when he heads back east to continue his schooling.

You may have noted the two petroglyphs which have appeared on your membership card. (if you paid your 1960 dues), on the societies letterheads, and now at the masthead of the newsletter. They have been chosen as the symbol of the society because they are typical of most of Utah, although these two apparently from no specific location, and they are used widely qy the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Utah. The Museum through its Director, James Gunnerson, has been the guiding institution in this societies 5 year existence and. through the use of these pictographs we recognize that affiliation.

The pictograph of the mastadon on the cover of the newsletter is symbolic of the moving of the editorship to the land of Moab.

This mastadon is quite famous as the Itriddle of the Colorado River", or Ildid ancient man know the mammoth? II â&#x20AC;˘ The answer is yes he did know the mammoth but whether or not this is a drawing of one of the beasties is anyones guess. At any rate he appears on the canyon wall of the Colorado River Canyon about 2 miles south of Moab and is easily accesible by automobile along with a great maqr other¡ petroglyph panels 0

The balloting for the new constitution and by-laws has all been in the affirmative. This brings about the problem of the biennial meeting of the society which according to the constitution should be held this year. Accordingly the date of Saturday M~ 21 has been chosen for the annual meeting. The place will be he Museum of Anthropology at the University of utah. On the agenda l411 be the election of officers and reports from the various local chapters. We will also have several archaeological reports and probably a special program from the Anthropology Department at the University of Utah o Advance programs will be sent out but we would appreciate a card from a 1 those planning to attend.

The more we have the better meeting it will be and the more mrthwhile the society will beo A new chapter of USAS has been formed at Ogden and the Moab chapter is :now known as Points and Pebbles. More of this next time. page 20

For thoDe who have not paid their 1960 dues this may be the last newsletter you receiYe. We would much rather have you stay with US o

Your editor nesds manuscripts, particularly from the amateur archaeologists. Any notes or news, reports of recent discoveries, excavation reports, views, collection descriptions, pictograph studies, or whatever interests the members is welcome. We are very much interested in having the amateur contribute to archaeological literatDre - as he should.

The article this issue is by Alice P. Hunt of Denver, Colorado.

Mrs . Hunt has spent much time in Utah and her masters thesis at the University of Denver was based on an archaeological survey of the LaSal Mountains She is presently engaged in a similar chore in Death Villey National Monument. Her husband, Charles Bn Hunt, is a geologist with the U.S, Geological Survey and a fair archaeologist in his ovm right.

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Another article of interest is one by James H. Gunnerson entitled 1I'1'he Fremont Culture: Internal Dimensions and ExternaJ. Relationships", "tv-hich appeared in the January 1960 issue of American Antiqui tyo This is the official journal of the Society for American Archaeology and the article is an excellent summation of present knowledge of the I'remont culture of eastern Utah" Some recent publications in the Univer sity of Utah's Anthropoiogy Ser i es of interest to members of t he Society (10% discount on these~).

Archaeological Notes on Stansbury Island, by Sidney J eS James'on, University of Ut.ah Anthropol ogical Paper No o 34 (1958), 35 J-'P " 21 figs., $2 00.

The Glen Canyon Archaeological Survey, by Don Do Fowler, J.s.:nes- 'Ho Gunnerson, J esse Do Jennings, Robert H. Lister, Dee Ann Su1:1::'1 and Ted Weller. UUAP N 00 39 (19.59) in two parts: Part I, 31G pp o 61 figs. , $.5.00; Part II, 391 pp., 104 figs., $3~00o The Coombs Site, by Robert Ho Lister~ With a Chapter "Pottery",

by FI'Nance C. List er . UUAP No. 41 (19.59), 130 pp. 43 figs., 14 t Clbles, $2 075 0 A ruin near Boulder, utah just excavated.

1957 Excavations, Glen C~yon Area, by James H. Gunnerson, UUAP N'J. [~3 (1959 ) , 163 ppo 48 f igs., 21 tables, $3.500 0

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Also of interest is the following available from the Denver Museum of Natural Histo~, City Park, Denver, Colorado: Ancient M~1 in North America, by HoMo Wormington (Fourth edi tiol1 fully revised) , Denver Mus eum of Natural History Popular Series No.4 (1957):> 322 ppo, 72 figs., paper bound $3.50 ..

One of the best for identification of early man arrow pointso

page 30'

A sketch of utah prehistory

by Alice P. Hunt Research Associate, University of Utah

The Indians living in Utah at the time e wnite men first reached the Weste ~n'~ni area belong to the Shoshonean-speaking Shoshon ~~\. .. .. . ' . /1 stock.

The Ute and the Southern Paiute •..• Ut~ o r " --.

I dialects are closely related, belonging ... .~ (' (F to the same branch, whereas the Shoshoni . .. ) r dialect belongs to a different branch. fiout erh."-- .. ,/ The Ute and; Northern Shoshoni had the ll\te.-;.t· "' .. '. .: P~, /'.r ---. horse early and roamed widely, even over to the ea-stern pla,1ins to hunt Map of Utah-shovnng areas buff~lo.

The Western Shoshoni lacked occupied by different the horse, and led a sea~onally noma~c Indians in early 1800's life, probably similar to that of the Ute and Northern Shoshoni before they had the horse. These Western Shosh~ni depended mainly on gathering wild seed!s, nuts, and berries and some hunting, for their living, and they moved!, seasonally as; their food ripened. They lived in temporary pole huts thatched~ with available brush or reeds. Only the Southern Paiute practised a rude kind of agriculture, and this was supplemented with gathering and hunting like that of the Western Shoshoni. .

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The arrowpoints made by these historic Indians and their immediate predecessors are small, and quite similar whether made

by Utes, Southern Paiutes or Shoshoni. Some are triangular and "unnotched, others are notched at the side for hafting to the arrow shaft. One kind has a basal notch as well. The projectile points illustrated below, and all that are illustrated later, are natural size.

Arrowpoints of the historic Utah Indians and their immediate predecessors

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These Indians made crude brown or black pottery vessels, mostly undecorated. Some Southern Paiute vessels have a single row of fingernail impression s about a half inch below the rim and a few have finger nail impressions allover. Vessels made by the Shoshoni characteristically have flat bottoms and are undecorated; those made by the Ute and Southern Paiute more commonly have rounded or pointed bases. None has handles.

Navajo and Hopt pottery sherds are found at campsites in the La Sal -Mountains in southeastern utah with the small triangular points, but it is not known if these vessels were traded in, or carried in by the makers themselves (Hunt 1953). Other tools found at these southeastern Utah sites include oval and rectangular knives, snubnose and spatulate end scrapers, sidescrapers, small disc scraper planes, cobble and core choppers, flat and slightly basin shaped metates and oval one-hand manos.

Most of the Indians in Utah had been living this seasonally nomadic life in temporary camps for only about 600 years.

Before about 1200 A.D. most of them were living in small villages and practising horticulture. They shared a flowering of culture which had its center in the four-corners area of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado, and which was brought about chiefly by the growing of corn. We know that corn had been grown by the Indians in the southwest several thousands of years before the beginning of the Christian era from evidence at Bat Cave (Dick 1952), but the type of corn was primitive and something like our popcorn. Several thousand years elapsed before a type of corn was grown which would support a sedentary population.

Beginning about 700 A.D. the Indians were living in small villages and were growing corn, squash, beans and cotton and raising turkeys. The large centers of this Anasazi culture at Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon reached their zenith between 900 and 1200 A.D. Excavations at Alkali Ridge, south of the Abajo Mountains in southeastern Utah, in the early 1940's (Brew 1946) were important in tracing the development of these people, from early one-room semi-subterranean dwellings to large pueblos of above-ground contiguous masonry dwellings often around a central plaza. Outposts of this culture are found in Beef Basin (Rudy 1955) and near Boulder, Utah (Lister 1959). This is known as the Kayenta Branch of the Anasazi. The Indians in southwestern Utah also shared in thi s Anasazi cult ure, and several of their villages have been excavated , one in Zion National Park (Schroeder 1955) and another near Par agonah, Utah (Meighan 1956). They belonged t o the Virgin Ri ver Branch of the Anasazi. Instead of making grooved axes like their neighbors to the east, they used plain cobbles for their hammers and axes.

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The Anasazi made excellent painted pottery, as well as plain pottery for cooking. After about 900 A.D. they even dressed up many of their utility vessels with all-over corrugations. Their stonework, however, reflects their lack of interest in hunting, and is rather scanty on most Anasazi sites, for they were primarily horticulturalists. The two arrowpoints shown below are characteristic of the period. The rather long slender arrowpoint with long sharp tangs and concave sides is characteristic of the Basket Maker III and Pueblo I periods (500 to 900 A.D.) and the short, side-notched point of the Pueblo II period (Brew 1942). '(~,

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At about the same time, north of the Anasazi culture, a different group of Indians was developing what is known as the Fremont culture, named after the Fremont River where it was first described (Morss 1931). The earliest site attributed to t he se people is in Dinosaur Na tional Monument , and excavations there showed the development of t hese people f rom ear ly hunters and ga therers to horticultur ali st s, a change t hat to ok pl ace around 400 A.D. (Lister 1951 ), and marks the beg inning of the Fremon t culture. The Fremont people re tained hunt ing and gathering as the basis of their subsistence, and never became as dependent on horticulture as the Anasazi. They really only settled down to a comparatively sedentary life between about 900 and 1100 AoD. A number of their small village sites have been investigated by the Un i versity of Utah rec ently (Taylor 1957: Gunnerson 1957).

Their home s are semi-subterranean or built on the surface of the ground, or built in rock shelter s . They may have one room or several contiguous rooms, which may be square, rectangular, or round. Wall construction for their houses shows considerable variety also: for the surface dwellings it was dry laid, or boulders laid in adobe mort ar , or sticks or poles plastered with adobe mortar; for the pit houses the wall construction was adobe plastered against the dirt or plain dirt (Gunnerson 1957) .

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Arrowpoints are abundant around the dwellings of these Fremont people, and especially around their hunting camps.

The most common types are long and triangular with straight or concave bases, less common are triangular arrowpoints with side notches (Taylor 1957). Corner notched points similar to early Anasazi points also are found but the stem is apt to be slightly convex rather than square (Gunnerson 1957; Wormington

1955).

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The Fremont culture is especially noted for the petroglyphs and pictographs pecked and painted on canyon walls, and which are the finest found in the United states. Square shouldered figures with horns are an early type; later the figures are dressed up with big necklaces, earrings and kilts.

Other artifacts found at Fremont sites are figurines of unbaked clay with fillets or pellets of clay applied as decoration (Morss 195Lt), bone awls, beads and pendants, rectangularsided knives and stone balls. Grinding stones with a large grinding depression at one end and a smaller depression or shelf at the other end are sometimes found at Fremont culture sites.

As with the Virgin River Branch of the Anasazi in southwestern Utah, grooved axes are lacking, and the Fremont people used hammerstones. Most of the Fremont pott~ry is undecorated.

When decoration occurs it is apt to be incised and punctate designs around the necks and handles of the vessels, or small round disks of clay applied around the necks of the vessels.

Painted sherds of Fremont ware are not common (Gunnerson 1959).

The Indians living in western Utah, north of the Virgin River Branch of the Anasazi, during the period prior to 1300 A.D. are known as Puebloid. Excavations of mound sites at Grantsville Willard and Garrison (Steward 1936; Judd 1926; Taylor 1954) indicate that these Indians also raised corn, and probably beans and squash, though even less reliance was placed on this than in the more easterly Fremont area. Adobe dwellings, pottery, pecked stone balls, pipes and gaming bones also are found, probably borrowed from their neighbors to the south.

page 7.

The climate and vegetation of Utah in the period of the last 2000 years which we have been describing seems to have been about as it is today. There were periods of drought, like that at the end of the 13th century, and periods of wetter weather but these periods were short, and the average of the last 2000 years is dry compared to the 2 or 3 millenia that preceded the Christian era, a comparatively moist period that has been referred to by various names. It is here referred to as the Recent pluvial period. This period was wet enough for long enough time to develop shallow lakes in the desert basins of the Great Basin. Even in Death Valley there was a lake 30 feet deep at the time of the Recent pluvial. We cannot be sure how much deeper Great Salt Lake was at that time. It may have flooded the Great Salt Lake desert and be responsible for the salts there, but it did not rise as high as Danger Cave which is 50 feet above the present lake. In eastern and southern Utah this Recent pluvial period caused deposition of floodplain deposits along the streams and produced an alluvial deposit referred to as the Tsegi alluvium (Hack 1942).

The assemblage of stone tools left by the Indians who occupied eastern Utah dUEing the Recent pluvial period have been referred to as the Uncompahgre complex (Wormington and Lister 1956). In the Great Basin, which includes northwestern Utah, the pattern of living is called the Desert culture (Jennings and Norbeck 1955). Grinding s tones, for pulverizing wild seeds, are found at sites in both areas indicating that man relied heavily on vegetable resources. In southeastern Utah the grinding stones are flat or slightly basin shaped, and are associated. with one-hand manos, and numerous kinds of knives~ drills, and large corner notched projectile points (Hunt 1953).

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These Indians used the atlatl, or throwing stick, for they had not discovered the bow and arrow. Atlatl and, spear points generally weigh more than arrowpoints. The atlatl is a device for artificially lengthening the human arm to give greater speed and length of flight to a weapon. It is a stick about page 8.

20 inches lo~g with a handle at one end and a small projection at the other. This projection engages a little pit or cup drilled in the butt end of the dart and holds the dart shaft in position. The hand grasps the stick and dart shaft at the other end of the stick, and steers the shaft at the beginning of its flight. Propulsion commes from the shoulder.

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A hunting and gathering occupation of the last few thousand years preceding the beginning of the Christian era has been found in the lower levels at Hells Midden on the Yampa River just east of Utah (Lister 1951).

Points like the ones on the left were found, associated with bifacial knives, expanded-base drills, bone awls and pendants, and manos. Larger pOints, otherwise similar to (b), also are found at early sites on and around the La Sal Mountains in southeastern Utah (Hunt 1953, Fig. 28) •

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Reconstruction of prehistory earlier than the Recent pluvial is decidedly fuzzy. The Recent pluvial was preceded by a period that was drier than the present, but the fauna and flora was like that of today" During this time, at favorable places, extensive and huge sand dunes W8,J,e i'ormed.

These old dunes, as we see them today, are deeply weathered and stabilized. The best str'ltigraphic evidence for the occupations during thiH period is at Danger Cave west of Great Salt La~e (Jenni~gs 1957). The lowest level (I) contains a Recent fauna and flora and has been dated by rsdiocarbml at between 8000 and 9000 B.C., and level II at about 7000 B.C. Projectile points in this level are similar to points found at sites of approximately this age on the California deser~s and elsewhere.in the Great Basin.

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Some other projectile points have been found in Utah that closely resemble types elsewhere known to be early, but the Utah specimens have been found out of context and cannot be dated as yet. The point illustrated on the right was found in the La Sal Mountains at an altitude of 10 5 500 feet (Hunt 1953). It is three and one··half inches long and the straight base has been thinned. It resembles Angostura or Agate Basin projectile points from tvyoming (Wormington 1957), but the illustrated point is made of novaculite, the nearest known source of which is western Texas. Possibly the early people who made these points came to Utah, but because the points were found out of context, we cannot be sure they were not carried there by a later people.

Angostura-like point from La Sal·Mountains, Several have been found

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Gypsum Cave type points

The projectile points illustrated at the left, called Gypsum Cave points, are found in the La Sal Mountains associated with stemmed and rectangular knives, drills, gravers, flat snubnose scrapers, side scrapers, choppers, flat metates and one-hand manos (Hunt 1953: 28). At sites around the base of the La Sals these points are found with a type of Pinto point having an expanding stem, as shown below at the right. This assemblage of tools, which I call the La Sal complex (Hunt mmns.) is similar to the Concho complex (Wendorf and Thomas 1951) found in northern Arizona. The presence of grinding stones in the La Sal complex means that these Indians were no'~ only hunters but that they collected and ground the wild seeds and berries of the region.

The Gypsum Cave points above are an inch and a half to two inches in length, and have a characteristically small, contracting stem. Pitch used to fasten the point to the atlatl shaft still adheres to some points found at Gypsum Cave, Nevada. At this site the point was found in the same layer as extinct ground sloth, camel and possibly horse (Harrington 1933), and is Pleistocene in age. This point and Pinto Basin points like thB one at the right, however, were found together with a modern fauna above layers containing an extinct fauna at Ventana Cave, Arizona (Haury 1950), and these, by geological definition, are Recent. ;../ A Gypsum cave type point also was found above Pinto projectile the Folsom layer at the Lindenmeier site point with expanding (Roberts 1940). stem The earliest type of projectile point found in Utah is the well known Folsom projectile point which, in southeEstern Utah, resembles the best ones found at the Lindenmeier site in nor~hern Colorado. The characteristic feature of the Folsom point is the long central groove or concavity on each face extending about t~o-thirdE of the length of the point. The method used by the early Indians in making these points has been worked out from studying the unfinished points arid stone debris at the Lindenmeier site (Roberts 1935). First the point was roughed OLt. A hump was left in the center of the concave base, which formed a "seat" for removing the long channel flakes, one from each face. A tool of bone or antler probably was used to flip out t~e long Folsom point central flake. A fine? regular second:lry flaking ~round the edges of the point completed it.

Folsom points were first discovered west of the town of Folsom, in eastern New Mexico near the Colorado-New Mexico line, in deposits containing bones of extinct bison (Bison antiquus).

At the Lindenmeier site the Folsom points were found with camel and with extinct bison, in a stratified late Pleistocene deposit.

"Three Folsom points have been found at surface sites near Moab, Utah within the past year, and others have been observed in collections made earlier in the area. The tools found with one of the >10ab Folsom points include small snubnose scrapers, stemmed knives, large side scrapers, a perforator, and a type of Pinto Basin projectile point having an elongate thick stem, as illustrated at the left. Grinding stones are not present. These associated artifacts are referred to as the Moab complex (Hunt, mmns.). They are found under old, weathered and stabilized dunes be lieved to be early Recent in age.

A similar a ssociation of Folsom points with long ~ thick stemmed Pinto type points has been found at Concho, Arizona (Wendorf and Thomas 1951 ),. The Pinto point of the Moab complex is ident ical to points found near Aneth, Utah, on the San Juan River Pinto Basin point (Mohr and Sample 1959), and is similar to with elongate points from leve l II at Danger Cave, Utah thick stem (Jennings 1957) for which a radiocarbon date of 7000 B.C. is given, and where it was found with a modern fauna. Until the Moab complex is found at a stratified site associated with vertebrate remains, we cannot be sure whether the complex is late Pleistocene or Recent in age.

A word about collecting , By going to a little trouble, amateur collectors can make really worthwhile contributions to knowledge of the prehistory of Utah. Site locations should be plotted on a map ' topograp hic maps ar-e available from the U,S. Geological Survey, Denver 25, Colorado). The locations should be given numbers, and the ar:"owpoints and other artifacts marked with the same number in Ind J.a ink. Doing this will change a collection of "pretti es " to something valuable and constructive.

Site cards, available from the Utah Archeologica l Society or from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Ut~h, are helpful for writing up sites. They ask for inforrr.ation important to the archeologist. If the amateur archeologist will show his collection to an archeologist when he beli~ves he has found something important, he may have the thrill of finding he

page 120

has made a significant contribution to scientific knowledge.

He should be ready to turn over his collection of artifacts to museums or the University where they will be preserved for study and spared the fate of ending up in a cigar box in an attic.

A group of Aoab Explorer Scouts, under the leadership of Bates Wilson of Arches National Monument, mapped a group of sites in the Horse Canyon area in southeastern Utah. With this map the area was visited by an archeologist and a collection of artifacts including two vessels was sent to the University along with a report on the area. This led to a general survey of the area and the excavation of several sites by the University of Utah (Rudy 1955).

Similarly the location of some sites, where Folsom and other early types of pOints and artifacts were found, was carefully made on a topographic map by an amateur archeologist, A report of these surface associations will soon be published, and probably will lead to future work in the area. Amateurs often lead professionals to important information.

The admonition against digging need hardly be mentioned to readers of Utah Archeology, who are acquainted with the Antiquities Act which forbids digging without a permit. Not only does the professional know how to excavate the site, but he also is prepared to publish the results so they will not be lost.

He is grateful for help from the amateur in his "dig", and as most of you know, this can be a lot of fun, as well as a worthwhile contribution. Once the amateur gets the point of view that he is contributing to the total of human knowledge instead of merely collecting "pretties", his real enjoyment begins.

References

,A;\'I ZofJ. the0., Peabody 1946, !trchaeology of !\ lkali Museum of P.merican

Ridge, Southeastern Utah. Papers and Ethnology, Harv8.rd

.~rchaeology

University, Vol. 21, Cambridge.

Dick, H. ~., 1952, Evidence of Early Man in Bat Cave and on the Plains of San .~ugustin, New Mexico. in Indian Tribes of J\ boriginEl ilmerica, Vol. III, Proceedings 29th International Congress of P.mericanists, pp. 158 -163. University of Chicago Press. hunnerson, J. H., 1957, :~n trcheological Survey of the Fremont Area. / University of Utah Ilnthropological Papers Number 28. Salt Lake City.

- ---::--:-:-c-..,----.' 1959, 1957 Excavations, Glen Canyon :\rea .

U~iversity of Utah Anthropological Papers Number 43. Salt Lake City.

Hack, J. T., 1942, The Changing Physical Environment of the Hopi Indians of Arizona, Harvard University, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American :'rchaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 35~ No.1 Cambridge.

Harrington, t4 . R., 1933, Gypsum Cave, Nevada. South"lest Museum Papers, No.8. Los ~ngeles.

Haury, E. ~., 1950, The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventana Cave, Arizona. University of Arizona Press and University of New Mexico Press, Tucson and Albuquerque.

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/Hunt, A. P., 195;, Archeological Survey of the La Sal cJ!o.untain· Area, Utah~ , .

University' of Utah Anthrop,ologicl:!.! Papers Number 14. Salt Lake City • .. l~e'!J,.'!J,.ir..gs, J. D., and Ed\-ltnd' Norbeck, 1955, Great Basin Prehistory: A ' '~ , Review. .'llIlerican Antiquity, Vol. XXI, No.1, pp" 1-11 . . Sa,lt Lake City~ /Jennings, .J ,. D., 1957, Danger Cave. Me~oirs of the ,Society for , ,Ameri~an .

Archaeology Nuniber 14. Published jointly by. the l!ni v~t.sity of Utah ..~.", , Pre~s anef . The Sod.:ety fo.!" JJmeri c~n Arch~eology. , " '".'. . ,,~\ .;~i, . / J~dd, N. ~l. , . 1926, :- rchaeo.logical · Obsel·ya~,i,ons North ~f the ,.Rio. polq:;-a.-do.,·.. ': ~'~'~J.. ~.;', Bureau o~ , i\menca,l} Ethrrology, Bulletl.n 82. ~·.'ashl.ngton, D. C. ~ ~ i/. 'i" A.i~ter<~ • . H: .,;, 1951 , E~.iavatiot.s. a't He11~ twIi~de.n, Dinosaur";N,~~~qr:u~;~ MonwnEiljt • . . U(,;~;~' ,Um.versl.ty of Colorado StudJ.es, S~r:J.es l.,n Jlnthr9P,o:!.:ogy .No. 3. Boulds'r , .' '. "I"~ ' ". .

Co 10 rado • ' .I · · · · · · " ',' ,;f~~~ ,. 1959, The Coombs Sitt;l :': Unive.rsity of ,Utah. Anthr~~ologic·~i , ....... ~'·; ,."~;:·.:t ---:: 'f=-,a-p-e:· r-s~N~u.mber 41., '" 'S-alt, Lake City'• . ' , ,,;, ::::' .:: " - , ", :;",:r~;f; !MeiShan, C. ~.! ~, and ,otbers, 1956, . Arc ne o.1<:>gica1 Excav?,tic;ms ~t; :(r?n County, ~.. :'r~J" '(', Utah. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 25. , . Salt 4ake . Cit-yo Mohr, Albertal!d 1.. L. SBJllple , 1959, ~an Jose Sites iri S.outhe.? -ste'rn 1,Itah! ;,,~.; E1 P~lacio. Vol. ($6, No.4, PI'. 109-19. The ~1useYm qf. Neyr.·I~exic9, "':·: • ' '.' . • , Sant a r,t , /t. ~. e . . . ' . , :.,: ;,.,., . ., - . 'I' .''-~10rss, N~, 19)1, The ' Jln:~ient Culture ,of the Fremont ' ~i,ve~ . in ,4~~~"'P~J?:(;)~S ,;'(\'~~..,' ./~~h , .-).; o.f tU'e Pe~body Mus~Um. of .~~r.~can ,:.!\:,rc.l)~(;)01,9gy , ~l;\~., J;:t-h.no..];!ogy:; :Harx..arct-' ,:.:,~ .:,.'~ ~ '\'~l>:"? ,~:.,,:-.:. ~t '" . .. ,. 1 '~'r ""'~ ~.':·;I·" (' 'b " k; d '~ • ' <". '''!'~ "r " .~' :~;' .' '. ,'.' ." , L",..,,!y ~'. ::'r:;,Jf..:·~ :':~'.~'" ' tJ.nJ:.•.ve 1 s 0/ , v 0 " • .(\)~ , l~V., i/'. _ ~ .~;L' ge. " 'r" ; ,. .,"" -: "',:' , . , .,; .:, ;, ", I':. 'J. ,:",~~ , \ ,; .' ,,1954, Clay Figprines of the American South\>re's.t." .· P~pe:nr' 'Of the ,:' .:!I;~. / Peabody MUsewn of American Archaeology and . Et.h n.ology, Harvard Un1ve-r-' . ?,-:, ,:~~:~.J' sity. Vol. 49, No.1. Cambridge. '. ' " '. ... !., • .:'.

• Robe~s, F.H.H., Jr., 19;5, ' 1\ Folsom Cqmplex.

Prel.imin~ry Rep9-:rt on . . Investigations , at the, Lif.ldenmeier '$ite in No r'j:.jre,X'l') , QQlorSrdo., ~it.h-.· ~o.nj;an lH$'c 'e lltmeous Col1edt i'ons', V'o1ufue 94, No. '4, " 'ffashington, ' D.Q. . .~ , , 1940, Developments in the Problem of the Nortb J~er' ican Paleo-Indian ,i.n 'Essays in Historical .'\nthropology of .North Ame.ri,c a., Smithsonia"n, 14iscelTaneoua Collections, Vo~. 100, pp. 51-1,19> ~'lal?h-

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/Rudy, sa,a'in', Uni-, . , varsity of Utah 2'm,thropo.logical pa.pers No. 20. Salt L-a'ke qity. . , : ' : p,;;, .. i{!5'. j Sc.hroeder,. A. H." 1955, :l\.rcheo10gy .of , Zi<?n ~ark, Un~,~e'r.B::~t.y of' :yt,~ Anth.Z:Q'" ~',,: ',:.! :),\:~ . pplOglcal Papers, No. 22. Salt ~~ke Cl.t.y. . . ,,:' ;: '. .' .' , '. ':' . : ", ~,~ /Smith, E. R., The Archaeology of'Deadman Cave, Utah\ " Un:\.versiti , b~Ut~.· ";~,i" : ··t:.!,:; P.nthropological Papers No. 10. Salt Lake City. - 1952. ":~,;~ . . .... '.':"'j:,-:,.,,] /. Ste~'1ard, J. H., 19)9, Pueblo Materi,al Culture of ~. tester~ Ulah •. , .Univ,ersity .. of Ne\,l Mexico Press, f,lbuquerque. " . ~____~~__~_, 19)7, Ancient ' Caves of the Great Salt L~e ~egi~n. Bureau of Jlmerican Ethnology, Bulletin 116. l'/ashington, D.C. T.a Ylor, D.C., 1954, The Garrison Site. University of Utah Anth.r.opologica~ / Papers Number 16, ' Salt Lake City , /' 1957, T\,10 Fremont Sites and Their Posi tiora in Sout hwestern Prehistory. University of Utah Anthropological Papers N1,mluer· 29.

Salt Lake City • \'Jendorf, Fred and · T. H. Thomas,1951, Early Man Sites Near Conchc, .~rizona. /Imerican Antiquity, Vol. XVII, No.2, pp. 107-14. 'Salt Lake City. , '.1ormington., H.M. and R. H. Lister, 1956, Archaeologica~ Investigations on the Uncompahgre Plateau in ~'!e st Central Colorado, Denver Museurr. of Natural : ~ History, Proceedings, No, 2. Denver. " /.£grmington, R.A., 1955: A Reappraisal of the Fremont Culture ltlit:'1 a Summary of the !irchaeology of the Northern Periuhery. Denver l',':useum of Natural, History Proceedings, Nol, Denver. / -__---,=-'___.,...--,~-, 1957, J\ncient Man in Nort.h ."merica. Denver Museum of Natural History, Popular Series No.4. Denver, Colorado. page 1)~;J'