Utah Statewide Archaeological Society Newsletter, Volume 7, Number 1, March 1961 by Utah Historical Society

A Newsletter

Li'l / . ;l ~J/\ Tt HiSTC)RICAL SOCItTY 603 [ASr SOUTH TEMPLE

SALT LAKE CITY}. UTAbi Vol. 7, No.1

March, 1961

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Pictograph from near Great Salt Lake

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UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY is published quarterly by tho UTAH STATEWIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Subscription is included in membership. Membership in the ,s ociety is -available from the secretary-treasurer at $2.00 per year. Correspondence concerning' the activities of the society should be directed to the president. All manuscripts and news items should be sent to the editor: Lloyd Pierson, Arches National Monument, Moab, Utah.

UTAH STATEvITDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENT: Merrill Peterson, 651 Calyon Road, Logan, Utah VICE PRESIDENT: John L. Cross, 860 South 10th East, Orem, Utah SECRETARy~cTRF..ASURER: Marian Pierson, Box 98, Moab, Utah ADVISOR: Dr. Jesse D. Jennings, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

EDITORS NOTES At a meettng of the officers of the USAS in Salt Lake City on Feb. 11, it was decided that the Second Annual Meeting of the USAS would be held in Salt Lake City at the Museum of Jmthropology, University of Utah on Saturday, May 20. The same general forma:t as last years meeting will be followed with possibly an evening session added in anticipation ' of greater participation of the membership with oral papers. We urge you to set aside this date to attend the meeting and to make plans to give a paper on your activities in the field of archaeology. Another notice will be sent out the latter part of April but all who know they plan to attend should send in the form at the end of this issue of UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY. It should be a good meeting and I am certain the committee will have it well organized. May is a good month for a trip to Salt Lake City and you will meet men yother people from allover the state who have interests in archaeology similar to yours. Do come. I don't know whether or not it was the result of the editorial and society efforts or not but House Bill 93 to establish a state Museum of Natural Histor,r at the University of Utah was passed by a unanimous voice vote of the House of Representatives. It was introduced by Representatives Burningham, Madsen, Collard, Bott, and Vance. To date I have not heard how it fared in the Senate. Although it did not provide funds, the bill is a step in the right direction and the unanimous vote of the House shows that it is well thought of. The number of small museums in the state of Utah continues to grow. Recent articles have told of a museum to be established at Price and another at Lehi. Also of interest to USAS members is the fact that Danger Cave, one of the wests more important early man sites, has been designated a national historic landmark by the Secretar,y of the Interior. A Chapter of the USAS has been organized in st. George, Utah.

The group has elected Mr. Frank D. Holland as President, Mrs. Thomas McArthur as Secretar,r, and Mr. Ellis C. Carter as Treasurer. We welcome the St. George Chapter to the society and we hope that the association will be long and profitable for all concerned.

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Points and Pebbles, the Moab "Chapter, recently held election of officersn Elected :were Mr. "VUliam ~Ti1liges, President; Mr. Ross Mussleman, Vice President; Mrs. Wilma Provonsha, Sed'etary-Treasurerj Mrs. C.R. Ellis, Refreshment Chairman. Members of the club have been engaged several weekends during the past month surveying site~ that fall within,the right of way of a new state highway in the "vicinity of M~ab. One pi thouse was excavated by the group on an emergency basis but "the rest of the sites will be reported to the University of Utah for salvage excav~tions by the Statewide "Archaeological Survey. Undoubtedly, if the sites prove to be worth digging the members wUl be called uPon to assist for at present there is no provision for funding salvage archaeological projects on "state highways and the work must be donated by those interested - "namely the University of Utah and/or interested amateurs. """ " ' . The Museum of Anthropology at the University of Utah will have a new curator "as of July 1st. Dr. David M. Pendergast will become an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Utah as of that date and Mr. Gordon "L~ Grosscup will become the Museum Curator. Dr. Pendergast will probably become tied a little closer to the lecture ,room but we hope that He will ,still find time to get over the. state and visit the many friends he has made. Mr. Grosscup has an extensive background in Great Basin lIrchaeology and as the hea路d of the Statewide Archaeological Survey will undobbtedly be available to help solve and lend guidance to various archaeological projects and problems that crop" up over the great st'ate 'of Utah.' Congratulations to both an~ best wishes. In,cidently, Dr. Pendergas t has received a Faculty Research Fund grant from the University"of Utah which will enable him:to carry out a reconnaissance of cave sites in British HondUra.s this spr~g. Recently there has appeared a new national:magazine in a. "popular vein dedicated to the study of man.. It is- c"a 1led"Science of Man and ." appears bimonthly. Published by the publisher of. Gems and Minerals it is a slick type magazine devoted to Itthe story of man, ' his works, and his past,and to the popular presentation of "the faSCinating storY of archaeology,路 ethnology, and the other "sciences of man ll". The first three.issues "have been fair with the indication that the style, format, ,and contents will steadily imptove. It does "not pretend to be a "deep" magazine and some articles, so far, have been extremely interesting, 1-fhile other's seem to have had little reason for being. The subscription pri.':';8 is $4~OO per year and available at Post Office Box 808, Mentone, California and I am certain that you will find many " things of interest in each issue. The basic idea behind the magazine is excellent and it needs the support of both amateur and "professional "" to help it achieve its aims~

The petroglyph on the cover of this "issue is described by its ill ustrator as a 11 small red figure of the Basket Maker style, in a cave north of Great Salt Lake" ~ It" 路is shown in Julian H. steward' 5, ItPetrog~yphs of the United States ll , 路Publicl'ltion "3437, Smi"tpsonian Institution, .vJashington,D. C., 1937. The pamphlet may stjJ..l" be available. What is your favorite petroglyph? Send it to ye ed. Page 3.

Dues for IJ61. are payable to ,th~ 'Secretary-Treasurer at *i2 .00 p~r:," ; year fox: .Jmemihe?\s ,unafflltated , with local chapters. ' L.ocaJ. chapter " mem.b,ers pay d.u~s. through ~r~ local chapter and an 8 4 tra ~pl .OO to the S,ecretary-Tre.~sure,r if they desire to receive U~H , AROHAEOLOGY. , :; j ' ; . '

The firS,t a'r t i~le in this is sue is by . Mr. Floyd W. SharI'o.c k who :is now in cnarge . of the Glen Canyo'n Sal v:age Archaeology Laborat9I'Y at the Ul'l;i ver-s ~ty ,9f U,t ah . He tells of 'some ' of, tj1e sal vage ex~avat'ion accQnlPlisqed in Glen Canyon during 1960 . ' E~sewh.ere he makes a short · report .qn 'proposed activ,ities in ;;')1.,e same region for : t'l~issYnmier.; - ', , . ~.

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The s~,cond ' artiqle :is QY t'h~ lILQt;\~, R~?~erl\ of.<~,o'fenweep .~.!'!-:t·i?na~ ' . . ~." Monument in Southeastern Utaho Mr. Don Rip;1:ey tell~ab,ou:t ·his . , favorite national monument and the only one in utah set ' aside 'tor archaeologipal .rea,sons,. This is a . ,f ascinating ?r~a, . quite Sgelfi.c .. .: ': and ph.otogenic, ;and ,~.,Ripley 1,s' ,understandably proud of .it .,. ·T his .' is also an :area where, tpe:re is ~im.e enRugh to give the visi t?r i;.p,e '.:. full 1:-r.e.a tment in the ' way o! person4 inter.pretation and .Mr. Ripley . is qutte' 'c apable ip this field > :Go. see his area and you will hav~ an 'enjoy,ab:J.. e out-ipg and learn mUGn ~rchaeology. "

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The third ,article is ,by' Mr., Don D. Fowler who has been on the sta.ff , ' of''the tl:te~ Cai1Yop' Sal vageprpje'c t for several ' years and ,a graquat(3 , . stUdent at 1··t·the Hniversity of Utah. " ' , . '. -. " ; . _ ~

i~t"e :p" 'i~ .~very' archaeol,ogical. society mostly composeq. of . ',. ,:', In vario,u s , ~tages of de,di~at~ol1 to, archae910gy there' 81"ises ;.

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the qUf39tiqn ,of., 'whQ ' gets the po:ts?U ' f~om an excavation . Th~ . state... , ment '0'{'p6Iicy as to who 'gets them 'on a University of Utah sponsored or joint 9ig is the res.u;Lt of a two hour conference between the o~ftcers of your s, oc~e~yj the a9vis~r, editor, and the Curator of the l'iuseum , of , Anthropo;Lo,gy .:·:·:·~W~·:f:ee~ ,t4at this is a more , than fal.r policy with ' . .;. ' ,. regar:d:?, ..t .o_' :tris ,tyPe ,pf ,excavation • .

One :of,.rhe ,. m6s~. dtfficu,lt things a ,profess·i onal ar~haeologist has to , fac'e ;):n' de'a lil1g with amateurs is that ~f ~urtai1ing o.ut and out pot. ' robbi~~ \i~doc~ented excavatin'g for ~he sa~e of the lI'fhingsll ~one. , It is strang~ but .many' times it , is the . person who destroys the most knowlM.ge who approaches the professbiial' with questions that could. have bee.r]' answered only with t 'r e information the clandestine excavator .. des~r<?yed~ ': He . usu:a lJ,y' th.~ks ' the , professional , archaeologist " . ' ,' unco.o perat'i ve when the ' q~estions , can~ot be answered.

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I think'we'all recU:Lze that ,the basis for most amateur archaeologist~ interest in archaeology (and professionals too in the ceginning) , is in the IIthings" . ,Pureli)' esthetic appreciation of these artifacts without reg'a-rd ~o time or cultural relationships is understandable' . but separat~Qn ' of the artifact from its scientific connotations CBnn()t be , condoned. ·· ' In' other vlOrds ., even, tho1)gh one does not care .' ., about the ' ,significance ,of, · the 'artifact, .owning a bit of prehistorY.' . . implies that ' 9ne·wU'l ,record the data On the artifact for others ' in : : the futur,e~ .' This is .(:mly good, archaeological manners and the mark of responsibility, Page

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Membership in the tEAS 'carrleswith it no right to excavate on . . public or private lands. The authorization to excavate on any Umd can only be given by the owrier~ ' In the case of federal or state land this is the government agency in charge of the part1.cular area and authorh:ation is usually given only to qualified people from public institutions so that there is some' assurance that the material- found will remain public' property; that a'report of the excavations will be published and made available; and that the excavations will be carried out in ' a scientificm?nner so that all , possible information will be obtained. The USAS cannot remain true to its published purpose and urge' excavations of any kind by untrained people â&#x20AC;˘ . Belonging to the society ' intimates that orie is interested enough in furthering archaeology and archaeological knowledge to first seek professional guidance so that someday, when the opportunity arises, the interested amateur may himself carry out an excavation in a scientific manner. In other words, amateurs can and have accomplished professional quality archaeological excavations but they m~st be trained. The society hopes that this training can be arranged for the interested "members by working with-trained -archaeologists 'artd by study-. Archaeology owes much to the amateur archaeologist trained to do scientific work; to recognize the value and significance of archaeological sites; and to recognize complex sit~s beyond his abilities \ and we need more amataurs of this type. \ There aIle many situations where an amateur can gain experience. With the increase in development' here in Utah there are many prehistoric sites or,' private land being plowed under or bUlldozed into eternity. Certainly here is a field where a sharp eyed amateur archaeologist can salvage a great deal of information that wouidotherwisebe lost and at Âˇ the same time do both the study of archaeology and himseif some -good. Of course, the more training he had ' triemore he woUld benefit from his work. .'

The amateur can also enrich his own and archaeological knowledge by surface collecting arid recording the information c.o ncerning these sites. This not only contributes to his personal' irtrormation but gives anyone a basis for understanding the archaeology of the area surveyed. Remember May 20 is the date of the annual statewide

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If you haven1t paid your 1961 dues this may be the last issue of the UTAH ARCHA~OLOGY you may receive.

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The University of Utah and the USAS - A Statement "

Due, probably to lack of enough explanation by members of the Univ~rsity of Utah Staff, there has arisen a minor misunderstanding in the matter of disposition of the artifacts and recorc1s of any joint archaeological digs, where the University of Utah provides the supervision and training for society members. There can be only one policy which fulfils both the aims of the society and the generally recognized minimum standards for scholarly research. These " requirements aJ:;e that safekeeping,study public~tion of results and findipgs, and display must be assured. . ,A ll materials, artifacts, notes and records of any joint University of Utah - Society digs must revert to the University of Utah Anthropology 1'1useum cOllectio"n s for the -study, analysis, publication, and storage. This should be understood by all who participate in the joint digs. Otherwise the University of Utah cannot legally nor morally accept responsibility for joint digs. In those cases where a Sociâ&#x201A;Źty Chapter succeeds in developing a local museum, ' with stable assured support, so that the storage, safety and display will be assured, the University of Utah would be "mOre' than glad to release full collections from the joint excavatio: ts to the local chapter for contribution to the local museum. The fostering of local museums would be a very worthwhile chapter activity. Museums now exist ar are in prospect at Moab, Blanding, st. George, and Price among others.

RULES AND REGULATIONS OF

THE

UTAH STATE PARK AND RECREATION COMMISSION (September 6, 1957 lVleeting) 1.

Before any exploration or excavation in or on any historic, prehistoric ruins, pictographs, hierglyphs or any other ancient markings or ltJTi ting or archaeological or pal eontolorrical depcisi ts in Utah on any public lands either state or federal, shall be undertaken, a permit shall first be obtained from the Utah State Park and Recreation Cormnission and from the Board of County Corrmissioners of the county wherein the same is to be undertaken. Any person violating this rule shall be prosecuted as provided by law.

Any person removing or causing injury or damage or defacement by arr;/ means or method to the prehistoric ruins, relics, archaeological deposits, paleontological deposits, historic objects or monuments, natural bridges, and natural scenic features and formations on either state or federal land and any other property on which the Utah State Park and Recreation has control in Utah, shall be prosecuted as provided by law. Page 6.

A PRELIH.INARY REPO~T OF 1960 J'.R.GHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS

IN GLEN CANYON by Floyd

Sharrock

The 1960 University of Utah Glen Canyon excavations r:epI-e~Seht,~, the fourth season of intensive operation by this , department in cooperation with the National Park Service. The project, 'which began an extensive survey-excavation operation aimed at delineatj,ng specific problems, has become progressively more problem oriented as knbwl edge increased. The 1960 excavations, which extended from June '15 :tb Sept. 20, represent a culmination of this trend < Surveys had indicated Lake Canyon to be an area in the Glen Canyon region where many of the c;:ruestions which had arisen might be answered. It was therefore decided that intensive excavation by a large crew in this one tributary canyon would be the objective for 1960.

Accordingly, a large crew was assembled~ It included William Lipe as Field Supervisor, Doh Fowler, DAvid Dibble, Edward Keane, John Dewey, Allen Howard, Carl Kuehne and Floyd Sharrock from the , University of Utah. Out-of-state crew members were Robert Cheel, John Hopkins University; John Glaser, Cornell University; Richard 'Gould, Harvard College; Alexander Sharp, Haverford College; Oliver Thomas, Washington, D~C.; Frank Weir and J. Dan Scurlock, University of Texas. Calvin Porter, Escalante, was with the crew until August 1 when both he and David Dibble departed to survey the Flaming Gorge Reservoir. Later in the season, Johnny Conway, Lyle Palmer" Jay Redd and George Jones, all of Blanding, joined the crew. From June until August 1, packing duties were performed ty Keith Rogers of Blanding, after August 1 by Brigham Stevens of Blanding. Pack animals were . supplied by Clarence Rogers ' of Blanding. Jesse D. Jennings, Project Director, DRvid Jennings and Herpert Jennings were in the field for several weeks. In contrast to past seasons, when lost man hours had been negligible, this season's crew was hampered from the beginning by both poiso'n ' ivy and IIDesert Fever", or more properly, coccidiomycosis. From the effects of the latter, two Crelr.T members 'Here forced to leave the area for the remainder of the season, cmd several spent time 'in the hospital; however, most suffered only mild cases with no lost working time. ' By mid-season, this problem had largely resolved Use-If and operations returned to' normal. ;.~

Field conditions were somewhat diffei:ent than in past years. Previously land based crews were small and this year for the first time there Were no river born~operationsr Thus, boats used inpreviom3 summers were replaced by pack antmals... Two camps were es,tablished,. a base camp , near the juncture bf the Ea~t Fork of Lake Canyon and the Âˇmain stem, to which' potnt vehicles could be driven, and a' second:, temporary, camp about '4 miles upstream from the "Colorado River and 80me 6 miles downsti(:$am from the base ,camp.. 8upplles and equipment were transported between :the camps by pack antm81sfrom July IS to August is,'' the period during whic'h the second camp w~,s operational. Page 7.

Another departure from past seasons was th~t, for the first time, separate survey parties _did not operate. A ten day s].lrvey of Upper Moqui Canyon; and a survey in Lake Canyon, as adjuncts to excavation, were conducted by Don Fowler. Fowl.er's report of discovered sites' in Lake Canyon will be included as an appendix to the 1960 excavation report in the Univer s ity of Utah Anthr opological Papprs. ; preliminary report of this survey is includ ed i n t his p ublication . fI ' small crew, led by Robert H. Lister, University of Colorado, tested several sites in the ' Castle Creek, steer Pasture area. ; After completion of thes~ tests, the Lister crew moved to Harris Wash, along the ,north edge ' of the . Kaiparowits Plateau., ' and, for a portion of the summer, ' tested ' several si.tes there.' ...

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The last two 't~eeks of the summer were devoted to completing an exc~vatiori st,arted the previous year at 42Sa701, "Creeping Dune. ~ ' This site is locat'ed iri the Little Rincon, ' 31 miles upstream from the mouth of Lake Canyon • . During two weeks of excayation in Septem_,bel' 1960 ~ it began to look' as if the si,t e would be bne of the most :iJnportant ' yet excavated in the ·area. This, in fact; proved to, be the " case and a crew returned in late September to complete the work •. i ' ',This ·Crel.J ".Jas ' composed entiTely 6f University of Utah personnel; " .' inyl u9ing Jes ~e D. Jennin~s, David Pendergast, Kei~h Anderson, .... ,Everett Fros t, ,Dave Read, ' David Dibble, Edward Keane and .Floyd ~ ,~ harrock,. The site., d:Lscussed below, was : considere,d sfgnificant. , . enough towar}:'~nt submitting a manuscript of · the report to a r).ational publication. 'The remainder of the excavations w~ll 'bereported in detail in the University of Utah Anthropological ':Pape r ·s . • t.

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Twen.ty sites in Lake Canyon and its 'tributaries were totally or partiaily excavated. O:tlie-r sit'es at which only liinited excavation ,,.fas ·dorie ,1oI'ere consider!=ld survey tests. . Physical Description: Lake Canyon Lake Canyon emrties from the left bank ,(facing d01-<ll1st:ream) ':into the Colorado River bet1ol'een river'mile 113 and 114. From its head 'f or ab9ut . 8 miles , it runs southeast to nOr'thv<Test along the ' north edge ot· .No\cai Dome. The lower 6 miles runs almost due Nest. The canyon is entrenched' through th~ Nava j o sandstone formation to a depth of 300 to 500 feet. Progressively deeper 'entrenchment occurs from the' head to the mo~th of t he canyon'- Lake Canyon is in many ~ays unique. :Unlike most canyons t ributary to , t he Glen, there are s everal points, esp e ciill.y al ong t he nor th t\!'al~ where cattl e and hodes can climb t o t he ca nyon r i m. Another uniq ue feature is an almost continuous .t e rrace, about 100 fe et high , . le.ft standing on ei thei' Bide of ' ,t he' canyon by th~ cutting' of the s p ring-fed Lake Canyon ,stream. Lake Canyon received. ,;Lts name from a series .of ' lakes , that oT,lce existed in the canyon; their surfa ces were at ttie level of the , present t errace remnants. The large s t .'and most :t;amous of t he lakes , Lake 'Pagahrit, was s everal 'miles ups tream f rom the cany~m mo.lIth . Because of the abundant water the ca nyon floor ~a·s· c~oked wit.h vegetat ion 'which' s upported a large faunal 'i;'o pulat'ion . In the late . Nineteenth Cent ury, cattle w~ re ihtrQducedtothe area. In 1915 Lake Pa'g ahr it breached i ts dam, however , eve'n now the canyon supports a considerable amo nnt of veget ation b~cause of the stream. )Pag'e ' 8.

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History In the historic period, Lake Canyon is perhaps one of the better known of the Glen Canyon tributaries. The Mormon Hole-in-the-rock expedition of 1879-80, from which many of the first permanent settlements in San Juan County derived, crossed near Lake Pagahrit. From Lake Canyon, they entered Castle Wash, crossed the Clay Hills Pass and continued eastward. The route of the Mormon pioneers is the same followed now, in reverse, for entrance to Lake Canyon. ' occupation in Lake Canyon covers a longer time span than , in most other canyons tributary to the Glen. Possibly the Indians were attracted by the lakes and vegetation, although this cannot be stated with certainty since the geologic history is not well known. ,It seems probable, however, that the lakes were in existence when occupation began, at least 1,000 years ago.

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In the sediments of the remnant terraces and in alcoves which have filled with sediments during and after occupation, cultural remains were deposited in layers. Sedimentation continued after the Puebloid occupants had left, and frequently only a few sherds and worked stone material were present on the surface to indicate extensive subsurface ' occupational evidence. In this, however, is perhaps the most important feature of the Lake C,olllyon sites. Since sedimentation was occurring continually, cultural deposits "are stratified; consequently, at a given site, the arrangement of occupational debris in soil profilee is an accurate, relative time index. Six such llburied ll sites were excavated. Two, Horsefly Hollow and Lyman Flata, are discussed below.The Sites Because detailed studies of the 21 excavated sites are not yet complete, information in the following descriptions is subject to change as study continues. Not all the sites are discussed. Five sites from Lake Canyon and Creeping DUIle were se.lecteO, because they were considered to be either renresentativeor unusually 'important. The Fortress (423a3l6) Built directly on bedrock on top of a slickrock dome, this forbidding llfortress" is visible for some distance. On closer observation, however, its vulnerability as a defensive structure becomes apparent: it can be approached from any direction with little or no difficulty. To the north and east, th~ terrain is quite regular; to the south and west, the slickrock drops only 30 to 40 feet to the floor of the East Fork of Lake Canyon. The site includes two contiguous mortared masonry dwellings (Structures 2 and 3) sharing a common wall. The northernmost (Structure 2) is rectangular, measuring 14 by fe'e t. ' ".A prepared clay floor is still partially intact. The doorway, a T-shaped opening characteristic of Kayenta architecture, opens through the east wall into a large

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Structure , 2t

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Retaining Wall

Plan View of 42Sa316 liThe Fortress ll .Figure 1.

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plaza (structure 1). Extending into the room at a right angle from the north edge of the doorway is a coursed masonry deflector~ behind it, ahd built against 'the east structure wall is aD-shaped, clay-' rimmed firepit approximately 22 'inches in diameter. Structure'3 repeats the construction 'technI'que of structure 2 with two exceptions -- it is more D-shaped,·and its doorway, also opening onto the plaza, is straight-sided. A' D-shaped dlay-rin®ed firepit, touching the south edge of the doorway, is built aga irist the east walL There was no defillector. Traces of prepared clay flooring cover the bedrocko structure 1 is highly unusual -- virtually unique in the Glen Canyon. Although the exact function of this large plaza is unknown, it is perhaps the raison d1 et re of the-site. In outline it is a somewhat irregular rectangle measuring 120 by 50 feet. The hodge-podge wall construction includes double walls, single walls and low rough walls of unshaped slabs. Two openings to structure 1, in addition to the doorWays of structures 3 and 4, pierce the center of either long wall. The bedrock floor'of structure 1 is coated in some areas by a thin veneer of clay which may be a prepared floor, but which is possibly only the fine residue of ,mortaring material washed out of the walls. The sole structural feature within structure 1 is a firepit, a circular ring of slabs enclosing a fire~·blackerted area 3 feet 6 inches in diameter. The 'bulk of the recovered artifacts from the site came fronl a trash deposit on the rock slope below the sitec The pottery is ' almost evenly divided between Kayenta types (54%) and 'Mesa Verde types ' (46%)" Horsefly Hollow (42Sa5'44) Horsefly Hollow is also 'located in the East Fork of Lake Canyon a ' short distance 'downstream from The Fortress6 Before excavation it appeared as a shallow, belled alcove in lront of which a long sand dune ridge paralleled the cliffso A smattering of potsherds and worked stone were the only indications of prehistoric occupation. HOv-leVer, the initial test ' trench, extending from the back wall of the alcbVe to a point beyond the sand dune, revealed in actuality, 'the alcove cloistered at least two occupations, many feet' of debris, and a few surprises. Excavatio'tl showed that during and ' subsequent to :dccupatiori thealcbve had filled and that, in fact, ' use ,of considerable :extent had occurred when the alcove was high arid deep; that use or occupation had occurred not only within the aluove but :had " ~xtended over and beyond an ancient dead sand dune lying beneath the present live -dune; and that; temporally) use had been 'extensthve enough to accUmulate several feet of occupational debris in which there was evidence of two occupational phases, the earlier"phase (Occupation 1) ' o'ccurring primarily outside the alcove arid 'the later largely within the alcove (although ·the second occupation may have " erased evidences of Occupation 1 within the alcove) 0

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Occupation 1, that outside the alcove, had no definite structural associations. Remnants of a jacal structure on the dune might be associated, since the pottery recovered from it consi?t,s, of typ~s dated, early ip. t1;le , Pueblo II period; howe'iie r, the. bulk of the evidence, pa:rticuiarly, ' s,t rl;tificat:ion of the soils; indicates a~sociation :':·wi'th the' l~ter occupation. , The,'later use of ,thesite seems to have been' prl.mar,i ly for storage~ w:i:~h habitation being minor and secondary.

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Therewer~ i~ ,'~aj9r st;r'~c't~~es within ~lie, aicove; cUI s,e~i-subte;;anean ,r'arid all a'pp~rently: , forstorage. r£hey. carr be divided, for descriptive ,'purposes " in,t'o three categories. ' 1.' La.rge rrias'o nry struci:;ures with a' foundat'ion row of , vertical slabs overlain by horizontal' slab courses (three ' structures). In the construction of these" pits were dug and lined wi.th slab floors , and ma$onrywalls. ' ' The 6 'to 12 inches of wall ,,' ab6ve the gronnd is necessar.ily more 'substanti~ than thai:; below groUnd sin'c e ' there is no d,irt , backing for ,:auppbrt,. P!eswnably th~se structures were rocifed probably with sbme" perishable rnateri~; ho:wever, ' the manner of roofing could not'be determined since the dampI).ess : ~ould :have ,e,raq:l.cated. alltr,a,ce.:s of perishables • 'None. of these , structures rici've, interior features, such as firepits" to sl.).gge'st use "as dwellihgs. Two circular structures are 6 feet in ' di9-met€)r. , -"third, Figure-8 shaped in plan, is divided at the ' constriction by alowbenchft 'HI ;have small,vestibule-like entrancewflYs~ 2. ' Circular structures~ . approximately 5 feet' in diameter, wtth sl~b floo~ing " and 'with' walls of very large slabs placed' iri vertical position (three structures). These structures are 30 to 36 inches deep, two-thirds of which is subterranean. On the outside of each is a doorstep which is enclosed by ,,?,ertical slabs. " , 3. Fi structures are small ' irregula'r ly shaped, slaQ-lined stora'ge cists. Three ' are circ~ar, 24 to •30 cfnclies' in: diameter, and up to 29 inches deep'. Two are . smaller and irregularly shaped.. i '

There are several other structural features. These include firepits (slablined), fir.ehearths (unlined) and large deep int!usive ,pits of uriknown function., .An tnter.esting feature of' the later occllpation ' is that a contiilUUIn from the larger storage structures to the smaller. cists ' is indicated. A definite indiGation of occupation after some structures had illr~adybeen abandoned is, the presence ,of a slab-lined, fireI?it in the ,t op of the fill of the Figure-8 shaped 's:tructure. Whil.:edampness i'n the deep ~cove precluded pres~rvationo.:t , p'e risha;bles, an· iilteresting array of non-perishable artifacts was ' recovered. Seventeen cOIDplete, pottery vessels, many with stone" slab covers' (a further indicatiqn that the alcove was primarily, utilj,zed for " storage) were recovered from ~its_~nd the main use surface; one pot had been set into the wall of a structure. In addi ti'on to the 17,' entir~ pots, severai brok;en vessels ~ere wholly part,i cilly rest.- . , orable .. , }\ t ' Horsefly Hollow toJ'ere two of the ' best' preserved burials located 'in ,the Glen Canyo.n excavatioris to 'd,a te. One pf these :was , ' an adult placed in flexed (foetal) position, ' right side down, on the 'floor of one of , the large circular stor?-ge structures, ~ " ,Hi th the, '

Page 12.

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burial were mortars, grinding slabs and two restorable vessels. The second burial was that of a youn& child. The 'flexed body was placed on its right side in a shallow. pit. Associations were two s)'Ilall vessels, one serving as a lid to the other. Both are dated as Pueblo 111.. Of 3,398 sherds recovered (whole pots included as one count each), 2,i74 w~re Kayenta. types., 1,090 were Hesa Verde and 24 were sherds belonging to neither of t hese groups. The date range at the site is from early Pueblo I I to Late Pueblo III. The Penthouse (42Sa624) Typical of small alcove storage sites, The Penthouse consists of two well-preserved masonry storage structures contained in a small belled alcove about 7 miles upstream in Lake Canyon. Peering but from the alcove, 'tv-hich is 200 feet above the streambed, one looks ' below to the terrace remnant and 100 feet above to the point at which the canyon rim breaks the rise of the cliffs. The alcove is some 7S feet long, with maJ~imum depth of 18 feet. The two structures are built on the flat bedrock floor of the alcove. Both appear to have been used solely for storage since none of the features customarily associated with d"rellings were observed. Between the structures is a flat bedrock surface-..; possibly a use area. structure 1 is recta:r;tgular, measuring 12 by 7 feet. Three .walls (the fourth is the rear wall of the al~ove) a~e of substantial masonry and mud mortar construction. The walls, ,extend ing from the floor to the ceiling of the alcove, . reach a maximum height of 4~ feet. structure 2 is identical in size and construction ·to structure 1; -but unlike Struc·ture 1, which opened onto the flat area between .the buildings, the· ledge in front 'of . structure 2 is spacious enough to make feasible a doorway opening onto it. Much of structure 2's outer ' wall has fallen. structure and alcove fUl was quite shallow (maximum: 6 inches) and contained few artifacts. There was, unfortunately, considerable evidence of unauthorized excavation, T!rhich probably accounts for the paucity of artifacts. The few shercls that were recov.ered indicate primary cultural affiliation "Jith the Kayenta Branch of the Anas:;;zL Lyman Flat9 (42Sa623) Lyman Fla.ts is an ~_ open, buried site on the terrace remn~nt at tqe base of the saDdstone cliffs. It is only a few feet downstream and around a curve.in the slickrock cliffs from The Penthouse which is some 100 vertical feet above it. There are five house structures, which may represent two occupations. The two most substBritial structures belong to the earlier occupation. One of these, semisubterranean structure S, was apparently a dwelling. Squared, with round corners, its sides measure 10 feet in length.Max~mum wall height is 48 inches. An oval firepi t, 2 ,'r:5y . 16 ,inches i .n diameter, is located on the floor at the center of the room . A second large substantial pit structure (Structure 6) contains several features suggesti ,e. of the standard cer emonial. building. A cir'cular firepit, a high defJ,.ector slab pro.: tecting the firepit, a ventilator shaft and holes in the prepared clay floor, possibly for loom anchors, all imply use as a kiva. The rectangular room measures 14 by 9 feet.

Page 13.

Struct~es ) and '4 are dry1aid bUIldings which are considerably' less sUbstantial than StruGtures 5 and 6. Difference in construction technique, a higher floor level, and fill in Structures 5 and 6, which might have originated from structures 3 and 4; indicate,a l.qter occupation date for those two units. Function 'of a third, ,_ nebulous, structure contemporaneous with structures') and 4 was not determined.

Scattered bones from at least two individuals were found in Structure 6. Both burials were in the sand a few inches above. the .,floor. Directly on the floor were two complete vessels -- a Mancos Corrugated olla and a Tusayan Black-an-white bowl. Pottery affiliation is 32% l'1esa Verde, 68% Kayenta. A date based on pottery types has ' not been determined, b~t guess is that the pottery ~s late, probably Pueblo III •

.~ third occupation in this area is indicated by- a conical ;arrangement of poles similar to Navajo sweat lodges. Surrey Terrace (42Sa55b) Several historic sites are ll;'cated in Lake Canyonj Surrey Terrace', however, was the only one excavated. Prohibly post-1900 in date, it cpnsists of two lo~ and plank structures ' on the terrace remnant, and a w.alled-in niche in the sandstone cliffs. Structure -1, the niche, is small C3 feet high, 5 feet deep) and was partia11y walled in by a drylaid slab wall. Artifacts recci"vered from the space include a wire grill, a glass bottle, an ,enamelwar~ mug and saucer arid a coffee mill. Structure 2, which seems to be the main structure at the site, was constructed of four main studs or vertical poles placed in a square pattern, supporting a roofing of parallel poles. Propped against the roof were poles, which formed the walls of the structure arid made a circular floor pattern some 16·to 18 feet in diameter. There were suggestions of a roofed entranceway; how8ver,a roofed entranceway, cannot be proved. Structure 3 was a rectangular (10 by 14 feet) outhouse or shed~ Several pieces of a buggy were recovered from within Structure 2, on the terrace and.on the canyon rim. A curious mixture of artifacts was recovered from the site. Along with Caucasian items such as the buggy, a dutch oven, nails, etc., were typical Indian ground stoI}e, items such as manas. · The site had s,everal features suggestive of a Navajo occupation -- particularly the hogan-like Structure 2. 1,-c ith o'nly limited information available on late historic occupancy in Lake Ca_nyon, no conclusions can now be r~ached. Creeping DUne. (42Sa701) The Creeping Dune site excavations were begun during the season of 1959 and completed during 1960. _ It is an early Pueblo III site located on the Colorado River in the Little Rincon; a large horseshoe-shaped. flat area of the Glen ',Canyon floor, which was formed by lateral cutting of the Colorado River and by cutting of streams tributary to the Colorado. Primary importance is attached to the site because -it·is the first irrigation system of any kind noted in the upper reaches of the Glen Canyon. In cultural affiliation, the pottery indicates a closer relationshilp to the Kayenta than to the Hesa Verde branch of the Anasazi. - - Page 14.

The irrigation sy stem includes a large rectangular masonry reservoir measuring 27 ~ by 11 f eet v.7i th walls standing to a maximwn height of 6~ feet and a maximwn thickness of 5 feet. The reservoir was filled by means of an internal spring and was drained by means of a slablined tunnel extending through the base of one wall. The waterflow through the tunnel was met_e red by a --perforated slab placed over the drain tunnel. \"!ater from the reservoir flowed into a canal leading from the reservoir. Because of erosion, this canal was traceable for only 30 feet. There were two possible gates located on the downs19pe sipe of the canal. 'Slabs; usually rectangular, but occasionally triangular or irregular and with a notch on one- side., were located on and around the reservoir and throughout- the site area. Their numbers suggest relationship to the irrigation system, but because of the sandiness of the soil and -recent erosion, no definite associations were noted. The site was located on a series of four ridges. The reservoir 1'ITaS located on Eidge 20 On Ridge 4 were two d~'Telling units, orily one of which was excavated. This house structure was square, measur:j..ng 6 by 6 feet, and ,'lTas constructed of wetlaid masonry. Maximum height of, the standing wall is 42 inches ,. It was set into a prepared pit. 'rhere was little to suggest -that occupation was either long or intensive~ Ho"t-Jever> several active sand dunes of some extent may cover many aboriginal remains in this vicinity.

HOVEN1rJEEP - THE DESERTED VALLEY BY Don Ripley In 1854, a few years before the outbreak of the Civil Irh3r, a YOWlg Easterner, HoD. Huntington) leading an exploration party in the Four Corner's area discovered a se;eies of isolated towers and stone fortifications located in a dewolate mesa-canyon country north of the S'an Juan River. Twenty years later the pioneer photographer William H. Jackson explored the same area and g2.ve it .the Ute name, "Hovenweep" meaning, "Deserted Valley" In 1917 Jesse W. Fewkes made a trip through Hovenweep and wrote a report for the Smithsonian Institution. This report was directly responsible for the eventual establishment of the monument in 1923 in order that the spectacular ru:; ns might be preserved for future posterity to visit and enjoy. . 0

Hovenweep National Monument lies between Cortez; Colora-do and Bluff, U,tah. Located along the Colorado-Utah line, the monument consists of six groups of pueblo ruins located in and around the heads of small, rocky box canyons where the drainage is good~ thus insuring the pueblo people of an adequate water sup"ly. Evidence of dams still remain showing that these enterp,rising and 'industrious people built reservoirs above the heads of -the steep canyons to store the overflow~ These ruin;,3, which are excel-lent examples of defensive architecture, Page 15.

are noted for their numerous square, oval, circular, and D-shaped towers. One hroer in particular combines the square corners (inside) with the round corners (outside) and is uniaue to the monument. The most spectacular and best preserved is the Square Tower Group, located in Utah. This group , encompassing 120 acres and consisting of 19 different buildings, was named for a magnificent square tower built on a low rock at 'the head of 'a canyon. The Ranger Station is located at the group and a park ranger is on duty 12 months out of the year. Hovenweep Castle is the largest pueblo in the cluster and' · has walls that measure 60 feet long and Dtill stand 20 feet high. Twin Towers, Eroded Boulder House, Stronghold House, and Hovenweep House are other interesting structures in this imposing group. The Cajon ruins, consisting of 40 acres, also lies in Utah but on the Navajo Reservation; the two large pueblos there have been damaged consider~bly by vandalism . ~hese r~iQs are on the edge of the newlydiscovered Aneth oil field and . have. had considerabl e visitation during the last few years. The new town of Hontezuma C;reek is' qnly nine m~les distant.. A few years ago the only people visiting Cajon were those personally conducted there by the temporarY .ranger st8tioned at Squ"!-re Tower for the summer months. Qui te recently the Navajos have . stated that they are going to construct apaved high~.ray across the bneth strip which will go just be10wthe Cajon Group and will tie · in with Highway 32 on the Colorado side . ' This paved road will be 6 miles south of the Square Tower Group. A new high. school and grade school is to be erected in 'the immediate Cajon area. ' . , The Holly Oroup ' (or Keeley Canyon Gluster as.it is called on the road maps) consits of 63 acres; the Hackberry group, 126 acres; and the Cutthroat group, 14 acres , eac~ contain .numekous towers and large pueblos . The Holly ruins, thoug~ few in numper, have excellent masonry. One of the largest buildings in the monument is. located in this group together with an aHe-inspiring two-roomed, two-story tower built on a pointed bould er near the head of the canyon. Horseshoe House, so named because of its horseshoe-like structure, is reminiscent of the Chaco ruins in Northern New Mexico. Goodman Point, 146 acres , . includes a very large un~cavat~d pueblo, a great kiva, ~1d several smaller sites. As nearly as we are able to 'discover, this group was set aside as an archaeological reserve by government action in 1877. This would make it the oldest portion of any national monument concerned with archaeological remains. Or, to put it in more lucid terms, it was the first parcel of ground set aside by government action because of the archaeological values. These last four-named groups are in Colorado and are, isolated, difficult of access, and none can compare to Square Tower in extent or preservation. H ovenweep National Monument, are scatteredover , ~ 150 mile many years only sheepherders, As late as 1944, .. during World

then, contains more than 500 acres which stretch of semi-arid territory . For cowqoys, ?J1d Navajos kne1v of Hoyenweep •. War II, only ele:v~n visitors registerep

Page 16 •.

at Square Tower; visitation has been on the increase since that time with 3,722 visitors registering during the travel year of 1959. In the early 1950 l s the increased demand for uranium brought hundreds of prospectors into the area. Claims were staked and mining operations began. One of these mines loc~ted in Bla~k steer Canyon eight miles west of Square Tower is still producing. On the heels of the uranium rush came the Aneth Oil Field boom bringing thousands of oil field workers, seismograpb crews, oil scouts"anp-. geologists into the area. vlith the advent' of the' oil industry better road conditions prevailed and more people visted Hovenweep; in 1956, 1,200 visitors registered at Square Tower during the yv-:i,nter alone when the oilll boom was at its peak. Because vandalism'was rampant during this later period, the National Park Service in 1957 assigned a permanent ranger to Hovenweep v-rith headquarters at the Square Tower 'i-roup. In order to follow the concept of the National Park Service someone had to patrol the ruins constantly if they were to ,be preserved. Signs were constructed and the ro~d marked to S quare Tower; trails were built; brochures were printed; a trailside exhibit booth was constructed; a self-conducted tour put in operation; and a small campground and picnic area were established. Primitive road conditions, however, still exist in the ;; immediate Hovenweep area and travel is not advised during periods of ,., wet weather. Hater is scarce and anyone travelling through this area sho~d carry an adequate supply of drinking water with them. By the end of 1961, a new paved highway from Tuba City to Kayenta, Arizona should be finished; this will complete a paved short-cut through JI'lonurfl8nt Valley to C11ifornia and "rill open the last frontier left in the 1,Test, A' vast':-panorama of magnificent s;c.e nery will be available to the public. Thousands of. people aree~ected to visit the new Navajo Tribal Park 'Visitor Center in Honument Valley. The completion of the Glen C'lnyon Dam will back water up the Colorado River to Rite, .Utah; and up tq~ ' gcm Juan River to the . 90osenecks near Mexican Hat. This wili create a reservoir 186 miles long which will be available for boa t'ing, fi s hing ) and other recreatioTlaLpurposes,• .. ; '; Allthese f ac:t?rs will te:nd t o ,i,n~luence more v~sitors to: I:On~er the.' ':, aI<p.a:. Some of the~e people ar,~ b?l:md to reach Hoven~eep. :.~ ' . ',

In the l/fission '66 Program' the " Nati~h~ Park Service has th.e'se t~ntative plans for Hovenweep~ . '. 1. Addition of 280 acres to the Square Tower Group. 2 . Drill ing a '1.vater 1.vell and constructing a water storage system. 3 . 110ving the present entrance to a more suitable location •. 4. Constructtqn·.of a visitor center w;i.th rest rooms and.: Cl. parking area. . . ..;.... . . :' " ... 5. Construction': of adequate housil'Jg . facilities : fore!J).ployees. 6. Providing amodern J spacious ca~pground. 7. Excavating and stabilizing the r~,ins' at Squ:cire Tciwer and providing more interpretive devices (this also calls for a museum) In the f uture) with Utah's ever-expanding road program J the name "Hovenw,eep" may prove to be misnomer; the "Deserted Valley" will agairi ' ~ve rr.:l ow with people and the ca:~yons willres,ound. vliththe ." 'f' !," happy-la ughter of chil drert: " . "_ " " .' . '... , . 'r,,, 'i ".. ;.:': :::.. . -rA~"(. · '0.· ~~:~~:..i~ : , ':.:," ""': ':' ,::',:: '."<: Pag'e! 17 . ' ...,,! • " : :~. ' , - !.:, '

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1960 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND TESTING IN THE GLEN CANYON REGION by Don D. Fowler During the 1960 field' season the Glen Canyon Project of the University of Utah carried ' out two programs of testing and survey ~n t~e. Glen Canyon...regiori. 'l'hese projects vrere aimed at complementing the 1960 , excavations in the area, and at evaluating specific sites. with a view' toward ,further work .in the· region. During July of 1960 a party of three, under the direction of Robert H. Lister' of :the University of Colorado, tested selected ' sites in the San Ju~ Triangle and the ,Escalante Desert. These sites had previously been recorded by Glen Canyon Project survey partie's (Suhm, ],.959.; ln7eller, 1959) and had been rec'ornmended for further testil1g or ex<?avation. The survey activity was carried out during the first two ,weeks of the field season by members of the university's excavat ion crew under the direction of the writer. During this time the upper half.. of Lake Canyon , and a segment of upper Moqui Canyon were surveyed (see map) • . The area in which most of the testing and 'survey work was concentrated is a portion of the San Juan Triangle. This area, immediately no~th and east of the confluence of the San Juan (!.nd Colorado rivers, is called the Red Rock Plateau. The area has long been known to contain archaeological materials. The Hole-in-the-Rock pioneers who c~ossed the plateau in 1880 noted tlancient castles tl in Lake and Castle Creek canyons ' (Miller, 1959). In 1897 the i-Jetherill brothers (who discovered Mesa Verde and did extensive archaeological work along the San Juan River and in Chaco Canyon) sent a party into Moqui Canyon to search for Basketmaker remains but apparently found little (HcNitt, 1957). In 1923 Neil M. Judd of the Smithsonian Institution led an expedition also to Moqui Canyon to search for Indian remains, and recoraed several sites and tllndian trails" (Judd, 1924a, 1924b). In 1929 the Seventh Charles L. Bernheimer Expedition visited several of the canyons on the plateau and excavated three caves in Moqui Canyon, reputedly obtaining several Basketmaker burials and a variety of artifacts (Bernheimer, 1929). Ho\.rever, it was not until 1958 that systematic search over the entire plateau was begun, qy a survey party from the Glen Ca~on Project (Weller" 1959). The following year, the lower reaches of several canyons not accessible by land were surveyed qy a Univensity of Utah par.ty working -from the Colorado River (Fowler, 1959). Also in..1958 "another University of . Utah party surv.eyed the area 'around Escaiante, Utan and the desert, to the south, between the Kaiparowits Plateau on the west and the Escalante. River on ' ~he east (Suhm, 1959). -

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, The 19.58 Triangle ' 's urvey r'ecorded 211 archaeological sites and the Escalante area survey recorEled 174 sites. Several of the sites in both areas were deemed worthy of further work. Hence., durlng the 1960 season the :t::iste,r party dug test tr,enches and pits in 30 sites in the two areas. In the Triangle area the sites were concentrated near the heads of Castle Creek Canyon and S~'eer Pasture Canyon, and 0n Cedar M.esa. In these areas nine sites were recommended for further excavation '(Lister, 1960). Both open campsites and habitation sites in alcoves were tested. Lister (1960) reported that most of the sites in the area appeared to have been utilized over an extended period as ca~ping sites or temporary nabitation sites and at a few of the sites the record of such occupancy was preserved in stratigarphic deposits. It is expected that the sites recommended for further work by Lister will be excavated in the near future. In the Escalante area eleven sites were tested and five were found to warrant.additional work. ' Four of these are habitation sites in alcoves. The' fifth is an extensive open, pottery-bearing site. These sites are sch~~uled to be excavated during ,t l;le 1961 . -season. " 'The' 'p ottery ' cOllectiOI1S , from , these ,sites are primarily affiliated with the Kayenta Anasazi tradition, as are the sites i n the Triangle area. One exception ' is the large open site near Escalante which Lister (1960) regards as probably being a Fremont tradition site. Survey activities were, as mentioned 'previously, confined to ,the upper reaches of Lake and'~oqui canyons in th~ Red Rock Plateau region. Upper Lake Canyon was surveyed from the excavation party's ba~e camp ip . the canyon; the Mbqui Canyon reconnaissance 'was carried out by a f i ve day pack horse trip from this base camp., . The primary pUrPose of , th~s ; trip was to determine what archaeological resources existed in the upper segment of the canyon, and to find possible access routes to the," c~ny~n, other than by way of the Colorado River. In"Lake Canyon a total of 77 sites were recorded by the 1959 and 1960 surveys. These, inciuded a variety of sites, some types of lv-hich had no~ previously been observed in the Glen Canyon region. Numerous open campsites on 'dUnes were reccrded near the old lake bed in the upper part of the canyon. This"-lake was formed behind ' a natu:t'al sand daw and was somewhat over a mile in length. The dam was breeched in 191.5, apparently as a resul t . of arroyo~cut ting coupled with unusually heavy' rains. The lake waters cut a 100 foot deep channel through the alluv1,.al sediments, that formed the fl.oo,r of the canyon, as they rushed to the Colorado River. The-findings 'o f ' the survey indicate that during aboriginal times the iake was an oas~s ' that .erew game animals and , with them Indian hunters. The Indians probably also practiced horticul ture , in the side canyons -a djacent. to the lake. Several deep, stratified habitation' sites were -recorded nearby (Sharrock, 1961).

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A number of large ,rect~ngular mascmry ', struc'i>.\.lre s '. were . recor.ded on'; the rim of the canyon bO '~l;1 ~p stream and dQ"m$ t ream. from 'the lake bed. --..-;" ~ The purpose o~ thes~ ~truc~ures : ~J3.Y~\.ll)cl ~ a r.•,j,!'Al 1. arre situated on' hig.h sandstone knolls or hummocks ." c~T~~~n¢i ng a ", p,tQOot ,view' of the surrounding area. It has beeI1; $ugge ~ teq . th?t ·,i{hey ,·serYe,d ~ as forts or defensive structures, but >:Ji i;.h Ol?-e exc.ep~.ioDt.hey,: are. not ',situated in easily defended positions. The ' excep t i on is ,buil ~ across a narrow neck of a point ov~rlooking t he old l a ke . The on'l y access to the point is across the neck, whic.h t s ;bloc ~ed by the,.' ~.~r~u(j!il;.;ur,e ·.~ ' ,Fi01r1eVer, whether or not the structure actually .served a d,e fen;s:j..v:e :puTpOs.e . remains in the realm of conjecture. Two 0'£ t hfl se sites· we ~e· :tes't ed ,by the survey party and found 'to contain e:vidences of ha bi t~r~iq~. ~.- prepar.ed clay floors, firepi ts, manos and pottery. ' j

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lri the several forks forming the head of the canyoro a number· of gran- ' aries and cists were recorded. Often, campsites beneath slight overhangs w~re" .found nearby~ " ' .. , ' .> ; . .

In the lower port ion-? ! , i 'he canyon, .below the old ; l ake, s.e'veral ' masonry structures "18re found in high shallow alcoiVes. · One 'Such site, Wasp i.: H<;>use (42Sa373), proy ides one of the best examples of" aboriginal archi.. ·t.~ctural techniques y,.e t-.fOlfIld in' the Glen Canyon Area. Other sites ihcluded large al c 0'Y~ s .; CI?l?t~inw.g'J no masonry structures but·,'Mith · . e?CteIJ~ive deposits of org<im;i.G Jl)at e:r>;Lpls and pottery. A186 ,.. a. ·~ r'lum'OErf:- ;· of s.ites we re reC9rded , QD dunes and beneat h shallow oYe!'hahgs '; which:; from surface i nd lc~iion~, appeared to be campsites. H6wever, excavation of s everal of these revealed buried masonry structures and cultural e1eposi ' . ' ts of. consider~.1~le . .. . .. .. , ;.. pepth ' ,.. - , (Sharrock, 1961). .i . ". " . . '

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, ;~nd finally, ' a num8~:r: ;.o f hi~ t<?rip :, sites were recorded. ' These consisted 'of c;ollapsed pole, and .:log s.tructures bull t ',on the alluvial terrace remnants ' t hat form t .he fl oor of t he . canycm.· . Some 6Lthese were built ' ';"~~'by cattlemen'/and mine'~~:-;whp wf?r e in the , :area ·as ~earIy : as the 1890 IS. . Others may be of Navaj.o. -pr Ute origin.' Near the largest ,. of thestructures is a 'conical sweat ' lodge similar to those. buil"tby, the :Navaj'os< and s t ill to be s een 'qri ' ri).a~y parts. qf the. Navajo·' re'sel:wat'i'on. Local cattlemen repqr t seeing Paiutes i n Lak.e· .C anyon ··in the early r900's' ( A.R. Lyman, personal communication) •. ," !:Iowev:er, such !'vis·itors:teft no remains .w hi.c q. .c~n be clearly identified. ", i ,c '" ,

i; '

Most of the ~r~historic sites yielde,d pottery sher4.s and it is from them that we gain the most information as to the time of occupation an~, .:thE?,~ c)ll.~\).ral influence in the, ca.-nyon. Sherds o! both the Kaye:nta:;" a J1 i:f Me.sa ,verde Anasazi tradi tions werfj collect.ed, o:ften from· 'the ,. s 'a:nie' site. Als q'. the pottery collected ,:by ·,the surface ·:;> u'r vey is'-' the· sa~:a ·' as . that foun,d. i~ the excavations. Tlil~, ..majoi' 'o.c c upati:on of Lake·em·y on · appears to ~ have been during late PuebJ.o II' thr0'ugb- ~ mid-Pueb16 III ' ,';', times, roughly A.D. 1050 - 1250. There is some lndication of a contin~ . uing occupation. until theend of Pueb1p .-: III 'H .mes, . ab'bcUt >1r~ D. 1300, :·bj"" . carriers the K~venta-t;,radition. Se yeral Kayen;;'ar,pot t ·ery· types .j :: regarded as late Pueblo III were found at a number of sites, prinCipally near the 'o ld lake. The pottery of the Mesa Verde tradition, however, does not extend past A.D. 1200. . :'Y '.

Page 21.

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, A ;few sherds collect'ecj from ,campsites a'ro~d ~he 1~~ i ,n dicates J ,.

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some oc·cupationafter A.D., 1300. ,Thesesherds are, of Hopi origin and date from' Pueblo IV t l..mef?, roughly 'Am. :),300 ~ 1500. These ma~erials were prohably Itdt by hunting parties passing through the area. Comparable mat;erials h.avebeen: found, in small amounts, in other areas ofthe "San Juan Triangle and on the Kaiparowits Plateau (Weller, 1959; Gunnerson, 1959). " "

.. The }1oquL,Canyon reconmi.issance recorded ' twelve sites in the upper reaches bf the canyon, bringing the total of known sites in the canyon to 31. The sites include a large open four or five room pueblo, a number of multi-structure habitation sites in high: alcoves and two large pictogr>aph 'panels. Previously', a number of similar ,sites 'had bsen recdrded 'in the l'o~er part of the canyon (Fowler, .1959; ' Lipe et al, 1960). ' ' " ;', The pottery collected :,f.rOT!) both the , upper and lower ,portions of JVIoqui G~r1von indicates ' an occupation similar to that in L,ake 'Canyon: pre';' dO~1nately during late Pueblo II - early Pueblo III ' times, with both : ~re'sa Verde and Kayenta ,influence present. No clear evidences of an ' , e'a rlier occupation have yet been fo nnd, despite the Basketmaker materials reportedly recovered by earlier expeditions. However, a large segment of the canyon has not yet been thoroughly surveyed. S ince it is ", anticipated that a survey and excavation party will Hork i n the canyon 'during ~he coming , fiel,d se~son, a complete archa~91ogical inventory of the canyon must' a~ait completion of this acti~ty. ,,'y

;,,~

The findings, of\:'thEi i960 s\lrvey ~nd testing programs bolster the data l previously gathered \ in the , Glen , Canyon re giqn . Generally, the occUpation of the canyons of the Red H09k Plateau occurred late in the ' j1.ueblo period. The same picture is presented "for much of '; the restor the Glen CanYon area. This occupation appears to repre's ent an expansion from the centers of the Anasazi culture, the Kayenta reeion to th,e: south. - and the Hesa Verde to the east. This occupation was ap:paren;tlY,recurrent. The canyons near the Colorado River, offered game anp'sinaU plots of farm land and hence may have , 'Qeen oQqupied principalJ.,y'during the summer months. In the Red Rock Plateau, many of the sites ~dicateuse as ' ' campsites, temporary stopping places for travelers mpv.ing through' the' area.,.(~ ..The plateau' ,offer~. 'a, n?tural route from -~ ~e, Kayentaregi'on to ', .' the 's outh to M'e sa Verde country\ to .. the east a'nd tne Fremont area' to " I., ' the north, via ,t~'8" Cl.ay 'Hill$ Pass . ,.' , '.. ,' ...

The fo~eg9ing indibates , ~ fe.w ~~ \h~ larger '; proble,ins; arising from ,'the' findings of ,the ,1960 fieid :season. .G0iltiritredexcavation, and detailed " ',:, ecologicp:l" and distribu'tio~al $tudies" will ·cbifify ; these ~p,d other'::' : " prob1.ems . Any,..c·d nclusions indicated above, lnust be' regarded as tentative and 'subject to reinterpretation as work continues in the area.

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Detailed reports of the 1960 field activities are currently in preparation and should appear in print in the late spring of this year. Page 22.

References Cited .... : ;

- Bernheimer, Charles Lu Diary of t he 1929 Be r nheimer Expedition. , , MS at Department 1929 of Archa eology, Amer ican Nuseum of Na tural History. Partial cppy at" Depart men t of J~n:thropolo gy, Un iversity of Utah, Salt

Utah ~,

, {':" " J."aKe' Gity';

!\' ,',

, ' " \.;":\;'

--;

- Fowler, Don D. , 1959 The Glen Canyon Archeological Survey. University 'of Utah Antliopol og ical Pap ersyNo. 39, Glen, C9lXlyon .Series No. 6, Pt . .tIl ,, ' Sal t Lake City'" " , ' .. ' .- ' ;' ;

f :

Gun.n~,k~;on' '':J:~~~'-}i > , '1959

_ ". __•

_0.

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', ~,-- ..

, , Archeological Survey of the Kaiparowits Plateau. In: Don D, " Fowler et al, "The Glen Canyon ' Archeological Surveyll, University of Utah Arlt hropological Pap er s, No. 39, Glen Canyon S Series No . 6, Pt . I I , Salt Lake City. ' .. . i.:

Judd, Neil M, , ',', ' 1924a Explorations in San Juan .County, Utah. Smithsonian Miscell,.,. aneous Collections, Vol. 76, No. 12, Washington D.C. .

1924b '"',: ;) .:'

National (feographic Magazine, Vol {~~,5,

l?eyond:the Clay Hills.

, ~o • .J;' PP~, '" 275"';3~~y. Was hington;

D.C.

Lipe; William D,~, et a'fY , 1960 1959 Glen Canyon Excavations, Glen C~nyon Area. Univer~i ty of Utah Anthropolo gi cal Papers, No. ' 49, Qleh Canyon ~, e ries, No ~ l',',..Salt ,Lake City; ~: " , ,', ' .,. ., . ",. Jr "

:1 . .

0 0

...

••

-.1

L{ster;' Rob~r:t H- ~ ,"I ,', ~' :', . ,,', , i .19pO ',' 'Swnmary Report , ,' S i te T'est ing Progarm, 1960, San Juan Triaiigle 'Are a" ariel' Escalante, Utah. MS ,at ,Department of Anthr bpology } Un.iyersity of Utah; ,~al (:~ake City~ ' s' .• Lyman, Albert. R:'" " I i': . .. ;"

: : ,,, , ' "

1'9bO

. P~rG onal c ommurii ci'ai; i~n .

.~ .~ ." . ",' McNitt , Frank , ,,' " 0 (: :_ ' : ::., 1 957 Rich9.rd 1rJetherill ~ ~;~na,s~z±. : iUnivets'i ty q~ New '!VIexib'o Press, . . '" A lbuque::rque ~ ". ' , ':.

,':.. I i .

.,.

. .,

~ Miller:; David. ;E.:'

1959

Hole-in-the-Rock.

University of Utah Pre~s, Salt Lake City.

Sharrock" Fioyq W. "', ' ": , i ~61\ A,P rel ,imina ry R~p'.9t;~ of 1960 A rche6l9g i~'~ Exc,avat i'ons in '" " :. G;t en Cal!yon; " U~~p , Ax:chaeol ogy, V'bl ~ 7 , ' N~,' 1" pp . " 7,;;'15. ":: I ,I' ;. Y·t,j .. . . .. ~ . ~ : '

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Page 23.

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Suhm, Dee Ann 1959 Extended Survey of the Right Bank of the Glen, Caqy;on •. Inf Don D. Fowler, €1t aI, "The Glen .Canyon Archeological Survey." .. , University of Utah Anthropological Papers, ,No ·. 39, Glen .... ' Carry."6nOS'eries ~o. 6, Pt. I, q~t Lake City. '. -'

ltJ'eller, Ted :, 1959 San Juan Triangle Survey. In: Don D. Fowler,_ et aI, IlThe Glen Canyon Archeological . Survey". University of · Utah ._Anthropological Paper,s, No. 39~ .. Glei:l"Ganyon Series No.6, Sal t · Lake City. . '.- - .. .

- ;.. ~ :: ..

UNIVERSITY OF UTAH 1961 F.IELD SEASON , ,..

The University of Utah field season is tentativelv scheduled to ext'end' approximately 75 days, from June 15 to ·~ep,tember 1. There are t"nree major areas of the '~' Glen , Carwoh, '1 ts .tr.ib\lt~ry canyons, -and surrounding areas. to be investi~'ated. - A"ccor"dingl:ir., ·t '\'{o:.separ-ate , crews. of eleven members eHch have oeen established. ,

One crew, with Don D~ Fowler as Field Supervi~qt, -yJilJ be concerned for a portion of the summer with the right bank area north of the Kaiparowits Plateau and east of the town of Esca1ante, or, essentially, __ the :Escalante River drainage -- particularly Harr~.s. lrlash. Several sites 'in Harris Wash ~a.ye been noted by surw~f 'parties ' afid '-recommended for eX'ca,\l'ation. The second crew, with Floyd F . Sharrock as Field S upervisor~willl · be : assigned to Moqui and LaJce Canyons, oIl t1!e left ba~ ,of· . .the Colorado. ~q, Mo-qui~: Canyon, .the.'·Uni'veTs i'ty 'of Utah has excavqtetl .sit es near the canyon mouth but · has only partially surveyed the remai~der ~f _th~':;'long " ' main stem, and the ~or.th gulch tr ~1?utary ~ , ~~ske.tlT!~~~ sites areij reputedly locat._ecl lin, t hese ar~-as' .-:" I r,f Lake.' Can¥~r.". mo:r;e: ·;yomplete excavation of tw'O burie,<t § :i:;;t e,s:,. par t .:ia:1ly, ~cava~~ d la:st se'ason, is scheduled in conjunction with a geoiogical study to better determine the relationship of the high alluvial terrac es in Lake Canyon. !~-e b~.!ied archeological sites. A somewhat more tentative part of the surnmer's schedule calls for both

crews to meet about August 1 and begin intensive survey and excavations on the Kaiparovlit s Plateau, known locally as Fifty Hile Mountain. This area becomes increasingly i mportant to the understanding of relationships in the Glen Cany.on. Excavations on the Kaiparowits for this season are contingent on several factors and may, if necessary, be postponed to a later time.

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24.

Dr. David M. Pendergast Museum of Anthropology University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Dear Dr. Pendergast: I plan to attend the Second Annual Meeting of the Utah Statewide Archaeological Society at the Mus~um of Anthropology, University of Utah in Sal t Lake City on Saturday May 20, 1961.

I will give a paper entit1ed_ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ I will need the foilllowing special equipment

--------------

Suggestions for meeting program __________________________ Sincerely,

Name and address.

Mrs. Marian Pierson Box 98 Moab, Utah

(cross out paragraph not applicable'

Enclosed is $2.00 for my 1961 dues and subscription to USAS. I am a member of the Chapter of USAS and. would like to subscri be t o UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY at $1.00 per year. Enclosed is the dollar for 1961.

Name add address

HA VE Y(lU GOTTEN A. MEMBER FOR THE USAS?

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